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What Is A Lamborghini
What Is A Lamborghini
What is a Lamborghini?
If you're into fast cars and luxury vehicles, chances are you've heard the name Lamborghini before. But what is a Lamborghini, exactly?
Lamborghini is an Italian brand of high-performance sports cars, founded in 1963 by Ferruccio Lamborghini. The first car to bear the Lamborghini name was the 350 GT, which was introduced in 1964.
Since then, Lamborghini has gone on to create some of the most legendary sports cars of all time, including the Miura, Countach, and Diablo. Today, Lamborghini's lineup includes models like the Aventador and the Huracán, which are known for their powerful engines, sleek designs, and incredible speeds.
Lamborghini History
To truly understand what a Lamborghini is, it's important to have some context about the brand's history.
As mentioned, Ferruccio Lamborghini founded his eponymous company in 1963. Prior to that, he made a name for himself as the owner of a successful tractor company, Lamborghini Trattori.
Legend has it that Lamborghini got into the sports car business after he had a disagreement with Enzo Ferrari, the founder of Ferrari cars. Lamborghini, who was also a car enthusiast, had purchased a Ferrari and was unhappy with its performance. He went to Enzo Ferrari with suggestions for how to improve the car, only to be met with a dismissive response.
Feeling insulted, Lamborghini decided to create his own sports car company—one that would outdo Ferrari in every way.
And thus, Lamborghini was born. From the beginning, Lamborghini's cars were known for their avant-garde designs and massive engines. The Miura, for example, was the first car to feature a mid-engine design, which put the engine in the middle of the car, rather than the front or the back.
What Makes a Lamborghini So Special?
So, what is it that sets Lamborghini's cars apart from the rest? There are a few things to consider.
First and foremost, Lamborghini cars are known for their speed. The Aventador, for example, can go from 0 to 60 miles per hour in just 2.9 seconds, and has a top speed of 217 miles per hour. The Huracán, meanwhile, can hit 60 miles per hour in just 2.5 seconds, and has a top speed of 212 miles per hour.
But it's not just about speed. Lamborghini's cars are also incredibly stylish and attention-grabbing. With their sleek lines and bold colors, Lamborghini's vehicles are sure to turn heads wherever they go.
Finally, there's the sheer exclusivity of the brand. Lamborghini is a status symbol, a sign that you've made it. Owning a Lamborghini is a statement that you appreciate the finer things in life, and that you're not afraid to flaunt your success.
The Future of Lamborghini
So, what does the future hold for Lamborghini? Only time will tell. But one thing is for sure: as long as there are people who love fast cars and luxury vehicles, Lamborghini will continue to be a key player in the automotive industry.
As the company approaches its 60th anniversary, it's safe to say that the legacy of Ferruccio Lamborghini will continue to live on for many years to come.


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Derry Lodge is the (boarded up) 19th century shooting lodge in lower Gleann Doire on Mar Lodge Estate, Aberdeenshire. It stands on the 'peninsula' between Uisge an Doire and the Laoigh.
Derry Lodge is surrounded by hand-planted pines ; planted at least as early as 1860. The strange ground-plan of the lodge gives away its phased-construction, with the 'wing' facing south being the original lodge, and the wing facing the approach from Eas Dé being added last.
In 1850 Francis D'Arcy-Osborne, 7th Duke of Leeds was renting the 'old forest' from James, 4th Earl Fife - the site now occupied by Derry Lodge was (and is) in the heart of the old forest, and it's unlikely that work on Derry Lodge would have begun while the old forest was in the hands of a tenant. An account of a visit to Gleann Laoigh Beag, and Gleann Doire about 1850 significantly makes no reference to a shooting lodge in the area. In Grierson (1851) the author describes his visit to the area - writing :
I spent the night very comfortably, and, after an early breakfast, went up Glen Derry with my entertainer and his assistant, on their customary rounds. Glen Derry and Lui-Beg are unlike anything one meets with even in the Highlands. The forester's house is the only one they contain
– Grierson (1851) (p198)
The lease held by the Duke of Leeds almost certainly expired sometime before the mid-1850s, and I don't think the striking resemblance between bridge over Eas Dé (opened in 1857), and Derry Lodge is a coincidence.
By 1859 a shooting-lodge of some description had certainly been built ; and it was certainly fit for a queen. In Victoria (1877) - the author describes returning from the summit of Ben Macdui in 1859 - writing :
By a quarter-past six o'clock we got down to the Shiel of the Derry, where we found some tea, which we took in the ''shiel,'' [footnote explaining term] and started again by moonlight at about half-past six.
– Victoria (1877) (p138)
The shooting lodges of the 18th century were bigger, but often no more sophisticated than the shieling huts they made redundant as land-use changed from traditional agriculture to deer forest. The 'shiel' reference is a quaintism the Victorians continued the use of in reference to shooting lodges.
By 1861 the name Derry Lodge appears in the census, when it was occupied by the 24 year old deer watcher Hugh McCrostie, and evidently in use. In Crombie (1861) the author refers to the lodge - writing :
we have driven on for two or three miles, and entered at a gate into a young fir plantation, surrounded by a high paling to keep out the deer, at the end of which we find ourselves beside a neat hunting-shieling of Lord Fife
– Crombie (1861) (p130)
The south-facing wing appears to have been the Derry Lodge when it was built in the mid to late 1850s - the west, and east-facing wings were later addions.
By 1866 when the area was surveyed by the Ordnance Survey, the west-facing wing had been added since an L-shaped Derry Lodge is shown on the old 6-inch map (1869) based on that survey.
In the 1880s Donald Fraser became the resident keeper at the lodge. He lived there for over twenty years with his wife Elizabeth, and daughter Mary until his death in 1913. Donald must have been well known to earlier generations of Cairngormers - being referred to often in the books of Seton Gordon, and articles in the Cairngorm Club Journal.
Evidently the Frasers had lived in Derry Lodge all year-round, but 'things' changed after the death of the Duke of Fife in 1912, and Donald Fraser in 1913. In Alexander (1928) – the author writes :
Starting from Derry Lodge (1400 ft.), the path crosses the Derry and proceeds west along the left bank of the Luibeg. On the opposite side of the stream is Luibeg Cottage, occupied all the year by a keeper : Derry Lodge is not occupied in winter
– Alexander (1928) (p 103)
During the _PHONE_ war the Cairngorms were heavily used for training, and the lodge was occupied by the military. Even then the Cairngorm Club were contemplating their own use of it, and at their 1943 AGM they decided to approach the Trustees of the Duke of Fife. The response was positive, but it was 1951 before they took possession of the lodge - holding it until 1967.
Since then the lodge has been unoccupied - apart from occasional short-term occupations. I remember sometime in the late 1970s a unit of Royal Engineers (Territorials I think) lived in the lodge for the few weeks it took them to build a bridge across the Laoigh near the downstream edge of the plantation.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Time-lapse photography for monitoring reservoir leakages (Montejaque dam, Andalusia, southern Spain)
A methodology based on the use of time-lapse photographs is presented to evaluate the leakages over time of a reservoir (Montejaque dam, Málaga Province, Spain) that feeds a karstic aquifer. In particular, photographic control allows the evolution of water levels in the dam and the river that feeds it to be monitored. Through changes in water volume, which are calculated from the level differences, daily leakages are evaluated, and the relationship between leakages and the water level of the reservoir is established. The proposed method includes adjusting the hydric balance and the use of digital terrain model and climate data. The inputs (river flow and direct precipitation) and other outputs (direct evaporation) are also evaluated. Values between 4 m3/s and 0.35 m3/s are obtained for the reservoir infiltration, clearly superior to the values obtained at the time of the construction of the dam in the 1920s. Mobilisation of the filling of fractures and conduits in karstic massif and calcite dissolution are processes that can influence this behaviour. When the water level is very low, the obtained values are below the historical leakages due to deposition of clay sediments at the reservoir bottom.


AGP - Safeguarding: an interim step
Safeguarding: an interim step
Once the inventory of existing stocks has been taken and environmental risk assessments made, the country can prepare a comprehensive project proposal for the elimination of its obsolete pesticides.
Unfortunately, it can often take a long time for international assistance to arrive. While a country is seeking and awaiting external assistance, it can do a lot to prepare for the cleanup operation and reduce its costs.
Authorities should stabilize the sites to reduce risks to the public and to prevent environmental contamination. Generally, this involves the:
 - repackaging of products in leaking and deteriorated containers;
 - clean-up of spills; and
 - packaging of contaminated materials.
All this work should be done under expert supervision by trained personnel using appropriate protective measures and handling procedures. Remember that pesticides hare hazardous chemicals and when they are leaking or held in old, deteriorating containers, the risk of exposure is significantly increased.
Ideally, the obsolete pesticides should be removed for disposal immediately after repackaging. However, if funds are still not available, it will be necessary to store the repacked pesticides. If the repackaged stocks can be transported safely, it's often best to consolidate the stocks in a single centralized location. This makes it easier to inspect the stocks and disposal operations.


