text:
WebMD Medical News
Louise Chang, MD
Aug. 20, 2007 -- Girl's preference for pink may have developed for
evolutionary reasons rather than just a passion for fuchsia.
A new study shows that men and women have natural color preferences. Blue is
the overall favorite for both, but women prefer a redder or more pinkish shade
of blue than men.
Researchers say this predilection for pinker hues may have evolved because
of women's traditional role as the gatherer, allowing them to pick out the
red, ripe fruit from a sea of green in the forest.
"Evolution may have driven females to prefer reddish colors -- reddish
fruits, healthy, reddish faces," says researcher Anya Hurlbert of Newcastle
University, England, in a news release. "Culture may exploit and compound
this natural female preference."
In the study, researchers asked a group of more than 200 adults to quickly
pick their preferred color from a pair of colored rectangles on a computer
"Although we expected to find sex differences, we were surprised at how
robust they were, given the simplicity of our test," says Hurlbert.
Although both men and women had a natural preference for "bluish" contrasts,
the study showed women's top choices were at the reddish end of the hue
Specifically, researchers found women preferred colors in the reddish-purple
region of the color spectrum, while men's preference shifted towards
"On top of that, females have a preference for the red end of the
red-green axis. And this shifts their color preference slightly away from blue
towards red, which tends to make pinks and lilacs the most preferred colors in
comparison with others," says Hurlbert.
Researchers say the next step will be to test the color preferences of
infants to separate the "nature vs. nurture" element of color preference.
As for the universal preference for blue, "I can only speculate,"
says Hurlbert. "I would favor evolutionary arguments again here. Going back
to our 'savannah' days, we would have a natural preference for a clear blue
sky, because it signaled good weather. Clear blue also signals a good water
SOURCES: Hurlbert, A. Current Biology, Aug. 21, 2007: pp R623-625.
News release, Cell Press.
Here are the most recent story comments.View All
The views expressed here do not necessarily represent those of WETM 18 Online
The Health News section does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. See additional information.


Deployn
Setting up Ubuntu Homeserver with Docker (Intel-Nuc)
Learn how to set up an Ubuntu homeserver step-by-step with Docker and Docker-Compose.
Setting up Ubuntu Homeserver with Docker (Intel-Nuc)-heroimage
CAUTION
Please note that initially, I wrote this blog post in German. This translation is for your convenience. Although every effort has been made to ensure accuracy, there may be translation errors. I apologize for any discrepancies or misunderstandings resulting from the translation. I am grateful for any corrections in the comments or via mail.
Introduction
In this comprehensive guide, we will walk through the process of setting up an Ubuntu homeserver using Docker and Docker-Compose. This server will act as the primary device behind your router, handling external requests and performing various other tasks.
Requirements
To get started, ensure you have the following:
 - A server capable of running Ubuntu
 - A monitor and keyboard for initial installation
 - An internet connection (preferably without DS-Lite)
 - Your own domain
 - A USB stick or SD card with at least 2 GB of free memory
 - A client computer (e.g., a Windows PC) to set up the server
 - Ideally, a router that supports DDNS and VPN (such as the Fritz!Box 7590) (affiliate link)
Ubuntu Server
The prerequisite for this guide is a computer that can run Ubuntu. In principle, it can be almost any desktop PC or laptop. However, for this setup, I recommend using an
Intel NUC
(Amazon affiliate link) due to its advantages over other devices.
Intel Nuc
While a Raspberry Pi could be used, an Intel NUC offers several advantages:
 - More processing power than a Raspberry Pi 4
 - x86_64 CPU instead of ARM, eliminating compatibility issues
 - SATA port for easy storage expansion
 - Upgradeable RAM
Intel Nuc
The main drawback of an Intel NUC is the constant fan noise, whereas a Raspberry Pi is passively cooled by default.
Although the initial cost of an Intel NUC is higher, it offers superior performance. For example, an Intel NUC with a J4005 processor, 8 GB RAM, and a 512 GB SSD typically costs around €240.
HardwarePrice (approx.)
Intel NUC*135 €
Gskill 2x4GB RAM*45 €
Crucial 500GB SSD](_URL_ €
*affiliate link
The power consumption of an Intel NUC is slightly higher than that of a Raspberry Pi 4. While the Raspberry Pi consumes around 3.5 watts at idle, the Intel NUC with a J4005 processor requires approximately 5.5 watts. I use the Nuc as a proxy manager and DNS server, and it also runs several other services. I measured the power consumption with the Brennenstuhl energy meter (Amazon Affiliate Link). I came up with an average consumption of approx. 10-11 watts. You can further optimize power usage with tools like TLP.
Electricity cost calculator
Calculate your electricity costs using the form below:
Ergebnis
Alternative Options
Of course, many more options could be used. For example, it is possible to convert a computer no longer in use into a server or set up a server yourself.
There are other options available for setting up a homeserver. For instance, you can repurpose an unused computer or build a server from scratch. Older computers may be less energy-efficient, while building your own server allows for customization and potentially higher performance. However, building a server can be expensive. Alternatively, you can consider using (possibly used) PCs with energy-efficient CPUs, such as the small ThinkCentre from Lenovo Amazon Affiliate Link .
Before we proceed, I would like to acknowledge the sources I've referenced in this guide. These include the "Silverbox" Repository from ovk by ovk and the Docker-Traefik Repository from htpcBeginner.
Installation
After selecting the device, the next step is to install the operating system.
Preparation
For a NUC, the individual parts may need to be installed, and the BIOS updated (click to expand)
The hard disk and RAM need to be installed into the housing.
Built-in RAM
Connect the NUC to a monitor and keyboard.
Upon the first boot, install a BIOS update instead of the operating system, if available. To do this, place the BIOS files onto a USB stick.
USB directory for BIOS update
Follow the manufacturer's instructions (typically accessed by pressing F2 to enter the BIOS and navigate to BIOS update).
While in the BIOS, disable unnecessary features, such as WLAN.
I will be installing Ubuntu 20.04 Server as the operating system. Ubuntu 20.04 (Focal Fossa) will receive updates until 2025. Unlike the desktop version, Ubuntu Server does not have a graphical user interface.
The ISO file must be written to a USB stick using Rufus to create a bootable USB stick.
Rufus
Boot the server using this USB stick; you may need to access the boot menu at startup (on the NUC, the BIOS can be opened by default with F2).
Proceed with the Ubuntu installation.
The installer may prompt you to download a newer version; confirm this when prompted.
Installation start dialog
Language selection
Static IP Address Assignment
In the Internet settings, switch from automatic IP address assignment to manual assignment. This is important for IPv4 since I will not be using IPv6. The subnet typically consists of several network addresses. By default, it is 192.168.0.0/24, 192.168.1.0/24, or 192.168.178.0/24. The gateway is usually the IP address of the modem.
On Windows, find the default gateway and your own IP address by opening the terminal and entering ipconfig. On macOS, use route get default | grep gateway.
If manually entering an address, choose one outside the DHCP range of the router (or another DHCP server). You may need to reduce the DHCP range for this.
On a Fritz!Box, this setting can be found under Network > Network settings > IPv4 settings
Fritz!Box DHCP settings
DHCP setting
Disk Partitioning
Partition the hard disk using a custom layout:
Some computers have difficulty recognizing boot files not stored at the beginning of the hard disk. Therefore, creating a separate /boot partition at the beginning of the hard disk may be necessary. I opt for a 1 GB ext4 partition for the /boot directory.
Then, I allocate almost all of the free space for an Ubuntu - LVM. This part of the storage can be encrypted if desired. However, I am not certain if encryption provides additional security (except in cases of physical theft).
Within this volume manager, I add two logical volumes: one for swap and another for storing regular data.
The appropriate storage size depends on several factors and cannot be specified in general. Ubuntu Users
The recommended swap size for Ubuntu is calculated below:
Recommended SWAP size:
At least: 0 GB | Maximal: 0 GB
Having more swap than necessary ties up memory. Additionally, it's important to note that SSD access is slower than RAM, and SSD cells have a limited lifespan. Each write cycle wears out a memory cell, rendering it unusable at some point.
If you require a swap partition larger than twice the size of your RAM, consider upgrading your RAM.
I use the remaining space as an ordinary ext4 partition to be booted under /.
volume setting
Contrary to my GIF, it is not necessary or useful to assign the entire space to the "Volume Group" for quicker responsiveness to future changes. Also, some GB should be left unallocated.
Conclusion
I opt for OpenSSH to be installed automatically as I want remote access to the server later.
OpenSSH Installation
I am not interested in the additional services as I do not need them.
Additional programs
Follow the installer's instructions. Once installation is complete, remove the bootable storage medium. The server then boots and prompts for the password for hard disk encryption.
Caution! The keyboard layout may have changed by this point. If the password contains special characters or the letters Y and Z, they may have been mapped differently at this point.
If the server indicates that the password is incorrect, try using a keyboard with a Qwerty layout again.
QWERTY keyboard layout
After entering the correct password, the login screen is displayed. Do not log in directly at this point. For security reasons, assign a static IP address to the server in the router.
Fixed IP address
The installation is now complete.
First steps
Establish SSH connection
You should now be able to connect to the server via SSH. I recommend installing the programs Git (including Git Bash) and VSCode (with the Remote - SSH extension) (both free of charge). Alternatively, you can use the standard terminal.
For Windows, you may need to add the OpenSSH client via Control Panel > Apps > Optional Features.
OpenSSH Client
You can then connect in the terminal using the command:
ssh username@ip-address
In Visual Studio Code, you can connect to the server by clicking on the icon at the bottom left (yellow in my case).
Empty VSCode instance
You can also open a terminal


