text:
Does the culture in the Appalachian Mountains lead to higher rates of suicide?
According to Dr. Lisa Curtin from Appalachian State University's Department of Psychology, the answer is "yes," as she shared the results of a study on suicide and depression in the high county with the Ashe Suicide/Depression Prevention Awareness (ASAP) task force on Tuesday, Jan. 8.
"Overall, each participant showed the symptoms that are normally associated with depression," said Curtain. However, Curtin also said some unique aspects of the area like social isolation contribute to higher rates of suicide.
She also prefaced her presentation by acknowledging rural areas with low-income families tend to have an above average suicide rate.
To conduct the study, the participants each had a non-formal interview called an "illness narrative." The average interview ranged from one to three hours in length. Curtain said her group just finished transcribing all of the material, and the study was completed by finding common themes mentioned by each participant.
One of the common themes was the feeling of social isolation and social withdrawal. According to Curtin, these feelings were tied to relationships.
Many of the participants in the study said they no longer enjoyed being with other people. More common among the participants was the feeling they were not loved by others.
For many of these participants, these feelings can become overwhelming and when they bubble to the surface, those participants embark on self-harming behaviors (cutting) and have suicidal thoughts.
Also, Curtin said members of the "mountain culture" have a greater collective sense of self than most Americans. This means members of the Appalachian culture build their self-perceptions based on how their peers view them.
"This culture dates back to the importance of kin for survival, an idea that's been passed on through the generations," said Curtin.
The conflict between social isolation and a sense of collective self plays a key factor in depression and suicide in the area, said Curtin.
Another major theme among the participants was their religious beliefs.
While many participants found a sense of meaning and comfort in the belief of a higher power, religion also became a "unique stresser" for others.
"For some people it was a source of helpful support and for others it was a source of conflict," said Curtin.
According to Curtin, the main theme associated with religion was the feeling "if I was right with God, I wouldn't feel this way." Also, the concept that thinking about suicide is a potential sin was a conflict with the sample group.
Many of the participant left their church's altogether, which caused more social isolation. Others felt inclined to stay in church only because of their families and peer group, creating another form of stress.
Many of the participants in the sample had experienced some form of trauma in their lives. Common trends included domestic violence, child abuse, and the feeling of loss.
According to Curtin, a key find in the study was how participants made sense of their problems. Many didn't view the source of their depression in terms of chemical interactions in the brain, but instead, saw depression as a part of who they are, almost like depressive symptoms are genetic. This mindset is known as Appalachian fatalism.
The participants' upbringing only feeds into that mindset. Many in the sample said they were raised to "pull themselves up by their boot straps" and they shouldn't need external help for their depression.
"All of these findings match up with the literature," said Curtin.
Many participants, even the younger members, have struggled with depression for a long time. One participant said she remembers feeling depressive symptoms as early as 12 years old, she said.
In spite of this, there are problems with the availability of mental health services in Ashe County, along with the rest of the Appalachian Mountains, said Curtin.
There is also a stigma against seeking professional help for depression and suicidal thoughts. This stigma, in part, caused a high turnover rate with participants and their service providers.
Many in the sample feared the negative consequences if a person in their social group, mostly in the workplace, discovered they were depressed.
Those in the sample who decided seek help reported positive results. Some found good results by taking antidepressants, while others felt more comfortable with alternatives like therapy, acupuncture, and practicing tai chi, said Curtin.
The study was based on a 23 person sample (9 males, 14 females) who were, on average, moderately depressed. The average age of the participants was 41 years old; the youngest participant was in his/her early 20's while the oldest participant was over 70.
Each participant was either diagnosed with depression or taking antidepressant medication. The 23 participants were gathered after 450 fliers were distributed across the regions health facilities.
"The fact that we only got 23 participants after distributing 450 fliers speaks to the stigma of suicide and depression in the area," said Curtin.
Curtin said these results were based on a relatively small sample, and the study may contain elements of selection bias. The participants who joined the study may feel less stigma about their depression than others who chose not to participate.


text:
ISO 22837:2009-Vehicle probe data for wide area communications
This International Standard specifies the following.
Reference architecture for probe vehicle systems and probe data. This reference architecture provides a general structure for probe vehicle systems within which a wide range of actual probe vehicle systems can be built whose physical characteristics may differ (e.g., in their choice of communications medium).
The reference architecture is used to:
- clarify the major building blocks and logical interconnections of probe vehicle systems for which this standard will be used;
- categorize probe data in accordance with the information model described below.
Basic data framework for probe data elements and probe data. This framework specifies how to define probe data elements and probe messages. Specifically it provides the following. - Rules for mapping information models (as defined in ISO 14817) of probe data to probe data elements/messages. The information models show the logical structure of entities and concepts involved in probe data.
To completely define probe processing, the standardization of probe data elements and probe messages is not sufficient. Standards are also required for processed probe data (the output of probe processing) and downlink elements and messages (to convey these results to vehicles and other users). This International Standard prescribes an initial set of probe data elements that are important for transmission from vehicles to land-side processing centres. The standardization of other probe data issues will be addressed in future work.
Publication date: January 2009

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


the carbide burs, as these processes have not been validated for use.
 - Don't use cleaning agents containing chlorine or chloride as the active ingredient are corrosive to stainless steel. Use neutral pH agents instead.
 - Don't use cold sterilization methods as they often contain strong oxidizing chemicals that may dull or weaken the carbide burs.
 - Inspect the burs carefully for defects during the cleaning process.
 - Avoid prolonged storage in disinfectant solutions as they may cause a degradation of the product.

Sterile carbide burs
 - For obvious reasons, sterile carbide burs should be cleaned only after the first use.
 - If the sterile carbide burs package is opened or damages, consider the burs as non sterile.

How to manually clean carbide burs
Hand cleaning is the least recommended option. If that's the only option, do it in a sink restricted for cleaning instruments.
 1. Rinse the carbide burs under cool running water for at least one minute.
 2. Use a fresh bath of neautral-pH cleaning solution and follow the agent's manufactures instructions.
 3. Immerse the burs and soak them for at least ten minutes.
 4. While immersed, brush thoroughly away from the body using the cleaning agent for at least one minute.
 5. Don't spray or splash during the brushing process to avoid spreading contaminants.
 6. Use wire brushes with caution as brass particles may result in galvanic corrosion and steel particles may cause discoloration of stainless steel.
 7. Pay special attention when cleaning crevices and other hard-to-reach areas thoroughly.
 8. Visually inspect to confirm the removal of debris. Repeat the cycle if needed.
 9. Thoroughly rinse the burs and bur blocks under running warm water for at least one minute and until they are visibly clean.
 10. Dry the burs using clean compressed air or a non-shedding wipe.

How to clean carbide burs using ultrasonic procedure
 1. Prepare a fresh pH-neutral cleaning solution
 2. Place the carbide burs in a sonication unit.
 3. Follow the agent manufacturers' instructions for correct concentration, exposure time, temperature, and water quality.
 4. Completely submerge it in the cleaning solution and sonicate for at least fifteen minutes.
 5. Perform a final thorough rinse under running warm tap water for at least one minute.
 6. Inspect visually to confirm the removal of debris and repeat the cycle if needed.
 7. Dry it using clean compressed air or by using a non-shedding wipe.

How to inspect carbide burs after cleaning
 - Carefully inspect each bur to ensure that all debris has been removed.
 - Visually inspect the burs for damage or wear that would prevent proper operation.
 - Do not use if the tip is broken.
 - Do not use if there is a broken section of a flute.
 - Do not use if there is evidence of corrosion.

How to sterilize carbide burs using steam sterilization
 - Ensure that the sterilizer manufacturer's maximum load is not exceeded.
 - The minimum dry time has been validated to ensure that the burs will not be left wet.
 - Failure to achieve the minimum dry time may cause moisture that can lead to corrosion.

Gravity cycle type
For gravity cycle steam sterilization use a minimum exposure time of 10 minutes, minimum exposure temperature of 135º C (275º F) and a minimum dry time of 30 minutes.

Pre-Vacuum cycle type (4 pulses)
For pre-vacuum cycle steam sterilization use a minimum exposure time of 3 minutes, minimum exposure temperature of 134º C (273º F) and a minimum dry time of 30 minutes.

Final notes on how to use carbide burs
These instructions of use for carbide burs are meant to prolong the burs life and to ensure their effectiveness for a longer period of time.
They are general and refer to all dental carbide burs but it is highly recommended to check the specific manufacturer's instructions.
Feel free to suggest edits and tips by contacting us
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_URL_ 2022-07-06T11:04:56+03:00 2023-09-19T07:32:49+03:00 Types of burs in dentistry Barak levy There are many different types of burs in dentistry vary by shank, shape, material, head size and grit. The following article aims to give a quick overview of some of the more common dental burs currently being used.
More
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Types of burs in dentistry: Shanks, shapes and materials
Dental burs are some of the most important and basic tools a dentist needs. Throughout the years, the technology in the dental bur field has advanced greatly. This led to a wide assortment of dental bur types finding their way into the global market. The following article aims to give a quick overview of some of the more common and useful types currently being used.

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Types of burs - sorted by shank
Friction grip burs - also known as FG burs, these dental burs are made to use with high speed handpieces. High speed burs are the most popular type of dental burs.
The friction grip burs are also available in 2 subcategories:
FGSS - friction grip, short shank burs.
FGOS - friction grip, operative surgical burs.

Latch type burs - also known as RA burs, these dental burs are made to use with low speed contra-angle handpieces.
Long straight shank - also known as HP burs are dental burs mainly used by dental laboratories with low speed handpieces.

Types of burs - sorted by shape
Round Burs
Round burs have a variety of applications in many dental procedures. Their round head allows them to excavate tissue for cavity preparation. opening the tooth for endodontic treatment, general cleaning of the tooth structure from caries, and selective grinding. Round burs are also used for bone surgery.
 Round diamond bur

Pear shaped burs - 330 burs
Pear shaped burs are also known as 330 burs due to their ISO code. These dental burs are elongated with a rounded head. They are used mainly for cavity preparation but can be also used for removing caries, as well as trimming and finishing.

