Gigantum Documentation
You'll find comprehensive guides and documentation to help you start working with the Gigantum platform as quickly as possible. If you get stuck, then there is help for that too. Just reach out to the team or get help from the community using our our Spectrum channel.
Get Started Changelog
Creating Your First Gigantum Project
If this is your first time working in Gigantum, you should read this whole page.
Create a Project
Gigantum starts in the Projects listing page.
 1. To create a new Project, click on the Add Project card
 - Enter a title of lowercase alphanumeric strings, including hyphens. No spaces or capitals!
 - Put in a description. This is a short record of why you made the Project.
Create your first Project by choosing a title and description.
 1. Next pick a base for your Project.
A base is a pre-built Docker image that includes the operating system, development tools (e.g. Jupyter or RStudio), and optionally a preconfigured set of packages. It is the starting point for your work environment.
 - For this simple walk-through, click the python3 tab and choose the Select button on the Python3 Minimal card. The Python3 Minimal base has no pre-installed packages so it should download faster.
 - Click Create Project to create the new Project.
Another available base is Python3 Data Science Quick-Start which has a pre-installed set of data science packages like numpy, scipy, scikit-learn and matplotlib. This will take longer to download.
Once creation of the Project is complete, the app takes you to the Project Overview. The Overview is a quick look at the Project and includes things like recent Activity, a summary of the Environment configuration, and Favorite files.
At the top right of the Project Overview is the container status widget that also lets you run or stop the Project.
 1. Start JupyterLab.
 - In the upper right corner is a status widget for the Project state. It is both a state indicator (e.g. stopped, building, running) and a button to change states.
 - For a new Project, the initial status is Stopped.
 - Mouse over the button and click on Run to start the Project. The status will transition to Starting, and then to Running.
 - Click on the Launch: jupyterlab button to open JupyterLab in a new browser tab. Just make sure the popup doesn't get blocked!
You now have two open browser tabs, one with Gigantum and one with JupyterLab.
Use the Project Run Widget to control the Project state.
Print Hello, World!
JupyterLab is now running! Let's start with the basics.
When JupyterLab is first opened you will be dropped into the code directory. This is where your Jupyter notebooks should be stored. If you click on the home button, you will see the code directory as well as two other directories, input and output. The input directory should be where all of your input data is placed. The output data is where you should put your programs output.
If you don't like working with relative paths, the absolute path to these directories is always available when working in a Project from the environment variables LB_CODE, LB_INPUT, and LB_OUTPUT.
Use these directories to help you, collaborators, and the world know where to look for your stuff when opening your Project.
 1. Create a notebook by clicking Python3 in the Notebook section of the Launcher pane.
 2. Enter print("hello world!") in the first cell and run it.
 3. Switch back to your browser tab that has Gigantum running
 4. Go to the Activity Feed
Save your work!
Gigantum tracks everything you do and keeps a record of every execution, but you still have to save your work to write to disk. Make sure to use the JupyterLab interface to save changes to your notebooks as you normally would.
Congrats! You just created your first activity entry in Gigantum.
Environment Changes
We know that printing "hello world!" is pretty exciting, but you will typically need additional packages installed to do your work. Luckily, in Gigantum you can change the environment with package managers like pip, conda, and apt.
Let's add the latest versions of numpy and matplotlib as a demonstration:
 1. Go to the Project in your browser.
 2. Use the status widget to Stop your Project.
 3. Navigate to the Project "Environment" section.
 4. Click on the pip tab and then expand the "Add Packages" Section.
 5. Enter the packages to install (e.g. numpy, matplotlib).
 6. Click Install Selected Packages.
 7. Wait for the Project state to go from "Building" to "Stopped".
 8. Start the Project with the status widget and open up JupyterLab again.
Use "Add Packages" section to add numpy and matplotlib
There are a few things to keep in mind when adding packages with Gigantum.
 - You must Stop the Project before changing packages!
 - You can specify a specific version of the package or leave it blank. If the version is omitted, the latest version of the package will be installed.
 - Gigantum always "pins" versions when possible to help provide reproducibility, but
 note that apt managed packages currently are not pinned.
 - conda can take a long time to return from queries and install commands, so be patient when using it.
Finally, you can also install things via a "Custom Docker snippet" for things that aren't available in package managers. Simply enter valid dockerfile instructions and Gigantum will include them in the build process. Currently only RUN, ENV and comments are supported.
Containers (for the curious)
A Project is a repository of code, data, and environment configuration, all enhanced with a searchable activity feed. The development tools are launched in a Docker container built from a stored environment configuration, and Gigantum makes Project managed data available to the container.
You can't change the environment configuration of a Running Project. To reconfigure the environment or available tools, you must first Stop the Project. This is because the Docker container is rebuilt upon adding or removing packages, and this can't be done when the container is running.
All other Gigantum features work at all times. For example, you can add and remove data from Running or Stopped Projects.
The Activity Feed
When you Run a Project and work in JupyterLab, Gigantum tracks your activity and builds a rich, searchable history based on the Jupyter notebooks you use. Everything is in the Activity Feed, which you can find by clicking on the Activity tab in the Project Overview.
Let's add some code to a Jupyter notebook to see the Activity Feed in action. We can also verify that the environment changes we just made worked.
Run your Project and open Jupyter as before. The snippet below is a simplified version of a matplotlib demo.
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.colors import BoundaryNorm
from matplotlib.ticker import MaxNLocator
import numpy as np
# generate data
dx, dy = 0.05, 0.05
y, x = np.mgrid[slice(1, 5 + dy, dy), slice(1, 5 + dx, dx)]
z = z[:-1, :-1]
levels = MaxNLocator(nbins=15).tick_values(z.min(), z.max())
# set colormap and normalize
cmap = plt.get_cmap('PiYG')
norm = BoundaryNorm(levels, ncolors=cmap.N, clip=True)
fig, (ax0) = plt.subplots(nrows=1)
# configure contours and output
cf = ax0.contourf(x[:-1, :-1] + dx/2.,
 y[:-1, :-1] + dy/2., z, levels=levels,
fig.colorbar(cf, ax=ax0)
ax0.set_title('contourf with levels')
Paste it into a cell in your Jupyter Notebook, click save, and execute the cell
The executed example code in a Jupyter notebook
Once the cell has successfully executed, Gigantum will automatically extract useful information (e.g. the file that has changed, code executed, and figure created) and create a new version of your Project.
If you navigate back to the browser tab running Gigantum and select the Activity tab, you'll see a new Activity Record summarizing what was done. Here, Gigantum has captured the output, linked with the code and environment that generated it.
Example Activity Record
Each record in the activity feed is a version that can be reproduced, modified, or shared. A user can go back to any point in time to recreate their previous work and use previous results as a starting point for new data explorations!
When you are done working on your Project, click "Stop" to shut off the container and clean up resources.
Safest to Stop!
You only need to stop the Gigantum Client if you are shutting your computer down or no longer want to use the client. Putting your computer to sleep won't interfere with Gigantum, although there have been some issues reported with Docker for Windows when entering sleep mode!
Updated about a year ago
Creating Your First Gigantum Project
Suggested Edits are limited on API Reference Pages


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$$p(x,y) = x^N + a_{N-1}(y)x^{N-1} + \ldots + a_0(y), \quad x,y \in \mathbf{C}$$
is a monic polynomial in $x$, and the coefficients $a_j$ are analytic functions of $y$, then the roots of $p$ have expansions in Puiseux series (in powers of $y^{1/m}$ for some $m$) which are convergent for $y$ sufficiently close to 0.
Is this true in an asymptotic sense when the $a_j$ are only assumed to be smooth? i.e. Do the roots have asymptotic expansions which are formal Puiseux series (not necessarily convergent)?
For $A$ to have an asymptotic expansion $A \sim B_1 + B_2 + \ldots$ with respect to some grading $\mathcal{O}(n)$ means that $B_n \in \mathcal{O}(n)$, and for each $N$, $A - \sum_{n=1}^N B_n \in O(N+1)$. Here $\mathcal{O}(n)$ means $\mathcal{O}(|y|^{n/m})$ in the usual big-O notation, as $y\to 0$.
share|improve this question
How would you expand the two roots of $x^2=exp(-1/y^2)$? – Piero D'Ancona Aug 13 '10 at 7:10
I would have thought that you get an asymptotic expansion by replacing the $a_i$ by their asymptotic expansions, i.e., their Taylor series (which are formal power series), and then do the usual formal Puiseux series expansion of $x$. – Torsten Ekedahl Aug 13 '10 at 8:29
_USER_ I believe the expansions would simply be 0 for both roots. _USER_ Ah, I guess I've never actually computed a Puiseux series, but I suppose the basic algorithm is just to backsolve for the coefficients. If the algorithm works, I guess it has to work asymptotically. I'm a little surprised at this outcome as, combined with the Malgrange preparation theorem, this should imply that the germ of zeros of any smooth function has such an expansion. – Mike Hall Aug 13 '10 at 16:36
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The constructive proof of the Newton-Puiseux theorem works formally, and a posteriori one can show that if the original coefficients are convergent, then the Puiseux series are convergent (see the details in Casas-Alvero's book, "Singularities of Plane Curves"). So Torsten Ekedahl's comment is right, of course. However, I wonder how useful this would be when the power series don't converge to the original smooth functions.
share|improve this answer
That was exactly my point. You can not hope to represent the solutions by a Puiseux series, even in the simplest examples. And you can use $C^\infty$ functions to produce much weirder examples (e.g., infinite number of oscillations near many points) – Piero D'Ancona Aug 14 '10 at 17:10
The Taylor series gives the asymptotic expansion of a smooth function in terms of powers of $y$ and as such is uniquely determined and does give a lot of information about the behaviour of the function around the point. Of course the flat functions (those which are $O(y^n)$ for all $n$) get ignored so that $\exp(-1/y^2) \sim 0$ and then also so is any solution of $x^2=\exp(-1/y^2)$. Whether or not an asymptotic expansion of this type is useful or not will of course depend on your needs but the OP seems to have found it so as the question is about asymptotic expansions. – Torsten Ekedahl Aug 14 '10 at 17:44
_USER_: sure. I am questioning that the Puiseux expansion may be given any reasonable meaning. I'm thinking of examples like Glaeser's non negative, smooth function, flat at 0, whose square root fails to be $C^2$. In that case what is the meaning of the expansion? which would be a 'Taylor' expansion of any order of a non smooth function? I'm just perplexed and slightly curious about the usefulness of Mike's efforts. – Piero D'Ancona Aug 14 '10 at 19:18
_USER_: Interesting, I didn't know that you had that kind of complications. I agree that Puiseux expansions as asymptic expansions for functions on the real line look a little fishy. For one thing it seems safer to have them defined only for positive reals as otherwise $y^{m/n}$ may not even be well defined. – Torsten Ekedahl Aug 15 '10 at 22:12
I think the expansions certainly tell you something meaningful about where the zeros are, namely that they are within $\mathcal{O}(y^\infty)$ of several curves with the given Puiseux expansions. It's true that the $\mathcal{O}(y^\infty)$ error means you have essentially no control over derivatives. Still, I think this gives a nice picture of what the zero set looks like near a point. – Mike Hall Aug 16 '10 at 17:51
Your Answer


