docker jupyter-image="omnivector/jupyter-spark-hadoop-base:0.0.1"
Packaging Jupyter in this way allows for robust and dynamic data development workflows due to the charm acting as an ops shim to provide the docker image on demand where ever, when ever. Developers and/or build systems can add custom deps on top of a base Jupyter image and maintain custom images using this same charm to consume them. In this way, we can run Jupyter driven Spark workloads from a docker image deployed via Juju. The only drawback here is that since the Jupyter/Spark run in the container on a host, it makes running anything other than "cluster" or "local" type Spark workloads slightly difficult due to the networking constraints. That said, this is a great tool for Spark application development.
A little background
 - Spark's architecture consists of executor processes and driver processes that work together to run a job, meaning they need to communicate with each other over the network to accomplish the work.
 - Spark can run in two primary configurations, independent of the backend; "cluster" or "client".
 - In "cluster" configurations you can run a remote spark driver process that is dynamically deployed alongside the executor processes (keep in mind all of this is separate from where you execute the code, the jupyter notebook).
 - In "client" mode, the Spark driver needs to run where you execute the spark-submit from (in this case the Jupyter notebook docker image) and must be reachable/routable from where the Spark executors are running (eg the backend; k8s, mesos, yarn, spark-standalone).
 - Most client mode Spark configurations execute the code on the same substrate that the executors run (this makes sense, so then the executors can talk to the driver as the driver runs where you execute the code).
All said and done, this simple solution makes a lot of sense for many Jupyter/Spark development use cases.
Kubernetes
The general workflow for how I am using Jupyter + Spark + Hadoop + Ceph on k8s via Juju:
 1. juju bootstrap k8s
 2. juju add-model jupyter-k8s-testing
 3. juju deploy cs:~omnivector/jupyter-k8s
 4. juju config jupyter-k8s juju-external-hostname=somehostnametomakejujuhappy.com
 5. juju expose jupyter-k8s
 At this point you should have a docker image running jupyter in k8s accessible via the loadbalancer fqdn.
 6. Access the elb fqdn in your browser to pull up the jupyter notebook web ui.
 7. Execute the notebook cells to run the spark-pi example on the container (local) and on the cluster (k8s) respectively.
The primary takeaway from the above (hard to read) screen shot is the bit that sets values into the spark config to configure the k8s backend:
conf = SparkConf()\
 .setAppName('JUPYTER_PI_SPARK_TEST')\
 .setMaster('k8s://https://{}:{}'.format(os.environ['KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_ADDR'],
 os.environ['KUBERNETES_PORT_443_TCP_PORT']))\
 .set('spark.kubernetes.container.image', 'omnivector/spark-3.0.0-dev-hadoop-2.7.3-conda-base:0.0.1')\
 .set('spark.kubernetes.namespace', os.environ['JUJU_KUBERNETES_NAMESPACE'])\
 .set('spark.executor.instances', 5)
A takeaway from the above is that you need the same deps in the same place underneath the jupyter notebook as need to exist on the executors. Notice the value of 'spark.kubernetes.container.image' (the config that defines the image that the executors run in), it is the same image that the jupyter notebook image is built on.
The building of the jupyter notebook image from the image that your executors run is a really simple way of using the build system to organically facilitate the requirements of the workload. This is the largest come up of all in the packaging Jupyter/Spark applications; the ability to have the notebook or driver image built from the same base image as the executors.
The layer-jupyter-k8s applies a role to grant the Jupyter/Spark container the permission needed to provision other containers (Spark workloads) on the cluster. This allows a user to login to the jupyter web ui and provision Spark workloads on demand on the k8s cluster via running cells in the notebook.
A few high level takeaways on why this is good:
 1. Multi-tenant - Many developers can execute against the k8s cluster simultaneously.
 2. Dockerized deps - Package your data dependencies as docker containers (this works really well when you need to lock in hadoop, spark, conda, private dep abc, to versions for different workloads).
 3. Development workflow - Run workloads on different dependencies with out having to re-provision the cluster.
 4. Ops simplification - Spark driver and executor pods can be built from the same image.
Why not so good:
 - Untracked resources - Spark workloads provisioned on k8s via Spark drivers are not tracked by Juju.
 - Ceph + K8S, instead of a Hadoop distribution - It takes far more mature infrastructure to run Ceph + K8S correctly than it does to run Hadoop/HDFS. This comes down to the fact that you can run a 100 node Hadoop/HDFS installation on an L2 10G network by clicking your way through the CDH gui. For Ceph + K8S to work correctly, you need to implement an L3 or L2/L3 hybrid network topology that facilitates multi-pathing and scaling links in a pragmatic way, you can't just use L2, 10G if you want to do Spark on K8S + Ceph past a few nodes.
Conclusion
Which Spark backend and deployment type is right for you, and how where do you run it?
This should be defined by your use case.
Hopefully this write up can provide a light into the snags I've hit, and how I got around them to where I am now. Also as a stepping stone for others walking in this direction.
Thanks!


text:
20 January 2022
What is Share of Search?
Share of Search (SoS) is a method of tracking brands and advertising accurately, using Google search data. It helps brands demonstrate a very clear relationship between advertising, search, and sales. Importantly, it's a powerful, leading indicator for market share*.
There is a simple equation to calculate Share of Search:
Searches for brand X, divided by Searches for all the brands in the competitor set.
By calculating Share of Search, you have a valuable metric for the demand side of the marketing equation. This includes customer penetration, brand size and strength, and short to long-term advertising. So, it lies somewhere between brand salience and brand consideration.
It also allows you to measure your brand interest against other brands in your category. Critically, you can track marketing activity and make strategic decisions in advance of predicted market share changes.
Why do we need Share of Search?
The short answer is accuracy. Historically, marketers have used survey data for brand tracking, based on questionnaires. However, the relationship between these surveys and purchase behaviour is often surprisingly weak.
As David Ogilvy once said:
"Consumers don't think how they feel. They don't say what they think, and they don't do what they say."
Google is the world's biggest database of human intentions. It offers marketers precision and a new way to track consumer behaviour. And it does this not on what consumers say, but on what they do. Specifically, what they do online.
So, search presents a powerful research tool. It provides rich data on what people are going to do, think, feel, and buy.
Marketers already use search data to predict what someone is going to do in the next few minutes or hours. But rarely look at timescales beyond a week.
Share of Search can be a predictor of long-term trends in market share because lead times can be quite long. A six-month warning that market share will drop, enables a brand to act strategically immediately to optimise its media mix.
The correlation between changes in Share of Search preceding changes in market share acts as an early warning system. Brands are able to forecast with a high degree of accuracy.
A powerful metric
Share of Search is globally relevant and equals Market Share across categories, countries, and languages (the ratio varies slightly). The correlation is dynamic, so when Share of Search changes, so does Share of Market.
A recent study shows Share of Seach (i.e. consumer demand) represents on average 83% of Market Share*. Other factors can also drive market share such as distribution and physical availability. So, if you test a brand against market share in a category, you will often see a positive correlation.
There is also clear evidence of a relationship between Share of Search and mental availability for brands. This is a great indicator for identifying trends in advance and acting decisively.
Applying Share of Search insight
Not everyone has access to market share data. This is why Share of Search is so important. It allows any organisation to use this proxy instead of an often expensive, calculation of a brand's market share.
Having this search insight data means you can see consumer intent accurately. It allows you to measure your activity and steer your business ahead of significant changes in market share.
Most organizations will focus on sales. For other sectors such as higher education, the key metric could be the share of graduates.
For challenger brands, Share of Search levels the playing field. With bigger brands, it presents a huge opportunity to verify key trends. Ultimately, it helps plan with insight to create the biggest business impact.
SeachShare is a new tool that calculates Share of Search quickly and easily, with tailored client reports.
Want to learn more? Sign up for SearchShare

