text:
Frank Lauren Hitchcock
|Frank Lauren Hitchcock|
Frank Lauren Hitchcock (1875–1957)
|Born||March 6, 1875
New York, USA
|Died||May 31, 1957
Los Angeles, USA
|Fields||Physicist and mathematician|
|Institutions||Massachusetts Institute of Technology
North Dakota State University
|Alma mater||Harvard University
Phillips Andover Academy
|Doctoral students||Gleason Kenrick
|Known for||Transportation problem|
Frank Lauren Hitchcock (1875–1957) was an American mathematician and physicist notable for vector analysis. He formulated the transportation problem in 1941. He was also an expert in mathematical chemistry and quaternions.
He first attended the Phillips Andover Academy. He received his AB from Harvard in 1896. Before his PhD he taught at Paris and at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio. In 1910 he completed his PhD at Harvard with a thesis entitled, Vector Functions of a Point.
His mother was Susan Ida Porter (b. January 1, 1848, Middlebury, Vermont) and his father was Elisha Pike Hitchcock. His parents married on June 27, 1866. He had two sisters, Mary E. Hitchcock and Viola M. Hitchcock. He also had two brothers George P. Hitchcock and Ernest Van Ness Hitchcock. He was born in New York but raised in Pittsford, Vermont. He was descended from New England forebears.
He married Margaret Johnson Blakely (d. May 22, 1925) in Paris, France on May 25, 1899. They had three children, Lauren Blakely (b. March 18, 1900), John Edward (b. January 28, 1906, d. July 26, 1909), and George Blakely, January 12, 1910. At the time of his death he had 11 grandchildren and 6 great-grandsons.
Books by Hitchcock
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock and Clark S. Robinson, Differential Equations in Applied Chemistry, 1923.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, The Axes of a Quadratic Vector, 1921.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, On Double Polyadics, with Application to the Linear Matrix Equation, 1923.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, A Classification of Quadratic Vectors, 1917.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, Identities Satisfied by Algebraic Point Functions in N-space, 1923.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, A Method for the Numerical Solution of Integral Equations, 1923.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, The Coincident Points of Two Algebraic Transformations, 1924.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, Vector Functions of a Point, 1910.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, An Identical Relation Connecting Seven Vectors, 1920.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock, A Solution of the Linear Matrix Equation by Double Multiplication, 1922.
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock and Norbert Wiener, A New Vector Method in Integral Equations, 1921.
- Dr. Frank L. Hitchcock, Mathematician, Professor Emeritus at M.I.T., Dies at 82, The New York Times, June 1, 1957, p. 17.
- Frank L. Hitchcock (1941) "The distribution of a product from several sources to numerous localities", MIT Journal of Mathematics and Physics 20:224–30 MR _PHONE_.
- On Hitchcock's transportation problem
- Frank Lauren Hitchcock at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- Hitchcock's family tree


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The Dutch tax authorities, or Belastingdienst, have implemented various measures and initiatives to help Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in the Netherlands. Their approach differs from that of many other countries' tax authorities in several ways, making the Dutch system more business-friendly and supportive for SMEs.
- Clear and accessible information: The Belastingdienst offers easily understandable information on their website, as well as through various brochures, guides, and webinars. The information is available in multiple languages, including English, to cater to non-Dutch speakers. This makes it easier for SMEs to comply with tax regulations and understand their obligations.
- Personalized assistance: The Belastingdienst provides SMEs with dedicated contact persons or tax inspectors who are well-versed in the specific needs and challenges faced by these businesses. These contacts can assist SMEs in navigating the complex tax system and offer tailored guidance.
- Simplified tax filing and payment: The Dutch tax authorities have implemented a user-friendly digital portal for filing tax returns and making payments. This makes it more convenient for SMEs to submit their tax information and reduces the administrative burden on small businesses.
- Tax incentives and facilities: The Netherlands offers several tax incentives and facilities to encourage entrepreneurship and innovation. These include the Innovation Box, which provides a lower corporate income tax rate for profits derived from innovative activities, and the Research & Development tax credit, which reduces the taxable income of SMEs involved in R&D activities.
- Flexible payment plans: The Belastingdienst understands that SMEs may face cash flow challenges, and therefore, offers flexible payment arrangements. SMEs can request a deferment of tax payments or even set up an installment plan to spread payments over a longer period.
- Proactive and cooperative approach: The Dutch tax authorities work closely with businesses to ensure tax compliance, rather than adopting a purely punitive approach. They actively engage with SMEs to identify potential issues and provide guidance on how to rectify them.
- International tax assistance: The Netherlands has an extensive network of tax treaties and agreements with other countries, which can reduce the tax burden for SMEs operating internationally. The Belastingdienst helps SMEs understand and apply these treaties and agreements to their benefit.
In summary, the Dutch tax authorities (Belastingdienst) offer a supportive and business-friendly environment for SMEs in the Netherlands. This approach, which emphasizes clear communication, personalized assistance, and incentives for innovation, sets the Belastingdienst apart from many other countries' tax authorities.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Initializer
init(deviceRed:green:blue:alpha:)
Creates a color object using the given opacity value and RGB components.
Declaration
init(deviceRed red: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Parameters
red
The red component of the color object.
green
The green component of the color object.
blue
The blue component of the color object.
alpha
The opacity value of the color object.
Return Value
The color object.
Discussion
Values below 0.0 are interpreted as 0.0, and values above 1.0 are interpreted as 1.0.
See Also
Creating a Color Using RGB Components
init(srgbRed: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Creates a color object from the specified components in the sRGB colorspace.
init(displayP3Red: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Creates a color object from the specified components in the Display P3 color space.
init(red: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Creates a color object with the specified red, green, blue, and alpha channel values.
init(calibratedRed: CGFloat, green: CGFloat, blue: CGFloat, alpha: CGFloat)
Creates a color object using the given opacity and RGB components.


"'
// Server requires TLS client certificate authentication
KeyFile string 'json:"keyFile,omitempty"'
// Trusted root certificates for server
CAFile string 'json:"caFile,omitempty"'
// CertData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a client certificate file).
// CertData takes precedence over CertFile
CertData []byte 'json:"certData,omitempty"'
// KeyData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a client certificate key file).
// KeyData takes precedence over KeyFile
KeyData []byte 'json:"keyData,omitempty"'
// CAData holds PEM-encoded bytes (typically read from a root certificates bundle).
// CAData takes precedence over CAFile
CAData []byte 'json:"caData,omitempty"'
}
// ExtenderConfig holds the parameters used to communicate with the extender. If a verb is unspecified/empty,
// it is assumed that the extender chose not to provide that extension.
type ExtenderConfig struct {
// URLPrefix at which the extender is available
URLPrefix string 'json:"urlPrefix"'
// Verb for the filter call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the filter call to extender.
FilterVerb string 'json:"filterVerb,omitempty"'
// Verb for the preempt call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the preempt call to extender.
PreemptVerb string 'json:"preemptVerb,omitempty"'
// Verb for the prioritize call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the prioritize call to extender.
PrioritizeVerb string 'json:"prioritizeVerb,omitempty"'
// The numeric multiplier for the node scores that the prioritize call generates.
// The weight should be a positive integer
Weight int 'json:"weight,omitempty"'
// Verb for the bind call, empty if not supported. This verb is appended to the URLPrefix when issuing the bind call to extender.
// If this method is implemented by the extender, it is the extender's responsibility to bind the pod to apiserver. Only one extender
// can implement this function.
BindVerb string 'json:"bindVerb,omitempty"'
// EnableHTTPS specifies whether https should be used to communicate with the extender
EnableHTTPS bool 'json:"enableHttps,omitempty"'
// TLSConfig specifies the transport layer security config
TLSConfig *ExtenderTLSConfig 'json:"tlsConfig,omitempty"'
// HTTPTimeout specifies the timeout duration for a call to the extender. Filter timeout fails the scheduling of the pod. Prioritize
// timeout is ignored, k8s/other extenders priorities are used to select the node.
HTTPTimeout time.Duration 'json:"httpTimeout,omitempty"'
// NodeCacheCapable specifies that the extender is capable of caching node information,
// so the scheduler should only send minimal information about the eligible nodes
// assuming that the extender already cached full details of all nodes in the cluster
NodeCacheCapable bool 'json:"nodeCacheCapable,omitempty"'
// ManagedResources is a list of extended resources that are managed by
// this extender.
// - A pod will be sent to the extender on the Filter, Prioritize and Bind
// (if the extender is the binder) phases iff the pod requests at least
// one of the extended resources in this list. If empty or unspecified,
// all pods will be sent to this extender.
// - If IgnoredByScheduler is set to true for a resource, kube-scheduler
// will skip checking the resource in predicates.
// +optional
ManagedResources []ExtenderManagedResource 'json:"managedResources,omitempty"'
// Ignorable specifies if the extender is ignorable, i.e. scheduling should not
// fail when the extender returns an error or is not reachable.
Ignorable bool 'json:"ignorable,omitempty"'
}
// caseInsensitiveExtenderConfig is a type alias which lets us use the stdlib case-insensitive decoding
// to preserve compatibility with incorrectly specified scheduler config fields:
// * BindVerb, which originally did not specify a json tag, and required upper-case serialization in 1.7
// * TLSConfig, which uses a struct not intended for serialization, and does not include any json tags
type caseInsensitiveExtenderConfig *ExtenderConfig
// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaller interface.
// This preserves compatibility with incorrect case-insensitive configuration fields.
func (t *ExtenderConfig) UnmarshalJSON(b []byte) error {
return gojson.Unmarshal(b, caseInsensitiveExtenderConfig(t))
}
// ExtenderArgs represents the arguments needed by the extender to filter/prioritize
// nodes for a pod.
type ExtenderArgs struct {
// Pod being scheduled
Pod *apiv1.Pod 'json:"pod"'
// List of candidate nodes where the pod can be scheduled; to be populated
// only if ExtenderConfig.NodeCacheCapable == false
Nodes *apiv1.NodeList 'json:"nodes,omitempty"'
// List of candidate node names where the pod can be scheduled; to be
// populated only if ExtenderConfig.NodeCacheCapable == true
NodeNames *[]string 'json:"nodenames,omitempty"'
}
// ExtenderPreemptionResult represents the result returned by preemption phase of extender.
type ExtenderPreemptionResult struct {
NodeNameToMetaVictims map[string]*MetaVictims 'json:"nodeNameToMetaVictims,omitempty"'
}
// ExtenderPreemptionArgs represents the arguments needed by the extender to preempt pods on nodes.
type ExtenderPreemptionArgs struct {
// Pod being scheduled
Pod *apiv1.Pod 'json:"pod"'
// Victims map generated by scheduler preemption phase
// Only set NodeNameToMetaVictims if ExtenderConfig.NodeCacheCapable == true. Otherwise, only set NodeNameToVictims.
NodeNameToVictims map[string]*Victims 'json:"nodeToVictims,omitempty"'
NodeNameToMetaVictims map[string]*MetaVictims 'json:"nodeNameToMetaVictims,omitempty"'
}
// Victims represents:
// pods: a group of pods expected to be preempted.
// numPDBViolations: the count of violations of PodDisruptionBudget
type Victims struct {
Pods []*apiv1.Pod 'json:"pods"'
NumPDBViolations int 'json:"numPDBViolations"'
}
// MetaPod represent identifier for a v1.Pod
type MetaPod struct {
UID string 'json:"uid"'
}
// MetaVictims represents:
// pods: a group of pods expected to be preempted.
// Only Pod identifiers will be sent and user are expect to get v1.Pod in their own way.
// numPDBViolations: the count of violations of PodDisruptionBudget
type MetaVictims struct {
Pods []*MetaPod 'json:"pods"'
NumPDBViolations int 'json:"numPDBViolations"'
}
// FailedNodesMap represents the filtered out nodes, with node names and failure messages
type FailedNodesMap map[string]string
// ExtenderFilterResult represents the results of a filter call to an extender
type ExtenderFilterResult struct {
// Filtered set of nodes where the pod can be scheduled; to be populated
// only if ExtenderConfig.NodeCache