Video: Glass Eel Migration
Video: Glass Eel Migration
Diadromous fish (Greek for "running through") are those unique species that migrate between fresh and salt water. There are two general types: anadromous fish ("running up") and catadromous fish ("running down"). The former spend most of their lives in saltwater, but migrate into freshwater to spawn; the later do the opposite.


text:
I make money from qualifying purchases as an Amazon Associate.
There is probably no need to introduce elephants. They are notorious because they are the biggest land creatures. The African bush elephant, African forest elephant, and Asian elephant are the three primary species of elephant.
These lovely beasts may grow up to 11 feet tall, have a body mass of up to 7.6 tons, and live to be up to 70 years old. Elephants need a lot of food and water to be hydrated and healthy, as you might expect.
What Do Elephants Eat?
Here is a brief list of the principal foods that elephants prefer to consume:
Elephants are capable of going for extended periods without drinking. They can endure seasons of drought thanks to their robustness. They do, however, need to drink a lot of water every day to keep healthy.
An elephant drinks between 68.4 and 98.8 liters of water every day. If an adult male is really thirsty, he can consume up to 212 liters of water in less than five minutes.
Elephants also enjoy bathing in mud or swimming. Their skin is more resistant to infestations from insects and other pests when they roll around in dirt.
One of the main sources of food for elephants is grass. A wide range of grass species, including buffelgrass, pangolagrass, kleingrass, weeping lovegrass, napiergrass, and many more, will be consumed by them. They will eat these plants' roots, branches, and grass leaves.
Elephants kept in captivity are also willing to eat hay, straw, and branches, although under these circumstances they will need additional food.
Small plants and bushes
In addition to eating a range of minor plant species, these enormous creatures also like to consume shrubs. Elephants will use their long trunks to carefully choose edible leaves, but at times of drought, they are not averse to eating bush branches.
Elephants will use their long tusks to dig out tree roots. Tree roots are an important source of nutrients for elephants, and they frequently have a lot of moisture, which keeps them hydrated in stressful situations.
Almost any non-poisonous tree or bush root will be eaten by them.
Tree twigs and barks
These enormous beasts have teeth that are capable of crushing twigs. They take pleasure in ripping bark in strips as well. Because it is rich in calcium and roughage, which aids in improved digestion, tree bark is one of their preferred dietary sources.
Fruits and vegetables
Elephants are given a lot of fruits as a supplement at zoos and animal parks to help keep them healthy.
They enjoy eating apples and bananas a lot, and they'll also eat pears, melons, pineapples, and other fruits.
Additionally, a wide variety of vegetables, including carrots, celery, parsley, lettuce, cabbage, kale, tomatoes, potatoes, onions, and beets, are fed to elephants.
Almost any kind of savannah food is edible to elephants. It is precisely this adaptable diet that allows them to endure in challenging circumstances. In harsh situations, they can exhibit a wide variety of diets.
Elephants' love of marula fruits is one of the most well-known dietary differences. Elephants may become inebriated if they eat too many marulas, which ferment when exposed to the sun for an extended period of time.
Do elephants eat peanuts?
One of the most widespread myths about elephants is that they enjoy eating peanuts. In reality, it's unlikely that elephants will come across peanuts in their native habitat. Yes, they can eat these things, but it's unlikely that they'll come across peanuts. When elephants became a popular attraction in zoos and circuses, this myth got its start.
How to Feed Elephants
Elephants that have been tamed or domesticated enjoy accepting food gifts from human hands.
However, feeders must be extremely cautious around these mammals in the wild. They are enormous, and the dominant males can be rather violent. Elephant feeds are typically distributed on feeding areas in the wild.
Elephants are very unlikely to become aggressive against feeders after they become acclimated to regular feeding routines.
How Much Do Elephants Eat?
These 7-ton beasts have a fairly robust appetite. 100 to 270 kg of feed can be consumed daily by an adult African elephant. Tree bark is a crucial component of elephant diets because it aids with digestion. Elephants wouldn't be able to properly digest food without bark.
For the first few months, young elephants or calves will only eat from their mothers.
They are permitted to consume three gallons of milk every day. They start consuming plants in addition to milk when they are four months old.
Elephant calves are able to remain close to their moms for a long time, and many do continue to consume milk for up to ten years.
What Do Baby Elephants eat?
Elephant calves are young animals. After birth, calves exclusively consume their mothers' milk for the first four months. Calves start tasting and savoring plants, such as grass and leaves, at four months of age.
Calves start to learn how to eat and drink using their trunks between the ages of 6 and 8 months. Elephant calves are fairly adept at utilizing their trunks by the time they are a year old, and they can eat a variety of foods, including leaves, grass, fruits, vegetables, and thin branches.
Long after they have learnt to eat, baby elephants will continue to drink from their moms.
For up to ten years, they will continue to consume milk.
Raising orphaned elephants can be very expensive. For up to 24 hours a day, keepers must be nearby to prevent stressed and lonely calves. Most often, co-sleeping with orphans is important to keep them from experiencing mental distress.
Every three hours, kids are given milk bottles and specialized milk formulas to drink. Additionally, they require a lot of extra attention, activity, and toys to keep them happy; otherwise, their development and appetite may start to deteriorate.
What Do Wild Elephants Eat?
Elephants can only eat what is available to them in their natural environment while they are in the wild. Although they do favor particular foods like grass, flowers, wild fruits, tree leaves, tree bark, bamboo, and more, elephants will eat just about anything that grows on the savannah when the going gets tough.
Any kind of plant may be included, and they are content to eat the entire plant, including the leaves, fruits, seeds, twigs, bark, and roots.
Do Elephants Eat Any Meat?
Elephants never eat any kind of meat. They lack the body systems necessary to digest fatty and meaty tissues. They pass out 85% of the food they eat undigested. Additionally, they have difficulty chewing and consuming any type of meat due to their long trunks and the positioning of their mouths.
When threatened, however, elephants will kill both humans and other animals. They have a strong sense of self-defense and strong emotions.
They are capable of killing both humans and animals when they are upset or angry.
What Food Do African Elephants Eat?
With the exception of bamboo, which is uncommon in Africa, African elephants will eat the same fundamental foods as Asian elephants. They will eat leaves, grass, twigs, tree bark, and tree roots in addition to any plant that grows in the savannah. Additionally, they relish eating organic fruits like figs, marulas, and others.
How Much Does An Elephant Eat A Day?
An adult elephant often eats quite a bit of food each day. They need 100–250 kg of feed per day. They require 68.4 to 98.8 liters of water daily yet have a 15-minute water consumption limit of 212 liters.
However, elephants are very resilient. In extreme circumstances, they can go for extended periods of time without drinking or eating.
They will survive during this time on their fat reserves.
Do Elephants Eat Berries?
Sweet fruits are quite popular with elephants. They will happily eat almost any berry they come upon in the wild. Although elephants are fully capable of choosing those little fruit one by one with their trunks, they are usually much more likely to seize and eat a complete bush than than concentrating on picking individual berries.
Elephants are amazing animals, but they are also in danger of extinction. Since they require a lot of food and water to survive, keeping them can be very expensive.
Additionally, people hunt these animals for their ivory. The few remaining elephants must receive the necessary love and care, as well as the proper nutrition, in order to maintain their health and vitality.
Amazon.com, Inc. or one of its affiliates owns the trademarks for Amazon and the Amazon logo.
Do elephants have high IQ?
Elephants are thought to have similar problem-solving skills to dolphins, and many experts believe that elephant intelligence is on par with that of cetaceans. According to an ABC Science report from 2011, "elephants [are] as smart as chimps, [and] dolphins."
What animal has highest IQ?
Are elephants the most emotional animal?
Highly compassionate creatures One of the species with the highest levels of empathy is the elephant.
Why are elephants so meaningful?
Elephants are fundamentally linked to rich biodiversity and assist in maintaining savanna and woodland environments for other species. Elephants play a key role in ecosystem engineering. They provide passageways for other animals in densely forested terrain.
Why are elephants so special?
Elephants are among the very few creatures that can recognize themselves in a mirror. They are highly intelligent animals with complex emotions, sentiments, compassion, and self-awareness. An elephant's pregnancy lasts for 22 months. That is the longest pregnancy of any mammal at approximately two years! Aug 8, 2022

