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How To Calculate Jaw Crusher Efficiency
How to calculate the efficiency of jaw crusher calculating the efficiency of jaw crusher the energy efficiency of crusher is defined as theoretical PQ University Lesson 7 crushing auxiliary crushing pit.
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 - Jaw Crusher Efficiency Calculations
 How to calculate the efficiency of a jaw crusher? The upper jaw of T. rex was larger than all, except that the equation behind the jaw was used to calculate the speed of the crusher. The disadvantage of this kind of crusher is that when high capacity is needed, the discharge width with limited capacity is relatively small compared with the discharge circuit.
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->exceptions) { throw $exc; } return false; } return true; } /** * Add an embedded (inline) attachment from a file. * This can include images, sounds, and just about any other document type. * These differ from 'regular' attachments in that they are intended to be * displayed inline with the message, not just attached for download. * This is used in HTML messages that embed the images * the HTML refers to using the $cid value. * Never use a user-supplied path to a file! * * @param string $path Path to the attachment * @param string $cid Content ID of the attachment; Use this to reference * the content when using an embedded image in HTML * @param string $name Overrides the attachment name * @param string $encoding File encoding (see $Encoding) * @param string $type File MIME type * @param string $disposition Disposition to use * * @throws Exception * * @return bool True on successfully adding an attachment */ public function addEmbeddedImage( $path, $cid, $name = '', $encoding = self::ENCODING_BASE64, $type = '', $disposition = 'inline' ) { try { if (!static::isPermittedPath($path) || !@is_file($path) || !is_readable($path)) { throw new Exception($this->lang('file_access') . $path, self::STOP_CONTINUE); } // If a MIME type is not specified, try to work it out from the file name if ('' === $type) { $type = static::filenameToType($path); } if (!$this->validateEncoding($encoding)) { throw new Exception($this->lang('encoding') . $encoding); } $filename = (string) static::mb_pathinfo($path, PATHINFO_BASENAME); if ('' === $name) { $name = $filename; } // Append to $attachment array $this->attachment[] = [ 0 => $path, 1 => $filename, 2 => $name, 3 => $encoding, 4 => $type, 5 => false, // isStringAttachment 6 => $disposition, 7 => $cid, ]; } catch (Exception $exc) { $this->setError($exc->getMessage()); $this->edebug($exc->getMessage()); if ($this->exceptions) { throw $exc; } return false; } return true; } /** * Add an embedded stringified attachment. * This can include images, sounds, and just about any other document type. * If your filename doesn't contain an extension, be sure to set the $type to an appropriate MIME type. * * @param string $string The attachment binary data * @param string $cid Content ID of the attachment; Use this to reference * the content when using an embedded image in HTML * @param string $name A filename for the attachment. If this contains an extension, * PHPMailer will attempt to set a MIME type for the attachment. * For example 'file.jpg' would get an 'image/jpeg' MIME type. * @param string $encoding File encoding (see $Encoding), defaults to 'base64' * @param string $type MIME type - will be used in preference to any automatically derived type * @param string $disposition Disposition to use * * @throws Exception * * @return bool True on successfully adding an attachment */ public function addStringEmbeddedImage( $string, $cid, $name = '', $encoding = self::ENCODING_BASE64, $type = '', $disposition = 'inline' ) { try { // If a MIME type is not specified, try to work it out from the name if ('' === $type && !empty($name)) { $type = static::filenameToType($name); } if (!$this->validateEncoding($encoding)) { throw new Exception($this->lang('encoding') . $encoding); } // Append to $attachment array $this->attachment[] = [ 0 => $string, 1 => $name, 2 => $name, 3 => $encoding, 4 => $type, 5 => true, // isStringAttachment 6 => $disposition, 7 => $cid, ]; } catch (Exception $exc) { $this->setError($exc->getMessage()); $this->edebug($exc->getMessage()); if ($this->exceptions) { throw $exc; } return false; } return true; } /** * Validate encodings. * * @param string $encoding * * @return bool */ protected function validateEncoding($encoding) { return in_array( $encoding, [ self::ENCODING_7BIT, self::ENCODING_QUOTED_PRINTABLE, self::ENCODING_BASE64, self::ENCODING_8BIT, self::ENCODING_BINARY, ], true ); } /** * Check if an embedded attachment is present with this cid. * * @param string $cid * * @return bool */ protected function cidExists($cid) { foreach ($this->attachment as $attachment) { if ('inline' === $attachment[6] && $cid === $attachment[7]) { return true; } } return false; } /** * Check if an inline attachment is present. * * @return bool */ public function inlineImageExists() { foreach ($this->attachment as $attachment) { if ('inline' === $attachment[6]) { return true; } } return false; } /** * Check if an attachment (non-inline) is present. * * @return bool */ public function attachmentExists() { foreach ($this->attachment as $attachment) { if ('attachment' === $attachment[6]) { return true; } } return false; } /** * Check if this message has an alternative body set. * * @return bool */ public function alternativeExists() { return !empty($this->AltBody); } /** * Clear queued addresses of given kind. * * @param string $kind 'to', 'cc', or 'bcc' */ public function clearQueuedAddresses($kind) { $this->RecipientsQueue = array_filter( $this->RecipientsQueue, static function ($params) use ($kind) { return $params[0] !== $kind; } ); } /** * Clear all To recipients. */ public function clearAddresses() { foreach ($this->to as $to) { unset($this->all_recipients[strtolower($to[0])]); } $this->to = []; $this->clearQueuedAddresses('to'); } /** * Clear all CC recipients. */ public function clearCCs() { foreach ($this->cc as $cc) { unset($this->all_recipients[strtolower($cc[0])]); } $this->cc = []; $this->clearQueuedAddresses('cc'); } /** * Clear all BCC recipients. */ public function clearBCCs() { foreach ($this->bcc as $bcc) { unset($this->all_recipients[strtolower($bcc[0])]); } $this->bcc = []; $this->clearQueuedAddresses('bcc'); } /** * Clear all ReplyTo recipients. */ public function clearReplyTos() { $this->ReplyTo = []; $this->ReplyToQueue = []; } /** * Clear all recipient types. */ public function clearAllRecipients() { $this->to = []; $this->cc = []; $this->bcc = []; $this->all_recipients = []; $this->RecipientsQueue = []; } /** * Clear all filesystem, string, and binary attachments. */ public function clearAttachments() { $this->attachment =


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Sir Richard Grenville (1542 – 1591) was an English sailor, sea captain and explorer. He took part in the early English attempts to settle the New World. He was in the fight against the Spanish Armada. He died in 1591 at the Battle of Flores, fighting against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship, the Revenge, to the far more numerous Spanish.
Sir Richard Grenville was a British naval commander. He was born of an old Cornish family in about 1541. His grandfather, Sir Richard, was a marshal of Calais during the time of Henry VIII. Richard Grenville's father commanded and lost his life in the "Mary Rose" in 1545. At an early age Richard Grenville served in Hungary under the emperor Maximilian against the Turks.

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York Watergate was built for York House in the days when river travel was faster than land travel. 'Its surrounds were restored during the construction of Terry Farrell's Embankment Place in 1990' (Hibbert, C. et.al. The London Encyclopaedia 2011, p.1037). This is an abuse of the verb 'to restore'. The 'surrounds' are gravel and three tiers of Farrellesque, PoMo garden flowerbed. Instead, the water should be restored to create a romantic pond, perhaps with small boats in which children can be photographed in watermen's dress. It is an opportunity for a landscape architecture project to combine history and heritage with leisure and tourism. The old Water Gate could become a memorial to the old Thames, before it was embanked by Sir Joseph William Bazalgette's great engineering project.
Sponsorship opportunities: a financial institution which would like to reclaim its reputation after the post-2008 great financial crisis.
More ideas for London's gardens, parks and landscapes.
Information about about sponsorship opportunities for london gardens and parks
Tags: garden history, garden design, landscape architecture, landscape design, public parks, urban design, London squares, public open space, shared space, urban renewal, urban regeneration, urban design ideas, proposals for London, Westminster and the City, flower festival market
John O'Connor's painting of York Watergate shows the Gate in 1872, just before Sir Joseph William Bazalgette's underground railway and trunk sewer separated it from the River Thames.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Double locked standing seams are formed by locking the sides of adjoining panels by double welting the top of the upstand of the seam (which should be a minimum of 23mm).
The double-locked standing seam should be a minimum of 23mm when completed. A distance equivalent to 25% of the seam height should be allowed between the upstands of adjoining panels to allow for thermal movement.
The double locked welt at the top of the standing seam should be turned away from the prevailing weather where possible. In exposed areas or minimal slop the height of the standing seam can be increased and / or a suitable foam-backed or oil-based sealant can be inserted within the double lock welt.
Panels are secured to the roof substrate by inserting fixed and sliding clips within the standing seam.
Angled standing seams are formed in a similar manner except for the final fold which is turned parallel to the cladding surface. Angled standing seams are used for vertical cladding where a more definitive visual line is required. They are not recommended for slopes below 80⁰.
The angled standing seam must be a minimum of 25mm high when finished. A gap equivalent to 25% of the height of the seam should be allowed between upstands of adjoining panels to allow for thermal movement. The height of the standing seam may be increased to a maximum of 38mm in extreme positions. Panels should be secured to the roof substrate by inserting fixed and sliding clips within the standing seam.
The welt at the top of the angled standing seam should be turned away from the prevailing weather if possible.
"Stainless Steel – for design, structure and protection against the elements."
We're always interested in new projects, big or small. Please don't hesitate to get in touch with us regarding your project.
You can contact a friendly member of our technical sales team on… 01992 801927 or simply send us an e-mail.