330 carbide bur 330 diamond bur
Spiral Cool-cut burs
The Spiral Cool-Cut burs are special diamond burs designed with a left spiral groove along that delivers the cooling water directly to the contact point between the bur and the tooth. They allow you to perform very fast grinding with an aggressive material removal while maintaining an excellent quality of surface area.
spiral cool cut burs
Flat end tapered burs
The Flat End Taper burs are especially designed to make the task of crown and bridge preparation simpler and more efficient.
Flat end tapered burs

Round end tapered burs
The Round end tapered burs are very popular multi-purpose dental diamond burs that often used for crown and bridge preparation.
round end tapered burs

Football Burs
The Football burs are multi-use dental burs made for preparation, finishing and trimming. They are also known as Egg shaped burs in some countries due to their shape. They are available in 3 different types of materials for different uses:
Football diamond burs - preparation of cavity, crown and bridge.
Carbide football bur - finishing and trimming.
Gold football burs - occlusal reduction and preparation.
Gold football burscarbide football bur

Torpedo burs
The Torpedo bur is a dental diamond bur specially designed for Cavity Preparation. It is called like that due to its shape of a torpedo.
Torpedo bur s11
Inverted Cone Burs
Inverted cone burs are mostly used in dental surgery for creating undercuts for restorations or root canals. They can also be used to form the occlusal surface, flattening pulpal or gingival walls or for the removal of caries. They come in a variety of lengths and grits and have many options for different heads.
Double inverted cone burInverted cone bur

Straight Fissure Burs
Straight fissure burs contain parallel lines on them which move in a diagonal form in relation to the head. They are useful for creating parallel lines and flat floors during cavity preparation. Another variation is the cross cut fissure burs which are ideal for periphery contouring. The cross cut burs have higher density which provides an efficient cutting and decreased friction and clogging.

557 bur - cross cut fissure burRound end straight fissure bur
Tapered Fissure Burs
Tapered fissure burs have tapered heads which are ideal for a variety of actions during crown removal. Their low tendency to create undesired tissue residue is optimal for sectioning multi-rooted teeth and reducing crown height. They come in both short and long shanks in order to be suitable for a large variety of cavity preparations.

Tapered fissure burTapered cross cut fissure bur

Types of burs - sorted by material
Diamond Burs
Diamond burs are made of stainless - steel covered by diamond powder of different levels of grit. The grit level determines the smoothness/roughness level of the resultant tooth surface. Diamond is the hardest natural substance on earth, which gives the bur extra strength during action. Owing to this, rough finishes can be left on teeth tissues which allow for further finishing by other,


inbound airline is responsible for ticketing the inadmissible passenger to whatever place advised by the authorities. It should obtain payment in the following order:
 1. If the passenger already has an outbound ticket (on any carrier) to the place specified by the authorities, then that ticket may be used immediately. Any restrictions preventing immediate use of the ticket (such as minimum stay, change fees, restriction to a specific airline, etc) should be ignored. The ticket should be revalidated (changed) by the final inbound airline and imprinted with the words "RESTRICTIONS WAIVED DUE TO INAD" in the endorsements box (to explain the situation to other carriers).
 2. If there are unflown flight coupons remaining on the inbound ticket, the final inbound airline may appropriate these flight coupons and use their value towards payment of a new outbound ticket. (Again, the ticketing airline may disregard any endorsements or restrictions on those coupons.) The word "INAD" must be appended to the passenger's name on the new ticket.
 3. If the passenger does not have a return ticket or the value of the unflown coupons does not cover the transportation costs, then the final inbound carrier is responsible for collecting the fare due for the outbound journey from the passenger.
 4. If the final inbound carrier is unable to collect the fare due for the outbound journey from the passenger, that carrier is still responsible for issuing the outbound ticket. The cost of the outbound ticket is shared between all the carriers who offered carriage on the continuous journey from the point of origin on the ticket (or the last stopover, if there was one), to the place where entry was refused. The sharing is pro-rated by mileage, so the final carrier won't pay much if it just operated a short leg on a much longer itinerary.
 5. However, if the final inbound carrier was technically incapable of issuing the onward ticket, then another inbound carrier may issue it instead; but the final inbound carrier is then responsible to the ticketing carrier for the full transportation cost (it isn't shared).
 - 3
 +1 for a well-researched and comprehensive answer. Of course, none of that precludes the carrier from recovering any costs or fines from the passenger if the contract of carriage permits that. – Zach Lipton Aug 24 '17 at 17:41
 - Just to clarify, for future readers who were confused like I was: "inbound" here refers to the airline/flight that brought the passenger to the point where entry was refused. "Outbound" refers to the transportation leaving that location. – Michael Seifert May 18 '20 at 13:32
ICAO Annex 9 chapter 5 covers removal. Entries 5.10 and 5.11:
5.10 When a person is found inadmissible and is returned to the aircraft operator for transport away from the territory of the State, the aircraft operator shall not be precluded from recovering from such person any transportation costs involved in his removal. 5.11 The aircraft operator shall remove the inadmissible person to: a) the point where he commenced his journey; or b) to any place where he is admissible.
PDF download
If you are refused entry and came by air, the airline that brought you there has to take you back. Depending on the local law, it might also be fined if you did not have a visa and it failed to check. The airline might try to recover the funds from you later but nobody is paying for a ticket.
If you are refused entry on a land border, nobody will pay for a ticket either, you are just unable to enter the country and left stranded wherever you are. In some cases, when the control does not happen at the border itself but further inland (either on board a train or at a station), I have seen people forced to take a train in the other direction but I don't know what the rules were.
If for some reason you can't return where you came from (say you don't have the right to reenter the country you just left), the only thing left is to deport you somewhere else. Reasonable countries will at least try to deport you to a country from which you are a citizen. In that case, the country that wants to deport you pays for your ticket (and if necessary those of your police escort). Again, it might also impose a fine and try to recover money from you later but I suspect that most countries don't bother as many people who are deported will have very little money to begin with or come from countries where effective means to recover a fine are non-existent.
So in a nutshell, the country that sent you away or the airline that transported you might try to recover some money from you later on but it really does not matter if you have any at the moment you are denied entry. Either the airline will take care of the transport directly or it will be paid by the state removing you.
 - 6
 You'd be surprised where you can get deported to. Decades ago my uncle overstayed a US tourist visa for years then came to visit Canada. The Canadians felt he would overstay here too. He didn't want to go back to the US since they would be alerted, and didn't much want to go to the UK where he was a citizen. It took a few days living in the nasty motel they use as immigration detention (I remember the doors had no latches or knobs) but he got deported to Bermuda in the end. Never came back to Canada or the US. – Kate Gregory Jan 25 '14 at 14:52
 - _USER_ Well, I am not really "surprised", I know much worse (citizens deported by mistake, people deported against their will to a third country with which they have nothing to do, people deported to a third country in the knowledge that the local police would somehow "deal" with them, etc.), that's why I added "reasonable". – Relaxed Jan 25 '14 at 15:50
 - yes, this would be a good surprise. He was able to negotiate with both Canada and Bermuda to end up somewhere he wasn't going to be "taken care of" for overstaying the US visitor visa, and didn't have to deal with whatever he left the UK about. He did go back to the UK eventually, on his own terms. – Kate Gregory Jan 25 '14 at 16:30
 - 1
 Just for the sake of correctness: Being denied entry and being deported from a country are (usually) two completely different issues. The question has nothing to do with deportation and Kate, your uncle was not deported from Canada, at least not if you describe the situation correctly. But even if he was "just" denied entry: If he didn't want to go where he came from (or probably more correctly: he wouldn't be let into the US again after overstaying his previous visa) and he didn't want to go to his home country, is it really a nasty surprise that he was sent somewhere else? – Tor-Einar Jarnbjo Jan 26 '14 at 0:42
 - 3
 A friend of mine (US citizen) got denied entry in London, coming via air from Morocco. They simply told him, he has got 24 hours to book a flight to where ever he wants, otherwise they will send him back to where he came from (Morocco) at his cost. Not sure how they would have enforced this though. – Phil Jan 27 '14 at 11:52