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Financial Management of Community Associations | Budgets and Replacement Reserves Part 4
Part 4 : Reserve Account/Reserve Funds
The reserve account consists of funds put aside in "reserve" for the replacement of major components of a community's common property (aka "assets"). Typically the reserve account is used to replace asphalt paving, concrete sidewalks, roofs, central heating and cooling plants, swimming pool, tennis courts, elevators, and many other property components. Revenue raised for adding a major item will be a major improvement expense; revenue raised for replacing that item when it deteriorates will come from the reserve account.
Major items that either come with the initial construction or are added later are placed on a replacement reserves schedule. The schedule is a framework for accumulating and spending the funds replacing major components of the property. The funds are put aside over a period of time to ensure that adequate amounts are available to replace components when necessary, either due to deterioration or technological improvements. The components, cost to replace the components, and the remaining useful lives of the components, will determine how much should be in the replacement reserves at any given time.
It is important to note that the IRS does not consider painting to be an eligible reserve component, which is deemed an operating expense (it is maintenance, not replacement). For those associations that want to set aside funds for a regular paint program, they should create a separate line on both the balance sheet and the statement of revenue and expenses, separate from the reserve budget allocation and/or fund, to track the monies set aside for this project (i.e., a painting reserve). Otherwise, if it audits the association, the IRS may impose additional tax obligations and penalties.
Reasons for Maintaining a Reserve Account: Often times owners will question the value of their contributions, since several items may not require replacement for several years, especially if they don't plan to live in the community that long. Reasons for maintaining a reserve account that may help convince the owners of the importance of budgeting replacement reserves include:
- Maintaining a reserve account meets legal, fiduciary, and professional requirements. A reserve account may be required by:
- Any secondary mortgage market in which your community association participates (I.e., Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, FHA, VA)
- Your state's statutes, regulations or court decisions
- Your community's governing documents
- Industry standards
- Maintaining a reserve account provides for the planned replacement of major items. Owners expect the community association to fulfill its obligations. At some point in time, the work will have to be done.
- Maintaining a reserve account equalizes the contributions of old and new owners. Major items deteriorate during use. Although a roof may be replaced when it is 25 years old, every owner who lived under that roof should pay a share of its replacement. Just as both old and new owners benefit from the presence of such an item, both contribute to deterioration.
- Maintaining a reserve account minimizes the need for special assessments. Owners, especially those on fixed incomes, have limited resources. They may not be able to afford the large special assessments that would be required if replacement reserves are insufficient to cover a major replacement. Special assessments have the reputation of being indicative of poor management, which could make it more difficult for an owner to sell their property.
- Maintaining a reserve account enhances resale values. Lenders and real estate agents are aware of what a reserve account is and the ramifications for a new buyer if reserves for replacement are inadequate Many states have replacement reserves disclosure requirements for potential buyers in a community association. Most lenders require adequate replacement reserves before approving a loan application. Some states require replacement reserves for replacements and/or replacement reserve studies.
Funding Goals: The answer to the critical question of how much replacement reserves are "enough" or "adequate" is not simple. Each association has different needs, so $100,000 may be excessive to one association but extremely low to another. (This is one reason why you can't easily compare assessments at one community to another; you don't know if their assessment allows for adequate funding of the association's reserves to properly maintain the community.)
Note that reliance on special assessments to pay for capital replacement projects is not considered a responsible funding plan. Funding plans are expected to project the revenue and expenses of the reserve account for 30 years or more. Many associations include the effects of interest earned from their reserve accounts "on deposit" and the effect of inflation on projected future expenses. While interest earnings tend to reduce the effects of inflation, the two factors do not offset each other, since interest is earned only on the reserve balance, while inflation affects the total replacement cost of all the reserve components.
Reserve Studies: Maintaining the association's common property is one of the Board's most serious responsibilities, and it takes a long range plan to prepare successfully for repair or replacement of the association's major common area assets. The reserve study is a budget planning tool with which the board can use to offset ongoing deterioration and prepare for inevitable future expenses. Reserve projects are typically the largest expenses that an association faces, and proper financial preparation is essential.
A reserve study is also used for developing a reserve account budget. The study addresses all major common physical components of the property that the association must repair, replace, restore, or maintain. The study should contain, at a minimum, a statement of the remaining useful life of each item; an estimate of the current cost of repair, replacement, or restoration of those items; and an estimate of the total annual contribution necessary to defray the cost of repair, replacement, or restoration, of those items after deduction of existing reserve funds. In essence, the study must include all items for which the community has long-term replacement responsibility. If your association does not have a Reserve Study, your Community Association Manager can get you proposals to have a study conducted.
Consequences of not having a reserve study:
- Under-funding: Special assessments, bank loans, deferred maintenance, or a combination of these
- Over-funding: Paying too much (more than owners "fair share"), for the benefit of future owners
- Board member liability: Exposure to claims of fiscal irresponsibility and loss of D&O insurance coverage
The physical components in community associations are constantly changing. As a reserve study is based upon facts at the time the study was conducted, managers and boards should plan for an update of their reserve study on a regular basis - typically 3 to 5 years - to ensure accuracy. Another reason to consider an update is if the association deviates from the reserve funding or spending plan. A reserve cash flow statement shows the amount to be funded and the amount to be expended from the replacement fund over a given period of time.
The board should review its reserve study annually, particularly its funding plan, because the association's physical assets may deteriorate at different rates than initially projected, interest and inflation rates change, and the association may change its reserve strategy from conservative to aggressive (or vice-verse). Associations should be encouraged to plan responsibly for the future, using the reserve study as a valuable tool.
Interest earned on the investment of reserve funds can be added to the replacement reserves on hand. If you do not update your reserve budget each year, you should add its interest income directly to the reserve account. This will help your reserve account keep up with increases in prices due to inflation.
Reserve Specialist: Whenever possible, use an experienced, qualified person to prepare a reserve study because of the technical detail involved. What is the value of having the reserve study conducted by a reserve specialist?
- Reduced liability exposure: Community managers and board members can limit liability by relying on expert advice.
- Independence: No potential conflict of interest
- Focus: Allows managers and board members to concentrate on running the association
- Credibility: If the person or committee preparing the reserve study isn't credible enough to effect a change in the association's budget, there is no point expending time on the study. A reserve specialist, by virtue of his or her credentials, has already established respect and credibility with the board.
- Accuracy: The reserve specialist does this year-round, and is well-versed in the implications of all the decision points.
Preparation of a Reserve Account Budget: to maintain the association's major common area assets, the board and manager must determine an appropriate level of revenue to segregate into a reserve account or replacement fund to pay for the eventual replacement of those assets as they wear out during the life of the development. Without a plan (a reserve study), it is strictly a hit or miss proposition. Usually a separate section of the budget packet includes the replacement fund budget.
Our previous articles looked in depth at Budget basics, roles and responsibilities and budget presentations. Find out how financially healthy your community association is now & get an email with your score!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


at 14:06
 - $\begingroup$ No the data is not swinging positive and negative, because I take the absolute value of the signal at the beginning of the code : (fs, x) = read('test.wav') x = abs(x) $\endgroup$ – Basj Nov 30 '15 at 14:09
 - $\begingroup$ See this answer, first bullet in the list, he suggests using median instead of moving average to have less effect of outliers. $\endgroup$ – Basj Nov 30 '15 at 14:09
What you said is correct - moving median is less sensitive to outliers, where an outlier is usually a single point in time series that is very different from all others, which may be due to some kind of error. Moving median filter simply removes outliers from the result, where moving mean/average always takes into account every point. However, moving median can be even more sensitive to short term significant spikes that span several points, especially when they span more than half of the moving window.
Your Answer


text:
The University of Michigan-Flint's Urban Alternatives House has been selected as one of the first landscapes to participate in a new program testing the nation's first rating system for green landscape design, construction and maintenance. The selection was made by the Sustainable Sites Initiative™ (SITES™).
SITES selected the Urban Alternatives House based on its extensive environmentally friendly elements. These sustainable practices include: removing invasive trees from the site, developing a landscape that includes space for food production, native plantings, rain gardens and managing rainwater on site.
The Urban Alternatives House will join more than 150 other pilot projects from 34 states as well as from Canada, Iceland and Spain as part of an international pilot project program to evaluate the new SITES rating system for sustainable landscapes, with and without buildings. Sustainable landscapes can clean water, reduce pollution and restore habitats, while providing significant economic and social benefits to land owners and municipalities.
"Working with the Sustainable Sites Initiatives (SITES) team and the other pilot projects around the country will give us the opportunity to take advantage of cutting edge expertise as we develop the garden site at the Urban Alternatives House," said UM-Flint Associate Richard Hill-Rowley. "It will also be a way for us to contribute to refining a new set of guidelines and benchmarks that will improve the sustainability of urban landscapes across the country."
The Urban Alternatives House joins the Smithsonian Institution's African American History & Culture museum, a New Orleans's project to absorb storm water on the streets of the Lower Ninth Ward flooded during Hurricane Katrina, and other pilot projects that range in size from large scale academic and corporate campuses and public parks with hundreds of acres, to small scale transportation corridors and private residences of less than one acre.
SITES is a partnership of the American Society of Landscape Architects, the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin and the United States Botanic Garden.
For more information: UM-Flint to Transform Abandoned House into Urban Laboratory
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Feature: #78169 - Introduce "Translation Source" field for tt_content¶
See Issue #78169
The new database field
l10n_source for tt_content table has been introduced together with a new TCA ctrl configuration
translationSource field contains an uid of the record used as a translation source, no matter whether the record was translated in the free or connected mode.
The new TCA configuration
translationSource contains column name, similar to the
$GLOBALS['TCA']['tt_content']['ctrl']['translationSource'] = 'l10n_source';
The new field solves few issues:
- There was no way to detect whether a record was translated using connected mode or free mode.
If a record has value > 0 in the
l10n_parent) field, it means it was translated using "connected mode". If the
transOrigPointerFieldis 0 but the
translationSourcefield is > 0 it means it was translated using "free mode". If both are 0, it means the record was not translated but created manually.
- TYPO3 allows to use a record in non-default language as a translation source. In this case the information about the translation source was lost.
translationSourcefield always contains an uid of the record used as a translation source.
- In some places
t3_origuid) fields were misused as a translation source. Now these places can be refactored to use the
translationSource and other existing fields¶
l10n_parent) - "translation parent" - this field contains uid of the record in the default language representing the same content. The
translationSourcefield can contain a uid of the record in non-default language.
t3_origuid) - "copy source" - this field contains uid of the record, current record was copied from. It might be equal to
translationSourceas localization is a copy internally, but often it is different.
See following test scenarios to see how data is handled in details.
Introduction of the new field is a base step for further refactorings, e.g.
- it opens a way to implement features like "reconnecting" free-mode translations back to the "connected mode"
- replace usage of the
t3_origuid with the
t3_origuid is misused for language handling purposes (e.g. in LocalizationRepository)


