Dirt road
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Cattle on a dirt road in Paraguay.
A dirt road is an unpaved road made from the native material of the land surface through which it passes, known to highway engineers as subgrade material. Dirt roads are suitable for vehicles; a narrower path for pedestrians, animals, and possibly small vehicles would be called a dirt track—the distinction is not well-defined. Unpaved roads with a harder surface made by the addition of material such as gravel and aggregate (stones), might be referred to as dirt roads in common usage but are distinguished as improved roads by highway engineers. (Improved unpaved roads include gravel roads, laterite roads, murram roads and macadamized roads.)
Compared to a gravel road, a dirt road is not usually graded regularly to produce an enhanced camber to encourage rainwater to drain off the road, and drainage ditches at the sides may be absent. They are unlikely to have embankments through low-lying areas. This leads to greater waterlogging and erosion, and after heavy rain the road may be impassable even to off-road vehicles. For this reason, in some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, they are known as dry-weather roads.
Dirt road in Switzerland for agricultural use.
Dirt roads take on different characteristics according to the soils and geology where they pass, and may be sandy, stony, rocky or have a bare earth surface, which could be extremely muddy and slippery when wet, and baked hard when dry. They are likely to become impassable after rain. They are common in rural areas of many countries, often very narrow and infrequently used, and are also found in metropolitan areas of many developing countries, where they may also be used as major highways and have considerable width.
Terms similar to dirt road are dry-weather road, earth road, or the "Class Four Highway" designation used in the People's Republic of China. A track, dirt track, or earth track would normally be similar but less suitable for larger vehicles.
Driving on dirt roads[edit]
Detail of a dry, loamy road.
While most gravel roads are all-weather roads and can be used by ordinary cars, dirt roads may only be passable by trucks or four-wheel drive vehicles, especially in wet weather, or on rocky or very sandy sections. It is as easy to become bogged in sand as it is in mud; a high clearance under the vehicle may be required for rocky sections.
Driving on dirt roads requires great attention to variations in the surface and it is easier to lose control than on a gravel road. In addition to the hazards already mentioned, and potholes, ruts and ridges, problems associated with driving on gravel roads include:
 - sharper and larger stones cutting and puncturing tires, or being thrown up by the wheels and damaging the underside, especially puncturing the fuel tank if not shielded
 - stones skipping up hitting the car body, lights or windshields when two vehicles pass each other
 - dust thrown up from a passing vehicle reducing visibility
 - 'washboard' corrugations cause loss of control or damage to vehicle systems such as suspension and steering
 - Skidding (loss of traction) on mud after rain.
Dirt road in Brazil
A dirt road showing a heavy amount of washboarding damage
This is an 1880's photo of 653 W Wrightwood (now 655 W Wrightwood) in the Lincoln Park Neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois. Note the wooden sidewalk, dirt road and lack of buildings surrounding the edifice.
Laterite and murram roads[edit]
In Africa parts of Asia, and parts of America, laterite soils are used to build dirt roads. However laterite, called murram in East Africa, varies considerably to earth and sand. It ranges from a hard gravel to a softer earth embedded with small stones. Not all laterite and murram roads are therefore strictly gravel roads. Laterite and murram which contains a significant proportion of clay becomes very slippery when wet, and in the rainy season, it may be difficult even for four-wheel drive vehicles to avoid slipping off very cambered roads into the drainage ditches at the side of the road. As it dries out, such laterite can become very hard, like sun-dried bricks.
See also[edit]


A. A. The Netware migration tool (nwconve.exe) does not support the NetWare Directory Services (NDS) service type of logon on Windows NT 4.0, and therefore you will need bindery emulation configured on the NetWare server for the migration to successfully migrate.
To configure bindery emulation perform the following on the NetWare Server
 1. Load Servman on the NetWare Server Console
 2. Select "Server Parameters" from the menu options
 3. Select "Directory Services" from the menu
 4. Scroll down to the "Bindery Emulation" section. If there is no SET statement to the right of the entry then bindery emulation has not been enabled.
To set it perform the following (still on the NetWare Server)
 1. Using Servman get back to "Bindery Emulation" (the same menus as above) and press ENTER
 2. A text entry box will appear where you should type in the command in the format of
 where is the Organisational Unit of the users are from and is the name of the Organization (TREE) where the OU resides
You should then log off and back on to the NT Server. Rerunning NWCONVE.EXE should then run.


Faculty Scholarship 1994 - Present
Rethinking the Transition to Capitalism: Taking the Assumption of Sel Interested Behavior Seriously
While undergoing a transition to capitalism in the 1990s, the Russian economy collapsed. A factor contributing to the collapse was the shock therapy policy advice of western experts. These experts, relying on mainstream economic theory, ignored the unique characteristics of transition periods between economic systems. A Hobbesian critique of the underlying assumptions of mainstream economics is offered. We argue that a Hobbesian approach, focusing on the dynamics of struggles over the rules of the economic game would be very useful for understanding the transition to capitalism in Russia. An important Hobbesian thesis is that attempts to change the rules of the economic game without a robust state apparatus to enforce those rules leads not to capitalist prosperity but to the war of all against all.


Application Notes
Lock-in Amplifier (LIA) Frequency Sweep with LabVIEW — A programming tutorial with Moku:Lab & LabVIEW
In this application note, we will provide a step-by-step tutorial on how to use Moku:Lab's LabVIEW API to build an automated test sequence. Many electronic systems perform optimally at a specific operating frequency. To maximize the signal-to-noise ratio of a lock-in measurement, it's important to find the transfer function of the system and to use the optimal modulation frequency. In this example, we will build a LabVIEW VI that scans the frequency of the local oscillator (LO) and plots the measured amplitude as a function of LO frequency. Then, we will use this VI to measure the transfer function of a bandpass filter.
Download Printable Version
Frequency Sweep Lock-in Detection
A Lock-In Amplifier (LIA) is designed to extract extremely weak oscillating signals from a noisy background. The LIA takes the input signal and mixes it with a local oscillator (LO) of a certain frequency. Then, a narrow band lowpass filter is applied to attenuate the high frequency components. More details on the principle of the Lock-In Amplifier can be found in this video: This detection method allows us to measure signal response at any arbitrary frequency with narrow bandwidths. The center of the measured frequency is defined by the frequency of the LO. By sweeping the frequency of the LO, the transfer function of the system can be measured. We can use such a response plot to determine the resonance, optimal modulation frequency, and impedance of the system. It is an essential test to perform in order to get the maximum signal-to-noise ratio for a lock-in measurement. In this application note, we will demonstrate how to use Moku:Lab's LabVIEW API to build an automated test sequence to sweep the LO frequency and measure the response of a bandpass filter.
Figure 1: General flow of the automated test sequence.
System Setup
The installation file and instructions for Moku:Lab LabVIEW API are located here:
The complete LabVIEW.VI file is available for download here:
To control and operate Moku:Lab with LabVIEW, we need to connect Moku:Lab and the computer to the same network. In this example, we connected Moku:Lab and the computer wirelessly to the same Wi-Fi router.
To locate Moku:Lab on the network, the IP address is required. To find the IP address, connect an iPad to the same Wi-Fi network and launch Moku:Lab's iPad app. Then, with a long press on Moku:Lab's icon, the IP address will be displayed. Alternatively, if you have Python and PyMoku installed on your computer, you can find Moku:Lab's IP address with the command "moku list".
The LO is generated from Moku:Lab's output 2, passed through the bandpass filter device under test (DUT), and the return signal measured at Moku:Lab's input 1.
Figure 2: Moku:Lab and the computer were connected wirelessly to the same router. The DUT was inserted between Moku output 2 and input 1.
Building the LabVIEW VI
Connect to the Moku:Lab and deploy the default settings
To start building the LabVIEW VI, we first start up LabVIEW and drag the "setup moku" palette into our program:
Step 1: Drag "setup moku" palette into the VI
This palette takes two string inputs: Moku:Lab's IP address and the name of the instrument. We create a place holder on the user interface for the user to enter the IP address. The Lock-In Amplifier instrument is used throughout the entire program, so we set it as default instrument name. Next, we pass the http-reference, moku command feedback and error out output to the "execute cmd" palette.
Step 2: Connect the http reference and route the Moku command and error out to the "execute cmd" palette
The "execute cmd" palette uses the http-reference as a device handle and passes JSON formatted commands to Moku:Lab. The JSON command is typically generated by another VI. The "execute cmd" palette also takes the command feedback to pass it along to the program for logging, and the error out flag to ensure that every "execute cmd" palette is successfully executed. If the flag is raised, the program will be terminated. The "set default LIA" palette generates the JSON command to initialize the Lock-In Amplifier and set every parameter to the default values. This command is used to start the Lock-In Amplifier instrument on Moku:Lab.
Figure 3: Connect and initialize the LIA instrument.
Set up parameters for the lock-in detection
After the device is initialized, we use the same "execute cmd" palette structure to modify the settings for the Lock-In Amplifier (Step 3-9).
Step 3: Configure the two Moku:Lab outputs; one for the LIA to R (amplitude, main channel) and the second to LO (aux oscillator) for the frequency sweep.
Step 4 and 5: Set the two monitor points; one at the main and one at aux outputs. The main output monitor point is later used to acquire real-time data.
Step 6: Set the time base for the monitor points and real-time data acquisition.
Step 7: Set the gain for the main channel.
Step 8: Set the range for the R-Theta conversion. Details about the R-Theta conversion can be found in Moku:Lab's Lock-In Amplifier user manual.
Step 9: Configure the lowpass filter that is immediately after the mixer.
Figure 4: Palettes to set up the parameters for LIA.
For-loop for automated frequency sweep
A for-loop is used to iterate the frequency sweep and data acquisition. We create three customizable parameters for the loop: number of steps, frequency step, and initial frequency. At the start of each iteration, the program calculates the LO's frequency based on i×𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝+𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦. Then, this number is split into two, passed to the "set demod LIA" palette as the frequency input (step 11), as well as the x-axis location for the plot.
Figure 5: For Loop to iterate the frequency sweep and data acquisition.
To ensure that the LO is set and stable before the data acquisition, a flat sequence is used to separate the setup portion and data acquisition portion. After a 100 ms dwell period, the "get realtime data" command is sent to Moku:Lab. The "execute cmd" palette receives the raw data and passes to the "parse data" palette to convert the raw data into numeric arrays.
Figure 6: Data transfer, average, and display.
After the "parse data" palette, the data stream from the aux channel (ch2) is damped. A mean function is used to take the average of the main channel numeric array. The result is then plotted on the user interface.
Measure the Filter Transfer Function
To measure the transfer function of the DUT bandpass filter (mini-circuit BBP-21.4), we set the initial frequency at 15 MHz, and frequency step at 400 kHz with 40 steps.
Figure 7: Frequency sweep analysis with bandpass filter.
The LabVIEW VI automatically sweeps the frequency of the LO and plots the amplitude of the detected signal. The filter has its peak response at around 22 MHz.
To learn more about Moku:Lab LabVIEW API, please visit:
Questions or comments?
Please contact us at