text:
Suppose the daily benefit you get from spending another hour studying microeconomics is described by B(t) = 12t - tr^2.
a) What amount of studying time per day maximizes your benefits?
b) Derive the marginal benefits, MB(t)
c) Suppose that an alternative use of your time is to play video games that yields a constant benefit of 4 per hour, no matter how many hours you spend playing. How much time should you spend studying microeconomics?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Fine Art Photography Daily
Brandon Juhasz: American Bigfoot is Monkey Suit
Ohio photographer, Brandon Juhasz, is a combination of Dr. Frankenstein, Picasso in his cubist period, and photographic outlier. He received his BFA from Bowling Green State University where he was trained in photography and painting and his work seeks to "dissect and understand the entrenched power of images and photography in our culture and the changing nature of the photographic image". I'm showing some selections from his project, American Bigfoot is Monkey Suit.
Brandon's work has been included in many juried and curated exhibitions both locally and nationally including the Hagedorn Gallery in Atlanta for the Atlanta Celebrates Photography festival and MOCA Cleveland.
My work is an exploration of the power and saturation of our image based culture. I explore the concept of photography in contemporary society and its fluid and ubiquitous nature. Photography is now an integral part of living. No longer a curiosity or hobby, photography is as common as driving a car. How does this affect us? How does it affect our ideals and worldview, our self-awareness or our memory? By using images found on the Internet to make new worlds I employ narrative image making to explore failure, desire and life in a post memory, post private hyper documented world.
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Government Undergraduate Wins Best Paper Award
Nathan Abell wins top prize at national conference
Posted: June 25, 2010
Government student Nathan Abell has received the 2010 First Place Prize for Best Undergraduate Student Paper at the 18th Annual Illinois State University National Conference for Students of Political Science. Abell won the award for his paper, "Theory and Practice of Structural Agenda Setting: A Case Study of U.S. HIV/AIDS Policy from 1979 to 1989."
In his paper, Abell offers a truly novel approach to agenda setting studies by identifying a lack of emphasis in the current literature on the structure within which agenda setting decisions are made. Focusing on the federal government's lack of timely response to the severity of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Abell points out that the problem was not simply lack of medical knowledge, nor active homophobia, but a combination of the two that can only be understood by accounting for the embedded social structure in which medical research progressed.
Prevailing social attitudes about homosexuality, within the medical and scientific communities as well as the public at large, predisposed scientists to identify HIV/AIDS as an explicitly homosexual disease. For example, when the medical community discovered HIV/AIDS in an individual who was both homosexual and an IV drug user, standard classificatory procedure was to categorize the individual only as homosexual, thereby swelling the numbers of cases identified solely with homosexuality. This research-generated connection between HIV/AIDS and homosexuality subsequently translated into a homophobic political response. Crucially, neither dynamic was rooted in empirical reality. Both the medical and political communities were defining the policy space based on inherited social biases about homosexuality. Studying agenda setting can therefore not simply be about studying processes and the power relationships competing within them, but must also adequately account for the structure of beliefs conditioning public actions. It was a fundamental shift in public perceptions, rather than a shift in empirical reality, which ultimately secured a place for HIV/AIDS on the policy agenda.
In explaining why the federal government was so slow to respond to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, Abell points out that one of the most shocking features of the government's response was the utter reluctance to even discuss whether the issue should be on the policy agenda, let alone make the issue a public policy priority. While active homophobia alone cannot explain this, the lack of response can still only be understood by taking into account the broad social prejudice against certain affected groups – such as homosexuals, heroin addicts, and Haitians – that was channeled through the medical and political communities. When the HIV/AIDS pandemic first emerged, the Center for Disease Control took notice and initiated action to understand and control the disease. Nonetheless, the popular and scientific perception of HIV/AIDS was that it was a 'gay' or 'degenerate' disease, prompting Abell to ask how HIV/AIDS came to be defined as a 'gay' disease, rather than an immune disease disproportionately affecting homosexual men. Part of the answer, he finds, is that the research methods employed by the scientific community were biased toward a finding of sexual identity as the driving factor, as scientists imported homophobic background knowledge into their initial studies.
The public was made aware of the pandemic in 1981, but President Ronald Reagan did not publicly, at his own initiation and for the explicit purpose of addressing the pandemic, mention the disease until 1987. The Reagan administration feared the issue politically, not wanting to associate itself with the affected populations. Due to pervasive homophobia, HIV/AIDS research and outreach became conflated with a homosexual agenda, and the political universe consequently feared association with it. The result was an overall delay in the issue becoming a subject of public discourse. A history of prejudice within the medical establishment toward homosexuals, as homosexuality had, for a long time, been classified as a mental disease, combined with anti-homosexual social attitudes input into scientific research and the public mind, and consequent political fears of association with specific groups, actively kept the issue off the public agenda. Only when the possibility of nonsexual and heterosexual transmission was documented and acknowledged within the broader public, aided by the revelations of prominent, beloved, and infected public figures, such as Rock Hudson and Magic Johnson, did the structure within which agenda setting occurs change such that actively pushing for congressional action became politically tolerable.
Jeffrey Tulis supervised Nathan's paper. This is the fourth student Tulis has supervised who has won a best paper award at the Illinois State conference; Abell is the first to take the top prize.
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text:
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Location positioning of an object is essential technology for Location-Based Services (LBS). Most location positioning systems use specially designed equipment. Because distribution of this specialized equipment is costly, many studies have been conducted on location positioning using only wireless equipment under a wireless LAN infrastructure. A cooperative location positioning system (CLPS) that uses the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) between mobile equipment, including mobile equipment and access points, requires great concentration in their applications to increase accuracy. This study investigates the relationship between nodes by analyzing a WiPS (Wireless LAN based indoor Positioning System), a similar type of CLPS, and proposes a improved cooperative positioning system to increase performance.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
GAINESVILLE, Fla. — The Florida Museum of Natural History has finished the design and development stage of its newest permanent exhibit, "Water Shapes Florida." Construction is set to begin later this month, with an anticipated open date of spring 2024.
"We recognize this as a huge opportunity for us as the state museum of natural history to tell the story of water, arguably Florida's most important resource, and in a compelling way that both informs and inspires conservation and stewardship," said Darcie MacMahon, the Florida Museum's director of exhibits and public programs.
The "Northwest Florida" exhibit will close beginning Feb. 27, and "Water Shapes Florida" will open early next year. The new exhibit will be free to all visitors.
Guests can look forward to a glass-bottom boat experience that will simulate what it's like to ride down some of Florida's beloved waterways while educating visitors on the challenges and importance of maintaining healthy springs.
A Recharge Lounge and Water Lab will welcome guests to take part in unique educational experiences like an interactive exploration of Florida's aquifer and to learn about current research with multimedia displays, interpretive graphics and museum specimens.
A field cabin replica, complete with simulated weather patterns outside its LED screen "windows," will welcome visitors to a hammock forest and limestone cave.
"The existing cave actually inspired the new exhibit – it is a perfect platform for talking about Florida's unique geology and the spongelike limestone aquifer beneath our feet that contains our freshwater supply," MacMahon said. "Renovations will transform the rest of the exhibit hall into a more contemporary experience that explores the water story."
The Northwest Florida Hall was the first permanent exhibit to open in Powell Hall more than 20 years ago in 2000. Some of its most iconic elements will live on and be incorporated into "Water Shapes Florida" with new refurbishments and technology. The museum is keeping sustainability at the forefront of the renovation process, with emphasis on reusing components when possible and relocating others to museums and educational centers.
"The popular existing hammock and cave environments will be brought to life with new lights, sound and media. I think visitors will enjoy seeing their favorite parts of the exhibit in a whole new way," said Florida Museum exhibit coordinator Julie Waters.
The exhibit is funded in part by a $100,000 donation from Duke Energy Foundation and a $500,000 grant from the Florida Department of State. Further funding is being provided by gracious gifts from corporations, family foundations and museum supporters.
To donate to this exciting new endeavor, visit _URL_
View more renderings for what the exhibit will look like; plans are subject to change:
Writer: Nikhil Srinivasan, _EMAIL_
Source: Julie Waters, _EMAIL_; Darcie MacMahon, _EMAIL_
Media contact: Kaitlin Gardiner, _EMAIL_


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$\begingroup$
Is there a way to take the interection of two NPDAs?
I can't seem to find anything that can make that happen, but it seems like the type of thing that is should be relatively trival.
$\endgroup$
 - $\begingroup$ Possible interesting follow-up question: if we know that the intersection of the two languages is context-free, can we compute a PDA for it? $\endgroup$ – Raphael Mar 26 '14 at 8:50
 - $\begingroup$ @Raphael, while I agree that it's interesting, I have not the faintest clue of how to go about finding it. Also, I might be naive, but can't a PDA be found for all context-free languages? $\endgroup$ – soandos Mar 26 '14 at 10:06
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Me neither! This question was not intended for you, but maybe for you to ask on the site? It's certainly true that there is a PDA for the intersection (if it's context-free) but whether you can compute if from PDA of the original languages is not clear. See for instance this answer: even if we know that the language of a given PDA is in DCFL, we can not compute a DPDA for it. $\endgroup$ – Raphael Mar 26 '14 at 10:28
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$\begingroup$
The intersection of two context-free languages can be non-context-free. The classical example is $$ \{ a^n b^n c^m : n,m \geq 0 \} \cap \{ a^m b^n c^n : n,m \geq 0 \} = \{ a^n b^n c^n : n \geq 0 \}. $$ So in general you cannot simulate the intersection of two NPDAs with an NPDA.
$\endgroup$
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$\begingroup$
Intersection of two NPDA means intersection of their languages. Of course, Context-free languages are not closed under intersection, so that you will not generally get a NPDA for the intersection. If interested in the topic, you may look at Range Concatenation Grammars, which are closed under intersection and parsable in cubic time. And, of course, they include Context-Free grammars.
$\endgroup$
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text: FIGURE 2 Structure of the electricity industry in the United Kingdom. Electricite de France (EDF) is present because electricity can be exchanged between England and France. a Including some autogenerators. b Other small generators also supply electricity to ScottishPower and Scotish Hydro-Electric. c Comprising East Midlands Electricity, NORWEB, Eastern Electricity, SEEBOARD, London Electricity, SWALEC, MANWEB, SWEB, MEB, Southern Electricity, Northern Electricity, Yorkshire Electricity. d Comprising National Power, Nuclear Electric, PowerGen, Scottish Power, Scottish Hydro-Electric. e Comprising ScottishPower, Scottish Hydro-Electric. SOURCE: Department of Trade and Industry, 1994.