text:
Our wines honor Ojo de Agua's great legacy in Argentina. Ojo de Agua first came to life in 1868 when the legendary Pedro Luro bought the land in the foothills of the Sierra de la Vigilancia from the Argentine Rural Society. Soon after, because of its ideal climate and soil, it became the mecca of thoroughbred horseracing, and raised some of the best horses not only in Argentina, but known throughout the world for its award-winning stallions.
The Ojo de Agua Estancia, which stands on 2,000 hectares of land at the foothills of the Sierra de la Vigilancia, comes to life in 1868 thanks to Pedro Luro, who bought it from the Argentine Rural Society. It's located in the General Pueyrredón between Mar del Plata and Balcarce. The name Ojo de Agua, which means eye of the water, comes from the thousands of liters of natural spring mountain water that flows daily through the farm.
The area is chosen for its ideal climate and soil. Thoroughbred horse racing begins and the master estancia house is built.
The first stallion, Kendal, is acquired from England, influencing thoroughbred breeding across Argentina. The Ojo de Agua horses begin to receive international awards and honors.
They acquire more famous stallions, like Cyllene and Polar Star. Cyllene is known as "the Best Horse in the World", winning the National Prize in Buenos Aires three times, and numerous million dollar offers. Owner Doña María Luro says, "Cyllene is priceless" and does not sell.
Congreve, who revolutionized the Turf Mundial, was acquired in 1930. 170 of his offspring are winners, and six who won the Gran Premio Nacional, the oldest race in South America.
Aristophanes, father of the glorious Forli, is acquired, and later wins the most important national awards. Winner of the Triple Crown in Argentina, is sent to the USA. Another winner.
Good Manners is acquired, the stallion in Argentina with the most wins, and considered to be the grandfather stallion.
Dieter Meier buys the Ojo de Agua estancia, maintaining the 19th century aesthetic and charm. Meier sees incredible farming potential in this Golden Land, and begins to raise cattle, produce beef, and honor Ojo de Agua's history and legacy in Argentina. He also journeys across the entire country in search of the richest soil to produce organic wine and natural products in Mendoza, Salta and Patagonia.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


public static IEnumerable RemoveDuplicates(this ICollection list, Func Predicate)
 var dict = new Dictionary();
 foreach (var item in list)
 if (!dict.ContainsKey(Predicate(item)))
 dict.Add(Predicate(item), item);
 return dict.Values.AsEnumerable();
var employees = (from x in context.Employees
 join t in context.PhonesNumbers on x.EmpId equals t.EmpId
 select new { Employee = x, Phone = t });
//we now have multiple employee records if an employee had more than one phone number
employees = employees.RemoveDuplicates(x => x.EmpId);
Removes items from a collection based on the condition you provide. This is useful if a query gives you some duplicates that you can't seem to get rid of. Some Linq2Sql queries are an example of this. Use this method afterward to strip things you know are in the list multiple times
Double click on the code to select all.


text:
Drought over in half of Spain
Spain's two-year drought was declared over in the West half of the country this week after two months of heavy rain, while Mediterranean regions remained dry, the country's meteorological service has said.
In regions bordering on the Atlantic in the West, rains have restored reservoir levels to over 80% in places after a prolonged period of drought that left farmers with no irrigation and hosepipe bans across the country.
This contrasts with Mediterranean regions where reservoirs are still under 15% full – as low as 11.1% in Segura and 13.2% in Jucar – the Spanish Environment Agency said.
The rains in the West helped reverse a severe drought, with reservoirs on average 55% full across the country, up from 39% in October, following a total of 222 mm of rain since October 1st.
But Spain's environment minister Cristina Narbona warned that the drought is not over: "It is still possible that restrictions on irrigation remain in the Guadalquivir basin," because "it rained a lot more downstream from Seville towards the coast than upstream, between Seville and the river source.
"The real crisis is around the region of Valencia, in Murcia and around the source of the Tajo river," she said.
"An important geographical region continues to suffer the third consecutive year of drought," she said.
The rain has brought relief to farmers in the West of the country, deprived of irrigation and bound by hosepipe bans as the drought persisted in the summer months.
It also brought hydroelectric reservoir levels up, with power plants, mostly located in the North West, now back to normal working capacity.
Hydroelectric reservoirs are now almost 80% full, Spanish authorities said.


What Colour Is Adidas Blue?
What Colour is a UK ambulance?
United KingdomServiceColoursAmbulance and DoctorsYellow / GreenFire and RescueYellow / RedNHS Blood and Transplant, Blood BikesYellow / OrangeHighways Agency Traffic Officers, Welsh Government Traffic Officers and DVSAYellow / Black6 more rows.
What Colour is the NHS blue?
NHS Bright Blue (Pantone 285)
What are Microsoft colors?
The official Microsoft colors are orange red, green, blue, yellow and gray.
What do the colors of the Windows logo mean?
The blue square represents Windows (neutral, cool, in the background of everything—like the sky in the XP homescreen.) The red square represents Office (active, constructive, hot like overheated brain activity.). The green square represents Xbox (fun, relaxed, where all the profit growth comes from.) That's all great.
Why is NHS blue?
NHS blue is used as our primary corporate colour. It reflects the master NHS brand and represents trust and security. NHS blue should be the dominant active colour in all materials.
What is collegiate navy color?
navy blueCollegiate navy and legend ink are different colors. Legend ink is very dark shade of navy blue while collegiate navy is closer to a traditional navy blue.
What is collegiate navy?
Released in July 2016, the 'collegiate navy' combines a blue-based gradient Primeknit upper with a night navy heel counter and cage, white Boost midsole and black Continental rubber outsole for a simple yet classy look.
What is hexadecimal color code for blue?
0000FFList of common HTML color codesNameHex CodeRGB CodeGreen#008000rgb(0, 128, 0)Aqua#00FFFFrgb(0, 255, 255)Teal#008080rgb(0, 128, 128)Blue#0000FFrgb(0, 0, 255)12 more rows
What color is the Facebook blue?
Facebook color codes: RGB, CMYK, Pantone, HexBlueHex color:#4267B2RGB:66 103 178CMYK:87 64 0 0Pantone:PMS 2131 C
What color is Microsoft blue?
The color microsoft blue with hexadecimal color code #00a2ed is a shade of cyan. In the RGB color model #00a2ed is comprised of 0% red, 63.53% green and 92.94% blue.
What color is Collegiate Royal?
Adidas Released a "Royal" Ultra Boost Colorway for Men This "Collegiate Royal" Ultra Boost make up is similar to the recently released "Deep Sea" women's exclusive colorway, except the upper on this men's pair relies heavier on shades of blue than it does black.
What is Onix color?
Agate and onyx are both varieties of layered chalcedony that differ only in the form of the bands: agate has curved bands and onyx has parallel bands. The colors of its bands range from black to almost every color. Commonly, specimens of onyx contain bands of black and/or white.
Why WhatsApp logo is green?
Green colour gives security Kuom and Acton have always sought to reflect on WhatsApp values of humility and simplicity. That is why the logo was chosen to convey that message, that is why they chose the colour green, because it represents security, since we all seek privacy in our conversations.
Why the color of Facebook is blue?
The reason Facebook is blue: Zuckerberg is colorblind According to The New Yorker, Zuckerberg is red-green colorblind, which means the color he can see best is blue. That also happens to be the color that dominates the Facebook website and mobile app. "Blue is the richest color for me," he told the magazine.
Why the color blue is the best?
According to color psychology: Blue is described as a favorite color by many people and is the color most preferred by men. Because blue is favored by so many people, it is often viewed as a non-threatening color that can seem conservative and traditional. Blue calls to mind feelings of calmness or serenity.


text:
In this never-before-released archival lecture from 1974, anthropologist Margaret Mead discusses the lives of women from prehistoric through modern times.
The Leakey Foundation is 50 years old this year, and we're celebrating this milestone by sharing rare, previously unreleased lectures from the Foundation's archive. These talks are like a time capsule that lets you hear from scientists in their own words and in their own voices – as they were making the discoveries that made them famous.
The third lecture in this "From the Archive" series is by Margaret Mead, the world famous cultural anthropologist and author.
Margaret Mead was born in 1901, and she had a long and distinguished career as an anthropologist. She served as president of the American Anthropological Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Among other academic appointments, she was a curator of anthropology at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, where she worked from 1926 until her death in 1978. After her death, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Jimmy Carter in 1979. This award is the highest civilian honor given by the United States government.
The citation on her award said – "Margaret Mead was both a student of civilization and an exemplar of it. To a public of millions, she brought the central insight of cultural anthropology: That varying cultural patterns express an underlying human unity. She mastered her discipline, but she also transcended it. Intrepid, independent, plain-spoken, fearless, she remains a model for the young and a teacher from whom all may learn."
Margaret Mead's Leakey Foundation lecture entitled "Women – Primitive and Modern" was recorded in Pasadena, California, in 1974.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


The Effects of Yepd Essay
731 Words3 Pages
Terrance Ellington Zoology Lab Gene Function March 6, 2013 The effects of YEPD + 10mM EGTA on mutant yeast strain Purpose and Background: Purpose of this experiment is to find out the function of genes in yeast strain. To find these functions, will look for the phenotype controlled by each gene. To differentiate what phenotype is controlled by what gene mutant strains (test); strains that have been altered by having a gene knocked out, will be compared to the isogenic wild (control) type stain. Strategy: We take mutant yeast strains that have been grown in YEPD medium and grow them along side of each other on different mediums, some of which will have added nutrients and others will have certain nutrients removed. We will grow them at different temperatures to see if we can differentiate the phenotypes controlled by each gene. Materials: A. Yeast Strain: a. FTY18 (control strain) b. FTY406 c. FTY495 d. pmr1Δ e. gpa2Δ f. nrg2Δ g. pep12Δ h. tpo4Δ B. Medium: YEPD + 10 mM EGTA C. Sterilized toothpicks D. Marker pens Procedure: 1. Two plates of YEPD + 10 mM EGTA were divided into six parts. Each section was then labeled according to strain that it represented. 2. Next, the plates were populated with the yeast strains using the streak plate method a. The top ⅓ of a section was streaked with cells using a toothpick, taking care not cross line into a different section & discarded b. Using a fresh toothpick, the second ⅓ of section was populated by being streaked using cells from first ⅓ of section c. To populate the last ⅓ of section, a fresh toothpick was used to gather cells from the second ⅓ and streaked into the last ⅓. 3. Steps were repeated until each section was complete for each plate. 4. Plates were then labeled according
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text:
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Various materials for shielding against electromagnetic radiation have been rapidly developed to protect the operational environment and prevent interference. Reliable measurement is required to determine and evaluate the material properties. In this paper, the characterization methods for planar material sample fixtures are first presented in both the time domain using oscilloscope time domain reflectometry (TDR) and vector network analyser TDR methods, and the frequency domain using a vector network analyser (VNA). Then the application of the characterised planar material sample fixtures are described for the measurement of EMI shielding effectiveness of carbon nanotubes based coatings.