Three-quarters of British people commit micro crimes
[Lifestyle ★★]
(P1) A new report says there is a "wave of micro crime" in Britain. Researchers were shocked by their findings. One researcher said three in every four people you see in the UK are hiding a criminal history. Up to 74 percent of British people are 'micro-criminals'. They have done at least one minor, 'micro' crime." The most common crime is paying someone cash when they know that person will not pay tax on it.
(P2) Men were the most likely to commit micro crimes. About 80 percent of middle-class people and 70 percent of working-class people admitted to micro crimes. The second-most common micro crime was illegal downloading or streaming. About 30 percent of people did this. Other micro crimes include not paying for bags in supermarkets, lying about your age to get a better deal, and eating things in a supermarket without paying.
WORDS: 147
VOCABULARY: shocked, criminal, commit, illegal, lying
 2. Are micro-crimes committed in your country? If so, which ones?
 3. Why do you think so many people commit micro-crimes?
 4. Do you think people who commit micro-crimes should be punished if caught? Why or why not?
 1. What percent of British residents have committed a small crime?
 2. Which micro crime occurs more often than others?
 3. Both men and women commit micro-crimes. (T or F)
 4. Around 70% of the middle and working class acknowledged they committed micro crimes. (T or F)
 5. Excluding the most common micro crime, what are three other micro crimes?
What do the following expressions or phrases mean?
 - "wave of micro crime" (P1)
 - three in every four people (P1)
 - middle-class (P2)
 - working-class (P2)
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0191. Taxonomy, identification, and phylogeny of the African and Madagascan species of the tiger beetle genus Chaetodera Jeannel 1946 (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Authors
 - Jonathan R. Mawdsley
Abstract
The taxonomy of the African and Madagascan species of the tiger beetle genus Chaetodera Jeannel 1946 (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) is reviewed based on studies of primary types and additional museum specimens. Six species are recognized: C. andriana (Alluaud 1900), C. antatsima (Alluaud 1902), C. blanchardi (Fairmaire 1882), C. maheva (Künckel d'Herculais 1887), C. perrieri (Fairmaire 1897), and C. regalis (Dejean 1831). All species are illustrated, including color variants, and a key to species and maps of species distributions are provided. A hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships is proposed for the nine worldwide species of the genus Chaetodera based on computerized parsimony analysis of a matrix containing data on 16 adult morphological characteristics.
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Published
2011-09-02


text:
GeoT*SOL: A tool for planning, designing and calculating heat pump systems
Valentin's GeoT*SOL allows users to choose between different heat sources and system configurations specific to their location. A key feature is the integration of solar thermal systems for domestic hot water or space heating. Requirements, losses and consumption are determined as a result of a dynamic minute-by-minute simulation. These form the basis on which electricity consumption, the annual coefficient of performance and costs are calculated, taking into account off-periods and tariffs. Given these parameters, GeoT*SOL evaluates the efficiency of the system. Heating cost and yield are calculated for the heat pump and a comparison system.
One other useful feature is an interface to Valentin Software's photovoltaics planning tool PV*SOL: This can be used to directly determine the power supplied by a PV system to the heat pump system or to dimension the PV array needed to power a specific heat pump. (mfo)
You can now sign up for our upcoming pv Guided Tours in May 2019.
Have a look back at the highlights of last year's pv Guided Tours.


text:
After receiving more than 550 applications and conducting interviews with 85 candidates over a 12-week period, the UCSF Adult Psychiatry Residency Training Program (RTP) announced that it will welcome a full class of 16 new residents into its Class of 2021. The incoming class, which will begin clinical work in late June after participating in orientation activities, is a highly diverse and accomplished group.
Together, the group has published 63 peer-reviewed manuscripts and presented 95 posters at national meetings. They hold interest in a wide variety of sub-specialties, including basic science research, child and adolescent psychiatry, clinical research, global mental health, medical education, public psychiatry, translational research, and women's mental health.
The class includes founders and managers of free clinics and non-profit community organizations, entrepreneurs, AmeriCorps members, editors-in-chief of literary magazines, medical student curriculum committee members, and peer mentors among its ranks, as well as Amnesty International, Latino Medical Student Association, Physicians for Human Rights, and Student National Medical Association chapter presidents. Included in the group are fluent speakers of Arabic, Dutch, French, Italian, Persian, Spanish, Thai, Vietnamese, and American Sign Language.
Additional facts about the UCSF Adult Psychiatry Residency Training Program Class of 2021:
- 56 percent are women
- 25 percent are from under-represented minorities in medicine (as defined by the Association of American Medical Colleges)
- 31 percent received their medical degree from California institutions, 63 from medical schools in other U.S. states, and 6 percent from institutions abroad
- 44 percent intend to participate in the UCSF Psychiatry Research Resident Training Program
- 31 percent identify as LGBT
- 31 percent hold combined MD/PhD degrees, with several others holding other advanced degrees
- At 16 students, this year's incoming class of psychiatry residents is the largest in California and among the top ten largest in the nation
According to primary figures provided by the National Resident Matching Program, nearly 36,000 U.S. and international medical school students and graduates vied for residency positions, making this year's match the largest in history. Of those, 1,506 applicants were offered residency positions by 246 psychiatry programs. Over the past five years, the total number of psychiatry residency positions offered nationwide has increased by 34 percent.
About UCSF Psychiatry
The UCSF Department of Psychiatry and the Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute are among the nation's foremost resources in the fields of child, adolescent, adult, and geriatric mental health. Together they constitute one of the largest departments in the UCSF School of Medicine and the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, with a mission focused on research (basic, translational, clinical), teaching, patient care and public service.
UCSF Psychiatry conducts its clinical, educational and research efforts at a variety of locations in Northern California, including UCSF campuses at Parnassus Heights, Mission Bay and Laurel Heights, UCSF Medical Center, UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, the San Francisco VA Health Care System, and UCSF Fresno.
About the UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences
The UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, established by the extraordinary generosity of Joan and Sanford I. "Sandy" Weill, brings together world-class researchers with top-ranked physicians to solve some of the most complex challenges in the human brain.
The UCSF Weill Institute leverages UCSF's unrivaled bench-to-bedside excellence in the neurosciences. It unites three UCSF departments—Neurology, Psychiatry, and Neurological Surgery—that are highly esteemed for both patient care and research, as well as the Neuroscience Graduate Program, a cross-disciplinary alliance of nearly 100 UCSF faculty members from 15 basic-science departments, as well as the UCSF Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, a multidisciplinary research center focused on finding effective treatments for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
UC San Francisco (UCSF) is a leading university dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. It includes top-ranked graduate schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing and pharmacy; a graduate division with nationally renowned programs in basic, biomedical, translational and population sciences; and a preeminent biomedical research enterprise. It also includes UCSF Health, which comprises top-ranked hospitals – UCSF Medical Center and UCSF Benioff Children's Hospitals in San Francisco and Oakland – and other partner and affiliated hospitals and healthcare providers throughout the Bay Area.


Dimension Properties

Updated: May 24, 2016
Namespace: Microsoft.AnalysisServices
Assembly: Microsoft.AnalysisServices (in Microsoft.AnalysisServices.dll)
NameDescription
System_CAPS_pubpropertyAnnotations
Gets the collection object of all annotations to current object.(Inherited from MajorObject.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyAttributeAllMemberName
Gets or sets the AllMember attribute value of the dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyAttributeAllMemberTranslations
Gets the translations collection for the AllMember attribute.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyAttributes
Gets the attributes collection of the dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyCollation
Gets or sets the collation for the members of the dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyContainer
(Inherited from Component.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyCreatedTimestamp
Gets or sets the date and time of the creation of the object.(Inherited from MajorObject.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyCurrentStorageMode
Gets or sets the current storage mode of the dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyCurrentStringStoresCompatibilityLevel
Gets or sets the compatibility level of the current string stores.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyDataSource
Gets the data source object used in the current dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyDataSourceView
Gets the DataSourceView object associated with a Dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyDependsOnDimension
Gets the dimension object of a dimension that the current dimension either depends on, or is highly correlated with.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyDependsOnDimensionID
Gets or sets the dimension internal identifier of a dimension that the current dimension depends on. See DependsOnDimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyDescription
Gets or sets a description string of current object.(Inherited from MajorObject.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyDimensionPermissions
Gets the permissions collection for the dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyErrorConfiguration
Get or sets the error configuration object for the current dimension.
System_CAPS_protpropertyFriendlyName
Returns a user-friendly name.(Inherited from NamedComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyHierarchies
Gets the Hierarchy collection for the current dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyID
Gets or sets the identifier of the component.(Inherited from NamedComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyIsLinked
Gets a value indicating whether the current dimension is linked.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyIsLoaded
Gets a value that indicates whether MajorObject have been loaded.(Inherited from MajorObject.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyIsParentChild
Gets a true value if current dimension is of ParentChild type.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyKeyAttribute
Gets the lowest level attribute for the current dimension.
System_CAPS_protpropertyKeyForCollection
Returns the key used in collections.(Inherited from NamedComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyLanguage
Gets or sets the value that specifies the default language for a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyLastProcessed
Gets or sets the DateTime on which the object was last processed.(Inherited from ProcessableMajorObject.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyLastSchemaUpdate
Gets or sets the date and time when current object schema was last updated.(Inherited from MajorObject.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyMdxMissingMemberMode
Gets or sets the MDX missing member mode associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyMiningModel
Gets the details of an individual mining model associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyMiningModelID
Gets or sets the mining model identifier associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyName
Gets or sets the name of the component.(Inherited from NamedComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyOwningCollection
Gets or sets the collection that contains the ModelComponent.(Inherited from ModelComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyParent
Gets the parent Database of the Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyParentServer
Gets the parent Server of the Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyProactiveCaching
Gets or sets the proactive caching properties associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyProcessingGroup
Gets or sets the processing group associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyProcessingMode
Gets or sets the processing mode associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyProcessingPriority
Gets or sets the processing priority of a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyProcessingRecommendation
Gets or sets the processing recommendation associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyProcessingState
Gets or sets the processing state of the dimension.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyRelationships
Gets the collection of dimension relationships.
System_CAPS_pubpropertySite
Gets or sets the site of the component.(Inherited from NamedComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertySiteID
Gets or sets the identifier for the site associated with the component.(Inherited from NamedComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertySource
Gets or sets the source attribute to which binding is made for a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyState
Gets or sets the AnalysisState of this current instance.(Inherited from ProcessableMajorObject.)
System_CAPS_pubpropertyStorageMode
Gets or sets the storage mode associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyStringStoresCompatibilityLevel
Gets or sets the compatibility level of the string stores.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyTranslations
Gets the collection of translations that are associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyType
Gets or sets the type of Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyUnknownMember
Gets or sets the unknown member behavior for a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyUnknownMemberName
Gets or sets the caption to be used for Unknown Members in the default language for a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyUnknownMemberTranslations
A collection of translations that provide a caption for an Unknown Member associated with a Dimension object.
System_CAPS_pubpropertyWriteEnabled
Gets or sets the Boolean value for the write-enable property that is associated with a Dimension object.
NameDescription
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIHostableComponent.Host
(Inherited from ModelComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIMajorObject.BaseType
Gets the base type implementation of the Dimension.
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIMajorObject.ObjectReference
Gets the object reference implementation of the Dimension.
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIMajorObject.ParentDatabase
Gets the parent database referred by the Dimension.
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIMajorObject.ParentServer
Gets the parent server referred by the Dimension.
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIMajorObject.Path
Gets the path implementation of the Dimension.
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIModelComponent.FriendlyPath
(Inherited from ModelComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIModelComponent.OwningCollection
(Inherited from ModelComponent.)
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIProcessable.LastProcessed
(Inherited from ProcessableMajorObject.)
System_CAPS_pubinterfaceSystem_CAPS_privpropertyIProcessable.State
(Inherited from ProcessableMajorObject.)
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text:
anemic anoxia n.
See anemic hypoxia.
- Anemic halo
anemic halo anemic halo n. A pale, relatively avascular area in the skin seen around spider nevi, cherry angiomas, and some acute macular eruptions.
- Anemic hypoxia
anemic hypoxia anemic hypoxia n. Hypoxia resulting from a decreased concentration of functional hemoglobin or a reduced number of erythrocytes. Also called anemic anoxia.
- Anemic infarct
anemic infarct anemic infarct n. An infarct in which little or no bleeding into tissue occurs when the blood supply is obstructed. Also called white infarct. Historical Examples The arteries of the heart are not terminal vessels but as a rule blocking of a large branch leads to anemic infarct. Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension: Louis Marshall […]
Pathology. suffering from. lacking power, vigor, vitality, or colorfulness; listless; weak: an anemic effort; anemic tones. Contemporary Examples His last published work was a poorly received, anemically selling biography of Sarah Palin. Joe McGinniss: The Hide of an Alligator, And Then Some Lloyd Grove March 11, 2014 Historical Examples Indeed it was anemically green; […]