The United States is the most expensive country to give birth in
Prices aren't just high—they also vary wildly.
The United States is the most expensive country to give birth in
It's a time when parents should be thinking about baby names and nursery decor, but for many American parents an impending birth means an impending bill and stress over money.
Indeed, the United States is the most expensive country to give birth in, and the 'fee-for-service' payment system may be why.
According to the International Federation of Health Plans, the average cost of a vaginal delivery in the United States is about $10,808. More recent data from health care technology firm Castlight Health suggests that number may be a bit lower, at $8,775, and nonprofit organization FAIR Health says it's actually higher, with the average cost for a vaginal delivery coming in at $12,290.
The variations reflect different methodologies, but all the data sets reveal one thing: Americans pay way more to give birth than parents in other nations. In countries like Sweden (where the maximum daily cost for a hospital stay is about $11 USD) or Canada (where most costs are covered by provincial health plans), parents don't have to wonder how much they'll pay to bring a baby home from the hospital.
Prices aren't just high—they also vary wildly. As noted in a study published in the journal Health Affairs, the cost of a hospital stay related to a low-risk delivery can range from $1,189 to $11,986 (that's just for facility fees and does not including the cost of an OB or a midwife).
For most families, it's the post-delivery hospital stay that adds up. Data from Truven Health Analytics shows facility fees are a significant portion of the cost of giving birth, far outstripping fees for maternity care providers, pharmacy, radiology and imaging, laboratory, and anesthesiology services.
And once you add in everything, the total of a family's bill depends a lot on where they live. A vaginal delivery that costs $6,075 in Kansas City would be billed at $15,420 in Sacramento.
According to the authors of the study in Health Affairs, the variation birth-related hospital costs suggest there may be opportunities to reduce bills by "increasing the coordination of care, and emphasizing value of care through new payment and delivery systems reforms."
Some health sector experts agree, changes need to take place to standardize and reduce the cost of giving birth in America.
"The price variances seen in both routine and cesarean deliveries reflect the larger systemic problems in our nation's healthcare system," says Kristin Torres Mowat, senior vice president of Plan Development and Data Operations at Castlight Health.
American parents want to know how much a birth will cost them, but, as new father Johnny Harris wrote for Vox, finding out the cost of having a baby before you have one is very challenging. "It's significantly easier to find out how much it costs to park at a hospital than how much it will cost to get treatment," Harris wrote.
The out-of-pocket costs a family pays after a birth are not only dependent on the location of the hospital, but also on their insurance. Negotiated rates, deductibles and health plan coverage varies, but regardless of your plan and state, if you're in America you're paying more than you would anywhere else in the world.
Add to that the struggle for paid parental leave, the high cost for childcare, and lost income for parents who do stay home for a few years and it seems like the price tag on birth in America is just the beginning.
Parenthood may be pricey (we don't even want to think about how much college is going to cost), but it always feels worth it when we bring home that new baby.
In This Article


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A domain name can be succeeded and transferred to the legal successor.
- In the process of domain name succession a registrar must make the domain name transfer to new registrant;
- In this case the consent of the old owner is replaced by a succession document;
- A succession document must be a notarised authorised document in which the notary has officially confirmed the identity of the legal successors;
- Neither a marriage certificate, death certificate nor will would constitute such a document
- How long a domain can be succeeded? According to the domain regulation the deletion of the domain name is only possible after the 6 months have elapsed from the death. In this case EIF will send to the contacts (e-mail) of the domain a notice and make a proposal for submitting the documentation within 30 days. After 30 days the domain will be deleted. So it means that if the legal successors have the right to use aforementioned e-mail, they will get the notice.
- If a technical notation of prohibition restricts the transfer, the domain name cannot be succeeded to a new owner.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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What is a 'Pencil Pusher'?
The Pencil Pusher is an innovative yet unappreciated invention. It is a gadget which makes pencils with waste papers.
According to the study, the United States alone uses 21 Million Tons of paper for business use. It causes a huge amount of loss of paper. If the United States approximate use of paper is so much, then all over the world the usage of paper would be at a level of the un-imaginary point. In the last 40 years, paper consumption has increased by 400%, which leads to an increase in the rate of deforestation and Green House Gases. This has led to office recycling programs. Now, even the printers come with a slogan of 'Think before you Print'. Unnecessary wastage of paper is a huge matter of concern for the environment. Companies also try to use both sides of paper printing to minimize wastage of paper, but this step is not only enough.
So, a trio of Chinese inventors (Chengzhu Ruan, Yuanyuan Liu, Xinwei Yuan, and Chao Chen) hopes to add a device to save papers in the office cubicle environment. The wastage of paper can be minimized through this innovative inventions. "The P&P Office Waste Paper Processor" come up with the solution of recycling or reusing the waste paper. It turns waste paper into the form of a pencil.
The machine looks like a three-hole punch crossed with an electric pencil sharpener, was the finalist in the 2010 "Lite-On Awards", an International competition which completely focuses on to simulate and nurture innovation.
How does a "Pencil Pusher" works?
A Pencil Pusher works like, first inserting a waste paper into a feed slot. Then, the machine automatically draws the paper in, rolls in the form of a pencil (cylinder shape) and compresses it. After that, it inserts a piece of lead from the storage chamber which is located at the top of the device. Then, it adds a small amount of glue, before the pencil slides out from a hole on the side.
A lead stick is then inserted into the center and it makes a pencil which can be efficiently used by two people. An electric sharpener which is placed at the side is then used to sharpen the end of the pencil made with paper, and after that, it is ready to use.
The procedure of making a pencil with waste paper sounds like a revolutionary and ingenious way to not only reduce the amount of paper waste but also a great initiative to reduce the number of trees needed to make pencils.
Drawbacks of "Pencil Pusher"
- It is not clear that how many pieces of papers are required to form a single pencil.
- The companies are busy in updating their technological requirement of laptops, phones, tablet, etc. then the company won't go for the option of purchasing the machine that makes the pencil when a large number of workforce is not using a pencil anymore.
- In the case of Schools, it is completely a no-no. The school which survives on charity can't afford a normal pencil then, it won't be possible for them to afford a machine to make the pencil.
- To fulfill the need for glue and pencil lead would be quite difficult to manage how much these things would be required to make use of waste papers.
Benefits of "Pencil Pusher"
- Minimizes the wastage of paper, as well as no need to purchase pencils.
- Great initiative to save the environment, minimize cutting of trees and deforestation.
- Personal Stationery will never get deprived of pencils.


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Can Drones Auto Rotate?
Can Drones Auto-rotate
Have you ever ask yourself what could happen to your drone if the battery runs out of energy while you are flying? So if that happens, can your drone (quadcopter) auto rotate, and why is it so important to know before buying a drone? For someone who thinks to invest in any type of drone this is the question that people want to know the answer. Drones that are capable of auto rotating are also less likely to become damaged in a crash unlike those who do not have this feat. So let's explain this.
Can Drones Auto Rotate? The drones that are on the market don't have the autorotation state because of their fixed-pitch rotors. Also, auto rotation is not a possibility for commercial drones. To have auto rotation, the rotors must be variable pitch in order for auto-rotation to become possible.
Drones that can't auto rotate will most likely damage in a crash, unlike the ones that are capable of auto rotate (and very few have this option). So if something happens in the air while you are flying a drone, there is a much greater chance that you will succeed to land that drone safely to the ground. Every drone that have fixed pitch design of the rotors will not be capable of auto rotating. If drone loses power in the air, while it is in flight, it will crash into the ground.
What is Autorotation?
Drone AutoRotation
Autorotation is a condition where the rotor blades are being driven by an upwards flow of air, rather than by engine power. The blades rotate automatically. Why is that important? It gives a helicopter pilot the ability to have a controlled glide to the ground if an engine does fail. Autorotation state is when we've lowered the collective and the direction of flight is changing to down, and now the rotor is having an upwards flow, rather then a downwards flow of air. And this is called entering an auto rotate of state at this point. From here we're coming closer and closer to the ground. The most common use of autorotation in helicopters or for drones is to safely land the aircraft in the event of an engine failure or tail-rotor failure.
How Drone Propellers Actually Work?
One of the very common terms when we talk about drones is propeller thrust. So what does the propeller thrust mean in terms of speed and how physics affects it? Simply, drone thrust is the sum of the upward force that your drone gives when at full speed. With that you can determine how much the drone can lift by the thrust a drone generates. Drone thrust must be greater than the weight of the drone, for that drone to take off and actually fly. When a drone propeller is in a moving situation, the thrust changes. When the drone throttle is at 100% the prop will be at maximum thrust. To know how much thrust your drone will give for a given propeller, you have to test the motor thrust or read the instructions that manufacturers provide for your drone. But in reality, what to expect is to see 5 to 10% less thrust in real flight as compared to the bench tests. The more thrust drone provides, the better acceleration is, what provides greater impulse for the drone. Physics Behind How Drones Fly for those who want to know more.
Can a Passenger Drone Perform auto-rotation?
When we talk about passanger drones, the best known among them is Ehang 184. This is the world's first electric passenger drone and started with commercial services in July 2017. EHang 184 uses 8 electric motors to power 8 propellers which can carry one person weighing up to 100kg. But what if there is a failure, can such a passenger drone auto-rotate and make a safe landing? Like we said Ehang 184 is an X-8 multi-rotor drone, which means it has 4 points of thrust, and each of them is consisting with 2 motor-propellers, one "tractor" propeller and one "pusher."
This means if any of the motors dies, the drone won't flip and crash to the ground, although it would need to land rather quickly. The problem with Ehang 184 is that he has fixed-pitch rotors which is optimized for thrust and not for auto-rotation. And when it comes to absence of power, those rotors won't autorotate. In the end they will stop rotating "in the normal mode" and start to rotate in the "opposite mode." That opposite mode will cause drag and some deceleration of the fall, but it will not do the same thing as an autorotation, which is a different condition. There are still no regulations, but Taxi drone are not allowed yet in the US and in most countries around the World. The reason for that is that FAA regulations prevent it from being legally tested in the US for now. Only in Dubai they are testing the Civil Aviation Authority Drones with Ehang, and they are in testing mode.
How to Design a Drone To Have Auto Rotation?
Drones have one major problem, and that is if their motors fail, they could plummet out of the sky and hit us on the head. So how to solve this problems? One of the option is to equip drones with parachutes, but that is very complex thing for a small UAV. But some of the scientists tried to come up with another solution, and that is a US patent called "Meteodrone", where at least 2 of the drone's four symmetrically-arranged propeller arms are flat and twisted. Therefore when drone's motor fail, and the drone starts falling, those arms will act as passive lift elements, and it will cause the drone to spin horizontally. It would help drone to stay stabilized. Example is shown on the picture above.
How Do Drones Fly?
Rotor Direction. The drone is a quadcopter which has 4 rotors that are all connected to individual motors, allowing them to move at different speeds. The two diagonal rotors will rotate clockwise, while the other two diagonal motors will rotate anti-clockwise. The two opposite rotations balance out and keep the drone steady. So if all the rotors were to spin in the same direction, it would result in a net Torque causing the complete quadcopter to rotate. When the rotors spin together, they push down on the air and the air pushes back up on the rotors. When the rotors spin fast the drone lifts up into the sky, and when the rotors slow down the drone will descend towards the ground.
Drone Rotation. When you want the drone to turn, you slow down two of the diagonal motors and you speed up the other two diagonal motors. Remember how the motors next to each other are spinning in opposite directions, so by slowing down two going in one direction and speeding up two going in the other direction. The faster the propellers rotate, the faster the drone will take off from the ground. The lift will remain constant so the drone doesn't change height, but the angular momentum in increased so the drone will turn in place.
Forward / Backward. If you want the drone to move forwards or backwards, you slow down two rotors on one side of the drone and speed up the two rotors on the other side. The drone tips slightly toward the slower side and move in that direction. This is according to Newton's 3th law of motion that every action has an equal but opposite reaction. If you want to move sideways or backwards, we just use the same principle on the other sides of the drone.
Conclusion
The conclusion of all this is that the design of drone is different than that of a helicopter, and one of the key things that is different is fix-pitch rotor. So if something happens in the air while you are flying a drone, there is a much greater chance that you will succeed to land that drone safely to the ground. Because of that drones can't auto rotate in the air with their fixed-pitch rotors, and this is a major problem because they are not able to land safely if something goes wrong. The reason why drones can't have autorotation is that rotors must be variable pitch in order to auto rotate, and most drones are don't have this design feature. If you decide to create your own drone that have the ability to auto-rotate, then you have to be prepared to spend a extra money for that. Cheaper versions of drones certainly don't have that options. And remember, if you have any questions about this topic, just leave a comment below.
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North Santiam, Oregon
Interims Level the Playing Field for Students in North Santiam School District
North Santiam School District
Location: Stayton, Oregon
Schools: Stayton Intermediate School, Sublimity School
Motto: We Change Kids' Lives
Interview Date: December, 2018
"The thing that I see working about the interim assessments is just putting tools into teachers hands that are going to provide opportunities for their students to be successful."Michael Proctor, Principal, Stayton Intermediate School
Spotlight on Strategy
How are educators at in the North Santiam School District using Smarter Balanced formative assessment tools to really understand how to help their students?
- A district-wide rollout of interim assessments allows different schools to collaborate and ensures that all students in the district have access to the same resources that will guide them toward success.
- Immediate data from assessments allows educators to revaluate lesson plans based on student performance on a day-to-day basis.
- Through formative assessments and district support, educators learn and improve their teaching together multiple times a year.
Interview Day: Behind the Scenes
- Nicole Britton first learned about interim assessments from a colleague at a different school. Now, she's excited to be able to bring the assessments into her own school.
- Nicole Duncan loves that formative assessments help educators be more reflective with high quality data that moves kids from standards to career and college readiness.
- Katelynn Ion is most excited about having access to quick and meaningful data that supports her instruction.