text:
Xiaoyu Chen, Xin-Ming Hu, Kim Daasbjerg, Mårten SG Ahlquist
Adhering a cobalt porphyrin (Co(TPP)) catalyst on a carbon nanotube (CNT) supporting material greatly enhances its reactivity and enables catalysis in water, which is otherwise impossible. However, the effect of solvent as well as supporting materials on catalysis is still elusive. On the basis of computational results we found that water as a reaction medium lowers the reductive potential required due to the stabilization of intermediates and transition states, and provides higher availability of protons. To understand the effect of the support materials, we combine computations and experiments and illustrate that the curvature of the nanotubes plays an essential role in aggregation through the competition between the π–π interactions between the porphyrin rings as well as between the Co(TPP) and the nanotube, providing an insight into lessening the degree of aggregation.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Inverse Estimation of Parameters in a Nitrogen Model Using Field Data
- Barbara Schmied *,
- Karim Abbaspour and
- Rainer Schulin
An important step in numerical modeling is the determination of model parameters. Because of practical limitations, as well as time and financial constraints, inverse algorithms have in recent years presented an attractive alternative to direct methods of parameter estimation. In this study we linked the inverse algorithm of SUFI with the simulation program LEACHM to study N turnover of an agricultural field. Addressing the inherent modeling uncertainties, we introduce the concept of conditioned parameter distributions as being a more appropriate alternative to best-fit parameters Conditioned parameter distributions are quantified within uncertainty domains, and the task of an inverse model then is to reduce or condition this domain through minimization of an appropriate objective function. Propagating the uncertainty in the conditioned parameter distributions will result in simulations where most of the measurements are respected or fall within the 95% confidence interval of the Bayesian distribution (95PCIBD). In this study we used measured pressure heads and NO3 concentrations to estimate 12 hydraulic parameters and up to 14 N turnover–related parameters. Most of the measurements in three soil layers fell within the 95PCIBD. Exceptions were some observed pressure heads corresponding to intense rainfall events and periods of soil freezing, as well as some high NO3 concentrations in the subsoil between 40- and 70-cm depth. We attributed the discrepancies to processes that were not addressed by the simulation model such as freezing and short-circuiting due to macropore flow.Please view the pdf by using the Full Text (PDF) link under 'View' to the left.
Copyright © 2000.


Sign up ×
I wish to simplify a sum by doing "simplify sum_{a=0}^L f(a)" where $f(a)$ is just some arbitrary expression, but I want to only do the sum when some condition is met.
Using the Iverson brackets, I am trying to do "simplify sum_{a=0}^L [some condition] f(a)" if that makes sense.
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1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
You might be able use boole, which returns $0$ or $1$ depending on whether it's argument is True or False. Thus, for $n=10$, Euler's phi function $\varphi(n)$ (which counts the number of positive integers less than and relatively prime to $n$) can be expressed as
sum boole(gcd(i,10)=1), i=1..10
enter image description here
Of course, it's hard to say for sure, since you don't mention your specific application. This method of computing $\varphi(n)$, however, happens to be Wikipedia's first example application of Iverson brackets.
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text:
It is a project of construction and provision of internal equipment of educational premises for the Faculty of Business Economics of the University of Economics in Bratislava, with its seat in Košice. The construction is funded by the European Regional Development Fund. The construction of the building is made of reinforced concrete skeleton on reinforced concrete strips.
In the underground floor there is a parking lot with a capacity of 56 parking spaces. Before excavating the construction pit, it was necessary to carry out archaeological exploration and to carry out static securing of the construction pit, as the surrounding buildings, which are also with a basement, are in close proximity. The first floor consists of classrooms with a small auditorium, sanitary facilities and a hall. Since the surrounding build-up area did not allow sufficient lighting, this is ensured by three atria. On the second floor except for classrooms, there is a large auditorium with an area of 321 meters2. Access to each floor is solved by a staircase and a passenger – freight elevator. Apart from construction works, the subject of the work is also a complex supply of distribution and installation of all media and networks, furniture and computer equipment.