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|Author:||Rao, B. K. ; Rajput, T. B. S.|
|Book Group Author:||NA|
A decision support system for canal water releases (CWREDSS) was developed to provide demand-based optimal canal water releases for reducing the gap between canal supplies and demands for increasing the water-use efficiency in canal command areas. The developed decision support system (DSS) was evaluated under different situations of the command area of Guvvalagudem major distributary of the Nagarjunasagar Left Canal, Andhra Pradesh, India, as a case study. Results indicate that the CWREDSS is capable of developing releases under different scenarios of varying cropping patterns, groundwater use situations and different rainfall probability levels of the study area, and reduced the gap between demands and supplies considerably. DSS provides suggestions/decisions under different situations of water deficit/surplus. CWREDSS will help irrigation engineers, agronomists and agro-meteorologists in the planning, operation and management of irrigation systems.
|Pages:||90 - 98|
canals, cropping systems, decision support systems,groundwater, irrigation, irrigation systems, irrigation water, watermanagement, water use, water use efficiency, Andhra Pradesh, India,India, South Asia, Asia, Developing Countries, Commonwealth of Nations,water resource management, watering, Plant Cropping Systems (FF150),Soil Water Management (Irrigation and Drainage) (JJ800) (Revised June2002) [formerly Soil Water Management], Water Resources (PP200),Mathematics and Statistics (ZZ100)


Brown Mouse Spider
Female: dorsal
Brown Mouse Spider
Female: ventral
Brown Mouse Spider (Missulena sp ES02)Class: Animals (Animalia) - Jointed Legs (Arthropoda) - Spiders, Scorpions, Mites & Ticks (Arachnida) iNaturalist Observation
Order: Spiders (Araneae)
Family: Mouse Spider (:Mygalomorph Actinopodidae)
Species: Brown Mouse Spider (Missulena sp ES02)
This Photo: 🔍Female: anterior🔎
General Species Information:
There two unusual aspects of this specimen.
1. It's brown. But there are brown mouse spiders out there. They just don't seem to be noticed as much.
2. It's a female. Now typically these are only seen when someone has accidentally dug up their burrow.
But we found this one just walking around in the daytime. Perhaps a bird dug up it's borrow? It is injured, with a big gash on it's head.
Copyright © 2020-2021 Brett & Marie Smith. All Rights Reserved. Photographed 24-Apr-2020


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Baltimoreans support a broad approach to fighting crime
A majority of respondents supported harsher punishments and increased police presences as well as gun control and prevention programs like Safe Streets.
This collection of pie charts visualizes the responses by percent of Baltimoreans support for a wide range of crime fighting strategies. This visualization includes data not included in the story. 68% of respondents support allocating funding from the police budget to various social, mental health, and drug treatment programs.
Note: Baltimore Now was conducted by The Baltimore Banner and Goucher College Poll between May 17 and May 23. The margin of error is 3.09%.


JD Vs. LLB Law Degree
Lawyer sitting in front of laptop at desk
... DeanDrobot/iStock/Getty Images
The law degrees J.D. and LL.B. have similarities and differences. They are awarded primarily based on the country standard where the degree is earned, and are both considered a first-level law degree.
1 Definition of J.D. and LL.B Degrees
The J.D. degree stands for Juris Doctor, and the LL.B. Degree stands for Legum Baccalaureus, which literally means Bachelor of Laws. A J.D. degree is required in most states to gain entrance to the bar.
2 History of the LL.B. Degree
The LL.B. is based on English "common law." Until the mid-1960s, it was the benchmark law degree for all common law countries, including the U.S. In the 1970s, U.S. law schools changed to the J.D. degree. Although the LL.B. degree was the standard law degree in Europe for hundreds of years, in 1820, Harvard University became the first American university to award the LL.B. degree.
3 Differences Between the Two
Unlike the bachelor-level LL.B., the J.D. is a post-graduate, three-year professional law degree. In addition to being the standard degree to practice law in the U.S., the J.D. is becoming more customary in Canada, Hong Kong, Australia and elsewhere.
4 Curriculum Similarities
Although each degree's curricula focus on the practice of law, the LL.B. is more academic in nature. The recipient of an LL.B. may require further accreditation before entering practice, depending on the country. This may not apply in countries where the LL.B. is earned as a post-graduate degree. In such cases, the LL.B. and J.D. may be treated equally.
5 Misconceptions
While the J.D. degree is technically a doctoral degree, recipients are not addressed as "Dr." That is reserved for a more advanced law degree -- for example, Doctor of Juridical Science, or J.S.D.


Alternative medicine
The Pan-Hellenic Organization of Educational Programs (P.O.E.P) is a pioneer in the field of alternative therapies. The educational programs offered are well-structured and provide comprehensive training in the core competencies of the alternative medicine industry.
Alternative therapeutic practices have been gaining ground in recent years in the field of Western medicine. People return to the idea of holistic treatment of various ailments, recognizing that the body is inextricably linked to the spirit, and seeks to identify the deeper causes of physical symptoms.
Graduates of P.O.E.P obtain accredited degrees from international organizations such as W.M.F. (World Massage Federation) and the International Organization for Alternative Medicine, I.A.M.A. (International Alternative Medicine Association). These degrees certify the high level of knowledge, and thus ensure employment opportunities for our graduates in the labor market.
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Here is a quick guide to vendor creation on QuickBooks.
- To access the vendor centre, click on vendors on home screen
- It looks like the customer centre. Selecting any vendor name on left would show up their information on the right.
- Type, address, map to their office, transactions, payments, purchase orders etc, are all viewable.
- You can also choose the dropdown arrow beside date, to choose a range of date for viewing records in that time.
- If you want to see the amount of money you gave to a vendor in a time frame, you may see it from here.
- There are Contacts, To Do, and Notes tab.
To create a New Vendor the steps are given below:
- At the top left click new vendor, and again on New Vendor
- Enter all information like name, opening balance, contact no, billing and shipping address
- From payment settings tab enter account no, credit limit, payment terms, and how QuickBooks would print the vendor name on check
- From tax settings you may check or uncheck if vendor is eligible for 1099
- Under accounts settings you may set if the vendor is liable for any expense to you.
- In additional info tab choose vendor type, and click ok.
- Now you see the vendor has been created with all info showing on the right side.
You may have questions related to Alteration Vendors in QuickBooks:
- How do I print a list of vendors in Quickbooks?
- How do you make a partial payment on a bill in Quickbooks?
- What is a vendor in quick books?
- How to Alter Vendor Numbers in QuickBooks?
- How QuickBooks expense categories list can be altered?
- How to Merge Vendors in QuickBooks?
- How do you mark a bill paid in Quickbooks?
- How to Refund from Vendor in QuickBooks?
- How to Delete Vendor in QuickBooks?
- How to edit expense categories in QuickBooks online?
- What Difference Between Customer and Vendor in QuickBooks?
Hopefully, with the steps given above clearly you can now easily edit and create vendors in QuickBooks. But, if you still face any kind of problem in understanding the steps or accessing the points properly, then you can give us a call @ to QuickBooks support team without any hesitation.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The Eight Hour Day _PHONE_
Trade Union banner
On 21 April 1856, following negotiations between building tradesmen and contractors, and with the approval of the colonial government, an eight hour day was introduced into the building trades in Melbourne. The movement was led by the stonemasons who argued that eight hours a day was appropriate in the Australian heat. It would also give them time to improve their'social and moral condition'.
Two employers, with substantial contracts for public buildings at the Western Market and Parliament House, resisted the new working hours agreement. In response to their intransigency, the stonemasons lead a protest march from University of Melbourne to Parliament House, calling out workers at building sites on the way. Within a fortnight the contractors had given way.
Trade Union banner
Melbourne's building workers, generally without loss of pay or other conditions, had gained an unprecedented widespread and sustainable victory.
Their achievement established a national and international standard to which working people everywhere could aspire. It was widely celebrated as a world first and formed the basis of Australia's reputation as a 'workingman's paradise'.
However, only a minority of workers initially won the Eight Hour Day. Most workers, including women and children, generally worked longer hours for less pay. It was common to work twelve to sixteen hours a day.