NAME Text::Wrap::Smart - Wrap text into chunks of equal length SYNOPSIS use Text::Wrap::Smart qw(wrap_smart); $text =.. # random content & length %options = ( no_split => 1, max_msg_size => 160, ); _USER_ = wrap_smart($text, \%options); DESCRIPTION "Text::Wrap::Smart" was primarly developed to split an overly long SMS message into chunks of equal size. The distribution's "wrap_smart()" may nevertheless be used for other purposes. FUNCTIONS wrap_smart _USER_ = wrap_smart($text, \%options); %options may contain the "no_split" option indicating that words shall not be broken up. "max_msg_size" sets the character length boundary for each chunk emitted. SEE ALSO Text::Wrap AUTHOR Steven Schubiger LICENSE This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. See


text:
How To Fatten Up A Dog With Kidney Disease Ideas Guide 2022. _URL_ additionally, try to stick to foods with low levels of phosphorous, since too much […] Is my dog drinking less water than usual?
If you aim to fatten up a dog, that does not mean you need to reduce exercise. As only moderate amounts of protein and fat are appropriate for dogs with kidney disease, a dog kidney diet can contain up to 40 percent of carbohydrates so the dog can get enough calories. Homemade diet for cats with kidney failure with images.
These Cats Should Be Fed A Diet Low ( 15% On A Dry Mater Basis) In Carbohydrate Content.they May Make Your Cat Feel Full, But They Won't Help Her Gain Weight.this Can Best Be Done By Monitoring Your Cat's Body Condition, Muscle Condition, And Weight.
Commercial diets for cats with ckd are developed support kidney function while maintaining body condition. How to fatten up a dog with kidney disease. In acute kidney failure, toxins are building up in a cat's bloodstream due to the kidneys' inability to function.
Product Review For Renal Dog Food.
Because of these dangerous factors, a cat will need to be on iv fluids in order to help flush the toxins in their system and take some of the stress off of the kidneys. If you aim to fatten up a dog, that does not mean you need to reduce exercise. To fatten up your dog, take the dog's breed, age, and level of activity into account.
Mattie's Healthy Treats For Dogs With Kidney Disease.
Therefore, one of the best ways to fatten up a cat is to give them some kitten, or soft food. Acute kidney failure also causes electrolyte imbalances and severe dehydration. Some senior dogs do not drink enough water due to kidney disease or behavioral changes.
250G Lean Chicken Mince 250Gm Potato 2 Tbsp Olive Oil 1/2 Teaspoon Ground Cooked Egg Shells Or Calcium Powder Acute Kidney Failure Also Causes Electrolyte Imbalances And Severe Dehydration.
How to fatten up a cat with kidney. This low protein and phosphorus food, is the ideal choice for dogs, suffering from ailments of the kidney. Decreased dietary protein may slow the progression of ckd by decreasing the workload on the kidneys to excrete protein waste products.
Use Honey Or Sugar On Cereal And In Beverages.
To encourage more water intake, change your pet's water several times a day, clean your pet's water bowl daily, and consider the use of a running water fountain to increase water interest. Is my dog drinking less water than usual? You don't want a fat dog, you want a healthy one that has the right weight for its type.


around for PEP 366
import univention.debug as ud
import requests
name = "web_connector"
description = "Der Web-Connector spricht eine Web-API an."
filter = "(objectClass=ucsschoolTeacher)"
attribute = ["ucsschoolSchool", "departmentNumber:"]
def handler(dn, new, old):
 ud.debug(ud.LISTENER, ud.ERROR, 'New teacher "%s"' % new)
 ud.debug(ud.LISTENER, ud.ERROR, 'Old teacher "%s"' % old)
 if new and not old:
 r = requests.post("_URL_", data={'name': new['uid'], 'type': 'teacher', 'action': 'create'})
 else:
 pass
 - Row 1 __package__ = "" # workaround for PEP 366 is for relative imports.
 - Row 2 import univention.debug as ud imports Univention's own modules for debugging / logging. Here, of course, you could also directly use Python's own logging tools.
 - Row 3 import requests imports the request library.
 - The definitions in the rows 4 to 7 have been described above.
 - Row 8 attribute = ["ucsschoolSchool", "departmentNumber:"] defines on top a Python list of the object's attributes in which the listener module is activated if something changes.
 - Row 10 def handler(dn, new, old): defines the handler function.
 - Row 11 ud.debug(ud.LISTENER, ud.ERROR, 'New teacher "%s"' % new) logs the new object in LDAP. In this case, the log level is set to ud.ERROR, in order to definitely see something in the listener.log.
 - Row 12 ud.debug(ud.LISTENER, ud.ERROR, 'Old teacher "%s"' % old) logs the old object in the LDAP.
 - Row 13 if new and not old: defines an IF-statement which is activated only if an object has been created in LDAP.
 - Row 14 r = requests.post("_URL_", data={'name': new['uid'], 'type': 'teacher', 'action': 'create'}) defines an example of a web API.
 - Rows 15 & 16 close the example.
For further examples, you may also look in the developer manual.
Additional links we recommend:
1. Univention Directory Listener
2. Listener/notifier domain replication
We hope that we have given you a good overview about the function of listener modules and tips on how to build them by yourself. If you have any further questions, please do not hesitate to contact us via our forum or
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Ask Difference
Silica vs. Silicone — What's the Difference?
By Urooj Arif & Maham Liaqat — Updated on March 15, 2024
Silica is a natural mineral made of silicon and oxygen, while silicone is a synthetic polymer containing silicon, oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen.
Silica vs. Silicone — What's the Difference?
Difference Between Silica and Silicone
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Key Differences
Silica is a naturally occurring mineral found in sand, quartz, and various other parts of the earth's crust, primarily composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2). It's known for its hardness and chemical inertness, making it useful in construction, glass making, and as a filler in various products. Whereas silicone is a man-made material, a polymer that includes silicon together with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Silicone is notable for its flexibility, heat resistance, and use in medical devices, cookware, sealants, and lubricants.
While silica serves as a critical component in the production of glass, ceramics, and concrete, contributing significantly to industrial and construction sectors, silicone plays a vital role in the manufacturing of flexible, heat-resistant items ranging from kitchen utensils to electronic device components. This highlights the distinct applications based on their physical and chemical properties.
Silica is known for its rigidity and high melting point, which makes it ideal for use in harsh environments, such as in foundries and construction. On the other hand, silicone is celebrated for its versatility and resistance to temperature extremes, making it suitable for a wide range of temperatures and conditions, from cold storage to hot engines.
In terms of health effects, inhaling finely divided crystalline silica dust can lead to silicosis, a serious lung disease, highlighting the importance of handling silica with care in occupational settings. Whereas silicone, especially medical-grade silicone, is generally considered non-toxic and safe for use in medical implants and cookware, underlining its biocompatibility and safety for direct human contact.
The environmental impact of both materials can vary significantly. Silica, being a natural mineral, is abundant and doesn't pose significant environmental hazards unless processed improperly. Silicone, while more durable and less prone to breaking down into harmful byproducts than some plastics, requires careful disposal and recycling strategies to minimize its environmental footprint, reflecting the considerations needed for synthetic polymers.
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Comparison Chart
Composition
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)
Silicon, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
Source
Natural mineral
Synthetic polymer
Applications
Glass making, construction, fillers
Cookware, sealants, medical devices, lubricants
Physical Properties
Hard, high melting point
Flexible, heat-resistant
Health Effects
Inhalation of dust can lead to silicosis
Generally non-toxic, safe for medical use
Environmental Impact
Low, unless improperly processed
Requires careful disposal, more durable than plastics
Compare with Definitions
Silica
Essential for the production of silicon metal and silicon carbide.
High-purity silica is used in the electronics industry for producing silicon wafers.
Silicone
Can be formulated into lubricants and adhesives.
Silicone lubricants are used for their effectiveness over a wide range of temperatures.
Silica
A hard, unreactive, colorless compound that occurs as the mineral quartz.
Silica sand is a key ingredient in glassmaking.
Silicone
Features in kitchenware for its non-stick properties and heat resistance.
Silicone baking mats and spatulas are popular for their ease of use and cleaning.
Silica
Used industrially as a major component in ceramics and concrete.
Silica is added to paint as a thickener and to tire rubber as a filler.
Silicone
A synthetic material known for its stability and resistance to extreme environments.
Silicone sealants are used in construction for their durability and flexibility.
Silica
Can cause lung diseases when inhaled as fine dust.
Protective measures are required to prevent silicosis in workplaces handling silica.
Silicone
Utilized in medical devices due to its biocompatibility.
Silicone is commonly used in implants and tubing in medical applications.
Silica
Found in various forms in the natural environment.
Quartz countertops are prized for their silica content and durability.
Silicone
Acts as an insulator in electronic components.
Silicone coatings are applied to protect circuit boards from moisture.
Silica
A white or colorless crystalline compound, SiO2, which in the form of quartz and certain other minerals is a chief component of the earth's crust. Silica sand is used in making a wide variety of materials, such as glass and concrete.
Silicone
A silicone or polysiloxane is a polymer made up of siloxane (−R2Si−O−SiR2−, where R = organic group). They are typically colorless, oils or rubber-like substances.
Silica
Silicon dioxide.
Silicone
Any of a class of synthetic materials which are polymers with a chemical structure based on chains of alternate silicon and oxygen atoms, with organic groups attached to the silicon atoms. Such compounds are typically resistant to chemical attack and insensitive to temperature changes and are used to make rubber and plastics and in polishes and lubricants
Silicone rubber
Modern plastics and silicones
Silica
Any of the silica group of the silicate minerals.
Silicone
Join or otherwise treat (something) with a silicone
The raised planting shelf could be siliconed to the back of the tank
Silica
Silicon dioxide, SiO . It constitutes ordinary quartz (also opal and tridymite), and is artifically prepared as a very fine, white, tasteless, inodorous powder.
Silicone
Any of a large group of oligomers and polymers based on the structural unit R2SiO, where R is an organic group, characterized by wide-range thermal stability, high lubricity, extreme water repellence, and physiological inertness and used in adhesives, lubricants, protective coatings, paints, electrical insulation, synthetic rubber, and prosthetic replacements for body parts.
Silica
A white or colorless vitreous insoluble solid (SiO2); various forms occur widely in the earth's crust as quartz or cristobalite or tridymite or lechartelierite
Silicone
(chemistry) Any of a class of inert, semi-inorganic polymeric compounds (polysiloxanes), that have a wide range of thermal stability and extreme water repellence, used in a very wide range of industrial applications, and in prosthetic replacements for body parts.
Silicone
(transitive) To join or treat (something) with a silicone-based product.
Silicone the bathtub to the tile
Silicone
To enhance or reconstruct (a body part) with a prosthesis containing silicone.
Silicone
Any of a large class of siloxanes that are unusually stable over a wide range of temperatures; used in lubricants and adhesives and coatings and synthetic rubber and electrical insulation
Common Curiosities
Is silicone environmentally friendly?
Silicone is more durable and less prone to breaking down into harmful byproducts than many plastics, but it requires careful disposal and recycling to minimize environmental impact.
What is silica used for?
Silica is used in glassmaking, construction materials, ceramics, and as a filler in various products.
How are silica and silicone different in their applications?
Silica is mainly used in rigid, structural, and abrasive applications like glass and concrete, while silicone is used in flexible, heat-resistant, and medical applications.
Can silicone be recycled?
Yes, silicone can be recycled, but the process is more complex than recycling common materials like paper or certain plastics, requiring specialized facilities.
Are all silicone products safe for food use?
Not all silicone products are created equal; for food use, it's important to choose food-grade silicone that meets safety standards.
How is silica transformed into silicone?
Silica is processed to produce silicon, which is then reacted with methyl chloride and further processed with water to produce silicone, involving several chemical reactions.
Can silica be harmful to humans?
Yes, inhaling fine silica dust can lead to lung diseases like silicosis, making it important to use protective measures in workplaces.
Why is silicone preferred over plastic in cookware?
Silicone is heat-resistant, non-toxic, and has non-stick properties, making it safer and more convenient for cooking than many plastics.
What makes silicone heat-resistant?
Silicone's polymer structure provides stability and resistance to temperature extremes, allowing it to withstand high and low temperatures without degrading.
What is the significance of silica in electronics?
Silica is used to produce silicon, a fundamental material in the manufacturing of electronic components like semiconductors and integrated circuits.
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text:
Jeanie Johnston Tall Ship & Famine Museum
The Story of a proud Irish Emigrant ShipA step aboard the Jeanie Johnston is a step towards understanding the daunting experience of the millions of people who crossed the Atlantic in tall ships, seeking survival and hope in the "New World" of North America.
This ship is an accurate replica of the original Jeanie Johnston, which sailed between Tralee in Co. Kerry and North America between 1847 and 1855. During that time it carried 2,500 people on the seven week journey – and despite the hardships and risks, no lives were lost on any of its trips.
The replica gives a vivid sense of the challenges faced by emigrants as they fled from poverty and famine and were thrown together with strangers in cramped conditions, braving a 3,000 mile voyage buffeted by gales and harsh seas.
The ship is is docked at Custom House Quay in Dublin's city centre and is OPEN FOR VISITORS with guided tours being conducted daily.
A tour of the re-created Jeanie Johnston enables visitors to see what it was like on board a wooden tall ship during the Famine era. It conveys a deep sense of history and is a memorable experience for all who come on board.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Internet is such a platform, where various things can be seen, heard and read. Fresh Let's do something like this video among people these days Discussion subject has been made. Where a sea turtle is happily sleeping underwater. After seeing which will surely make your day.
Sleep is very important for every living being on earth. When we sleep, our brain stores new information and gets rid of toxic thinking. Our nerve cells do the work of communication and reorganization. During this our body repairs cells, restores energy, and releases molecules like hormones and proteins. All these processes are very important for our overall health. These things apply not only to humans but also to animals.. Perhaps this tortoise, which is going viral, is aware of this, that is why he is sleeping happily under water.
Watch the sea turtle video here
A sea turtle taking a nap on the ocean floor while fish clean its shell.
Credit: Drew _URL_
— Wonder of Science (@wonderofscience) September 17, 2022
In the video you can see that the tortoise is seen sleeping inside the sea. His unique style is being liked by the people very much. He slowly changes his sides under the water and is seen sleeping happily. Looking at his sleep, it looks like he is very tired and he is in dire need of this powernap. This is the reason why the fishes are doing some movements on the turtle's shell, but the turtle does not see any difference from this.
So far more than 40 lakh people have seen this video and more than 27 thousand likes. This video is making a splash on social media. Along with this, people are also seen making funny comments after watching this video. This video shows underwater life.
Get the more Trending posts updates