text:
The island of Hashima, off the coast of Nagasaki, Kyushu, is enjoying another moment in the spotlight due to its appearance and use as the model for villain's lair in Skyfall, 007, the 50th anniversary feature of the famous movie franchise.
Also known as Gunkanjima (Battleship Island) because of the island's distinctive profile, Hashima has always held a place in Japanese history. In the late 19th century, the island was purchased for a major coal mining industry. It soon had the highest population density due to the huge influx of people working in mines and related areas. Hashima is also known for its unique concrete architecture, and first rooftop garden in Japan. In the mid-1970s, however, the island became a ghost town, because of the world's energy shift from coal to petroleum. In 2009, the island was reopened for tourism, and now is a must-see on the lists of travelers to Nagasaki.
|Press Release||Japan Map/Video||Japan Photo Archive||Japan Travel Specialist Program||Travel Trade||Meeting/Incentives||LGBT|


Guidelines for Developing and Evaluating Tree Ordinances
Ground survey
Measuring various tree characteristics, including species, age, size, health, and damage factors.
Materials needed:
The ground survey is one of the most basic methods for gathering urban forestry data. Ground surveys typically are used to gather the baseline data for most tree inventories. The ground surveys used in urban forestry are of two general types, commonly referred to as windshield surveys and foot surveys. Details of each type are discussed below. When resources are insufficient to conduct a complete inventory, a representative sample of the urban forest can often provide sufficient information for making management decisions and monitoring progress. Furthermore, when natural woodlands or forests are managed, as in parks and open spaces, a complete inventory is usually unnecessary and impractical.
Sampling considerations for ground surveys
If less than a complete survey is planned, plot selection should proceed as outlined under Sampling from Populations. To provide estimates of size and condition of street trees, researchers working in several cities in the eastern U.S. (Valentine et al 1978) arrived at the following recommendations, which can be used as a rough rule of thumb for planning ground surveys: The use of a sampling interval is not strictly necessary, but reduces the amount of effort involved. To use a sampling interval, some information about tree species incidence is required in advance. As an example, suppose you plan to sample 50 plots, and London plane is likely to occur in almost all plots. To have 100 London plane trees represented in the overall sample, it will only be necessary to tally two or three per plot. If you anticipate that ten London plane trees will occur in a typical street section, then only one out of every five London planes needs to be tallied. When using a sampling interval, the selection of the sampled trees must be unbiased. Don't just skip those that look good (or bad) or are difficult to read; use a regular interval. Finally, the sampling interval needs to be taken into account when the data are tabulated, to show the actual incidence of these tree species.
The windshield survey
This technique is most suitable when the data to be collected consist of one to a few obvious characteristics. It is also useful for rating characteristics that occur at relatively low frequencies. One person drives a vehicle in which one or more evaluators tally data using tally counters and data sheets. Data collected should consist only of counts of trees that have or lack a particular characteristic or fall into a limited number of categories. The greatest advantage of this method is that it is relatively fast and inexpensive. The main drawback is that only a few characteristics can be rated for each tree. If an evaluator attempts to rate too many characteristics from a moving vehicle, either accuracy will suffer or the driver will have to slow the rate of travel to an impractical speed. The foot survey should be used if a number of detailed observations are to be made on each tree. Examples of some of the characteristics that could be rated in a windshield survey include:
-Canopy dieback. This is a simple indicator of tree health. Either tally trees above and below a given cutoff value (e.g., dieback affecting more than 1/3 of the crown), or use 3 to 4 categories (e.g., low, moderate, severe, tree dead). If descriptors such as "low" or "severe" are to be used, it is necessary to establish specific criteria for each description (e.g. low=less than 20% of crown affected) to minimize differences that may arise between different evaluators. Photographs that illustrate the different classes are very useful to ensure uniformity between different evaluators and different years.
-Improper pruning practices. Topping and other poor pruning practices are especially obvious in winter after leaf fall.
-Prohibited practices, such as vandalism, or attaching signs or wires to trees.
-Specific disease and pest problems. If surveys are timed to coincide with periods when disease or insect pest problems are most obvious, it may be relatively easy to document the extent and incidence of the problem. For example, leafy mistletoe in deciduous trees is easily rated in the winter months, whereas branch dieback in alder caused by flatheaded borers is most obvious in summer.
-Tree type. Trees can be placed into relatively broad categories based on height or type (e.g., conifers, evergreen hardwoods, deciduous hardwoods) fairly readily. Also, the frequency of a single or a few distinctive tree species could be tallied. However, especially in areas where a wide variety of tree species are used, a complete tally of trees by species would be difficult or impossible to conduct from a moving vehicle.
-Trunk diameter. For many, though not all tree species, diameter serves as a useful indicator of tree age. Several broad classes of tree diameters (e.g. less than 6 inches, 6- 24 inches, greater than 24 inches) can be distinguished with enough accuracy to be used in a windshield survey.
-Planting site characteristics. Empty planting spaces, severe sidewalk displacement, and other obvious site characteristics can be tallied.
The foot survey
When detailed information in a number of different categories is to be collected, the survey should be conducted on foot. All of the examples listed above under the windshield survey could also be evaluated in a foot survey. Some data may be expressed as categories, as in the windshield survey, but it is also possible to take more detailed data and actual measurements rather than use generalizations and estimates. For example, stem diameter can be measured rather than estimated and trees can be identified to species. The type of planting space (for example grass, bare soil, depressed well, level well, raised planter) and size of the planting space can be identified. Tree condition, hazardous trees, hardscape damage, and site conditions can be inspected and evaluated more thoroughly in the foot survey than in the windshield survey.
If data are being collected for an inventory, such as a street tree inventory, data are typically collected for every tree in the area of interest. If forests or woodlands containing large numbers of trees are being evaluated, it is more efficient to sample the area rather than conduct a complete survey. Sampling may occur using plot-based or plotless techniques (e.g., point-centered quarter method). Plots may be arranged in various shapes and sizes, and plots of varying sizes are sometimes nested within each other. Plot area can be either fixed (e.g., circular 0.2 acre plots) or variable (e.g., prism-based plots). Plots may be permanent, which allows for direct observations of changes that occur over time. Given the wide variety of sampling methods available for measuring forest attributes, persons that specialize in forest survey methods (e.g., university forestry department faculty, forestry consultants, state and federal forestry staff) should be consulted before undertaking a forest survey.
Plot or tree locations can be noted directly on maps or aerial photos. Standard survey techniques can also be used to pinpoint tree locations. With the decreased cost and increased precision of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology, the use of hand-held GPS receivers provides another way to determine tree or plot coordinates in the field. However, GPS readings from low cost units are subject to several sources of error that can degrade the precision of location information. In particular, tree trunks, branches, and canopy can interfere with the reception of satellite signals needed to obtain coordinates. We have been able to achieve improved reception by using a high-gain external GPS antenna mounted on a mast that can be elevated at least part of the way into the canopy.
Some common measurements recorded in foot surveys are described below.
Tree size
Measurements of tree size can include such measurements as tree canopy spread, diameter at breast height (DBH), and tree height. Within species, DBH is generally correlated with tree height and age, but due to the influence of site conditions on tree growth rate, DBH may not always be a good indicator of tree age.
Canopy cover
Canopy cover provided by individual trees can be estimated by measuring the maximum canopy diameter and a second diameter at a right angle to the first. Canopy area can then be calculated using the formula for the area of an ellipse, i.e.,
Area = pi * r1 *r2
where pi=3.14159, and r1 and r2 are the two radii (i.e., half the diameters). If tree canopies are symmetrical, a single diameter can be measured and the formula for the area of a circle (pi*r*r) is used. The total area covered by tree canopy can be divided by the area of the site to obtain percent canopy cover. This methodology works best for areas with nonoverlapping tree canopies, such as parking lots or other relatively open areas.
In areas with more complete or irregularly overlapping tree cover, other methods of estimating canopy cover are applicable. If data are being collected in individual fixed-area plots, ocular estimates of tree canopy cover may be adequate. A density scale (see the example under Photogrammetry and remote sensing) can be used to help calibrate different observers. Also, less error will be introduced if canopy is estimated in cover classes, such as the six-level scale discussed below.
Two similarly named instruments can also be used for measuring tree overstory canopy cover: the spherical densiometer and the densitometer. The two terms are sometimes interchanged, so either term may be used to describe either type of instrument. The spherical densiometer is used to measure canopy cover over a plot or other local area. An image of the canopy is reflected onto a gridded spherical mirror and the observer counts the number of points on the mirror that either contain or lack canopy cover. The number of points counted is then divided by the total number of points