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Iowa Officials Describe Point System For Guiding COVID-19 Mitigation Strategies
Editor's Note: This post has been updated to reflect the updated map released by state health officials on Monday, April 6.
Gov. Kim Reynolds and public health officials this week described their six-region point system to guide their decisions about COVID-19 mitigation strategies.
After Reynolds repeatedly declined to give specific information about the data she said she is using to support her decision to not issue a formal shelter-in-place order, the Iowa City Press-Citizen obtained a document showing the state's point system.
The document takes into account the percentage of the population over 65 years of age, the percentage of identified cases requiring hospitalization, the infection rate per 100,000 population in the past 14 days, and the number of outbreaks at long-term care facilities.
Each metric is assigned a value, and then those numbers are added up. A sum of 10 or greater on the 12-point scale would trigger a formal shelter-in-place order, according to the document.
State officials then released a map of Iowa divided into six regions. As of Thursday, each region had a rating between five and seven.
Reynolds has indicated she may consider certain measures such as shelter-in-place orders that would only apply to certain regions rather than the entire state.
"It allows us to have some flexibility to continue to not only address the supply chain, but to make sure that those essential workers that are on the line know that they are appreciated and feel comfortable continuing to come to work," Reynolds said.
Dr. Rossana Rosa, an infectious disease specialist with UnityPoint Health, said the metrics themselves sound reasonable.
"I do think, though, that one has to acknowledge that some of the ways we go about collecting the data that goes into those metrics remains in flux, and also remains with limitations," Rosa said.
She said a lot of the information depends on the amount of testing that's happening, which has improved, but is still limited.
"So what would worry me is what goes into feeding those metrics," Rosa said. "How do we ensure that those metrics remain accurate?"
Rosa said she is happy to hear Reynolds and state health officials say they are constantly analyzing the data and their metrics, and that they are open to hearing input from the medical community.
She added that staying home, truly only going out for essentials, and physically distancing from others is the only way Iowa can get through this.
Reynolds has resisted calls to issue a formal shelter-in-place order from the Iowa Board of Medicine, the Iowa Medical Society and some of Iowa's top Democratic elected officials. She said the measures she has put in place, such as ordering schools and certain businesses to close and banning gatherings of more than ten people, are about the same as a formal shelter-in-place order.
Reynolds and state health officials provided additional information Friday about the development of the point system.
Reynolds said State Medical Director Dr. Caitlin Pedati developed the metrics, and said Pedati is "in daily consultation with her team of epidemiologists…and other experts in Iowa and across the country."
Iowa Department of Public Health Deputy Director Sarah Reisetter said the six-region map mirrors one developed by IDPH in 2016 to strengthen regional disaster response.
"The regional medical coordination center map is data-driven and based on information that tells the story of where patients in different parts of our state go to receive care when they are experiencing a health emergency," Reisetter said.


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Ratio and Proportion
Date: 7/4/96 at 19:21:20 From: Anonymous Subject: Ratio and Proportion Six men can complete a piece of work in one day while 5 boys would take 2 days to complete the same piece of job. 44 men can build a tower in 5 days; how long will 40 men and 80 boys take to build the tower?
Date: 7/5/96 at 8:37:52 From: Doctor Anthony Subject: Re: Ratio and Proportion From the first statement, 3 men would take 2 days to do the job. It follows that 5 boys are equivalent to 3 men. Since we have 80 boys building the tower, these boys are equivalent to (3/5)*80 = 48 men. So the total workforce on the tower is equivalent to 40+48 = 88 men If 44 men take 5 days, then 88 men would take 5/2 = 2 +1/2 days. -Doctor Anthony, The Math Forum Check out our web site! _URL_
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text:
Copyright © Pacific Water Treatment Engineering Co., Ltd. 苏ICP备08016215号 Powered by _URL_ [Manager]
Establish the integrated scheduling system for the new water supply and drainage on the basis of GIS & SCADA systems and models
The system integrated the GIS system and SCADA systems and a part of the model. It is able to simulate and display the pressure, changes in flow and water quality on the pipeline network, to carry out the dynamic analysis on the sewage treatment plant, to optimize the energy-saving operation, to evaluate the overflowing risks, to reduce risks of pipeline leakage, to improve the emergency response abilities.
Scope of the Application:
Scheduling system for the water supply and drainage
1、Project on decision-making and supporting experimental zone in the Zhangjiagang City
2、Scheduling system for water supply in Taizhou City


text:
1884 Drew Pocket Map of Florida
Description: An extremely scarce and important map of Florida drawn by Horace Drew in 1884. This highly uncommon map, the earliest known example of which was issued in 1867, is considered to be the only pocket map of Florida actually printed in Florida. The first edition of this map was printed by Columbus Drew from his offices in Jacksonville Florida and subsequently updated in an unknown number of editions into the 1880s. This example was printed by Horace Drew, son and successor to Columbus. It reflects the rapid and hopeful development of Florida through the middle and late 19 century, with numerous railways, roads, and canals noted.
Of particular note is the Lucie Canal, shown here leading from Lake Okeechobee to the Atlantic. This canal was part of a plan, supported by Drew, to drain the Everglades via a series of well placed water channels. Fortunately the Lucie canal was never built and the unique Everglades biosphere has been preserved for us to enjoy today.
Also of interest is the extensive notation in the lower left quadrant regarding the Florida Land Survey. Even in the late 19th century much of Florida remained federally administrated Public Land. It was the work of the Florida Land Survey, upon which this map is based, to plat out the land for sale to settlers. Drew's notations explain the process and how do identify land available for purchase. Drew additionally notes the sites of various important battles during the Seminole Wars.
Considered the Holy Grail of 19th century Florida cartography, this map is a must for any serious collection focusing on the American Southeast. Dated and copyrighted, "Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1884 by Horace Drew, in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington."
Date: 1884 (dated)
References: Rumsey, 5190.001 (1870 edition). Fitzgerald, 167 (1874 edition). Phillips, (maps) 285 (1874 edition). Library of Congress, Map Division, G3931.P3 1874.D7 RR 195. Baxter, J. M., Tequesta - An Annotated Checklist of Florida Maps, p. 115.
Cartographer: Columbus Drew (1820 - 1891) was a Florida physician, politician, writer, bookseller, publisher and printer active in the mid to late 19th century. Drew acquired a degree in medicine from Washington University in Baltimore before relocating to Florida to establish a practice in Jacksonville. Drew quickly became a leading citizen and, being an ardent Union Man, held the post of state Comptroller during the post Civil War Reconstruction. Drew was a leading figure in the development of Florida following the Civil War. His influence impacted the course and development of state railways, canals, drainage projects, and other civil world. Cartographically he is best known for the publication of his "New Map of the State of Florida", which, through numerous editions and revisions, chronicles the history and development of the state during a critical period. This map is now extremely scarce in any edition. Columbus Drew passed his publishing company to his son, Horace Drew, who continued to publish an update Drew's important map. The Drew family became leading citizens in Jacksonville and today their historic Victorian home enjoys landmark status. Click here for a list of maps by the Horace and Columbus Drew.
Size: Printed area measures 25 in height x 26 inches in width (63.5 x 66.04 centimeters)
Condition: Very good. Minor discolorations along original fold lines. Professionally removed from binder (included) and flattened.
Code: Florida-drew-1884 (to order by phone call: _PHONE_)
© Geographicus Rare Antique Maps, Kevin Brown, 19/6/2013


text:
|Title||Horses in 1830s New England Towns|
|Type||Papers and Articles: OSV Research Paper|
Horses in 1830s New England Towns
By Tom Kelleher, Dec. 1999
Horses in the 19th century were primarily used for the transportation of people and goods.
Farmers moved their products and purchases (and when need be, families) with horse-drawn wagons. Doctors, ministers, and businessmen traveled daily by light, horse-drawn chaises, while merchants and factory agents shipped goods to and from their establishments in heavy freight wagons drawn by teams of horses.* Stage coaches and peddlers' wagons were common sights on the roads. Horses were widely used off the road as well. While New England farmers did indeed rely upon oxen for most draft work, horses were often also used on farms. Horses were ideal for lighter jobs such as plowing for planting and cultivating corn because they were smaller and faster than oxen. Horses were used to power cider, tan-bark, and some other types of mills.
Horses had other impacts throughout everyday 1830s society. Oats and hay for horses were major crops on 1830s New England farms. By 1837 Sturbridge had two men employed making harness, while four men (including shop owner Henry Hanes) made wagons and two made sleighs. Shoeing was often a major part of many blacksmiths' businesses.
There were 194 horses in Sturbridge in 1840. What does this statistic mean? For one thing, horses were nowhere near as common then as automobiles are now. With 1,886 people living in Sturbridge in 1840, there was a little more than one horse for every ten people. In America today there is almost a petroleum-powered vehicle for every man, woman, and child! (The different uses horses were put to and the need to use teams for heavy hauling make exact comparisons between 19th century horses and late 20th century cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles impossible, but it is a place to start.) America was a poorer country in 1840 than it is now, and the average person just plain did not own as much "stuff" as his modern counterpart. The United States in the Village period may be thought of as a "developing (formerly 'third world') nation". Most people lived on the land, while revolutions in industrialization and transportation were transforming people's lives and raising their standards of living.
Ownership of horses was not evenly distributed among the population, however. Most farmers in Worcester county who held over 50 acres (including Pliny Freeman) had one horse. A very few had two or even three (as did David Wight). Most merchants and professional men owned a horse and vehicle. Teamsters and stage coach agents sometimes owned as many as a dozen or more horses, (as did canal boat companies along the Blackstone and other canals). Approximately half of all families did not own any horses, however. Most laborers, artisans, factory workers, and other non-farmers, and those who farmed small plots, usually could not afford a horse, or at least did not feel the need for one. (Sturbridge horses in 1840 were valued at between $20 and $100 apiece, with most in the $40 to $60 range. Pasturage, hay, oats, harness, tack, a vehicle, and the need for shoeing every other month made keeping a horse a somewhat expensive proposition.) Nevertheless, when one needed to make a trip, it was commonplace to rent a horse and wagon from a neighbor.
Most of these 1830s horses were small by modern standards, not the large draft horses that pull the Village Carry-All today. Some have estimated early new England's "horse of all work" averaged 14 hands in height and weighed about 1,000 pounds. For more information, see Andy Baker's excellent essay on Horses in the Livestock section of the Agriculture Training Notebooks, and "The Whole Population Is in Motion" in Jack Larkin's The Reshaping of Everyday Life.
In sum, horses were common sights on the roads of 1830s New England, but not as universally owned as automobiles are today. Hope this helps!!