text:
The Andromeda Botanical Gardens were created in 1954 by a local horticulturalist, Iris Bannochie, who was an avid plant collector and travelled the world gathering specimens to plant in her garden high above the crashing waves of the Atlantic Ocean.
There are two trails to follow in the garden: Iris's trail and John's trail. EachÂ trail hasÂ an accompanying double-sided information sheet with plenty of stops to admire the plants and flowers.Â The trails do merge at their ends near the Hibiscus Cafe.
There are two special places in this garden. The first is the bougainvillea garden on John's trail, which has a spectacular setting. The landscaped gardens seemingly stretch down to the Atlantic itself.
The second place is the lily pond, which visitorsÂ walk by on both trails. It is so peaceful here and IÂ watched the fish chasing each other under the water-lilies. A weeping willow, the only one on Barbados, hangs overhead making this a shady place for both fish and visitor.
Julian has written articles on Middle Eastern and European architecture for the US magazine Skipping Stones. He has written travel articles that were published in The Toronto Globe and Mail, Fate Magazine, National Catholic Register, and Northwest Travel. Julian has also written articles for the In The Know Traveler, Go Nomad, InTravelmag, and Go World Travel websites. He has also taken many photographs that have appeared in travel guides by National Geographic, Thomas Cook and The Rough Guides. Examples of his work can be found at _URL_

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
MALABAR TREE TOAD
Disclaimer: Copyright infringement not intended.
Context: The critically endangered Malabar tree toad — found in Mollem National Park which itself is threatened by three infrastructure projects — finds mention in the updated 'Checklist of Indian Amphibians (2023)' released by Zoological Survey of India (ZSI).
- Mollem is among the top 8 global biodiversity hotspots.
- The national park is the site of three proposed projects: the installation of power lines by Goa Tamnar Transmission, 4/6-laning of the highway, and doubling of the rail line.
About the toad:
- The Malabar tree toad (Pedostibes tuberculosus), or warty Asian tree toad, is a species of toad found in forests along the Western Ghats of great Karnataka or Deccan.
- It is a small species and is found in wet tree hollows or leaf bases containing water.
- It is the only species in the monotypic genus Pedostibes, also known as Asian tree toads.
Formerly, the genus Pedostibes also hosted other Southeast Asian species that were subsequently moved to a new genus, Rentapia, in 2016
- This is a slender frog with a moderate-sized head.
- Females are larger than males.
- This species is known to live in tree habitats, but adults are found among leaf litter, climbing into trees at night.
- They are found in the forest of the Western Ghats at elevations of 250 m to over 1000 m, often beside streams.
- Malabar tree toad is also found in Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary.
Mollem National Park:
- Spread over 240 sq km in the Western Ghats, Mollem National Park is located in Sanguem taluk in Goa close to the border with Karnataka.
- The reserve also has several temples dating back to the Kadamba Dynasty.
- The park was earlier known as Mollem game sanctuary. It was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1969 and renamed Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary.
- The core area of the sanctuary spread over 107 sq km was named Mollem National Park in 1978.
- Since then the national park is called Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park.
- Several species of snakes including the King Cobra, Hump-nosed pit viper, Indian rock python and Malabar pit viper are found in the park.
- The national park showcases a wide variety of birds like fairy bluebird, wagtails, three-toed kingfisher, drongo, golden oriole, great Indian hornbill.
- Butterflies of many species like Blue Mormon, Crimson Rose, Tailed Jay, Malabar Tree Nymph, Tamil Yoeman, Plain Tiger and Lime Butterfly are found in the region.
The Zoological Survey of India:
- The Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) is the premier taxonomic research organization in India.
- It was established on 1 July 1916 to promote surveys, exploration and research leading to advancement of our knowledge of various aspects of the exceptionally rich animal life of India.
- The ZSI had its genesis as the Zoological Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta in 1875.
- Since its inception, the ZSI has been documenting the diversity and distribution of the fauna of India towards carrying out its mandate of conducting exploration-cum-taxonomic-research programmes.
Q) Which of the following statements is/are correct with reference to the Malabar tree toad?
a. It is critically endangered according to IUCN Red List.
b. Females are larger than males.
Answer: Option III


text:
Talking with someone about the need to stop driving can be challenging but has been shown to be effective. In a survey conducted by the Hartford/MIT AgeLab of 7,200 adults aged 50 and above, they found that more than half of the participants followed the suggestions made in conversations with friends and family about driving.
Friends and family members can be better prepared for the discussion with the following:
The Oregon DMV provides a brochure, "Retiring from Driving: When Someone You Know Should Give Up Driving
," which includes tips for families and caregivers.
The Older Driver Safety Conversations Web site
, sponsored by the Hartford Insurance Company, provides information to help families address sensitive subjects, such as driving, and fostering meaningful conversations with older drivers. Suggestions are given on how to prepare for a conversation, what to do when having the conversation and what to do after the conversation is finished.
The AMA's How to Help The Older Driver
brochure provides tips on determining if your loved one is an unsafe driver and what to do if you are concerned about his or her driving. Driving Decisions in Later Life,
a publication of the Pacific Northwest Extension, provides information to caregivers and family members on how to talk to a family member about stopping driving and what to do if they insist on continuing to drive.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Experimental measurements of gravity casting flow
NTIS -New Technologies for the Information Society, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 30100 Plzeň, Czech Republic
* e-mail: _EMAIL_
Published online: 28 June 2019
An experimental investigation of casting processes performed under well controlled laboratory conditions is presented. Casting molds made of transparent material allow for analysis of flow patterns by means of standard optical measurement methods. The tests are carried out for selected highly-viscous Newtonian fluids at room temperature. The physical properties of the test fluids (i.e. viscosity, surface tension and density) are identified. As a result, an extensive set of experimental data is provided.
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences, 2019
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 (_URL_ which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


