DataGrip 2024.1 Help
DDL data sources
DDL data source is a virtual view of a database structure based on SQL files that contain data definition language statements (DDL statements). You can reference all tables, columns and other objects defined in such files in the editor. Diagrams are also supported.
DDL data source lets you maintain database versioning. Keep the SQL files under a VCS system and regenerate them every time your database structure is updated.
Once created, DDL data sources are available in Database Explorer ( View | Tool Windows | Database Explorer) . You can create and manage the SQL files with statements in the Files tool window ( View | Tool Windows | Files) .
DDL data source in Database Explorer and SQL files with statements in Files tool window
Check the following video that shows how to work with DDL data sources.
In DataGrip, you can create a DDL data source by dumping an existing data source and by using existing SQL files:
Use file scopes to filter the files and folders that are used as sources for the DDL data source. When you dump DLL files to the existing DDL data source, the excluded ones will be ignored.
Create a DDL data source
Dump an existing data source to a DDL data source
 1. In the Database Explorer ( View | Tool Windows | Database Explorer) , right-click a data source that you want to dump to a DDL data source and select Import/Export | Dump to DDL Data Source.
 To configure code settings for the DDL data source, refer to Configuring DDL generation settings.
 2. In the Data Sources and Drivers dialog, select the DDL data source, and click Add directories or DDL files.
 3. In the file browser, navigate to the directory that will store DDL files of a data source and click Open.
 4. Click OK.
 When you dump files to a DDL data source, the folder with these SQL files is automatically attached in the Database Explorer.
Create a DDL data source from existing files
 1. Open data source properties. You can open data source properties by using one of the following options:
 - Navigate to File | Data Sources....
 - Press Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S.
 - In the Database Explorer ⌘ 1 ( View | Tool Windows | Database Explorer), click the Data Source Properties icon (The Data Source Properties icon).
 Add new data source
 2. In the Data Sources tab of the Data Sources and Drivers dialog left pane, click the Add icon (The Add icon) and select DDL Data Source.
 The Add data source button
 3. In the Sources pane, click the Add button (the Add button).
 4. In the file browser, navigate to the SQL file or files with DDL statements and click Open.
 5. Click the Dialect link and select a dialect that you want to use for added SQL files.
 6. Apply settings and click OK.
 Create a DDL data source from existing SQL files
Work with DDL data sources
Filter files and folders using scopes
 1. Open data source properties. You can open data source properties by using one of the following options:
 - Navigate to File | Data Sources....
 - Press Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S.
 - In the Database Explorer ⌘ 1 ( View | Tool Windows | Database Explorer), click the Data Source Properties icon (The Data Source Properties icon).
 Add new data source
 2. In the Sources pane, click the Add button (the Add button).
 3. To add and filter files and folders using scopes, select one of the following options:
 - To use the existing scope, select it from the menu.
 - To create a group of files specifically for the current DDL data source, select Anonymous Scope. This scope will not be stored among others.
 - To edit the existing scope or create a new one, click Edit Scopes. For more information about scopes, refer to Scopes and file colors.
 4. Apply settings and click OK.
 Filter the files and folders using scopes
If the Auto sync is selected, the DDL data source is automatically refreshed with changes to the corresponding files. To disable this behavior, clear the checkbox.
Reference objects in a data source
You can create an index in the DDL data source that references a table in a usual data source. In your code, this table will be correctly referenced and the table with the index will appear in the database tree.
 1. Open data source properties. You can open data source properties by using one of the following options:
 - Navigate to File | Data Sources....
 - Press Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S.
 - In the Database Explorer ⌘ 1 ( View | Tool Windows | Database Explorer), click the Data Source Properties icon (The Data Source Properties icon).
 Add new data source
 2. Select a DDL data source that you want to extend.
 3. Click the Add icon (the Add icon), select Extend Data Source and select the data source that you want to reference.
 Reference objects in data source
Set a dialect for SQL files in the DDL data source
 1. Open data source properties. You can open data source properties by using one of the following options:
 - Navigate to File | Data Sources....
 - Press Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S.
 - In the Database Explorer ⌘ 1 ( View | Tool Windows | Database Explorer), click the Data Source Properties icon (The Data Source Properties icon).
 Add new data source
 2. Click a DDL data source that you want to modify.
 3. On the Sources tab, click the Configure SQL Dialect icon (the Configure SQL Dialect icon).
 Set a dialect for SQL files in the DDL data source
Creating objects in the DDL data source
 - In the Database Explorer ( View | Tool Windows | Database Explorer) , right-click an item under the DDL data source node and navigate to New. In the list of objects, select the object that you want to create.
 Creating objects in the DDL data source
 - Right-click a directory of the DDL data source in the Database Explorer (View | Tool Windows | Files) and select New | SQL File. Type a CREATE statement in the created SQL file.
 Creating objects in the DDL data source
Configuring DDL generation settings
You can configure code settings for files that are generated for the DDL data source.
 1. Open data source properties. You can open data source properties by using one of the following options:
 - Navigate to File | Data Sources....
 - Press Ctrl+Alt+Shift+S.
 - In the Database Explorer ⌘ 1 ( View | Tool Windows | Database Explorer), click the Data Source Properties icon (The Data Source Properties icon).
 Add new data source
 2. On the Data Sources tab, select the DDL data source.
 3. Click the New File Layout tab.
 Configuring DDL generation settings
Settings of the New File Layout tab
Option
Description
Layout
Defines the way how to store and generate DDL files.
 - File per object by schema: generate separate files for each object and place them in folders with schema names.
 File per object by schema
 - File per object by schema and database: generate separate files for each object and place them in folders with schema names. Places folders with schema names in folders with database names.
 File per object by schema and database
 - File per object: generate separate files for each object and place them in one directory.
 File per object
 - File per object with order: generate separate files for each object and add a numeric prefix to a filename.
 File per object with order
 - File per object by schema and type: generate separate files for each object and place them in folders with type names. Place folders with type names in folders with schema names.
 File per object by schema and type
Root path
Defines the location directory for DDL files.
Code style
Applies the code style to generated DDL files.
Qualify objects with schema names
Adds a schema name to the table name. You can qualify a table when you have two and more tables with identical names in different schemes. This option has the following parameters:
 - Auto: automatically qualifies table names if you have more than two identical table names in different schemes.
 - Never: never qualifies table names.
 - Always: always qualifies table names.
Place constraints
Defines where to place FOREIGN KEY, UNIQUE, CHECK, and other constraints.
 - Inside column: into the column definition when the constraint is based on one column. When the constraint is based on two or more columns, place constraints into the table definition after all the columns.
 Place constraints inside column
 - Inside table: into the table definition, after all the columns.
 Place constraints inside table
 - After table: after the table definition, using ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT.
 Place constraints inside table
Regenerate database-provided code
Regenerate property definitions that are provided as a part of source code by the database.
Reformat generated code
Reformat generated code with the current code style profile. This option affects generated code only and does not affect the code received directly from the server.
Default schemas/databases
Set a default schema or database for objects in the DDL data source. DDL data sources have unnamed databases and schemas. The following table allows you to set the default schema name.
Default schemas/databases
Last modified: 09 April 2024


text:
Foods, Nutrients and Calories
Gravels, Substances and Oils
CaribSea, Freshwater, Eco-Complete Cichlid, Gravel weighs 1 153.33 kg/m³ (72.00004 lb/ft³) with specific gravity of 1.15333 relative to pure water. Calculate how much of this gravel is required to attain a specific depth in a cylindrical, quarter cylindrical or in a rectangular shaped aquarium or pond [ weight to volume | volume to weight | price ]
Weights and Measurements
Electric current is a motion of electrically charged particles within conductors or space.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Storage of aggregates in silos
The aggregates are temporarily stored in multiple-chamber silos. Large amounts of dust are generated when the chambers are being filled. The geometry of the material heaps can vary depending on the consistency of the aggregates and the properties of the bulk materials can also vary from filling to filling.
Level measurement with the APM 3DLevelScannerT
The 3DLevelScanner is the ideal solution for continuous measurement of aggregates inside silos. By virtue of the mapping measuring principle, the 3DLevelScanner can generate 3D maps of the contents. 3-dimensional mapping delivers true and absolute surface level values, volume and mass with unprecedented accuracy. Since the instrument comes already factory-adjusted, set-up involves only electrical connection. Neither product quality, nor dust generation, nor the shape of the material heap influence the measurements.}

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Bethel Baptist Christian School, operated by Bethel Baptist Church, located at 1004 Yorktown Road, Yorktown, VA 23693, has disclosed in writing to the parents or guardians of children enrolled that the center is exempt from a license and the qualifications of personnel employed.
The center's physical facilities, enrollment capacity, food services, health requirements for the staff and public liability insurance has been described in writing to the parents or guardians of the children in the center. The above information has also been made available to the general public.
The Center has established and implemented procedures for:
- Hand washing by staff and children before eating and after toilet use, diapering and playground
- Appropriate supervision of all children in care, including daily intake and dismissal procedures to ensure safety of children
- A daily simple health screening and exclusion of sick children by a person trained to perform such screenings
- Ensuring that a person trained and certified in first aid is present at the Center whenever children are present
- Ensuring that all areas of the premises accessible to children are free of obvious injury hazards, including providing and maintaining sand or other cushioning material under playground equipment.
- Ensuring that all staff are able to recognize the signs of child abuse and neglect
The Center is in compliance with the requirements of:
- Section 63.1-198.2 relating to criminal history record checks.
- Section 63.1-248.3 relating to the reporting of suspected cases of child abuse and neglect Chapter 3 (Section 46.2-300 et seq.) of Title 46.2 regarding a valid Virginia driver's license or commercial driver's license; of Article 21 (Section 46.2-1157 et seq.) of Chapter 10 of Title 46.2, regarding vehicle inspections; ensuring that any vehicle used to transport children is an insured motor vehicle as defined in Section 46.2-705; and Article 13 (Section46.2-1095 et seq.) of Chapter 10 of Title 46.2 regarding child restraint devices.