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Banks, mortgage lenders, potential landlords and government agencies routinely verify income before making finance-based decisions. As an employer, either you or a representative from human resources or payroll writes the letter on an employee's behalf. However, if you're self-employed or are writing a letter to verify additional income, you'll need to write the letter yourself. Regardless, understanding the essentials can ensure the letter contains only relevant information.
A Letter Written on an Employee's Behalf
A proof of income letter written on an employee's behalf should be on company letterhead. Although it's not always necessary, a letter for a bank or mortgage lender may also require a company seal or a notary public stamp. The only information it should contain is the person's name, employment status -- full-time or part-time -- current job title, base annual salary and a statement as to whether the person is a permanent or temporary employee. The letter should end with the date, title and signature of the company representative issuing the letter.
Video of the Day
A Self-Written Letter
Except for a few modifications, a self-written proof of income letter has the same requirements as a letter written by an employer. As a self-employed person, use letterhead and include a statement as to how long you've been in business. A personal letter written to verify supplemental income should identify your income sources and attach any required verification documents such as tax returns, bank statements, or a Social Security, child support or worker's compensation award letter. Depending on the requestor's requirements, you may also need to specify how long you expect the income to continue and have the letter notarized.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Baghdad Sci.J volume 14, issue 2, P270-_PHONE_ DOI: 10.21123/bsj.14.2.270-278 View full text
Baghdad Science Journal
Abstract: The experiment was carried out to study the effect of variety and gibberellic acid in concentration (0 and 50) and BL in five concentration (0, 0.50,1,2 and 3)mg.ltr-1 and their interaction in some chemical Characteristics and total chlorophyll for Dill plant. the experiment designed according Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and three replicates per treatment, compared to the average using less significant difference at the level of probability (0.05), the results showed the following:- The…
expand abstract


and collocation indicators. Each of these are now described. Normalized differences of discriminants are computed as follows. First, classifiers are trained in each channel as described in application Ser. No. 09/602,762, producing two discriminant functions and a threshold value for each indicator of cancer. Within each channel, the true positive (TP) discriminant corresponds to the classifier representing that channel's category and the false positive (FP) discriminant to the non-TP categories. Discriminant scores are equivalent to distances from prototypical examples. For example, if in the calc channel a detection produces a small TP discriminant and a large FP discriminant, the detection is more likely to be a calc than not. Within each channel, the normalized difference is computed by first subtracting the TP from the FP discriminant. Then, the threshold value is subtracted from the difference of discriminants score and the result raised to a power transform value. In the calc and mass channel, the power transform value equals 0.35; in the spiculation channel, the power transform value is 0.25.
Collocation indicators are binary units of evidence. A collocation indicator is set to '1' if a detection in one channel overlaps a detection in another channel.
The specific evidence used in the Bayes networks of each channel is now described.
Calc Bayes Network
In the calc channel, the normalized difference of discriminants and a collocation indicator are input to the Calc Bayes network. The collocation indicator is '1' for calc detections overlapping either a mass or spiculation detection. The topology of the Mass Bayes Network is shown in FIG. 12( a).
Mass Bayes Network
In the mass channel, the normalized difference of discriminants and two collocation indicators are input to the Mass Bayes network. The first collocation indicator is '1' for mass detections overlapping a microcalcification detection. The second collocation indicator is '1' for mass detections overlapping a spiculation detection. The topology of the Mass Bayes Network is shown in FIG. 12( b).
Spiculation Bayes Network
In the spiculation channel, the normalized difference of discriminants and two collocation indicators are input to the Spiculation Bayes network. The first collocation indicator is '1' for spiculation detections overlapping a microcalcification detection. The second collocation indicator is '1' for spiculation detections overlapping a mass detection. The topology of the Spiculation Bayes Network is shown in FIG. 12( c).
Calculating Probabilities
The evidence for each ROI is supplied to the Bayes Network, and the probability of cancer is calculated for each ROI. The probability calculation requires conditional probability distributions or functions to be estimated from a set of training data. That is, the evidence is tabulated for detections of known "cancer" or "not cancer" categories. In a preferred embodiment, let the conditional distributions resulting from training data be as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. The conditional distributions of the normalized difference of discriminants is assumed to be Gaussian, and therefore specified by mean and variance. FIG. 13 shows the mean and standard variance values for the three channels. The remaining evidence is discrete, and represented in conditional probability tables. FIG. 14 shows the conditional probability tables for the collocation evidence. Collocation is defined as the centroid of the first detection type being located inside the second detection type.
When computing the probability of cancer for a lesion in an input image, the lesion's particular values of evidence are used to obtain conditional probability values from FIGS. 13 and 14. The probabilities of not cancer and cancer (i=0, 1) after evidence is considered, P(Ci|e1, e2, . . . , en), is given by
Pr ( C i | e 1 , e 2 , , e n ) = p ( e 1 | C i ) p ( e 2 | C i ) p ( e n | C i ) Pr ( C i ) j = 0 1 p ( e 1 | C j ) p ( e 2 | C j ) p ( e n | C j ) Pr ( C j ) ( 3 )
where p(ek|Ci) is the conditional probability value of the kth element of evidence given the ith cancer category and is obtained from conditional distribution tables. The calculations will be demonstrated for the calc Bayes network. The mass and spiculation calculations are accomplished in the same fashion.
Example Computations for the Calc Bayes Network
The Calc Bayes Network, 5100, computes the probabilities of "not cancer" and "cancer" given Calc Evidence, 6100. These probabilities are computed as
Pr ( C i | e 1 , e 2 ) = p ( e 1 | C i ) p ( e 2 | C i ) Pr ( C i ) j = 0 1 p ( e 1 | C j ) p ( e 2 | C j ) Pr ( C j ) ( 4 )
where Pr(C0) and Pr(C1) are probabilities of "not cancer" and "cancer", assumed here to both equal 0.5. Assume the evidence for a calc detection are as follows: the calc detection is not collocated with a mass or spiculation detection and the calc classifier produces a discriminant value of 1.75. Thus, the first evidence value is '0', and the conditional probabilities of "not cancer" and "cancer" are taken from Table 14(c) as p(e1=0|C0)=0.0948 and p(e1=0|C1)=0.1662. To obtain p(e2=1.75|C0), use the means and variances for the calc discriminant in Table 13(a). Evaluating the Gaussian probability density function with mean of 1.4661 and variance of 0.2282 at 1.75 gives
p ( e 2 = 1.75 | C 0 ) = 1 2 π ( 0.2282 ) exp ( - 1 2 ( 1.75 - 1.4661 ) 2 0.2282 ) = 0.6999
and
p(e 2=1.75|C 1)=0.5219.
Using the values above, the conditional probabilities of "not cancer" and "cancer" given the particular evidence are computed according to Equation 4:
Pr ( C 0 | e 1 = 0 , e 2 = 1.75 ) = 0.0948 · 0.6999 · 0.5 0.0948 · 0.6999 · 0.5 + 0.1662 · 0.5219 · 0.5 = 0.8844 Pr ( C 1 | e 1 = 0 , e 2 = 1.75 ) = 0.1662 · 0.5219 · 0.5 0.0948 · 0.6999 · 0.5 + 0.1662 · 0.5219 · 0.5 = 0.1156
The calculations of both "not cancer" and "cancer" probabilities are shown here for completeness. However, only the probability of cancer is used in subsequent processing. Mass and spiculation probabilities are computed in the same fashion. The Bayes probabilities for each lesion from each channel are provided to the Case Based Ranking step, 7000.
Case Based Ranking
This section describes the context processing flow, ROI probability thresholding and case-based rank ordering. FIG. 15 shows an overall block diagram of the post-processing system. The processing is performed on each image of the case and surviving ROIs accumulate across the images in the case. Steps above the Image/Case line are performed on each image. These steps provide a set of case values for processing below the Image/Case line. The operation of the context and case processing section is now described.
Once the probability of cancer is calculated using the Bayesian network, the detections within an image are analyzed separately for each detection type. First, the probability of cancer for each ROI is compared to a predetermined channel-specific threshold. All ROIs with "cancer" probabilities less than the threshold are removed. ROIs with "cancer" probabilities greater than a threshold are retained for subsequent processing. In a preferred embodiment, the thresholds are as shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Bayes Thresholds.
Channel Threshold
Calc 0.3
Mass 0.29
Spic 0.44
In the Mass and Spiculation channels, detections with probabilities greater than corresponding thresholds are retained. If the detections are collocated, the detection with the greater Bayes probability is retained. Otherwise, both are retained. Collocation is determined by computing the centroid of both ROIs. If the centroid of a first ROI is within the second ROI, collocation is declared. After this point, mass and spiculation ROIs are considered to be one type of detection, referred to as a "density" detection.
All remaining ROIs are then jointly ranked by Bayes probabilities, largest to smallest, across the case in step 7100. If more than a predetermined maximum number, CR, of ROI