>cluster_group_SO2
View(cluster_group_SO2)
as.data.frame(cluster_group_SO2)->cluster_group_SO2
cluster_group_SO2 %>%
filter(Cluster==1)->cluster_group1_SO2
cluster_group_SO2 %>%
filter(Cluster==2)->cluster_group2_SO2
cluster_group_SO2 %>%
filter(Cluster==3)->cluster_group3_SO2
View(cluster_group1_SO2)
View(cluster_group2_SO2)
View(cluster_group3_SO2)
Let us plot the clusters of NO2, O3, and SO2 using the plot function.
plot(AQI_cluster[c("NO2.AQI","O3.AQI","SO2.AQI")],
col=AQI_cluster$NO2.AQI)
This plot shows nine different clusters (three each for NO2, SO2, and O3).
Now, let us have a look at the clustering plots based on some data and allocate the centers.
#Clustering plots
X <-data.frame(c1=c(0,1,2,4,5,4,6,7),c2=c(0,1,2,3,3,4,5,5))
km <- kmeans(X, center=2)
plot(X,col=km$cluster)
points(km$center,col=1:2,pch=8,cex=1)
Finally, we will create the clustering plots using just three centers for NO2, O3, and SO2.
X <- data.frame(AQI_cluster)
km <- kmeans(X, center=3)
plot(X,col=km$cluster)
The above plot shows the values of the Air Quality Index for NO2, O3, and SO2. Here, the bottom right plot shows the visualization for SO2 and NO2. In this, most of the points lie between 0 and 60, which is considered as acceptable air quality. Similarly, most of the values of the Air Quality Index for SO2 and O3 and NO2 and O3 lie between 0 and 50. This is again considered an acceptable air quality.
In this blog on Data Science with R programming, we worked on understanding the data through visualizations. Then, we implemented the linear regression algorithm for the dataset. Finally, we implemented the k-means clustering algorithm to build clusters of the data for the comparative analysis of the Air Quality Index for NO2, SO2, and O3. This is all about this use case of Data Science with R.
Go through this Data Science Interview Questions And Answers to excel in your Data Science Interview.
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How to hang pictures, even big ones, on plaster walls
Q: We would like to hang pictures, some of them rather large, on a plaster wall. Can you tell us the best way to do this? We are afraid of cracking the plaster.
A: With proper technique, hanging pictures on a lath-and-plaster wall isn't a problem.
If the pictures are small and equipped with a wire on the back, use a small picture hook and nail.
To install small picture hooks all you need is a hammer. Gently tap the nail provided with the hook diagonally into the wall using the hook itself as a guide. With small hooks there is little danger of cracking the plaster.
Larger hooks may require pre-drilling a hole. A cordless drill equipped with a drill bit slightly smaller than the nail is the tool for the job. Drilling a pilot hole removes some of the plaster and greatly reduces the possibility of cracking the plaster.
Make sure to drill the hole on an angle that approximates the angle of the path of the nail.
For smalland medium-sized pictures you don't have to be concerned about hitting a stud. The plaster has enough structural integrity to hold their weight.
Be cautious about trying to drive a nail into a piece of wood lath. If a nail strikes a piece of lath under the plaster there is a good chance it will vibrate, break the plaster keys and loosen the plaster from the lath. A "key" is the term used to describe wet plaster that oozed between the lath when applied and dried partially encasing the lath. These "keys" form a bond between the dried plaster wall and the lath.
You'll be able to tell if the nail strikes a piece of lath -- it will bounce back when you tap it with your hammer. If that happens, drill a pilot hole no matter which size nail you use.
For hanging large, heavy pictures we recommend using a wood screw as hanger if the screw can be installed in a stud or a wall anchor if it does not hit a stud.
Wall anchors come in a variety of sizes. They are a two-part fastener, a machine bolt that fits into a collapsible cylinder. Whether installing a wood screw or wall anchor, pre-drill a hole in the wall to inhibit cracking.
For a wall anchor insert the cylinder into the pre-drilled hole, tighten the bolt so that the cylinder compresses and back the bolt part way out of the cylinder and hang the picture. Use two fasteners for very large or heave pictures.
The bottom line is if you have any doubt, pre-drill the holes to avoid cracked plaster.
A couple of weeks ago we wrote about using plaster of Paris when installing a commode. Apparently our answer created a little confusion with at least one of our readers. She writes:
"I just read your column about using plaster of Paris to mount the toilet. I assume that the plaster of Paris is in place of the wax collar.
"Also, you said not to caulk behind the toilet -- leave a 4-inch gap. Is that for condensation to have a way to dry? Wanting it to be very neat, I caulked all around. What bad will happen?"
Neatness is generally good, but you can have too much of a good thing.
Plaster of Paris is not used in place of the wax ring. Rather it is an alternative to caulking under the perimeter of the toilet. Plaster and, to some degree, caulk are used to stabilize the toilet and prevent it from moving when somebody sits on it.
The wax ring seals the connection between the toilet and the closet bend when the toilet is bolted to the closet flange. Plaster of Paris is particularly helpful on old installations with uneven floors because it is not flexible.
Nothing bad will necessarily happen if you caulk completely around the perimeter of the toilet. However, if the seal between the wax ring and closet flange should fail, the gap at the rear of the toilet allows for water to escape so you can discover the leak. No leak, no problem. But if the perimeter is sealed by caulk the water has no place to go and could prevent you from seeing water that might cause significant damage.


text:
You can have a beautiful yard even in Denver
Flowers are the beauty of life. They are the ones which can brighten up a gloomy mood. So having a beautiful garden full of flowers can make one have a breath of life in their own home itself. If you happen to reside in the Denver region, then you should know the type of plants which can survive based on the climate of that region. For example, if you happen to like Hibiscuses, Viburnums, Weigela or even the butterfly fish but since they are not able to survive in the Denver weather, it is no use planting them.
So to have a beautiful garden full of flowers, you need to know the kind of flowers that can survive the Denver climate. These could be Achillea, Agastache, the butterfly weed, the Penstemon, the Daylillies, the Salvia May night are some of the flowers which can survive and bloom in the Denver climate. The Salvia Blue Hill is one that blooms for all summer.
Apart from planting the right flowers, it is also important to know the different gardening tips. It is more important in the Denver region sue to the dry climate which spans most of the area. There is intense sun on most of the days, the drying winds and low humidity. Thus the shade loving plants should be planted behind the tall ones, organic compost is required to neutralize the clay effect and also to plant the plants which are suitable for this kind of climate.
The easiest way to have a beautiful garden is to consult Browne & Associates for their expert gardening services. Browne & Associates are expert Denver landscape contractors, the ones which can help you to design your garden in such a beautiful and landscaped manner that you would not find the need to spend on going for holidays- right outside your house it the perfect refreshment from the rush of everyday life.


text:
Date: August 2007
Creator: Weaver, Jennifer L.
Description: Cindy McTee's Symphony No. 1: Ballet for Orchestra is composed primarily of pitch materials from the octatonic collections that contain both diatonic and non-diatonic relationships in the themes, harmonic content, and larger structure of the symphony. Because the octatonic collections contain the potential for both diatonic and non-diatonic relationships, the piece is argued to have octatonic structure, as the octatonic collection is capable of producing both relationships. The second chapter contains a review of the literature, focusing particularly on the work of Arthur Berger, Pieter C. van den Toorn, Richard Taruskin, and Allen Forte. Next, the octatonic structure of the symphony is shown in the thematic material. Finally, the harmonic support and large-scale structure of the piece are shown to contain octatonic relationships as well.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Imager shows cross-sections of everyday objects – analog version
GE shows how their body imaging technology can take detailed pictures of insides without cutting, using fruit, a baseball, engine motor, and violin to demonstrate.
Many body imaging devices follow a principle called tomography (the 'T' in CT, PET and SPECT systems), which take images of body "slices" using everything from projection data to powerful magnets. But have you ever wondered how such routine procedures can help clinicians see things that used to require a sharp knife? Watch how GE's body imaging technology can paint a bigger picture of what's happening beneath our skin.
Update: I wasn't paying close enough attention, and it turns out that these are actual, physical sliced objects. Like, with a saw. Now I'm left wondering what the point is.


text:
L3's Impulse Tube is used for testing the effects of a pressure wave on sample materials.
It is used to research more effective armor to protect personnel against the effects of a bomb blast.
The pressure wave is created by first charging the breach end of the tube with high pressure gas. As more gas is added the pressure increases until a plastic diaphragm retaining the gas in the breach ruptures.
The pressure wave travels down the tube and impacts the test article placed at the far end.


text:
Families First is designed to improve outcomes for children, young people and families. It emphasises prevention and early intervention for families, particularly those living in poverty.
Messages from the reports will be used to inform the future delivery of the Families First programme.
Year 3 Report
The three-year evaluation sought to answer a number of questions about the programme including:
- whether the programme design is fit for purpose
- an assessment of how the programme is implemented
- the quality of the programme's implementation
- the impact of the programme on families
- the impact of the programme at an overall population level.
Specifically, this report will provide:
- a review of the policy context
- a review of progress in implementing Families First
- an assessment of impacts and outcomes three years into the programme's delivery
- consideration of the programme's design and whether it is fit for purpose in delivering against the rationale for intervention
- examples of good practice in the implementation of Families First.


text:
- This course covers the common scope of New General Ledger Accounting valid for SAP ERP and SAP S/4HANA systems. Achieving this fundamental knowledge is a valuable preparation step for project members who are used to classic GL (in SAP ERP) and who have to get ready for SAP S/4HANA implementations (both for system conversion projects as well as new implementations).
- Please verify which of our two alternative course offerings on New General Ledger Accounting fits your needs: - AC210 'New General Ledger Accounting (in SAP ERP)' is the right course for those who want to learn how to implement and use New General Ledger in an SAP ERP system. - AC211 'New General Ledger Accounting (in SAP ERP) for SAP S/4HANA Adopters' also uses an SAP ERP system with activated New GL (for figures, demos, exercises) but only includes topics that are still relevant in an SAP S/4HANA system. Due to the changed data structure in Accounting in SAP S/4HANA, some topics of AC210 are excluded in AC211. Topics omitted include extended data structure in SAP ERP, real-time COFI integration, and planning options in New GL.
- Please note that this course is for learners unfamiliar with New Gener Ledger Accounting. It is not a 'delta training' for learners who want to learn the differences in accounting with SAP S/4HANA.
- This course will prepare you to:
- Understand the features and logic of new General Ledger Accounting
- Activate and use Document Splitting
- Understand and operate the ledger solution (within new G/L in SAP ERP) on basis of manual postings
- Clearing Provisions based on the function Clearing Specific to Ledger Groups.
- Understand, how Profit Center Accounting (Actual postings) is mapped within the new General Ledger Accounting
- Explain and use new Asset Accounting
- Outline the new Architecture of Accounting in SAP S/4HANA (without system demonstrations and exercises)
- Application Consultant
- Good knowledge of using classic GL accounting
Course based on software release
- SAP EHP7 for SAP ERP 6.0
- Introduction to New General Ledger Accounting
- Outlining the Functionality of New General Ledger Accounting
- Parallel Accounting
- Explaining the Ledger Approach in New General Ledger Accounting
- Using the Segment Characteristic
- Defining Ledger Groups
- Posting Manually to a Ledger Group
- Clearing Provision Open Items Using New General Ledger Accounting
- Document Splitting
- Explaining the configuration of Document Splittingo
- Analyzing FI documents with activated Document Splitting
- Profit Center Accounting
- Integrating Profit Center Accounting (actual postings) with New General Ledger Accounting
- New Asset Accounting
- Explaining the Functionality and Architecture of New Asset Accounting
- Configuring New Asset Accounting
- Using New Asset Accounting
- Activating New Asset Accounting
- New Architecture of Accounting in SAP S/4HANA
- Describing the new Data Structure in SAP S/4HANA
- Managing Ledgers in SAP S/4HANA
- This course is a good preparation for S4F01 'Financial Accounting in SAP S/4HANA for SAP ERP FI Professionals (Delta)'.