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Suppose now we are trying to explain to students who do not know complex numbers, how do we distinguish $i$ and $-i$ to them? They will object that they both squared to $-1$ and thus they are indistinguishable. Is there a way of explaining this in an elementary way without go into introductory things in complex analysis?
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Roughly speaking you can't. The map that takes $a+bi$ to $a-bi$ is an automorphism of $\mathbb{C}$. – André Nicolas Aug 1 '12 at 14:38
$-1$ and $1$ both square to $1.$ Does this means they're indistinguishable? – user2468 Aug 1 '12 at 14:40
_USER_.D. Ah - but there is no automorphism taking 1 to -1. – Old John Aug 1 '12 at 14:50
Does the relationship between $i$ and $-i$ the same with "left" and "right",or "clockwise" and "anticlockwise"? – bigeast Aug 1 '12 at 15:18
First, $1$ and $-1$ are distinguishable because $1$ is its own square, while $-1$ isn't. From this, you also can easily distinguish $2$ and $-2$ because $2=1+1$ and $-2=(-1)+(-1)$. Indeed, it's not hard to extend this to $\mathbb{Z}$, and then to $\mathbb{Q}$. Finally you get all of $\mathbb{R}$ by considering sequences of rational numbers converging to that real number. Thus for each real number $r$ you can uniquely determine which one of $r$ and $-r$ is positive and which one negative. But this doesn't work for $i$. – celtschk Aug 1 '12 at 17:24
6 Answers 6
up vote 22 down vote accepted
If you construct $\Bbb C$ as $\Bbb R[X]/(X^2+1)$ the roots are indistinguishable. You just choose one and identify it with the point $(0,1)$ in the Gauss-Argand plane. That chosen one will be $i$.
If, on the other hand you construct $\Bbb C$ as the set of pairs $(a,b)\in\Bbb R^2$ with suitable addition and multiplication, then $\pm i=(0,\pm1)$.
The two constructions are of course isomorphic but not canonically isomorphic, due to the arbitrarity of the choice of a root which is the effect of existence of a trivial $\Bbb R$-automorphism, namely complex conjugation.
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You mean non-trivial $\mathbb{C}$-automorphism instead of trivial $\mathbb{R}$-automorphism, right? Or do you mean one which is trivial on $\mathbb{R}$, though non-trivial on $\mathbb{C}$? – Nils Matthes Aug 1 '12 at 15:02
_USER_ : No, I mean $\Bbb R$-automorphism! If $F\subset L$ are fields, a $F$-automorphism (of $L$) is an automorphism that leaves the elements of $F$ fixed. – Andrea Mori Aug 1 '12 at 15:22
Ah I see, somehow I forgot that term. Thank you. – Nils Matthes Aug 1 '12 at 15:29
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ as $\mathbb{R}[X]/(X^2+1)$, then $i$ is the coset $X+(X^2+1) \mathbb{R}[X]$ and $-i$ is the coset $-X+(X^2+1) \mathbb{R}[X]$. – David Speyer Aug 1 '12 at 16:08
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ as pairs, then there's initially no $i$,. but only the pairs $(0,1)$ and $(0,-1)$. Therefore you still have the freedom which of them you call $i$. – celtschk Aug 1 '12 at 17:33
Simple: there are two distinct values whose square is $-1$, so you choose one of them and call it $i$. The other one, then, is $-i$. It doesn't matter which of them you choose, just as it doesn't matter which direction in space you call $x$.
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Upvoted because OP asked for "explaining this in an elementary way." – user2468 Aug 1 '12 at 14:47
With the proviso that, once you've made your decision, you must stick with it thereafter. – Mark Beadles Aug 1 '12 at 19:14
If you construct $\mathbb{C}$ purely algebraically then there is no distinction until you've chosen what $i$ is, and then the distinction is made by the observation that if $x=i$ is one solution to $x^2=-1$ then $x=-i$ is the other.
This is beause we construct $\mathbb{C}$ algebraically as the field $\mathbb{R}(i)$ obtained by adjoining $i$ to $\mathbb{R}$, where $i$ is an abstract root of the polynomial $x^2+1$. But once you've done this, you can declare that $i$ is the point on the Argand diagram lying at unit length 'above' $0$, and this distinguishes it from $-i$. As André Nicolas says in the comments, if you'd chosen $-i$ instead of $i$ then it doesn't matter, since the (unique!) map fixing $\mathbb{R}$ and sending $i \mapsto -i$ is a $\mathbb{R}$-automorphism of $\mathbb{C}$. (Intuitively: choosing the other root changes nothing except labelling.)
In more human terms, you say $i$ is'something' which squares to give $-1$, and then $-i$ is 'the other thing' which does the same.
We can then make the translation to the Argand diagram by identifying this new field $\mathbb{C}=\mathbb{R}(i)$ with the plane $\mathbb{R}^2$ by using the following correspondence: $$\mathbb{C} \ni a+bi \leftrightarrow (a,b) \in \mathbb{R}^2$$ with operations $$(a,b)+(c,d)=(a+c,b+d)$$ $$(a,b)\cdot(c,d)=(ac-bd, ad+bc)$$
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It doesn't matter which one you call $i$; whichever it is, the other one is called $-i$.
I suspect it's not necessary to say more than that. And in a way, to say much more in answer to that question might amount to making the answer seem more complicated than it really is. That doesn't mean you shouldn't say more after saying that; e.g. that the field $\mathbb{C}$ has exactly one automorphism that's not hideously ill-behaved, etc.
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First off, you don't need to know anything about complex analysis in order to understand this. Complex analysis refers to doing calculus with complex numbers, but this is just a question about the basic complex-number system itself.
By way of analogy, let's think for a moment about the way the ancient Greeks conceived of ordinary numbers. Euclid's Elements is actually not just about what is taught today as geometry; it's full of material that today would be considered to be algebra and number theory. For example, what we would represent as multiplication $xy$, Euclid would represent as the area of a rectangle with sides of certain lengths. An identity like $x(y+z)=xy+xz$ would be represented as cutting a rectangle into two smaller rectangles. In Euclid's system, there is no such thing as the real number system, and in fact there is not even a number 1. If I say I'm 6 feet tall, in Euclid's language we would say that we have two different line segments, and their ratio is 6. The small one is arbitrarily chosen as the unit of measurement. But the choice of the unit segment is completely arbitrary, and it can be different if you finish one calculation and start another one.
Similarly, it's completely arbitrary how to label $i$ versus $-i$. For example, a typical application of complex numbers is to describe oscillations. Suppose two cars' windshield wipers are both running. They have the same frequency, say 1 Hz, but they're out of phase with one another by 90 degrees. We can represent the two oscillations as complex numbers whose magnitudes represent the frequency and whose arguments represent the phase. The magnitudes both have to be 1, but it's completely arbitrary whether we use a bigger argument to represent an oscillation with a leading phase, or a lagging one. We have to make an arbitrary choice. There is nothing obliging us to


OLE DB, SQL Server, Oracle, etc.Pull Model: External Data Source like a store procedure. Data Source from: DataSet, .Net Class, OLE DB, SQL Server, Oracle, or XML.
You can specify an XML web service as the data source for an SSRS report!!! To do this you must follow the next steps:
1- You define the data source in the connection string like this:
 data source=http://localhost/test.aspx

2- Use the code below for the query syntax (in the report dataset query).
 // Syntax to query XML web service for an SSRS DataSet
 <Query>
 <SoapAction>
 http://localhost/TestSSRSSite/GetData
 </SoapAction>
 <Method Namespace = "http://localhost/TestSSRSSite/"
 Name = "GetData" >
 <Parameters>
 <Parameter>
 <DefaultValue>1</DefaultValue>
 </Parameter>
 </Parameters>
 </Method>
 <ElementPath IgnoreNamespaces="True">
 GetDataResponse{}/GetDataResult{}/
 diffgram{}/MyDataSet{}/
 MyDataTable{Firstname,LastName}
 </ElementPath>
 </Query>

 - Linking Tables:
If you use stored procedures (or in-line SQL queries) directly as your data source, be aware both report products will only allow you to access the first table in the result set.
Crystal Reports SQL Reporting Services
Supports multiple tables when pushing data through datasets/XML into the report by using its tables collection database object. It allows put to place columns from != tables on the same report body respecting relationships. Supports only one result set. To use multiple result sets, multiple datasets must be created and use sub-reports to link the data from the datasets
 - Report sections and groups: Both offer similar approach to groups and report sections like header, footer, sections, groups and details area.
 - Formatting and formula options: Here Crystal offers a more powerful approach since it supports a larger variety of formatting options than SSRS.
Crystal Reports SQL Reporting Services
Supports:
 1. CSS
 2. Rotate Text
 3. Watermarks
 4. Tooltips
 5. Suppressing Duplicates
 6. Date formatting
 7. Currency formatting
 8. RTF/HTML Rendering (Rich Text Format)
 9. Datatype conversion.
 10. Expressions/Calculated fields
 11. Dynamic formatting
 12. Hyperlinks
Supports:
 1. Watermarks
 2. Tooltips
 3. Suppressing Duplicates (Hide)
 4. Date formatting
 5. Currency formatting
 6. Datatype conversion
 7. Expressions/Calculated fields
 8. Dynamic formatting (+ SWITCH statement for multiple condition evaluation)
 9. Hyperlinks
- No CSS, Text rotation or RTF (Rich Text Format) rendering
- Allows you to add custom code to reports, either by embedding Visual Basic code directly into reports, or by adding externally created and compiled .NET assemblies
 - Page control options:
Crystal generally provides better support for page control through the Keep Together options for both individual report sections as well as entire report groups.
SSRS allows you to define a page break at the end of a group; it will not conditionally allow you to essentially implement "widow-orphan" protection to ensure that a group or section will fit on a page. SSRS does implement a Keep Together property for the rectangle control that is very buggy at this moment and is consider an uncooked feature.
 - Report parameters and global report variables:
Both reporting products support parameters and report variables.
 - Sub-Reports:
Typically you build a sub-report when you need to display multiple levels of detail data, and/or when you need to display data from multiple data sources. In most instances you'll need to establish a link between the sub-report and the parent report.
Crystal Reports SQL Reporting Services
You can "Insert" sub-reports as reusable sections for parent reports (like a reusable header or footer)
Different charts for shared datasets can be linked to their own sub-report and be reuse across multiple parent reports.
You cannot insert a sub-report into sections of other reports. This makes difficult to build common header/footer templates.
Different charts for shared datasets MUST have their own sub-report since they cannot be used with the same result set, if the set is different than the one in the parent.
 - Charts:
Crystal Reports SQL Reporting Services
 1. Bars (horizontal & vertical)
 2. Lines
 3. Area
 4. Pie
 5. Doughnut
 6. 3D Raiser
 7. 3D Surface
 8. XY Scatter
 9. Radar
 10. Bubble
 11. Stock
 12. Numeric Axis
 13. Gauge
 14. Gantt (timeline)
 15. Funnel
 1. Horizontal Bar
 2. Vertical Column
 3. Area
 4. Line
 5. Pie
 6. Doughnut
 7. Scatter
 8. Bubble
 9. Stock
 - Drill-down capabilities:
Both reporting products support drill-down features. Crystal though its Hide property in the Section Expert and SSRS though its Hidden and ToggleItem properties.
 - Exporting reports:
Crystal Reports SQL Reporting Services
PDF, Excel, Word and RTF.
Note: No XML, TIFF or CSV support.
XML, CSV, TIFF, PDF, Web Archive (MHTML) and Excel.
Note: No Word support.
 - Programmatic access:
Crystal Reports SQL Reporting Services
 1. Extensive and complex API with a lot of 3rd party wrapper tools.
 2. Does not directly support web service report definition control (3rd party tools will)
 1. Great open architecture for implementing any function, but many CR features are in developing stage yet.
 2. Built in support to generate reports from a report URL or a Web Service.
 - Previewing in Windows Forms or in the browser:
Both reporting products support previewing reports in Windows Form or in the browser. Note that SSRS intrinsically support for the web is superior to Crystal because SSRS is essentially an ASP.NET application
 - Matrix and Cross-Tab objects:
Sometimes you may want to create reports with a variable number of columns based on the amount of data in a result set. For instance, you might have a result set of orders by year where the year is a row. You want to display a column for each year, but you may not know at design time how many years the result set will contain.
Both reporting products offer decent solutions for this situation through Crystal's Cross-Tab Report and SSRS's Matrix report.
UPCOMING VERSIONS
Crystal Reports (Beta Release Now Available) SQL Reporting Services (CTP Now Available "Katmai")
 1. A reduced footprint for the report designer.
 2. Interactive sorting of report columns
 3. Support for web pagination and an improved web report viewer
 4. Cross-Tab enhancements (ability to add Cross-Tab custom summaries, either repeating or one-time)
 5. Built-in barcode font support (Crystal now includes Code39 barcode fonts)
 6. Interactive report parameters (customers can change report parameters on the fly, and the developer can decide which parameters can be modified)
 7. Ability to define XML export format options.
 8. Flash integration—you can embed a Shockwave Flash (SWF) object inside reports.
 9. Improvements to the report engine for performance and resource utilization
 1. A new report control called Tablix, which combines the flexibility of the report table with the cross-tab capabilities of the report matrix.
 2. Improvements to the report engine for performance and resource utilization.
 3. A new hosting model independent of IIS.
 4. New charting tool capabilities (Microsoft has purchased the rights to the Dundas charting capabilities)
 5. SharePoint integration to access and manage reports and data sources from a SharePoint site
Conclusions:
Crystal Reports has the benefit of being the veteran in the field and supports almost every conceivable reporting requirement there is. It has versions for developers as well as business users. SSRS is the new kid on the block and it is focused only on the developer market. SSRS is a 1.0 release and still has some growing pains to go through
Comment