text:
backing material in a sentence
1) Stab and spike armor standards have been developed using 3 different backing materials .
2) This recreates a soft lambswool fleece onto a cotton backing material .
3) Wool rugs are made from stronger carpet wool fibres woven or injected into a backing material .
4) The backing materials cannot be separated from the blisters or replaced without leaving visible evidence of entry.
backing material example sentences5) The backing material cannot be separated from the plastic bubble or replaced without leaving visible evidence of entry.
6) The reason is that this technique requires a thicker backing material that can be carved into or cast away.
7) Originally, wetsuits were made only with raw sheets of foam-rubber neoprene that did not have any backing material .
8) However, vinyl sheet flooring manufactured before the mid-1980s may contain high levels of asbestos in its backing material .
9) Typical quilting is done with 3 layers: the top fabric or quilt top, batting or insulating material and backing material .
10) Early backing materials included the casings of old model T batteries, old phonograph records, and more recently epoxy steel resins.
11) Once the glass is fitted it will magnify any hairs that are on the backing material, and therefore ruin the picture.
12) It takes and breaks up the projectile so it's no longer a single point of energy and can be more easily stopped by the backing material .
13) A washable fitted carpet is best in the bathroom and well-fitting washable carpet tiles, with a backing material that prevents it from creeping, in the kitchen.
14) The backing material also allows the liquid water produced at the cathode to leave the cell so it doesn't "flood".
example sentences with backing15) A typical adhesive tape consists of a adhesive material (the sticky part of the tape) attached to a backing material that provides strength and protection.
16) A "coated abrasive" comprises an abrasive fixed to a backing material such as paper, cloth, rubber, resin, polyester or even metal, many of which are flexible.
17) A total of 2,588 items were treated; though in most cases this consisted only of the application of a backing material, work on badly degraded older material is much more labour-intensive.
18) The Draft EU norm calls out Roma clay, The California DOC called out 60% ballistic gelatin and the current standard for NIJ and HOSDB calls out a multi-part foam and rubber backing material .
19) Ballistic testing has a number of sources of variability: the armor, test backing materials, bullet, casing, powder, primer and the gun barrel, to name a few.
20) The "backface signature," or transmitted impact energy, is measured by shooting armor mounted in front of a backing material, typically oil-based modeling clay.
21) The tape was coated with a slippery backing material, usually graphite and patented by Bernard Cousino, to ease the continuous slip between the tape layers.
22) To produce The Hospital Nursing Fleece, wool is shorn from the sheep and knitted into a backing material ; creating a surface that looks and feels like a sheepskin fleece.
23) When the tesserae are set, however, the backing material is torn or scrubbed off, and the required design is revealed (for the first time).
24) If I had to do over again I would likely go for a slightly thicker backing material and perhaps have a shorter tail attached.
25) The correct backing material allows the right amount of water vapor to reach the membrane/electrode assembly to keep the membrane humidified.
26) The porous nature of the backing material ensures effective diffusion of each reactant gas to the catalyst on the membrane/electrode assembly.
27) Although harder and less deformable than human tissue, Roma represents a "worst case" backing material when plastic deformations in the oil/clay are low (less than 20 mm).
28) The majority of military and law enforcement standards have settled on an oil/clay mixture for the backing material, known as Roma Plastilena.
29) Friedrich Matthias of IG Farben/BASF developed the recording tape, including the oxide, the binder, and the backing material .
These examples have been automatically selected and may contain sensitive content that does not reflect the opinions or policies of our website. Please inform us about the inappropriate sentences:
This site is designed to teach you English words in context with collocations with the help of example sentences.
You can easily memorize the word and the meaning of backing material
and This is a fast way of learning the meaning of backing material with example sentences.
Always focus on the learning on sentences with backing material
We believe you will easily learn to write and use the word backing material in a sentence.
You can practice spelling and usage of the word by getting 10 examples of sentences with backing material.
20 examples of simple sentences of backing material. We tried to find and publish the the words with Simple Sentences of backing material
Compound Sentences with backing material
Complex Sentences with backing material
Compound-Complex Sentences with backing material


text:
CBRNE forensic mobile response lab: a comprehensive solution for critical sample analysis
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Ottawa, Ontario, were looking for a mobile laboratory unit with independent operational capabilities in sample analysis that could also provide secure storage and functional integration with the microbiology and chemical warfare laboratory modules.
The challenge in building this type of highly complex containment laboratory is the levels of communication and IT integration required, particularly with respect to the integration of non-secure network connections and a wired or satellite secure network. In addition, Germfree was aware of the critical importance of secure sample transfer between laboratories and physical assets. This would ensure the integrity of the samples and maintain the important chain of custody of the samples.
Germfree provided a single mobile laboratory unit for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Ottawa, Ontario. The unit was engineered to operate independently in sample analysis and secure storage and for full functional integration with the Microbiology and Chemical Agent Laboratory modules. The facility was designed with high-complex containment laboratories that met robust biocontainment standards. The mobile response lab was equipped with state-of-the-art communication and IT integration, including both non-secure network connectivity and a secure network.
Approached by law enforcement for a critical tool in forensic science, Germfree experts designed an optimal mobile response lab, engineered for data and sample security. Germfree conducted a comprehensive validation of the laboratory facility to ensure definitive results. The facility was delivered to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in Ottawa, Ontario, and helped ensure critical sample analysis and safe handling during forensic investigations. Germfree is proud to have provided a solution that exceeded expectations and that met the unique needs of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
This facility was built using technologies seen in our current mobile biocontainment labs, click here to learn more about our Mobile Biocontainment Labs.


What is a raised bezel does it protect the screen? The description of the Speck candy shell case for the iPhone 4 says it has this.
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 It's just the rubber around the edge of the screen - it's raised above the screen so that when it comes into impact with the ground, the rubber will take the impact, protecting your glass and stopping it from cracking!
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Celebrate Mental Health Week – May 7-13, 2012
CMHA's Mental Health Week is an annual national event that takes place during the first week in May to encourage people from all walks of life to learn, talk, reflect and engage with others on all issues relating to mental health.
This year's Mental Health Week theme is Mental Health for All. Mental Health Week 2012 will focus on key topics that will help the public have a broader understanding of mental health, including: Kids Have Stress Too!; Resiliency: at Home, at School, and at Work; and Mental Health is Everyone's Concern. Local events and activities are planned in communities across Canada. Find an event near you or plan your own!
For more information, visit _URL_.
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Skip to comments.Discoveries might reveal origins of Southeastern N.C.'s first inhabitants
Posted on 05/10/2010 4:19:52 AM PDT by Palter
WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH | A local captain and his crew have discovered a unique rock and nearby artifacts that might help reveal how the first people came to Southeastern North Carolina thousands of years ago.
Geologists said the rock, called black chert or novaculite, was previously thought to only be available in vast quantities in the mountains of Arkansas. Zulu Discovery, a local underwater exploration company, found a very dense version of the rock dozens of feet below the surface of the Atlantic Ocean off Wrightsville Beach. Chert was used by the first people in North America, called Paleo-Indians, to create the stone tools they needed to survive.
The discovery of black chert off local shores could rewrite America's prehistory by supporting a theory that Paleo-Indians might have come to the continent via a coastal route rather than by land, said Phil Garwood, a geology instructor at Cape Fear Community College who first identified the local rock as chert. The exact route Paleo-Indians followed will always remain a mystery, but clues have come in the form of the tools they left behind.
This is a piece of the puzzle, Garwood said.
In collaboration with CFCC, Zulu Discovery founders Capt. Jim Batey and his son Rusty Batey hope to find grants and other sources of funding to continue their research and exploration of the areas where they've found the rock and artifacts. The Bateys don't want to reveal the exact depths or locations of their finds, fearing the disruption by other divers of their efforts to study the material.
Continuing their research, Zulu Discovery and CFCC met with state geologists and an underwater archaeologist recently to present their findings and get some advice on what to do next.
Kenneth Taylor, chief of the N.C. Geological Survey, was one of those geologists.
One of the things about it, when you look at samples of chert very, very hard, very, clear chert, that has to come from Arkansas. There's not an outcrop of this stuff in North Carolina, Taylor said, explaining the prevailing theory. Now there is. If there are archaeological artifacts that prove its first peoples' or native peoples'... This is outstanding. It's outstanding. It then says that they had a ready source nearby.
The rocks weren't underwater thousands of years ago.
It's offshore today, but it wouldn't have been covered by the ocean at that time because the ocean didn't come that far inland, Taylor said.
Not just a piece of cement
The North Carolina black chert, dubbed SeaViculite by Zulu Discovery, was found by accident.
Zulu Discovery diver Kevin Rooney picked up the unusual rock last summer as he searched underwater ledges for shark's teeth and fossils.
He brought it up just to see what it was, just to bring it to the surface and analyze it, Rusty Batey said.
At that time, no one suspected it was anything special.
We just thought it was a big square piece of cement, Rusty Batey said.
It wasn't until several months later, when Jim Batey got tired of seeing the rock in his yard, that they got their first clue to the rock's significance. Jim threw it to Rooney, telling him to get rid of the cement-colored stuff, when a piece of it broke off, revealing a lustrous black interior.
I knew it was something that needed to be looked at. It was so unusual, said Jim Batey, who added that he'd never come across anything like it in his 45 years of deep-sea diving.
Jim gave it to Tim Shaw, a marine technology instructor at CFCC, who showed it to Garwood.
If there's one rock in the world I know, it's chert, said Garwood, who studied chert in Australia. Chert is a sedimentary rock, believed to have formed when the shells of ancient, microscopic sea creatures fused together, Garwood said.
People might have been picking up those rocks for years and they just didn't know what it was, Taylor said. It took showing the find to someone who knows rocks, like Garwood, to make the significant connection, Taylor said.
Garwood said the SeaViculite is being analyzed by a laboratory at the College of Charleston in Charleston, S.C., and so far the lab has found an 85 percent probability that the SeaViculite is the same material used to make tools found in Southeastern North Carolina.
The artifacts Zulu Discovery has found near the underwater chert sites and identified by Garwood include an ornament called a gorgot, a scraper used to clean hides, a knife and a stone used to start fires.
Rusty Batey said he's mailed at least 30 samples of the SeaViculite to flint knappers people who make stone tools and others for examination.
Jim Batey said the crew plans to take an archaeologist from the state's Underwater Archaeology Branch to one of their chert sites. In addition to showing him the sites, they want the archaeologist, Nathan Henry, to examine a possible artifact that looks like it might be a pot of some kind. A video shot underwater by Zulu Discovery's Video Ray Pro III remote operated vehicle shows a half moon shape wedged under a ledge. The Zulu Discovery diver didn't want to try to pull out the potential artifact, fearing it's destruction.
The question of whether parts of the chert locations need to be preserved as culturally significant sites is another reason Zulu Discovery is working with the state and college on the project, alternately called Operation Chert and Project SeaViculite.
This may be a very significant site archaeologically if indeed it turns out there is cultural material associated with the rock, said Richard Lawrence, director of the state's Underwater Archaeology Branch.
We don't want to disturb a site if it's an Indian site, Jim Batey said.
The company has not yet determined whether mining the chert, which would require permission from the federal government, would be a profitable venture. In addition to its historical value, chert has commercial value, including its ability to sharpen knives, surgical instruments and wood carving tools.
We don't know where it's going to go right now, Jim Batey said.
The company plans to continue exploring the SeaViculite sites they've already found and look for more.
You could make your projectile points for the next whole year by wintering over at that location, Taylor said, of the large pockets of chert already found by Zulu Discovery. That's incredibly fascinating.
Zulu Discovery owner Jim Batey holds a piece of North Carolina black chert that his crew found off the North Carolina coast.
'supporting a theory that Paleo-Indians might have come to the continent via a coastal route rather than by land'
And this tells us how people came to North Carolina?
What am I missing?
"What else floats on water?"
Wasn't Mayberry in NC?
Paleo-Indians butchering a bison at the end of the Ice Age. Pembina State Museum exhibit
· Discover · Nat Geographic · Texas AM Anthro News · Yahoo Anthro & Archaeo · Google ·
· The Archaeology Channel · Excerpt, or Link only? · cgk's list of ping lists ·
These guys might be about to make fools of themselves. Chert was used for ballast. It was also used to pave roads. For all they know, it could have washed out to sea in a nor'easter back during the depression, or was dumped by a ship during the Civil War.
LOL! Your question shows an awareness of NC cue but falls short.
Eastern. And you say Eastern or Western, not East or West. :]
The first BBQ came to the US from Haiti via North Carolina. Barbeque is actually a Carib Indian word for roasted human arm.
And now, you know the rest of the story.
Or, it was dropped overboard by Indians say, 600 years ago while they were out fishing, geeze.
Well, now, I beg to differ.
The pit cooking method was taught to the very earliest English colonists, there are descriptions of pit cooking methods taught by the Croatan and the Powhatan. The sauce is a survival of Elizabethan "catsup" which was a vinegary sauce with herbs and spices. It's the first authentically American food, being a fusion of English and native. It really should be our Thanksgiving dinner, imho. Far more authentic than that sanitized and romanticized tale of our putative Pilgrim Fathers, those Johnny-Come-Lately communards, lol.
I've been a history buff with a nack for odd or forgotten history for years, and one of those odd bits is the origin of southeastern pit-cooked barbecue. I've never in my life heard this NC-by-way-of-Haiti cannibal cuisine tale before in my life, and I've actually researched it for years.
If you're pulling our legs, you're doing a pretty good job of it. If you're not, please source, starting with the etymology of "barbeque" from Haitian Creole. Bar-beek, like Martinique? I'm just baffled.
The Carribean connection to NC was Barbados and Cuba, not Hispaniola. Pit cooking was widespread before Haitians ever conjured their voodoo demon and slaughtered their overlords in their sleep back in the late 1700's.
For once, I