text:
Paint is the image editor included with Windows. Most photographers probably overlook MS Paint for editing photos as it has relatively limited tools compared with the likes of Photoshop. However, the new Windows 10 Paint 3D app has certainly added another dimension to the image editor. One thing you can do with both Paint apps is add a transparent background to a picture so that one image can overlap another.
There are two ways that you can make a picture's background transparent. The first method involves cutting out a foreground area in an image so that the rest of its surrounding background becomes transparent. Then you can paste the foreground over another image. The second method involves deleting an area from a picture so it's left with a transparent area that you can fill by adding a second background image layer.
You can add transparent backgrounds to selected foregrounds with the original Paint. However, that Windows accessory doesn't save transparent backgrounds so that you can combine images with layers.
However, you can set up image layers with transparent backgrounds in Paint 3D. This is how you can make a background 100% transparent in both Paint and Paint 3D.
Add Transparent Backgrounds to Images With Paint
- Open Paint by clicking the Cortana button. Enter the keyword 'Paint' in Cortana's search box, and select to open Paint.
- Next, click File > Open; and select an image to open.
- Press the Select button, and then click the Transparent selection option.
- Select the Free-form selection option on the Select button's menu.
- Trace around a foreground area to preserve from the original picture with the cursor by holding the left mouse button. The rest of the picture left outside the traced area will be the transparent background.
- Right-click within the rectangle that appears around the selected area. Select Cut on the context menu to remove the selected foreground from the picture as in the snapshot below.
- Now open an entirely new image in Paint.
- Press the Ctrl + V hotkey to paste the foreground area you traced from the first image. As that picture now has a transparent background, you can see the rest of the second image behind it as shown below.
- Now left-click the pasted foreground image, and drag it to a suitable position on the background picture.
Add Transparent Backgrounds to Saved Images With Paint 3D
Cutting the foreground out in Paint leaves a blank area in the original picture. However, that does not become a transparent region in the original picture when you save the image. Consequently, the area cut out remains blank when you open the image and utilize layers in other image-editing software as shown in the snapshot directly below.
However, Paint 3D in Windows 10 does save transparent areas in images. Although the app doesn't include a full layers tool, you can also insert one picture on top of another so that it overlaps. This is how you can fill the transparent area left in one picture with a background layer image in Paint 3D.
- Enter 'Paint 3D' in Windows 10's search box. If you haven't had the Creators update, add the app to Windows 10 from this website page.
- Select to open the Paint 3D app below.
- Click Menu > Open > Browse files, and select an image to open in Paint 3D.
- Press the Canvas button to open the sidebar shown directly below.
- Click the Transparent canvas setting on the sidebar.
- Press the Select button, and then drag the selection rectangle over an area of the image to delete.
- Press the Ctrl + X hotkey to cut out the area from the picture as in the snapshot below. That leaves the picture with a blank transparent area that any background layer can fill.
- Click Menu > Save as, and select the 2D PNG option.
- Enter a file title in the text box, and press the Save button.
- Click Menu > New to open a blank canvas.
- Click Menu > Open > Browse files, and select to open a background layer image for the transparent picture you just saved.
- Click Menu > Insert, and select to open the transparent image that you saved. The transparent image will open on top of the background layer as shown in the snapshot directly below.
- As you can see, the background image layer now fills the transparent area in the overlapping picture. You can resize the overlapping picture by moving the cursor to one of the selection border's corners, holding the left mouse button and then dragging the cursor.
- To rotate the foreground picture layer, hover the cursor over the rotation circle at the top of the selection border and hold the left mouse button. Drag the cursor left or right to rotate the selected layer clockwise or anti-clockwise.
So, that's how Paint and Paint 3D users can add transparent backgrounds to images. Then you can combine the transparent images with other pictures by pasting the selected foreground or overlapping them with layers.
RELATED STORIES TO CHECK OUT:
- Paint cannot save this file. Save was interrupted, so your file has not been saved
- Microsoft Paint will still be available in the Windows Store
- Krita 3.0 is an amazing free Windows 10 painting app, takes on Photoshop


text:
And why is New Year's Day an official holiday in Massachusetts? Here's the Lowell connection from worcester.bettysgenealogy.org :
New Year's Day, however, was not an American holiday. It was for many years distinctively the French-Canadians' day. All the mills were open as usual but the French-Canadian help refused to work. This presented difficulties in maintaining operating crews and frequently resulted in trouble between management and employees. It was not until 1914 that New Year's Day became a legal holiday in Massachusetts. Urged by a demand made by French-Canadians throughout the state, Representative Henry Achin of Lowell obtained passage of the bill in that year. It was preceded by a hard fight having been before our state government for a number of years. Frank P. Allen (Ed. Note: A well known Franco-American resident of Fitchburg) was a member of the legislature in the year of its passage. So, when we celebrate New Year's Day, we should remember that our own Frank was instrumental in making the holiday possible.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Take the 2-minute tour ×
We know that each person received an Omer daily. Does this include for instance little children who wouldnt be able to eat up all of it and would have to leave some over which was not allowed.
Or is the Omer not the same for everyone like the Amoh, which depends on a persons arm size.
Or wasnt it a 'physical' type of food and everyone could eat the same amount whatever their size and age.
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1 Answer 1
Shach al ha-Torah (to Ex. 16:17) states that the figure of one omer per person was actually averaged out per family. In other words, he says, adults might end up with more than an omer apiece (since one omer wouldn't be enough for them), while the children would get less - but in aggregate, there were as many omerim as members of the family.
Ibn Ezra (to Ex. 16:15) says that "it is reasonable to say the figure of one omer per person is only for adults, while children would receive according to what they could eat."
Chasam Sofer (Orach Chaim 181) also argues that indeed the size was proportional to the person, so that an infant would get a smaller omer than an adult, and indeed that the size of it would grow along with him from day to day.
On the other hand, Noda Biyehudah (Kamma, Orach Chaim 38) states that indeed it was the same for everyone. Presumably, according to him the babies and others who couldn't eat a full omer would have had some left over. (They weren't allowed to leave any over with the intention of eating it the next day - Ex. 16:19 - but that doesn't mean that there couldn't be some that didn't get eaten and had to be discarded.)
The Lubavitcher Rebbe (Likkutei Sichos 26:103ff) explains that the man in fact had two different qualities in it. One one hand, it related to the essence of the soul, which is the same for all Jews, and therefore from that point of view it was the same amount (an omer) for everyone. On the other hand, the omer is "one-tenth of an ephah" (Ex. 16:36), implying that it's not an absolute measurement but a relative one (just as the omer varies with the size of the ephah), and in that sense it therefore varied with the abilities of the person eating it. (He notes, also, that this is why the Torah leaves that definition of the omer until the end of the passage, after describing how they ate the man at the borders of Eretz Yisrael: because it's only then that this second, individualized aspect of it became the primary one - when they were preparing for their individualized service of Hashem each in their own homestead.)
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An elderly man holding a bird in his hand
InAdvance Consortium
A Challenging Project
InAdvance project proposes a new model of palliative care based on early integration and personalised pathways addressed specifically to older people with complex chronic conditions.
The resulting interventions from InAdvance must be sustainable over time and replicable in different cultural contexts and in different healthcare paths. At the same time the project aims to address the major European concern in reducing the socio-economic impact of chronic diseases.
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Plantwatch: Hazel switches supposed to ward off the evil spirits
Hazel Corylus avellana catkins on snow covered tree in winter
Hazel catkins dangle on a snow covered tree in winter Photograph: Nigel Cattlin /Alamy
This has been a cruel winter. Snowdrops, daffodils and early Japanese cherry blossom all began to come out early in the mild spell over Christmas and New Year. There were even young leaves bursting out on hawthorn bushes. But just as it looked like an early spring was on the cards, winter returned with a vengeance and the big freeze put everything on hold.
However, there are still signs of spring. Catkins are dangling off hazel trees, many of them hard and unripe but others have turned into lamb's tails. Those soft, yellow catkins that wiggle around in the breeze and shed their cargo of powdery pollen on the female flowers, which resemble tiny red stars on the same twigs. And the lamb's tails will be dancing around in the wind up until April.
Hazel is certainly a tough character well used to freezing conditions. It was one of the first trees to colonise Britain after the last ice age. The early Britons soon discovered that hazel branches were so flexible they could be woven or even tied into knots and could be used for the wattle and daub walls of their dwellings.
Today, hazel is still used for pegging down thatched roofs. The hazel tree has a reputation as a magical tree – rods made from hazel are supposed to ward off evil spirits and are used as divining rods. In some parts of England, hazel nuts were also kept as charms or held to ward off rheumatism.


text:
In this paper, we propose a probabilistic model for minimizing the anticipated regret in combinatorial optimization problems with distributional uncertainty in the objective coefficients. The interval uncertainty representation of data is supplemented with information on the marginal distributions. As a decision criterion, we minimize the worst-case conditional value-at-risk of regret. The proposed model includes the standard interval data minmax regret as a special case. For the class of combinatorial optimization problems with a compact convex hull representation, a polynomial sized mixed integer linear program (MILP) is formulated when (a) the range and mean are known, and (b) the range, mean and mean absolute deviation are known while a mixed integer second order cone program (MISOCP) is formulated when (c) the range, mean and standard deviation are known. For the subset selection problem of choosing $K$ elements of maximum total weight out of a set of $N$ elements, the probabilistic regret model is shown to be solvable in polynomial time in the instances (a) and (b) above. This extends the current known polynomial complexity result for minmax regret subset selection with range information only.
View A Probabilistic Model for Minmax Regret in Combinatorial Optimization


The Return of the Dishwasher
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The Return of the Dishwasher
The Return of the Dishwasher
In the Dungeon of Doom, you find a sink. Because it seems like a good idea at the time, you kick it.
A voice booms out "The dishwasher has returned..." and a very ampersandy [Succubus|Incubus] walks into the room.
"Hey there, [big boy|pretty lady]," [she|he] says... "Wanna help me work up some suds?"
Long story short, you have a magical evening. Short story long? Anything by Dickens.
You gain 21 Enchantedness.
Occurs at The Dungeons of Doom.
 - In the game NetHack, kicking sinks is a common activity because it's one of the few things one can do with a sink in the game, one of the others being drinking from it. Any of a wide variety of outcomes can result from kicking a sink, such as finding a magic ring, hurting your foot, summoning a black pudding, or summoning a succubus for male characters or an incubus for female characters. The message that this action produces is "The dishwasher returns!"
 - The adjective "ampersandy" seems to be a neologistic adaption of the noun "ampersand": the & symbol. In NetHack, the & symbol is used to represent daemons, such as a Succubus or an Incubus. One strategy is to "dance" with them, which involves having level-gaining sex as many times as possible.
 - The octothorpe (hash mark / US pound sign) # symbol is used to illustrate the adventure because it denotes a sink in NetHack. (That, and it's easier to draw than an ampersand.)
 - In Victorian literature, large volumes sold for more money, so writers like Charles Dickens had to bulk up their short stories to 600-page novel length. Dickens also published his stories first as serials in the newspaper, and there was paid by the word.