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The DNA of century-old apples once grown in Ontario lives on in feral apples now found throughout the province, University of Guelph researchers have discovered.
The finding has implications for the hard apple cider industry, which has recently become enamoured of wild apples and their uniquely rich taste that U of G researchers say may be influenced by ancestral characteristics.
"A relatively small number of varieties that were grown in Ontario more than 100 years ago, some of which are no longer grown commercially, are showing up as likely parents of these feral apples," said Brian Husband, an integrative biology professor who worked on the study with graduate student and primary author Dane Cronin and research associate Paul Kron.
Published in the journal Molecular Ecology, the study entailed trekking through fields and forests across Ontario in search of feral trees for DNA samples.
The researchers used DNA genotyping, a form of barcoding, to evaluate an array of apple genes acquired from apple DNA banks in Canada, the U.S. and Europe, creating a library of genetic identifiers for known varieties grown in Ontario. Apples were first grown commercially in Ontario in the late 1700s.
Using the samples, the researchers examined the genetic similarities between known varieties and feral trees, particularly those near traditional apple-growing regions.
"The most surprising aspect of this research was how prevalent heritage apple cultivars are in the genetic lineages of feral apple tree populations," said Cronin. "This could suggest these feral trees have an origin that dates back a century or more, or that heritage cultivars are present in abandoned orchards and are still contributing to the gene pool."
Apple trees – and the fruit and seeds that grow on them – are produced only through mating of two genetically different varieties. That means feral apples are combinations of past varieties. Two distinct feral trees can also mate with each other, as can a feral tree with a commercial variety.
Feral apples were long suspected to be hybrids between commercially grown species and a native crabapple tree, but this study found that not to be the case.
After comparing the genes of 578 naturalized feral trees to those of 156 non-feral varieties, as well as some ornamental species, the researchers discovered feral varieties originate strictly from commercially grown species. The study revealed parents of many feral apple trees comprise nine heritage cultivars — all varieties grown before 1900 — that accounted for 72 per cent of the identified parental lineages in the analysis.
"The origin of feral trees wasn't so much the commercial apples fertilizing native crabapple, but rather these escaped apples that were now out there and growing wild," said Husband. "The legacy of these old cultivars, some of which are no longer in production, reside in the mixed genomes of these wild apples."
This finding provides insight into why feral apples have the strong taste that hard cider producers are after.
Over the last century or more, the Canadian apple industry has focused on the fresh market and eating apples, which are not ideal for cider, said Husband.
"Few suitable cider varieties are currently available in Ontario, so cider producers have begun looking at feral apples because they have the right taste."
Cronin said the characteristics of feral populations may resemble varieties of apples that were grown hundreds of years ago by Ontario cider makers.
"The interesting flavours and aromas found in feral apple fruit might appeal to the Ontario apple industry in creating unique cider beverages," he said. "There is a vast trove of untapped genetic potential in the natural landscape of southern Ontario that could be used to enhance or diversify the commercial cider industry."
Some cider producers have begun mapping and evaluating unique apple strains found growing in abandoned orchards, hedgerows and historical properties, looking for those that are suitable for making hard cider, Husband added.
"There is definitely a growing interest in feral apples. Cider producers are looking for interesting flavours, and feral apples with heritage traits may be just what they are looking for."
Prof. Brian Husband


text:
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An optimal design approach of high-order FIR digital filter is developed based on the algorithm of neural networks which its activation matrix is produced by the sine basis functions. The main idea is to minimize the sum of the square errors between the amplitude-frequency response of the desired FIR filter and that of the designed by training the weight vector of sine basis functions neural networks, then obtains the impulse response of three-type FIR digital filter with linear phase. The convergence theorem of the neural networks algorithm is presented and proved, and the optimal design method is introduced by designing two kinds of high-order FIR digital filters, i.e., band-pass and multi-band-pass filters. The results of the amplitude responses show that attenuation in stop-bands is more than 290 dB with no ripple and pulse existing in pass-bands, and cutoff frequency of pass-bands and stop-bands is easily controlled precisely. The presented optimal design approach of high-order FIR digital filter is significantly effective.


Driade Kosmo
The accessories by Italian manufacturer Driade come under the name of Driade Kosmo.
Behind the decision to create its own collection of objects was Driade's belief that people can hardly imagine a life without objects and that these go far beyond pure functionality while always maintaining an artistic aspect. Objects can't be reduced to the purely material, instead always communicating with their users and observers - thus always saying something about their owners.
With Driade Kosmo, Driade is researching in collaboration with famous designers the rites and principles that influence the interaction between subject and object and make a simple, functional object a cherished and expressive part of a person's home.


text:
Neighborhood Matching for Curved Domains with Application to Denoising in Diffusion MRI.
Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2017 Sep;10433:629-637
Authors: Chen G, Dong B, Zhang Y, Shen D, Yap PT
In this paper, we introduce a strategy for performing neighborhood matching on general non-Euclidean and non-flat domains. Essentially, this involves representing the domain as a graph and then extending the concept of convolution from regular grids to graphs. Acknowledging the fact that convolutions are features of local neighborhoods, neighborhood matching is carried out using the outcome of multiple convolutions at multiple scales. All these concepts are encapsulated in a sound mathematical framework, called graph framelet transforms (GFTs), which allows signals residing on non-flat domains to be decomposed according to multiple frequency subbands for rich characterization of signal patterns. We apply GFTs to the problem of denoising of diffusion MRI data, which can reside on domains defined in very different ways, such as on a shell, on multiple shells, or on a Cartesian grid. Our non-local formulation of the problem allows information of diffusion signal profiles of drastically different orientations to be borrowed for effective denoising.
PMID: 29577115 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]