text: Secrets of the Druids The Romans Attack The Druids were not the gentle pagans they are often portrayed as. But did they carry out human sacrifice? Remarkable new archaeological evidence is unearthed that reveals the truth about Druid sacrifice and tells the dramatic story of the Druids' bloody last stand against Rome's conquering legions. Here is a reenactment of a Roman attacking a druid in Anglesey. Anglesey Druids In 54 BC, fresh from conquering Gaul, Julius Caesar lands on the Kentish coast at the head of his battle-hardened legions, the first Romans in Britain. He writes dispatches back to Rome, describing an island dominated by powerful shaman priests who lead their people in gruesome spectacles of human sacrifice. In one ritual, he portrays Druids herding prisoners into wicker cages shaped like giant men, and watch them burn alive. Uncovering the Truth Deep in Britain's peat bogs reveal a vivid and chilling new picture of the Druids and the world of the ancient Celts. A mass grave in northern France with hundreds of carefully stacked headless bodies and evidence of ritual sacrifice. Here a Roman with a torch in Anglesey. Iron Age Round-House The Druids were not the gentle pagans they are often portrayed as, but did they carry out human sacrifice? Evidence discovered at an Essex grave shows that Druids may have taken part in human sacrificial rituals. Skull Veneration On the gatepost in Ribemont, a skull is shown. A mass grave in northern France with hundreds of carefully stacked headless bodies, and evidence of ritual sacrifice. The remains of 150 bodies discovered by potholers in a cave near Bristol, that reveal not just mass human sacrifice, but even ritual cannibalism. Celtic Warrior Remarkable new archaeological evidence is unearthed that reveals the truth about Druid sacrifice and tells the dramatic story of the Druids' bloody last stand against Rome's conquering legions. Iron Age ossuary A reconstruction of an Iron Age ossuary built out of human bones in Ribemont, northern France. Sacred Groves The truth is revealed about the Druid and their powerful hold over the Celtic Britons, their role as revered medicine men, judges, fortune tellers and priests. Also, why the Roman conquerors were so determined to wipe them out as they became the center of British resistance against the Roman onslaught is unveiled. 1 comments Get Livefyre FAQ Sign in + Follow Post comment Link Newest | Oldest Scott Whitaker 5pts I want to watch this in the worst way. I will buy the dvd if it is available!


text:
Does Environmental Economics Produce Aeroplanes Without Engines? On the Need for an Environmental Social Science
Research output: Contribution to journal › Letter
In this paper we first critically review conventional environmental economics. We conclude that the standard theory offers too narrow a perspective for many real world problems and that many theories are not empirically tested. Consequently, environmental economics is at risk of producing aeroplanes without engines. Next, we welcome and discuss some recent trends, particularly the rapid developments of behavioural and new institutional economics as well as the increased interest in empirical analysis. Yet, we conclude that more 'logical duels' between competing theories, more interaction between theory and empirics, and more integration between the social sciences are needed to achieve a better understanding of real world environmental problems and the development of adequate policy handles. Finally, we present an outline of steps towards the development of an environmental social science and briefly present the papers that make up this special issue as important building stones of such a discipline.
|Research areas and keywords||
Subject classification (UKÄ) – MANDATORY
|Journal||Environmental and Resource Economics|
|Publication status||Published - 2011|


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E47 - Connections to a network and social connections
 1) What is involved ?
This involves connecting a house to a public or private water network via a specific pipe, usually made of PVC or polyethylene. In the house, the connection can lead to a single tap or to a system of pipes with several water taps.
 2) Why use this means ?
Private connections are the top of the line service in terms of providing drinking water. In developed countries the percentage of the population with water service in the home connected to a main network is very high, especially in cities. In poorer countries only a small portion of the population can afford the cost of installing a private connection. In Nouakchott (Mauritania) and Port-au-Prince (Haiti), there are fewer than 2 private water connections per 100 residents.
Number of private connections in a few Sub-Saharan African cities.Source : World Utility Partnership, 2004
 3) Why ?
A private water connection is the best way to meet a household's needs for drinking water. It is often a goal of government and distribution companies because such connections :
- Improve public health : better quality water means better hygiene ;
- Make cost recovery easier and facilitate revenue for the local government or the distribution company ;
- Improve access for the poorest people to the service and increase security and safety of the supply ;
- Improve water demand management and also improve water conservation.
 4) How are they applied ? Different pricing policies for water from a direct connection
To install a private connection, you need to connect to the water distribution network pipeline. This is generally done by the local government or the distribution company, who will connect to the pipeline and run the pipes that will bring water to the house. They are also in charge of supplying the meter that measures the volume of water used by the household. The meter should be installed so that the quantity of water consumed can be easily read. There should be no constructions built or trees planted on the land above the pipes so that maintenance can be carried out on them if necessary. Installing pipes within the house, after the water meter, is generally the responsibility of the user.
Water pricing policies : (see also the specific files on pricing, BI to B8)
There are many ways of setting water prices. The main methods are summarised in the table below. The selection of the pricing policy is a very important choice to be made well before a water connection campaign because connections mean people will have to make payments, even if the price is most often much lower than those practiced by small, local private operators.
The system chosen has a considerable impact on poor families' consumption, because in many regions they do not have the resources necessary to pay for 20 litres a day, the volume that the World Health Organisation (WHO) judges to be the necessary minimum.
Table 1 : Types of water pricing systems.
Definition of pricing policy Description Advantages Drawbacks
Flat fee Unrelated to the quantity consumed, but it may vary for example in relation to the value of the property No need for a meter Provides no incentive for users to reduce their consumption
Linear rate (uniform) Every unit of water costs the same price Can be profitable (if the infrastructure is operating at close to its capacity) Poor users cannot necessarily decrease their need for water
Progressive linear rate Every additional unit consumed is more expensive Very effective for decreasing demand Can affect poor users dramatically if they cannot decrease their demand, for example large families
Progressive rate The cost of each additional unit consumed goes up incrementally (or goes down if there is a bulk rate) In theory, this allows poor households to remain in the lowest bracket (often referred to as the free subsistence bracket) Poor users are not necessarily able to decrease their demand
Different rates depending on volume The price of every additional unit stays the same but it is different from user to user depending on the total volume consumed In theory, this allows poor households to limit their consumption and achieve a low unit price Poor users are not necessarily able to decrease their demand
Source : WaterAid, 2009
 5) Main advantages and drawbacks
a) Advantages
- The price of water delivered through the connection to a public pipe is most often much lower than water purchased from water vendors or other small private operators.
- The high quality of water from a private connection reduces the risk of water related illnesses and those related to a lack of proper hygiene, such as dysentery or cholera. Sick people often cannot go to work or school, which makes a family's poverty more acute. A supply of good quality water can represent considerable savings for the State in public health expenses.
- A private connection cuts out the time that must be taken to fetch water from collective water sources. Fetching water takes time and energy that could be put to better use in more profitable enterprises and it often prevents children from attending school.
b) Drawbacks
- The cost of installing a private water connection is often too high for very poor families, and for this reason, government subsidies or other solutions, such as low-cost connections or condominium networks (see file A16) are necessary.
- The characteristics of the poorest neighbourhoods and shantytowns, often located on slopes, floodplains or areas that are difficult to access, including unplanned areas with a high population density, can provide real technical challenges for the local government or distribution companies.
 6) Cost
The price that a household with a private connection pays, as well as the initial cost of the connection to the distribution company's network, varies according to the town, the pricing system and the subsidies available. The investment required for a private connection can also vary depending on the distance to the mains.
In Addis-Ababa (Ethiopia) the rates increase depending on the volume of water consumed. However, the price of water delivered through a private connection is lower than water purchased at standpipes, for example.
Average cost in Birrs/m3 Private connection in the home (price varies according to the volume consumed) / shared connection / public standpipe / private shop / private water vendors
Price of Water in Addis-Ababa - Source : WaterAid, 2009
As for installing a private connection, the official charge is often smaller than the real cost of a connection. The following table shows the difference between the official rate and the real cost in Ghana and India.
Ghana - Official price for a connection / India - Total cost of a connection
Official rate and the total cost of a connection in Ghana and India - Source : WaterAid, 2009
Even after subsidies, the official price in these two countries (and in most developing countries), about 100 USD, remains prohibitive for very poor families, considering that the poorest populations often live on less than $2/day. In Addis-Ababa, a poll of 105 households in the town's poor neighbourhoods showed that 45% of them do not have private water connections, even though this is a town that is far ahead of Conakry (Guinea) Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) or Nouakchott (Mauritania).
 7) Low-cost connections
a) Goal
While connecting to the public network is often the best way to get easy access to water at home and have water at a lower cost and of better quality than what is available from water vendors (depending on the town it is 10 to 50 times less expensive), the cost of the connection itself is often too high for families of very modest means.
According to the UNDP, the average cost of connecting to water mains in recent years has been around $41 in southern Asia, more than $100 in Benin, Kenya and Uganda and $128 in South America. This represents from three to six months salaries for a worker in Kenya, two months in Madagascar and more than a year in Uganda.
The cost of a connection then constitutes the main barrier for these families to gaining access to a water network, all the more so because in addition to the price of installing the connection, there is almost always the base service charge for a water connection, similar to electricity or telephone bills.
Luckily, there are several ways to decrease the cost or to make it more easily attainable.
b) The main ways this is accomplished
- the most common way is provide simplified pay schemes. Public authorities, local governments or water companies offer low-income families the possibility to pay for their connection over several months, or even several years. Examples : payments made over 5 years in Manila (Philippines), 7 to 10 years in Tangiers or Rabat in Morocco.
- some local governments provide special subsidies or subsidised loans, sometimes setting up special funds specifically for this.
- other governments or associations offer individuals micro-credit.
As part of some large water capture projects and some OBA-type (Output Based Aid) international contracts set up in the context of a predetermined social commitment, the World Bank sometimes gives large subsidies in order to create low-cost connections.
c) Examples
- In West Africa, the CREPA (Centre de recherche pour l'accès à l'eau à faible coût, the Centre for Research on low-cost water access in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) has demonstrated the effectiveness of creating a fund to facilitate poor households' access to a water distribution network and particularly to help them bear the cost of a base service charge. This fund lends the price of the base service charge to the household and