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What powers do schools get?
This is a vitally important question. We have all heard the horror stories of schools joining Trusts and then finding out they have lost the power to make their own decisions.
The key is the Scheme of Delegation. This outlines which powers are delegated to school Local Governing Bodies and which sit with the Trustees.
We believe in 'earned autonomy'. If your school is already doing well, why would be change it?
Schools rated 'good' or 'outstanding' are given a generous scheme of delegation by Chorus Education Trust that ensures they have most of the powers they had as a standalone school. 'Requires improvement' and'special measures' schools are given more limited schemes of delegation. However, as the school improves we would hand back more of the powers they once had.
There are certain powers that can't be delegated because the Trustees are ultimately responsible for the schools. For example, the Trust has to report as one financial entity, so Trustees are ultimately responsible for its finances. However, Governing Bodies that have the full set of powers available within the Scheme of Delegation will get their own budget, which they decide how to allocate within their school.
As much as is possible, we want our schools to be able to run their own affairs. We believe that we can add value to a school by bringing in consistent policies and procedures across our schools, providing them with increased purchasing power and a set of well-run, central services - and, most importantly, by allowing all of us to share best practice and skills.


text:
Beaded Pad Saddle
Materials: moose hide, fabric, glass beads, thread, yarn, and unknown stuffing
This beaded pad saddle comes from the Cree Nation of the northern Great Plains region in the United States. The Cree are one of the major Algonquian-speaking North American tribes and reside mainly west of Lake Superior as well as in Canada. There are eight groups of Cree, including the Attikamekw, Swampy Cree, Montagnais, and Plains Cree. This saddle is specifically from the Plains Cree tribe and was made around the year 1880 A.D.
This piece displays the influence of Europeans in multiple ways. After the arrival of Europeans, glass seed beads and horses, among other things, were traded to the natives. The Cree are known for their artistic beadwork and such work is displayed proudly on our saddle. Each corner and adjoining rectangular tab is adorned with varying floral designs, all created with tiny glass seed beads. Multiple yarn tassels are also attached to each corner. These decorative elements are strategically placed so that they remain visible while the rider is seated on the saddle. Note the center tabs where a rope would have been threaded through holes in order to hold the saddle onto a horse. The Plains Cree were a nomadic people and horses proved to be very helpful in traveling and hunting.


Definition: A seed that due to social trauma stays consciously dormant not out of oppression, but rather due to a deep intuition which senses not to seed until it finds itself in a fertile, fecund environment.
Usage: Swati was hesitant to invite her college friends to her parents' home for dinner, as it was custom for Swati's grandmother to tell deeply personal family stories and histories. Grandmother's wisdom was like a quieseed, and Swati knew she would be cautious to reveal pieces of the story with strangers in the room.
Origin: Ash Arder, Detroit, Michigan + Heidi Quante, California, November 2017.
Quiescent (Latin) meaning 'being still', from the Latin verb quies 'quiet' meaning marked by inactivity or repose.
Seed (Old English sǣd, of Germanic origin Saat) meaning a flowering plant's unit of reproduction, capable of developing into another plant. A propagative plant structure (such as a spore or small dry fruit).
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text:
The module that appears as most suitable for you is called HTML import. This module will divide one single large HTML document into a structured Drupal book where the heading level hierarchy is respected. This module works with HTML exported from Word; HTML document converted from PDF as well as HTML document exported from Adobe InDesign.
This makes it possible to use a single HTML page, created in a word processing program and saved as HTML, or other structured HTML, to create a multipage Drupal book in a single step. You actually need to collate the output from all your
.docx files into a single HTML-file before converting to HTML to use HTML import in a single step.
In case your requirements are beyond what HTML import is capable of, below is a list of all the (usable) Drupal modules I am aware of that can be used to bulk import HTML (and some other formats) into a Drupal site:
- HTML import - Import a single HTML page created from MS Word and split it up into an hierarchical Drupal book structure consisting of a set of interlinked Drupal nodes.
- HTML2Book - This also imports a single HTML page and split it up into an hierarchical Drupal book structure consisting of a set of interlinked Drupal nodes, but requires you to clean up the tagsoup created by MS Word first.
- Import HTML - Import all of an existing, static HTML-site into a Drupal site as nodes.
- Feeds - Import or aggregate data as nodes, users, taxonomy terms or simple database records.
- Migrate - Provides a flexible framework for migrating content into Drupal from other sources, including HTML.
- Node import - Allows users to import content (node, user, taxonomy) from CSV or TSV files. Requires you to convert from HTML to CSV. (no Drupal 7 version)
Of these, the simplest to use are HTML import and HTML2Book. However, both can only handle a single HTML page. For more complex conversion tasks, where you need to convert a large static HTML-site made up of several interlinked pages, one of the other modules may be more suitable.
Also: Whatever tool you use, never experiment with bulk import on a production site. Unless you're a lot more clever than me, there are going to be false starts and botched imports. Cleaning up thousands of nodes damaged by an import gone wrong is not fun. Always experiment with bulk import on a throwaway staging site that just can be discarded wholesale when things go wrong. Transfer the settings and do the import on the production site when you're sure you have a working set-up.


text:
Eco-friendly pen box contains 30 plantable eco pens with recycled paper barrels in a round recycled kraft paper box.
IMPACT OF THE PRODUCT
We make our pens with recycled paper, and add gelatin capsule to ensure that every pen sold has the capability to add more oxygen (plants) to the environment. An idea for everyone!
30 pc -seed pen box
- The pens have 90% less plastic than regular pens.
- All pens have hi-shine's low viscosity, blue colored ink which has a 2-year shelf life.
- All pens have government-approved seeds of different plants (with seed name on each pen) with specified expiry dates contained in a water-soluble seed capsule.
- After usage, you can plant the pens as per the instructions in the product packaging.
30 Plantable Eco Pens


text:
SIEMENS 840D VIRTUAL NC KERNEL (VNCK) integration with VERICUT
The kinematics of VERICUT's virtual CNC machine simulation is driven by the same 840D control software that drives the actual CNC machine!
VERICUT CNC Machine Simulation software is integrated with the CNC motion logic of the Siemens SINUMERIK 840D control using Siemens' Virtual NC Kernel (VNCK).
The VERICUT/VNCK module provides complete coverage of the 840D programming language. This includes advanced features, unique motion control techniques and high-level programming options.
Once the VERICUT/VNCK module is enabled, running the simulation is simple. The user selects the 840D configuration file for the specific machine and the main NC program to process, then starts the VERICUT simulation.
NC axis motion time is calculated using the VNCK, utilizing the actual motion control logic of the CNC.


Reference > Transforms > Dedupe
Dedupe
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Navigation: Reference > Transforms >
Dedupe
Description
Remove duplicate rows.

Example
Keep the first record for each unique 'Customer Id':

how to dedupe a dataset example

Inputs
One.

Options
Click Explore Duplicates... to explore which rows are duplicates.
Check the column(s) you wish to look for duplicate values in.
Set Matching to Exact to use exact matching to find duplicates and Fuzzy to match with some differences. Fuzzy matching is much slower.
Set Closeness to how close a fuzzy match has to be to be considered a match. E.g. set it to 80% to make 2 values that are 80% the same a match. For Fuzzy matching only.
Check case sensitive to use case sensitive matching.
Check ignore whitespace to ignore whitespace characters when matching.
Check ignore punctuation to ignore punctuation characters when matching.
Set Mode according to what you want to do with duplicates.
oRemove duplicates removes all duplicate rows.
oKeep only duplicates keeps only the duplicate rows (the inverse of Remove duplicates).
oAdd duplicate information adds extra columns with information about duplicate rows at the end. Reorders rows, but does not remove them. The additional columns are:
Group: Each row and its duplicates are given a unique group number, starting at 1.
Row: The number of the row in the input dataset.
Closeness: How close a match the duplicate is as a percentage. 100% = exact match.
Duplicate: Set to true if the row is a duplicate and false if not.
Duplicates: Set to the number of duplicates a non-duplicate has.
Check drilldown to allow double-clicking a row in the data table to drilldown to this row and it's duplicates in the upstream data. This is only available when Matching is set to Exact and Mode is set to Remove duplicates.