text:
Prince of Wales Hotel National Historic Site
The Prince of Wales Hotel National Historic Site © Parks Canada
Built in 1926-27 during one of Waterton's windiest and snowiest winters, the Prince of Wales Hotel is the park's most recognized landmark.
During its construction the extreme weather conditions and poor access created many problems for contractors Douglas Oland and James Scott, from Cardston, Alberta.
On December 10, 1926 hurricane-force winds (estimated at 145 km/hr) blew each of the hotel's wings about 7.5 cm off their foundation. The men managed to winch the sections back in line. Three months later winds reached speeds of over 129 km/hr, again pushing the building off its foundation. This time Oland feared structural damage if they tried to pull back the now fully-framed building so he decided to leave it slightly out of plumb.
The hotel is named after Edward, Prince of Wales who later became King Edward VIII, and, like its namesake, it has a colourful history. If its Douglas fir pillars could talk they would tell you a tale of American imagination and money, built with Canadian grit and patience.
A Railway Hotel
Today many people recognize the Prince of Wales as a railway hotel, but few realize it was built by the Great Northern of United States and not the Canadian Pacific.
The last in a chain of 1920s luxury hotels, backcountry chalets and tent camps, the Prince of Wales offered a final stop for affluent visitors travelling Glacier National Park's backcountry by horseback.
For just over $1,000 you could ride the train to either East or West Glacier and then enjoy a week's adventure in the wilderness via several routes created by the Great Northern. After 1927, many folks chose to go to Goat Haunt's backcountry ranger station and hop aboard the M.V. International to come to Waterton. After a stay at the Prince of Wales hotel, guests were bussed back to Montana to catch their train home.
The Second World War and the 1930s depression put an end to this mode of travel through Glacier and into Waterton but many of the hotels and two of the chalets remain.
A National Historic Site
In February 1993 the Historic Sites and Monuments Board approved the Prince of Wales' designation as a National Historic Site, recognizing its architectural style (rustic design tradition, with peaked roofs, gables, balconies and timber-frame interior that give it an appearance of a giant alpine chalet) and its contribution to tourism in the mountains. On July 23, 1995 a commemorative plaque ceremony was held at the hotel.
More information on the Prince of Wales National Historic Site


# Interactive Mode
As well as exposing 'traditional' terminal commands, Fractal also provides an interactive CLI for you to work with on your projects. This greatly speeds up running commands and allows you to do things like start a dev server instance and then still be able to run subsequent commands in the same CLI window.
You launch the interactive CLI by running the fractal command in your terminal. This will drop you into interactive mode, and you should see an info box appear in your terminal, with a prompt beneath it.
You can tell when you are in interactive mode because your terminal prompt will look like this:
fractal ➤
You can now enter commands to interact with your fractal project.
# Running commands
Commands in interactive mode are identical to the standard-format commands, except that you no longer need to prefix them with fractal.
For example, to start the dev server when in interactive mode, just use the start command. Flags can be used as per usual:
start --sync
Servers will run in the background without blocking the CLI so you can start a dev server instance and then run multiple subsequent commands without having to open up a new terminal window.
# Interactive CLI tips
 - You can use the help command at any point to show all the available commands.
 - To exit the interactive CLI and go back into your'regular' terminal, use the exit command.
 - Global (as opposed to project-level) commands cannot be run from within the interactive CLI.


text:
EMF Reader Function
The function of the EMF reader and thus also the proof of Geists EMF level 5 will not change from the current status.
This means that the EMF reader will show a reader rash whenever the ghost moves an object, a door, or causes a ghost event to happen.
This has a chance to show EMF level 5 if the ghost has that same evidence, otherwise it shows a lower EMF level.
The first Tier of the EMF reader is an old analog meter with a very short range and a very inaccurate reading that keeps fluctuating back and forth.
In addition, the sound it makes is relatively quiet and it will not be easy for you to quickly identify the exact location of the EMF signal.
Luckily, the needle goes into overdrive mode when it senses EMF level 5, allowing you to at least find that out for sure once you find the location.
The 2nd Tier is the well-known K2 meter.
If you move close to the object, you will get a meaningful result from EMF level 2 to EMF level 5 at medium distance, depending on whether the ghost has the EMF level 5 proof or not.
The sound of this level is also much better audible.
Tier 3 of the EMF reader gets really interesting.
This device can detect up to 3 EMF signals at the same time and also shows you the direction and range of each individual signal!
What's more, it even plays tones for each of the EMF signals being tracked, allowing you to tell from a distance how strong the reading you're receiving is.
With this device, capturing the EMF signals and determining which object the ghost interacted with becomes a much more pleasant experience.
As if that weren't enough, the device also has a longer range to capture the signal than the previous two stages.
Identify the Ghost
Here you will also find a detailed guide to each of the ghosts in the game and how to identify them:
*Affiliate links: We receive a small commission with a purchase, there are no additional costs for you if you order via our link. Many thanks for the support. ❤


LM-Dance (1)
Gaia - Mysterious Rhythms is a dance-ritual performed by a young woman on the seashore. The dance unfolds a rite of passage and a process of transformation through the woman's interaction with the elements of the natural environment: the rhythms and features of the earth, sea, moon and sun.
In formal terms, Gaia was set out to explore the notion of screen choreography through a subtle, poetic and reflective interplay of images of the body and the environment. In terms of content, the woman's performance is perceived as a source of metaphoric and archetypal imagery that highlights the intricate relationship between body, psyche, and the world.
Dance on Screen PhD Thesis
Read the Abstract and Introduction below:


text:
Jud Barry writes:
What is librarianship? Your readers might be interested in the Defining Librarianship website, which is looking for the common ground of librarianship-a source of ethical behavior-on which all librarians stand.
All librarians: whether a modified librarian whose body-pierced unconventionality need not mean a lack of professionalism, an anarchist librarian preparing to catalog the revolution, a librarian in frankly pro-censorship China, or a librarian for the equally (but differently) pro-censorship Concerned Women for America.
They can go to Defining Librarianship and help find the common ground.


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Jakarta: Seaport city bathed in history
By Lauren Said-Moorhouse, for CNN
August 30, 2012 -- Updated 0947 GMT (1747 HKT)
The Indonesian capital of Jakarta is a fascinating city, with a long and proud maritime history. The Indonesian capital of Jakarta is a fascinating city, with a long and proud maritime history.
Sunda Kelapa
Jakarta: Seaport city
Pinisi schooners docked at Kelapa
Jakarta's maritime museum
"Pasar Ikan" or "Fish Market"
Visiting Pasar Ikan
Kota Tua
Fatahillah Square
Indonesian independence
 - Jakarta boasts a vibrant maritime history because of its location along the spice route
 - Travelers can get a taste of Jakarta's nautical past
 - Indonesia is a melting pot of cultures and people
Each week The Gateway goes behind the scenes of the world's major transport hubs, revealing the logistics that keep goods and people moving. This month, the show is in Jakarta, Indonesia.
Sunda Kelapa port
Sunda Kelapa port
The "coconut of Sunda" (the port's name translated from Sundanese) soon flourished and attracted the attention of other maritime-invested nations including the Portuguese, Dutch and British. To this day, you can still see the influence of the Dutch colonialists in the architecture of many of the buildings in the old city.
Today, Indonesia is an independent republic that has become a melting pot of cultures and people. Nicknamed by travelers as the "Big Durian" (a pungent-smelling but sweet-tasting local fruit), the modern metropolis of Jakarta is a swelteringly smoggy city bursting at the seams with people.
Watch: Jakarta's maritime history
Jakarta's maritime history
Female captain fights armed robberies
Its moniker is probably a good description of the city. It may not be everyone's idea of a typical vacation spot -- some portions of the city are grungy, dilapidated streets with scruffy slums. But underneath the seemingly overpopulated, polluted exterior lies a vibrant city rich in history and eclectic tourism options. Here are our top picks for tourists wanting to sample Jakarta's maritime heritage.
Often missed by vacationers, the historic harbor of Sunda Kelapa sits at the mouth of the Ciliwung River. The original settlement is a fantastic insight into the city's history and is home to what is said to be the world's last wind-powered seafaring trade fleet.
Walk amongst the traditional pinisi ships -- simple but sturdy wooden vessels -- that once provided trade from Indonesia to Europe and Africa. Climb up Syahbandar Tower and gaze upon the beautiful views from the top.
Pasar Ikan
Pasar Ikan
Literally meaning "Fish Market" in Bahasa Indonesia (the country's native tongue), Pasar Ikan sits at the end of Sunda Kelapa harbor. Although the market now sells all types of wares, Indonesian fishermen still gather here daily to sell their catch. The best time to visit and join locals purchasing the best goods is in the morning before it gets too hot and the smell of fish becomes overwhelming.
In numbers: The world's shipping industry
Nearby, you can also see traditional kampung houses (dwellings on stilts) where local families live. Don't be shy and say hello to the incredibly friendly and welcoming folks that reside next to the market.
Museum Bahari
Museum Bahari
A short distance from Pasar Ikan are several repurposed Dutch East India Company warehouses, which now operate as Museum Bahari. Today, the museum lets you step back in time through the country's nautical past and emphasizes how important the sea still is to the economy of present-day Indonesia.
On display are beautifully decorated fishing boats and pinisi schooners as well as shipbuilding tools and explanations of Indonesian folklore and maritime traditions.
Steering away from the old harbor, visit the Kota Tua (Old Batavia) area. In the 16th century, the Dutch settled in Indonesia -- renaming Jakarta "Batavia" -- after seeing a high demand for the country's spices. It is in the popular Kota district that tourists can see the influence left by Indonesia's former colonists.
Kota Tua
Kota Tua
The buildings surrounding Fatahillah Square have distinct Dutch facades and architectural elements. Stroll down roads lined with stalls, street acts and tourists to visit the Jakarta History Museum, Wayang (Puppet) Museum and the Museum of Fine Arts and Ceramics.
Outside the Jakarta Historical Museum sits Si Jagur -- a disused Portuguese cannon that is believed to bring fertility to women who touch it. And a few blocks west of Fatahillah Square is the Great Canal, with its historical Dutch drawbridge, Jembatan Pasar Ayam, rising over the waterway. No longer operational, in the past the drawbridge was built to connect the Dutch and British forts stationed on each side of the canal.
Finally, end your visit to Jakarta by visiting the National Monument (known locally as "Monas") in the center of Merdeka Square. It was erected in the 1960s as a tribute to Indonesian independence and today stands as a reminder of Jakarta's vibrant and multicultural history.
Part of complete coverage on
A ropeway hangs above the Brazilian city of Rio de Janeiro.