Primate's scent speaks volumes about who he is
Jun 23, 2008
Perhaps judging a man by his cologne isn't as superficial as it seems.Duke University researchers, using sophisticated machinery to analyze hundreds of chemical components in a ringtailed lemur's distinctive scent, have found that individual males are not only advertising their fitness for fatherhood, but also a bit about their family tree as well.
"We now know that there's information about genetic quality and relatedness in scent," said Christine Drea, a Duke associate professor of biological anthropology and biology. The male's scent can reflect his mixture of genes, and to which animals he's most closely related. "It's an honest indicator of individual quality that both sexes can recognize," she said.
Lemurs, distant primate cousins of ours who split from the family tree before the monkeys and apes parted ways, have a complex and elaborate scent language that until recently was completely undiscovered by humans. Drea said it's language that is undoubtedly richer than we can imagine.
"All lemurs make use of scent," she said. "The diversity of glands is just amazing."
Ringtailed males have scent glands on their genitals, shoulders and wrists, each of which makes different scents. Other lemur species also have glands on their heads, chests and hands. Add to these scents the signals that can be conveyed in feces and urine, and there's a lot of silent, cryptic communication going on in lemur society.
Wearing a scent-based nametag declaring one's genetics is probably useful in avoiding aggression with closely related males, Drea said. It's also quite likely to help prevent inbreeding by signaling family relationships to females, but the research to prove that is still ongoing.
For this study, Drea and postdoctoral fellows Marie Charpentier and Marylène Boulet focused solely on male ringtailed lemurs living at the Duke Lemur Center (
The males have a gland and spike on each wrist that is used to scratch and mark saplings with highly aromatic scents. A pair of glands on the shoulders "like misplaced nipples" manufacture squalene, a scent molecule that works like glue to keep the more aromatic compounds in place longer. Males can be seen dabbing the wrist gland on the chest gland and then scratch-marking. The wrist glands are also central to the "stink fighting" of ringtails, in which they rub the glands along the length of their bushy tails, and then foist them into each others' face to express dominance.
Most importantly, the male also has a scent gland on his scrotum that becomes critical to marking territory and advertising fitness during mating season. He does a handstand and rubs this gland directly onto a tree trunk to let any interested lemurs know who he is and what he's made of.
Scent not only speaks volumes, it's physiologically expensive to make, Drea said. When a lemur is ill or socially stressed, its scent changes dramatically. "If he loses his signals, it's quite likely its because he's less genetically fit," Drea said. "And his sexual or social partners can know that."
Female ringtailed lemurs have just one scent gland in the genital area, but their scent is more complex than the males'. Via scent, females may advertise not only their fertility, but the presence of a pregnancy and how far along it is, Drea said.
To a human, a lemur has a sort of musky scent. "In its little vial, the sample smells just terrible," said Charpentier, the postdoctoral fellow who deciphered the genetics and is now examining the behavioral response to these scents.
But under a gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer, postdoctoral fellow Boulet found that the powerful musk resolves into at least 203 different chemical compounds in a complex mix that has been found to vary not only by season, but by an individual's genetics as well. Boulet conducted this analysis after collecting cotton swabs of scent from the scrotums and other parts of 19 male lemurs throughout the seasons.
These findings fit with work done on how people feel about the odors individual humans leave behind on a T-shirt and sheds more light on Charles Darwin's theories about sexual selection being one of the drivers of evolution, Drea said. In both cases, there is some subtle signaling in scent that apparently helps govern mate choice or nepotism, even when humans' meager sense of smell isn't conscious of it, she said.
Source: Duke University
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ADDITIONAL MATERIALParc cutting template
PUBLIC EXHIBITION SPACE
Is it possible to create a public debate on urban space - around town and on the Internet? A debate that reaches out to a wider audience than the traditional exhibition form where the viewer only meets a work in a confined physical space removed from the context of the exhibited project. Is it possible to create a virtual extension of exhibition space and simultaneously involve the spectators in the manufacturing process as active and interacting users of the exhibit space? These were some of the questions we asked ourselves when developing the concept for the project [parc] at Nørrebro in central Copenhagen in 2002.
Technologically [parc] was based on a discussion about augmented reality, which means that the physical world, we usually move in is augmented with an added digital dimension or layers of digital information. In the project we experimented with different notions of AR to create a public exhibition space in an area designated for the development of a park area for the residents of Nørrebro.
The project consisted of a physical cube printed with 4 different characters [p, a, r, and c] and a user guide inviting the viewer to enter an Internet address where he or she had various opportunities to expand the traditional poster as a means of communication. By installing a piece of software from _URL_ and using a laptop and a webcam it was possible for the user to participate in the public debate. The camera could record and understand letters [p, a, r, and c] and create a digital space around the physical cube, allowing users to co-create the exhibition space.


Crate text_splitter
source ·
Expand description
§text-splitter
Docs Licence Crates.io codecov
Large language models (LLMs) can be used for many tasks, but often have a limited context size that can be smaller than documents you might want to use. To use documents of larger length, you often have to split your text into chunks to fit within this context size.
This crate provides methods for splitting longer pieces of text into smaller chunks, aiming to maximize a desired chunk size, but still splitting at semantically sensible boundaries whenever possible.
§Get Started
Add it to your project with
cargo add text-splitter
§By Number of Characters
The simplest way to use this crate is to use the default implementation, which uses character count for chunk size.
use text_splitter::TextSplitter;
// Maximum number of characters in a chunk
let max_characters = 1000;
// Default implementation uses character count for chunk size
let splitter = TextSplitter::new(max_characters);
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your document text");
§With Hugging Face Tokenizer
Requires the tokenizers feature to be activated and adding tokenizers to dependencies. The example below, using from_pretrained(), also requires tokenizers http feature to be enabled.
cargo add text-splitter --features tokenizers
cargo add tokenizers --features http
use text_splitter::{ChunkConfig, TextSplitter};
// Can also use anything else that implements the ChunkSizer
// trait from the text_splitter crate.
use tokenizers::Tokenizer;
let tokenizer = Tokenizer::from_pretrained("bert-base-cased", None).unwrap();
let max_tokens = 1000;
let splitter = TextSplitter::new(ChunkConfig::new(max_tokens).with_sizer(tokenizer));
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your document text");
§With Tiktoken Tokenizer
Requires the tiktoken-rs feature to be activated and adding tiktoken-rs to dependencies.
cargo add text-splitter --features tiktoken-rs
cargo add tiktoken-rs
use text_splitter::{ChunkConfig, TextSplitter};
// Can also use anything else that implements the ChunkSizer
// trait from the text_splitter crate.
use tiktoken_rs::cl100k_base;
let tokenizer = cl100k_base().unwrap();
let max_tokens = 1000;
let splitter = TextSplitter::new(ChunkConfig::new(max_tokens).with_sizer(tokenizer));
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your document text");
§Using a Range for Chunk Capacity
You also have the option of specifying your chunk capacity as a range.
Once a chunk has reached a length that falls within the range it will be returned.
It is always possible that a chunk may be returned that is less than the start value, as adding the next piece of text may have made it larger than the end capacity.
use text_splitter::{ChunkConfig, TextSplitter};
// Maximum number of characters in a chunk. Will fill up the
// chunk until it is somewhere in this range.
let max_characters = 500..2000;
// Default implementation uses character count for chunk size
let splitter = TextSplitter::new(max_characters);
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your document text");
§Markdown
All of the above examples also can also work with Markdown text. If you enable the markdown feature, you can use the MarkdownSplitter in the same ways as the TextSplitter.
cargo add text-splitter --features markdown
use text_splitter::MarkdownSplitter;
// Maximum number of characters in a chunk. Can also use a range.
let max_characters = 1000;
// Default implementation uses character count for chunk size.
// Can also use all of the same tokenizer implementations as 'TextSplitter'.
let splitter = MarkdownSplitter::new(max_characters);
let chunks = splitter.chunks("# Header\n\nyour document text");
§Code
All of the above examples also can also work with code that can be parsed with tree-sitter. If you enable the code feature, you can use the CodeSplitter in the same ways as the TextSplitter.
cargo add text-splitter --features code
cargo add tree-sitter-<language>
use text_splitter::CodeSplitter;
// Maximum number of characters in a chunk. Can also use a range.
let max_characters = 1000;
// Default implementation uses character count for chunk size.
// Can also use all of the same tokenizer implementations as 'TextSplitter'.
let splitter = CodeSplitter::new(tree_sitter_rust::language(), max_characters).expect("Invalid tree-sitter language");
let chunks = splitter.chunks("your code file");
§Method
To preserve as much semantic meaning within a chunk as possible, each chunk is composed of the largest semantic units that can fit in the next given chunk. For each splitter type, there is a defined set of semantic levels. Here is an example of the steps used:
 1. Split the text by a increasing semantic levels.
 2. Check the first item for each level and select the highest level whose first item still fits within the chunk size.
 3. Merge as many of these neighboring sections of this level or above into a chunk to maximize chunk length. Boundaries of higher semantic levels are always included when merging, so that the chunk doesn't inadvertantly cross semantic boundaries.
The boundaries used to split the text if using the chunks method, in ascending order:
§TextSplitter Semantic Levels
 1. Characters
 2. Unicode Grapheme Cluster Boundaries
 3. Unicode Word Boundaries
 4. Unicode Sentence Boundaries
 5. Ascending sequence length of newlines. (Newline is \r\n, \n, or \r) Each unique length of consecutive newline sequences is treated as its own semantic level. So a sequence of 2 newlines is a higher level than a sequence of 1 newline, and so on.
Splitting doesn't occur below the character level, otherwise you could get partial bytes of a char, which may not be a valid unicode str.
§MarkdownSplitter Semantic Levels
Markdown is parsed according to the CommonMark spec, along with some optional features such as GitHub Flavored Markdown.
 1. Characters
 2. Unicode Grapheme Cluster Boundaries
 3. Unicode Word Boundaries
 4. Unicode Sentence Boundaries
 5. Soft line breaks (single newline) which isn't necessarily a new element in Markdown.
 6. Inline elements such as: text nodes, emphasis, strong, strikethrough, link, image, table cells, inline code, footnote references, task list markers, and inline html.
 7. Block elements suce as: paragraphs, code blocks, footnote definitions, metadata. Also, a block quote or row/item within a table or list that can contain other "block" type elements, and a list or table that contains items.
 8. Thematic breaks or horizontal rules.
 9. Headings by level
Splitting doesn't occur below the character level, otherwise you could get partial bytes of a char, which may not be a valid unicode str.
§CodeSplitter Semantic Levels
 1. Characters
 2. Unicode Grapheme Cluster Boundaries
 3. Unicode Word Boundaries
 4. Unicode Sentence Boundaries
 5. Ascending depth of the syntax tree. So function would have a higher level than a statement inside of the function, and so on.
Splitting doesn't occur below the character level, otherwise you could get partial bytes of a char, which may not be a valid unicode str.
§Note on sentences
There are lots of methods of determining sentence breaks, all to varying degrees of accuracy, and many requiring ML models to do so. Rather than trying to find the perfect sentence breaks, we rely on unicode method of sentence boundaries, which in most cases is good enough for finding a decent semantic breaking point if a paragraph is too large, and avoids the performance penalties of many other methods.
§Feature Flags
§Document Format Support
FeatureDescription
codeEnables the CodeSplitter struct for parsing code documents via tree-sitter parsers.
markdownEnables the MarkdownSplitter struct for parsing Markdown documents via the CommonMark spec.
§Tokenizer Support
Dependency FeatureVersion SupportedDescription
rust_tokenizers^8.0.0Enables (Text/Markdown)Splitter::new to take any of the provided tokenizers as an argument.
tiktoken-rs^0.5.0Enables (Text/Markdown)Splitter::new to take tiktoken_rs::CoreBPE as an argument. This is useful for splitting text for OpenAI models.
tokenizers^0.19.0Enables (Text/Markdown)Splitter::new to take tokenizers::Tokenizer as an