Chegg Textbook Solutions for Pathways to Astronomy 3rd Edition: Chapter 64
Chapter: Problem:
An interferometer measured the change in radius of one Cepheid as about 10% during its 10-day period. The star was measured to have an average radius of 40 million km. How fast was the surface of the star moving outward, on average, if it took 5 days to expand by 10%?
 - Step 1 of 1
 (About 9.3 km/s). A 10 percent increase in a 40 million kilometer radius is 4 million kilometers. So the surface of the star moved outward 4 million km in 5 days. There are 432000 seconds in 5 days, so the speed was 4 × 106 km/432000s = 9.3 km/sec.
Select Your Problem
Get Study Help from Chegg


text: [en] A long deformation record (16.5 ka) showing nonsteady earthquake recurrence is established for the Aksu thrust (Tianshan, China) on the basis of cosmogenic 10Be dating of faulted surfaces. Topographic leveling across the Aksu fault scarp indicates up to 10 m uplift across a moraine abandoned 16.5 ka and similar uplift of 6 m across two inset surfaces yielding ages of 12.5 and 5 ka. Successively smaller uplifts of terraces younger than 5 ka indicate that three or more major earthquakes occurred during this period. These data show that the Aksu thrust fault was quiet for at least 7500 years and active in the last 5000 years and probably in the interval 16.5–12.5 ka. The seismic cycle along the Aksu thrust fault over the last 16,500 years was thus strongly irregular showing long quiescence and clustering, which is a challenge for paleoseismology and hazard assessment. This irregularity also makes it more difficult to estimate long-term shortening rates. Nevertheless, we are able to constrain a minimum total shortening rate (>7 mm/yr) across the southern Tianshan front for the last 12,500 years that is about a third of the total geodetic rate for the western Tianshan (20 mm/yr).


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Assume I have the words A, B and C. In my calculation, occurrences of ABC should have much bigger weight than AB, and occurrences of AB should be much bigger than A.
$W(x,y,z) = P(x)*\frac{1}{111} + P(x,y)*\frac{10}{111} + P(x,y,z)*\frac{100}{111}$
and I apply the context = $\{A, B, C\}$ to function $W$.
$P(x,y)$ means : (number of xy used together) / (count of bigrams)
My question is not about the formula itself, because I have already implemented a much more complicated form of it. However, I cannot write a proper documentation about it. I don't know the math term.
Is there a mathematical term for what $W$ is doing?
"increasing-size-increasing-weight-summing"?
share|improve this question
"Weighted average". – user1551 Nov 22 '12 at 21:05
Yes, it is weighted average. However isn't there a special name for that when the number of parameters are increasing? I would say P(x), P(x,y) and P(x,y,z) doesn't have the same class. To me weighted average is more like $P(x)*k + P(y)*l + P(z)*m$ – Ali Ok Nov 23 '12 at 0:43
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text:
Animal colors board books
Printing paper: white cardboard
Process: four-color printing, rounded design, thick cardboard
Animal colors board books are suitable for children aged 0-5 years old.
Animal colors board books are designed according to the shape of the animal. The child remembers the animal characteristics by touching and flipping. Interesting drawing, vivid color matching, attract children's attention, improve reading cognitive interest.
High-quality prepress ctp system, providing accurate outlets, which is the basic guarantee of good printing result.


text:
Striped lawn and ivy
In this tutorial we will create a lawn with the characteristic stripes often seen when a mower with a heavy roller is used. This is caused by alternately bending the blades of grass in two opposing directions and affecting the way they reflect light. We will create this effect using a tiling gradient map to control the rotation of the grass geometry. By the end of this tutorial you should be able to:
- Use maps to control scale and rotation
The image below shows the effect a little clearer
- Create a new forest object using "spline_mowedGrass" as a distribution area and "wild grass" as a Custom Geometry object.
- Add the "large_barn" and "spline_road" as exclude areas.
- Set the Distribution Map to dense and Density to 5000mm. To increase the grass instances change the threshold to 10%
- Add "ground" as a Surface.
In order to use mapping to control transforms a surface is required. The UVW coordinates of the surface determine how the map is applied to the Forest object.
- This effect is easier to preview if we change the way the items display in the viewport. Go to the Display rollout, under the viewport settings choose proxy and pick pyramid from the drop down.
- To create the stripes go to the transform rollout and set the following settings:
X minimum: -70 | X Maximum: 70
y minimum: -5 | y Maximum: 5
Z minimum: 0 | Z Maximum: 359
X minimum: 80 | X Maximum: 120
In the settings above the high percentage in the X translation setting is to break up the straight edges of the stripes.
- To create the map open the material editor and create a new gradient ramp like the one show left.
- Drag this to the map Slot in the Rotation section of the Transform rollout.
- The Ground plane already has a separate map channel to control the tiling for the grass. To use it change the map channel to 2.
- To use the map to control the X Rotation tick the Use Map radio button.
- Render to test the effect.
When you are using greyscale maps to control transforms the black pixels represent the minimum value and black the maximum. If you wish to use a separate map for each axis then the red channel controls the X, green the Y, and blue the Z axis. You can find a handy tip for combining multiple black and white maps into a single RGB map using a composite texture in the Forest Pack Reference
Creating the ivy
In this section we will paint some ivy onto the side of the barn. This tutorial uses techniques we have already covered but demonstrates that forest pack is not restricted to scattering on a horizontal surface. This demonstration is very simple, but using forest in a vertical mode could be very useful for visualising dense walls of climbing plants and lush living or green walls.
- To get started create a new forest object using "ivy plane 1" as a surface. Add "ivy 1", "ivy 2", and "ivy 3" as custom objects.
When you create a forest object in generate mode, it aligns its axis to the local coordinate system of the first area selected. If you are in create mode it takes its axis from the active viewport.
We have readhed the end of the forest creation parts of this tutorial. In the final section we will adjust some materials using Forest Color.
- The leaves are too large. Set the Global Scale to 35%
- Set the Distribution Map to "dense" and the density to 4000mm. The threshold should be on about 10% - 15%.
- Enter the Transfrom settings as follows:
X minimum: -20 | X Maximum: 20
y minimum: -44 | y Maximum: 10
Z minimum: -65 | Z Maximum: -120
X minimum: 80 | X Maximum: 120
- In the Areas rollout turn off the surface.
- Create a new paint area.
- Turn on paint and start brushing ivy around the windows. If you have a tablet you can use the pen pressure to vary the size of your paint brush for a more naturalistic effect.
This material is copyrighted
by iToosoft. You are free to link to our tutorials, but if you would like to reproduce content, in whole or in part, please contact


text:
Wednesday, 22 June 2011
Water Solar Ball
While you might mistake designer Jonathan Liow's Solarball for a familiar hamster's toy, it's actually a really cool new product for humans that purifies water using the sun. The Monash University graduate's project is specifically geared towards aiding residents of underdeveloped areas with no clean drinking water, particularly small villages in Africa.
A trip to Cambodia spurred Liow's desire to design a simple product that could help others, and that's how the Solarball was born. Each ball can yield just over three quarts of clean drinking water each day if placed in the direct sun. Inside the ball, the dirty water evaporates away, separating the dirt and contaminants out. The resulting condensation is clean and drinkable. The small size is easy to carry, as well as affordable.
The design does pose a few problems. The size, although convenient and extremely portable, does not generate enough water for one person, let alone a village. Another factor is that the Solarball would need to be made of a durable plastic that can withstand constant exposure to the hot sun, and not become weakened easily. Although a great invention, it is not yet suitable to solve the water problem of an entire village.
A finalist in the 2011 Australian Design Award-James Dyson Award, the Solarball prototype will be on display at the Milan International Design Fair.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