text:
Overall Research & Development Goals
Improved product performance
BioMar constantly seeks to improve the economics of aquaculture production by improving product performance. For instance, feed costs often account for 50-60 % of the production cost of fish, which is why feed performance is a major competitive parameter for BioMar.
Improved growth ratio and feed conversion ratio
Main performance criteria targeted are growth and feed conversion. The feed conversion ratio, defined as the amount of feed needed to produce a kilo of fish, is also a major aspect of feed performance in relation to environmental issues, e.g. sustainability.
Specialized software balancing nutrition and cost is used in our factories to bring R&D knowledge into real life feed.
BioMar's development programme on sustainability, BioSustain, includes an evaluation on all raw materials. We seek to source raw materials that can demonstrate to have come from sustainable sources or have a clear and defined ambition to be certified as sustainable.


Last updatedSep 22, 2020
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Create a search extractor
Applicable:This tutorial applies to Confluence 7.0 or higher.
Level of experience:Advanced. You should complete at least one intermediate tutorial before working through this tutorial.
The Extractor2 plugin module allows you to hook into the mechanism that Confluence uses to populate its search indexes. Each time content is created or updated in Confluence, it is passed through a chain of extractors that assemble the fields and data that will be added to the search indexes for that content. By writing your own extractor you can add information to the content index.
To help you become familiar with the extractor2 module, we've created a simple plugin demonstrating how to create an extractor. In the following sections we'll explain how different parts of the plugin are implemented and fit together.
Before you begin
To complete this tutorial, you'll need to be familiar with:
Source code
You can find the source code for this tutorial on Atlassian Bitbucket.
To clone the repository, run the following command:
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git clone _URL_
Alternatively, you can download the source as a ZIP archive.
This tutorial was last tested with Confluence 7.0 using Atlassian SDK 8.0.2.
Step 1: Implement Extractor2 interface
The ExtraCommentDataExtractor implements 2 methods extractText and extractFields. They receive a searchable object which is the Confluence content object (e.g. Page, Attachment, Comment) that is being saved, and passed through the extractor chain.
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public class ExtraCommentDataExtractor implements Extractor2 {
 private final CommentManager commentManager;

 @Autowired
 public ExtraCommentDataExtractor(@ComponentImport CommentManager commentManager) {
 this.commentManager = requireNonNull(commentManager, "commentManager");
 }

 public StringBuilder extractText(Object searchable) {
 ...
 }

 public Collection<FieldDescriptor> extractFields(Object searchable) {
 ...
 }
The result of the extractText method is appended into the default Text field "content" that is used in a regular Confluence site search. The result of the extractFields method is a collection of fields to be added into the Search index document.
The @Autowired and @ComponentImport annotation in the constructor asks Confluence to inject CommentManager into the extractor at the creation time.
Step 2: Add text to the default content field
The ExtraCommentDataExtractor#extractText concatenates comments of the given page.
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 public StringBuilder extractText(Object searchable) {
 StringBuilder builder = new StringBuilder();
 if (searchable instanceof Page) {
 Page page = (Page) searchable;
 builder.append(commentManager.getPageComments(page.getId(), page.getCreationDate()).stream()
 .map(ContentEntityObject::getBodyAsString)
 .collect(joining(" ")));
 }
 return builder;
 }
...
Step 3: Create fields of different types
The ExtraCommentDataExtractor#extractFields demonstrates how to create fields of different types.
 - text field "comment-creator": contains multiple values that are result from breaking an user name into series of 2-grams.
 - long field "comment-modified": contains a numerical value representing when the page was updated last time.
 - int field "comment-count": contains a number of comments created the page.
 - double field "comment-score": contains a single real number representing an average length of a comment.
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 public Collection<FieldDescriptor> extractFields(Object searchable) {
 Page page = getPage(searchable);
 if (page == null) {
 return emptyList();
 }
 List<Comment> comments = commentManager.getPageComments(page.getId(), page.getCreationDate());
 if (comments.isEmpty()) {
 return emptyList();
 }

 ImmutableList.Builder<FieldDescriptor> builder = ImmutableList.builder();
 AnalyzerDescriptor analyzer = AnalyzerDescriptor.builder(new NGramTokenizerDescriptor(2, 2))
 .build();
 comments.stream()
 .map(ConfluenceEntityObject::getCreator)
 .filter(Objects::nonNull)
 .map(ConfluenceUser::getLowerName)
 .filter(Objects::nonNull)
 .forEach(username -> builder.add(new TextFieldDescriptor("comment-creator", username, FieldDescriptor.Store.YES, analyzer)));

 Comment lastComment = comments.get(comments.size() - 1);
 builder.add(new LongFieldDescriptor("comment-modified", lastComment.getLastModificationDate().getTime(), FieldDescriptor.Store.YES));
 builder.add(new IntFieldDescriptor("comment-count", comments.size(), FieldDescriptor.Store.YES));

 int commentTextLength = comments.stream()
 .mapToInt(x -> x.getBodyAsString().length())
 .sum();
 double commentScore = Math.log1p((double) commentTextLength / comments.size());
 builder.add(new DoubleFieldDescriptor("comment-score", commentScore, FieldDescriptor.Store.YES));

 return builder.build();
 }
...
Step 4: Make it visible to Confluence
Here is an example atlassian-plugin.xml file containing a single search extractor:
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<extractor2 name="extraCommentDataExtractor" key="extraCommentDataExtractor"
 class="com.atlassian.confluence.plugins.extractor.tutorial.ExtraCommentDataExtractor" priority="1100">
</extractor2>
...
 - The class attribute defines the class that will be added to the extractor chain. This class must implement Extractor2.
 - The priority attribute determines the order in which extractors are run. Extractors are run from the highest to lowest priority. Extractors with the same priority may be run in any order.
 - The key is an unique string that identifies the extractor.
 - The name is the extractor name.
Step 5: See how it works
One way to see how an extractor works is to debug into a running Confluence instance. Here's the key steps:
 1. Start your Confluence instance in debug mode.
 2. Install the plugin containing the extractor.
 3. Attach a debugger to the instance and set breakpoints on methods extractText and extractFields.
 4. Try to add or modify a page.
 5. Observe that the debugger stops at breakpoints.
Next steps
Learn more about extending Confluence's search capabilities with these tutorials:
Rate this page:


text:
Examples of a food that starts with the letter "L" include lasagna, lamington, lamb, lettuce, lemon meringue pie, lentils, lollipop and lobster. Two well-known beverages that begin with the letter "L" are lemonade and limeade.Continue Reading
A lamington is a type of cake that is commonly found in Australia. It is made by cutting a cake into cubes. The cubes are dipped into chocolate and then dipped into shredded coconut.
Lasagna is an Italian dish made with sheets of pasta layered with ingredients such as meat and cheese. Different regions of Italy have their own style of lasagna. For example, in Liguria, it is commonly made with pesto sauce. Salted ricotta is a common ingredient in the region of Calabria. In Tuscany, lasagna is made with sugo alla bolognese and bechamel sauce, while Neapolitans make a Carnival-style lasagna with ingredients such as ricotta.Learn more about Food Facts


Moon Landing Icon
Moon Landing
Create an interactive moon landing themed tale.
Hear a sample of Moon Landing
"Alexa, open Moon Landing."
Alexa: Welcome to Moon Landing. This story has three blanks in it. To change a blank, say 'Alexa, undo.' Let's get started. Please say a child's name.
Alexa: You said Sophia. Ok. [...] Are you ready to hear your story?
####How to create 1. Get inspired by the sample story 2. Customize it, or start from scratch 3. Drop in sound effects, fun expressions, and pauses 4. Create interactive "blanks" to fill in while you listen 5. Pick a name for your skill 6. Give your child access to this skill in Amazon Kids. Go to Amazon Parent Dashboard, tap on the settings icon next to your child's name, select Add Content, go to the Alexa Skills tab, and then toggle your Blueprint skill on ####How to use Gather your audience. When you play the story, Alexa asks listeners to fill in the blanks and then reads the story.


Architecture December, 14 2009
Grass Mirror by H20 Architects
The latest project from H2O Architects takes inspiration from ancient philosophy. Where philosophers once looked at nature as a mirror, a method of contemplation, the firm turns the idea of the mirror into something that expresses nature directly and through a twist on the rectangle. The "Grass Mirror" reflects infinitely the objects surface, paying homage to thought in object form.
As object, the mirror can be displayed in a concise rectangle, or move to provide wider gaps and promote different types of reflection of the grass and mirror.