text:
Lynne Lofman's great grandfather helped construct the Rockland Breakwater when it was built at the turn of the century.
The resident of the Methodist Conference Home shared stories about her great grandfather who emigrated from Canada to help construct the landmark with Ali Godfrey, a junior at Oceanside High School.
Godfrey interviewed Lofman as part of an innovative new program between Jobs for Maine's Graduates (JMG) and the Methodist Conference Home. Student were paired with seniors who they meet with weekly to research area landmarks and compare how they had changed over the decades.
At the end of the Then and Now project, students made a presentation about what they learned to all the residents of the Methodist Conference Homes.
"I loved this project since because there were so many benefits for both sides," said Scott Browning, a JMG specialist that worked with Oceanside students.
Seniors were able to share their knowledge and students got an opportunity to interact with people out in the community, he explained.
Not only did students learn valuable interviewing and presentation skills, they established a connection with a senior who they looked forward to seeing each week. "By the end of the project the students came away feeling like they had made a difference – that they had helped brightened someone else's day," he said.
"Seniors liked interacting with students, and the opportunity to share their firsthand experience," said Katie Tarbox, the activities director for MCH.
The two groups hope to continue meeting in 2015 for other projects.


Multiple user network administration security essay
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Multiple user network administration security essay
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Multiple user network administration security essay
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 - Cyber security, computer security or it security is the protection to pose as a valid user on a network building a new security system security administrator.
 - Some networks run multiple network levels based on the user's role in switch administration to "vlan network segmentation and security- chapter.
 - In this chapter, you learn how to develop a comprehensive network security policy to counter threats against information security.
 - Network security is the process of taking physical and software preventative measures to protect the underlying networking infrastructure from unauthorized access, misuse, malfunction, modification, destruction, or improper disclosure, thereby creating a secure platform for computers, users and programs to perform their permitted critical.
Why concurrent logins to a windows network are a if he could explain the risks of letting users simultaneously login from multiple a system administrator. Security access control to simplify the security administration effort a security context is the collection of roles that a user is associated with the security. Are you protected against the weakest link in network security how you can keep your users on their toes with security top of spreads to multiple. User accounts, groups, permissions & their role and what network resources you can access when connected to a network the user account multi-user operating. · use windows 7's built-in tools to manage multiple users on your pc and your network how to manage users in require administrator permissions.
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multiple user network administration security essay Deep dive into the network administrator career path including skills and duties, jobs and salaries, hot certifications, outlook, education requirements and training. multiple user network administration security essay Deep dive into the network administrator career path including skills and duties, jobs and salaries, hot certifications, outlook, education requirements and training. multiple user network administration security essay Deep dive into the network administrator career path including skills and duties, jobs and salaries, hot certifications, outlook, education requirements and training. multiple user network administration security essay Deep dive into the network administrator career path including skills and duties, jobs and salaries, hot certifications, outlook, education requirements and training.


1. Post-it®
 2. Ideas
 3. Boosting Memory with Colour
Boosting Memory with Color
Boosting Memory with Colour
The brain remembers information better when it's presented in colour. But while neon-bright colours are great for grabbing attention, images are most memorable when presented in a palette drawn from the natural world.
 - Because colour has such a profound impact on how our brain perceives our environment, it's used by cultures all over the world to relay important information, send signals and even help improve mood and memory.
 How can colour help our brains remember information? When the brain is stimulated by colour, it increases the chances of the stimuli being transferred to memory. In fact, colour scenes help our brains organise, compare and recall information more efficiently than colourless (black and white) scenes.
 Do certain colours improve memory? In one study, students in British Columbia scored higher on memory tasks when completing them on a red background. But it depends on where you live, researchers say. In North America, for example, red is aligned with danger or stopping, which increases the natural response to red.
 - Activity
 Put the power of colour and memory to the test: Get a set of plain white index cards and coloured Post-it® Super Sticky Notes. Ask a friend to write down historical dates on one side of the card and Post-it® Super Sticky Note, and events that correspond to that date on the other. Read through each three times. The next day, try to recall what you read. How did you organise the information? Were you better able to recall the information on the coloured Post-it® Super Sticky Notes?
 How do you use colour to stay focused and improve memory?
 Share your experience on Facebook and help others gain from your experience!
colour notes_bora_bora_collection super_sticky_notes
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text:
General Purpose Water-based Condensation Particle Counter 3787
Request A Quote
TSI's Model 3787 General Purpose Water-based Condensation Particle Counter (GP-WCPC) can detect airborne particles down to 5 nm in diameter using state-of-the-art, water-based condensation particle counting technology. With a high sample flow rate of 0.6 LPM, the versatile Model 3787 is a good choice for low concentration measurements, yet it is also capable of measuring up to 250,000 particles/cm
using exclusively single particle counting. The carefully designed flow path, high flow rate, and sophisticated electronics used in the Model 3787 result in a rise time of <
This utilitarian instrument can be employed as a stand-alone counter or it can be used as a component of a TSI
, a submicron sizing system.
Features and Benefits
- 5 nanometer detection
- < 300 millisecond rise time response
- High aerosol flow rate for enhanced counting statistics
- Convenient, eco-friendly water as working fluid
th second data reporting
- Built-in SMPS™ spectrometer compatibility
- 6" color touch screen with graphical interface
- USB flash drive data storage option
- Built in Ethernet capability
- Advanced instrument diagnostics
The GP-WCPC Model 3787 is suitable for many particle-counting applications due to its comprehensive set of specifications, but the convenience of using water for the measurement of submicron particles makes it well suited for:
- Indoor research applications
- Ambient air research
- Inhalation or exposure chamber studies
- Health effects studies
Learn how to purchase a
GP-WCPC Model 3787 for less
Can the CPC be operated with different carrier gases?
Yes, but only inert gases.
How does the water CPC performance compare to CPCs that use butanol?
Laboratory and field tests show excellent agreement and correlation between the water CPC (Model 3785) and butanol CPCs (Models 3010, 3025A and 3022A) for particles larger than about 20–30 nm. Preliminary test results can be viewed in a poster presentation by S. Hering, M. Stolzenburg, F. Quant and D. Oberreit (2003 AAAR Annual Conference, Anaheim, CA) at _URL_. Additional test data will soon be submitted for publication.
How frequently should I have the CPC serviced?
We recommend the CPC be returned for annual maintenance service. Your company's Quality Management System may specify a more or less frequent service interval based on history, use and criticality of the measurement. The Standard Annual Service includes:Perform an 'AS FOUND' operational and calibration check.Replace tubing, o-rings and water wick.Clean optics, flow path and all wetted parts.Update firmware/software.Perform operational check.Calibrate flows.Calibrate photometric mode using sodium chloride aerosol.
How pure does the water need to be?
We recommend using water that is distilled or purer.
How sensitive is the instrument to flooding?
While fairly insensitive to flooding, several precautionary measures will help avoid this condition. Do not tip the instrument more than 10 degrees in any direction. Avoid large pressure fluctuations or restrictions in flow at the sample inlet (>25 cm water at 1.0 liter/minute). When accessing the reservoir for cleaning or drying, always lay the instrument on its side with the Fill and Drain connectors on the bottom.
Is the counting efficiency for each CPC determined individually?
No. The CPC efficiency curve has been determined by testing a statistically valid number of CPCs and averaging the results to obtain the curve published in the product literature. Variation between units is very small.
What is the final droplet size after growth by condensation?
This question has been investigated, theoretically, by Ahn and Liu (1990). For the initial particle diameters of 5 and 20 nm, the computation results show a final droplet size of 11.3 and 12.3 micrometers, respectively (Ahn and Liu, 1990). Similar experimental results have also been determined.