... COLORS and Kigo - grey
[. BACK to Worldkigo TOP. ]
The four colors of four haiku seasons
The five colors of Buddhism
. Colors and Haiku.
According to Henry Dreyfus, Japanese, in contrast with Westerners, grasp colors on an intuitively horizontal plane, and pay little heed to the influences of light. Colors whether intense of soft, are identified not so much on the basis of reflected light or shadow,
but in terms of the meaning or feeling associated with them.
The adjectives used to describe colors, like iki (sophisticated or chic), shibui (subdued or restrained), or hannari (gay or mirthful), tend to be those that stress feelings rather than the values of colors in relation to each other.
According to Henry Dreyfus, Black, sumi, is the color of mystery and solemnity; the color of the night. Black expresses the depths of the unknown, and encourages the imagination of a different world from that of daylight realities. Used by itself, black can represent bad luck or misfortune.
According to Henry Dreyfus, indigo blue, ai, mirrors the color of the vast ocean surrounding the Japanese islands. This shade of blue is very commonly seen in Japanese art and clothing.
According to Henry Dreyfus, gold, kin, can evoke the sensation of looking upon waving fields of ripened rice stalks. Gold is also associated with royalty. It represents the color of the heavens, and is used to decorate statues of the Buddha and religious temples.
According to Henry Dreyfus, green, midori is regarded as the color of eternal life, as seen in evergreens which never change their color from season to season. In the word midori, both trees and vegetation are implied. One characteristic of Japanese culture can be found in the fusion of life and nature.
According to Henry Dreyfus, the word for red and white, Kohaku, is pronounced as one word in Japanese. Ko means red, while haku translates as white. Their use together immediately signifies happiness and celebration to the Japanese viewer. The combination of red and white in the decorative ornaments used on wedding or engagement presents -noshi or kaishihas a compelling quality that suggests man's urge to create a bond between his own life and that of the gods. Red and white are also the colors of the uniforms that shrine maidens wear (denoting these colors divine nature.)
source : _URL_
Grey, Gray (hai-iro, hyaku nezu )
***** Location: Japan
***** Season: Non-seasonal Topic
***** Category: Humanity
for other colors, see below.
gray, grey, grau, nezumi-iro 鼠色
ash gray, hai-iro, kaishoku 灰色（かいしょく・はいいろ）
In the Edo period, when showing off was not allowed, the colors were given subdued names too, all hundred shades of grey, Edo Hyaku nezu 江戸百鼠.
These shades were very fashionable for kimono. They had very delicate shades of each color.
There were also 48 different shades of green and the 100 gray shades, in a famous saying: shijuuhatcha hyakunezumi 四十八茶、百鼠.
yonjuuhatcha hyakunezu
Look at them here.
Rikyu Rat Grey, Rikyu nezu
利休鼠（りきゅうねず） Rikyuu
. Sen Rikyuu, Sen Rikyū 千利休 Sen Rikyu, Sen no Rikyu .
Sen Rikyu, Sen Rikyū 千利休
1522 - April 21, 1591 (some dates give March 28.)
陰暦二月二十八日 28th day of the 2nd lunar month
the historical figure with the most profound influence on chanoyu, the Japanese "Way of Tea", particularly the tradition of wabi-cha. Rikyū is known by many names; for convenience this article will refer to him as Rikyū throughout.
There are three iemoto (sōke), or "head houses" of the Japanese Way of Tea, that are directly descended from Rikyū: the Omotesenke, Urasenke, and Mushakōjisenke, all three of which are dedicated to passing forward the teachings of their mutual family founder, Rikyū.
© More in the WIKIPEDIA!
If you have one pot
And can make your tea in it
That will do quite well.
How much does he lack himself
Who must have a lot of things?
Sen Rikyu
The Nature of Rikyu Grey
..... If one is going to name a certain sensation, formulate an outline of its features, trace its history or search for the origin of that sensation, it must inspire a profound sympathy yet awake a certain critical awareness. For me, such a sensation is "Rikyu grey." A long philosophical essay :
Worldwide use
Grau, mausgrau
Things found on the way
The Japan Architect, June 1979
If one is going to name a certain sensation, formulate an outline of its features, trace its history or search for the origin of that sensation, it must inspire a profound sympathy yet awake a certain critical awareness. For me, such a sensation is "Rikyu grey." The sensation of Rikyu grey represents an aesthetic of an ambivalent or multiple meaning.
Grey was generally considered a vile color conjuring up images of rats or ashes and had never been popular. But when it became known as Rikyu grey, it was better appreciated; in the latter part of the Edo period (_PHONE_) it gained tremendous popularity, along with brown and indigo (navy) blue, at the embodiment of the aesthetic ideal of iki. Iki in this period is a complex concept but may be simply described as "richness in sobriety."
As the cult of tea spread beyond the upper classes to be practiced in the homes of ordinary people, so did the taste for this grey color. People took pleasure in naming all manner of colors containing the element of charcoal grey such as Fukagawa grey, silver grey, indigo grey, reddish grey, lavender grey, grape grey, brown grey, dove grey and lentil grey. When various colors are mixed until no trace of any specific color remains, it is called simply "grey." All these colors have chromas of very low intensity and their subtle differences of tone had great appeal in that period. This taste in colors prevailed throughout Edo culture from the Genroku period beginning in 1688 and continuing throughout the eighteenth century.
Read about this color and Japanese Architecture
Rikyu gray, Rikyu nezu
Gray which the green of powdered green tea.
It continues drizzling. at the rocky shore of Jogashima.
---The rain of Rikyu gray.
Is the rain pearls, or fog of dawn, or my subdued sobbing.
A ship sails around the tip of a Toriya
--- Your ship which hoisted its wet sail.
I row a ship.
I pull an oar to a song.
The song is the captain's spirit.
It continues drizzling.
The sun hides in thin clouds.
The ship sails. The sail dims.
Japanese Color Names
............ List with color samples
cherry-grey, sakura nezumi 桜鼠（さくらねずみ）
plum-grey, ume nezumi 梅鼠（うめねずみ）
willow green grey, yanagi nezumi 柳鼠（やなぎねずみ）
harbour grey, minato nezumi 湊鼠（みなとねずみ）
...........fukagawa nezumi 深川鼠 （ふかがわねずみ）
indigo grey, ai nezumi 藍鼠（あいねずみ）
wisteria grey, fuji nezumi 藤鼠（ふじねずみ）
dove feather grey, hatoba nezumi 鳩羽鼠（はとばねずみ）
grape grey, budoo nezumi 葡萄鼠（ぶどうねず ・えびねずみ）
red faded grey, beni keshi nezumi 紅消鼠（べにけしねずみ）
white grey, shiro nezumi 白鼠（しろねずみ）
bea8a7.. silver grey, gin nezumi 銀鼠（ぎんねずみ）
7b6d5b.. plain grey, sunezumi 素鼠（すねずみ）
513d39.. faded grey, dobunezumi 丼鼠・溝鼠（どぶねずみ）
and many many more colors:
e1642f.. 江戸茶（えどちゃ）looks more of a red shade
Edo Green, Edo Tea Color, edocha 江戸茶（えどちゃ）
a shade of grey
on my cherry blossoms -
. Gabi Greve, Introducing Shades of Gray.
03 shades of gray
sudden rain -
my world reduced to
shades of gray
The gray of this background is called Genji Nezumi Mouse Gray
More of my Info and Haiku about GRAY!
kitsunebi ya Rikyu ne no ame ga furu
fox fire -
the rain falls so gray,
Rikyu gray
(Tr. Gabi Greve)
Gendai Haiku Kyokai
Hakone yama


Res publica christiana
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Res publica christiana is a Latin phrase combining the idea of res publica and christiana to describe the worldwide community of Christianity and its well-being. A single English word with somewhat comparable meaning is "Christendom".
This phrase is notably found in the encyclical Christianae Republicae Salus, a Roman Catholic Church document which condemns Voltairian and masonic indifferentism in matters of religion.
Further reading[edit]
 - João Marques de Almeida, The Peace of Westphalia and the Idea of Respublica Christiana [1][dead link]