Notes
Rows are considered duplicates if they match in all the checked columns.
Comparisons are whitespace sensitive. You can use Whitespace to remove whitespace before deduping and Replace to get of other unwanted characters (e.g. whitespace inside the text).
When several rows are duplicates, only the top one is retained. So you may want to Sort your dataset first.
The Unique transform is a more powerful (but more complex and slower) alternative to Dedupe.

See also
Dedupe a dataset


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I don't really understand what these two questions are asking. Nor do I know how to start it.
1) Describe in words the region of $\mathbb {R}^3$ represented by: $x^2 + z^2 \le 9$.
2) Write an inequality to describe: The solid upper hemisphere of the sphere of radius 2 centered at the origin.
Can some please explain what I am supposed to do here? Thanks in advance.
share|improve this question
For $1$, the region of space satisfying that inequality will look like a familiar shape. Can you figure out what shape? – Alex Becker Aug 25 '12 at 23:51
Depends on which way is up. They probably mean that up is $z\ge 0$. – André Nicolas Aug 25 '12 at 23:59
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
For question no. $1$, notice that if we plot $x^2+z^2 \le 9$ in $\mathbb R^2$, we get a filled circle of radius $3$. Add another axis, and what happens? For example, a plate is a circle, but what 3d shape is made when plates are stacked?
For question no. $2$, recall that an (empty, i.e. not solid) sphere of radius $r$ has the equation $x^2+y^2+z^2=r^2$. Noting that the radius is $3$, we have $x^2+y^2+z^2=9$. How do we now make this sphere filled? Look at what was done in question $1$ to make a filled circle.
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I'm sorry. Could you explain this a little more. I'm still kind of lost with this problem. – Avalon-96 Aug 29 '12 at 0:04
_USER_-96 Edited. Is it still unclear? – Argon Aug 29 '12 at 0:35
Ah, yes, that makes more sense. Thank you. – Avalon-96 Aug 29 '12 at 1:40
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text:
The Tourism Master Plan for the Azores Region (POTRAA) was prepared in order to develop and consolidate a sustainable tourism sector, to contribute to the overall economic development, the preservation of the natural and human environment, the correct landuse distribution and the attenuation of the social-economic differences in the Region. Several scenarios were studied for the growth of the tourist accommodation offer and of its territorial distribution. The scenario adopted for 2015 considered an average annual growth rate of tourism accommodation between 6 and 7%, which means that by 2015 there will be around 18,000 tourist beds in the Azores, roughly twice as many as in 2004.
General project coordination, characterization and diagnosis, land-use planning, communication and presentation to the entities. PLURAL in NRV|Norvia


Extracting meaning from text of recipe ingredients
A unsupervised approach to extracting core tokens from text (specifically the base of an ingredient description).
A few months ago, I wrote my first post using R, which performed a basic analysis on data scraped from Allrecipes.com. At the time, I wanted to group recipes by their ingredients, but found it difficult due to the way Allrecipes formats each recipe's ingredient list. So I set myself the challenge of extracting the core of each ingredient description.
The Problem:
Determine each ingredient's core without supervision
The Constraints:
 - No dictionary of ingredients to make the problem easier
 - No manually tagging a subset of ingredients
Simplifying Assumptions:
 - Each ingredient can be represented by a single word
Unfortunately the simplifying assumption means that pepper, to taste and 1 green bell pepper, diced will both be associated with the same core of pepper, but I found that to make an incredible difference in helping lower the problem's difficulty.
This is similar to a "most representative subset" problem.
Two approaches are detailed in this post:
 1. Using a linear program to choose the appropriate tokens
 2. Using an iterative "learning" approach to choose the appropriate tokens
Note the first method was unsuccessful, while the second proved more successful.
Also note that these are only two of the many methods I attempted. Some were lost in a hard drive failure, and others were just… the worst.
Data acquisition
I scraped recipes from Allrecipes.com using Selenium, a tool that opens and controls a web browser programatically. A blog post about the scraping is available here.
Data cleaning
First, transforming the output of scraping into a series of ingredients.
# import data
df = pd.read_csv("scraped_data.csv", index_col=0)
df = df[df['ingredients'].notna()]
# unstack each row's ingredients into a single entry in a series of ingredients
df.set_index('recipe_key', inplace=True)
ingredients = df['ingredients'].apply(pd.Series).stack()
ingredients.index = ingredients.reset_index().apply(lambda row:"{}_{}".format(row['recipe_key'], row['level_1']), axis=1).values
Now, what we have looks like:
1 red bell pepper, julienned
1/2 cup heavy cream
1/3 cup firmly packed brown sugar
1/4 cup mango chutney
32 fluid ounces Kentucky bourbon
1/2 cup chopped peanuts
2 tablespoons milk
1/2 teaspoon garlic salt
2 cups thinly sliced red cabbage
The next step is to clean the strings.
My theory was that most ingredients are formatted as follows:
# unit adjective noun, adjective (misc. extra information) - adjectives conjunctions adjectives
Cleaning will include removing digits/anything inside parenthesis, and using lemmatization to combine plurals.
def parse_text(s):
 Accepts a series of strings, and applies multiple cleaning steps. Returns a series of strings.
 from nltk.stem import WordNetLemmatizer
 wnl = WordNetLemmatizer()
 def lemmatize(string):
 for word in re.findall(r"[a-z]+", string):
 string = string.replace(word, wnl.lemmatize(word, 'n') if's' in word[-3:] else word)
 return string
 # remove anything inside paranthesis
 s = s.apply(lambda x:re.sub(r"\([^\)]+\)", '', x))
 # remove anything containing a digit
 s = s.apply(lambda x:re.sub(r"\S*\d\S*", '', x))
 # make everything lowercase
 s = s.str.lower()
 # remove plurals where possible
 s = s.apply(lemmatize)
 # remove non-word characters except for, and -
 s = s.apply(lambda x:' '.join(re.findall(r"[-,''\w]+", x)))
 _TAG_ excess whitespace
 s = s.apply(lambda x:re.sub(r"\s+",'', x).strip())
 # only keep entries with data after cleaning
 s = s[s!='']
 return s
Looking at a few sample strings:
30 (2 inch) unbaked tart shellsunbaked tart shell
1 (16 ounce) package uncooked linguine pastapackage uncooked linguine pasta
4 cups all-purpose flourcup all-purpose flour
2 lemons, juicedlemon, juiced
1 pound medium shrimp - peeled and deveinedpound medium shrimp - peeled and deveined
All we have to do now is choose the token (word) that represents each full string.
First Approach (miserable failure)
The first attempt relied on an integer program. If you're unfamiliar with linear (and by extension, integer) programs, check out wikipedia's entry on the subject here.
Generic Formulation (in math):
Formulation (in English):
Choose a subset of tokens (\(x\)) to designate as "core" tokens
With the goal of minimizing the cost of these selected "core" tokens (\(C^T x\))
Subject to:
 - every ingredient must contain at least one "core" token (\(Ax \leq b\))
 - every ingredient must contain two or fewer "core" tokens (\(Ax \leq b\))
 - every entry in \(x\) is binary (associated token is either "core" or is not "core")
First, the constraints: simply using scikit-learn's CountVectorizer implementation, we can obtain a matrix that looks like:
In this toy example, token_0 appears in ingredient_1, while token_1 appears in both ingredient_0 and ingredient_1.
Implementation is easy:
def get_A_matrix(s):
 '''Apply CountVectorizer and only retain tokens that are alphabetic.'''
 from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer
 model = CountVectorizer(binary=True, stop_words=None, ngram_range=(1, 1),
 tokenizer=lambda x:nltk.word_tokenize(x))
 data = pd.DataFrame(model.fit_transform(s).todense(), index=s.index, columns=model.get_feature_names())
 return data.loc[:, [x.isalpha() for x in data.columns]]
Now, each row of A is a representation of each ingredient description, which we can use to force the linear program to choose at least one token for each ingredient.
More complicated is the penalties. For each token, we need a penalty associated with choosing that particular token as a "core" ingredient.
I decided to penalize 4 things. If a token:
 1. appears after certain strings (usually punctuation), or
 2. appears as the first token in an ingredient, or
 3. appears earlier in an ingredient, or
 4. has a certain part of speech,
it should be "more expensive". Each penalty gets its own weight, usually passed as a dictionary.
The colossal function to find these penalties for each token looks like:
def penalties(processed, pos_dict, split_dict, desc_penalty, first_penalty):
 Returns penalties for each token in processed, penalizing those that appear after strings in split_dict,
 those that appear first in a string with first_penalty, those that appear earlier in strings with desc_penalty,
 and those with parts of speech in pos_dict.
 def get_split_penalties(processed, split_string):
 '''Penalizes tokens that appear after split_string.'''
 s = pd.Series()
 for lst in processed[processed.str.contains(split_string)].apply(lambda x:x.split(split_string)).values:
 for index, section in enumerate(lst):
 for token in nltk.word_tokenize(section):
 s = s.append(pd.Series({token:index/(len(lst)-1)}))
 return s.groupby(s.index).mean().rename(split_string)
 def get_pos_penalties(processed, pos_dict):
 '''Penalizes tokens with {part_of_speech:penalty} given by pos_dict'''
 pos_probs = pd.Series({x:nltk.pos_tag([x])[0][1] for x in set(nltk.word_tokenize(' '.join(processed)))}).apply(lambda x:x[:2])
 pos_probs = pd.get_dummies(pos_probs[[x.isalpha() for x in pos_probs.index]])
 for key, prob in pos_dict.items():
 pos_probs[key] = pos_probs[key]*prob
 return pos_probs.max(axis=1).rename('POS')
 def order_penalties(processed, first_penalty, desc_penalty):
 '''Penalizes tokens that appear earlier in strings'''
 from collections import defaultdict
 indices_dict = defaultdict(list)
 for string in processed:
 words = nltk.word_tokenize(string)
 for ind, word in enumerate(words):
 if ind==0:
 return pd.Series({key:np.mean(val) for key, val in indices_dict.items()}).rename('order')*desc_penalty
 # return sum of penalties
 c_T = pd.concat([get_pos_penalties(processed, pos_dict),
 order_penalties(processed, first_penalty, desc_penalty),
 pd.concat([get_split_penalties(processed, key)*value for key, value in split_dict.items()],
 axis=1, sort=True)
 ], axis=1, join='outer', sort=True).sum(axis=1)
 return c_T[[x.isalpha() for x in c_T.index]]
If your eyes just glazed over, that's normal. Suffice to say the result of penalties(**args) is a series, where the index is a single token (word), and the value is the penalty assigned to it, given **args. A larger penalty means the word should be


text:
Talk box & Vocoder
The talk box is mostly known as an effect enabling to apply vocalic sound colors to guitar sounds. My teaching material includes:
- a copy of the original patent for an electronic voice box apparatus, designed to be used as an artificial larynx.
- a video of Peter Frampton performing with guitar & talk box (the device is used from around 5:40 in the video):
- a picture of Peter Frampton's talk box, by Carl Lender:
- drawings on the blackboard, to remind students about formants, resonances of the vocal track, voiced and un-voiced sounds, vocal folds, guitar strings, and more.
Going from the talk box to the vocoder, it's going from real-world formants to modeled ones, where the resonances are not made by a human's vocal tract, but thanks to electronic resonator circuits. The Moog vocoder is perfect as a teaching support. My sources include:
- a copy of the patent for an analog speech encoder and decoder, designed by Harald Bode and used in the Moog machine.
- the software vocoder included in the Cycling 74 Max examples: we can see and analyze the code easily.
- drawings on the blackboard to highlight the source/filter architecture, the noise detection, and the voiced/unvoiced synthesis.
- a great video including an introduction to the vocoder, by composer Giorgio Moroder.