What does a % symbol mean? | Sololearn: Learn to code for FREE!
+ 2
What does a % symbol mean?
Hi help
1st Jan 2018, 5:27 PM
Aiden
6 ответов
+ 7
remainder division it shows the amount left over useful when figuring out items that are broken into smaller increments like a pack of gum ... if you have 100 people. how many packs would be needed if each pack contain 15 peices... you could use modulo(%) to count the extra. pack
4th Jan 2018, 4:52 AM
Nic Beltrante
Nic Beltrante - avatar
+ 3
It's called modulus (%). This operator shows the remainder of division.
1st Jan 2018, 5:32 PM
jamilxt
jamilxt - avatar
+ 2
The modulo operation finds the remainder after division of one number by another (sometimes called modulus). Given two positive numbers, Dividend and Divisor, "Dividend modulo Divisor" (or, "Dividend % Divisor") is the remainder of the division of Dividend by Divisor. For example, the expression "5 % 2" would evaluate to 1 because 5 divided by 2 leaves a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 % 3" would evaluate to 0 because the division of 9 by 3 has a quotient of 3 and leaves a remainder of 0; there is nothing to subtract from 9 after multiplying 3 times 3.
1st Jan 2018, 9:03 PM
Wilbur Mercer
Wilbur Mercer - avatar
+ 2
This symbol means modulus. It gives the remainder. Example:- 10 % 3 =1
9th May 2018, 4:13 AM
Soumyajit Chand
Soumyajit Chand - avatar
0
mod in c
1st Jan 2018, 5:29 PM
Yesh Jadav
Yesh Jadav - avatar
0
Remainder.
1st Jan 2018, 5:30 PM
josh mizzi
josh mizzi - avatar