What Does a White Tailed Deer Eat
What Does a White Tailed Deer Eat?
If you're a photographer or hunter on the lookout for white-tailed deer, one of the most important questions you've probably asked yourself is what does a white tailed deer eat? Understanding the diet of this animal will make tracking white-tailed deer much easier.
White Tailed Deer are a Challenge
One of the reasons why white tailed deer are so challenging to find and hunt is the fact that they're so difficult to see. The first step you can take in finding white tailed deer is to understand their behaviors and diet.
They are herbivores, don't eat meat, and instead, they munch on vegetation.
White tailed deer enjoy grass, leaves, fungi, lichens, mushrooms, alfalfa, twigs, nuts, and fruits.
White Tailed Deer Diet
These animals generally do most of their eating in the low light, such as at dusk or dawn, or at night. This is because they find it easier to find their food under these conditions.
White Tailed Deer Avoid Mature Grass
Given that white tailed deer are herbivores, it might surprise you to learn that they prefer to stay away from mature grass. They tend to choose young vegetation and broad-leaf weeds instead. One reason for this is the fact that the deer's upper jaws have only one cartilage, while incisor teeth are found only on the lower jaw.
This means that it is challenging for white tailed deer to get ahold of hard shoots from the forest floor. They are able to chew on weeds, however, because of the molars on the upper and lower jaws.
The white tailed deer's stomach also has types of microbes that make it difficult for them to properly digest mature plants.
White Tailed Deer Eating
One interesting thing about the digestive system of white tailed deer is that at certain times of the year, the microbes inside their stomach change in significant ways. As a result, they tend to prefer fruit whenever possible at those times. Fiber and cellulose are always vital parts of the white-tailed deer's diet.
Mushrooms and Grains Eaten by White Tailed Deer
Mushrooms are among the foods you will see white tailed deer gravitate towards. Deer will find mushrooms that are rich in phosphorus, and this is especially important for male deer that grow antlers.
White tailed deer will eat foods such oats, soybeans, rye, pecans, and wheat whenever they're able to find them. These foods are useful for the animal because they are rich in carbohydrates, a specific kind of protein, and phosphorus.
White Tailed Deer Enjoy Nuts and Fruit
You'll sometimes hear people in the know refer to the fruit and nuts white tailed deer eat as mast. This includes fruit that comes from trees and shrubs. Hickory nuts, acorns, and beechnuts are referred to as hard mast. Soft mast includes berries, drupes, rose hip, some flower buds, and wild fruits.
What Do White Tail Deer Eat?
Deer like these foods because of the energy boost they provide. They are also good for antler growth and keeping the animal as warm as possible in cold weather.
What Types of Mast Do Deer Eat?
Let's take a look at some of the specific kinds of mast that white tailed deer will eat:
 - Acorns, hickory nuts, and chestnuts are important parts of the white tailed deer diet because of the carbohydrates, fats, protein, and tannins they provide. These foods help with their digestion (including proper absorption of nutrients).
 - Mulberries, plums, blackberries, and grapes provide lots of carbohydrates, which supports rapid antler growth.
 - Pears and apples provide a fantastic energy boost. These foods are also great for helping deer store as much energy as they can for the winter.
 - Woody browse is a category of food that includes buds, leaves, and twigs. Many of these foods are bits that fall off the forest trees when they dry out. Significant rain or wind can also make such food fall to the forest floor.
 - Some of the leaves and types of browse that are most common for white tailed deer to eat include white pine, yellow birch, elm, seek sumac, white cedar, oak, maple trees, hackberry, Greenbrier, and grape vines.
 - Brassica blend is a name for mustard species of forage. This grows quite quickly and can appear in various parts of the forest. Sometimes it's more common in cold weather.
 - Vegetables such as cabbage, canola, turnip, kale, cauliflower, and radish sometimes also play a part in the diet of white tailed deer.
White Tailed Deer Diet Varies by Season
The typical diet of a white tailed deer varies by season. Deer know what types of food are available at different times of year, and their movements will reflect this knowledge as they seek out the best forage available to them.
Fall
Fall is the season in which deer really feast on their food. The reason why these animals have to eat as much as they possibly can at this time of year is the necessity of fattening up for the winter.
White Tailed Deer Eating Apples
During the fall, deer are most likely to gravitate towards foods such as pears and apples as they're rich in carbs and most orchards will have a bountiful supply of rotting fruit below their trees.
They will also seek out fatty nuts such as pecans and peanuts. White tailed deer will also try to eat a lot of mushrooms and fungi in the fall. These foods are rich in vitamins and carbohydrates.
Winter
One of the reasons why white tailed deer eat so much during the fall is because of the lack of food available during the winter season. Some foods you might see deer eating during the winter include acorns and hickory nuts, as well as woody plants.
White tailed deer browse for their food. They do not graze in the way that sheep or cows do. This is why deer aren't compelled to find food hidden by the snow. They're able to do this when required, though.
Spring
Deer find relief in the spring with a new abundance of food. In this season, deer will be especially attracted to foods rich in carbohydrates and phosphorus. Examples include mushrooms, fruits, and nuts.
What Do White Tailed Deer Eat During Spring - White Tailed Deer Eating Grass
Deer will also eat young grass a great deal at this time of year. There are also many berries and shrubs that will attract white tailed deer.
Summer
White tailed deer tend to eat a great deal during the summer. They especially focus on fruits, grains, and nuts. Tree leaves and developing weeds are also important parts of their diet during the summer.
To deal with the hot weather and help prevent dehydration, deer will spend more time near fresh water sources during the summer as well. Be aware that there will probably be potentially dangerous predators by the water too, so if you're in the forest looking for deer keep your eyes open.
How Does Their Digestive System Work?
Deer are ruminants, like cows. This means that their stomachs are comprised of four different chambers that are used in the process of food digestion. When a deer eats vegetation with high fat or sugar content (such as fungi, nuts, and fruits), digestion is easy.
Diet of White Tailed Deer
If vegetation contains cellulose, it takes quite a bit of time for the food to be digested by the enzymes in the white tailed deer's stomach. The protozoa and bacteria in the deer's digestive system are essential in fermenting the food and breaking it down in the necessary way.
The chambers of a deer's stomach are:
 - Rumen
 - Reticulum
 - Omasum
 - Abomasum
Bile is mixed into the food in the first two chambers of the stomach (the rumen and reticulum). This is what creates cud.
Cud is what the animal regurgitates, chews, and then swallows again. Once this happens, it goes through the rumen. It then goes to the omasum, which is where water is extracted.
In the last step, food goes into the last chamber. This is called the abomasum. It is there that it is passed on to the small intestine and then the food's nutrients can be absorbed by the body.
As we've learned here, there is a great deal to understand about the white tailed deer if you want to track and find it for any reason.
Now that you've answered the question "What does a white tailed deer eat?" you can seek out the areas of the forest with those food sources. With patience, the deer will come.
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text:
Holderfield History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms
- Origins Available:
Holderfield is a name of ancient Anglo-Saxon origin and comes from the family once having lived as tenants or occupiers of land. The surname Holderfield originally derived from the Old English word Haldan. Conversely, another source claims that the name was derived from the Old English word "h(e)aldan," meaning "to guard or keep." It is thought to have been an occupational name for a keeper of animals, but may also have been used in the sense of a holder of land within the Feudal System.
Early Origins of the Holderfield family
The surname Holderfield was first found in Gloucestershire and other counties and shires in Britain. One of the first records of the name was Robert le Holdere who was listed in Gloucestershire in the Hundredorum Rolls of 1273. The same rolls list Robert Holdere in Norfolk and Robert le Holdere in Cambridgeshire.
Early History of the Holderfield family
This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Holderfield research. Another 60 words (4 lines of text) covering the years 1631, 1676, 1616, 1698, 1616, 1633, 1640, 1642 and 1643 are included under the topic Early Holderfield History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Holderfield Spelling Variations
Sound was what guided spelling in the essentially pre-literate Middle Ages, so one person's name was often recorded under several variations during a single lifetime. Also, before the advent of the printing press and the first dictionaries, the English language was not standardized. Therefore, spelling variations were common, even among the names of the most literate people. Known variations of the Holderfield family name include Holder, Holdere, Holders and others.
Early Notables of the Holderfield family (pre 1700)
Distinguished members of the family include Christopher Holder (c. _PHONE_), an English Quaker minister from Gloucestershire who emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony but was still persecuted for his beliefs before moving to Rhode Island.
William Holder (_PHONE_), was an English divine, born in Nottinghamshire in 1616. He...
Another 46 words (3 lines of text) are included under the topic Early Holderfield Notables in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.
Migration of the Holderfield family
For political, religious, and economic reasons, thousands of English families boarded ships for Ireland, Canada, the America colonies, and many of smaller tropical colonies in the hope of finding better lives abroad. Although the passage on the cramped, dank ships caused many to arrive in the New World diseased and starving, those families that survived the trip often went on to make valuable contributions to those new societies to which they arrived. Early immigrants bearing the Holderfield surname or a spelling variation of the name include: Christopher Holder settled in Boston in 1656, later moving to Newport R.I.; Elizabeth Holder settled in Virginia with her husband, John, in 1638; Nicholas and Meltih Holder settled in Barbados in 1679 with their servants..
Related Stories +
- ^ Reaney, P.H and R.M. Wilson, A Dictionary of English Surnames. London: Routledge, 1991. Print. (ISBN 0-415-05737-X)
- ^ Bardsley, C.W, A Dictionary of English and Welsh Surnames: With Special American Instances. Wiltshire: Heraldry Today, 1901. Print. (ISBN 0-900455-44-6)


text:
Unformatted text preview: Past/Imperfect Progressive
Grammar essential #113 Past Progressive
What is it?
It is used when action was happening in
Just like present progressive has a
formula, past progressive does too.
The rules for past progressive are the
same as present progressive.
Formula: estar (imperfect tense) + present
participle. Past progressive
– Estar (imperfect tense) + present participle Estar in the imperfect tense.
– She was cleaning.
To clean = limpiar
Estar (imperfect tense) + present participle
Ella estaba limpiando. If you have forgotten how to form the
present participles, please refer back to
grammar concepts 39, 40, 41, and 42.
grammar Past progressive
Remember when adding direct objects,
indirect objects, and reflexive pronouns,
you add them to the end of the present
participle and add an accent on the a of
-ando and the e of -iendo or -yendo.
ndo Past Progressive
How do you use past progressive with
How would you conjugate ducharse in the
tú of the past progressive?
Remember it is the same as adding an
object as far as the addition of an object.
The difference is that you have to make
the reflexive pronoun agree.
View Full Document
- Winter '11
- Romance languages, Perfect aspect, Ella estaba, Ella estaba limpiando


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G_banking {lattice}
Calculates banking slope
banking(dx, dy)
dx, dy
vector of consecutive x, y differences.
banking is the banking function used when aspect = "xy" in high level Trellis functions. It is usually not very meaningful except with xyplot. It considers the absolute slopes (based on dx and dy) and returns a value which when adjusted by the panel scale limits will make the median of the above absolute slopes correspond to a 45 degree line.
This function was inspired by the discussion of banking in the documentation for Trellis Graphics available at Bell Labs' website (see Lattice), but is most likely identical to an algorithm described by Cleveland et al (see below). It is not clear (to the author) whether this is the algorithm used in S-PLUS. Alternative banking rules, implemented as a similar function, can be used as a drop-in replacement by suitably modifying lattice.options("banking").
Cleveland, William S. and McGill, Marylyn E. and McGill, Robert (1988) "The Shape Parameter of a Two-variable Graph", Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83, 289--300.
See Also
Lattice, xyplot
## with and without banking
plot <- xyplot(sunspot.year ~ 1700:1988, xlab = "", type = "l",
 scales = list(x = list(alternating = 2)),
 main = "Yearly Sunspots")
print(plot, position = c(0,.3, 1,.9), more = TRUE)
print(update(plot, aspect = "xy", main = "", xlab = "Year"),
 position = c(0, 0, 1,.3))
## cut-and-stack plot (see also xyplot.ts)
xyplot(sunspot.year ~ time(sunspot.year) | equal.count(time(sunspot.year)),
 xlab = "", type = "l", aspect = "xy", strip = FALSE,
 scales = list(x = list(alternating = 2, relation = "sliced")),
 as.table = TRUE, main = "Yearly Sunspots")
Deepayan Sarkar


text:
How many jumbled words can you unscramble that are associated with Independence Day? Words in the word blank include: anthem, America, barbeque, band, blue, colonies, declaration, fireworks, fourth, king, liberty, parade, party, patriotic, picnic, sign, stripes, taxes, united and white.
I look little....but I PRINT
Click the worksheet printer icon that says "Full Page Print" for a high quality
printable worksheet. All word jumbles are interactive. You can type in the answer online or print them out to solve offline.
Interactive Printable Word Jumbles - Independence Day Word Jumble Worksheet


text: The angular distribution of the different cathode materials and gaseous ion flow from vacuum arc plasma is investigated. A metal-vapor-vacuum-arc-type ion source and a time-of-flight mass spectrometer were used. The experiments were performed using a range of different cathode materials, including C, Al, Zn, Cu, Ti, Co, Cr, W, Pb, , , and , over a range of vacuum arc discharge parameters. It was shown that, for all materials, the fraction of singly charged ions on the axis of the system is much less than that of multiply charged ions, but at the edges, the fraction of single-charged ions is greater than that of multiply charged ions; for composite cathodes consisting of light and heavy materials, there were substantially less light atoms on the axis than heavy atoms, while the opposite situation prevailed at the edges, but for cathodes with similar mass, the angular distributions of the materials were very close to each other. The velocities of ions of different materials in the composite cathode were different, but light ions had a higher velocity than those in a pure cathode plasma. With admission of gas, the angular distribution of became more isotropic with increasing pressure, while the metal ion distributions changed only minimally.