Not really a tool but certainly a device that few woodworkers should leave out of their tool box.
Prior to the mid 1800s nails were forged or cut. These nails began to fall out of vogue during the19th century as cheaper steel or wire nails took over.
However, cut nails grip better than wire nails.
When a nail is hammered home the fibres of wood are forced downwards. To remove a nail the force has to be greated that the hold of the wood fibres acting like barbs/shark teeth on the surface.
Modern nails are round or oval and tapered only at the end, therefore wood fibres in contact with the nail bend downwards. Cut nails on the other hand taper from thick at the head to thin at the tip. The deeper the nail is driven into the wood the greater the wood fibres are bent thus increasing the force needed to remove the nail.
The other advantage is that with their squared off ends there is less likelihood of the wood splitting as the nail is driven in. Wire nails need their points dulled to achieve the same effect.
So. I was quite excited when I found these 9 assorted boxes (4Kg) of cut nails for $8.00. How could anyone resist!?


text:
Jump to navigation Jump to search
|Look up switching in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
Switching may refer to:
Computing and technology
- Switching, functions performed by a switch:
- Switching, a synonym for shunting in rail transport
- Switching (ecology), a pattern of predation describing predators's selection of food based on its abundance
- Switching (film), a 2003 Danish interactive film
- Code-switching, of languages
- Immunoglobulin class switching, an immunological mechanism that changes the type of antibody produced by B cells
- Task switching (psychology), an experimental research paradigm used in cognitive psychology
| disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Switching.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


text:
Learn something new every day
More Info... by email
Poisson's ratio deals with the way stretching or compressing an object in one direction causes it to compress or stretch in the other direction. The ratio measures the extent of this effect in a particular substance. This can vary considerably, and the ratio can even be negative, usually in man-made substances.
The technical definition of Poisson's ratio is "the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal expansion strain." This sounds complicated, but describes a fairly simple effect. To picture it, imagine a piece of rubber, such as that used in a rubber band. When you stretch the band, it becomes both narrower and longer. The relationship between these two changes is what's measured by Poisson's ratio.
In reality, Poisson's ratio applies in three dimensions. In the rubber band example, the thickness of the stretched band also decreases – it's just harder to see. To picture the effect in three dimensions, imagine taking a pet toy in the shape of a cube and squeezing two opposite sides. The cube will get contract in the direction between these two sides, but will expand in the other two directions.
In most cases, Poisson's ratio is positive, meaning a material stretches in one direction by a greater degree than it contracts in other directions. There are a couple of explanations for this, using different scientific approaches. A simple explanation is that most materials are better able to resist the compression than they are to resist the stretching. A more complicated explanation is that the bonds between the atoms in the structure become realigned during the process of stretching and compressing.
In most cases, a material's Poisson ratio will range between 0 and 0.5. Among common materials, rubber has a Poisson ratio very close to 0.5, whereas steel has one of 0.3 and cork is much closer to 0. This is why wine corks are made of cork: it can withstand the pressure from the neck of the bottle without stretching vertically and jamming in place.
It is possible to have a negative Poisson ratio. Materials displaying this quality are known as auxetics. With such materials, stretching them in one direction will actually cause them to expand in other directions. It's suspected that living bone tissue is an auxetic, though this is difficult to prove. There are also several man-made auxetic substances, most notably the polymers used in Gore-Tex waterproof clothing.
Poisson's ratio is used in more complicated ways in several fields of science. When you bend an object in one direction, Poisson's ratio affects the way the object curves in the perpendicular direction. The ratio also affects the way stress waves travel through substances such as rock, meaning it has some important uses in geology.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!


text:
The silicone rubber heating mat is a composite sheet made of silicone rubber and glass fiber cloth. The silicone rubber heating mat has good flexibility and can be in close contact with the heated object, the heating element of the nickel alloy foil is processed and formed, and the heating is more uniform. In this way, we can transfer heat to any desired location.
1. Maximum insulation temperature: 300°C
2. Maximum working temperature: 250°C
3. Power deviation: 8%
4. Insulation resistance: ≥5MΩ
5. Compressive strength: 1500V / 5
6. Width: 20mm-1000mm; Length: 25mm-1000mm
7. Fast heat dissipation, uniform heat transfer, direct heating of objects, high thermal efficiency, high strength, long service life, safe work and not easy to aging.
1.The silicone rubber heating mat has advantage of thinness, lightness and flexibility.
2. It can improve heat transfer, accelerate warming and decrease power under the process of operation. Fiberglass reinforced silicone rubber stabilizes the dimension of heaters.
3.The max wattage can be made for 1 w/cm².
4.The heaters can be made for any size and any shapes.
1. Used in humid, non-explosive gas environment, industrial equipment pipelines, tank and barrel insulation.
2. Used as antifreeze, air conditioning compressors etc.
3. Used in medical equipment and medical treatment (such as blood heaters, blood analyzers, corsets and waist belt heat supplements)


Close
Puppet – Retrieving different data types using Hiera
Hiera is a "data lookup" command line tool. This means that you tell Hiera what piece of data you are interested in, and it will retrieve that data for you by looking through one or more yaml files. It can also look up json files, but we'll stick with yaml files, as our mark-up language of choice.
Earlier we saw how to lookup data from a really basic yaml file. However the yaml standard allows for more sophisticated yaml files, yet still remain quite human readable.
Yaml files can hold data in various types, the types we are interested in are:
 - Simple mapping – In the world of yaml, the word "mapping" means linking something to a key. This "something" can be anything, e.g. a string, or a array. However a "simple mapping" specifically refers to mapping a string to a key. Hence this is how represent a simple string variable in yaml form.
 - Mapped Sequence – In the world of yaml, a "sequence" is a another word for array. So in this case we have a variable that's storing an array. You can also write this in a single line using the simple inline array syntax
 - Nested Mappings – The word "nested" here refers to key that holding one or more other simple mappings. I.e. This is how you create a hash table. You can also write this in a single line by using the simple inline hash syntax
 - Boolean – these are essentially simple mappings that are storing special reserved strings, which are any of the following: true/false, on/off, yes/no.
 - Integers and floats – These are stored using the same syntax as creating a string variable, aka simple mapping
Now, in yaml, you can declare data without a key, however in the context of puppet, these are meaningless and hence are not used.
Looking up data using hiera on the command line is actually quite limited, because you can only retrieve whole data items, and not a particular part, e.g you can't pick out a particular item in an array.
Hence querying data using the hiera command is mainly used for hiera troubleshooting.
Let's say that our hiera.yaml file points to the following yaml file, called global.yaml:
[root@puppetmaster yaml]# pwd
/etc/hieradata/yaml
[root@puppetmaster yaml]# cat global.yaml
---
# The first line of a yaml file always starts with 3 hyphens, as shown above.
# Here's a simple mappingi, aka a simple string variable. This is analogous to
# creating a variable called "dad" which houses a value of "homer"
dad: homer
# Here, the "::" doesn't have a special meaning. It is simply treated as part of the
# variable's name, i.e. in this case the variable's name is "family_member::son" and
# it holds the value "bart"
family_member::son: bart
# Here's a mapped sequence, aka an array. This is analogous to creating a
# an array called "fruits" which contain 3 array items.
fruits:
 - apple
 - banana
 - carrot
# Here's a slightly differently way to write a mapped sequence.
vegetables: - potatoe
 - carrot
 - spinage
# Here's an example of a nested mapping, aka a hashtable.
stuff:
 fruit: apple
 name: steve
 sport: baseball
[root@puppetmaster yaml]#
Now here's how you lookup and retrieve data from the yaml file using hiera on it's own:
[root@puppetmaster yaml]# hiera dad
homer
[root@puppetmaster yaml]# hiera family_member::son
bart
[root@puppetmaster yaml]# hiera fruits
["apple", "banana", "carrot"]
[root@puppetmaster yaml]# hiera stuff
{"fruit"=>"apple", "sport"=>"baseball", "name"=>"steve"}
[root@puppetmaster yaml]#
Note: the output for array and hashtable is actually in the ruby syntax. This means you can make use of these data in ruby code, e.g. in templates. Which we'll cover later.
See also:
_URL_


text:
Norwich OA are working with primary and secondary schools in Norwich to support pupils and their parents to engage with remote learning at home.
A Remote Learning Coach aims to work with pupils and parents identified by their school who aren't used to using IT at home and would benefit from support.
The role aims to:
- Support pupils and their parents to engage confidently with remote learning at home.
- Act as Coach to encourage progress, participation and engagement with home learning for identified students during periods of remote learning.
- Encourage, support and upskill pupils and their family to use IT effectively at home to access support, advice and opportunities.
Information for schools
Funding for a Remote Learning Coach is offered to NOA primary and secondary schools with the highest levels of disadvantaged students. Based on the most recent LA data, eligible schools invited to participate are:
- City Academy Norwich
- Sewell Park Academy
- The Hewett Academy
- Open Academy
- Norwich Primary Academy
- Valley Primary Academy
- West Earlham Junior School & West Earlham Infant & Nursery School
- Bluebell Primary School
- Edith Cavell Academy & Nursery
- Henderson Green Primary Academy
- Wensum Junior Academy
- Nelson Infant School
- Mile Cross Primary School
- Tuckswood Academy & Nursery
- Lionwood Junior School
- St Michael's Junior School
- Catton Grove Primary School
- George White Junior School
- Clover Hill Infant & Nursery School
- Lakenham Primary School
- Short Stay School for Norfolk
- The Wherry School
- The Clare School
- Parkside School
- Eaton Hall Special Academy
- Harford Manor School
Next steps for interested schools …
Norwich OA have collected expressions of interest from individuals with relevant experience who are available to work immediately. Schools will need to employ the Coach directly and NOA will cover costs.
Contact Claire Sparrow via email to request participation in the project and access details about the potential Coaches: _EMAIL_
Information for Remote Learning Coaches


text:
Gel nails offer longer staying power than traditional nail polishes, but there has been concern over the safety of the gel manicure. Gel nail polish is applied to the nail and then set by exposure to ultraviolet light. UV light exposure has been linked to premature aging and skin cancer.
The risk of malignant skin cancer from UV gel nail lamps is extremely low. However, the American Academy of Dermatology suggests that women reduce the frequency of their gel manicure to further reduce their risk. It also suggests applying sunscreen to the top of the hands while they are exposed to the UV rays or wearing UV blocking gloves without the fingertips.