added should prevent us from entering any value longer than 11 characters.
The beauty of this solution is that the code in the form only deals with the presentation; it doesn't enforce any business rules. We could add extra checks in the Person class to prevent entry of alpha characters in the field, or change the maximum length, and there would be no impact on the code in the form.
Enforcing Object-Level Validation
By raising errors when a field is given an invalid value, we've provided field-level validation through our business object. It's also important to provide object-level validation to the largest degree possible.
Object-level validation checks the entire object - all the properties and internal variables - to make sure that everything is acceptable and all business rules have been met. This is important to the UI developer, since they may want to disable the OK and Apply buttons when the object is not valid and cannot be saved.
Object-level validation is more difficult to implement than field-level validation, since it depends upon more factors. An object might be valid only when all fields have values filled in; or perhaps a field is required only when another field contains a specific value. Virtually anything is possible, since the rules are dictated by the business requirements for the object.
Worse still, some object-level validation may not be possible in the business object on the client. Some business rules might really be relational rules in the database, so it's possible that we won't know they aren't being met until we try to save the object's data.
Granted, we can't guarantee that an object is valid according to rules enforced by the application services; but that shouldn't stop us from indicating whether the object meets all the conditions that can be checked right there on the client workstation. If we do that, then at least the UI can disable the OK and Apply buttons most of the time it's actually appropriate to do so, and we'll be moving towards a better interface.
An IsValid Property
To provide this functionality for the UI, let's just add a single Boolean property to the Person object, called IsValid. This property will return a True value if all the business rules are met (or at least, as far as our object can tell that they've all been met).
If our object has an IsValid property, then the form can check to see if the object is valid at any point. If the IsValid property returns False then the form knows that the object has at least one broken business rule, and the OK and Apply buttons can be disabled.
This implies that the IsValid property's value is based on all the business rules in the object. That can make things pretty complex, since an object might have a lot of business rules to check. For instance, we may have rules specifying which properties are required. We may also have rules that specify that a field must be blank if another has a value - or just about anything else we can think up.
There are a number of ways to implement an IsValid property. For instance, we could code all the business rules into the IsValid routine itself. Then, every time the property was checked, we'd just run through a series of checks to make sure all the conditions were met. This approach can be a serious performance problem, however, if we have a lot of rules - or if some of our rules are complex and hard to check.
Another possibility is to keep a Private variable to keep track of the number of rules that are broken at any given time. As property values change, we can check all the appropriate rules and change this counter as needed. This solution can provide better performance, but can be very difficult to implement.
In particular, when we check a rule we have no way of knowing if it was already broken or if it's newly broken due to some new data. If it was already broken then we don't want to increment our rule-broken count; but if it's a newly broken rule, then the rule-broken count needs to be upped by one.
One very good way to implement the IsValid property is to keep a collection of the rules that are broken within the object. If there are no broken rules in our collection, then we know the object is valid. As we check each rule, we can also use the collection to track whether the rule was already broken, is broken now, or is unbroken. This is a very useful concept, and one that we'll use in Chapter 5 - where we implement quite a number of business objects.
To make all this easier, let's create a BrokenRules class to help manage this collection for us. We'll then be able to use this class whenever we need to implement an object-level IsValid property in our business objects. We'll certainly be seeing it in action when we implement the objects for our video rental store application, in Chapter 5.
The BrokenRules Class
The BrokenRules class has one purpose, and that is to make it easy for our business objects to keep track of their business rules and how many are broken at any given time. If there are no broken business rules then our business object can return a True value from its IsValid property.
Creating the BrokenRules Class
Since this class will be used exclusively by our business objects as they keep track of their broken business rules, we'll need to add the BrokenRules class module to any business object projects we may be developing.
For instance, in the Person project that we've been developing in this chapter, we will need to add the BrokenRules class to our PersonObjects project - since that's where our business object resides in this example.
So add a new class module to the PersonObjects project, using the Project-Add Class Module menu option, and change the name of the new class module to BrokenRules using its Properties window.
Go ahead and enter the following code for the BrokenRules class, and then we'll walk through how it works.
Option Explicit
Event BrokenRule()
Event NoBrokenRules()
Private colBroken As Collection
Private Sub Class_Initialize()
Set colBroken = New Collection
End Sub
Public Sub RuleBroken(Rule As String, IsBroken As Boolean)
On Error GoTo HandleError
If IsBroken Then
colBroken.Add True, Rule
RaiseEvent BrokenRule
Else
colBroken.Remove Rule
If colBroken.Count = 0 Then RaiseEvent NoBrokenRules
End If
HandleError:
End Sub
Public Property Get Count() As Integer
Count = colBroken.Count
End Property
Once you've entered this code, make sure you save it, because we'll be using it throughout the development of our video rental project.
Our BrokenRules class first declares a collection variable and two events:
Event BrokenRule()
Event NoBrokenRules()
Private colBroken As Collection
The colBroken collection will be used to store exactly which rules have been broken; meanwhile, the events that we've declared will be raised when a rule is broken or when the broken-rule count goes to zero.
The real work in the class is done in the RuleBroken routine:
Public Sub RuleBroken(Rule As String, IsBroken As Boolean)
On Error GoTo HandleError
If IsBroken Then
colBroken.Add True, Rule
RaiseEvent BrokenRule
Else
colBroken.Remove Rule
If colBroken.Count = 0 Then RaiseEvent NoBrokenRules
End If
HandleError:
End Sub
The calling code, in our Person object, just passes this routine a label for the rule and a Boolean flag to indicate whether the rule was broken or not. Then, we just check that Boolean flag: if it's True then the rule was broken, so we make sure it's in the collection:
If IsBroken Then
colBroken.Add True, Rule
RaiseEvent BrokenRule
If it is already in the collection, we'll get an error and exit the routine via the HandleError label; but if it isn't already there, then we'll not only add it to the collection but also raise the BrokenRule event so the calling program knows that at least one rule has been broken.
Likewise, if IsBroken is False then we'll remove the entry from the collection:
Else
colBroken.Remove Rule
If colBroken.Count = 0 Then RaiseEvent NoBrokenRules
If the entry is not in the collection, an error will occur and we'll exit the routine via the HandleError label. If the entry was in the collection, then we'll see if the overall count of broken rules is down to zero. When the count reaches zero, the NoBrokenRules event will be fired so the calling code can tell that everything is valid.
Of course, events aren't universally supported: we can't get them just anywhere within Visual Basic itself, and we can't necessarily use them in all other environments. Other environments can still use this class, but if they don't support events then they'll need to check the Count property for these event conditions: when Count is zero, there are no broken rules and everything should be valid.
Using the BrokenRules Object within Our Person Object
Now let's see how we can use this BrokenRules class in our Person object. To keep this fairly simple, let's just enforce a rule that states that the SSN field is required and must be exactly 11 characters in length. We've already implemented code to prevent the user from entering more than 11 characters in this field; but now we're making the rules even more restrictive


Moto
Users can test AWS dependent code using the create_moto_fixture.
pytest_mock_resources.create_moto_fixture(scope='function')
Produce a Moto fixture.
Any number of fixture functions can be created. Under the hood they will all share the same moto server.
Note
Each test executes using a different (fake) AWS account through moto. If you create boto3 client/resource objects outside of the one handed to the test (for example, in the code under test), they should be sure to use the aws_access_key_id, aws_secret_access_key, aws_session_token, and endpoint_url given by the pmr_moto_credentials fixture.
Note
A moto dashboard should be available for debugging while the container is running. By default it would be available at http://localhost:5555/moto-api/# (but the exact URL may be different depending on your host/port config.
Parameters
scope (str) – The scope of the fixture can be specified by the user, defaults to "function".
Consider the following example:
# src/some_module.py
def list_files(s3_client):
 return s3_client.list_objects_v2(Bucket="x", Key="y")
A user could test this as follows:
# tests/some_test.py
from pytest_mock_resources import create_moto_fixture
from some_module import list_files
moto = create_moto_fixture()
def test_list_files(moto):
 s3_client = moto.client("s3")
 files = list_files(s3_client)
 assert ...
The test is handed a proxy-object which should functionally act like a boto3.Session object. Namely you would generally want to call .client(…) or .resource(…) on it.
Note
Each test executes using a different (fake) AWS account through moto. If you create boto3 client/resource objects using boto3 directly, outside of the object handed to your test, you should make sure to pass all the credentials fields into the constructor such that it targets the correct AWS instance/account.
For example:
import boto3
def test_list_files(pmr_moto_credentials):
 kwargs = pmr_moto_credentials.as_kwargs()
 s3_client = boto3.client("s3", **kwargs)
Note
A moto dashboard should be available for debugging while the container is running. By default it would be available at http://localhost:5555/moto-api/# (but the exact URL may be different depending on your host/port config.