text:
Studies on Electron Transfer Properties of Oligomeric Porphyrin
Following the previous study [Chemistry Letters 2007, 10, 1278.] on specific electron transport pathway in porphyrin, the electron transfer through oligomeric porphyrin molecular wires was studied in this work using first principle density function theory and non-equilibrium Green's function calculations. The effects of chain length on the transportation behavior were discussed in terms of the electronic structures and transmission spectra. Through the analysis of spatial distribution of molecular frontier orbit we found that with the chain length increased, the whole delocalization of molecular frontier orbit enlarged, so e-transitivity became better. The results demonstrated that the frontier orbital energy gap decreased when the chain length increased, so that it should be conductive to electronic transmission. We presumed that the oligomeric porphyrin can be used to make moleculer electronic devices.
Z. Xu et al., "Studies on Electron Transfer Properties of Oligomeric Porphyrin", Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vols. 48-49, pp. _PHONE_, 2011


text:
In this study, mechanical alloying (MA) of Al-WC powder system was studied to produce aluminium composite powders having finer tungsten carbide fraction in aluminium matrix. For this purpose, elemental mixtures of 70 wt. % aluminium (Al) powder and 30 wt. % of tungsten carbide (WC) powder were mechanical alloyed for the duration of 2, 4 and 8 hrs. MA'ed powders then annealed at 300 ºC, 400ºC and 500ºC for 2 hours under inert atmosphere. Apparent densities of powders were measured in order to characterize both mechanical alloyed and annealed powders. Compressibility of the powders was determined by green density measurements after pressing.
Microstructural characterizations were conducted with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Strain rates and crystallite sizes were measured according to fundamentals parameter approach (FPA) by applying Lorentzian function using software TOPAS 4.2.


bundle scar
bundle scar
[′bənd·əl ‚skär]
(botany)
A mark within a leaf scar that shows the point of an abscised vascular bundle.
References in periodicals archive ?
For each genus, information is given on scientific name, common name, family name, Latin meaning of generic name, habit (tree, shrub, or vine), bark features, twig features (including pith type, bud positions, and types), leaf scar arrangement, bundle scar number, presence or absence of stipule scars, fruit type, and other notes.
pith to bundle scar: as it happened, once, for all time.


Executive VP and Chief Technology Officer
As Chief Technology Officer at Route1, Yamian Quintero leads the teams responsible for developing a number of core technologies for Route1 MobiNET and other related products and services.
He is also responsible for expanding the company's intellectual property portfolio. Quintero brings over 10 years of information security experience in the fields of cryptography, identity management, security protocols and smart card technology.
Prior to joining Route1, Quintero was a senior cryptographic developer with Kasten Chase Applied Research. In this role, he was the lead cryptographic engine developer and played a key role in developing a hardware-based cryptographic accelerator. Previously, Quintero held positions as systems architect, project leader, and security researcher responsible for designing and implementing a public key cryptosystem that is used today by a national certification authority. Quintero acquired extensive knowledge in the use and deployment of smart cards, and was involved in the development of a toll collection and electronic purse system. Among Quintero's innovative academic assignments is the development of an automatic theorem proof in the graphs theory field. Quintero has written articles on smart card technologies and cryptographic techniques that have appeared in numerous journals and trade publications.


text: A technique by which ions are formed by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI) and detected by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) has been employed to measure the kinetics of the N2++O2 reaction over the pressure range 5-484 Torr He at 296 K. Within this pressure range, measured rate constants for the reaction are found to increase by a factor of ~2. It is well-established that the reaction proceeds predominantly by charge transfer at low pressure (<1 Torr). At higher pressures, the increase in rate constant for the reaction implies an increasing importance of the stabilisation of [N2·O2] + complexes. However, the observed dependence of rate constants on pressure provides good evidence that charge transfer also proceeds via [N 2·O2]+ complexes and that the contribution of charge transfer to the observed rate constant is pressure-dependendent. Extensive electronic structure calculations conducted at the QCISD/6-311G(d) level are presented and provide a framework to rationalise the experimental results.


text:
the commands below, you'll be able to see your changes reflected in the git UI.
In your new terminal instance, run the following to stage your notebook file for commit:
git add demo.ipynb
And then run the following to commit your changes (you can use whatever commit message you'd like):
git commit -m "Build and train TF model"
Then you should see your latest commit in the history:
6. Use the What-If Tool directly from your notebook
The What-If Tool is an interactive visual interface designed to help you visualize your datasets and better understand the output of your ML models. It is an open source tool created by the PAIR team at Google. While it works with any type of model, it has some features built exclusively for Cloud AI Platform.
The What-If Tool comes pre-installed in Cloud AI Platform Notebooks instances with TensorFlow. Here we'll use it to see how our model is performing overall and inspect its behavior on data points from our test set.
Step 1: Prepare data for the What-If Tool
To make the most of the What-If Tool, we'll send it examples from our test set along with the ground truth labels for those examples (
y_test). That way we can compare what our model predicted to the ground truth. Run the line of code below to create a new DataFrame with our test examples and their labels:
wit_data = pd.concat([x_test, y_test], axis=1)
In this lab, we'll be connecting the What-If Tool to the model we've just trained in our notebook. In order to do that, we need to write a function that the tool will use to run these test data points to our model:
def custom_predict(examples_to_infer): preds = model.predict(examples_to_infer) return preds
Step 2: Instantiate the What-If Tool
We'll instantiate the What-If Tool by passing it 500 examples from the concatenated test dataset + ground truth labels we just created. We create an instance of
WitConfigBuilder to set up the tool, passing it our data, the custom predict function we defined above, along with our target (the thing we're predicting), and the model type:
config_builder = (WitConfigBuilder(wit_data[:500].values.tolist(), data.columns.tolist() + ['weight_pounds']).set_custom_predict_fn(custom_predict).set_target_feature('weight_pounds').set_model_type('regression')) WitWidget(config_builder, height=800)
You should see something like this when the What-If Tool loads:
On the x-axis, you can see your test data points spread out by the model's predicted weight value,
Step 3: Explore model behavior with the What-If Tool
There are lots of cool things you can do with the What-If Tool. We'll explore just a few of them here. First, let's look at the datapoint editor. You can select any data point to see its features, and change the feature values. Start by clicking on any data point:
On the left you'll see the feature values for the data point you've selected. You can also compare that data point's ground truth label with the value predicted by the model. In the left sidebar, you can also change feature values and re-run model prediction to see the effect this change had on your model. For example, we can change gestation_weeks to 30 for this data point by double-clicking on it an re-run prediction:
Using the dropdown menus in the plot section of the What-If Tool, you can create all sorts of custom visualizations. For example, here's a chart with the models' predicted weight on the x-axis, the age of the mother on the y-axis, and points colored by their inference error (darker means a higher difference between predicted and actual weight). Here it looks like as weight decreases, the model's error increases slightly:
Next, check the Partial dependence plots button on the left. This shows how each feature influences the model's prediction. For example, as gestation time increases, our model's predicted baby weight also increases:
For more exploration ideas with the What-If Tool, check the links at the beginning of this section.
7. Optional: connect your local git repo to GitHub
Finally, we'll learn how to connect the git repo in our notebook instance to a repo in our GitHub account. If you'd like to do this step, you'll need a GitHub account.
Step 1: Create a new repo on GitHub
In your GitHub account, create a new repository. Give it a name and a description, decide if you'd like it to be public, and select Create repository (you don't need to initialize with a README). On the next page, you'll follow the instructions for pushing an existing repository from the command line.
Open a Terminal window, and add your new repository as a remote. Replace
username in the repo URL below with your GitHub username, and
your-repo with the name of the one you just created:
git remote add origin _EMAIL_:username/your-repo.git
Step 2: Authenticate to GitHub in your notebooks instance
Next you'll need to authenticate to GitHub from within your notebook instance. This process varies depending on whether you have two-factor authentication enabled on GitHub.
Step 3: Ensure you've correctly linked your GitHub repo
To make sure you've set things up correctly, run
git remote -v in your terminal. You should see your new repository listed as a remote. Once you see the URL of your GitHub repo and you've authenticated to GitHub from your notebook, you're ready to push directly to GitHub from your notebook instance.
To sync your local notebook git repo with your newly created GitHub repo, click the cloud upload button at the top of the Git sidebar:
Refresh your GitHub repository, and you should see your notebook code with your previous commits! If others have access to your GitHub repo and you'd like to pull down the latest changes to your notebook, click the cloud download icon to sync those changes.
On the History tab of the Notebooks git UI, you can see if your local commits are synced with GitHub. In this example,
origin/master corresponds with our repo on GitHub:
Whenever you make new commits, just click the cloud upload button again to push those changes to your GitHub repo.
You've done a lot in this lab 👏👏👏
To recap, you've learned how to:
- Create an customize an AI Platform Notebook instance
- Initialize a local git repo in that instance, add commits via the git UI or command line, view git diffs in the Notebook git UI
- Build and train a simple TensorFlow 2 model
- Use the What-If Tool within your Notebook instance
- Connect your Notebook git repo to an external repository on GitHub
If you'd like to continue using this notebook, it is recommended that you turn it off when not in use. From the Notebooks UI in your Cloud Console, select the notebook and then select Stop:
If you'd like to delete all resources you've created in this lab, simply delete the notebook instance instead of stopping it.
Using the Navigation menu in your Cloud Console, browse to Storage and delete both buckets you created to store your model assets.