text:
About This Show
Curious about nanotechnology, sustainability, or life in science? The Sustainable Nano podcast is produced by the Center for Sustainable Nanotechnology, a chemistry research center funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation.
Most Recent Episode
Ep 11. When Artists and Scientists Collaborate
Dec 20 16
Art and science are often though of as completely separate pursuits, but what happens when artists and scientists actually talk to each other? In this episode of the podcast, we interview Dr. Cathy Murphy about her experiences inviting art students to spend time in her chemistry lab at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.


($\bigtriangledown$) operator to create a few different double combinations of the Del (gradient operator):
$$\bigtriangledown \bullet (\bigtriangledown F) = \bigtriangledown^2$$ $$\bigtriangledown \times (\bigtriangledown F)$$ $$\bigtriangledown(\bigtriangledown F)$$
Only the first one is the Laplacian in $R^3$. The laplacian is n-dimensional though...but I've seen $\bigtriangledown^2$ used to refer to the laplacian in n dimensions, even though I think $\bigtriangledown$ is primarily an operator in $R^3$. In Griffiths, he describes the second one as the Curl of the gradient or something...I don't remember, but it is useful for describing magnetic fields given an electric one, or something like that.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Thuringia - Sachsen Weimar - Eisenach – Herzogtum (duchy)Edit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
Back to Germany
(Add introductory text and/or an image here)
(Add text and/or an image here)
(Add text and/or an image here)
Did you know?
Research Problems and Strategies
When children were born illegitimately and the father's name is not known what research strategy is suggested?
1. Check who the witnesses were at birth of child. Likelihood is that there might be a relationship
There might exist a separate section in the church book for illegitimate births.
2. Check whether the mother marries the father later and the child became legitimized by the father's acknowledgment.
3. Check confirmation records.
4. Find school records to see if school fees were paid for the child and by whom (Search in School records. One possibility "Kirchenvisitationen", "Schülerverzeichnis")
5. Was the child adopted? (Search in court records, key word: " Adoptionen", "Vormundschaft")
6. See if a will exists in which the child was bequeathed money or property. (Search in court records for "Testamente")
When parents came from a city unknown what would be the research strategy?
1. Check the witnesses at the children's baptisms. Witnesses might be relatives and there may be a place name which could give a clue.
2. Check citizenship records of present residence (Search for" Bürgerrolle", "Bürgerbuch", "Bürgerliste"," Bürgerverzeichnis", "Einwohnermeldeverzeichnis")
3. Check for journeymen or servants records (Search for "Geburtsbriefe", "Gesindebuch", "Heimatscheine", "Wanderbücher", "Gutsarchiv" records)
4. Check census records. Search for "Volkszählungen".
5. Check guild records. Search for "Innungen"
6. Check neighboring church records to see if parents appeared as witnesses.
When given and surnames are present more than once in a parish and additional persons cannot easily be assigned to each other, what would be the research strategy?
1. Establish whole families. See who has married whom and had what children.
2. Compare findings in church books with court records. 90% of the population in Germany were dependent farmers. They did not own their farms but had usufruct, for which they were taxed and recorded in administrative records. Parents would bequeath, sell, lease or retire, and children inherit personal property. All such actions were recorded in court records. ( Search in archival records, such as "Schuldund Pfandprotokolle")
3. Check tax lists. Twice a year people were required to pay taxes. See if the same heads of family pay each time. If the head of household dies, the widow continues to pay taxes until her child becomes of age and takes over or she remarries. (Search for "Steuerlisten", "Steuerrollen", "Amtsrechnungen").
When different spellings exist for a family name what would be the research strategy?
1. Be aware that spelling rules are not set until the early 1900s. Dialects can apply when writing official records. Some consonants and vowels are interchangeable. The name Triebenbach can be spelled Driebenbach, Treubenbach, Drübenbach.
2. Names can be Latinized: The name Keller becomes Cellarius, names can sound as if they are Latin, such as Debelius.
3. The priest simply made a mistake
4. Consider looking at neighboring parish registers
5. Always compare the spelling of a name with other documents available for the time period. (The most common ones are taxlists, in German "Steuerlisten", "Steuerrollen").
When church records from a parish cannot be located what should be the research strategy?
1. Check if the correct parish was chosen. A good source to check is a gazetteer.
2. Have parish jurisdictions changed?
3. Check with the diocese (Bistum) or deanery (Dekanat) if a duplicate record does exist and where it was deposited.
For Evangelical records check here (Evangelische Kirche in Thüringen)
Catholic church (Adressen, Gemeinden, Dekanate)
When church books no longer exist because they were destroyed what should the research strategy be?
Gather information from other records:
1. Tax records (Steuerlisten, Schatzungslisten) – located in state archives
2. Debt registers, citizenship records, fire insurance registers (Schuldenregister, Löscheimerlisten, Brandregister, Bürgerlisten) – located in city archives, mayor's office
3. Guild records, notary records, land records (Innungslisten, Zunftbücher, notarielle Akten, Grundbuchsachen – state archives
4. Kataster, Bannbücher (cadastral, absolvent books) – state archives, cadastral offices, finance departments
5. Tax records of parishes (Lagerbücher) – church archives
6. House lists, address books, house ownership lists, military records, vaccination records (Häuserlisten, Adressbücher, Hauswirtslisten, Stammrollen, Impflisten) – city archives
7. News papers (Zeitungen, Amtsblätter) - city archive, state archive
8. Emigration records, census records, Wählerlisten (Auswanderungsakten, Volkszählungen,
voting records) – state archive
9. Cemetery records (Gräber, Gottesacker) – city archive
Check out the archive list available for Thüringen
(Your text or images here)
(Your text or images here, or use the table below:)
Things you can do
(In order to make this wiki a better research tool, we need your help! Many tasks need to be done. You can help by:
- This page was last modified on 28 November 2012, at 22:55.
- This page has been accessed 395 times.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- 1 Does Lightning McQueen have a number?
- 2 What does Lightning McQueen number mean?
- 3 Is Lightning McQueen number 95?
- 4 What was Lightning McQueen's original racing number?
- 5 Why is the Kings number 43 in Cars?
- 6 What number is Jackson storm?
- 7 What is Lightning McQueen's top speed?
- 8 Who is Lightning McQueen's girlfriend?
- 9 Who is number 43 in the Cars movie?
- 10 Does Lightning McQueen have a kid?
- 11 What number is Cruz Ramirez?
- 12 Who is Lightning McQueen's dad?
- 13 How old is Lightning McQueen supposed to be in Cars 2?
- 14 Who was Lightning McQueen based on?
- 15 Who is 86 supposed to be in Cars?
- 16 What car is Jackson storm?
- 17 What car is Dinoco King?
- 18 Why is Cruz Ramirez Number 51?
- 19 What kind of car is Mater?
- 20 Who is the fastest car in cars 1?
- 21 Is Cars 3 the last movie?
- 22 Will there be a Cars 4?
- 23 How old is Mater in the Cars movie?
- 24 Is Sally older than lightning?
- 25 What car is Luigi?
- 26 Is Dinoco a car?
- 27 What kind of car is Sally?
- 28 Who died in Cars 3?
- 29 What car are the twins in Cars?
- 30 Is Jackson storm Electric?
- 31 What kind of car is Ramone?
- 32 Is Lightning McQueen a Camaro?
- 33 Who is Smokey in Cars 3 based on?
- 34 Is Hudson Hornet a real car?
- 35 What happened to Doc in Cars 2?
- 36 Does Lightning McQueen win in Cars 3?
- 37 What year is Cars 1 set in?
- 38 What is Jackson storm top speed?