text: Eelgrass is a seed plant and not a seaweed. It has roots and seeds just like land plants. Mattresses and cushions filled with eelgrass, dikes made from eelgrass for defending the land from the sea - just some of the ways this plant was used before it practically disappeared in the Wadden Sea, Zuiderzee and delta region. It's understandable that Dutch people think it's a seaweed. 'Wier' in Dutch means seaweed. The northeastern corner of the province North-Holland is called Wieringen. It used to be an island up till the 1920s. Lots of so-called wier grew in the surrounding water, giving the island its name. The 'wier' was eelgrass. In earlier times, it was harvested and formed a major source of income for residents of the islands, including Wieringen. It was a disaster for them when the eelgrass disappeared in the 1930s. There are two species found in the Wadden Sea region: Zostera marina and Zostera noltii.


What are the Risks of Yield Farming?
an image of a person holding a phone with crypto graphs and a laptop with the same - the Risks of Yield Farming
In several of our recent articles, we have discussed yield farming. I published the yield farming guide and then created a tutorial on how to do yield farming on Ubeswap. As explained in those articles, it is quite profitable. However, there are several risks of yield farming.
Any investment that offers medium to high rewards has risks, and yield farming is no different. That is why in this article, I will show you the risks of yield farming and liquidity mining so you are clear on what you're going into before you proceed.
If you don't know what yield farming is, click on any of the two links above to find out. I recommend you click on the first one and read through it before proceeding to the second.
What are the Risks of DeFi Yield Farming?
Here are the risks associated with yield farming:
 1. Risk of Impermanent Loss
 2. DeFi Smart Contract Risk
 3. Unfairness
 4. Risk of Scam
 5. Gas Fees
 6. Bugs in the Code
 7. Price Risks
 8. Strategy Risk
Risk of Impermanent Loss
Impermanent loss is one of the biggest risks of yield farming.
When farming yields on your assets, you add liquidity in pairs of equivalent value; if you add one ETH in an ETH/USDC pair and 1ETH is 2000 USDC, you must add 1ETH and 2000 USDC.
Suppose the value of ETH falls to 1000 USDC, the coins in the entire liquidity pool shifts to make up for that. When you have a huge loss in any of the coins in the pool in such situations, you can end up with an impermanent loss where you get a lower value than what you put in when you withdraw your liquidity.
The profit from farming yields on your cryptocurrency assets sometimes make up for the loss, but it doesn't always. Given the volatility of cryptocurrencies, you can be faced with this risk any time the value of a cryptocurrency drops. However, it only happens when the difference in value drops a lot.
DeFi Smart Contract Risk
Smart contracts control yield farming and DeFi. One bug in the smart contracts can cause the price of a token to drop to zero. A malicious hacker can exploit that bug to manipulate the project for any possibility, including losing all your cryptocurrency assets in the pools affected. To mitigate this risk, confirm that the smart contract has been audited.
Yield farming pools are controlled to a large extent by the founders and wealthier investors. That puts yield farmers with small funds at risk because if a wealthier investor takes out a large chunk of their investments, it can affect the platform.
One good example of this is what happened with Sushiswap. It fell quickly because the founder, Chef Nomi, removed his liquidity which ran in millions from the SUSHI/ETH pool. That caused a 73% crash in the price of SUSHI tokens which, of course, affected anyone holding the coin, including yield farmers.
Risk of Scam
When considering yield farming pools and applications to use, you need to be careful. Anyone can create an app for yield farming if they have the necessary skills. You must ensure that you are not using an app that isn't properly vetted or the owners aren't known.
Even then, you might still fall to this risk. The reason is that you get higher rewards from new protocols and applications; anyone that jumps on such in the first few weeks of launch can make a lot. When such things are new, you can't get reviews or comments from actual users.
You can still check online for comments because, in most cases, there would be some publicity about the app before they launch any liquidity pool. So, check GitHub, Twitter, and Reddit to see if there are negative comments.
Gas Fees
Gas fees on Ethereum are high – this is one fact that no one can debate. This is a problem for DeFi yield farming, especially for investors with smaller funds; wealthier participants might not mind.
When a lot of people take advantage of a yield farming opportunity and lock a lot of cryptocurrency in DeFi, gas fees skyrocket. In 2020, this was a big issue where gas fees reached over 100x more than usual due to yield farming activities on Uniswap.
When such happens, those with fewer funds would realize it's costly to withdraw their earnings and might end up losing money if they try. If they choose to leave the cryptocurrency in the pool, any other risks, such as impermanent loss and liquidation risks, can lead to a loss. Ethereum 2.0 with layer two scaling aims to solve this problem.
Bugs in the Code
Every app has bugs. Even when the developers do their best to ensure they don't, they can miss some of these things. For most top applications, such bugs don't cause much impact most of the time, but sometimes they can be serious. A malicious actor can exploit such issues to their advantage, making all investors in the yield farming pool lose their money.
Price Risks
This risk is not particular to farming yields on your cryptocurrency assets; it can happen to any crypto investor. As long as you hold crypto, you are liable to the risk of losing your money. Price changes happen a lot in the market. If the value of the coins in the pair you provide liquidity for lose value, you would lose some of your money,
There is also the aspect of the token. Some yield farming platforms offer their token as part of the rewards to yield farmers. If the value of the token falls, what you expect as returns for your investment reduces.
To give a clear picture of the above, here's this example. When farming yields on your assets in Ubeswap, you get UBE. If UBE was $5 when you invested but a few weeks later, it is $1, what you get in fiat is way different from what you expected at the time of your investment.
Strategy Risk
When doing yield farming, your strategy matters. You have to decide on what kind of pair to invest in. A hot pool today wouldn't be hot in a few weeks from now.
Here's the thing: if a pool provides 2000% returns which usually happens at launch, in a few weeks, that can drop to 300% because more money would have been pooled in by then. People would find out about that pool and invest, and as more people invest, the returns would reduce.
Although yield farming can be passive, you need to monitor your investment periodically, follow crypto news and us (subscribe for email updates), so you can pool out of a pool and invest in a better one when you need to.
You also look at the market's volatility as that can affect your capital and returns. If you weren't sure about a coin but invested only because of the high returns and the value is falling fast, you might decide to pool your investments in another pool.
Yield farming can be long term, so you shouldn't have to jump from pool to pool. Strategize wisely, and you will enjoy the returns from your crypto assets.
That is it for the risks associated with pulling your cryptocurrency in a yield farm. You can grow your cryptocurrency assets, whether Bitcoin, ethereum, Celo, and other cryptocurrencies in the blockchain. It's a great way to grow your cryptocurrency rather than leaving it to sit in an exchange or wallet.
I hope you take the suggestions in this article to mitigate your risks, so you earn more than you lose most of the time. Bear in mind that every good investment has risks; you just need to know how to mitigate them to reduce their impact.
If you have any questions or need help, click on this link for consulting with me. You can also subscribe using the form below to get updates whenever valuable posts like this are published.
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text:
Conservationists honored for effortsThe Lund family was recently honored as outstanding conservationists at the annual meeting of the Minnesota Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts
Reece, Mary, Kirby and Steph Lund were recently honored as outstanding conservationists at the annual meeting of the Minnesota Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts.
They were selected by the Douglas Soil and Water Conservation District (SWCD) for the award.
Each year, the state's SWCDs recognize individuals and organizations for outstanding accomplishments in implementing conservation practices and improving Minnesota's natural resources. The award program is conducted with support from The Farmer magazine, and the award ceremony receives sponsorship from the Minnesota Corn Growers Association.
According to Jerome Haggenmiller, district coordinator, the Lunds were recognized for a variety of reasons, including the family starting with ridge till in the early 1990s and now switching to strip-till to prevent erosion on their cropland.
"We're really proud of the Lunds and what they have done for conservation in Douglas County," said Haggenmiller. "The Lunds provide a wonderful example for conservationists by using conservation practices to keep the soil on the land and to apply fertilizer for the crops' needs."


text:
Modeling the Household Purchasing Process Using A Panel Data tobit Model
Dong, Diansheng; Schmit, Todd M.; Kaiser, Harry M.
A panel data Tobit model is developed to examine the household purchase process for a frequently purchased commodity. The proposed model accounts not only for censoring or sample selectivity, but also the temporal dependence of the purchasing process using household panel data. The flexible error structure in the model accounts for both state dependence and household heterogeneity. Empirical findings show that purchase habits of milk persist across households over time, and most of them come from the household heterogeneity in preferences. Results also show that advertising increases the purchase quantity and purchase frequency simultaneously.
Charles H. Dyson School of Applied Economics and Management, Cornell University