text:
SF3M software: 3-D photo-reconstruction for non-expert users and its application to a gully network
Abstract. Three-dimensional photo-reconstruction (PR) techniques have been successfully used to produce high-resolution surface models for different applications and over different spatial scales. However, innovative approaches are required to overcome some limitations that this technique may present for field image acquisition in challenging scene geometries. Here, we evaluate SF3M, a new graphical user interface for implementing a complete PR workflow based on freely available software (including external calls to VisualSFM and CloudCompare), in combination with a low-cost survey design for the reconstruction of a several-hundred-metres-long gully network. SF3M provided a semi-automated workflow for 3-D reconstruction requiring ~ 49 h (of which only 17 % required operator assistance) for obtaining a final gully network model of > 17 million points over a gully plan area of 4230 m2. We show that a walking itinerary along the gully perimeter using two lightweight automatic cameras (1 s time-lapse mode) and a 6 m long pole is an efficient method for 3-D monitoring of gullies, at a low cost (~ EUR 1000 budget for the field equipment) and the time requirements (~ 90 min for image collection). A mean error of 6.9 cm at the ground control points was found, mainly due to model deformations derived from the linear geometry of the gully and residual errors in camera calibration. The straightforward image collection and processing approach can be of great benefit for non-expert users working on gully erosion assessment.


text:
Translate trial | into French | into German | into Italian | into Spanish
Definition of trial
1a formal examination of evidence before a judge, and typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings:the newspaper accounts of the trial the editor was summoned to stand trial for libel 2a test of the performance, qualities, or suitability of someone or something:clinical trials must establish whether the new hip replacements are working an athletic contest to test the ability of players eligible for selection to a team.
) an event in which horses, dogs, or other animals compete or perform:horse trials
3a person, thing, or situation that tests a person's endurance or forbearance:the trials and tribulations of married life
verb (trials, trialing, trialed ; Britishtrials, trialling, trialled)
1 [with object] test (something, especially a new product) to assess its suitability or performance:all seeds are carefully trialed in a variety of growing conditions 2 [no object] (of a horse, dog, or other animal) compete in trials:the pup trialed on Saturday


text:
Courtney, R., Cohen, M., Reece, J., Comparison of the Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion (MARM) and the Hi Lo Breathing Assessment in determining a simulated breathing pattern, International Journal of Osteopathic Medicine 2009, 12(3) 86-91
Altered breathing pattern is an aspect of dysfunctional breathing but few standardised techniques exist to evaluate it. This study investigates a technique for evaluating and quantifying breathing pattern, called the Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion (MARM) and compares it to measures performed with Respiratory Induction Plethysmography (RIP). About 12 subjects altered their breathing and posture while 2 examiners assessed their breathing using the MARM. Simultaneous measurements with RIP were taken. Inter-examiner agreement and agreement between MARM and RIP were assessed. The ability of the measurement methods to differentiate between diverse breathing and postural patterns was compared. High levels of agreement between examiners were found with the MARM for measures of the upper rib cage relative to lower rib cage/abdomen motion during breathing but not for measures of volume. The measures of upper rib cage dominance during breathing correlated with similar measures obtained from RIP. Both RIP and MARM measures methods were able to differentiate between abdominal and thoracic breathing patterns, but only MARM was able to differentiate between breathing changes occurring as result of slumped versus erect sitting posture. This study suggests that the MARM is a reliable clinical tool for assessing breathing pattern.


NAME
postsuper - Postfix superintendent
SYNOPSIS
postsuper [-psSv] [-c config_dir] [-d queue_id]
 [-h queue_id] [-H queue_id]
 [-r queue_id] [directory ...]
DESCRIPTION
The postsuper(1) command does maintenance jobs on the Postfix queue. Use of the command is restricted to the superuser. See the postqueue(1) command for unprivileged queue operations such as listing or flushing the mail queue.
By default, postsuper(1) performs the operations requested with the -s and -p command-line options on all Postfix queue directories - this includes the incoming, active and deferred directories with mail files and the bounce, defer, trace and flush directories with log files.
Options:
-c config_dir
The main.cf configuration file is in the named directory instead of the default configuration directory. See also the MAIL_CONFIG environment setting below.
-d queue_id
Delete one message with the named queue ID from the named mail queue(s) (default: hold, incoming, active and deferred).
To delete multiple files, specify the -d option multiple times, or specify a queue_id of - to read queue IDs from standard input. For example, to delete all mail with exactly one recipient user [at] example.com:
mailq | tail -n +2 | grep -v '^ *(' | awk 'BEGIN { RS = "" }
 # $7=sender, $8=recipient1, $9=recipient2
 { if ($8 == "user [at] example.com" && $9 == "")
 print $1 }
 ' | tr -d '*!' | postsuper -d -
Specify "-d ALL" to remove all messages; for example, specify "-d ALL deferred" to delete all mail in the deferred queue. As a safety measure, the word ALL must be specified in upper case.
Warning: Postfix queue IDs are reused (always with Postfix <= 2.8; and with Postfix >= 2.9 when enable_long_queue_ids=no). There is a very small possibility that postsuper deletes the wrong message file when it is executed while the Postfix mail system is delivering mail.
The scenario is as follows:
1)
The Postfix queue manager deletes the message that postsuper(1) is asked to delete, because Postfix is finished with the message (it is delivered, or it is returned to the sender).
2)
New mail arrives, and the new message is given the same queue ID as the message that postsuper(1) is supposed to delete. The probability for reusing a deleted queue ID is about 1 in 2**15 (the number of different microsecond values that the system clock can distinguish within a second).
3)
postsuper(1) deletes the new message, instead of the old message that it should have deleted.
-h queue_id
Put mail "on hold" so that no attempt is made to deliver it. Move one message with the named queue ID from the named mail queue(s) (default: incoming, active and deferred) to the hold queue.
To hold multiple files, specify the -h option multiple times, or specify a queue_id of - to read queue IDs from standard input.
Specify "-h ALL" to hold all messages; for example, specify "-h ALL deferred" to hold all mail in the deferred queue. As a safety measure, the word ALL must be specified in upper case.
Note: while mail is "on hold" it will not expire when its time in the queue exceeds the maximal_queue_lifetime or bounce_queue_lifetime setting. It becomes subject to expiration after it is released from "hold".
This feature is available in Postfix 2.0 and later.
-H queue_id
Release mail that was put "on hold". Move one message with the named queue ID from the named mail queue(s) (default: hold) to the deferred queue.
To release multiple files, specify the -H option multiple times, or specify a queue_id of - to read queue IDs from standard input.
Note: specify "postsuper -r" to release mail that was kept on hold for a significant fraction of $maximal_queue_lifetime or $bounce_queue_lifetime, or longer.
Specify "-H ALL" to release all mail that is "on hold". As a safety measure, the word ALL must be specified in upper case.
This feature is available in Postfix 2.0 and later.
-p
Purge old temporary files that are left over after system or software crashes.
-r queue_id
Requeue the message with the named queue ID from the named mail queue(s) (default: hold, incoming, active and deferred).
To requeue multiple files, specify the -r option multiple times, or specify a queue_id of - to read queue IDs from standard input.
Specify "-r ALL" to requeue all messages. As a safety measure, the word ALL must be specified in upper case.
A requeued message is moved to the maildrop queue, from where it is copied by the pickup(8) and cleanup(8) daemons to a new queue file. In many respects its handling differs from that of a new local submission.
The message is not subjected to the smtpd_milters or non_smtpd_milters settings. When mail has passed through an external content filter, this would produce incorrect results with Milter applications that depend on original SMTP connection state information.
The message is subjected again to mail address rewriting and substitution. This is useful when rewriting rules or virtual mappings have changed.
The address rewriting context (local or remote) is the same as when the message was received.
The message is subjected to the same content_filter settings (if any) as used for new local mail submissions. This is useful when content_filter settings have changed.
Warning: Postfix queue IDs are reused (always with Postfix <= 2.8; and with Postfix >= 2.9 when enable_long_queue_ids=no). There is a very small possibility that postsuper(1) requeues the wrong message file when it is executed while the Postfix mail system is running, but no harm should be done.
This feature is available in Postfix 1.1 and later.
-s
Structure check and structure repair. This should be done once before Postfix startup.
Rename files whose name does not match the message file inode number. This operation is necessary after restoring a mail queue from a different machine or from backup, when queue files were created with Postfix <= 2.8 or with "enable_long_queue_ids = no".
Move queue files that are in the wrong place in the file system hierarchy and remove subdirectories that are no longer needed. File position rearrangements are necessary after a change in the hash_queue_names and/or hash_queue_depth configuration parameters.
Rename queue files created with "enable_long_queue_ids = yes" to short names, for migration to Postfix <= 2.8. The procedure is as follows:
# postfix stop
# postconf enable_long_queue_ids=no
# postsuper
Run postsuper(1) repeatedly until it stops reporting file name changes.
-S
A redundant version of -s that requires that long file names also match the message file inode number. This option exists for testing purposes, and is available with Postfix 2.9 and later.
-v
Enable verbose logging for debugging purposes. Multiple -v options make the software increasingly verbose.
DIAGNOSTICS
Problems are reported to the standard error stream and to syslogd(8) or postlogd(8).
postsuper(1) reports the number of messages deleted with -d, the number of messages requeued with -r, and the number of messages whose queue file name was fixed with -s. The report is written to the standard error stream and to syslogd(8) or postlogd(8).
ENVIRONMENT
MAIL_CONFIG
Directory with the main.cf file.
BUGS
Mail that is not sanitized by Postfix (i.e. mail in the maildrop queue) cannot be placed "on hold".
CONFIGURATION PARAMETERS
The following main.cf parameters are especially relevant to this program. The text below provides only a parameter summary. See postconf(5) for more details including examples.
config_directory (see 'postconf -d' output)
The default location of the Postfix main.cf and master.cf configuration files.
hash_queue_depth (1)
The number of subdirectory levels for queue directories listed with the hash_queue_names parameter.
hash_queue_names (deferred, defer)
The names of queue directories that are split across multiple subdirectory levels.
import_environment (see 'postconf -