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About this task
The CO sensor features a simple snap-mount sensor pre-calibrated PCB. You can replace the entire sensor PCB with a new calibrated PCB without the removal of the enclosure. This sensor swap requires no tools and you can complete it in seconds. Disconnect the device wiring, remove the old sensor PCB, snap in the new PCB and reconnect the device power. There is no need to make any adjustments or apply gas to the device when you use the sensor swap method.
If necessary, calibrate the device or verify with CO gas. This requires a field calibration kit that consists of a bottle of gas, for example, 250 ppm CO in air, a tank pressure regulator with flow restrictor, and the necessary tubing with a calibration cap to cover the sensor. You can calibrate at 68°F to 81°F (20°C to 27°C).
Verify with gas without removing the device cover. Use the calibration cap attached directly to the port on the cover to apply gas and monitor the output value. See Figure 1. Remove the device cover to perform an actual calibration. In this case, the gas calibration cap attaches to the sensor fixture inside the enclosure. See Figure 2.
Continuously power the sensor for at least 30 min prior to calibration. Calibrate the sensor first in clean air with no CO gas present. To calibrate the sensor, complete the following steps:
- Adjust the ZERO pot on the sensor board until you obtain a 0 ppm output.
- Attach the gas supply.
- Turn the regulator on/off knob fully off and attach it to the 250 ppm gas bottle and firmly tighten it by hand.
- Moisten the sponge and squeeze out any excess water.
- Place the sponge in the cap so that it will not touch the sensor but does not plug the hole in the side of the cap.
- Attach the cap to the fixture over the sensor.
- Slowly turn the valve knob on the regulator to let the gas flow. The regulator will restrict the flow rate to the specified 200 ml/min and the sponge will ensure the gas is in the right humidity range.
- Wait for 5 min and adjust the SPAN pot on the sensor board until the output value reads 250 ppm.
- Close the valve on the tank and take the cap off from the sensor. This completes calibration.
- If the gas cap is too loose on the fixtures, wrap electrical tape around the cap to tighten it.


Symbols on ax pieces in China may be world's oldest writing
 | July 11, 2013 at 3:50 PM
SHANGHAI, July 11 (UPI) -- Fragments of two ancient stone axes found in China bear what could be some of the world's earliest primitive writing, archaeologists say.
Discovered as part of a large find of artifacts unearthed south of Shanghai, the ax fragments have been dated at around 5,000 years old, the BBC reported Thursday.
Currently, evidence of the world's oldest writing is thought to be from Mesopotamia from 3,300 B.C.
There has been disagreement among Chinese experts whether the markings on the axes are actual writing or a less sophisticated grouping of symbols.
"The main thing is that there are six symbols arranged together and three of them are the same," lead archaeologist Xu Xinmin said. "This clearly is a sentence expressing some kind of meaning."
Cao Jinyan, a Chinese scholar who is an expert on ancient writing, agreed.
"Although we cannot yet accurately read the meaning of the 'words' carved on the stone axes, we can be certain that they belong to the category of words, even if they are somewhat primitive," he said.


From Pioneers to Present Day
College Avenue, circa 1898. Photo courtesy Cheney Historical Museum.
Cheney developed into the city we know today because of its strong ties to education, rail, and agriculture. This provided a strong economic base for the community and was the result of much larger events that took place in the United States.
What's in a Name?
The name of the little community, originally Section Thirteen became Willow Springs, then became Depot Springs, because of its ties to the railroad, then Billings, in honor of a president of the Northern Pacific Company, and finally Cheney, in honor of Benjamin P. Cheney, a Director of the Northern Pacific Railroad.
Benjamin P. Cheney was the eldest son of a blacksmith who was born in 1815 at Hillsborough, New Hampshire. Mr. Cheney, a director of the Northern Pacific Railroad, donated $10,000 to establish the Benjamin P. Cheney Academy in the town. And the railroad donated 8 acres of land so that the educational facility could be built.
The County Seat
The Grand Steal
On a night when most of the residents of Spokane Falls were at a gala wedding celebration, a delegation of armed "Cheneyites" invaded the Auditor's office, took possession of the books, did their own ballot recount which showed Cheney the victor, and made off into the darkness with the records - and the auditor, who may have been sympathetic to their position. The "Grand Steal" was not contested and was confirmed by a court decision in 1881.
EWU's Roots: the Benjamin P. Cheney Academy
Shaping a Community
The creation of "Special Interest Groups" was an increasing interest in the social circle. Participating in "proper" social activities became the forefront in Cheney for creating a character all its own. In the past, keeping the small town characteristic was an important issue, and today we find that the citizens of Cheney still share that same ideal and vision for Cheney's future.


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- For the alliance between the Federation and the Klingon Empire, please see Treaty of Alliance.
The Federation Alliance was the accord between the United Federation of Planets, the Klingon Empire, and the Romulan Star Empire to combat the Dominion during the Dominion War.
The first offensive undertaken by all the members of the Alliance was the First Battle of Chin'toka. The Cardassian Liberation Front bolstered the Alliance to win the Battle of Cardassia and, ultimately, the war. (DS9: "Tears of the Prophets", "What You Leave Behind")
External link Edit

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Top ways push technology can be used to increase the life of your radios and the effectiveness of your communications:
The desired maintenance activation can be programmed into the network to automatically initiate a notification or process (such as starting a maintenance check or a designated reprogramming of radios), or it can be initiated by a system manager who presses a specific START key on the program, which initiates the process manually. But the process itself, however instigated, is automatic after that point. The system connects to the network components and runs a preventative maintenance program on them and produces a report of its findings, allowing radio technicians to focus on mechanical repairs and writing reprogramming instructions, which the system could then carry out. Some maintenance processes, such as managing battery charging and re-installation, reprogramming instructions, and the like, will still require the work of the radio technicians; only the server-based digital radio network functionality would be subject to the push process.
2. PLANNED UPGRADES
Because the radio network and its components are being monitored regularly by the system server, you will likely know in advance when the system approaches insufficiency and needs to be serviced or even upgraded. The data provided by the radio's automated maintenance server should provide clues as to the health of your radio system.
3. AVOID THE UNEXPECTED
For the same reasons, by knowing in advance the overall health of your radio network, problems can be anticipated ahead of time and avoid sudden crashes of the network or a component thereof. Since evaluation and preventative maintenance of the network is being done automatically and continuously, potential problems can be caught, diagnosed, and treated early.
source: Police One


text:
Matching non-rigid shapes is a challenging research field in content-based 3D object retrieval. In this paper, we present an image-based method to effectively address this problem. Multidimensional Scaling (MDS) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are first applied to each object to calculate its canonical form, which is afterward represented by 66 depthbuffer images captured on the vertices of an unit geodesic sphere. Then, each image is described as a word histogram obtained by the vector quantization of the image s salient local features. Finally, a multi-view shape matching scheme is carried out to measure the dissimilarity between two models. Experimental results on the McGill Articulated Shape Benchmark database demonstrate that, our method obtains better retrieval performance compared to the state-of-the-art.
Proceedings Title: The IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2010
Conference Dates: September 26-29, 2010
Conference Location: Hong Kong, -1
Pub Type: Conferences
3D shape retrieval, Non-rigid 3D shape, Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), Bag-of-Features (BOF)


text:
Jointly developed outcomes guide the work of the FDC collaborative and demonstrate that they have achieved agreement on desired results. Without agreement on shared outcomes, each of the partners is likely to measure its progress as it did prior to the collaboration, based on its own internally defined outcomes. Particular importance needs to be given to the outcomes for the whole family—parents' recovery as well as safety and permanency of the children to appropriately reflect a family-centered approach in monitoring the effectiveness of the FDC collaborative effort
Joint accountability and shared outcomes developed in a collaborative process guide the work of the partnership by providing a performance and measurement driven framework for working with children and families. Defined performance indicators or benchmarks allow the partnership to measure the impact it is having together in the respective systems. It enlists the commitment of partners to work on achieving comprehensive family outcomes for example both permanency for children and recovery for parents.
This webinar continues the sustainability discussion, focusing on program outcomes. Lessons learned from a national perspective will be presented. The primary learning objectives are:


Spectral convergence under bounded Ricci curvature. (arXiv:1510.05349v2 [math.DG] UPDATED)
来源于:arXiv
For a noncollapsed Gromov-Hausdorff convergent sequence of Riemannian manifolds with a uniform bound of Ricci curvature, we establish two spectral convergence. One of them is on the Hodge Laplacian acting on differential one-forms. The other is on the connection Laplacian acting on tensor fields of every type, which include all differential forms. These are generalizations of Cheeger-Colding's spectral convergence of the Laplacian acting on functions to the cases of tensor fields and differential forms. As a corollary we show the upper semicontinuity of the first Betti numbers with respect to the Gromov-Hausdorff topology, and give the equivalence between the continuity of them and the existence of a uniform spectral gap. We also define the Riemannian curvature tensor, the Ricci curvature, and the scalar curvature of the limit space, and show their properties. In particular the Ricci curvature coincides with the difference between the Hodge Laplacian and the connection Laplacian, and i 查看全文>>
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The tcp_time_wait_interval is how long a connection stays in the TIME_WAIT state after it has been closed (default value 240000 ms or 4 minutes). With the default setting, this socket will remain for 4 minutes after you have closed the FTP connection. This is normal operating behavior. It is done to ensure that any slow packets on the network will arrive before the socket is completely shutdown. As a result, a future program that uses the same socket number won't get confused upon receipt of packets that were intended for the previous program.
On a busy Web server a large backlog of connections waiting to close could build up and the kernel can become inefficient in locating an available TCP data structure. Therefore it is recommended to change this value to 60000 ms or 1 minute.
set tcp:tcp_conn_hash_size=8192
In /etc/system, increase the connection hash table size to make lookups more efficient. The connection hash table size can be set only once, at boot time.
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text:
Scattering of a Gaussian Wave Packet on an Infinite Wall
Requires a Wolfram Notebook System
Interact on desktop, mobile and cloud with the free Wolfram Player or other Wolfram Language products.
Scattering of a Gaussian wavepacket on an infinite wall.
Contributed by: Michael Trott (March 2011)
Open content licensed under CC BY-NC-SA
function — view , , or initial position — the initial position of the center of the wave packet initial momentum — the initial momentum of the center of the wave packet initial spread — the initial spread of the wave packet time— time in
As distinct from bound state calculations, at spatial and temporal infinity many more things can happen in quantum mechanical scattering theories: normalization matters, flux versus probability density changes, and so on. This Demonstration treats the simplest possible example, the 1D scattering on a hard wall.
M. Belloni, M. A. Doncheski, R. W. Robinett. _URL_
"Scattering of a Gaussian Wave Packet on an Infinite Wall"
Wolfram Demonstrations Project
Published: March 7 2011


text:
Climatology and time series of surface meteorology in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
A consistent meteorological dataset of the Arctic site Ny-Ålesund (11.9° E, 78.9° N) spanning the 18 yr-period 1 August 1993 to 31 July 2011 is presented. Instrumentation and data handling of temperature, humidity, wind and pressure measurements are described in detail. Monthly mean values are shown for all years to illustrate the interannual variability of the different parameters. Climatological mean values are given for temperature, humidity and pressure. From the climatological dataset, we also present the time series of annual mean temperature and humidity, revealing a temperature increase of +1.35 K per decade and an increase in water vapor mixing ratio of +0.22 g kg
−1 per decade for the given time period, respectively. With the continuation of the presented measurements, the Ny-Ålesund high resolution time series will provide a reliable source to monitor Arctic change and retrieve trends in the future.
The relevant data are provided in high temporal resolution as averages over 5 (1) min before (after) 14 July 1998, respectively, placed on the PANGAEA repository ( _URL_
While 6 hourly synoptic observations in Ny-Ålesund by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute reach back to 1974 (Førland et al., 2011), the meteorological data presented here cover a shorter time period, but their high temporal resolution will be of value for atmospheric process studies on shorter time scales.


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Definitions for Witnessˈwɪt nɪs
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
to see, hear, or know by personal presence and perception:
to witness an accident.
to be present at (an occurrence) as a formal witness, spectator, bystander, etc.:
She witnessed our wedding.
to bear witness to; testify to; give or afford evidence of.
to attest by one's signature:
He witnessed her will.
(v.i.)to bear witness; testify; give or afford evidence.
(n.)a person who is present at an occurrence, esp. one who is able to attest as to what took place.
a person who gives testimony, as in a court of law.
a person or thing serving as evidence.
a person who signs a document attesting the genuineness of its execution.
testimony or evidence:
to bear witness to her suffering.
Origin of witness:
bef. 950; ME, OE witnes orig., knowledge, understanding
witness, witnesser, informant(noun)
someone who sees an event and reports what happened
spectator, witness, viewer, watcher, looker(noun)
a close observer; someone who looks at something (such as an exhibition of some kind)
"the spectators applauded the performance"; "television viewers"; "sky watchers discovered a new star"
testimony by word or deed to your religious faith
witness, attestant, attestor, attestator(noun)
(law) a person who attests to the genuineness of a document or signature by adding their own signature
(law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law
be a witness to
"She witnessed the accident and had to testify in court"
witness, find, see(verb)
perceive or be contemporaneous with
"We found Republicans winning the offices"; "You'll see a lot of cheating in this school"; "The 1960's saw the rebellion of the younger generation against established traditions"; "I want to see results"
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
sb who sees a crime or accident happening
There were no witnesses to the murder.
sb who tells a court of law what they know during a trial
a witness for the defence/prosecution
sb who is at an event in order to prove legally that it happened
the two witnesses at the wedding
to see a crime or accident happen
He witnessed the robbery.
to be a legal witness at an event
two people to witness the signing of the contract
Attestation of a fact or event; the quality of witting something.
She can bear witness, since she was there at the time.
One who has a personal knowledge of something.
As a witness to the event, I can tell you that he really said that.
Someone called to give evidence in a court.
The witness for the prosecution did not seem very credible.
Something that serves as evidence; a sign.
To furnish proof of, to show.
This certificate witnesses his presence on that day.
To take as evidence.
To see, note, or gain knowledge of.
He witnessed the accident.
To present personal religious testimony; to preach at (someone) or on behalf of.
"I don't really want to be actively harrassed (I mean witnessed to) (...)"uE000152870uE001
Origin: From witnesse, from witnes, equivalent to. Cognate with wetenisse, gewiznessi.
attestation of a fact or an event; testimony
that which furnishes evidence or proof
one who is cognizant; a person who beholds, or otherwise has personal knowledge of, anything; as, an eyewitness; an earwitness
one who testifies in a cause, or gives evidence before a judicial tribunal; as, the witness in court agreed in all essential facts
one who sees the execution of an instrument, and subscribes it for the purpose of confirming its authenticity by his testimony; one who witnesses a will, a deed, a marriage, or the like
to see or know by personal presence; to have direct cognizance of
to give testimony to; to testify to; to attest
to see the execution of, as an instrument, and subscribe it for the purpose of establishing its authenticity; as, to witness a bond or a deed
to bear testimony; to give evidence; to testify
Translations for Witness
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
a person who has seen or was present at an event etc and so has direct knowledge of it
Someone must have seen the accident but the police can find no witnesses.
- testemunhaPortuguese (BR)
- svědek, -kyněCzech
- der Zeuge/die ZeuginGerman
- αυτόπτης μάρτυραςGreek
- sjónarvottur, vitniIcelandic
- liecinieksLatvian
- لوونه، شاهد، شاهديPashto
- şahit, tanıkTurkish
- 目擊者Chinese (Trad.)
- nhân chứngVietnamese
- 目击者Chinese (Simp.)
Get even more translations for Witness »


text:
|Spend the time||outdoors|
|Location||Vermont and Northern New Hampshire|
Your own senses.
Community of Observers
Get to know the nature of YOUR world! The Fairbanks Community of Observers is to encourage greater public clarity around environmental indicators of climate change in Vermont and northern New Hampshire. Using the website developed by the Fairbanks Museum, we'll collect your quantitative data focused on the life cycles of specific birds, butterflies and wildflowers that are sensitive to environmental change as well as seasonal weather data that is characteristic to our region.
The Community of Observers is for individuals, families, clubs, groups and schools. It is designed to encourage citizen scientists to gain a deeper understanding of the cycles and patterns that characterize our region through the seasons, and how the habitats that depend on these cycles might be affected by global climate shifts.