text:
A German waste management association seeks a water turbine that is suitable for fluctuating water volumes and flow rates. The turbine is to be installed at a landfill site. The electricity produced should be fed into the public grid. A European partner is sought who can provide a suitable turbine within a commercial agreement with technical assistance.
A German waste management association wants to implement a small water turbine at a landfill site. The surface water drainage system of the landfill site has a drop height of approximately 50 m with a maximum flow rate of 80 l/s. The catchment area accounts for approx. 240.000 m² with an average precipitation of 990 mm/a. A retention basin with a volume of 1000 m³ is present and can be utilized to adjust the flow rate. However, as the system is dependent on precipitation, the water volume and flow rate highly fluctuates.
Hydropower experts, who were consulted, informed the waste management association that fluctuating flow rates as well as the low water volumes prove to be problematic for existing water turbines on the market. The only offers made to date had a payback period of more than 30 years and could thus not be accepted.
The waste management association is thus looking for a European company that can give advice and provide a water turbine and assist with implementation at reasonable costs within a commercial agreement with technical assistance.
- Type of partner sought: • The water turbine should be suitable for fluctuating water volumes at rather low flow rates up to 80l/s
- Ideally the water turbine could be installed in the already existing gravity pipe system, as a bypass in pressure pipes will cause additional investment. However, a bypass in pressure pipes is also acceptable.
- The produced electricity shall be supplied to the public electricity grid.
- Specific area of activity of the partner: A partner is sought for a commercial agreement with technical assistance
Area of activity of partner: provider of water turbine
Tasks to be performed: Evaluate the situation at the landfill together with the waste management association and identify and provide a suitable turbine. Give advice and assistance with the installation.


text:
Pure Substances and Mixtures [Worksheet and Flashcards]
10-page worksheet plus 14 flashcards for junior high school chemistry.
Comprehensive resource containing a variety of questions, including extension and further research.
- Matter and particles.
- Pure substances and mixtures.
- Homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.
- Solutions, colloids and coarse mixtures.
Includes a detailed answer version.
Also includes a Topic Summary and Learning Checklist.
Flashcards cover key vocabulary.
Year 7 Australian curriculum or equivalent.
BUY THIS RESOURCE from TES
BUY THIS RESOURCE from Teachers Pay Teachers


text:
Due to years of drought that severely restricted the irrigation water and cultivation of cotton, the area of cotton planted in Australia has fallen to its lowest level in 40 years. The Australian Bureau of Agricultural Resources and Economics (ABARES) said in its June report that due to insufficient irrigation water supply, cotton lint output is expected to decline by 72% in 2019 - 2020 to 134,000 tons. According to the report, the area under cotton cultivation is estimated to have decreased by 83% to 60,000 hectares, the lowest level since 1978 - 1979.
The low supply of cotton in Australia is in stark contrast to the United States and most countries in the world: due to the continued blockade of the COVID-19 pandemic and the deterioration of the retail environment, global cotton is facing an oversupply situation.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture lowered its forecast for global cotton consumption in 2020 -2021 by 1.8% in June, and raised its forecast for global cotton reserves in August 2021 to at least the second highest level since 1960.
Michael o'rielley, chairman of the Australian Cotton Shippers Association, said the fall in cotton prices was due to lower demand for cotton in the global market, but the smaller scale of cotton cultivation (reduced supply) in Australia compared with competing countries provided some support for the price. However, he said: "As (global) demand continues to fall, prices will face greater pressure than it currently is."
ABARES pointed out that due to the closure of some factories this year and the price competition of synthetic fibers, the global cotton index price is expected to decline by 12% from the same period last year to an average of 63 cents per pound from 2020 to 2021.
"We expect that this year's processed cotton output will reach 550,000 to 600,000 bales." Adam Kay, chief executive of Cotton Australia, said. A bag contains about 227 kg of fiber. "It was 2.2 million bales last year, and 4.1 million bales the year before, so you can see the impact of the drought." Kai said. However, he said that the rains in February and March this year have caused rivers to flow and dams to store water, so he is optimistic about next year's harvest, which may be as high as 1.7 million bales. "It is starting to move in the right direction." Kay said most of this year's and next year's production has been pre-sold to China, which has relieved Australian farmers when coronavirus-related demand has declined.
However, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's June Global Cotton Supply and Demand monthly report predicts that China mainland's cotton consumption may decline by 218,000 tons from 2020 to 2021.


text:
Marbel Music for Kids
Virus Free No Ads
** Main Features **
- Learning tone and its vocal (solfeggio)
- Learning music instruments
- Learning sound of music instruments
- Learning piano in variety tone
- Six different animal's sounds
- Learning orchestra with frogs
- Learning style of music at the Music House
- Acquainting with music parade through beautiful songs.
Available in two languages
- Bahasa Indonesia
** About MARBEL **
Marbel, which is an abbreviation of MARI BELAJAR SAMBIL BERMAIN (Let's Learn while Play), is one of top Educa Studio products that have released more than 130 series. Educa Studio itself has been focusing on education since 2011 until now.
** Support **


Is the eating of Horse meat Halal or not? I would like an answer with references to the Quran or Hadiths.
Salam. There are two views regarding eating meat of horse. I will try to write both below. But I will try to clear before that there is no order in Quran about the horse being halal or haram. So we will rely on Ahadith as:
 - Eating Horse is Halal:
This term is more accepted because it has some valid ahadith. It is stated in Bukhari as:
Narrated Jabir bin 'Abdullah: On the day of Khaibar, Allah's Messenger (SAW) forbade the eating of donkey meat and allowed the eating of horse meat. (Sahih al-Bukhari 4219)
Asma' reported: We slaughtered a horse and ate it during the lifetime of Allah's Messenger (SAW). (Sahih Muslim 1942 a)
Jabir b. 'Abdullah is reported to have said: We ate during the time of Khaibar the (flesh) of horses and of wild asses, but Allah's Messenger (SAW) prohibited us (to eat) the flesh of domestic asses. (Sahih Muslim 1941 b)
 - Eating Horse is Makrooh
According to Imam Abu Haneefa and his two companions eating horse is makrooh. As it is stated in below Hadith:
It was narrated that Khalid bin Walid said: "The Messenger of Allah (SAW) forbade the flesh of horses, mules and donkeys." (Sunnan Ibn-e-Maja Book 27, Hadith 3319)
But remember that the above Hadith is classified as Da'eef(weak) over there!
I tried to help you and if you have any other question ask in the comments.
 - 2
 _USER_ If you know some more references you can add. And by the way thank you! – Rehan Ullah Aug 8 '15 at 12:43
 - 2
 According to Imam Abu Haneefa and his two companions eating horse is makrooh. --- Can you provide any reference where this view of the Imams is mentioned? – ozbek Aug 8 '15 at 15:57
 - 2
 _USER_ A good approach but I have already stated that it is Daeef. If you are not a muslim you might not know about it. Daeef means doubtful hence it is not obeyed. Doubtful in means that the person who narrated it about the companion of Muhammad(Khalid bin Walid in this case) is not trustworthy! – Rehan Ullah Aug 8 '15 at 16:31
 - 1
 _USER_ Sorry for the most late reply. You cold have a look here pages.citebite.com/x4m5s6t7u0nss and here pages.citebite.com/n4l5h6s7g1uwr though it is common known fact and I can not refer you to an online fiqqah site as I know about none. – Rehan Ullah Aug 9 '15 at 3:49
 - 2
 _USER_ oh, thank you! However if he didn't trust that source, it would mean that he wouldn't trust that the prophet explicitly allowed eating horse, not that it also said that it was explicitly forbidden, right? – o0'. Aug 9 '15 at 8:42
Eating horse is makruh according to the Hanafi and Maliki madhab. Their evidence includes:
 - In the Quran 16:5-7, Allah mentions cattle and the various benefits that may be derived from them including their use in food.
 However horses are then mentioned separately and being food is omitted from their purpose, and if it was permitted to eat them then that would be a major benefit worthy of being noted:
 والخيل والبغال والحمير لتركبوها وزينة
 Quran 16:8
 - Horses are an instrument of Jihad which we are told to accumulate; slaughtering and consuming them is contrary to that.
 Quran 8:60
 - There is difference in the ahadith about whether it is permitted or forbidden, so the cautionary approach would be to refrain from it.
 أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى عن أكل لحوم الخيل والبغال والحمير
 The Messenger of Allah ﷺ forbade eating the flesh of horses, mules and donkeys
 Nasai, Ibn Majah, Abu Dawud
It is permitted according to the Shafi and Hanbali madhab, their evidence includes these ahadith:
 - نحرنا فرسا على عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم فأكلناه
 We slaughtered a horse and ate it during the lifetime of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ).
 Bukhari & Muslim
 - أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم نهى يوم خيبر عن لحوم الحمر الأهلية وأذن في لحوم الخيل
 Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) prohibited eating of the flesh of domestic asses on the Day of Khaibar, and permitted the cooking of the flesh of horses.
 Bukhari & Muslim
i have found proof using quran only, that horsemeat is halal.
quran, translation by "sahih international", 6:138:
you see, they say here about animals and crops.
6:141 answers to them about plants.
6:142 is about cattle, livestock animals:
6:143 is about sheep and goats. 6:144 is about camels and cows.
then 6:145 says:
counter-argument: predator animals except fish are haram, so this ayah does not work thus simply. answer: probably, this 6:145 ayah is only about cattle and livestock, thus, they are not included there at all. horses are of livestock, so must be mentioned there, if they were haram. and, this ayah is only about what is revealed. it might not be revealed about some things, haramness of which are already clearly known by humans. information about swine is revealed, because eating swine is doubtful for humans. predator animals except fish, for me, are not so much doubtful: they must be haram because they are not in place of food of humans in food chain, and, i think, they are naturally unattractive for humans as food. and also they are much rarer in nature and it would be expensive to grow them in farm, so, they are naturally not as important danger as swine.
 - 1
 What about donkeys? – UmH Mar 8 '19 at 5:33
Salamalleikum for all my dear brothers/As far as i know in some Muslim countries as Kazakhstan/Tatarstan large part of people there eat a horse meat/ It is tasty and healthy in case of dietology it is also concerned as a ;light; meat/ People in those countries normally prefer to drink a horse milk/ which is really unusual for taste/ Just come and visit Kazakhstan! You are welcome my brothers!
Holy Quran 16:115
إِنَّمَا حَرَّمَ عَلَيْكُمُ الْمَيْتَةَ وَالدَّمَ وَلَحْمَ الْخِنزِيرِ وَمَا أُهِلَّ لِغَيْرِ اللَّهِ بِهِ ۖ فَمَنِ اضْطُرَّ غَيْرَ بَاغٍ وَلَا عَادٍ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ غَفُورٌ رَّحِيمٌ
Holy Quran 16:116
وَلَا تَقُولُوا لِمَا تَصِفُ أَلْسِنَتُكُمُ الْكَذِبَ هَٰذَا حَلَالٌ وَهَٰذَا حَرَامٌ لِّتَفْتَرُوا عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ ۚ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى اللَّهِ الْكَذِبَ لَا يُفْلِحُونَ
Holy Quran 16:117
مَتَاعٌ قَلِيلٌ وَلَهُمْ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمٌ
[It is but] a brief enjoyment, and they will have a painful punishment.
 - These qur'an quotes actually don't answer the given question as evidences don't speak for themselves. See How to Answer. – Medi1Saif Apr 15 '19 at 6:31
Your Answer