;
 if (order[i] > total){
 order[i] -= total;
 order[i] += 1;
// apply the new order
Now, some explanation:
As stated in the comment, in order to reorder the pages, you will need to know on what page number your table of contents starts. In order to do that, you need to store the page number as a variable when you add the table of contents:
int toc = writer.getPageNumber();
Once you have finished adding all your content to the PDF, call:
If you are reordering pages, it is a requirement to add a new page. The page will not actually be inserted into your document.
To grab the total number of pages in the document run:
int total = writer.reorderPages(null);
Then we are going to create an array of integers:
int[] order = new int[total];
These integers are going to be our page numbers.
We are going to loop through each page. To keep the title page as page one, we will set the first integer in the array to 1 (page 1).
 if (i == 0){
 order[i] = 1;
Next, we will make the second integer in the array the first page of the table of contents.
else if (i == 1){
 order [i] = toc;
Essentially, we are saying, if we are at page 2, set it to page x (x being the first page of the table of contents).
For each subsequent page, we have to check if it is an additional page in the table of contents section, or if it is the rest of the actual document.
else {
 if (order[i] > total){
 order[i] -= total;
 order[i] += 1;
What we are doing here is looking at the index of the array, subtracting one so the pages of the table of contents will remain sequential. Imagine we have ten pages, and the last three pages are the generated table of contents. Index 0 is page 1. Index 1 is page 8. Now, the next index is 2 (what will be the third page), so we are going to add the index to the table of contents page number to increment through the table of contents. 2 +8 is 10, not 9. So until we have finished going through the table of contents, we have to subtract 1 from the index. Otherwise we skip a page, and we will end up missing a page in the end. Actually, the code will just fail.
We check to see if the table of contents is finished by asking if the page number at index "i" is greater than the total number of possible pages. The last page of the document is the last page of the table of contents. So if the page number exceeds the total, then we are going to subtract the total from the current page number. Again, in our ten page PDF example: Index 4 - 1 is 3. Then we add the toc page number (8) to get 11. That is now the current page number of index 4. When we check to see if that page is outside the total possible pages, we find that it is. So we subtract the total possible pages (10). Then we are left with index 4 equalling page number 1. But we are already referencing page 1 in index 0. Remember we subtracted one from the index in the previous operation? Well, we are just going to add that back now that we are finished iterating through the table of contents. So index 4 is now correctly referencing page 2.
Once we have iterated through the entire array, we set this new order (using our 10 page example, the new order would be: 1, 8, 9, 10, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) as the order of the document using this method:
Then we close the document and go about our merry way.
 2010-09-21T07:01:54-04:00 _URL_ When I was 9, I pictured my life very differently at this point. According to my nine year-old desires, my daily activities should include preforming heart surgery in the morning, teaching a class of fifth graders in the afternoon, and polishing off the next great American novel. As I age, I constantly think my years of creation and productivity are gone. I know, I know. This is naive of me, and completely unfounded. In fact, it's somewhat insulting to those I admire and respect around me. The world is replete with examples of individuals who stretched themselves well into adulthood. Maybe it's Hollywood, but I have this misconception that has been percolating in my subconscious that the only time I will do anything truly groundbreaking and lasting is in my twenties. Oh, how awful this world would be if that single decade of transitioning adult years was the only time we could follow our passions.
Television shows like American Idol and others show the young phenoms out there. We drool over individuals who are preternaturally gifted at a young age. The three year-old who can play the drums like John Bonham. Or the 10 year-old opera singer. We shower praise on the golfer who has been playing since he was three, and many are left in the shadow of the 18 year-old drafted to the NBA straight out of high school. And of course, who can forget the 23 year-old billionaire? Seeing the many examples of early stardom, I sometimes get stuck with this feeling that if I didn't steel/invent Facebook by the time I was 20, then I should settle down as a happy cog in someone else's world.
We don't have to settle for who we have become, because we have complete control over who we are going to be.
But the world is also filled with examples of people who are more like the rest of us. As Marge Simpson says, "Slow and steady wins the race." Don't pay attention to the 14 year-old phenom– get out there and make it happen! Who do you look up to who had a "late start" in their new careers?
At 37Signals, there was an article that mentioned Vincent Van Gogh. They pointed out that:
He wasn't some child prodigy (he was 27 when he started painting), he learned his craft by hard work.
He only practiced art for the last 10 years of his life. Granted, at that point, he suffered from mental illness and died penniless. So I am not saying we should emulate every aspect of the guy's life, but look at what he was able to achieve. This really struck me because growing up in Holland, I always pictured this man painting and drawing obsessively as a child, but that was not the case. He worked at his craft, poured his soul into it, but not until he was older. Do you have to be insane, though, to do what Van Gogh did? No.
How many of us can say we have truly poured ourselves into a craft with same gusto as Van Gogh? Whether it be academic study, or learning to sew, or becoming more focused, or learning to program? Is it ever too late to start? No. It's not.
 2010-03-02T23:46:16-05:00 _URL_
I find myself consuming far more than I produce. We live in a world, or a nation at least, of constant intake. It would be interesting to personally figure out how much time I (not a statistical model of me) spend looking at the television screen watching movies, TV shows, reading blogs or books, playing games. You could even boil it down to how much time do I spend in front of a screen. In fact, as I write, I am watching Caprica on the screen behind the screen on which I am typing.
I wake in the morning and open a laptop screen on which I can spend upwards of an hour or two reading about what other people are doing: retro video game decorations for your bedroom, game design articles, video processing algorithms, insurgent militia actions in the Middle East, death squads in Dubai, using the telephone wires in your home to make a whole-house stereo system, geeky comics about math and computers, finding movies to watch online. Since I work during the day and have a 3-month old in the house, my time in the morning is pretty much the only time I have to pursue my personal dreams and interests (and that time will become increasingly more valuable and precious as my family grows). Yet I spend ALL THAT TIME consuming other people's ability to do, while letting mine languish in the lost time of an ever-increasing digital diet. I suffer from media obesity.
Taking in more calories than you burn will cause your body to become soft. Does consuming more content than you produce make your brain soft?
I hate those people that tell me that television shows are pointless or movies a waste of time, I don't believe that at all. If I spend my time ingesting a lot of junk-food content, however, I essentially fill up faster on empty calories. I remember listening to an interview with director Edgar Wright of Shuan of the Dead fame (


text:
To control weight, add mint in the diet, the difference will be seen in a few days
from mint Weight Loss Weight gain has become a big problem for every person these days. Excess obesity not only spoils your personality but also makes you a victim of many diseases. Mint can help you to get rid of this problem. Mint contains elements like iron, potassium, manganese, vitamin A, vitamin C and B-complex, proteins, which help in reducing obesity and provide many benefits to the body. Let us know how to consume mint to reduce obesity.
detox water- You can prepare mint detox water with the help of mint leaves. This water helps to remove impurities from the body. To make it, prepare its juice by mixing mint leaves, apple, pomegranate and lemon. Then filter this juice and consume it. Doing this helps in reducing the extra weight along with the dirt from the body.
Mint and Lemon – Drinking lemon water with mint cools the body and also helps in weight loss. For this, prepare a drink by mixing fresh mint leaves, lemon and black salt.
Mint Raita – Eating curd or things made from curd is considered very beneficial for health. The properties found in curd help in reducing the effect of heat by cooling the stomach. For this, you can consume raita made from mint leaves. It can help with weight control.