system with as little uncertainty as possible. Using a high-precision power meter with better than 80 dB of dynamic range (often a dual-head instrument), you can ensure the best measurement uncertainty.
A high-precision power meter helps you calibrate the system with three measurements: one for the RF power of the vector signal generator and two measurements to calibrate the attenuators. To achieve the best uncertainty, you should configure a system that requires the least number of measurements. For a resulting RF power level of -136 dBm, you can program the RF instrument to a power level of -65 dBm and use 70 dB of fixed attenuation (assuming 1 dB insertion loss). To determine the exact RF power level that you should program, you can calibrate the attenuation achieved through fixed padding. The calibration process is as follows:
1) Program the vector signal generator to a power level of +15 dBm
To do this, open the NI Measurement & Automation Explorer configuration utility and use the test panels. With the test panel, generate a 1.58 GHz continuous wave (CW) signal at +15 dBm.
2) Measure RF power with a precision power meter
Using the precision RF power meter, observe that the power is +14.78 dBm (or similar), which is within the instrument's power accuracy specifications.
3) Attach 70 dB fixed attenuators (30 dB + 20 dB + 20 dB) and any cabling
4) Measure RF power with a precision power meter
With the power meter configured to the maximum number of averages (512), measure the RF power level. Your reading is -56.63 dBm.
5) Calculate total RF loss
By subtracting -56.63 dBm from +14.78 dBm, you can determine that the combination of attenuators and cabling introduces 71.41 dB of power loss. Note that many attenuators are often specified to have an uncertainty of up to ±1.0 dB. Thus, the measured attenuation can vary by as much as ±3.0 dB. It is important to calibrate a series of attenuators to ensure that the exact attenuation is known with less uncertainty.
Based on the calibration routine for the attenuators and cabling, you can next determine the RF power level required to achieve -136 dBm. With 71.41 dB of attenuation introduced, you need to program the RF vector signal generator to a power level of -58.59 dBm. To verify that the programmed power is as expected, follow the steps listed below.
 6) Attach the precision power meter directly to the RF vector signal generator
All attenuators and cabling are removed for this step.
 7) Program the RF generator to the value necessary for a final power of -136 dBm
The programmed value should be -58.59 dBm, which is -136 dBm + 71.41 dB.
8) Measure the resulting power with a power meter
The measured RF power can vary in accordance with the power accuracy of your instrument. While -58.59 was measured, actual results vary slightly from one instrument to the next per the uncertainty of the instrument.
9) Adjust the generator power until the power meter reads -58.59 dBm
Although the RF generator operates within the tolerance of the specification, this value is repeatable and can be calibrated by adjusting the RF power until the appropriate value is measured.
Using the method described above, you can determine the resulting RF power with only three RF power measurements. Thus, assuming your measurement device has an uncertainty of ±0.2 dB, you can be certain that the power uncertainty at -136 dBm is ±0.6 dBm (3 x 0.2).
Part B: Sensitivity Measurement
Now that you have calibrated the power of your RF measurement system, you can measure sensitivity by programming your RF generator to the power level at which you expect the receiver to return the minimum C/N. While the exact RF power used to measure sensitivity varies from one receiver to the next, the ratio of the receiver of C/N to RF power is perfectly linear. In your test, you can assume that the required C/N ratio is 28 dB-Hz to achieve a position fix. From Equation 12, you can derive a relationship between the C/N ratio of the receiver and its noise figure.
Equation 14. C/N as a Function of Noise Figure and Satellite Power
Assuming a constant satellite power, you can observe that the C/N ratio reported by the receiver is merely a function of the noise figure of the receiver. Various achievable C/N ratios are listed in Table 6.
 Table 6. C/N as a Function of Noise Figure
Generally, the GPS decoding chipset on a receiver determines the minimum C/N ratio required to achieve a position fix. However, it is the noise figure of the entire receiver that determines the C/N ratio that you can achieve at a given power level. Thus, when measuring sensitivity, it is important to know the minimum C/N ratio required to achieve a position fix.
You have several options to measure sensitivity. Table 6 shows that RF power is directly correlated with sensitivity. Thus, you can either measure the receiver's C/N ratio at the given sensitivity power level or you can derive sensitivity based on RF power at a different power level.
To illustrate this point, consider the relationship between RF signal power and a GPS receiver's C/N ratio for various power levels. Note that the measurements shown in Table 7 were made by applying a stimulus that bypassed the first LNA, and that the overall receiver's noise figure is approximately 8 dB.

Table 7. Receiver C/N as a Function of RF Power
As Table 7 shows, the example measurements suggest a completely linear relationship between RF power and C/N ratio. The one exception occurs when a high input power is used to stimulate the C/N ratio, in which case the receiver reports the maximum possible C/N value. However, these results are expected because the chipset used for the experiment does not report C/N values greater than 54 dB-Hz in any conditions.
Based on the linear relationship between RF power and sensitivity in Table 6, you can conduct production test of a GPS receiver by stimulating the receiver at a variety of power levels. If the receiver reports a C/N value of 28 dB-Hz at -142 dBm, it also reports a C/N value of 34 dB-Hz at -136 dBm. In scenarios where measurement speed is important, you can use a higher C/N value and extrapolate the sensitivity information from the result.
Determining Noise Figure
Equations 13 and 14 show that you can also determine the noise figure of the receiver or chipset based on the reported C/N ratio. This is reflected in Equation 15.
Equation 15. Receiver Noise Figure as a Function of Power and C/N Ratio
Table 7 shows that the noise figure of a receiver is directly proportional to the RF power level and C/N ratio. Based on this relationship, you can measure the chipset's noise figure by correlating the RF power level with the C/N ratio. In this measurement, you increase the generator's power in 0.1 dB increments. Because the NMEA-183 protocol reports satellite C/N to the nearest decimal digit, estimating noise figure beyond one digit of precision requires you to investigate the C/N rounding of the receiver. Example results are shown in Table 8.
Table 8. Correlation of DUT Power and Receiver C/N
Table 8 results show that RF power levels between -136.6 and -135.7 dBm all yield the same C/N ratio of 30 dB-Hz. Based on the rounding principles involved when reporting NMEA-183 data, it is safe to assume that a power level of -136.1 dBm produces a C/N ratio of 30.0 dB-Hz. Using Equation 14, the chipset's noise figure is therefore -174.0 dBm + -136.1 dBm + 30.0 dB-Hz = 7.9 dB. Note that this calculation is dependent on two uncertainty factors: the power uncertainty of the vector signal generator and the C/N uncertainty reported by the receiver.
Back to Top
6. Multisatellite GPS Receiver Measurements
While sensitivity measurements require a single-satellite stimulus, many other receiver measurements need a test stimulus that simulates multiple satellites. More specifically, measurements such as TTFF, position accuracy, and dilution of precision all require the receiver to obtain a position fix. Because a receiver needs at least four satellites to obtain a 3D position fix, each of these measurements takes longer than the sensitivity measurements. As a result, many position fix measurements are performed in validation and verification and not in production test.
This section examines two methods to provide the receiver with a multisatellite signal. In the discussion of GPS simulation, learn how to perform TTFF and position accuracy measurements. In the discussion on RF record and playback, examine techniques to validate receiver performance over a broad range of environmental conditions.
Measuring Time to First Fix (TTFF) and Position Accuracy
TTFF and position accuracy measurements are most important in the design validation stage of a GPS receiver. In many consumer GPS applications, the time it takes for the receiver to return its actual location can significantly affect the receiver's usability. In addition, the accuracy with which a receiver returns its reported location is important.
For a receiver to obtain a position fix, it must download the almanac and ephemeris information from the satellite through a navigation message. Because it takes 30 seconds for a receiver to download an entire


"TextureManager.h"
int main() {
 gGlobals.textureManager().doSomething();
 //...
 return 0;
 }
And that is it, although if you need to pass in initialization parameters in order to pass them to one of your classes, you will need to implement gGlobals as a pointer, and initialize it after whatever parameter it is dependant upon is obtained. The best option is to implement it through the use of an auto_ptr (in which case auto_ptr has no problems):
Globals * gGlobals;
int main() {
 //Do whatever in order to get your 'args'
 //...

 //... and finally
 std::auto_ptr<Globals> tGlobals(new Globals(/*args*/));
 gGlobals = tGlobals.get();

 //...
Using the method outlined above, you can explicitly control your object creation order, and very easily overcome the issues that arise when trying to control multiple Singletons with inter-singleton creation order dependencies. In addition, this method has a simpler syntax than Singletons. Singletons require something like SingletonManager::getInstance().textureManager().doSomething() in order to use them. The above method boils down to gGlobals.textureManager().doSomething().
But the truly interesting part is that using this technique, if you only modify the TextureManager.cpp file, it will be the only file recompiled at recompilation. If you modify the TextureManager.h file, only units that explicitly #include "TextureManager.h" will be recompiled. This will include the Globals unit, but will not include every file that #includes "Globals.h".
It is worth reading the last paragraph again, and looking at the code, until you understand that this system is not exposing any of the other objects being managed by the Globals unit to any unit that is not #includeing the sub-unit you wish access to. You can #include "Globals.h" in every .cpp file in your program, but they won't link to TextureManager until you explicitly #include "TextureManager.h" as well as Globals.h in the unit you want to access the TextureManager from. There are no other compilation dependencies to be aware of, and the Globals unit does not impose any more overhead than a few forward declarations, the class declaration of Globals itself, and a few bits for the grin_ptr's internals.
The secrets to this whole technique: using only forward declarations and a capable smart pointer.
I hope you find this method useful, and wish you happy coding!
Addendum #1 - Global Instantiation
If you do atomize your globals, and do not wish to use Singletons, you can modify the previous method to instantiate your globals within main, and completely control your instantiation and destruction order:
Globals * gGlobals;
TextureManager * gTextureMan;
//...
int main() {
 std::auto_ptr<Globals> tGlobals(new Globals(/*args*/));
 gGlobals = tGlobals.get();
 std::auto_ptr<TextureManager> tTextureMan(new TextureManager());
 gTextureMan = tTextureMan.get();