text:
The determination of stormwater drainage retention potential based on hydrodynamic model for Gniewino commune.
The aim of the project was determining the required retention potential for stormwater drainage based on hydrodynamic model for Gniewino village.
The scope of study consisted of:
- collecting and verifying data and other studies necessary for the preparation of the model,
- preparing a hydrodynamic model of drainage system based on the acquired data,
- preparing redevelopment plans for the drainage system together with the constuction of a retention basin on parcel no. 380 in Gniewino,
- preparing a number of hydrodynamic simulations for different versions of redevelopment of the drainage system using different precipitation scenarios,
- summary analysis of the simulation led to giving a recommendation about the necessity to increase retention in the system (determining the capacity of the retention basin on parcel no. 380) and partial redevelopment of the stormwater canal draining stormwater to the R15 drainage ditch in the area of Gniewino.


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O-1 Self Petition / Entrepreneur
If an applicant does not have an employer / job offer, they can still apply for an O-1. Instead of self-petitioning, which is not permitted by the USCIS, applicants can create a company that will petition for them in an Employee-Employer Relationship.
The key to "self-petitioning for an O-1", or having a company the beneficiary owns to petition for the beneficiary, is to establish employee-employer relationship.
The Neufeld Memo of 01/08/2010 redefines an employee-employer relationship for U.S. employers. Under this memo, if the beneficiary is "the sole operator, manager, and employee", the beneficiary cannot be fired since he cannot fire himself and has no other entity to do so. If the applicant cannot be fired, then an employee-employer relationship cannot exist.
On the other hand, the beneficiary can still be the "sole stockholder of a corporation" and be employed by the corporation they have majority ownership as long as there are entities that can fire, hire, pay, or otherwise control the beneficiary (i.e. a Board of Directors). To check if such a relationship exists, the beneficiary should consider the following:
- Do you have evidence of other investors (i.e. purchase agreements)?
- Do you have bylaws that list board members' names and responsibilities?
- Do the bylaws specifically state that the board has the right to fire you?
- Do other investors supervise your work on-site?
- Are there performance reviews done for you? What is your level of supervision?
- How is your day-to-day task determined?
Factors that USCIS will consider
When the USCIS receives a "self-petitioning" case, they look at a number of factors to determine if the petitioner (company) has the right to control the beneficiary. None of the following factors are decisive, but will affect the final determination.
- Does the petitioner supervise the beneficiary and is such supervision off-site or on-site?
- If the supervision is off-site, how does the petitioner maintain such supervision, i.e. weekly calls, reporting back to main office routinely, or site visits by the petitioner?
- Does the petitioner have the right to control the work of the beneficiary on a day-to-day basis if such control is required?
- Does the petitioner provide the tools or instrumentalities needed for the beneficiary to perform the duties of employment?
- Does the petitioner hire, pay, and have the ability to fire the beneficiary?
- Does the petitioner evaluate the work-product of the beneficiary, i.e. progress/performance reviews?
- Does the petitioner claim the beneficiary for tax purposes?
- Does the petitioner provide the beneficiary any type of employee benefits?
- Does the beneficiary use proprietary information of the petitioner in order to perform the duties of employment?
- Does the beneficiary produce an end-product that is directly linked to the petitioner's line of business?
- Does the petitioner have the ability to control the manner and means in which the work product of the beneficiary is accomplished?
Establishing Extraordinary Ability as an Entrepreneur
1. Receiving a major, internationally-recognized award (i.e. Nobel Prize)
Funding from outside investors (including venture capital funding and angel investors) qualifies as a major award. The investor must be a reputable source and have a history of selecting quality investments.
2. Fulfilling 3 of the following:
- Memberships that require outstanding achievements as judged by experts: There are many available associations that entrepreneurs can join for this O-1 qualification. Research should be done prior to starting an O-1 so that applicants can fulfill any necessary requirements for membership.
- Receive nationally or internationally recognized prizes/awards: Other sources of funding for the company may be used for this criteria.
- Publications in professional or major media such as newspapers: Any press about the company could qualify as a publication; however, it must be a reputable or professional major media (i.e. Business Today, Fortune).
- Original and major professional contributions: The company's product can be considered an original and major contribution. The impact or significance of this product can be shown through letters and other media.
- Employment in critical role for distinguished organizations: If the applicant founded the company, this criteria is usually easily fulfilled through role description, letters, and other evidence.
- Judged the work of others in field (such as pitch competitions)
- High salary in field (depends on the individual field)
- Author of articles in professional journals or other major media (if applicable)
3. Providing other evidence that shows that applicant is the top in their field
In addition to the regular O-1 process of packaging your entire case file from start to finish and training you for the mock interview, we provide additional services for clients who have not created or is in the process of creating a business for the purpose of an O-1.
We will help you create a business tailored to the factors that the USCIS will examine. This includes creating and/or examining your bylaws, articles of incorporation, minutes of the board of directors, articles of association, business hierarchy charts, and other relevant materials.


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Main Article Content
The analysis of water discharge frequency for Diyala river D/S Derbendi-Khan Dam have been computed using some statistical models such are " Gumbel, Pearson III, log Pearson III and log-normalIII. The models were applied to annual water discharge for Diyala river. The water discharge magnitudes computed for many return periods . Firstly, The models were Compared using different statistical measures " bias, standard error and root mean square error. The Chi-Square test was used to evaluate the goodness of fits for these models. According to this test and using the aforementioned measures, the Log-Normal III distribution could be taken as the best for the water discharge series. This type of model is useful for designing the dam or spillway by computing the magnitude of water discharge flood versus different return periods.


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Development of Dual Wall Air Gap Exhaust System 2000-01-0205
The strict new emission regulations have resulted in the development of new techniques to meet the control of cold-start emission in various competitive ways. In this study, the dual walled air gap exhaust pipe system is developed as an effective countermeasure to reduce pollutant exhaust gas emission, particularly to reduce pollutant exhaust gas emission at cold start and idling stage, in which the catalytic converter has not reached to light-off temperature. In this study, it is shown that dual walled air gap exhaust system can shorten the time to reach to light off temperature of the catalytic converter in cold start state, and reduce the emission of Hydrocarbon (HC) significantly due to its low thermal capacity and high thermal insulation effect. In the study, a thermal analysis of the dual walled air gap exhaust pipe system has been done using the computational fluid dynamics method. The analytical results were compared with the experiments obtained from specially designed bench tester, engine dynamometer tests. The analytical results have shown excellent conformity in both results. From the study the dual walled air gap exhaust system has been proved to meet the reduction in cold start emissions, particularly during the transient conditions and weight reduction target. Also it has been shown that an optimum gap size for dual wall exhaust system can be obtained from the results.


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HDPE 500 liters screen, is placed before a micro plant or a tank all water and enables the blocking of the wastes and collects the household effluents which could slow down the RHocess of degradation. These wastes carried by the tributaries are retained before their arrival in the station. The wastewater passes through a fine screen where bulky material is retained, which is then removed. The addition of the risers is adapted to increase the height and volume of the screen. The latter is designed for up to 15 inhabitants.
- Provides effective Protection for the micro plant.
- Screen with a HDPE tank of 500 liters.
- Height: 110 cm, length: 95 cm, width: 80 cm, weight: 50kg.
- Inlet and outlet diameter: 100 mm with lip seals.
- Flat tank bottom.
- Optional riser.
- To be placed on a sand bed.
- 3 mm steel grid with 2 cm holes.
- 15 years Warranty.