's model, and the return value is a segment of the data model in a form suitable to be supplied directly to the bodyRenderer. A basic implementation is supplied in fluid.pager.directModelFilter
 function or function name
 modelFilter: fluid.pager.directModelFilter

{html}
h3. The ColumnDef structure
The configuration option {{columnDefs}} takes the form of an array of {{ColumnDef}} objects, one configuring each required column of the rendered table (a renderer must be in use).
{color:red}NOTE{color}: Understanding the {{ColumnDef}} object will be greatly facilitated by looking at the [Renderer] documentation.
The following table explains the layout and function of the fields in the {{ColumnDef}} structure:
{html}

Name	Description	Values

key
 The core field of the columnDefs structure. Represents a unique key which is used to identify the column
 string

valuebinding
 The EL path through the dataModel structure of the data this column is to be taken from. If this is of the form *.endPath, the dataOffset path will be applied as well as the row number. If it is of the form startPath.*.endPath, the * will be replaced by only the row number
 string (EL path)

components
 A cloneable represention of the section of component tree to be used when rendering cells from this column with the [Renderer|Fluid Renderer - Background]. Typically this will take the form of just a single component, maybe UIBound, UISelect or UILink. See further comments on component expansion below
component tree or function->component tree

sortable
Boolean flag representing whether this column should be made sortable, by clicking on the
column header toggle
boolean

{html}
h4. Component expansion
As this component is cloned, once for each cell in its column, it will undergo various forms of expansion - the most important of these is with respect to the special placeholder value {{fluid.VALUE}}. This may be placed where any string or {{UIBound}} component is expected, and will be expanded to hold either the value or binding of the correct column cell, with respect to the wildcard path specified in {{valuebinding}}. A further form of expansion also allows interpolation of read-only values in the middle of literal string, by use of a Smarty-like variable syntax. The string {{$\{VALUE\}}} will expand to the same value as {{fluid.VALUE}}, whereas general EL expressions of the form which are supported for {{valuebinding}} are also supported.
Here is a sample of a {{ColumnDef}} object with a {{UILink}} type cell showing both forms of substitution:
{code}
{key: "user-link",
 valuebinding: "*.userDisplayName",
 components: {
 target: "/dev/sn/profile.html?user=${*.userId}",
 linktext: fluid.VALUE},
 sortable:true
 }
{code}
Here, the {{linktext}} field will be bound to {{\*.userDisplayName}}, whereas the URL target will be formed by interpolation with a value from {{\*.userId}}. In this case both of these EL paths will be prefixed by any value in {{dataOffset}} before fetching.
----
h2. PagerBar subcomponent
The {{PagerBar}} is the most substantial subcomponent of the pager, and contains controls operating links for page navigation - these may include previous/next, first/last as well as an array of numbered page links. The dropdown control for selecting page size, {{PageSize}} may be physically nested within the same container as the markup managed by the {{PagerBar}}, but is not logically part of the same control.
*Subcomponent Name:* {{fluid.pager.pagerBar}}
Two PagerBars may be configured for a Pager control, under the names {{pagerBar}} and {{pagerBarSecondary}} which were mentioned in the top-level {{options}} structure above. These may appear at arbitrary positions in the overall markup (top/bottom, etc.), however, the {{pagerBar}} is primary in that if one of these bars is omitted, it must be the {{pagerBarSecondary}}.
h3. options
{html}

Name	Description	Values	Default

previousNext	A subcomponent, nested within the PagerBar, which operates the pair of previous/next links for navigating by single pages	A subcomponent specification	"fluid.pager.previousNext"

pageList	A subcomponent, nested within the PagerBar which operates a list of links allowing quick random access to individual pages. This listens for changes in the pager's state, and updates the activity and appearance of the link list. It may also additionally take responsibility for rendering the link list dynamically, in response to the state of the user's data model
Standard implementations are fluid.pager.directPageList, which simply accepts a pre-rendered set of page index links which are already in the DOM, and simply takes charge of styling and binding, and fluid.pager.renderedPageList which can operate a dynamic strategy to render the page index links, in addition to the responsibilities of directPageList
"fluid.pager.directPageList"

selectors	Javascript object containing selectors for various fragments of the PagerBar subcomponent.	 The object may contain any subset of the following keys:

 pageLinks
 previous
 next

Any values not provided will revert to the default. Each of these selectors is expected to identify link components, most likely of tag <a>

selectors: {
 pageLinks: ".flc-pager-pageLink",
 pageLinkSkip: ".flc-pager-pageLink-skip",
 pageLinkDisabled: ".flc-pager-pageLink-disabled",
 previous: ".flc-pager-previous",
 next: ".flc-pager-next"
}

styles
Javascript object containing CSS style names that will be applied to the Page List subcomponent.
The object may contain any subset of the following keys:

 currentPage
 disabled


text:
Wessex HU5 XT482/VL-ZM/19 RN 707 Sqn August 84. Photo by Adrian M. Balch
The Westland Wessex was a license-built development of the Sikorsky S-58 (H-34) although all variants had significant differences from the American product. The most significant of these was the replacement of the Wright R-1820 radial piston engines with turboshafts. The Wessex was made in five variants for the British military and a civil version.
The initial production variant of the Wessex was the HAS1, powered by the Napier Gazelle. One hundred and forty were produced for the Royal Navy for use in the anti-submarine role. The Royal Australian Navy received 27 as the HAS31.
Wessex HAS.1 (WS-58) XS868 Biggin Hill August 1971 - Image courtesy of David Johnson
The HC2 was a utility version developed for the Royal Air Force. It was powered by twin RR Gnome engines. One prototype, converted from a HAS1, was followed by 73 production examples. Although their principle role was as a transport in support of the Army they were also used for Search and Rescue (SAR) and for advanced helicopter training.
Wessex HC2 XR516 V 60 Sqn Shawbury 30 March 2006 and Wessex HC2 XT604 22 Sqn Farnborough September 1994 - Images courtesy of John Bradshaw
Wessex HC2 XS679 WG 2FTS Fairford July 1991 and Wessex HC2 XV730 84 Sqn - Images courtesy of John Bradshaw and Bob Archer
Wessex HC2 XR503 RAE Bedford Fairford July 1989 and Wessex HC2 G-BYRC (WA.539) ex XT671 Biggin Hill June 2010 - Images courtesy of John Bradshaw
The HAS3 was an upgraded anti-submarine variant for the Royal Navy. Three new-build development aircraft were followed by 42 production re-builds of HAS1s. They retained the Napier Gazelle engine.
Wessex HAS3 XP142 Yeovilton 1994 - Image courtesy of David Johnson
The HCC4 was a VIP transport development of the HC2. Two examples were built and were operated by The Queen's Flight and later 32 (The Royal) Sqn.
Wessex HCC4 XV732 RAF Museum Hendon - Image courtesy of John Bradshaw
The HU5 was a utility version for the Royal Navy developed from the HC2. One prototype was followed by 101 production examples. Their principle role was as a transport for the Royal Marines but 771 Sqn operated it in the SAR role. It was also operated by 84 Sqn RAF in Cyprus, designated HU5C.
Wessex HU5 XT482 RN 707 Sqn August 84 and Wessex HU5 XS523 Culdrose 1984 - Images courtesy of Adrian M. Balch and John Bradshaw
Wessex HU5 XS508 Fleet Air Arm Museum 2nd October 2009 - Image courtesy of John Bradshaw
In addition to the HAS31s for Australia, new-build or refurbished utility models were supplied to Bangladesh, Brunei, Egypt, Ghana, Iraq, Oman and Uruguay.
A prototype civilian utility model was developed as the Wessex 60. The sole order received was from Bristow Helicopters for 16 aircraft to be used for oil industry support. Ironically, at the end of the operational life, several of the aircraft were used to represent US Marines UH-34s in the film Full Metal Jacket.
Wessex 60 G-ATBZ (WA.461) International Helicopter Museum 1989 and Wessex 60 G-ATBY (WA.460) International Helicopter Museum 1989 - Images courtesy of John Bradshaw