In what capacity have you known the applicant
Discussion in 'English Only' started by nasridine, Jan 29, 2008.
 1. nasridine Senior Member
 Chinese, China
 A friend of mine who was hunting a job asked me to be one of her references. So recently, I got this reference form from one of the companies she interviewed. There is this blank "In what capacity have you known the applicant" which I don't quite understand what to put in. Does it refer to "quality" and "personality" or what?
 2. cuchuflete
 cuchuflete Senior Member
 Maine, EEUU
 It is a common and somewhat ambiguous question. It usually means one or more of the following:
 1) What were the circumstances in which you have known the applicant?
 For example, did you know her from work, as a friend since childhood, or as a
 member of a choir or sports team?
 2) What was the applicant's function or employment during your acquaintance?
 For example, the applicant was one of your teachers at university, or was your piano student.
 3. nzfauna
 nzfauna Senior Member
 Wellington, New Zealand
 New Zealand, English
 "How do you know the applicant, and what is your current relationship".
 4. nasridine Senior Member
 Chinese, China
 I guess your first explanation makes more sense here, because the previous question happens to be "how long have you known this applicant".
 5. Harry Batt
 Harry Batt Senior Member
 USA English
 The hiring company will give more weight to a close relationship. Thus, if the friend is known in several capacities it would be worth while to cite all of them. Eg."I knew him during the four years we were in law school together. When I became a judge he appeared before me and we were active in the bar association together. I married him to his second wife when we were in the National Guard together."
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text:
An analysis of the commuting and housing expenses of the working poor finds that compared with other workers:
- The working poor spend a much higher portion of their income on commuting. The cost burden of commuting for the working poor is 6.1 percent compared with 3.8 percent for other workers. The working poor who drive to work spend the most: 8.4 percent.
- The combined costs of commuting and housing make up a larger portion of the household budgets of the working poor than other households. For working-poor homeowners, nearly 25 percent of their household income is consumed by housing and commuting expenses compared with just 15.3 percent for other households. For those who rent, the disparities between the working poor (32.4 percent) and other households (19.7 percent) are even greater.
- The cost burden of commuting for the working poor is greater than the national median in eight of the 12 largest metropolitan areas. Six of these—Boston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.—also have a higher cost burden of housing than the national median for the working poor.
Transportation is necessary to nearly every aspect of daily life. It enhances both physical and economic mobility and is a key factor in workers' ability to find and retain employment. This survey offers a better understanding of transportation and its costs by focusing on one of its components, commuting.


Jamie Phillips - Ember Helpers: Testing
Ember Helpers: Testing
Published on Monday, November 17, 2014
Following up with my last post, I forgot to address one of the key development practices that I am finding that Ember makes extremely easy, testing. So I am going to show you how to test the helpers that were created in the previous post.
In the previous post we ran the following command:
$ ember g helper <helper name>
This command generates both the helper and its corresponding test. Open the corresponding test file for the mailToLink helper. We are going to write a test that makes sure it generates the correct link.
test('generates correct link', function(){
 var result = mailtoLink('test@test');
 equal(result, 'test@test');
});
See how easy that was, the test for the telLink helper is just as easy:
test('generates correct link', function(){
 var result = telLink('_PHONE_');
 equal(result, '_PHONE_');
});
Really basic tests, but since Ember allows you to easily build your application in a modular fashion it should keep that code you do write very succinct and simple.


Vine Wreath Tutorial – Just in Time For The Holidays
Want an easy but really pretty wreath for your Thanksgiving Dinner? Just a few supplies and you are ready to start:
Vine clippings at least 24" in length; Floral water tube; Lightweight paddle wire or floral tape; Floral scissors; Ribbon
Step 1. Gather the ends of your vines and place stems in water tube filled with water.
Step 2. Bend your vine around itself to create a circular shape
Step 3: Wire or tape together the two ends of the circle you have created, covering your water tube in the process.
Step 4. Use ribbon to cover any exposed tape or wire.
Be sure to make the ribbon long enough to wrap, make a bow and have long ends to drape when you hang it.
Step 4. Hang and enjoy!
Photography Shannon Elizabeth| Floral Design Soil and Stem | Ribbon Frou Frou Chic


Colleges of Coimbra
The former colleges of the University of Coimbra, belonging to religious orders (regular colleges) or destined to accommodate students from outside the city (secular colleges), were all extinguished by decree in 1834. The buildings were subsequently sold, transformed and adapted to other functions - some even demolished, partially or totally.
The analysis on the university colleges developed by the students aim to reconstitute the buildings in their original state or at some stage of their functioning as colleges - using, for this, drawing as an instrument of analysis, testing and representation.
Graça CollegeCoimbra
Santa Rita CollegeCoimbra
São Jerónimo CollegeCoimbra


text:
What Is A Protocol?
A protocol gives a set of rules and steps to follow before court proceedings. The UK Courts have created protocols for each type of claim. Some examples of these are:
- The Housing Disrepair Protocol
- The Personal Injury Protocol
- The Professional Negligence Protocol
Each protocol sets out what the court expects the parties to achieve before the claim is brought before the Courts.
What Does A Protocol Cover?
As a Claimant, you must follow the relevant protocol. The Court can impose sanctions or costs penalties if you don't.The protocol for each type of claim is different. But, they usually have some common elements:
- You as a claimant must send a detailed letter of claim to the defendant. This letter will start the claim, say what type of claim it is, and the letter will start the protocol.
- The Defendant must acknowledge the claim in writing.
- The Defendant is then given a set period to investigate the claim. This can be problematic as sometimes the investigation periods can be quite lengthy.
- By the last day of the investigation period, the Defendant will send a detailed letter of response. In that letter the Defendant must either admit or deny the claim.
- If the Defendant admits the claim, both parties will then attempt to agree a settlement. This would not need court action.
- If the Defendant denies the claim, they are usually required to do something called Disclosure. This means they share copies of all documents in their possession which might be relevant to the claim. This should to include all relevant documents, including those which are unhelpful to the Defendant. But, defendants don't always follow this rule. So, we are sometimes required to make a court application to enforce full disclosure.
What Happens to Your Claim?
Many claims are settled by negotiation during the protocol period. If so, then the claim ends and the case is closed.
If the claim is not settled, you will have to decide what to do next. After considering all the disclosure and evidence we have gathered, the claim will be closed if it no longer appears to be a good one. But, if we still consider it to be a good claim, you will have to decide what to do next if you still wish to assert your rights.
Still Have Questions?
If you still have questions, please feel free to get in touch with Chris Rudd Solicitors.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Hi all.
I have the following setting: $A, B$ are $\mathbb{Z}$-modules (in my case, $B$ is free and finitely generated) and i have a $\mathbb{Z}$-bilinear map $\phi:A \times B \mapsto \mathbb{Z}$. Now i want to do an "extension" of scalars, meaning that i take an arbitrary commutative ring $R$ with unit ($\mathbb{F}_p$ for example), then there is a unique $R$-bilinear form $\Phi : (A \otimes R) \times (B \otimes R) \mapsto \mathbb{Z} \otimes R$ satisfying $\Phi((a \otimes r), (b \otimes r')) = \phi(a, b) r r'$.
The question now is: if $\phi$ is perfect (meaning that the maps $A \mapsto d_{\mathbb{Z}}(B), a \mapsto \phi(a, \cdot)$ and $B \mapsto d_{\mathbb{Z}}(A), b \mapsto \phi(\cdot, b)$ where $d_R(\cdot) = Hom_{R}(\cdot, R)$ are bijective), is this also true for $\Phi$ with $R$ in place of $\mathbb{Z}$?
I already know that non-degeneracy alone is not sufficient, if we take a lattice $L = \mathbb{Z} x$ and the bilinear form $\phi(x,x) = p$ and then tensor with $\mathbb{F}_p$, this gives $\Phi(x \otimes \overline{1}, x \otimes \overline{r}) = p = 0 \mod p$ so that $\Phi$ is degenerate.
The result was true if $A, B$ and $R$ were vector spaces over a field (see the reference in Optimal reference for tensor product of symmetric bilinear forms?) but does this generalize to the module setting?
Best and thanks,
Fabian Werner
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
As long as your $B$ is free and finitely generated, $A$, being isomorphic to $d_{\mathbb Z}(B)$, is also free on the same number of generators. Fix free generators $a_i$ for $A$ and $b_i$ for $B$. Perfectness of $\phi$ will make the matrix with entries $\phi(a_i,b_j)$ have determinant 1. That determinant will remain 1 after you extend scalars, and so $\phi$ will remain perfect.
share|improve this answer
Aw, yes, this is certainly true... But what happens if none of them if finitely generated, does it still remain true? – Fabian Werner Jan 11 '12 at 18:34
_USER_ : There are counterexamples : take $A=\prod_{n \in \mathbf{N}} \mathbf{Z}$ and $B=\bigoplus_{n \in \mathbf{N}} \mathbf{Z}$. The pairing $A \times B \to \mathbf{Z}$ given by $(a_n),(b_n)\mapsto \sum_{n \in \mathbf{N}} a_n b_n$ is perfect (surprising, but true, see here : _URL_.pdf). After tensoring with $\mathbf{F}_p$ the pairing becomes $\prod_{n \in \mathbf{N}} \mathbf{F}_p \times \bigoplus_{n \in \mathbf{N}} \mathbf{F}_p \to \mathbf{F}_p$ which cannot be perfect because of dimension reasons. – François Brunault Jan 12 '12 at 10:51
Since Francois cited a paper on which I'm a co-author, I should point out that this paper is not the original source for the result but merely quotes it. The perfectness of that pairing is, as far as I know, due to Ernst Specker in 1950. (Reinhold Baer had related results earlier, but I don't think he had this one.) Also note that this perfect pairing becomes imperfect when tensored with any field, for the same reason Francois gave. – Andreas Blass Jan 12 '12 at 16:34
Thanks for the precisions. Also relevant is the previous MO post mathoverflow.net/questions/10239/… – François Brunault Jan 12 '12 at 17:08
Hmm, i wonder what happens when they are general $R$-modules ($R$ not necessarily a PID), then one does not have the notion of a determinant because the Gramian matrix is not necessarily a square matrix, right? – Fabian Werner Jan 24 '12 at 16:45
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