The lab does research in a variety of settings
In the greenhouse
greenhouse grassesWe run some experiments in the greenhouse because it is easy to control conditions of an experiment in there. We can be sure each plant gets exactly the amount of water and nutrients we want it to, and we know all the plants live in nearly the same temperature and sunlight, and we can keep out most bugs and animals that might interfere with our results.
In the field
field plots We run some experiments in the field because the conditions in the field are more like what the plants would experience in real life. In the field it is more difficult to control some variables, sometimes it takes a lot of hard work, like putting a barrier in the ground to keep pests out.
In the lab
Angela infecting plants
In the lab we make experimental observations. We measure mass of the leaves and roots, measure the concentration of nutrients in the plants, and we run tests that detect the presence of the virus by detecting its RNA or proteins.
magnified aphid We also do a lot of work to keep our aphids healthy, keep our stock of infected plants healthy and to take care of all the equipment we need to do our research.


text:
Application deadline 1 March 2009!
Aims and contents of the summer school
Water is fundamental to life as we know it on
Earth. Among the central issues in astrobiology are the questions:
- How it was water formed in space?
- What role does it play in planet formation
- How did it finally reached Earth's surface
- How did life finally emerge in water
under the extreme conditions
prevailing on early Earth?
The summer school "Water, ice
and the Origin of Life in the Universe", which will be held in
Iceland from 29 June to 13 July 2009, aims to
give participants a thorough high-level introduction into the role of
water in the evolution of life in the cosmos, starting from formation of
water molecules in space and ending with evolution of the first
organisms. Lab work on extremophiles (especially organisms living in
very hot or cold water) will complement the teaching, since a lot can be
learned about the evolution of life under the very harsh conditions
prevailing on early Earth by studying such species.
The Summer School will bring together students
and researchers from a multitude of different science branches, making
it a truly multidisciplinary event. It will be organised by the Nordic
Network of Astrobiology Graduate Schools together with the NASA Astrobiology
Institute. Iceland is an ideal venue for such an event,
providing ideal habitats for coldand hot water extremophiles
(subglacial lakes and hot springs).
Please click on the links for the summer school
programme, a schedule in.doc format and information about the teachers.
Participation, funding &
The Summer school is mainly intended for
graduate students and post–docs in astronomy, physics, geology,
chemistry, biology and other related subjects. There will be about 40
Food, accommodation, excursions and teaching
material will be provided free for students accepted
by the Scientific Committee as participants from Nordic
Institutions by the Nordic
Network of Astrobiology Graduate Schools and by the NASA Astrobiology Institute
for participants from US institutions. A limited
amount of funding for students from other countries is
Travel allowances (for a maximum of EUR 400,-
for participants from Europe and USD 1000,- for participants from Eastern US as well as USD 1500,- from Western US. Please note: Non-Nordic and non-US participants
studying or employed at universities outside the Nordic countries and
the US will not be eligible for travel allowances. All these people, will however, bee entitled to free accommodation, food excursions and teaching
For successful participation at the summer
school (including successful lab course) 4 ECTS points wil be awarded.
Credit awards for US students will be applied
for by the course organisers. You will be formally registered as a
student at the University
of Iceland, therefore please bring a piece of identity to the
Venue and access
The first (lectured) and third (lab work)
part of the school will be held at the University
of Iceland, Reykjavik. In the mid of the course, a 5-days excursion
to inner Iceland (Hrauneyjar) will be undertaken. For further
information about the venue and the access to it, click here.
Application deadline is
March 1st 2009. Application
forms can be downloaded here.
The summer school will be organised by Karen Meech (University of
Hawai'i, USA) and Wolf D.
of Stockholm, Sweden) in cooperation with the University of Iceland
and the other scientists involved in the Nordic
Network of Astrobiology Graduate


The 8th Circuit Court of Appeals confirms that a railroad can violate the FRSA even if it honestly believes an employee violated a rule. In Blackorby II, the employee was disciplined for violating BNSF's rule requiring the "immediate" reporting of work-related injuries. But reporting a work-related injury is protected activity under FRSA Section 20109, and a railroad violates Section 20109 if an employee's untimely reporting contributed "in whole or in part" to the disciplinary action:
a railroad employer can, in fact, be held liable under the FRSA if it disciplines an employee based on its honestly held belief that the employee engaged in misconduct or committed a rules violation. Liability will still exist notwithstanding such a belief if the railroad's retaliatory motive also played a contributing role in the decision and if the railroad fails to carry the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that it would have taken the same action in the absence of the protected report.
The Circuit Court went on the underscore there is no inconsistency between a railroad being motivated in part by an honestly held belief the employee violated a rule and in part by a motive to retaliate against the employee for engaging in a FRSA protected activity.
The practical effect of this is to negate a railroad's ability to discipline an employee for the "late" or "untimely" reporting of injuries. And in fact other federal courts have voided "late reporting" discipline based on a railroad's rule requiring the "prompt" or "immediate" or "before end of shift" reporting of injuries. This is because the charge that an employee's injury report was "late" is, while true, inextricably intertwined with the protected act of reporting the injury. In other words, the late reporting discipline cannot be explained without discussing the employee's protected activity of reporting the injury. See, e.g., Smith-Bunge v. Wisconsin Central, Ltd., and Williams v. Illinois Central RR.
Here is the full Blackorby II decision. For more on the whistleblower rights of railroad workers, go to the free Rail Whistleblower Library.


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Quality of life, health, and government perception during COVID-19 times: Data from Colombia
This analysis presents data collected through an online survey about the quality of life, health, subjective wellbeing, and government perception in four cities in Colombia during the COVID-19 crisis.
Four universities and a local newspaper promoted the survey to assess how the pandemic affected the population's quality of life in a broad range of social and economic aspects. Respondents were adults (+18 years old) living in the largest Colombia cities: Bogotá, Medellín, Cali, and Barranquilla, totaling 1637 complete observations. Researchers used snowballing sampling strategy, social networks, a web page, and an advertisement in the partner newspaper for data collection.
This data set helps to conduct social research and policy reports about the consequences of the pandemic. The data enclosed in this paper includes socio-economic variables, income reduction, employment, household composition, teleworking, indebtedness, physical and mental health, physical activity behavior, subjective wellbeing, affective and communal relationships, institutional trust, and perception of government performance during COVID-19.
We aim at contributing to a better understanding of the consequences of the pandemic in Colombia and general in the Global South through the collection and dissemination of data for academic and policy purposes.


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Construction has begun! 27 year-8 and year-9 students started their journey to building their very own powered glider. Today students looked at how wings are designed on planes and gliders, how lift and centre of gravity are integral in the flight of a glider before constructing a prototype glider and testing them.
Students improved their design by changing the design of the wings, shifting the centre of gravity of their prototype and adjusting the ailerons for that perfect lift and flight. Glider prototypes were entered into a competition at the end of the session for the longest flight and one team; Ethan and Noah achieved the longest flight. Well done to both of them. I would like to thank Mrs Bell for cooking the pizza halfway through the session to keep our strength up and to Mr Stewart for pulling his sleeves up and helping students with their prototype build. Here's to the next few weeks as we head towards the trust glider competition.