text:
Definitions of stop:
- noun: a brief stay in the course of a journey
Example: "They made a stopover to visit their friends"
- noun: the act of stopping something
Example: "The third baseman made some remarkable stops"
- noun: (music) a knob on an organ that is pulled to change the sound quality from the organ pipes
Example: "The organist pulled out all the stops"
- noun: the event of something ending
Example: "It came to a stop at the bottom of the hill"
- noun: a spot where something halts or pauses
Example: "His next stop is Atlanta"
- noun: a restraint that checks the motion of something
Example: "He used a book as a stop to hold the door open"
- noun: a mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of the lens
- noun: a consonant produced by stopping the flow of air at some point and suddenly releasing it
Example: "His stop consonants are too aspirated"
- noun: a punctuation mark (.) placed at the end of a declarative sentence to indicate a full stop or after abbreviations
Example: "In England they call a period a stop"
- noun: an obstruction in a pipe or tube
- noun: the state of inactivity following an interruption
Example: "He spent the entire stop in his seat"
- verb: stop from happening or developing
- verb: cause to stop
Example: "Stop a car"
- verb: come to a halt, stop moving
Example: "The car stopped"
- verb: interrupt a trip
Example: "We stopped at Aunt Mary's house"
- verb: have an end, in a temporal, spatial, or quantitative sense; either spatial or metaphorical
Example: "Your rights stop where you infringe upon the rights of other"
- verb: put an end to a state or an activity
- verb: stop and wait, as if awaiting further instructions or developments
- verb: seize on its way
- verb: prevent completion
Example: "Stop the project"
- verb: hold back, as of a danger or an enemy; check the expansion or influence of
- verb: render unsuitable for passage
Example: "Stop the busy road"
Search for stop at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
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Footprint in Rock Art
footprint heavenly gates negev desert rock art
Footprint – Heavenly Gates in Negev Desert Rock Art, Israel
Many engraved footprints were found in Negev Desert rock art. Some researchers interpret them as symbols of god presence. Indeed, their similarity to a footprint confuses the visual interpretation, and our proof of their symbolic meaning is far from what envisioned. Detailed examination of these rock art reveals a repeating pattern that proves that they are symbols of heavenly gates.
According to the ancient concept, the gates of Heaven are Sumerian imaginary structures floating in the sky that serve as a gateway between heaven and earth. In Negev Desert rock art the gate resembles a footprint an idea copied directly from Sumerian cylinder seals. The gates are located at the ecliptic plane intersection with the horizon, the place where the Sun, moon, and planets rise and set. Another type of gate, the heavenly gate, leads to the world center or Paradise and it is located in the North Star vicinity situated above the Ursa Major constellation.
1. The Gate Astronomical Origins
John C Didier (2009) hypothesize that the imaginary heavenly gate is constructed from the stars around the North Pole. This includes the prominent stars and constellations around the North Star, such as Ursa Major, Ursa Minor, and Draco, which appear in many Sumerian cylinder seals, as shown in Fig2. The two Ursa Minor stars define the top and the two Ursa Major stars define the gate bottom. The imaginary lines connecting the four stars create a rectangle that forms the gate. This rectangular area surrounds Thuban, a star in the Draco constellation tail, the previous North Pole star and earth pivot about 5000 years ago, considered the location of Paradise. This gate mounted on the heavenly bull back, as illustrated in Fig.1, made from the outline of the Ursa Major constellation.
Rock Art News. Sumerian heavenly gate abstraction
Fig 1 Heavenly Gate illustration Fig2 The Heavenly Bull and the Winged Gate. On right, the Goddess Inanna climbs out the gate
2. The Gates in Sumerian Cylinder Seals
Acadian cylinder seal Fig.2, dated 3000BC, depicts a gate, called the literature "The Bull and the Winged Gate". The winged gate supported by the heavenly bull, an Ursa Major constellation depiction, was imagined as a mechanism that allowed it to float in the air. Two gods on the gate sides are powering the gate by passing a rope between them, an action that implies movement, which depicts the winding Draco constellation. The gate wings look like sun rays of slightly different sizes also symbolizing the rise and set direction. On the right side in Fig.2, the larger wing symbolizes the rise direction and the smaller one, on left, symbolizes the set direction. The wings remind of birds' wings that award the gate the ability to float in the air. The similarity between the gates described by John C Didier, Fig.1, and the cylinder seal in Fig.2 is very clear.
The Epic of Gilgamesh 1500 BC contains the gate textual and pictorial testimony as described in Innana and the Celestial bull myth. On the right side of Fig.2, the cylinder seal describes a scene from this myth in which Innana steps out from the heavenly gate carried by the heavenly bull. She is heading straight from the gate, naked, and runs into the floating boat that sails the celestial ocean that separates heaven from earth. Note the adherence to the set/rise gate wings sizes in this cylinder seal.
3. The Footprint in Negev Desert Rock Art
Fig.4 presents Rock Art examples of footprints from the Negev Desert. They always appear as a pair comprised of rising and setting gates with wings. The gates resemble a footprint of slightly different sizes with the attached wings that look like ears. The gate schematic confirms the ideas in the Sumerian cylinder seals, which includes the adherence to the gates and wings sizes. The artist emphasized the differences in rising and setting direction by the gates sizes, the wings sizes, and the gate outlines thickness and fullness. The gates are in the shape of a footprint, which is the body part that walks through the gate.
rock art archeology research news. footprint, heavenly gates examples from negev desert rock art
Fig.4 Heavenly Gates Negev Desert Rockart Fig 5 The Sun and Moon Gates
Fig.5 illustrates a Rock Art example of four gates. The upper pair is the sun sunrise and sunset gates; the sun appears between them seen as a full circle. The lower pair is the moon rising and setting gates that appear between them. The gate size ratio, of the sun rising and setting, is maintained, however, the moon gates are of equal size since their brightness doesn't change.
Fig.6 shows examples of engraved rock art gates from the Negev Desert with their heavenly association. From left to right: 1. Venus entering the heavenly gate (see Venus Calendar) 2. Venus Star hovering above its gates. 3. The moon exits its rise gate (the right footprint), 4. An ibex enters the gate, half of it inside and half outside.
Rock Art archeology research news. footprint and the heavenly gate rock art
Fig.6 Examples of heavenly gates and their association with celestial objects
4. The Heavenly Gate celestial abstraction
Fig.7 shows two galloping horses carrying in tandem a rectangular structure. This unique arrangement represents the heavenly gate, which marked the entrance to heaven, and its ability to float in the sky. This beautiful and unusual scene actually depicts the constellations around the north star, see Fig.7, the most important sky region and the portal entry to heaven. The horses are a depiction of Ursa Major and Ursa Minor constellations. Don't look for the pictorial resemblance of the horses and constellations. It is all in the artist's mind that abstracted prominent constellation characteristics, around the north star, into familiar objects. The lower horse with its rectangle body and the kneeling posture reminds the shape of the Ursa Major constellation. The upper horse represents Ursa Minor constellation with its long tail depicting the Draco constellation that winds between these two constellations. The area where the Draco tail is crossing, the rectangular structure, marks the old North Star Thuban location, from 4th to 2nd-millennium BCE.
Rock Art research news. Heavenly gate as a North star
Fig 7 The Heavenly Gate situated around the North Pole the world pivot. The gate is carried by two horses representing the constellations Ursa Major/Minor and Draco. Negev Desert Rock Art (photo Razy Yahel)
Fig.8 illustrates various gate engravings from the Negev Desert. The Sumerian cylinder seals and Negev Desert Rock Art similarity are compelling evidence for the Heavenly Gates abstraction. This includes details as gates sizes, wings sizes, and even a reminiscence of the Draco constellation seen as the wavy line within the gate.
Rock Art research News. Footprint, Heavenly gate examples Negev Desert rock art
Fig.8 Heavenly gate examples from the Negev Desert rock art
More deciphering, in a new book Rock Art in Israel, is available online.
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Many mobile-optimized websites disable zooming using the viewport meta tag. I'd like a way to re-enable zooming on such sites.
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1 Answer 1
In lieu of a better solution, I wrote a bookmarklet to re-enable zooming.
It seems to work in the Android Browser at least.
javascript: document.querySelector('meta[name=viewport]').content = 'width=device-width; initial-scale=1.0; maximum-scale=3.0; user-scalable=1;'; void(0);
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Trail: Internationalization
Lesson: Working with Text
Working with Bidirectional Text with the JTextComponent Class
Home Page > Internationalization > Working with Text
Working with Bidirectional Text with the JTextComponent Class
This section discusses how to work with bidirectional text with the JTextComponent class. Bidirectional text is text that contains text that runs in two directions, left-to-right and right-to-left. An example of bidirectional text is Arabic text (which runs right-to-left) that contain numbers (which run left-to-right). It is more difficult to display and manage bidirectional text; however the JTextComponent handles these issues for you.
The following topics are covered:
For more information about these issues, or if you want more control in handling these issues, see Working with Bidirectional Text in the 2D Graphics trail.
Determining Directionality of Bidirectional Text
The sample BidiTextComponentDemo.java, which is based on TextComponentDemo.java, displays bidirectional text in a JTextPane object. In most cases, the Java platform can determine the directionality of bidirectional Unicode text:
BidiTextComponentDemo.java
Explicitly Specifying Text Run Direction in JTextComponent Objects
You can specify the run direction of the Document object of a JTextComponent object. For example, the following statement specifies that the text in the JTextPane object textPane runs right-to-left:
textPane.getDocument().putProperty(
 TextAttribute.RUN_DIRECTION,
 TextAttribute.RUN_DIRECTION_RTL);
Alternatively, you can specify the component orientation of a particular Swing component based on locale. For example, the following statements specify that the component orientation of the object textPane is based on the ar-SA locale:
Locale arabicSaudiArabia =
 new Locale.Builder().setLanguage("ar").setRegion("SA").build();
textPane.setComponentOrientation(
 ComponentOrientation.getOrientation(arabicSaudiArabia));
Because the run direction of the Arabic language is right-to-left, the run direction of the text contained in the textPane object is right-to-left also.
See the section Setting Component Orientation for more information.
Displaying and Moving Carets
In editable text, a caret is used to graphically represent the current insertion point, the position in the text where new characters will be inserted. In the BidiTextComponentDemo.java sample, the caret contains a small triangle that points toward the direction where an inserted character will be displayed.
By default, a JTextComponent object creates a keymap (of type Keymap) that is shared by all JTextComponent instances as the default keymap. A keymap lets an application bind key strokes to action. A default keymap (for JTextComponent objects that support caret movement) includes the binding between caret movement forward and backward with the left and right arrow keys, which supports caret movement through bidirectional text.
Hit Testing
Often, a location in device space must be converted to a text offset. For example, when a user clicks the mouse on selectable text, the location of the mouse is converted to a text offset and used as one end of the selection range. Logically, this is the inverse of positioning a caret.
You can attach a caret listener to an instance of an JTextComponent. A caret listener enables you to handle caret events, which occur when the caret moves or when the selection in a text component changes. You attach a caret listener with the addCaretListener method. See How to Write a Caret Listener for more information.
Highlighting Selections
A selected range of characters is represented graphically by a highlight region, an area in which glyphs are displayed with inverse video or against a different background color.
JTextComponent objects implement logical highlighting. This means that the selected characters are always contiguous in the text model, and the highlight region is allowed to be discontiguous. The following is an example of logical highlighting:
BidiTextComponentDemo: logical highlighting
Setting Component Orientation
Swing's layout managers understand how locale affects a UI; it is not necessary to create a new layout for each locale. For example, in a locale where text flows right to left, the layout manager will arrange components in the same orientation.
The sample InternationalizedMortgageCalculator.java has been localized for English, United States; English, United Kingdom; French, France; French, Canada; and Arabic, Saudi Arabia.
The following uses the en-US locale:
Mortgage Calculator, en-US locale
The following uses the ar-SA locale:
Mortgage Calculator, ar-SA locale
Note that the components have been laid out in the same direction as the corresponding locale: left-to-right for en-US and right-to-left for ar-SA. The InternationalizedMortgageCalculator.java sample calls the methods applyComponentOrientation and getOrientation to specify the direction of its components by locale:
private static JFrame frame;
// ...
private static void createAndShowGUI(Locale currentLocale) {
 // Create and set up the window.
 // ...
 // Add contents to the window.
 // ...
 frame.applyComponentOrientation(
 ComponentOrientation.getOrientation(currentLocale));
 // ...
 }
The sample InternationalizedMortgageCalculator.java requires the following resource files:
Problems with the examples? Try Compiling and Running the Examples: FAQs.
Complaints? Compliments? Suggestions? Give us your feedback.
Previous page: Normalizing Text
Next page: Internationalization of Network Resources
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text:
A remediation technique for buried pipeline system subject to permanent ground deformation is proposed. Specifically, expanded polystyrene (EPS) geofoam blocks are used as low-density backfill, thereby reducing soil restraint and pipeline strains. In order to evaluate this remediation technique, a series of 12 centrifuge model tests with HDPE pipe was performed. The amount or spatial extent of the low-density backfill was varied, as well as the orientation of the pipe with respect to the fault offset. Specifically, in the -63.5° test, the orientation was such that the pipe was placed in flexure and axial tension. The -85° orientation placed the pipe mainly in flexure. In all cases, the behavior of the remediated pipe was compared to that for the unremediated pipe. The geofoam backfill was successful in improving pipe behavior for two of the three pipe/fault orientations. However, for the 60° orientation, the pipe buckled in compression irrespective of the geofoam backfill. For compression, it is recommended that the pipe-fault angle be considered at the route selection stage to avoid compression loading.
- Centrifuge modeling
- EPS geofoam
- Low-density backfill
- Permanent ground deformation
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
- Civil and Structural Engineering


text:
Did medieval Christians really believe the Jews were agents of the Devil?
During the Middle Ages it was commonly believed that Jews were minions of the Devil. Medieval Christian thinkers began asking themselves what kind of rational creature would deliberately reject the truth of Christian revelation and kill God. They concluded that only someone who was an irrational and inhuman agent of Satan could act that way.
How Jews went from defenseless victims to be considered powerful agents of the Devil
It becomes easier to understand how the masses as well as their intellectual and spiritual mentors could believe the vilest charges against Jews and rise repeatedly and violently against them when one realizes how often and insistently the charge of satanic nature and allegiance was ascribed to the Jews.
"Many varied and unreasonable accusations made sense to a medieval mind who understood and accepted as self evident that the nature of the Jews was evil and depraved since they were agents of Satan."
Jews were believed to be as likely to desecrate a church's sacred images in front of a large and hostile audience, to refuse the veracity of Christian miracles, or to publicly express contempt for Christian beliefs, as to despoil the host, murder Christian boys to use their blood in their rituals, spread poison with the wind, and practice depraved sexual acts. These, and many other varied and unreasonable accusations made sense to a medieval mind who understood and accepted as self evident that the nature of the Jews was evil and depraved since they were agents of Satan.
Grab Your Copy Today!
Six Million Crucifixions
Traces the history of antisemitism in Christianity and the role that played in making possible the Holocaust.
Want to stay informed about the topic?