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I have 4 UHF-R receivers connected via ethernet to my computer. When I go to live mode one of the receivers always says it is off line. What can be the problem?
Typically, a receiver will show offline when Wireless Workbench had connected properly to the receiver and then a cable comes unplugged or the receiver is turned off.
Here are other items to check:
- Make certain each receiver and the computer do not have duplicate IP addresses. (Shown in the Network menu).
- Make certain the receivers do not have a duplicate Device ID. (Shown in the Network menu).
- Make certain the subnet mask is exactly the same between all receivers and the computer.
- Make certain you are using the latest version of Wireless Workbench.
- Make certain the receivers have the latest firmware.
- If using USB to connect the computer to a receiver, there should be 4 receivers or less.
- Make certain "Monitor Only" is not selected in the File menu.


text:
Definition of figwort
- a widely distributed herbaceous plant with purplish-brown two-lobed flowers. It was formerly considered to be effective in the treatment of scrofula.
- Genus Scrophularia, family Scrophulariaceae (the figwort family): several species. Plants of this family have distinctive two-lobed flowers and include the snapdragons, toadflaxes, foxgloves, mulleins, monkey flowers, and speedwells
mid 16th century: from obsolete fig 'piles' + wort. The word originally denoted the pilewort or lesser celandine, which was used as a treatment for piles; the current sense dates from the late 16th century


Synonyms for sever
Synonyms for (verb) sever
Synonyms: sever, lop, discerp
Definition: cut off from a whole
Usage: His head was severed from his body; The soul discerped from the body
Similar words: cut
Definition: separate with or as if with an instrument
Usage: Cut the rope
Synonyms: break up, sever
Definition: set or keep apart
Usage: sever a relationship
Similar words: disunite, divide, part, separate
Definition: force, take, or pull apart
Usage: He separated the fighting children; Moses parted the Red Sea
Visual thesaurus for sever


text: Galena is the natural mineral form of lead. It is the most important ore of lead and an important source of silver. Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often associated with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.


In: |
Vegetarian dining in Portugal
Eating out in Lisbon and Portugal as a vegetarian.
This article researches the possibilities for vegetarians to have a good time on holiday in Lisbon and the rest of Portugal, eat enough healthy food and even taste traditional Portuguese food without having to consort to eating meat.
We'll give you some advice and tips on the best places to eat, get your nutrients and enjoy great meals dining out the way you should on holiday!
In the large Supermarkets all over the country vegetarian food has become easily available from the large choice of beans, lentil and nuts already much used in the traditional Portuguese Cuisine, you now also will find many soya meat imitations, Tofu, Seitan and other meat replacement products.
Going to restaurants you generally wont find these things on the menu.
If you don't eat meat but fish there is no problem, fish is on just about every menu. Inland you'll find less fresh fish but many Bacalhua (salted cod dishes) that make up a large part of the traditional menu all over Portugal.
You don't eat meat or fish? Than eggs, cheese are often available but after that it gets more difficult.
Some vegetarian facts
Vegetarianism is growing and growing worldwide and anno 2013 the statistics demand that we take vegetarians serious in our supermarkets and restaurants.
We already know countries like India and Taiwan to have a large percentage of vegetarians (respectively 40% and 10%)
Europe however has lower percentages but the amount of vegetarians are steadily growing due to more food and environmental awareness and the various meat scams of recent years.
The Netherlands has a percentage of roughly 5% vegetarians and most of the population eat meat only a couple of times a week.
The Uk scores higher roughly 10% of it's population is fully vegetarian.
Germany has almost 8 million vegetarians making it one the most vegetarian countries in Europe.
America scores around 6% of its population, which is, let's face it, a substantial amount of people.
Portugal however scores around 0.3% and most Portuguese cannot imagine a meal without meat or fish.
Hopefully, in the future, more and more restaurants will understand the necessity of creating fully vegetarian, balanced and delicious meals.
Traditional vegetarian foods that you can find in restaurants
Eating traditional Portuguese: It can be a bit of a challenge finding typical Portuguese food that doesn't consist of meat or fish, yet it's possible!
First of all don't make the mistake of going to a traditional restaurant thinking they can and will throw something together that will come close to a meal. The best you can hope for in most restaurants is an omelet or a couple of fried eggs, salad (not much more than lettuce, tomato and onion), white rice, potato, chips and if there out of eggs, well…..
So lets look at the traditional kitchen most dishes consist of fish, meat or mixes of fish and meat.
Some of the the side dishes however, can be exciting for vegetarians especially the really traditional ones that go back to a time when fish and meat where not daily available making some of them are really fully nutritious vegetarian meals and delicious if made well.
Check out the following
not a meal but a great beer snack that many Portuguese eat while socializing with friends over a beer or a glass of wine. They are big butter beans, salted and delicious as a snack. Most Portuguese will pop the bean out of it's skin (as it can be bitter) and eat only the inside leaving the skin on the plate provided.
Acorda is found all over Portugal and it's much like the Italian risotto but not made with rice but bread mixed with almost anything. Not al Acorda's are vegetarian but a lot of them are or could be if you ask the cook.
Acorda can be with beans, veg or gamba's. It's always mixed with plenty of olive oil and seasoning.
A type of acorda with beans. A filling and great vegetarian meal.
Migas Now Migas is one of my favourites. Especially the regional Ribatejan dish that you will find in Lisbon in restaurants that serve dishes from Ribatejo. But the whole country has different types of Migas all worth trying.
It literally means breadcrumbs and is made of the tougher, heavier country bread type. In Ribatejo they use Broa. The bread is cut into small pieces, mixed with olive, white bean, a Portuguese cabbage called caldo verde or couve Portuguesa also finely chopped, salt, pepper, sometimes garlic and other seasoning. It's delicious mixed with salad it's a filling and perfectly nutritious meal.
Most Portuguese soups are vegetarian. Generally stock cubes aren't used in preparing soups and a vegetable soups will be made using partly pureed vegetables, salt and olive oil. So if you can handle a meal made purely of soup (bread and olives) this can be a safe way to go.
Chick pea chick pea is part of the traditional Portuguese kitchen and most restaurants will have them. Very often they are mixed with chopped onion and fresh parsley and they can help in making a sufficient vegetarian meal.
In portuguese they are called grao (grouwng)
Many restaurants offer buffet and a lot of these buffet will have at least a few vegetarian dishes (if your strict you may want to check with the cook which dishes are really vegetarian but I've had a few of these meals choosing the veg, bean and chickpea dishes that did taste good and where fulfilling.
And from my experience that's where 'vegetarian' stops in all Portuguese traditional restaurants.
In Lisbon there are plenty of alternatives, generally a bit more expensive than the average, although the vegetarian meal is likely to be the cheapest.
Italian, Thai, Chinese, Indian, Turkish restaurants all offer vegetarian meals and there are many of them.
This month we will introducing a new tag to our restaurants that serve also fully fledged vegetarian meals, so they become easier to find!
Being a vegetarian I love the fully vegetarian restaurants that give me a menu where I can choose, wow, but being a person I like to go out with friends and not all of them get as excited as I do when I say 'vegetarian restaurant!'. that's why all restaurants should offer vegetarian alternatives, there are to many of us to ignore! And our meat eating friends do take us into consideration and will also move to a restaurant that offers both if they are to be found.
If on average 7% of eaters are vegetarian than 7% of menu's should be vegetarian but lets make it 10% it rounds better and gives meat eaters the opportunity to skip for one day.
Sadly not every vegetarian want tofu, which is pretty difficult to get and even more difficult to cook, if you want to get it right.
Why never a vegetarian lasagna (nuts replace meat very well) or a quiche. Want to do it portugeuse use all the beans from the traditional kitchen, spice them up the way you would any other Portuguese dish, serve with rice and a well fried egg or boiled potato and voila, a traditional Portuguese vegetarian meal is born!
Conclusion: if an average of 7% of the total tourist population are vegetarians just taking Europe and America into perspective, isn't it time for Portugal to start thinking of alternatives? At least there where there are tourists? And maybe offering fully fledged vegetarian meals to the Portuguese just to show them how delicious vegetarian food can be!
Vegetarian food is easier to cook, easier to keep fresh and a lot cheaper, shouldn't every restaurant be happy to have at least one dish on their menu and at least 2 because they like to offer choice!
Vegetarian dining in Portugal photo gallery


text:
Congratulations to Environment Institute's Associate Professor Alec Zuo, who was awarded an Australian Research Council (ARC) Future Fellowship for his project 'Quantifying the economic and social impacts of drought in rural Australia' in the recently announced round.
Project Title: Quantifying the economic and social impacts of drought in rural Australia
Funding awarded: $1,035,279
Project: Climate-change research predicts drought is likely to increase its frequency, duration and severity, drastically challenging Australian agriculture and rural societies. The aim of this project is to use innovative techniques to analyse:
- (i) national datasets to determine the economic and social impacts of droughts in rural and regional Australia; and
- (ii) the results of a national survey to estimate and understand farmers' drought adaptation responses to carbon-credit market signals.
The outcomes are expected to be a major step in developing and implementing cost-effective drought policies and services to minimise its complex impacts, strengthen rural and regional community resilience, and enhance sustainable agriculture in Australia.
For more details about the recent ARC Future Fellowships announcements.


text:
During the Alissé mission, ESA astronaut Christer Fuglesang (SE) flew on the Space Shuttle Discovery STS-128 mission to the ISS in August 2009, spending nearly 14 days in space. He was accompanied by NASA astronauts Frederick Sturckow, Kevin Ford, Patrick Forrester, José Hernández, John Olivas and Nicole Stott.
Selected from around 190 suggestions, the winning name for Fuglesang's mission was proposed by Jürgen Modlich from Baierbrunn, Germany. The name refers one of the most famous trade winds, the alizé (or alize), used by 15th century explorers who used the winds to follow Christopher Columbus across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. Alize is a steady north-easterly wind that blows across central Africa to the shores of America. By changing the letters 'iz' to 'iss', the target of today's explorers is encompassed in the mission name: Alissé.
The patch for the Alissé mission features a bird's wing enclosing images of the ISS and Shuttle, either side of two sets of horizontal lines. The horizontal lines symbolise different aspects of the mission: two lines represent the two spacewalks to be undertaken by Fuglesang during the mission. Another two symbolise the Shuttle and ISS in their separate orbits as they close for docking. They also represent the two ESA astronauts on the ISS during the mission. The four lines
together represent the four space agencies of the astronauts on the ISS during the mission. The letters 'ISS' are highlighted in the mission name after mission's target.