text:
Social Network Diffusion of Individual Behavior Change Interventions Virtual Workshop
Large-scale behavior change is often conceptualized as resulting from widespread dissemination and implementation of behavioral interventions that have been developed for individuals or other small social units, such as the dyad or family. Efforts prioritize direct administration of an intervention to all individuals within a target population. An alluring but underexamined alternative model for producing large-scale behavior change involves leveraging social network dynamics across the lifespan. By strategically administering interventions that draw upon our understanding of social networks and social influence within them, we may effectively change behavior in people who themselves never directly received the intervention. This workshop focused on gaps, opportunities, and strategies for leveraging or strengthening social networks to enhance the reach of individual behavior change interventions to promote healthy aging, slow cognitive decline and prevent Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (AD/ADRD), and improve outcomes for persons living with AD/ADRD and their care partners.
A meeting agenda (PDF, 270K) is available.
The full workshop report (PDF, 697K) is available.


text: In physics class, s'mores were made to calculate the speed of light. They also served as my lunch today. By measuring the distance between the peaks of the marshmallows, it is possible to determine the wavelength of the microwave used to heat them up. By knowing the frequency of the microwave (found on back with serial number), it is actually quite easy to calculate the speed of light. And usually the calculation is off by less than 5%. Pretty yummy, I mean, cool!


Yes, you can use an amplifier more powerful than the attenuator/rated power of a Torpedo product. With a Torpedo Studio or Reload, you can use an amplifier rated for more than 150W. With a Torpedo Live, Captor X or Captor, you can use an amplifier rated for more than 100W. But please remember "you just have to keep the output volume of the amp low enough so not to damage the attenuator".
The Torpedo products with a build in attenuator are rated for a specific power (measured in Watts). This means that the internal load box can dissipate up to this amount of power (assuming proper ventilation). A Torpedo Captor X for example can dissipate anything between 0 and 100 Watts.
If more power is fed into the Torpedo, it will overheat, and go into overheating protection. You will be warned about this, by means of a visual indication, a volume drop, and/or a mute of the sound, depending on the Torpedo product. So, in order to prevent the Torpedo to go into overheating protection, you have to fed it no more than its rated power.
How to do this safely
Every amplifier is rated for a certain amount of Watts. This means that the amplifier is capable of outputting "this" much power. However, this does not mean that the amplifier actually outputs "this" much power in any situation: a 150 Watts amplifier does not output 150 Watts as soon as it is turned on. The output power is related to the actual output volume of the amplifier, which is dependant on many things (amount of distortion, EQ, output level of the guitar…), but is mostly controlled by the Volume or Master Volume control. So if you keep the output volume of any amplifier low enough, no matter how powerful it is, you can make it output less than any chosen amount of power.
Of course, it is almost impossible to know what the actual output power of your amplifier is in any particular situation. In particular, please note that the power output is in no way proportional to the Volume control: when the Volume is set to 50% (12 o'clockish), the output power is never half the rated power of the amplifier! It can be 10%, 90%, or even already the maximum power. So, if your amplifier is rated for more than what your Torpedo is rated for, you still can use it, you just have to play it low enough. For this, you will have to use your best judgement.
 - Some tube amps, mostly vintage (or from vintage inspiration) ones, can output more power than advertised. This is because power rating used to, and sometimes still is, given when the amp is played approximately clean. But when played distorted, the amp can output more power. In this case, the actual power output can usually go up to 1.5x the rated power. For example, it is not uncommon to see a 100W vintage non-master volume and/or single channel tube amp outputting up to 150W when cranked up to max. As a general rule, if the amp has 4 output tubes (typically 4 6L6 or 4 EL34), it can probably output more than 100W when played distorted at high volume. You should keep that in mind when playing them on a 100W load box/attenuator, like the Torpedo Live, Captor X or Captor.
 - A 120W amplifier is not that much more powerful than a 100W amplifier. These 20 extra Watts are likely to be there only if you play the amp loud. At moderate settings, it will probably output less than 100W. However, the point just above still applies. In short, you are probably safe using a 120W amp with any Torpedo product/attenuator rated for 100W or more, but keep these limitations in mind and proceed with caution.
 - Very powerful amps can still be used with Torpedo products, but care should be taken when using them. Here at our offices, we've been using a 500W bass amplifier for years on all our Torpedo products with an attenuator without any problems, so it's not impossible. We just, as already stated, keep its level way down.
 - Generally speaking, a good starting point is to keep all the settings of your amp just like when you are using it on an actual speaker cabinet.
 - And if you have any doubt, don't hesitate to ask the manufacturer of your amp about its actual output power in your particular situation.
When using your amplifier with a Torpedo product for the first time, monitor both the amplifier and the Torpedo. Does the amplifier sound OK? Do the output tubes of your amplifier heat more than usual? Do they turn red? Is the air flowing out of the Torpedo really hot? If anything seems wrong, lower the volume of your amplifier. If everything seems OK, you can go on.
On an adjacent topic, please refer to the user manual of the various Torpedo products for notes on what the ideal output volume is for your amplifier (regardless of its rated power). Playing an amplifier as loud as possible is not always the best idea.
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text:
Every three years nonprofit hospitals conduct a Community Health Needs Assessment (CHNA) to obtain information to successfully produce change that is beneficial in making the community healthier. During this assessment, part of this process involves soliciting community input. The Health Collaborative also collects primary and secondary data. All of these results are combined together to identify the top health or health-related issues for our region.
Improving the health of our community is at the heart of the Wilson Health mission. Through our CHNA process, Wilson Health identifies the greatest health needs in our community, enabling us to ensure our resources are appropriately directed toward outreach, prevention, education and wellness opportunities where the greatest impact can be realized. Click on the links below to view our CHNA assessment and plans:
Community Health Needs Assessment


10 Replies Latest reply on Jan 26, 2017 12:20 PM by philmodjunk
 Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 steveald
 XPOST - I have to create many layouts in our main database using static formatted text mixed with merge fields. Attached is an example of what three sections (or paragraphs) of this text might look like. The dollar amounts are merge fields which display data that is calculated based on selections made elsewhere within each record. I use merge fields to make the surrounding text move based on how many characters are in the merge field data.

 Normally, I create each layout knowing exactly which sections I want to appear on that page. If there needs to be a handful of combinations of sections, I just create a layout for each one. But I now have a situation where any number of sections (usually between 1 and 8) will need to appear on a page. And there are 32 sections to select from - each with merge field data unique to the record they are found in. Obviously, creating one layout for each possible combination of sections is not realistic.

 So, I thought it would be nice to be able to create a layout where I could drag each required section to it's own place on the layout. Drag and drop between container fields won't work because we are talking about text with merge fields containing data that needs to change based on selections made elsewhere. And I think manually moving text between fields could too easily open up the possibility of errors.

 If it helps, the merge fields (and possibly even the static text) could also be displayed as Edit boxes or something else.

 Thoughts?

 58754416d3af0_ScreenShot2017-01-10at3_26_08PM.jpg.7763bdb4046540ff1d3e342d929cc86e.jpg
 - 1. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 philmodjunk
 I have to create many layouts in our main database using static formatted text mixed with merge fields.
 This is your first mistake. While this works and can produce very nice layouts, every time a user wants to change the text, it takes a developer to correct. This is then what I call a "brittle" layout as user driven changes will break the layout and require a developer to "fix".

 I suggest that you replace that layout text with A text field and a calculation field. The contents of the text field would resemble your current block of merge text. The calculation field uses the substitute function to replace the merge field markers with data from your database. This merges the data just like your merge text, but now the basic message can be edited by a user that is not necessarily skilled as a FileMaker developer.

 For your particular problem, the above approach allows you to put such text into records and you can mix and match which records are referenced on a layout in order to allow you to mix and match blocks of text with merged data.
 - 2. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 steveald
 Thanks for the reply. Let's see if I understand your suggestions as they apply to my circumstances. I'll try to be as succinct as possible while still providing sufficient detail. I realize my current process isn't the most efficient, but I haven't found a better method that does all I need. Hopefully, I learn a new process from this.
 One important detail is how we use records. Each record in our database represents a single client. Every client can potentially need a document printed from any of the layouts I create. Which means the details seen on the same layouts in each record will likely be different from every other record based on the selections made for that client.