QC that 'the circumstances in which… [good faith] can be implied into commercial agreements is an incrementally developing area of law'. Although there is no general doctrine of good faith in English contract law it can still affect commercial contracts in three ways:
 - Express duty.The parties can expressly agree that they will act in good faith. The question is whether the words chosen actually impose this duty and what it means in practice.
 - There is a well-recognised duty of rationality under which a party must exercise a contractual discretion in good faith and not arbitrarily or capriciously. This is often referred to as the "Braganza duty".
 - Implied duty.The courts might imply a general duty of good faith in a contract, or use the concept of good faith to imply other fact-specific duties. However, these duties are only likely to arise under a limited class of "relational" contracts.
Below is a more detailed look at these three avenues by which good faith is introduced into English law contracts.
Express obligations to act in good faith
Express duties of good faith, i.e. a clause stating that the parties should act in good faith, act with the utmost good faith, act in absolute faith, resolve disputes by friendly discussions, may achieve the following:
 - Prevent action that frustrates the purpose of the agreement.
 - Require the disclosure of material facts to the other party.
 - Prohibit knowingly lulling the other party into a false belief.
 - Prohibit asking for information under a pretence.
 - Prohibit knowingly providing false information on which the other party will rely.
 - Prohibit negotiating behind the other party's back.
 - Prohibit knowingly sustaining a groundless dispute.
The duty of rationality (the Braganza duty)
Another way to introduce good faith is through the principle known as the 'duty of rationality'. This is an implied obligation in English contract law, in the absence of clear language to the contrary, to exercise a contractual discretion in good faith and not arbitrarily or capriciously (as stated in the case British Telecommunications plc v Telefónica O2 UK Ltd [2014] UKSC 42). This is often referred to as the "Braganza duty" after the leading case, Braganza v BP Shipping Ltd [2015] UKSC 17.
The duty of rationality is limited in scope. It is only likely to arise when one party, acting as decision-maker, makes a subjective decision on a matter that affects both parties giving rise to a potential conflict of interest between the parties. Any potential conflict of interest will be heightened where there is a significant imbalance of power between the parties. To simplify, the duty exists to stop the more powerful party to a contract from abusing that power.
The duty has been applied in a broad range of situations. Below are some examples:
 - Unilaterally setting or varying the charges or interest rate in a contract.
 - Valuing a portfolio of securities after the default of a counterparty.
 - Deciding whether to award an option to a service provider.
 - Deciding whether to award discretionary bonuses to employees.
 - Placing an employee on gardening leave.
 - Refusing to allow a tenant to keep a dog.
 - Deciding to carry out a valuation of premises.
 - Assessing and reclaiming overpayments.
 - Avoiding an insurance policy.
Implied obligations requiring good faith
It is well recognised that broad concepts of fair dealing may be reflected in the court's response to questions of construction and implication of terms: "A thread runs through our contract law that effect must be given to the reasonable expectations of honest men" (Lord Steyn, LQR 1997, 133 (Jul)). Almost all contracts would reasonably be understood as requiring honesty in their performance, reflecting the common assumption by the parties to this effect. For example, one of the principles of contract law is that no person may benefit from his or her own wrongdoing, which encourages honest performance. The court may also imply terms in fact that:
 - The parties will co-operate in the performance of a contract.
 - A party cannot insist on the performance of an obligation it has prevented the other from performing.
Although these obligations exist it would be incorrect to imply that they constitute the concept of good faith as defined in courts around the world. The concept of good faith should not be seen as a "general organising principle". To do so would risk undermining the express terms agreed between the parties in that, in English Law, the terms of a contract are the most important thing to assess before any subjective principles such as good faith (as stated in the case MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company SA v Cottonex Anstalt [2016] EWCA Civ 789.) However, where the contract is "relational", it may be possible to use the concept of good faith as an aid when interpreting a contract. This concept was first advocated by the High Court in Yam Seng. Some recent decisions support the concept of a relational contract and give a sense of 'relational' is defined:
 - The Court of Appeal commented, obiter, that a 25-year PFI contract could be classified as a relational contract. Given the "massive length" of the contract, the parties should not latch onto "infelicities and oddities" to disrupt the project and maximise their own gain. (Amey Birmingham v Birmingham City Council [2018] EWCA Civ 264.) Similarly, the High Court decided that a different 25-year PFI contract was a "paradigm example of a relational contract in which the law implies a duty of good faith(Essex County Council v UBB Waste (Essex) Ltd [2020] EWHC 1581 (TCC)).
 - In the High Court, Leggatt LJ decided that a long-term joint venture to develop hotels and an associated travel business was a relational contract subject to an implied duty of good faith (Al Nehayan v Kent).
Length can be seen as the main factor in recent statements when considering whether or not a contract is 'relational'. As stated in the 2019 case Bates v Post Office, broadly speaking a relational contract exists when there is:
 - A long-term contract or a contract the parties intend to be long term, even if it lacks a fixed term and allows termination by notice.
 - The parties intend their roles to be performed with integrity and with fidelity to their bargain.
 - The parties will be committed to collaborating with one another.
 - The spirits and objectives of the venture cannot be expressed exhaustively in a written contract.
 - The parties each repose trust and confidence in one another.
 - The contract involves a high degree of communication, co-operation and predictable performance based on mutual trust and confidence, and expectations of loyalty.
 - One or both parties have made a significant investment.
 - The relationship is exclusive.
However, the law remains in flux and the circumstances in which a contract will be considered "relational" are limited.
Understanding the way the concept of good faith is constituted and used in the jurisdiction under which a contract is governed is the first step when considering to rely upon it. As has been mentioned, its subjective nature causes a wide variety of interpretations and not always the clearest picture of how it is used in practice. Taking the UK as our prime example (and specialism), the English courts have an austere, some would say draconian, approach to interpreting good faith into contracts because the written terms of a contract are seen as being precedent and therefore able to overrule any such principles. Therefore the surest way to make sure the obligation exists in English law (or does not) is by considering the inclusion (or non-inclusion) of a good faith clause.
Relying on the duty of rationality or the concept of a 'relational' contract, i.e. not an express clause, is ill-advised. In a recent case, TAQA v RockRose [2020], the court decided that just because a contract could be defined as a 'relational contract', it would not automatically lead to the conclusion that the parties owe each other a good faith obligation. It would depend on the terms of the particular contract. This is further indication that the UK courts are unlikely to imply a duty of good faith and even within the context of Covid-19 it is doubtful that its scope will increase.
If you have any questions about good faith clauses or about contract law more generally please contact Neil Williamson.
boilerplate clauses
Boilerplate clauses - what are they?
Boilerplate clauses are repeated in all kinds of contracts. They are not the commercial terms that vary from one transaction to another. They regulate the operation of the contract: its duration, interpretation, transferability and enforceability.
What are boilerplate clauses?
Boilerplate clauses are often standard, and most are not typically negotiated. But they are important. Many contract disputes depend on the drafting of boilerplate clauses such as termination, force majeure, and entire agreement.
Some heavily negotiated commercial terms routinely appear in so many contracts that they may also be classed with boilerplate. Examples are indemnities and limit of liability clauses.
Example: how boilerplate clauses may affect a dispute
Here's an example from the case FoodCo UK LLP v Henry Boot Developments Ltd [2010] EWHC 358 (Ch). An entire agreement clause saved a developer from a series of claims for misrepresentation, brought by businesses that had leased units in the development. The clause agreed that no lessee had relied on any representation beyond those recorded in the contract. The effect was that one businessman, when confronted with the clause in the contract he


) => {
 describe('find()', () => {
 // Use "context()" to create a logical group of tests
 // executing a similar scenario.
 context('with "include" filter', () => {
 it('adds related models to the result', () => {
 // Model find() returns filtered results
 });
 });
 });
 // ...
});
Bad:
describe('Model', () => {
 describe('find()', () => {
 // "describe()" is not suitable here, the source code line
 // produces a misleading English sentence: "describe with include filter"
 describe('with "include" filter', () => {
 it('adds related models to the result', () => {
 // Model find() returns filtered results
 });
 });
 });
 // ...
});
// Don't overuse "context()", use "describe('Model')" instead
context('Model', () => {
 context('find()', () => {
 context('with "include" filter', () => {
 it('adds related models to the result', () => {
 // Model find() returns filtered results
 });
 });
 });
 ...
});
Asserting a rejected Promise
Checking that a promise was rejected is tricky and makes it easy to introduce subtle bugs. Always use the following pattern:
Good
// use a different test name, one that's appropriate for your test
it('fails when arguments are invalid', () => {
 return doSomethingThatShouldFail().then(
 function onSuccess() {
 throw new Error('doSomething() should have failed');
 },
 function onError(err) {
 // verify that "err" is the expected error
 });
});
Bad
it('fails when arguments are invalid', () => {
 return doSomethingThatShouldFail()
 .then(result => {
 assert(false);
 })
 .catch(err => {
 // verify that "err" is the expected error
 });
});
When doSomethingThatShouldFail() passes and assert(false) throws an error, this AssertionError is then handled by the catch block. If the "verify" step is written correctly, then the test fails because the AssertionError was not the expected error; however the failure message is misleading. If the "verify" step is not specific enough (e.g. any Error is accepted), then the test incorrectly passes.


text:
1891 – 1974
Who was Carsten Olsen?
Carsten Erik Olsen was a Danish plant ecologist and plant physiologist, who pioneered the study of plant nutrition in soils of different pH. He was born in Copenhagen and began studies of botany at the University of Copenhagen in 1910, at first with professor Eugenius Warming, then with professor Christen Raunkiær. His doctoral dissertation was on the influence of soil pH on the natural distribution of plants. He was then employed by the Carlsberg Laboratory as an assistant to the chemist S. P. L. Sørensen, later in his own lab. There, he worked on plant uptake of ions, especially iron, nitrogen fixation and calcicolous plants.
Olsen, Carsten Erik Morfologisk, biologisk og formationsstatistisk Undersøgelse af Mosserne og Karplanterne i de danske Egeskoves og Egekrats Bundflora. Gold medal prize dissertation, University of Copenhagen, 1916. 204 pp.
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text:
Assumming that the same physical laws pertaining to the entrainment of sediment on Earth applies to Mars, the minimum paleoflow conditions of a specific martian outflow channel is characterized using empirical relationships, developed from terrestrial river systems whose slopes are similar to the martian channels, between median grain size (d(sub)50) and channel slope (S) and between d(sub)90 grain size (i.e., the grain size which is larger than 90% of the channel material) and flow shear stress (tau). This approach assumes that channel slope (a measurable parameter) can be used to infer a characteristic median grain size (d(sub)50, an unknown parameter) for the channel bed. Once grain size is known, the minimum flow dynamics required to entrain the grain can be determined. This technique is used to model the minimum flow conditions of the martian channel, Maja Vallis.
Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
- Pub Date:
- March 1996
- MAJA VALLIS;