text:
Student Performance on Grade 8 Math, by Economic Status
What does this measure?
The percent of students tested who scored at level 3 or above—meeting or exceeding the state standard—on the Grade 8 Math exam, broken down by students' economic background. The test is scored by placing a student's performance in one of four levels.
Why is this important?
The middle school math examination serves as a checkpoint for high school preparation. Performance on this exam can help predict high school success in math.
How are Cayuga and Seneca counties performing?
In 2010, 45% of low–income eighth–graders passed the math exam, compared to 65% of other eighth–graders in Cayuga. In Seneca, 41% of low–income eighth–graders passed, compared to 63% of other eighth–graders. The difference between passing rates for low–income students and other students was not as large in Cayuga and Seneca as it was at the state (excluding NYC), where the passing rate for low–income students was 37%, compared to 70% for other eighth–graders. Performance of low–income students in Cayuga and Seneca was similar to comparison counties, which ranged from 37%–49%, with the exception of Onondaga (27%). However, performance of other students in Cayuga and Seneca was below that of comparison counties, which ranged from 65%–78%.
Between 2009 and 2010, all six counties and the state saw drastic declines in performance as a result of the state changing the threshold for passing the exam.
Notes about the data
In 2010, the state raised the threshold for passing, requiring students to answer more questions correctly. This came after research indicated the state tests were not accurately assessing students' current skills or likelihood of succeeding at the high school and college levels. The revision impacts the comparability of test results year to year.
Students eligible for free or reduced–price lunch are considered low–income. Test results for small groups of students were not disclosed to protect student privacy.


text:
Let us make an in-depth study of depository system. After reading this article you will learn about: 1. Features of Depository System 2. Advantages of Depository System.
Features of Depository System:
A depository system has the following features:
(a) Day-to-day basis of reconciliation is made by NSDL;
(b) Securities are divisible and, as such, can be transacted by any quantity;
(c) Securities are allotted International Security Identification Number (ISIN) by SEBI;
(d) The benefit of depository system is enjoyed by the investor/owner of securities; and
(e) CDSL and NSDL are the Depository Participants to act as agent.
Advantages of Depository System:
Enjoyed by Investors:
i. It eliminates bad deliveries;
ii. It computes the settlement cycle very fast;
iii. It makes immediate transfer and registration of securities;
iv. It eliminates all risks associated with physical certificate;
v. It also provides nomination facility to the investors;
vi. It reduces trading cost;
vii. Since it is paperless trading, no share certificate and deed etc. are required.
Enjoyed by the Capital Market:
(i) Dues are settled in a very short time;
(ii) It also eliminates bad delivering;
(iii) It also eliminates the problems arising from odd lots of securities;
(iv) It eliminates the physical handling of paperwork's;
(v) It reduces errors;
(vi) Questions of loss, mutilation of securities does not arise.
(vii) Huge number of transactions can be settled at a very short time.
Enjoyed by the Company:
(a) It reduces the risk of loss of securities and, at the same time, reduces the fraudulent activities;
(b) It avoids the checking of shares, deeds and various papers,
(e) No share certificate is issued as the securities are divisible;
(d) It reduces the various costs which require secretarial help;
(e) It supplies better communication facilities
(f) Easy availability of data and information (i.e. issue of bonus share, right share, dividend declaration, etc.) are available which helps the shareholder to take decisions.
Disadvantages of Depository System:
The Depository System is not free from snags. Some of them are:
(a) Number of frauds may be increased as there is no physical checking;
(b) Practically, to set up a single depository is not possible;
(c) MDS (Multiple Depository System) invites the problems of coordination.
Although the Depository System is not free from snags, even then it is a boom to the world of capital market. It, no doubt, proves an efficient transfer system and helps the investors and the company in various forms. It overcomes the problems from bad delivery, counterfeit certificates, etc. It also reduces various cost and expenses (i.e. Registration cost).


Bogie
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Bogies)
Jump to: navigation, search
US-style railroad truck with journal bearings in journal boxes.
Bettendorf-style freight car truck displayed at the Illinois Railway Museum. This one uses journal bearings in journal boxes
A bogie (pron.: /ˈbɡi/ BOH-ghee) or truck is a wheeled wagon or trolley. In mechanics terms, a bogie is a chassis or framework carrying wheels, attached to a vehicle, thus serving as a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or on a semi-trailer) or be quickly detachable (as the dolly in a road train); it may contain a suspension within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as most bogies of tracked vehicles are); it may be mounted on a swivel, as on a railway carriage/car or locomotive, or additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner).
Contents
Railway [edit]
Archbar type truck with journal bearings as used on some steam locomotive tenders. A version of the archbar truck was at one time also used on US freight cars
Bogie of an SBB Eurocity passenger car, as seen from underneath
A bogie in the UK, or a railroad truck, wheel truck, or simply truck in North America, is a structure underneath a train to which axles (and, hence, wheels) are attached through bearings. In Indian English, bogie may also refer to an entire railway carriage.[1]
The first British railway to build coaches with bogies, instead of rigidly mounted axles, was the Midland Railway in 1874.[2]
Bogies serve a number of purposes:[3]
 - Support of the rail vehicle body.
 - Stability on both straight and curved track.
 - Ensuring ride comfort by absorbing vibration and minimizing the impact of centrifugal forces when the train runs on curves at high speed.
 - Minimizing generation of track irregularities and rail abrasion
Usually, two bogies are fitted to each carriage, wagon or locomotive, one at each end. An alternate configuration often is used in articulated vehicles, which places the bogies (often jacobs bogies) under the connection between the carriages or wagons.
Most bogies have two axles, as this is the simplest design,[3] but some cars designed for extremely heavy loads have been built with up to five axles per bogie. Heavy-duty cars may have more than two bogies using span bolsters to equalize the load and connect the bogies to the cars.
Usually, the train floor is at a level above the bogies, but the floor of the car may be lower between bogies, such as for a double decker train to increase interior space while staying within height restrictions, or in easy-access, stepless-entry, low-floor trains.
Key components of a bogie include:[3]
 - The bogie frame: This can be of inside frame type where the main frame and bearings are between the wheels, or (more commonly) of outside frame type where the main frame and bearings are outside the wheels.
 - Suspension to absorb shocks between the bogie frame and the rail vehicle body: Common types are coil springs, or rubber airbags.
 - At least one wheelset, composed of an axle with a bearings and wheel at each end
 - Axle box suspensions absorb shocks between the axle bearings and the bogie frame. The axle box suspension usually consists of a spring between the bogie frame and axle bearings to permit up-and-down movement, and sliders to prevent lateral movement. A more modern design uses solid rubber springs.
 - Brake equipment: Two main types are used: brake shoes that are pressed against the tread of the wheel, and disc brakes and pads.
 - In powered vehicles, some form of transmission, usually electrically powered traction motors or a hydraulically powered torque converter
The connections of the bogie with the rail vehicle allow a certain degree of rotational movement around a vertical axis pivot (bolster), with side bearers preventing excessive movement. More modern, bolsterless bogie designs omit these features, instead taking advantage of the sideways movement of the suspension to permit rotational movement.[3]
Examples [edit]
BR1 bogie [edit]
The British Railways Mark 1 coach brought into production in 1950 used the BR1 bogie, which was rated to run at 90 mph (145 km/h). The wheels were cast as a one-piece item in a pair with their axle. The simple design involved the bogie resting on four leaf springs (one spring per wheel), which in turn were connected to the axles. The leaf springs were designed to absorb any movement or resonance and to have a damping effect to benefit ride quality.
Each spring was connected to the outermost edge of the axle by a roller bearing contained in oil-filled axle box. The oil had to be topped up at regular maintenance times to avoid the bearing running hot and seizing.
There was also a heavy-duty version designated BR2.
Commonwealth bogie [edit]
Commonwealth bogie as used on BR Mark 1 and CIE Park Royals
The Commonwealth bogie, manufactured by the English Steel Corporation under licence from the Commonwealth Rail Company in America. Fitted with SKF or Timken bearings, it was introduced in the late 1950s for all BR Mark 1 vehicles. It was a heavy, cast-steel design weighing about 6.5 long tons (6.6 t),[4] with sealed roller bearings on the axle ends, avoiding the need to maintain axle box oil levels.
The leaf springs were replaced by coil springs (one per wheel) running vertically rather than horizontally. The advanced design gave a better ride quality than the BR1, being rated for 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).
The side frame of the bogie was usually of bar construction, with simple horn guides attached, allowing the axle boxes vertical movements between them. The axle boxes had a cast-steel equaliser beam or bar resting on them. The bar had two steel coil springs placed on it and the bogie frame rested on the springs. The effect was to allow the bar to act as a compensating lever between the two axles and to use both springs to soften shocks from either axle. The bogie had a conventional bolster suspension with swing links carrying a spring plank.
B4 bogie [edit]
B4 bogie as used on BR Mark 2 and Irish Cravens
The B4 bogie was introduced in 1963. It was a fabricated steel design versus cast iron and was lighter than the Commonwealth, weighing in at 5 long tons (5.08 t).[5] It also had a speed rating of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h).
Axle/spring connection was again with fitted roller bearings. However, now two coil springs rather than one were fitted per wheel.[6]
Only a very small number of Mark 1 stock was fitted with the B4 bogie from new, it being used on the Mark 1 only to replace worn BR1 bogies. The British Rail Mark 2 coach, however, carried the B4 bogies from new. A heavier-duty version, the B5, was standard on Southern Region Mk1-based EMUs from the 1960s onwards. Some Mark 1 catering cars had mixed bogies—a B5 under the kitchen end, and a B4 under the seating end. Some of the B4-fitted Mark 2s, as well as many B4-fitted Mark 1 BGs were allowed to run at 110 miles per hour (180 km/h) with extra maintenance, particularly of the wheel profile, and more frequent exams.
BT10 Bogie [edit]
BT10 high-speed bogie as used on MK3
The BT10 bogie was introduced on the British Rail Mark 3 coach in the 1970s. Each wheel is separately connected to the bogie by a swing-arm axle.
There is dual suspension:
 - primary suspension via a coil spring and damper mounted on each axle
 - secondary suspension via two air springs mounted on the pivot plank, this is connected to the bogie by pendulum links. A constant coach height is maintained by air valves.[7]
Locomotives [edit]
Diesel and electric
Most diesel locomotives and electric locomotives are carried on bogies (trucks - US). Trucks used in the USA include AAR type A switcher truck, Blomberg B, HT-C truck and Flexicoil.[8]
Steam
On a steam locomotive, the leading wheels and trailing wheels may be mounted on bogies. Articulated locomotives (e.g. the Fairlie) have power bogies similar to those on diesel and electric locomotives.
Tramway [edit]
Modern [edit]
Side view of a SEPTA K-Car bogie
Tram bogies are much simpler in design because of their axle load, and the tighter curves found on tramways mean tram bogies almost never have more than two axles. Furthermore, some tramways have steeper gradients and vertical, as well as horizontal, curves, which means tram bogies often need to pivot on the horizontal axis, as well.
Some articulated trams have bogies located under articulations, a setup referred to as a Jacobs bogie. Often, low-floor trams are fitted with nonpivoting bogies and many tramway enthusiasts see this as a retrograde step, as it leads to more wear of both track and wheels and also significantly reduces the speed at