 Thanks to strict government filing regulations, I have to be very careful about the text that gets placed on these layouts to be printed. So, I leave as little control to my end-users as possible. They don't have access to Layout Mode and they don't need to be able to enter any text on their own.

 For most layouts, my end-users can make selections on other screens via radio buttons or drop-down menus which result in specific data appearing in merge fields on layouts which are otherwise static text. A script-driven button takes them to the appropriate layout. They can then print the layout confident that what it says is correct and compliant. That is because, usually, the subject of the layout is one product. Where variations apply, a few unique layouts are created and the script-driven button controls which layout the end-user sees.

 A more complicated scenario I dealt with involved a dozen products, broken down into two groups - any combination of which would need to appear on a layout. So, I created layouts for each possible combination - 1 from the first group and 1 from the second group through 6 from each group. And I put calculation fields like I think you're suggesting on each layout based on those combinations. One calculation field would look to see if the first product in one group should be shown. If so, the calculation was done and the text for the first product would appear in the field. If not, it checked the next product. Calculation fields were created for the product header, body and dollar values in each case since the text formatting for each differed.

 My current scenario involves 3 dozen products which can be shown in any combination and any quantity. Obviously, the above method could be done, but the amount of work involved would be huge. Hence this topic.

 Does that help you better understand specifically what I need?
 - 3. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 philmodjunk
 While you may not be able to allow users to edit this text. Using a table with a record for each block of merge text using this type of Text field plus calculation field using Substitute setup will still enable your to do the Mix and Match that you have requested.
 - 4. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 siplus
 I immagine:

 - a table of sections having 32 records as per your post;
 - a table of lettertypes which lists the sections to be taken and in which order;
 - a table of letters having just one big text block.

 Each section record contains the text, with placeholders at key positions.

 When you create a new letter of type "B" for a patient, you see that you need blocks 12, 4, 7 and 1 in this order so you fetch them, replace placeholders of type <<patientFullName>> existing in the sections' text with patient/current data and nicely add them to the big text block together with a "¶¶" at the end.

 On the print layout you have a calculation defined as BigTextBlockCalc, = big text block. You can also set tabs for it. Being a calc it can't be modified.

 You only have 1 visible layout in the Letters database and a popover on the patient layout, listing all available letter types in a portal. When you pick one, a new letter for that specific patient will be generated in the letters table. Quite simple.
 - 5. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 steveald
 Wow. I'll look over both of your suggestions and see if I can figure out what I need to do. Thanks to both of you.
 - 6. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 philmodjunk
 siplus is expanding on the same idea. Not only can you set tab stops on the big block of text field, you can set indents to format the text as well. These are all settings that you can investigate in the Inspector's Appearance tab in the "Paragraph" and "tabs" sections.
 - 7. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 steveald
 I'm not finding this anywhere. Does the Substitute function allow the use of a wildcard so that whatever happens to be in the field gets replaced by the replaceString?
 - 8. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 siplus
 sure.

 Substitute(.....

 Substitute(

 Substitute (sectiontext; <<FirstName>>; Patient::FirstName); // <-- the first substitute

 <<LastName>>; Patient::LastName)

 ...)
 - 9. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 steveald
 I was thinking something along the lines of:

 Case (
 Product 1 > 0 ; Substitute ( Field 1 ; "*" ; "This is the description for Product 1" ) ;
 Product 2 > 0 ; Substitute ( Field 1 ; "*" ; "This is the description for Product 2" ) ;
 Product 3 > 0 ; Substitute ( Field 1 ; "*" ; "This is the description for Product 3" ) ;
 Product 4 > 0 ; Substitute ( Field 1 ; "*" ; "This is the description for Product 4" ) ;
 "" )

 If a User first selects Product 1, then Field 1 would populate with the first line. But, what if, later on, they deselect Product 1 and select Product 4. Somehow the calculation would need to know it should replace whatever is in the field at the time with the new text for Product 4. I assumed that might call for a wildcard.

 Would the Replace function be a better choice in this case?
 - 10. Re: Move Text with Merge Fields from one place to another?
 philmodjunk
 Substitute ( textField ; [ "<<placeholder1>>"


Welwyn Hatfield Borough Council (WHBC) is committed to making Welwyn Hatfield a safe place to live where residents and visitors are not adversely impacted by the effects of crime and anti-social behaviour.
The term anti-social behaviour (ASB) can relate to a range of activities from serious criminal activity to communal or environmental nuisance. For the purpose of this strategy we refer to Part 1 of the Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, relating to our responsibilities as a Local Authority and as a housing provider, which defines ASB as being:
(a) conduct that has caused, or is likely to cause, harassment, alarm distress to any person,
(b) conduct capable of causing nuisance or annoyance to a person in relation to that person's occupation of residential premises, or
(c) conduct capable of causing housing-related nuisance or annoyance to any person.
The ASB Strategy will be supported by an ASB Policy and an ASB Action Plan to ensure that the key commitments are delivered operationally within the lifetime of the Strategy.
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Published 03/31/2020


text:
Trans Atlantic Consumer Dialogue Resolution on Competition, Privacy and Consumer Welfare
Consumers benefit from the existence of competitive markets, in which they can freely choose among a wide range of products and services. Competition policy plays an important role in this regard by ensuring that competition is not disrupted in a way that can harm consumers directly (e.g. leading to price increases or less choice) or indirectly (e.g. weakening competition as a process by hampering the ability of firms to compete on the merits).


Callback Items and the Callback Mask
For each of its items, a list view control typically stores the label text, the image list index of the item's icons, and a set of bit flags for the item's state. You can define individual items as callback items, which are useful if your application already stores some of the information for an item.
You define an item as a callback item by specifying appropriate values for the pszText and iImage members of the LVITEM structure (see CListCtrl::GetItem). If the application maintains the item's or subitem's text, specify the LPSTR_TEXTCALLBACK value for the pszText member. If the application keeps track of the icon for the item, specify the I_IMAGECALLBACK value for the iImage member.
In addition to defining callback items, you can also modify the control's callback mask. This mask is a set of bit flags that specify the item states for which the application, rather than the control, stores the current data. The callback mask applies to all of the control's items, unlike the callback item designation, which applies to a specific item. The callback mask is zero by default, meaning that the control tracks all item states. To change this default behavior, initialize the mask to any combination of the following values:
 - LVIS_CUT The item is marked for a cut-and-paste operation.
 - LVIS_DROPHILITED The item is highlighted as a drag-and-drop target.
 - LVIS_FOCUSED The item has the focus.
 - LVIS_SELECTED The item is selected.
 - LVIS_OVERLAYMASK The application stores the image list index of the current overlay image for each item.
 - LVIS_STATEIMAGEMASK The application stores the image list index of the current state image for each item.
For further information on retrieving and setting this mask, see CListCtrl::GetCallbackMask and CListCtrl::SetCallbackMask.
See also
Using CListCtrl
Controls


text:
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For networks with packet forwarding, distributed control to enforce cooperation for node packet forwarding probabilities is essential to maintain the connectivity. In this paper, we propose a novel self-learning repeated game framework to optimize packet forwarding probabilities of distributed users. The framework has two major steps: first, an adaptive repeated game scheme ensures the cooperation among users for the current cooperative packet forwarding probabilities; second, a self-learning scheme tries to find better cooperation probabilities. Some special cases are analyzed to evaluate the proposed framework. From the simulation results, the proposed framework demonstrates the near optimal solutions in both symmetrical and asymmetrical networks.