text:
Skip to Main Content
How can human infants gradually socialize through interaction with their caregivers? This paper presents a learning mechanism that incrementally acquires social actions by finding and reproducing the contingency in interaction with a caregiver. A contingency measure based on transfer entropy is used to select the appropriate pairs of variables to be associated to acquire social actions from the set of all possible pairs. Joint attention behavior is tested to examine the development of social actions caused by responding to changes in caregiver behavior due to reproducing the found contingency. The results of computer simulations of human-robot interaction indicate that a robot acquires a series of actions related to joint attention such as gaze following and alternation in an order that almost matches the infant development of joint attention found in developmental psychology. The difference in the order between them is discussed based on the analysis of robot behavior, and then future issues are given.
Autonomous Mental Development, IEEE Transactions on (Volume:2, Issue: 1 )
Date of Publication: March 2010


text: This paper presented a newly developed transparent pullout testing device conceived with the objective of studying the soil–geogrid interaction under small displacements and strains. The bottom plate and the side walls of the pullout box were transparent. The system involved a transparent soil, which was tested as a surrogate for sands in the testing program. The setup led to 3D visualization of the soil–geogrid interaction as it allowed direct visualization of the plan view of the geogrid as well as of the side view of the soil–geogrid interface. Markers embedded in the transparent soil mass allowed tracking of soil particle displacements during the test. The tests were conducted using a polypropylene biaxial geogrid and both transparent soil and a conventional sand. Displacements along the geogrid were obtained continuously using digital image correlation (DIC) techniques in tests with transparent soil, and using tell-tails at five junctions in tests with sand. Comparison of test results with both soils showed that the transparent soil constitutes a good surrogate for sands in pullout studies. The pullout test with transparent soil also indicated that displacements along the geogrid could be properly described using an exponential function. Moreover, exponential fitting to the displacement data led to an exponential distribution of strains along the geogrid during pullout testing. Deflections of transverse ribs were first observed at early stages of the test when only 25 % of the maximum pullout force developed. The observed displacement patterns of the soil markers were useful in defining the zone of influence of the geogrid, which could be successfully quantified using the newly developed testing device. Overall, the new equipment was found to represent an effective tool to better understand the mechanisms involved in soil–geogrid interaction, particularly those that are relevant to quantify the interface stiffness.


text:
How old do chilies grow?
Depending on the chilli variety, the plant can grow to different ages:
Capsicum is the botanical name for chillies, peppers and chilli peppers. Chillies can live between 1.5 - 15 years, depending on the species. The wild species chilitepin grows perennially as a small bush. In the region of Texas, Arizona and Florida, this wild variety can survive 35 - 50 years without frost. This may make the presumed precursor of Capsicum annuum the oldest chilli plant in the world in two respects.
Annuum means annual, which is not literally true. Any chilli can be grown as an annual if it dies in winter due to frost. However, if Capsicum annuum chilli plants are protected from frost, they will usually still bear fruit the next year. Experience shows that this variety will easily live for 18 months. Two to three years are quite possible. In our experience, annual chilli varieties form many fruits in the first season. After the chillies have matured in the second season, the pepper plant dies.
Chinense means "from China" which is not correct. Capsicum chinense also originated in America. From the Amazon basin, it spread to all of South America. After the discovery of America, chilli seeds came to Europe and finally to China. In Asia, the chilli was cultivated on such a large scale that it was later assumed that it also originated here.
Capsicum chinense chilli plants grow relatively slowly. If you want to have a good harvest in the first year, you have to start early with the cultivation. Habaneros and Jolokia belong to the hot representatives of Capsicum chinense. Here you can expect a good harvest between 3 and 5 years.
Chillies from the baccatum plants can grow up to 4 metres tall. Normally around two metres. Their varieties often bear the name "Aji" and usually live between 4 and 6 years.
These plants grow compact and bushy. The one to four metre high bushes hang full of countless hot chillies. Some report that they have been overwintering Tabasco plants for eight years. After about five years, the plant would have lost its productivity. Nevertheless, it would be too bad to let the plant die and therefore it would get its reprieve.
Pubescens plants grow very old for chillies. The hairy plant spreads to up to eight metres. It is considered difficult to grow. However, the climate in Germany is quite suitable. Rocotos grow in the Andes and like high day/night temperature fluctuations. It can also tolerate light frost.
Most Capsicum pubescens plants grow to about 2 metres tall and grow similarly to vines. It forms woody branches already in the first season. Rocotos that are 15 years old have been reported.
|Capsicum annuum||1,5 – 3 Years|
|Capsicum baccatum||4 – 6 Years|
|Capsicum chinense||3 – 5 Years|
|Capsicum frutescens||3 – 8 Years|
|Capsicum pubescens||5 – 10 Years|


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Process planning by recognizing and learning machining features
journal contributionposted on 21.10.2013, 13:12 by A.K.W. Chan, Keith CaseKeith Case
We present two methods for process planning of 2.5D machined parts. The first method is based on feature recognition from a 3D model. We embedded the shape and the machining method of two generic classes of machining features in a set of OPS5 rules to form a machining feature recognizer. When successfully recognizing a machining feature, machining instructions, in terms of the tool entrance face, drive face and part face, for cutting the machining feature will be generated and further processed to produce NC codes. The second method is based on learning the shape and the machining method of the machining feature. When a machining feature cannot be recognized by the former feature recognizer, the user can use the machining feature as a positive training example to instruct the system about the tool entrance face, drive face and part face of the machining feature. The system then builds a new rule, using the boundary shape of the unrecognized machining feature as the rule's matching condition and the acquired machining instruction as the rule's action. The new rule can be used subsequently for process planning of machining features that have shapes similar to the memorized one.
- Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering


Back to Overview
Winterhalter offers guidance to ensure the best possible hygiene and safety
The warewasher
Temperature, time, chemicals and water pressure all contribute to the warewasher's cleaning power. On a standard wash cycle a quality commercial dishwasher will have a water tank temperature of 60-65°C and will reach 85°C during its rinse cycle, which ensures that the crockery is sanitised and is hygienically clean, safe and free of COVID-19 (and any other viruses). However, this obviously assumes that your machine is running correctly – so it's really important that it is looked after and regularly serviced. If there are any error messages, respond to them immediately.
Quality manufacturers will have had their machines tested by an independent third party both to scrutinise and to prove their hygiene credentials. For example, every Winterhalter model has a hygiene certificate that has been awarded by an authorised institute. The certification confirms that the machines perform to specified standards and requirements.
At the end of the shift, to ensure hygiene, it's essential to clean the machine. Again, most quality designs will have a self-cleaning program. As well as reducing staff workload, this will ensure that, at the end of service, the machine is left in a safe, properly hygienic state, ready for the next shift.
Data collected from Winterhalter's Connected Wash system, which monitors the operation of warewashers via the internet, showed that one common staff error was NOT to run the automatic cleaning program at the end of the shift. As well as compromising hygiene, not running the program can lead to damage to the machine, so it's imperative that staff understand the importance of the self-cleaning feature.
Sites with high risk requirements may decide they need a machine that offers thermal disinfection. This means they meet HMT2030 regulations by washing at 73°C for three minutes. Thermal disinfection uses a combination of higher water temperature and longer wash times. Obviously this will mean the machine will take longer to run through a wash cycle, and it will require more energy to heat up the water. For most hospitality applications, thermal disinfection is not necessary.
One last point: avoid washing ware by hand at all costs, even if you have double sinks. If you don't have one already, invest in a quality warewasher and ensure that all tableware, glassware and cookware is washed in a commercial machine. If funds are limited, consider leasing or rental. Alternatively, Winterhalter has developed a new finance scheme, called Pay Per Wash, which gives you a brand new, top quality Winterhalter warewasher with no upfront cost – you simply pay as you wash. The scheme covers not only the machine, but also the chemicals and service. To find out more, visit
Preand post-wash: handling and storing the cleaned ware
You will handle dirty plates and glasses as you pre-wash and load the dishwasher or glass washer. Make sure that you wash your hands (or change your gloves) before handling the clean ware as it comes out of the machine.
Once it's hygienically clean, how can the ware be kept that way whilst it's stored, ready for the next time it's needed? In a perfect world everything should be stored in an enclosed space, such as a cabinet or cupboard. Glass frosters that chill and store glasses in busy pubs will be perfect for glassware.
If you don't have a safe, enclosed place to store dishes, glasses and cutlery, and the ware has been left in the open for a few hours, you should consider washing it before service, even if it looks clean.
In larger sites where high volumes of crockery and glasses may be stored for extended periods there are ready solutions. The plates can be loaded into mobile plate dollies, lowerators or plate stackers. These will protect the crockery, keeping it clean and free from dust, while ensuring it is correctly and safely stacked. At the same time, because the equipment will hold a given number of plates, it's easy for staff to know the volume of crockery held in storage.
When it comes to glasses, they can be washed and stored in the same compartmented racks. There will be no need to touch them after washing and they can be held safely until required. Similarly cutlery can be washed and stored in dedicated racks.
If crockery or glasses are damaged, such as being chipped or cracked, then throw them away. Check your cutlery – some budget products have potential dirt traps, for example within the fork tines. Replace these items of cutlery if necessary.
Reverse Osmosis – better cleaning, less handling, enhanced hygiene
Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a top-end water treatment system that purifies the water going into the dishwasher or glasswasher to the nth degree. The result is incredibly clean glasses, dishes and cutlery. So clean, in fact, that there's no need to hand polish them. This is a major hygiene benefit – less handling means less chance of contamination. For example, typically a person polishing glasses will use the same cloth for the whole load – so any contamination will be spread to all the glasses. By reducing handling, RO also dramatically reduces breakages resulting from hand polishing glasses.
The chemicals
When it comes to hygiene and infection control another key area to consider is the chemicals you are using in the warewasher. Ideally you want to be using a range that includes a choice of detergents, formulated to cope with a range of specific conditions such as the level of soiling and the hardness of the water. Winterhalter has developed a range of warewasher chemicals that have been designed specifically to work with Winterhalter machines, to ensure the best possible hygiene results.
As the focus intensifies on good hygiene practice the importance of detailed data collection for HACCP is vital. Many modern dishwashers can provide this at the touch of a button. For example, the latest Winterhalter machines feature a SmartTouch, multifunctional, multilingual touchscreen that tells operators all they need to know, using easy to read text and symbols to help eliminate operator errors. The touchscreen controls allow for comprehensive monitoring at all times, storing HACCP and relevant hygiene data, and even monitoring external water treatments to enable quick responses to error messages, thus reducing downtime.
A key focus for Winterhalter in recent years has been connectivity – the company has been a pioneer in this area, with its Connected Wash system. A question now is, can it help with hygiene? The answer is yes. For example, it can warn if the chemicals are not being topped up correctly. By keeping the detergent and rinse aid at correct levels, it ensures the machine is washing hygienically and safely. Meanwhile, because Connected Wash can be used to remotely monitor a warewasher's performance (or multiple warewashers, across several sites) it can also be used to monitor the temperature of the wash, and to warn instantly if there is an issue. This means that a warewasher that is not reaching correct temperature can be identified and fixed, quickly.
The data collected from Connected Wash has also highlighted certain warewashing 'sins' – errors that are committed by staff. They include not using the self-cleaning program regularly. If it's not run for a few days it could compromise the cleaning results. Luckily Connected Wash can bring this to the attention of managers and staff, so they can put it right.
Service and maintenance
Regular servicing by a qualified engineer will ensure your machine is operating safely and optimally, so be sure to have a service contract. If your machine is shut down for an extended length of time, get the service supplier to send an engineer to recommission it.
Make sure staff are trained not only to operate the machine correctly but also to undertake the day to day maintenance jobs on the warewasher, such as emptying filters and checking chemicals levels. Also make sure they understand they should respond instantly to any alerts from the machine's self-diagnostics.
The latest hygiene technology
Warewasher manufacturers are constantly developing new and innovative technologies to help in areas such as reducing energy and water consumption. Winterhalter has also been exploring ways to harness new technologies to further enhance hygiene control. The latest hygiene feature appears on our new CTR machine, a compact rack conveyor system. It features what we call a hygiene mode. This new concept detects any change in the temperature of wash water, automatically slowing the rack speed down, and thus ensuring a thorough, hygienic wash even if the temperature drops.


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credit Peter Greste
words Christopher Turner
The Community Cooker was the winner of the inaugural World Design Impact Prize for socially responsible projects, awarded at the launch of Helsinki World Design Capital in February. Developed by Kenyan architect Jim Archer, who was looking for an answer to Nairobi's rubbish problem, the community cooker turns waste to energy. The unemployed, who can't afford kerosene or other fossil fuels, bring rubbish to be incinerated in exchange for time on the cooker, where they can boil water and prepare food on hobs or in one of two ovens large enough to roast a goat. The cooker might later be used for water distillation and electricity generation. Archer estimates that the burning of rubbish will save 2,400 mature trees a year being destroyed to make charcoal.
The prototype was built in Kibera, the largest slum in Africa, and it is hoped that the project will be rolled out soon to other areas and developing countries. The cooker needs to reach high temperatures in order to consume toxins rather than release them into the air. It can achieve this heat thanks to a local metalworker, who offered some chance advice. Firebox Francis, as he was known, suggested that the architects include a combustion system that drip-fed small amounts of used engine oil on to a hot plate. This boosted temperatures from 270 to 880°C, well above WHO guidelines.
The $10,000 device can be connected to an ablution block, enabling people to use hot water in bath stalls, and a restaurant annexe where food can be served. The 10 sq m cooker is large enough for ten people to work around it and there is a wall to separate the drying racks and shoot system, through which the device is fed (five people are employed for this purpose), ensuring that the conditions of food preparation are hygienic. It is the best kind of social project: "One man's trash," says Archer, "is another man's treasure."


Citrix Networking
To provide secure access to applications and desktops for external users, an on-premises Citrix ADC VPX or MPX appliance is required. Using smart cards with Citrix Gateway is a common access scenario for Citrix Cloud Government customers. This article describes Citrix recommendations for using smart cards with Citrix Gateway.
 1. Create a primary Gateway virtual server for authenticating users. Select the Client Authentication setting and set it to Mandatory. The Mandatory option enforces the need for smart cards by disallowing any SSL handshake that doesn't include a client certificate.
 2. Create a secondary Gateway virtual server that only handles ICA proxy. This Gateway is not configured to prompt for Client Authentication, so the SSL ICA connection doesn't prompt the user again for a PIN. In StoreFront, use this virtual server to route connections to resources. This allows users to log on to the primary Gateway, which handles the initial authentication, and access resources through the secondary Gateway.
 3. Create a third Gateway virtual server to provide the callback URL for StoreFront. Only StoreFront uses this Gateway to verify requests from the Gateway appliance and doesn't need to be publicly accessible. This virtual server is required when client certificate authentication is mandatory because StoreFront can't present a certificate to authenticate.
Additional information
For more information about creating Citrix Gateway virtual servers, see Creating Virtual Servers.
For more information about configuring smart card authentication in StoreFront, see Configure smart card authentication.
Citrix Networking


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Diaspora Humanitarian Training
This online training course has been created by DEMAC to provide diaspora responders with information, tools and guidance for enhancing a humanitarian response.
The course is made up of 3 modules which will take 125 minutes in total (extra time may be taken to complete activities in a supporting workbook) and you will be able to download a certificate after you have completed all the modules and the feedback form.
This course has been designed to enhance your knowledge in:
- The Humanitarian Principles
- Needs Assessments
- Safety & Security
- Accountability & Transparency
- Organisational Development
- Advocacy and Policy
- Project Development
- Bid Writing
- Monitoring and Evaluation
This course has been made in response to frustrations, questions and development assistance requests from diaspora organisations and their local partners.
The course will provide you with the following:
- Simple breakdown of the humanitarian principles
- Responses to the challenges diaspora face following humanitarian principles
- Increased knowledge in advocacy tools
- Steps to contribute to policy development
- What donors are looking for when funding projects
- Information for effective fundraising
- Recording the work you do to become a tool for partnerships and funding
- Monitoring and evaluation skills that apply to your project


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We want to get acquainted with your challenges and understand your needs. If you need assistance in design, manufacturing or system installation, feel free to contact us, and let's discuss how we can help you.
Elkome, in cooperation with Kiwas Inspecta, designed a measuring system that can monitor the operation and behavior of railroad switches during different times of year. The measuring system was based on BeanAir's wireless acceleration sensors. The movements of the railroad switches could be estimated from the sensors' measurements. The sensors transmits the information through a router to the computer. The BeanScape software installed in the computer receives and saves the information for analysis.
The measuring computer and the wireless router are installed in a weather proof cabinet near the switch. The challenging weather conditions in Finland required special attention to the devices durability. A connection through the cellular network was needed to check and collect the measurement data. The connection was implemented with Secomea's secure remote connection solution.
Kiwa Inspecta is a leading service company in inspection, testing, certification, consultation and education sectors in Northern Europe.