text:
Envelopes of materials for countries
[Sidebar to case study about the International Trade Game]
Each team (country) is given an envelope of materials at the start of the game. You will need to fill each envelope with the appropriate materials in advance and label the envelope. The following envelopes are required for each game.
Rich countries: A1, A2
2 pairs of scissors
1 set square (the exact size of the large triangular shape)
1 protractor (the exact size of the semi-circular shape)
1 sheet of A4 paper
6 × £100 notes (or €100 or $100).
Middle-income countries: B1, B2
10 sheets of A4 paper
3 × £100 notes (or €100 or $100)
Low-income countries: C1, C2
4 sheets of A4 paper
2 × £100 notes (or €100 or $100)


text:
WorldWind is a collection of components that interactively display 3D geographic information within Java applications. Applications use WorldWind by placing one or more WorldWindow objects in their user interface. That WorldWindow provide the 3D geographic context for the application's information and behaviors.
WorldWind components are extensible. The API is defined primarily by interfaces, so components can be selectively replaced by alternative components. Concrete classes can also be replaced or extended. Extensibility is a fundamental objective of WorldWind.
In addition to WorldWindow, there are several major WorldWind interfaces, all shown in the following diagram.
- Globe represents a planet's shape and terrain. The globe has a Tessellator that generates the terrain.
- Layer applies application imagery, shapes or other information to the globe. These items all retain their position relative to the globe as the user navigates through the geography. Layers also provide in-screen shapes that lie in the plane of the screen and do not move with the globe.
- Model aggregates the globe and its layers, including in-screen layers.
- View determines the user's view of the model and is driven by input events from the user via the InputHandler.
- SceneController controls the rendering of a Model and the timing of the rendering. It associates a Model with a View.
In typical usage, applications create a globe and layers for their data and combine them into a model. They also create a WorldWindow and pass the model to it. The WorldWindow's scene controller subsequently manages the display of the globe and its layers, in conjunction with an interactive view that defines the user's view of the planet.
All the objects above can be those provided by WorldWind or those developed by application developers. Objects implementing a particular interface may be used wherever that interface is called for.
WorldWind works with enormous quantities of data and information, all of which exist primarily on remote data servers. Retrieval and local caching of that data is therefore a necessary and primary feature of WorldWind. As remote data is retrieved it is stored in a local disk cache and subsequently used from there. The cache has no fixed size. It can be pruned programmatically by the application. All data retrieval, even retrieval from disk, is performed on background threads.
WorldWind's use of the network can be disabled by setting the offline-mode of the WorldWindow. Prior to attempting retrieval of a network resource, WorldWind checks the offline-mode and does not attempt retrieval if it's enabled.
Picking and Selection
WorldWind can determine the displayed objects at a given screen position, typically the cursor position, in a WorldWindow. It can also determine the geographic position beneath the cursor. Both of these operations are performed automatically. The results are delivered to the application via Select events, and can also be queried from the WorldWindow.


Diagnostics Guide
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The Oracle JRockit JVM Starts Slowly
One major benefit of the Oracle JRockit JVM is that it is a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiling JVM (see How the JRockit JVM Compiles Code for information on how code is compiled), meaning the first time the JVM runs a method it is compiled into machine code. The JVM compiles all the classes to native code the first time they are called. This slows down the application run at startup when a lot of new methods are compiled, but in return the methods will run fast already the second time they're invoked. The methods most often run will later be recompiled by the JRockit JVM and therefore optimized further for the following runs, ensuring that your application runs even faster.
This section describes how you can recognize and troubleshoot a slow-starting JVM. It includes information on the following subjects:

Possible Causes Behind a Slow Start
There are several possible causes for your application to seem slow in the beginning.
Special Note If You Recently Switched JVMs to the JRockit JVM
If you've recently switched from another JVM to the JRockit JVM, you might think the JVM is starting too slowly. This is particularly noteworthy if you've switched to the JRockit JVM as your production JVM from a third-party development JVM. Actually, what might appear to be a slow start is normal operation. The JRockit JVM is designed for use with long-running applications. As such, you should expect longer start-up times as code is compiled and optimized. The JVM is not starting slow, it just has more information to process during startup. Once all of the methods are compiled, the JVM should run much faster.

Diagnosing a Slow JVM Startup
To see if your application compiles a lot of methods in the beginning of the run, you can start it with the option -Xverbose:codegen.
With this option set, the following information will be shown about the method that is being compiled: name, memory location, duration of the compilation, and the amount of time that has passed since the compilation started. See Listing 26-1 for an example of a -Xverbose:codegen print out.
Listing 26-1 -Xverbose:codegen
[codegen] #775 1 (0x2) n jrockit/memory/AtomicInt.<init>(I)V
[codegen] #775 1 (0x2) n @0x7D62ED90-0x7D62ED9C 0.09 ms (277.99 ms)
[codegen] #776 1 (0x2) n jrockit/memory/AtomicInt.set(I)V
[codegen] #776 1 (0x2) n @0x7D62EDA0-0x7D62EDAA 0.08 ms (278.06 ms)
Conversely, if you have a lot of methods that need to be compiled during startup, you will have a fairly long startup time compared to if you would have few.
Once the JIT compilation is complete, the compiled methods will no longer need as much time to run; however, the JRockit JVM continuously optimizes frequently-used methods during the application run which, at times, can give the appearance of the JVM running slowly.

Diagnosing a Slow Application Startup
The startup time can also be extended if you have an application that is searching for a certain file, for example, a data file. If you suspect that your application is causing the slow start, create a JRA recording and analyze the application data in the JRockit Runtime Analyzer. This tool is included in Oracle JRockit Mission Control.
If you are running the JRockit JVM R27.1 or later with JRockit Mission Control 2.0 or later, complete instructions for creating and interpreting a JRA recording are available from the Oracle JRockit Mission Control online help.

Timing with nanoTime() and currentTimeMillis()
To measure timing inside your application you can use the methods System.nanoTime() and System.currentTimeMillis() in your application. Inserting these methods in your application will, of course, consume resources at runtime but the performance impact should be minimal.
System.nanoTime()
This method returns a monotonic timer value by using the most precise available system timer. The returned value is in nanoseconds, however the factual resolution of the timer can vary between OS and hardware. Note that there is no conventional zero point to which you can relate the timer value. Hence, you must take the time at least twice in order to get any meaningful data.
nanoTime() uses different methods on different operating systems:
To get information about timer resolution and, on Linux, the method used to get a time value, start the JRockit JVM with the option -Xverbose:timing.
Here is an example of a verbose timing report on Windows:
[INFO ][timing ] Counter timer using resolution of 1779720000Hz
System.currentTimeMillis()
This method returns the current time in milliseconds. The current time is defined as the time since 00:00:00 UTC, January 1, 1970.
Milliseconds and nanotime at application startup
To get the values of System.currentTimeMillis() and System.nanoTime() at the time the JVM started, use the command line option -Xverbose:starttime. Verbose output for starttime might look like this:
[startti] VM start time: 1152871839957 millis 171588375730523 nanos
The millis value is the same value that System.currentTimeMillis() would provide and the nanos value is the same value that System.nanoTime() would provide.