text: A meter base is an enclosure that protects an electric meter from the elements, keeping wires and electrical connections dry. It is usually outside. It is placed between the utility company's wires and your home's electrical system. The local power company utilizes and provides the electric meter inside the base, and the homeowner has responsibility for all equipment attached. The utility has the responsibility for supplying power up to the point of attachment. The meter calculates the amount of electricity that passes through it.


c = δAA×100%.% unc = δAA×100%. size 12{%" unc = " { {δA} over {A} } times "100"%} {}
1.8
Example 1.2 Calculating Percent Uncertainty: A Bag of Apples
A grocery store sells 5 lb5 lb size 12{ "5 lb" } {} bags of apples. You purchase four bags over the course of a month and weigh the apples each time. You obtain the following measurements:
 - Week 1 weight: 4.8 lb4.8 lb size 12{ "4.8 lb" } {}
 - Week 2 weight: 5.3 lb5.3 lb size 12{ "5.3 lb" } {}
 - Week 3 weight: 4.9 lb4.9 lb size 12{ "4.9 lb" } {}
 - Week 4 weight: 5.4 lb5.4 lb size 12{ "5.4 lb" } {}
You determine that the weight of the 5 lb5 lb size 12{ "5 lb" } {} bag has an uncertainty of ±0.4lb±0.4lb size 12{ +- 0 "." 4'"lb"} {}. What is the percent uncertainty of the bag's weight?
Strategy
First, observe that the expected value of the bag's weight, AA size 12{A} {}, is 5 lb. The uncertainty in this value, δAδA size 12{δA} {}, is 0.4 lb. We can use the following equation to determine the percent uncertainty of the weight:
% unc = δAA×100%.% unc = δAA×100%. size 12{%" unc = " { {δA} over {A} } times "100"%} {}
1.9
Solution
Plug the known values into the equation:
% unc = 0.4 lb5 lb×100%=8%.% unc = 0.4 lb5 lb×100%=8%. size 12{%" unc = " { {0 "." 4" lb"} over {5" lb"} } times "100"%=8%} {}
1.10
Discussion
We can conclude that the weight of the apple bag is 5lb±8%5lb±8% size 12{5'"lb" +- 8%} {}. Consider how this percent uncertainty would change if the bag of apples were half as heavy, but the uncertainty in the weight remained the same. Hint for future calculations: when calculating percent uncertainty, always remember that you must multiply the fraction by 100%. If you do not do this, you will have a decimal quantity, not a percent value.
Uncertainties in Calculations
There is an uncertainty in anything calculated from measured quantities. For example, the area of a floor calculated from measurements of its length and width has an uncertainty because the length and width have uncertainties. How big is the uncertainty in something you calculate by multiplication or division? If the measurements going into the calculation have small uncertainties (a few percent or less), then the method of adding percents can be used for multiplication or division. This method says that the percent uncertainty in a quantity calculated by multiplication or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation. For example, if a floor has a length of 4.00 m4.00 m size 12{4 "." "00"" m"} {} and a width of 3.00 m3.00 m size 12{3 "." "00"" m"} {}, with uncertainties of 2%2% size 12{2%} {} and 1%1% size 12{1%} {}, respectively, then the area of the floor is 12.0m212.0m2 size 12{"12" "." 0" m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} and has an uncertainty of 3%3% size 12{3%} {}. (Expressed as an area this is 0.36m20.36m2 size 12{0 "." "36"" m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {}, which we round to 0.4m20.4m2 size 12{0 "." 4" m" rSup { size 8{2} } } {} since the area of the floor is given to a tenth of a square meter.)
Check Your Understanding
A high school track coach has just purchased a new stopwatch. The stopwatch manual states that the stopwatch has an uncertainty of ±0.05s±0.05s size 12{ +- 0 "." "05"'s} {}. Runners on the track coach's team regularly clock 100 m sprints of 11.49 s11.49 s size 12{"11.49 s"} {} to 15.01 s15.01 s size 12{"15.01 s"} {}. At the school's last track meet, the first-place sprinter came in at 12.04 s12.04 s size 12{"12" "." "04"" s"} {} and the second-place sprinter came in at 12.07 s12.07 s size 12{"12" "." "07"" s"} {}. Will the coach's new stopwatch be helpful in timing the sprint team? Why or why not?
Precision of Measuring Tools and Significant Figures
An important factor in the accuracy and precision of measurements involves the precision of the measuring tool. In general, a precise measuring tool is one that can measure values in very small increments. For example, a standard ruler can measure length to the nearest millimeter, while a caliper can measure length to the nearest 0.01 millimeter. The caliper is a more precise measuring tool because it can measure extremely small differences in length. The more precise the measuring tool, the more precise and accurate the measurements can be.
When we express measured values, we can only list as many digits as we initially measured with our measuring tool. For example, if you use a standard ruler to measure the length of a stick, you may measure it to be 36.7cm36.7cm size 12{"36" "." 7" cm"} {}. You could not express this value as 36.71cm36.71cm size 12{"36" "." "71"" cm"} {} because your measuring tool was not precise enough to measure a hundredth of a centimeter. It should be noted that the last digit in a measured value has been estimated in some way by the person performing the measurement. For example, the person measuring the length of a stick with a ruler notices that the stick length seems to be somewhere in between 36.6cm36.6cm size 12{"36" "." 6" cm"} {} and 36.7cm36.7cm size 12{"36" "." 7" cm"} {}, and he or she must estimate the value of the last digit. Using the method of significant figures, the rule is that the last digit written down in a measurement is the first digit with some uncertainty. In order to determine the number of significant digits in a value, start with the first measured value at the left and count the number of digits through the last digit written on the right. For example, the measured value 36.7cm36.7cm size 12{"36" "." 7" cm"} {} has three digits, or significant figures. Significant figures indicate the precision of a measuring tool that was used to measure a value.
Zeros
Special consideration is given to zeros when counting significant figures. The zeros in 0.053 are not significant, because they are only placekeepers that locate the decimal point. There are two significant figures in 0.053. The zeros in 10.053 are not placekeepers but are significant—this number has five significant figures. The zeros in 1300 may or may not be significant depending on the style of writing numbers. They could mean the number is known to the last digit, or they could be placekeepers. So 1300 could have two, three, or four significant figures. (To avoid this ambiguity, write 1300 in scientific notation.) Zeros are significant except when they serve only as placekeepers.
Check Your Understanding
Determine the number of significant figures in the following measurements:
 1. 0.0009
 2. 15,450.0
 3. 6 × 10 3 6 × 10 3 size 12{6 times "10" rSup { size 8{3} } } {}
 4. 87.990
 5. 30.42
Significant Figures in Calculations
When combining measurements with different degrees of accuracy and precision, the number of significant digits in the final answer can be no greater than the number of significant digits in the least precise measured value. There are two different rules, one for multiplication and division and the other for addition and subtraction, as discussed below.
1. For multiplication and division: The result should have the same number of significant figures as the quantity having the least significant figures entering into the calculation. For example, the area of a circle can be calculated from its radius using A=πr2A=πr2 size 12{A=πr rSup { size 8{2} } } {}. Let us see how many significant figures the


text:
Healthcare Capital Corp. (HCCC)
Financial Analysis and Rating
Comparison Analysis Based on SEC Data
Healthcare Capital Corp.
||677 - Blank Checks
|Assets as of 12/31/2021
|Fiscal Year End
Financial Position and Performance
Not enough data for the analysis
More on Healthcare Capital Corp.
See all industry leaders
Financial Data Source and Analysis Principles
The above is a comparative analysis of the company's financial position and performance. The comparison is based
on official financial statements filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) through the Electronic Data Gathering,
Analysis, and Retrieval system (EDGAR) (about 10,000 largest publicly traded companies).
The comparison is made using the eleven key financial ratios (see the table above).
The company's financial ratios are compared with the median of the ratios for all companies and for companies
in the same industry, as well as to the quartiles of these ratios.
Each ratio value is assigned a score between -2 and +2 depending on its position relative to the quartiles
(-2 – below the first quartile; -1 – between the first and the second quartile;
+1 – between the second and the third quartile; +2 – above the third quartile;
0 – the ratio value deviates from the median by no more than 5% of the difference between the median and
the quartile closest to the ratio value).
To draw a conclusion from the analysis, the individual scores are weighted equally to produce an overall score ranging from -2 and +2.
"Change during the year" calculation
|much better (+1 - +2incl)
|better (from 0.11 to +1incl)
|about the same (from -0.11incl to +0.11incl)
|worse (from -1incl to -0.11)
|much worse (from -2incl to -1)
Change during the year is calculated by comparing the resulting score of financial position within the industry with the last year's (quarter's) score.
The result of the comparison may be as follows:
|significantly improved (positive change of more than 1 point)
|improved (positive change of less than 1 point)
|unchanged (little or no change in score, no more than 0.11 points)
|deteriorated (the score has decreased by less than 1 point during the year)
|deteriorated significantly (the score has decreased by more than 1 point during the year)
Please note that this analysis does not indicate that the company's financial position is good or bad, but rather describes it in comparison to other U.S. businesses.
For a detailed financial analysis, please use
"ReadyRatios Financial Analysis"
- load the data into the program>>


text:
THE TIMES AUDIOBOOK OF THE YEAR
'The finest book ever written on nature and landscape in Britain' Guardian
In this masterpiece of nature writing, beautifully narrated by Oscar-winning actor Tilda Swinton, Nan Shepherd describes her journeys into the Cairngorm mountains of Scotland. There she encounters a world that can be breathtakingly beautiful at times and shockingly harsh at others. Her intense, poetic prose explores and records the rocks, rivers, creatures and hidden aspects of this remarkable landscape.
Shepherd spent a lifetime in search of the 'essential nature' of the Cairngorms; her quest led her to write this classic meditation on the magnificence of mountains, and on our imaginative relationship with the wild world around us. Composed during the Second World War, the manuscript of The Living Mountain lay untouched for more than thirty years before it was finally published.