 //...
 //And, if you want, you can even destroy them in any order.
 //Just manually call 'release' on the pointers in the order you want
 //at the end of 'main', rather than relying upon the auto_ptr's destructors.
You could even create a class to manage these atomized globals. Doing so would overcome the previous objection to long build times. I envision something of the following nature:
//GlobalManager.h w/o include guards
class TextureManager;
class OtherGlobals;
class GlobalManager {
 private:
 arg::grin_ptr<TextureManager> textureManagerC;
 arg::grin_ptr<OtherGlobals> otherGlobalsC;
 //...
 };
//GlobalManager.cpp
#include "TextureManager.h"
TextureManager * gTextureMan;
#include "OtherGlobals.h"
OtherGlobals * gOtherGlobals;
GlobalManager::GlobalManager() {
 textureManagerC.reset(new TextureManager());
 gTextureMan = textureManagerC.get();
 otherGlobalsC.reset(new OtherGlobals());
 gOtherGlobals = otherGlobalsC.get();
 //...
 }
//Main unit:
#include "GlobalManager.h"
int main() {
 //Automatically instantiate all
 //globals in one fell swoop:
 std::auto_ptr<GlobalManager> globals(new GlobalManager());
 //...
Using this method, all of your globals will automatically be instantiated for you in a manner that only forces your main unit to recompile if you add more globals. You no longer have the 'hiding' that took place in the earlier pattern I discussed, but you have a simple method of controlling your global class instantiation order. You can even explicitly control the destruction order, if you desire, by creating a destructor for the global organizer class, and calling 'release' upon the smart pointers in the order you want the objects to be released.
Hopefully, the above discussion has given you more options when it comes to implementing global objects. As always, use what works for you, and keep the religious wars to a minimum :)
Addendum #2 - Incomplete Type Holders
While reworking some code I wondered if C++11 had a better smart pointer available than Allan Griffith's grin_ptr. According to Howard Hinnant's wonderful overview, the shared_ptr seems to be the best one to use. It predated C++11, so my investigation is a little slow, but my excuse is busyness!
Anyway, curiosity causes work, so I slapped the attached Visual Studio solution together to find out. If you back port it to an earlier environment than 2013 you will probably need to comment out the unique_ptr segment, but I believe that is the only C++11 part that will cause hiccups.
The bottom line was the grin_ptr was about 1.27 times slower than the shared_ptr on my system.
According to Hinnant's table, the unique_ptr requires a complete type at destruction. My curiosity caused me to add a test using what feels like an incomplete type, and it worked - cutting the time by a huge 2/3rds when compared to the grin_ptr version. Based on Hinnant's table and the fact that my incomplete type did call into the destructor, either I did something wrong, Hinnant is incorrect, or Microsoft's implementation is non-standard. That speedup is enough to think about replacing the grin_ptr in future code, and possibly older code when it comes to my attention. But it isn't worth going out of the way to change because I've never used grin_ptr in time-critical loops.
License
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)
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About the Author
David O'Neil
Software Developer _URL_
United States United States
I am the author of Laughing at the Devil: One Man's Religious Discoveries. For those who are "ready to look at the world - religion, science, spirituality - differently," LATD is the book to turn to.
In about 1994 I began studying and documenting the astronomy of our ancestors. A hint lead to many years of partial understanding, before a profound breakthrough occurred and some old myths finally made sense.
The greatest of my discoveries is the celestial observations behind the biblical tale of Samson, which was created 3,000 years ago. That find casts a profound new light on the roots of Western religion, as well as the foundation of modern science. To learn more, visit my website.
Trained as a mechanical engineer, I learned C++ programming on my own in order to create a MIDI program. I am delighted to say I also succeeded in that goal. Happy coding, everybody!
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QuestionC++ 11 shared_ptr Pin
geoyar9-Jun-14 16:34
membergeoyar9-Jun-14 16:34
AnswerRe: C++ 11 shared_ptr Pin
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text:
National holiday Constitution Day, 10 May 1979 Constitution 10 May 1979
In 1979, the Federated States of Micronesia, a UN Trust Territory under US administration, adopted a constitution. On 3 November, 1986, independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the US; economic provisions of the Compact are being renegotiated. Previously, the area had been colonized by the Japanese, the Germans, and the Spanish
Independence 3 November, 1986 from the US-administered UN Trusteeship
Present concerns include large-scale unemployment, overfishing, and overdependence on US aid.


text:
Effects of sodium, magnesium and calcium salts on seed germination and radicle survival of a halophyte,
Kalidium caspicum (Chenopodiaceae)
Kazuo Tobe, Xiaoming Li and Kenji Omasa
Australian Journal of Botany
50(2) 163 - 169
Published: 18 April 2002
AbstractKalidium caspicum (L.) Ung.-Sternb. is a common species of highly saline habitats of north-western China, which in previous germination research has been shown to be rather sensitive to NaCl toxicity. To investigate the effects of different salts on the seed germination and radicle survival of this halophytic shrub, seeds were incubated in various salt (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, or MgSO4 with or without CaCl2) or polyethylene glycol-6000 solutions. The germination percentage and the percentage of emerging radicles surviving to a length of at least 4 mm were examined. The survival of K. caspicum radicles depended mainly on the cation composition of the media: both Na+ and Mg2+ had toxic effects on the radicles, while Ca2+ alleviated the toxicity of these cations. Mg2+ was more toxic than Na+ and a higher concentration of Ca2+ was needed to alleviate its toxicity. It was suggested that the establishment of seedlings of K. caspicum in the field is facilitated by the marked alleviation of salt toxicity by Ca2+ and that the proportion of soluble Na, Mg and Ca ions in the soil determines the distribution of K. caspicum in the field.
© CSIRO 2002


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What happens when the user selects "Safely Remove Drive" when the drive is a USB Flash Memory device and what is the risk if the user simply pulls the drive without selecting that operation?
I am on Precise (12.04) and the drive is a USB 3.0 flash memory.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
When the user selects "Safely Remove Drive", the partition of the media (in this case the USB flash memory) is "unmounted" as soon as the drive has finished its current operation(s).
Then, it's safe to proceed and physically remove the USB stick, because the drive is "switched off".
If you do not "eject" the media, meaning that is still mounted (i.e. linked to a directory, usually in /media), and you remove the drive, you can corrupt the files on the USB stick, even if you think the system is not reading/writing anything on the drive itself. So my advice is to always eject it.
This is just a quick answer, you can also check this article:
share|improve this answer
"Eject" is not the same as "Safely Remove Drive" in that they are different menu items. – H2ONaCl Aug 3 '12 at 10:26
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Humming or Crackling Noise on an Induction Cooktop
Humming or Crackling Noises on your Jenn-Air Cooktop
A low humming sound may occur during cooking. The cause of this is the amount of energy which is transmitted from the appliance to the cookware. This sound will quiet or go away when the power is turned down.
A crackling sound may also occur when cookware consisting of different materials are used. The noise is caused by vibrations in the joint faces between the different layers. It may change depending on the amount and type of food being cooked. If desired, try a different power setting or cookware.
NOTE: People with a pacemaker or similar medical device should use care when standing near this induction cooktop while it is on. The
electromagnetic field may affect the pacemaker or similar device. Consult your doctor, or the manufacturer of the pacemaker or similar
medical device for additional information about its effects with electromagnetic fields of the induction cooktop.
Cooktop Induction.jpg


text:
The Liberia Telecommunications Authority (LTA) Commissioner for Public and Consumer Affairs Lamini A Waritay, has described the telecommunications sector as a highly complicated technologically-driven entity with an overwhelming potential for its catalytic responsibility as a development resource.
He said there is absolutely no question today that telecommunications has become a major tool for development especially for developing countries like Liberia that have to "leap frog" in terms of development.
The LTA Commissioner said that by using the technology at the disposal of the telecommunications sector government can do so much for the Liberian people in terms of telemedicine, distant learning and in other areas.
He noted that prior to the advent of the LTA, the telecommunications sector in the country was distorted and with the introduction of the GSM technology, things became more complicated as our system was not prepared to absorb the new technology, a situation that led to the reform of the sector undertaken by the Liberian government in order to sanitize the sector so that ultimately, the government would maximize the benefits of the telecommunications sector for the generality of the Liberian people.
Commissioner Waritay was speaking at the weekend when he was certificated by the Progressive Alliance Movement of Liberia as the outstanding Commissioner of the year 2011-2012.
Speaking earlier, the National Chairman of the Movement Mr. Mamadee Keita said his organization felt compelled to present the certificate in recognition of Commissioner Waritay's numerous contributions to the promotion, development and standardization of the country's telecommunications sector.


text:
Facial fractures are broken bones in the face.
- This kind of a fracture can involve bones of the upper jaw, lower jaw, cheeks, and nose or eye sockets.
- A closed fracture is one in which the skin is not broken.
- An open or compound fracture involves laceration of the skin.
- Most children's facial fractures heal rapidly with very few complications.
- The majority of all facial fractures involve the lower jaw.
- The nose and the cheekbones-because of their prominence-are also damaged frequently.
If you suspect that your child has a facial fracture, seek medical attention immediately.
Facial fractures can result breathing impairment, since the airway can be blocked by bone fragments, swollen tissue, blood clots, dislodged teeth or pieces of debris.
The surgeons at Boston Children's Hospital's General Surgery Program understand how traumatic a facial fracture can be. The good news is that most facial fractures in children heal relatively quickly and without complications. Our experienced staff is here to help heal your child and provide support in this upsetting time.


text:
To read more about me, please click on "About Me".
Step 1: Answers and advice. Ask me about:
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Note: One of many benefits of the Wholesale Member (wholesale) account is that you will save money on each order, and have the ability to gain a profit from other people's buying.


text:
Mandatory Disclosure in Corporate Debt Restructuring via Schemes of Arrangement: A Comparative Approach
International Insolvency Review (2021, Forthcoming)
21 Pages Posted: 19 Mar 2021 Last revised: 19 Jan 2022
Date Written: March 9, 2021
Creditors often face significant information asymmetry when debtor companies seek to restructure their debts. In the United Kingdom, it is mandatory for debtor companies, seeking to invoke the courts' jurisdiction to restructure their debts via schemes of arrangement (schemes), to disclose material information in the explanatory statement to enable the creditors to make an informed decision as to how to exercise their votes in creditors' meetings.
The English schemes have been transplanted into common law jurisdictions in Asia, including Hong Kong and Singapore. However, due to the differences in the shareholding structures and the kinds of debts that are sought to be restructured in the UK and Hong Kong/Singapore, this transplantation gives rise to the question as to whether information asymmetry is in fact adequately addressed in the scheme process. Drawing from the experiences of Hong Kong and Singapore, we argue that there are three principal concerns in the current disclosure regimes: how debtors disclose the liquidation analysis or alternative to restructuring via schemes; how debtors disclose advisors' fees; and the equality of provision of information in the scheme process.
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