- 39 Is Dinoco a real company?
Does Lightning McQueen have a number?
Lightning McQueen's sponsor's logo. He is number 95 in the movie, and at the beginning of the movie, he is racing in the final race of the 2006 Piston Cup Series in Nashville, Tennessee.
What does Lightning McQueen number mean?
95 is a number that appears in several Pixar films. It is a reference to the year when Pixar's first movie, Toy Story, was released: 1995.
Is Lightning McQueen number 95?
You probably know that Lightning McQueen's number is 95, but it wasn't always going to be that. His number was originally 57, which is the year director John Lasseter was born. Incidentally, 95 represents the year that Toy Story, Pixar's first feature film, was released.
What was Lightning McQueen's original racing number?
His number was originally set to be 57, Lasseter's birth year, but was changed to 95, the release year of Pixar's first film Toy Story.
Why is the Kings number 43 in Cars?
Strip Weather's number, 43, is a reference to former racer Richard Petty's racing number, 43.
What number is Jackson storm?
Jackson Storm is a Piston Cup racer and Lightning McQueen's rival in Cars 3. The poster child of a new generation of high-tech racers, he believes he represents the future of racing, and has little regard for the older race car generations. His racing number is 20, stylized as 2.0, and his main sponsor is IGNTR.
What is Lightning McQueen's top speed?
First up is the movie's hero, Lightning McQueen, who packs a 750-horsepower V-8 and can reach 60 mph in 3.2 seconds on his way to a 200-mph top speed.
Who is Lightning McQueen's girlfriend?
The King is painted Dinoco Blue, with the Dinoco sponsor and the number "43". On his trunk, he has a giant, tall blue spoiler. The King is a 1970 Plymouth Superbird with a 426 Hemi V8 engine, the car Richard Petty drove.
Who is number 43 in the Cars movie?
Who is he: Strip Weathers, aka The King, is a 1970 Superbird who has, you guessed it, won more series races than any other car in history. His paint scheme is the Dinoco Blue (which looks amazingly like Petty Blue) and he wears No. 43.
Does Lightning McQueen have a kid?
Sally married Lightning and they had kids, Lightning McQueen Jr. and Linda McQueen.
What number is Cruz Ramirez?
Cruz Ramirez is a race car. Since 2017, she competes in the Piston Cup Racing Series for the Dinoco team with the number 51.
Who is Lightning McQueen's dad?
Cars 2. The Hudson Hornet logo on Lightning McQueen's front hood in memory of Doc Doc died prior to the events in Cars 2, but posters of him are still shown in his museum, including a photo of him as crew chief at Lightning's final rookie season Piston Cup race.
How old is Lightning McQueen supposed to be in Cars 2?
According to Brian Fee, he is 40 years old as of 2017.
Who was Lightning McQueen based on?
Finally, there's the car's name. Most people assume McQueen was named after Steve McQueen, the car-loving, iconic star of Bullitt, Le Mans, and The Getaway. That wasn't the case. McQueen was actually a tribute to Pixar animator Glenn McQueen, who was only 41 when he succumbed to melanoma in 2002.
Who is 86 supposed to be in Cars?
"In Lightning McQueen's worst nightmares not only does Chick Hicks win the Piston Cup, but he wins over Dinoco as well." Chick's primary sponsor is the Hostile Takeover Bank (htB) and his car number is 86.
What car is Jackson storm?
Voiced by actor Armie Hammer, Jackson Storm is the quick, cocky, and friendless rival for McQueen. In the movie he's younger, fitter, and faster than the lead. In the movie he's called a 2017 Custom-built "Next-Gen" Piston Cup Racer. In real life he most resembles the 2002 Cadillac Cien supercar concept.
What car is Dinoco King?
Strip "The King" Weathers is a main character in Cars and a side character in Cars 3. He is a Dinoco light blue ("Dinoco Blue") 1970 Plymouth Superbird. He is a seven-time Piston Cup champion (a feat that was later matched by Lightning McQueen) and a veteran Piston Cup racer.
Why is Cruz Ramirez Number 51?
Cruz utilizes techniques she learned while training with McQueen, such as weaving through other racers, which she learned by practicing with tractors in Thomasville. … After her victory, Cruz decides to sign with Dinoco, replacing Cal Weathers as the Dinoco racer and taking Doc's old number, 51.
What kind of car is Mater?
Jackson Storm is the main antagonist of the 2017 Disney/Pixar animated film, Cars 3.
Who is the fastest car in cars 1?
Lightning and Cruz spend the entire day on Fireball Beach, with the former ending up training the latter how to race on sand after Cruz fails to do this several times. They then successfully race to the end of the beach, with Lightning's top speed gauged at 198 mph, which is slower than Jackson Storm.
Is Cars 3 the last movie?
Cars 3, the last film of the Cars series, ended on a similar note. Lightning McQueen, hotshot race car and leader of the franchise, reevaluates his relationship with his fellow race cars and his own role in society. He's growing obsolete, and the time has come for a new generation of racers.
Will there be a Cars 4?
Though the future of Cars 4 remains uncertain, Pixar did confirm that a spin-off series, Cars On The Road, is coming to Disney in 2022. Lightning McQueen star Owen Wilson is returning alongside Larry The Cable Guy, who played Mater.
How old is Mater in the Cars movie?
But Mater the buck-toothed, redneck tow truck (voiced by Larry the Cable Guy) has a human alter ego: Douglas "Mater" Keever, a 48-year-old construction superintendent who lives in Sherrills Ford, N.C. Keever hasn't missed a big race in years at the Lowe's Motor Speedway outside Charlotte, a city that's about 40 miles …
Is Sally older than lightning?
Sally is mid-30's to early 40's at the youngest. Lightning is a rookie in this universe's version of NASCAR. I think the oldest NASCAR rookie this year was 26. Even in the best conditions, we are looking at a 10-15 year gap between Lightning and Sally.
What car is Luigi?
Luigi is a 1959 Fiat 500 who runs the local tire shop, Luigi's Casa Della Tires, "Home of the Leaning Tower of Tires." He loves changing tires for racecars like Lightning McQueen, but nothing makes him happier than when a real Ferrari comes through his door.
Is Dinoco a car?
Dinoco is an oil company/gas station in the Toy Story and Cars franchises. In Toy Story, the logo is a Brontosaurus. In Cars, the logo is a Tyrannosaurus Rex.
What kind of car is Sally?
Sally Carrera is a main character in Cars, and a supporting character in Cars 2 and Cars 3. She is a blue 2002 Porsche 911 Carrera.
Who died in Cars 3?
Once a legend, always a legend — that's why it's both jubilant and jarring to hear the voice of Paul Newman, who died in 2008 from lung cancer, once again as wizened retired racer Doc Hudson in Cars 3.
What car are the twins in Cars?
Mia and Tia, often referred to as "The Twins",


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Types, Classes, and Property of Filter Paper
Types and Classes of Filter Paper
Hawach scientific supplied two types of filter paper for use chemical analysis, which can be used for high-efficiency general purpose laboratory filtration, including water pollution monitoring, air pollution monitoring and so on.
The two types are named qualitative filter paper and quantitative filter paper. Although both of them can meet the needs of different levels of chemical resistance, loading capacity, interception ability, and particle retention, differences also exist in practical application. The qualitative analysis of the filter paper is often used for qualitative chemical analysis and the corresponding filtration and separation.
The quantitative filter paper is used for the graying weighting analysis experiment after filtration. The most obvious difference between them is the ash weight of each filter paper.
Property of Qualitative Filter Paper
Qualitative filter paper provided by Hawach Scientific generally can be used for general qualitative analysis and for filtration precipitation or suspension in solution, but cannot be used for quality analysis. However, compared with traditional qualitative filter, it gives improved flow rate, high wet strength and increased loading capacity.