English / Does Huckleberry Have A Prayer?
Does Huckleberry Have A Prayer?
This essay Does Huckleberry Have A Prayer? is available for you on Essays24.com! Search Term Papers, College Essay Examples and Free Essays on Essays24.com - full papers database.
Autor: anton 18 December 2010
Tags: Huckleberry, Prayer
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Does Huckleberry Have A Prayer?
In Mark Twainâ€™s Huckleberry Finn, the concepts of prayer, religion, and spirituality are introduced early on in the novel, and their influence on Huckâ€™s character and their role in the overall story is evident regardless of the theory of criticism that is employed for interpretation. A New Critic scours the text for conflicts, symbols, and resolutions while examining word choice in an effort to determine the literal meaning (Bressler 45-48). A Reader-Response Critic, particularly a subjective critic who advocates the readerâ€™s worldview over the text, reads the text and then relies on her own past experiences to give it meaning (Bressler 67). When these practices are employed, the Reader-Response Critic and the New Critic find that prayer and religion are essential components in the development of Huckâ€™s character as well as the perception of it.
Huck first mentions prayer when describing dinner at the Widow Douglasâ€™s home. He explains that â€œyou couldnâ€™t go right to eatingâ€ because you had to wait until a prayer was â€œgrumbledâ€ (Twain 33). From the beginning, there is conflict involving prayer because it impedes on Huckâ€™s desire to eat his dinner right away, and this gives Huck a reason to dislike the practice of praying. Huck never details exactly what the prayer states; he only refers to its â€œgrumblingâ€ sound, implying that he regards it as nothing more than discontented muttering. As a Sunday School teacher at a church, I have spent a lot of time with children who were just becoming familiar with praying. In the beginning, they often view it as a chore that is simply something that has to be done before a meal. However, unlike most chores, I have rarely seen a child dislike it, probably because they are in a clerical setting and have been told prayer pleases God. Huck, however, seems to be indifferent to praying and God, and I believe this is because he has not accepted them to be superior concepts like the children at my church have.
Huckâ€™s disinterest in religion is again evident when the Widow Douglas tries to teach him about Moses and the Bulrushers. Though he was â€œin a sweat to find out all about himâ€ (Twain 33), Huck loses interest as soon as he realizes Moses has been dead for a long time. Huck is concerned with the here and now, something that he can relate to, and because Moses lived eons before he did, Huck feels there is nothing to learn from him, as â€œhe takes no stock in dead peopleâ€ (Twain 33). A few children in my Sunday School class have the same attitude, but most of them appreciate the Bible and wish to learn its stories, even if they are thousands of years old. Their interest is again accounted for by their acceptance of God and their desire to know more about Him. Huck, however, has not accepted God and thus has no reason to mull over Him.
When Miss Watson tells Huck about heaven and hell, Huckâ€™s reaction indicates that he does not comprehend God or the significance of His presence, which is what Miss Watson is so desperately trying to stress. Upon hearing about â€œthe bad placeâ€ (Twain 33), Huck declares that he would like to go there, justifying his claim by expressing his desire to go somewhere else. This shows that while Huck may be oblivious to God and His legacy, he is not oblivious to the world around him or his own desires. He wants adventure, specifically adventure away from Miss Watson. When she tells him that she is going to heaven, Huck sees â€œno advantage in going where she is goingâ€ (Twain 33), and Huck resolves that â€œhe wouldnâ€™t try for itâ€ (Twain 33). His aspiration for adventure is again evident when Miss Watson offers a bland description of heaven by telling that life there is simple and consists of nothing more than singing and playing a harp â€œall day long forever and everâ€ (Twain 33). Huck is not impressed at all by this, a strong indicator that he wishes his life to be multifaceted and spontaneous rather than simple and predictable. The prospect of heaven presents two conflicts, the first is being with Miss Watson and the second is facing an eternal unadventurous existence. Huck resolves these conflicts by deciding he will go to â€œthe bad placeâ€ and enjoying the fact that Tom Sawyer will be there with him. As a Sunday School teacher, I have never had a child tell me that he or she wanted to go to hell, and I believe Huckâ€™s decision is based solely on Miss Watsonâ€™s inability to put across the notions of heaven and God. She condescendingly tells Huck about heaven, pompously bragging that she will be going there, while failing to realize that Huck is simply not grasping the true significance of either the good place or the bad place. She is overlooking Huckâ€™s desires and his belief in his own purpose, which is essential in fostering a relationship with God.
In the third chapter, Huck assumes an active role in prayer. For the first time, Huck tells of his own experiences praying, a practice Miss Watson encourages. â€œShe told me to pray everyday, and whatever I asked for I would getâ€ (Twain 39), Huck relays, but he finds that when he asks for material items, he does not always get them. When he asks Miss Watson to pray for the things he is praying for, she tells him he is a fool but refuses to offer an explanation why, and Huck is unable to figure it out on his own. Prayer again presents Huck with conflict, as it fails to help him obtain the things he wants, something he believes it is guaranteed to do. He also again finds conflict with Miss Watson, who condemns Huck for believing she should pray for materialistic things without offering any reason for her disapproval. This time, however, he gives prayer a second thought, as he takes time to think about it. He ponders why people are unable to improve their situations through prayer, a sign that he has accepted a concept of prayer, albeit a distorted one. Though a resolution is not fully reached at this point, it is evident that progress is being made, as Huck is becoming more open to the prospect of prayer. When I talk to children about praying, I assure them that they can pray for whatever they want while stressing that God will answer as He sees appropriate. Miss Watson fails to explain the relationship between God and prayer, something that Huck is unable to comprehend on his own. I feel Miss Watson segregates Huck and God, as she continues to fall short of truly explaining the concepts of religion.
The Widow Douglas is able to convey the principles of prayer and God more effectively than Miss Watson. When Huck cannot make sense of why people cannot obtain material things from prayer, he asks the widow who explains that praying results in â€œspiritual giftsâ€ (Twain 40). When he does not understand, the widow elaborates, and eventually Huck comes to realize that he has to put other people first. Even though he decides there is no advantage in doing so, Huck is still open to the Widowâ€™s ideas, mainly because she explains them. Listening as the widow describes God and comparing that depiction to the one Miss Watson relays, Huck concludes there are two different Gods. Conflict arises when Miss Watson demolishes the beautiful idea of God that the widow has relayed. This conflict is resolved when Huck chooses the widowâ€™s God, and even though he doubts that God would want him because he is â€œignorantâ€ and â€œornery,â€ Huck seems to be content with leaving whether or not he is accepted up to God. I believe the barrier between God and Huck increases because of Miss Watson. She continues to describe a God that is not just or loving, which is simply not how God is. Though I sometimes teach children who are mischievous, I always keep in mind that they are Godâ€™s children first and foremost, and my responsibility is to convince them of that to the best of my ability. By not teaching Huck that he is an important to God, Miss Watson continues to keep God and His legacy away from Huck.
Huck views prayer and religion as impediments because he has not been fully educated in their true significance. Two people, Miss Watson and the Widow Douglas, try to teach him about God and prayer, but they do so in different ways, which confuses Huck. He wants adventure but never recognizes that a life with God is an adventure. He wants to pray for things that are important, but he fails to understand that the important things in life are not materialistic. He wants to understand the things that Miss Watson is telling him, but she refuses to explain them to him. Huck struggles to ascertain a relationship with God because he is unable to acquire a sufficient understanding of Him. Because he does not immediately accept the


[an error occurred while processing this directive]
BBC News
Launch consoleBBC News in video and audio
Last Updated: Sunday, 25 March 2007, 09:34 GMT 10:34 UK
Welsh links to slavery abolition
Iolo Morganwg
Poet Iolo Morganwg was an anti-slavery campaigner
First Minister Rhodri Morgan has called for Wales to remember its contribution to the anti-slavery movement.
He said the abolitionist cause was taken up by working class people and eminent figures like poet Iolo Morganwg and preacher John Elias.
Mr Morgan also highlighted the links between the industrial revolution in Wales and profits from the slave trade.
Events are being held across Wales on Sunday to mark the 200th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Britain.
Mr Morgan warned against pointing the finger of blame for slavery at others.
"What we must guard against is smug self-satisfaction," he said.
"While the slave trade is mainly associated with the ports of Bristol, London and Liverpool, it must be remembered that the Welsh industrial revolution and profits from the slave trade went hand in hand."
It is an opportunity to demand to know why slavery still exists in some parts of the world today
Rhodri Morgan
Cyfarthfa Ironworks in Merthyr Tydfil, south Wales were founded by slave trader Anthony Bacon and historians believe its success was built on the profits of the slave trade.
The fortune gained from slave plantations in Jamaica by their owner Richard Pennant was crucial to his development of the slate industry and Penrhyn Castle in north Wales, it has also been claimed. He was also an anti-abolitionist MP.
"Welsh planters, agents and sea captains were directly involved, and ships used in the trade were built at Cardiff, Newport and Swansea," Mr Morgan added.
"Many ordinary working-class people were also indirectly connected - the seamen on the ships and the workers employed by the slave owners and industrialists."
But he also had praise for the people who took up the abolitionist cause in the last quarter of the 18th century, including preacher John Elias from Anglesey, who spoke out against slavery in Britain's biggest slave port, Liverpool.
And poet Iolo Morganwg, founder of the Gorsedd of Bards, who was an anti-slavery campaigner.
Moral conviction
Mr Morgan also highlighted the work of Robert Everett from Flintshire, north Wales, who encouraged the Welsh in America to join the abolition campaign.
The Abolition of Slave Trade Act, which made it illegal to trade slaves throughout the British Empire and banned British ships from involvement in the trade, was passed by British Parliament on 25 March 1807.
Mr Morgan said the bicentenary was an important opportunity to reflect on the struggles of the past and to pay tribute to the courage and moral conviction of all those - black and white - who campaigned for its abolition.
"It is an opportunity to demand to know why slavery still exists in some parts of the world today," he said.
An event in St David's Hall, Cardiff entitled 'Valuing Freedom', will be one of a number of bicentenary events in Wales and the rest of the UK.
Slavery: The Welsh Connections is on BBC Radio Wales, 25 March and 1 April at 1330 GMT and both are repeated the following Monday at 1800 GMT.
Slave painting goes on view again
24 Mar 07 | North East Wales
Brutality of Picton past examined
20 Mar 07 | South West Wales
Has China's housing bubble burst?
How the world's oldest clove tree defied an empire
Why Royal Ballet principal Sergei Polunin quit
Americas Africa Europe Middle East South Asia Asia Pacific