2 minute read
The short answer is: It is complicated. The Icelandic constitution says that anyone can live off government land property but that only means berries, mushroom, Icelandic moss, seaweed and the like. It does not mean you can fish or hunt game since all animals in Iceland are protected unless otherwise stated or you got a hunting licence.
What can you eat in Icelandic nature?
Icelanders aren't as lucky as their friends in many other places for we do not have any fruit trees. A few people have started growing apple and pear trees in their gardens, but you won't find those out in the open.
We do, however, have many different kinds of berries such as blueberries, whortleberries, and strawberries. You will also find crowberries and rock brambles (which look a bit like a cross between red currant and raspberries). People also grow black currant, red currant and raspberries but you will not find them out in the wild.
Herbs and spices
Herbs and spices grow wild in Icelandic fields, and you can find creeping thyme (also called the ever so punny name wild thyme) and alpine lady's mantle (which is good for a sore throat). Additionally, chervil, lupine and angelica grow wild around the country.
You will find many kinds of seaweeds at the beach. Of that, Dulse is very popular, and some people call vertebrata lanosa the truffles of the north because they have a similar taste.
If you know mushrooms, you can pick them at will, but if you're not sure about them, it can be dangerous.
What is not allowed?
You cannot hunt animals. You can catch fish in the sea, but you can't catch salmon, trout or any other fish in rivers and lakes unless you have a fishing permit (which is expensive). It's the same with birds, and you definitely cannot hunt lambs, horses, cows or any other domestic animals. They are all privately owned. Reindeer are also off limit. You need to apply for a hunting licence, and it can take up to three years to get permission to use a gun in Iceland.
What does this mean?
It means you will need to buy most of your food. You will not be able to forage enough food for you to survive with Iceland. However, please do forage for spices, berries and other similar things. They are quite delicious.
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text:
We present a constraint system, OF, of feature trees that is appropriate to specify and implement type inference for first-class messages. OF extends traditional systems of feature constraints by a selection constraint , ''by first-class feature tree'' , which is in contrast to the standard selection constraint . We investigate the satisfiability problem of OF and show that it can be solved in polynomial time, and even in quadratic time if the number of features is bounded. We compare OF with Treinen's system EF of feature constraints with first-class features, which has an NP-complete satisfiability problem. This comparison yields that the satisfiability problem for OF with negation is NP-hard. We even obtain NP-completeness, for a specific subclass of OF with negation that is useful for a related type inference problem. Based on OF we give a simple account of type inference for first-class messages in the spirit of Nishimura's recent proposal, and we show that it has polynomial time complexity: We also highlight an immediate extension of this type system that is desirable but makes type inference NP-complete.
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text:
The Department of Education is committed to supporting all schools to undertake the required Nationally Consistent Collection of Data (NCCD) to ensure all students with disability are participating and engaged in learning and able to pursue life opportunities.
About the NCCD
All Australian schools are required to participate annually in the NCCD.
The national data collection reflects and supports the ongoing work of schools. The NCCD draws on teachers' professional judgement and practices throughout the year supporting students with disability to access and participate in education on the same basis as other students.
Under the NCCD model, teachers and school staff use their professional, informed judgement, based on evidence, to determine the level of adjustments students with disability receive, in both the classroom and whole school context, as well as the broad category of disability that relates to the adjustments.
The model for the NCCD is based on mandatory obligations to students under the national Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (DDA) and Disability Standards for Education 2005. Understanding these legal obligations and the NCCD model is essential knowledge for principals and teachers.
What's new in 2018
From 1 January 2018, the Nationally Consistent Collection of Data on schools students with disability (NCCD) will be used by the Australian Government to calculate the students with disability loading in recurrent funding for schools provided by the Commonwealth to states and territories. Therefore, the quality and reliability of information gathered under the NCCD is critical.
School principals are responsible for verifying the accuracy of their school's NCCD data and validating that there is evidence at the school to support the inclusion of a student in the NCCD. This is a key responsibility given that the NCCD data will be used to inform funding provided by the Australian Government to Tasmania and may be the subject of audits or compliance activities.
The NCCD collection happens annually and is due for completion in August each year.
Teachers use their professional judgement to determine:
- which of their students are being provided with a reasonable adjustment because of disability, as defined in the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (the DDA) and the Disability Standards for Education 2005
- the level of adjustment that students with disability are being provided with, in both classroom and whole of school contexts
- the broad category of disability under which each student best fits.
The four levels of adjustments provided to students are:
- Support provided within quality differentiated teaching practice
- Supplementary adjustments
- Substantial adjustments
- Extensive adjustments
Evidence is required at the school to demonstrate that a student has been provided with an educational adjustment for a period of ten weeks or longer to meet specific needs associated with the disability and that the students' parents or carers have been consulted in relation to the nature of the educational adjustment.
Schools must complete this information in the Student Support System (SSS) in August every year, which must be approved by the school principal.
Each year in August, principals will verify data about students in their school receiving adjustments because of disability, based on evidences in the school.
Email communications will be sent to each school principal prior to the data collection period to remind them of the process and timeframes for recording the NCCD.
Frequently Asked Questions
- If students are transitioning from Year 6 to Year 7 which school undertakes the NCCD work? The Year 6 school collects the data.
- If students are transitioning from Year 10 to Year 11 which school undertakes the NCCD work? The Year 10 school collects the data.
- Who undertakes the process if the student is enrolled in two different schools? Only the school where the student spends the most days each week.
- Does the collection include Kindergarten students? No. Only students in Prep to Year 12.
Further information is available at Nationally Consistent Collection of Data (NCCD).
For further information or advice in relation to the NCCD, contact Disability Services, via email at: _EMAIL_


text:
This trail, called "Shvil Emek HaMayaanot" in Hebrew, winds through the Jordan Valley and surrounding areas. One end is in Beit She'an, the other on Mt. Gilboa near Kibbutz Merav. The route forms a rough loop which passes above the Jordan Valley and through Nahal Issachar and Nahal Tavor, then heads down to the valley and follows the river for some time.
It runs through numerous nature reserves and past plenty of springs, but the majority of it is through cultivated land which isn't particularly amenable to hiking. It's intended, instead, to connect interesting sites for short walks, and some of its sections, such as walking along the Jordan River Nature Reserve, or descending Mt. Gilboa to the hot springs of Gan HaShlosha, make for very good day hikes.
- 120 km
- 6-8 days to through-hike (though it's not intended for this)
- Most of its parts are not too far from towns, bus stops and highways
- Well-marked using the same system as the Jesus Trail – orange and white blazes, or orange dots above previously-existing trail blazes, and shown as a solid orange line on SPNI map #3


'300x400'
env PORT='80'
script
 exec /usr/bin/calibre-server --with-library $LIBRARY_PATH --auto-reload \
 --max-cover $MAX_COVER --port $PORT \
 --username $USER --password $PASSWORD
end script
Paste this into your text editor and save it. (CTRL + X, then Y, then ENTER). We'll look at what each line does below:
 - The first line is just a description to help you (or others) know what the script does
 - The next two lines state at what level you want your script to start and stop on, since Upstart, allows for order specification so that scripts that rely on each other will start in the right order. Level 1 is for all essential services, so we'll start on level 2, by which time we know that the network and anything else we need will be up and running
 - respawn means that if the service stop unexpectedly, it'll try to restart
The next lines are all variables that we pass to the calibre-server command. Before, we just used the minimum of specifying the --with-library option, but we can see now how much flexibility Calibre offers. Above, we've specified:
 - Username and password to access the library from the web (please change these from the examples provided)
 - Library location path, as before
 - Max image size for book cover images (this is useful to make the page load more quickly)
 - Port number (here we've changed it to 80; change this to something else if you already use port 80 to serve standard web pages, etc.)
 - Finally, in the script section (known as a stanza) we run the main command using exec, and passing in all our variables. The /usr/bin/calibre-server part is the path to the executable
Once you've saved the script and closed the editor, start up the server:
sudo start calibre-server
This time you should see this output, but with a different process number:
calibre-server start/running, process 7811
Now use a browser to navigate to your server's IP address or domain name.
You should see a popup form asking for the username and password. These should be the ones you added to the Upstart script. Enter these and you'll be taken to your ebook library as before.
The server can now easily be stopped, started, and restarted using the following commands:
sudo service calibre-server stop
sudo service calibre-server start
sudo service calibre-server restart
This makes managing the server a lot easier than having to manually deal with daemon processes and process IDs!
The site by default has a mobile version that works nicely with smaller-screen devices such as phones and e-readers. This should load automatically if you visit the site from a mobile device.
Step 5 — Creating a Cron Job to Add Books Automatically
We can write a simple cron job to watch our toadd directory for new books.
Every 10 minutes it will look for files in the /home/user/calibre-library/toadd/ directory, add any files in there to our Calibre database, and then remove the original files. (Calibre makes copies of the files when it adds them to our library so we don't need the originals once the add has taken effect.) This means that if you transfer book files via scp, ssh, etc. to this directory from your main machine, or just download them directly into the toadd directory, then they'll automatically be added to your Calibre database and be available for download from your library!
To create a cron job, execute:
crontab -e
You might have to make a selection about your preferred text editor.
At the end of the file add the line:
*/10 * * * * xvfb-run calibredb add /home/user/calibre-library/toadd/ -r --with-library /home/user/calibre-library && rm /home/user/calibre-server/toadd/*
The first part of the command (*/10 * * * *) means that the command should be run every ten minutes. The second part is the same as the command we manually ran earlier. It adds all the books from the toadd folder to the database and then removes the original files.
That's that. You can now access your ebooks from anywhere in the world.
Note: The search results in Calibre aren't sorted by relevance, so if you enter a common term you often find unrelated books before the one you're looking for. However, you can specify to search only by title or author, which does help a lot, and the browse options (browse alphabetically by Author, for example) are very well implemented as well.
Conclusion
There are one or two things to keep in mind about running and maintaining a Calibre server. We'll take a brief look at these to finish off.
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text:
May 12, 2011 / ENERGY GLOBE Award
Project presentation - "Winery at monastery"
The winery at the monastery in Klosterneuburg has analyzed all processes in the entire estate in order to know their impact on climate and environment and improve it. Now the climate protector pioneer "ClimatePartner" certified Klosterneuburg as the first winery in Austria as carbon neutral.
The carbon footprint of the winery and its various products has been computed in the realm of a study. This enabled an exact analysis of the status quo that served as the basis for a plan for reducing emissions. Then the monastery immediately began to implement measures that could be quickly realized.
Meanwhile for about a year climate-neutral wine is on the market and has attracted public interest. Aspects incorporated in the reduction of emissions include fuel and energy consumption in the company, use of coolants, water consumption waste water, business trips, commuting on the part of all employees, outsourcing, in-house use of paper and office supplies, use of production materials, etc.
Working close to nature reduces CO2 emissions, it also results in more rather unconventional solutions, such as the experimental attitude of chicken between the rows. They loosen the soil and take care of the weed control.
Find more information under _URL_