Recommended Solutions for a Slow Start
This section provides information on possible solutions for a slow start.
Tune for Faster Startup
Sometimes the problem may be with how the JVM is tuned using command line options. See Tuning For Faster JVM Startup for tips on how to tune the JVM for faster startup.
Eliminate Optimization Problems
Since, on some rare occasions, optimization can be the cause of a slow start, you should eliminate it as a cause before you move on to any other solution.
If you suspect that the problem is with optimization, you can disable optimization completely by starting the JVM with the -XnoOpt startup command. This command tells the JVM not to optimize any code. If the JRockit JVM starts more quick after running with -XnoOpt, you can assume your are experiencing optimization problems. You should report this to Oracle Support.
As a workaround you can try to exclude methods that take too long to optimize. To do so, use the Ctrl-Break Handler print_threads to make a thread dump (please refer to Running Diagnostic Commands for more information). This output will identify any methods that are causing optimization problems. You can then use an optfile to exclude that method from the optimization process (please refer to Creating and Using an Optfile for more information).
Eliminate Application Problems
If you determine that the slow start is due to problems in your Java application, you need to investigate what is causing that problem from the application viewpoint. The problem will most likely be with a method that is the victim of unnecessary synchronization or an insufficient number of synchronized resources. Try to locate the methods that are causing the bottleneck and, if possible, rewrite the code of your Java application.
Open a Case with Oracle Support
If you feel that it is the Oracle JRockit JVM that is taking too long to generate the code for each method or if none of the tuning solutions suggested in Tuning For Faster JVM Startup resolve the problem, you will need to open a case with Oracle Support. You can find instructions on how to report a problem to Oracle, including the sort of information to include, in Submitting Problems to Oracle Support
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){
 addMessage(message.from.name(), decodeURIComponent(message.text));
 });
 ...
2. When connection.join() and then room.leave() are called too fast. it is possible to send join command to the server while it still handles previous leave command for this user
Symptoms: when connection.join() is called right after room.leave(), client may receive a message
Room already has user with such login
Solution: use at least 1 second interval between room.leave() and connection.join() subsequent calls


text:
International Journal of Computer Science and Management Studies (IJCSMS)
The earth quake is the disaster that is handled in this paper. The location of the earth quake can be finding by using the various localization process available in the WSN. This paper firstly discusses the localization techniques then the proposed technique that is used to get the accurate position of the earth quake. Node localization refers to determine the accurate and precise physical location of each node in the network. To measure significant data, the authors need location information of the sensor nodes. Node localization is required to answers questions about the network coverage, report queries about sensors and origin of event occurs.


text:
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite/Fullerenol Nanocomposites
Authorized Users Only
Article (Published version)
MetadataShow full item record
Fullerenols are polyhydroxylated, water soluble derivatives of fullerene C60, with potential application in medicine as diagnostic agents, antioxidants or nano drug carriers. This paper describes synthesis and physical characterization of a new nanocomposite hydroxyapatite/fullerenol. Surface of the nanocomposite hydroxyapatite/fullerenol is inhomogeneous with the diameter of the particles in the range from 100 nm to 350 nm. The zeta potential of this nanocomposite is ten times lower when compared to hydroxyapatite. Surface phosphate groups of hydroxyapatite are prone to forming hydrogen bonds, when in close contact with hydroxyl groups, which could lead to formation of hydrogen bonds between hydroxyapatite and hydroxyl groups of fullerenol. The surface of hydroxyapatite particles (−2.5 mV) was modified by fullerenol particles, as confirmed by the obtained zeta potential value of the nanocomposite biomaterial hydroxyapatite/fullerenol (−25.0 mV).


text:
Revit provides a general mechanism for giving each element a set of parameters that you can edit. In the Revit UI, parameters are visible in the Element Properties dialog box. This chapter describes how to get and use built-in parameters using the Revit Platform API. For more information about user-defined shared parameters, see Shared Parameters.
In the Revit Platform API, Parameters are managed in the Element class. You can access Parameters in these ways:
- By iterating through the Element.Parameters collection of all parameters for an Element (for an example, see the sample code in Walkthrough Get Selected Element Parameters).
- By accessing the parameter directly through the overloaded Element.Parameter property. If the Parameter doesn't exist, the property returns null.
- By accessing a parameter by name via the Element.ParametersMap collection.
You can retrieve the Parameter object from an Element if you know the name string, built-in ID, definition, or GUID. The Parameter[String] property overload gets a parameter based on its localized name, so your code should handle different languages if it's going to look up parameters by name and needs to run in more than one locale.
The Parameter[GUID] property overload gets a shared parameter based on its Global Unique ID (GUID), which is assigned to the shared parameter when it's created.


settings en Comparing Configuration Files Comparing configuration (i.e. ini, preferences, config, etc.) files is not as simple as comparing say C source file. Typically in a config file the order doesn't matter so Line A Line B...... Is the same as Line B Line A...... Hence all the usual Diff tools mistakenly say files are different when functionally they are the same. Comparing something like the /etc directory on two Linux machines thus involves a lot of hand checking of functionally identical files. One solution to this is to sort the lines in the files first. The different files listed by a Diff program are then only those with real difference (assuming you turn off whitespace difference). This can be done very simply with KDiff3 which has the option to include a file preprocessor before the compare. This is found in KDiff3 in settings, diff tab. So by adding a file preprocessor such as for example: perl -e 'print sort <>' We can sort the file lines before the compare. On linux and windows this can be even simpler as they have native sort commands which work too. So all that needs adding in this case to the preprocessor setting is just "sort". Click the image above to see a screenshot of the settings dialogue. Caveats Lines are reordered so editing in a separated editor is a better idea than merging in KDiff3. Single settings that span multiple lines and multiple settings on a single line may show as different when functionally the same Tags: iniconfigsettingsdiffkdiff Wed, 24 Sep 2014 16:55:10 +0000 Malc 33 at


text:
Seniors at Greensboro Day School participate in a self-designed Senior Project during the last four weeks of the school year. The Senior Project provides students with the opportunity to utilize the skills they have acquired during their GDS education and explore existing passions or career possibilities before entering college. They are able to intern with non-profit organizations, government agencies, and businesses located in Greensboro, out of town, and even internationally. Seniors can also choose to work with artists, chefs, surgeons, scientists, financiers, and myriad other professionals, learning what motivates their mentors in their everyday work. The projects encourage students to practice effective written and oral communication, solve real-world problems, and learn independently.
The Senior Project is the capstone experience of a GDS education. The program is designed to address the following desired results for student learning that the faculty has established as important goals for all Greensboro Day School students:
- Effective reading and research skills
- Effective written and oral communication skills
- Collaboration and leadership skills
- Real-world problem-solving
- Creativity and entrepreneurial spirit
- Independent learning and self-knowledge


text:
Definition of of
1 —used as a function word to indicate a point of reckoning north of the lake
2a —used as a function word to indicate origin or derivation a man of noble birthb —used as a function word to indicate the cause, motive, or reason died of fluc : by plays of Shakespeared : on the part of very kind of youe : occurring in a fish of the western Atlantic
3 —used as a function word to indicate the component material, parts, or elements or the contents throne of gold cup of water
4a —used as a function word to indicate the whole that includes the part denoted by the preceding word most of the armyb —used as a function word to indicate a whole or quantity from which a part is removed or expended gave of his time
5a : relating to : about stories of her travelsb : in respect to slow of speech
6a —used as a function word to indicate belonging or a possessive relationship king of Englandb —used as a function word to indicate relationship between a result determined by a function or operation and a basic entity (such as an independent variable) a function of x the product of two numbers
7 —used as a function word to indicate something from which a person or thing is delivered eased of her pain or with respect to which someone or something is made destitute robbed of all their belongings
8a —used as a function word to indicate a particular example belonging to the class denoted by the preceding noun the city of Romeb —used as a function word to indicate apposition that fool of a husband
Examples of of in a Sentence
He is a coworker of mine.
I threw out that old shirt of yours.
She's a friend of my mother's.
He had the support of his family to help him.
the plays of William Shakespeare
What is the name of the band?
We admired the courage of the young woman.
the President of the United States
What is the total cost of the repairs?
The value of the antique is high.
Origin and Etymology of of
Middle English, off, of, from Old English, adverb & preposition; akin to Old High German aba off, away, Latin ab from, away, Greek apo
First Known Use: before 12th century
Origin and Etymology of of
First Known Use: circa 1800
Definition of OF
OF Defined for English Language Learners
Definition of of for English Language Learners
: belonging to, relating to, or connected with (someone or something)
—used to indicate that someone or something belongs to a group of people or things
: living or occurring in (a specified country, city, town, etc.)
OF Defined for Kids
Definition of of for Students
1 —used to join an amount or a part with the whole which includes it most of the children the back of the closet
2 : belonging to, relating to, or connected with a shirt of his the top of the hill
3 : concerning I heard the news of your success.
4 : that is the city of Rome
5 : made from a house of bricks
6 : that has : with a man of courage a thing of no importance
7 —used to show what has been taken away a tree bare of leaves cured of disease
8 —used to indicate the reason for a fear of spiders
Seen and Heard
What made you want to look up of? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
Archives and Records
Archives & Records Service is a division of the City Clerk. Archives and Records is responsible for the archiving and disposal of all city department records in all formats. It also serves as a research center for the history and development of the City of Tampa municipal government.
HOURS: 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., Monday through Friday with the exception of City holidays
Please call for an appointment at least three days in advance to research archival materials.
The City of Tampa Archives is your research center for the history and development of the municipal government of the City of Tampa.
From the Village of Tampa, to the Town of Tampa, to the City of Tampa, our City has grown from a population of 185 in 1855 to become the largest city on the west coast of Florida. Tampa's government has also evolved into a complex system of departments that provide a variety of services that affect the lives of its citizens.
Recognizing the need to document and preserve the development and unique heritage of the City and it's government, the City Archives was established in 1987. Our primary commitment is to collect the historically significant records and photographs created by the various departments of the City. It also collects records from other sources, such as personal papers, related agency records, and other materials that support the government collection.
Such records provide both individuals and City administrators with a sense of history that can only be known through the records which have survived. Understanding what the City was and did in the past helps direct the course of the future. It binds us together with a sense of strength and pride in our community.


reading on this topic can be found in Kingfisher Application Note A14, Improving Attenuation Measurement Accuracy
Electro-optic conversion:
Optical signals are usually converted to an electric current, which is then measured as a voltage across a resistor (in a trans-impedance amplifier).
The electrical power dissipated by the resistor goes up with the square of the voltage.
So the optical receiver power also goes up with the square of the optical signal.
So when working in volts, the relationship is defined as: dB = 20 log (V1/V2)
Where
V1 = measured voltage
V2 = reference voltage (e.g. 1 mV)
More information
© Kingfisher International, Australia, ABN 51 007 250 213


text:
Electroless recovery of gold chloride using inherently conducting polymers
Conducting polymers deposited onto reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) were shown to remove gold from aqueous solutions in a facile and highly efficient fashion. For acidic solutions with initial [AuCl4]- concentrations between 0.1 and 1000 ppm, gold recoveries >90% were obtained. Experiments, conducted using solutions containing 0.1 ppm [AuCl4]-, also demonstrated that the composite materials were significantly more effective at recovering gold than activated carbon. Gold removal from solutions containing [AuCl4]- and much higher concentrations of iron was highly selective.