Homework Help
What are some examples of hysteria in The Crucible?
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sjs15671 | Student, Grade 9 | eNotes Newbie
Posted January 21, 2012 at 5:29 AM via web
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What are some examples of hysteria in The Crucible?
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Posted March 20, 2013 at 7:32 PM (Answer #2)
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Hysteria was a major factor in the many accusations of witchcraft that occurred throughout The Crucible. It helps to understand what hysteria is--an overwhelming fear and excitement that overrides all logic, and is often enhanced and intensified by the presence of others who are acting out on that fear.
Every time the girls in the play accuse someone of being a witch in court, hysteria played a role. One girl would pretend to get cold, or see a spirit, or to be attacked by a spirit, and would cry out in fear and pain; the other girls, seeing her do that, caught the emotion like a contagious disease (which is how hysteria works), and would imagine they felt or saw the same things, or at least would react to the fear in the room. Mary Warren herself, in speaking to the judges, explained how it all happened:
"I--I heard the other girls screaming, and you, Your Honor, you seemed to believe them, and I--It were only sport in the beginning sir, but then the whole world cried spirits, spirits, and I--I promise you, Mr. Danforth, I only thought I saw them but I did not."
So, for a specific example of hysteria, you can look to the end of Act One. Here, Tituba starts naming people who might be witches, and is praised for it. So, Abby figures this is her way out of getting in trouble, and starts naming names. By the end of the act, all of the girls have caught on and are hysterically crying out names.
Even better, the girls turn on Mary Warren in Act Three, pretending she is a little bird come to tear their eyes out. Abigail leads the charge, and all of the other girls follow. Pretty soon the emotion is so intense that Miller writes in the stage directions,
"She and all the girls run to one wall, shielding their eyes. And now, as though cornered, they let out a gigantic scream, and Mary, as though infected, opens her mouth and screams with them."
Note how Miller describes Mary's hysteria as an infection received from the other girls--that, right there, is hysteria. So, Mary joins them, and eventually accuses Proctor of bewitching her, and the courts, once again, are ruled by hysterics instead of logic.
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Lesson 43: Add Borders to a Range
1. First Select the range you want to add a border around. I selected the range A5 to G11. Check Lesson 10 for how to select a range.
2. Under the 'Home' tab – Left-click the down arrow next to the Borders command – When you do, you will be presented with several border options. Choose the border option you want to apply to your selected Range by left clicking on it. I chose the 'All Borders' option as seen in the diagram below.
3. Excel executes your command. Just look at the border I placed around my selected range in the diagram below.


Customers frequently ask about the differences in ferrule materials: "Should I use 100% graphite, Vespel®/Graphite or 100% Vespel®? What's the difference between 85/15 and 60/40 V/G? I have a non-GC application; what kind will work best?" While in most cases ferrules made from any of these materials can be used interchangeably, each has unique properties that can make it the preferred type for a particular application. Here we will list some of their properties, and explain how these can guide selection for use.
Vespel® Ferrules:
These are made from 100% Dupont polyimide, a hard polymeric plastic. They are excellent for creating seals on metal or glass and have long lifetimes. 100% Vespel is essentially non-porous to oxygen so it's ideal for GC/MS interface use, where air permeation can raise the background signal and contribute to phase degradation. They're rated for use up to 350°C.
Vespel ferrules tend to fuse permanently to the outer polyimide layer of fused silica GC capillary columns. After bonding they can't be re-used, for example to reposition them after trimming the column. Vespel tends to shrink through repeated heating and cooling cycles so it works best in connections that are isothermal or insulated from oven temperature changes. It is the hardest of the polymeric ferrules so it needs firm torque to compress and seal.
Vespel®/Graphite Ferrules:
These are made from DuPont polyimide/graphite blends, with either 15% or 40% graphite by weight, respectively. Graphite increases high-temperature tolerance, and reduces sticking and shrinking. They can be reused and repositioned along capillary columns if not over-compressed in the fitting. The 60/40 V/G blend will have the lowest chance of bonding. Because they are softer than 100% Vespel, only gentle force is needed to compress them and form a seal. They are both rated to 400°C.
Due to slight shrinking at high temperatures, they must be retightened after initial temperature cycles to avoid leaks. The 60/40 blend has enhanced wear resistance, lower friction, and improved dimensional and anti-oxidation stability compared with the 85/15 blend, which is harder. Both are good choices for routine GC/MS applications.
Graphite Ferrules:
These are made from high-purity graphite. They seal with minimal torque and can be re-used many times if not over-compressed. They do not shrink in normal use so retightening is not needed. They are very soft and must be handled carefully. Graphite ferrules are commonly used in GC systems on the inlet and detector ends because they don't stick to the column, and can be removed and reinserted easily. Graphite ferrules should not be used with GC/MS instruments because of permeability to air.
You should always trim a short piece of the column after replacing the ferrule to be sure that no graphite particles have plugged the column. Graphite ferrules are rated to 450°C.
PTFE Ferrules:
They are made from 100% PTFE. They are soft, completely inert, and have very low friction. PTFE ferrules are hydrophobic and commonly used in liquid applications. PTFE Ferrules are rated up to 250°C.
Other Considerations:
It's important to match the ferrule ID to the OD of the capillary or tube for the best sealing, although in a pinch a ferrule with a slightly larger OD than optimal can still be used. For example, a 0.5 mm ID ferrule can be used with a 0.25 mm ID capillary, which usually takes 0.4 mm ID ferrules. We've even sealed 0.25 mm ID columns using 0.8 mm ID ferrules just to see if this can be done, although it isn't recommended. If the "nose" of the ferrule doesn't close evenly, by the time it gets to the column it could exert a lateral force that snaps the column.
For non-GC uses, ferrule selection depends on the requirements of your application. Graphite ferrules can be used to very high temperatures, for example to seal around a thermocouple, while Vespel/Graphite ferrules (15% and 40%) are good for sealing around glass. 100% Vespel ferrules are hard enough to deform thin-walled steel tubing. Please note that Vespel, Vespel/Graphite and PTFE ferrules should not be used in high-pressure applications, especially if the ferrule is the only means of gripping and holding the tube or device in place.
If you still have questions on your specific application and your ferrule options, contact CRS for expert advice!


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India Public Holidays
Discover upcoming public holiday dates for India and start planning to make the most of your time off. Scroll down to select a year or choose your state.
Choose your state or territory
The Republic of India has the second largest population in the world. Due to the sizes of the country and its diverse population, India only has three national holidays – Republic Day, Independence Day and Mahatma Ghandi's Birthday.
However, the government of India has granted each of its states and territories the right to choose holidays based on their religious beliefs, culture, linguistic preferences, or events that are relative to their area – and at a state level there are many more bank holidays recognised and celebrated.
The Labour Laws of India requires that employers provide employees with a paid day off for the three national holidays. If the employee must work, they must be given a paid day off in lieu for the holiday or paid a premium rate for all hours worked on that holiday. Laws regarding holiday pay and time off for state holidays are subjected to the laws in those territories. Holiday pay for state holidays may also be impacted by individual employment contracts.


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GradientOne's test automation can be used to remotely control multiple instruments over the web. In this video we demonstrate how that is done, along with the instrument screenshots and waveforms that are acquired.
1) Setup: The function generator on the Tek MDO3012 is connected to Channel 4 on the RIGOL DS1054Z.
2) Instrument Programming: The RIGOL needs to be programmed to enable channel 4, set the trigger, and the horizontal scale. The Tektronix needs to have the function generator enabled.
In this example two types of commands are used:
i. A previously stored test recipe of SCPI commands are used to program the test setup. An example is shown below.
ii. Abstracted commands for common test routines such as saving the screenshot and waveform.
RIGOL DS1054Z Setup
3) Data Acquisition: The data that is acquired from the test setup includes the raw waveform (times and voltages) as well as the screenshot of the oscilloscope and the current instrument settings. This gives engineers the ability to post-process the data, compare it to other results, and collaborate with their teammates.


Home Forums Lives of Leisure and War Lives of Leisure and War Reply To: Lives of Leisure and War
The pottery made by both the Minoan and the Mycenaean people show flowing lines and shapes, as well as their sea and plant life around them. But Minoan pottery also seems shows a more relaxed culture versus the Mycenaean culture, who depicts them as "militaristic' (see Minoan Harvester Rhyton, Mycenaean Warrior Krater). Those seem to be the only two big examples showing the difference between their people through their artwork. However, in some of their pottery that shows their sea life, both have made vases with an octopus on them. The Minoan vase shows the octopus drawn in a more cartoony way in its face, with the big eyes, but otherwise still seems fairly realistic while feeling freer. The Mycenaean vase, on the other hand, makes the octopus symmetric with ridiculously long tentacles and loses both the realistic and the freer feeling. The stiffer feeling of the Mycenaean octopus could be corresponding to a more rigid lifestyle that revolves around more uniformity as we can see in the Krater. I don't necessarily see it as the Mycenaeans engaged in a lot more conflict, but maybe don't view life as peaceful as the Minoans had.