text:
College of Science News
PASSY STUDYING THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES OF RARITY IN FRESHWATER SPECIES
A biologist from The University of Texas at Arlington is studying why the populations of some species are more adversely affected than others by various harmful factors in freshwater environments.
Sophia Passy, associate professor of biology, received a two-year, $199,997 grant from the National Science Foundation's Division of Environmental Biology for her project, titled "EAGER: Global assessment of the causes and consequences of commonness and rarity in freshwaters".
Human activity has caused a decline in global biodiversity through resource overexploitation, habitat modification, and introduction of non-native species. When rare species are lost, communities exhibit decreased functionality and provide devalued services to humans, which is an environmental and a socioeconomic problem.
"Although biodiversity loss is global and affects all ecosystems, biodiversity in freshwaters is threatened by much higher extinction rates compared to terrestrial habitats," Passy said. "Therefore, a better understanding of the causes and extent of rarity in freshwaters is urgently needed."
Passy and students in her laboratory are using the species abundance distribution (SAD) – a measure of the relative abundances of common and rare species within a sample or ecological community – to assess species rarity.
"Although the SAD has been investigated for more than 70 years, little is known about the underlying mechanisms that determine the patterns of abundance inequality," Passy said.
In order to address this knowledge gap, Passy and her students are developing a novel framework which predicts the response of the SAD in freshwater habitats along environmental and spatial gradients. They are also investigating how the SAD affects regional biodiversity. The study also will inform decisions for watershed management and biodiversity preservation by explaining the causes of rarity in species targeted for conservation.
First results from this research reveal that in the United States, biodiversity and the SAD of diatom communities — unicellular algae and some of the most important producers in stream ecosystems — are strongly affected by temperature seasonality, with higher seasonality (a higher temperature difference between warm and cold months) contributing to more diverse communities with a more balanced distribution of common and rare species. As temperature seasonality is expected to decrease with global warming due to warming of the cold months, diatom biodiversity is likely to decline and species rarity to increase with potential negative consequences for primary production and maintenance of higher trophic levels.
The project is providing research training for one postdoctoral associate and two graduate students. Katrina Pound, a postdoctoral associate in Passy's lab, is examining what environmental factors constrain the distribution of freshwater species across the contiguous United States. Her research suggests that climate exerts the strongest influence on the distributions of multiple freshwater organismal groups, including diatoms, insects, and fish, surpassing the effects of water chemistry and watershed characteristics. These results indicate that climate change may alter species ranges and biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems to a greater extent than other serious anthropogenic impacts, such as water fertilization and pollution.
In collaboration with a team of international researchers, William Budnick, a Ph.D. student in Passy's lab, is investigating how regional biodiversity of diatoms, macroinvertebrates, and fish, collected from streams in the United States, Canada, and France, is affected by land use. His findings indicate that agricultural land use leads to loss of regional biodiversity across all studied groups of organisms, but the mechanisms driving this process are groupand region-specific, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts.
NSF's EAGER (Early-concept Grants for Exploratory Research) program was designed specifically for innovative research – potentially transformative or exploratory projects that examine new subjects, different methods, or interdisciplinary approaches.
Clay Clark, professor and chair of the UTA Department of Biology, said that Passy's research has the potential to provide scientists with knowledge about why species are abundant in some environments but scarce or nonexistent in others. The project also advances research in global environmental impact, one of the main themes of UTA's Strategic Plan 2020: Bold Solutions | Global Impact.
"Dr. Passy's work could help ecologists learn a great deal about the underlying causes of the distribution of freshwater species abundance and thus allow for more effective methods to protect the biodiversity found in these environments," Clark said.
Passy received an M.S. in Biology (1986) from Sofia University in Bulgaria. She earned a Ph.D. in Ecology from Bowling Green State University in Ohio in 1997 and held postdoctoral positions at the University of Minnesota Medical School and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York before coming to UTA in 2001.


Edit (Add/Remove/Modify) ARP Table
Introduction
This is a tool to display and modify the IP-to-Physical address translation tables used by ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), such as Windows command-line arp.exe. This tool will do two things. It displays ARP tables' entries and adds/modifies/removes ARP entries, the two things done by requesting an SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) extension library.
Access IP and MAC Addresses Through SNM
You can read and modify an ARP table through SNMP, by requesting SNMP to get/set object information. SNMP does requests and responses through MIB (Management Information Base). MIB is like a tree; MIB has all the manageable objects you will use. For more information, see RFC1213; also, check the files at %SystemRoot%\system32\*.mib. The file that has entries you will use is %SystemRoot%\system32\ mib_ii.mib; you can open and see it by using notepad.exe. Here is an MIB ipNetToMediaEntry entry:
ipNetToMediaEntry OBJECT-TYPE
 SYNTAX IpNetToMediaEntry
 ACCESS not-accessible
 STATUS mandatory
 DESCRIPTION
 "Each entry contains one IpAddress to 'physical'
 address equivalence."
 INDEX { ipNetToMediaIfIndex,
 ipNetToMediaNetAddress }
 ::= { ipNetToMediaTable 1 }
MIB accesses the objects by OID (Object Identifier) number. Every object has a number; also, child objects have both the parent object number and its number. The numbers are separated by a dot ".". For example, if the parent object has the number "1" and the child object has the number "3", the child object's OID number is "1.3", and the child of a child may be "1.3.6", ... "1.3.6.1.2.1", and so on.
Here is simple sketch for the nodes tree:
Initialize the Class
I used the SnmpExtensionQuery function to resolve SNMP requests, but before using it, you must call the SnmpExtensionInit function to initialize the SNMP extension agent DLL. The two functions exist in the Microsoft library inetmib1.dll, so at the class construction, I will load the this library and get the addresses of these functions, then call SnmpExtensionInit to initialize the SNMP extension agent DLL.
Here is a construction of a CARP class:
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Construction/Destruction
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
CARP::CARP()
{
 // Load dynamic library: inetmib1.dll
 hMIBLibrary = LoadLibrary(TEXT("inetmib1.dll"));
 // If library loaded, get addresses of (SnmpExtensionInit,
 // pfnSnmpExtensionQuery) functions
 if (hMIBLibrary)
 {
 pfnSnmpExtensionInit = (PFNSNMPEXTENSIONINIT)
 GetProcAddress(hMIBLibrary, "SnmpExtensionInit");
 pfnSnmpExtensionQuery = (PFNSNMPEXTENSIONQUERY)
 GetProcAddress(hMIBLibrary, "SnmpExtensionQuery");
 // If success get addresses and initialize SNMP,
 // bInitialized = true
 if (pfnSnmpExtensionInit && pfnSnmpExtensionQuery)
 {
 HANDLE hPollForTrapEvent;
 AsnObjectIdentifier aoiSupportedView;
 bInitialized = pfnSnmpExtensionInit(0,
 &hPollForTrapEvent, &aoiSupportedView);
 }
 }
 else
 {
 // If fail to get addresses, bInitialized = false
 bInitialized = FALSE;
 AfxMessageBox(_T("Load library fail"));
 }
}
Get ARP Entries
The GetEntries function gets ARP entries such as arp.exe -a. It takes three Parameters: pTable Pointer to array of arpTable struct that will filled by IP and MAC addresses TableLength Length of the array AdapterIndex NIC Adapter index number I'm used three OIDs to get ARP table entries: OID[0] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.1", to get the interface index of the entry, and compare it with AdapterIndex parameter OID[1] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.2", to get the IP and MAC addresses OID[2] = "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.4", to get the entry type (Static or Dynamic).
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
// Function: GetEntries: Read ARP table for specific NIC interface.
//
// Parameters:
// pTable Pointer to array of arpTable struct
// TableLength Length of the array
// AdapterIndex NIC Adapter index number
//
// Returns:
// Number of read ARP entries
//-----------------------------------------------------------------
int CARP::GetEntries(arpTable* pTable, int TableLength,
 int AdapterIndex)
{
 // Be sure initialize SNMP true
 if (!bInitialized)
 return 0;
 SnmpVarBindList SVBList[3];
 SnmpVarBind SVBVars[3];
 UINT OID[3][10];
 AsnInteger32 aiErrorStatus[3], aiErrorIndex[3];
 AsnObjectIdentifier AsnOID0 = {sizeof(OID[0])/sizeof(UINT),
 OID[0]};
 AsnObjectIdentifier AsnOID1 = {sizeof(OID[1])/sizeof(UINT),
 OID[1]};
 AsnObjectIdentifier AsnOID2 = {sizeof(OID[2])/sizeof(UINT),
 OID[2]};
 unsigned long pIPAddress;
 unsigned long pMACAddress;
 int iEntries;
 //--------------------------------------------------------------
 // Fill array of 3 OIDs
 //
 // OID[0] : "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.1", ipNetToMediaIfIndex
 // The interface on which this entry's
 // equivalence is effective
 //
 // OID[1] : "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.2",
 // ipNetToMediaPhysAddress
 // The media-dependent 'physical' address
 //
 // OID[2] : "1.3.6.1.2.1.4.22.1.4", ipNetToMediaType
 // Entry type: 1:Other,
 // 2:Invalid(Remove),
 // 3:Dynamic,
 // 4:Static
 //
 for (int count=0; count<3; count++)
 {
 OID[count][0] = 1;
 OID[count][1] = 3;
 OID[count][2] = 6;
 OID[count][3] = 1;
 OID[count][4] = 2;
 OID[count][5] = 1;
 OID[count]