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SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance 728
This paper studies the evolution of peoples' models of how other people think - their theories of mind. First, this is formalized within the level-k model, which postulates a hierarchy of types, such that type k plays a k times iterated best response to the uniform distribution. It is found that, under plausible conditions, lower types co-exist with higher types. The results are extended to a model of learning, in which type k plays a k times iterated best response the average of past play. The model is also extended to allow for partial observability of the opponent's type.
Theory of Mind Depth of Reasoning Evolution Learning Level-k Fictitious Play Cognitive Hierarchy


convertible: Meaning and Definition of
Pronunciation: (kun-vûr'tu-bul), [key]
— adj.
 1. capable of being converted.
 2. having a folding top, as an automobile or pleasure boat.
 3. exchangeable for something of equal value: debts payable only in convertible currencies.
 1. an automobile or a boat with a folding top.
 2. a sofa, couch, or chair whose seating section can be folded out into a bed.
 3. a convertible bond or security.
See also:


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Effects on the environment
The use of vehicles on natural soils produces at least four results:
- The soil is compacted under the wheel(s).
- The vehicle exerts a lateral force on the surface of the soil.
- The vehicle cuts into the soil on each side of the compacted zone.
- The movement of the vehicle causes horizontal tracks in the soil.


Plain Apache vs. Moodle
Below are two input/output (IO) graphs created by a Wireshark packet trace. The first is a file downloaded from a web server program called Moodle, which is the software our "Scholar" site runs and serves out class information. The second is a packet trace of a download from a ProgramArcadeGames.com, which only runs through Apache. The websites are on different machines, but in the same room.
moodle_trace
apache_trace
I created the graphs as part of my notes for CIS 340 Networking. I was surprised at the difference between the downloads.
3/25/2014: Followup
In class, we were guessing the difference had to do with server load, encryption, or the overhead of the Moodle software. We didn't have an easy way to find out for certain.
Thankfully, one of our networking engineers was willing to work with me and try and figure out what the difference was. Demonstrating the transient nature of these types of problems, I wasn't able to recreate the slow throughput at all.
Below is a capture with the plain web server.
encrypted_trace
Below is the same web server, but encrypted.
moodle_trace
Below is the same encrypted web server, but using Moodle.
plain_trace
In each case, the traces look about the same. This means that encryption and the Moodle software by themselves will not cause this slow down.
Perhaps back when the original tests were done trace the server had a high CPU or I/O load. Unfortunately there isn't any way to know for certain without being able to reproduce the results.
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Whistler, BC's profile as a winter destination was amplified as a venue for the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, but the picturesque, upscale mountain resort offers ample attractions for visitors year-round. When the ground isn't covered with snow (usually from May to November), the scenery takes on a different beauty. The pleasant summer climate is ideal for outdoor activities, and visitors will find it almost impossible to stay inside when surrounded by the outstanding natural beauty of the region.
Self-Guided Tours and Excursions
Obtain a trail map and ride a gondola up the mountain to reach numerous scenic hiking trails. Various loops, gentle nature walks and tougher trails provide terrain suitable for hikers of varying abilities, all boasting spectacular views and potential wildlife sightings. To learn about the history and culture of Whistler's original inhabitants, visit the Squamish Lil'wat Cultural Centre. Take a self-guided tour through the three-story complex and see the traditional arts and crafts of the Squamish and Lil'wat Nations and learn about their history and culture.
Bear-viewing and ecology tours in the old growth forests of Whistler Mountain are available in spring, summer and fall. In summer, you are likely to see black bears grazing and foraging for berries and ants during a naturalist-guided driving and walking tour. For a different view of the temperate rainforests around Whistler, try one of Ziptrek Ecotours' zipline and treetop adventures. The tour company offers an environmentally-sensitive network of trails, suspension bridges, boardwalks and ziplines that take you through the forest floor and canopy. Conservationists also lead an alpine ecology tour, showcasing the flora and fauna of Whistler's meadows and glaciers.
Whistler Mountain Bike Park is open from mid-May to mid-October and offers adventurous bikers 45 trails through the forest, along with jumps and ramps. Three lifts take riders with their bikes up to the park. Various lessons and tours designed for children and adults are available, and you can also rent bikes and safety gear at the park's rental shop. Whistler-based Coast Mountain Guides offers glacier walks and hikes and will provide you with an ice axe, crampons and a harness to safely tackle the frozen terrain. They also offer introductory rock climbing classes. Whistler Alpine Activities offer glacier and wilderness hikes, rock climbing and scrambling tours.
The five 18-hole golf courses in the Whistler region are a big draw for golfers in the summer season. Whistler Golf Club, designed by Arnold Palmer, Jack Nicklaus' signature North Golf Course, and the Robert Trent Jones Jr-designed Chateau Whistler Golf Club all boast stunning scenery and world-class course architecture. Guided hiking tours (including some free ones) are available, or purchase trail maps to lead yourself on a hike. Horseback riding trips, ATV tours and glacier skiing trips are also available.
Blackcomb Base Adventure Zone is a summer-only Whistler highlight for children of all ages. Some of its attractions, like the rock climbing wall, luge ride down the mountainside, mini-golf and human gyroscope are designed for both children and adults to enjoy. Others, like a suspended rubber "spider web," balloon slide and bouncy castle and go kart track are just for the kids.
A writer of diverse interests, Joanne Thomas has penned pieces about road trips for Hyundai, children's craft projects for Disney and wine cocktails for Robert Mondavi. She has lived on three continents and currently resides in Los Angeles, where she is co-owner and editor of a weekly newspaper. Thomas holds a BSc in politics from the University of Bristol, England.


text: Cemetery memorials are synonymous with gothic horror. Dark, haunting and beautiful they capture the imagination of those who wander in their midst. Chances are, though, if you are wandering through a cemetery, you're likely to ponder the kinds of thoughts that belong there: life, death, and the things that slip in between. One particularly notorious memorial statue was the Agnus Memorial. This sculpture was so imposing that the locals in Baltimore took to making up dark tales of its metaphysical misdeeds and gave 'her' the nickname 'Black Aggie'. What inspired these stories? More importantly, what inspired her creation? Join us this week for a tale of intrigue, artistry, love and grief; as we explore the tragic history of Henry and Clover Adams, and the monument that went on to have a life all life of its own.


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The Diary for the year 2022 has a theme article on The Glory of Prasanthi Nilayam, and a six pages write-up under the captions:
- Bhajans for Unity, Purity, Divinity
- The Sri Sathya Sai Mission of Veda Posahana and
- Seva and Sadhana. It also has inspiring quotations of Bhagawan at the bottom of each of the two-colour diary inner pages.
- This book contains all the messages about "Gayatri Manta" as told or written by Bhagwan.
- The contents are picked from various speeches of Bhagwan during various occasions.
- The research team had spent 8 months and have browsed through 3000 discourses, 15 Vahinis written by Bhagwan and 15 Summer Showers to bring out this unique and invaluable treasure store on "Gayatri Mantra".
- This book has two partsthe first part is in English and the second part is in Tamil (translation of the English part), thus catering to both the section of readers.


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Flavor Networks Reveal Universal Principle Behind Successful Recipes
Source: Emerging Technology
In this graph representing the top 100 ingredients in the global flavor network, nodes are ingredients, edges represent shared flavors, and node colors represent clusters of linked ingredients.
Given the number of ingredients that humans eat, the total number of ways to combine them is on the order of 10 to the 15th power. And yet the actual number of recipes we eat is around one million—a small fraction of the total. That strongly suggests an organizing principle that, in recipe terms, sorts the wheat from the chaff.
So an ongoing challenge for food scientists is to discover laws that govern flavor combinations and use them to create new recipes yet to be experienced by human taste buds.
Tiago Simas at Telefonica Research in Barcelona, Spain, and a few pals say they have discovered an important principle of flavor combination by studying foods of different cultures. This insight could help create novel recipes.
The background to this group's discovery is the hypothesis of food pairing developed by the chefs Francois Benzi and Heston Blumenthal. At first glance, foods such as chocolate and blue cheese can seem as different as it is possible for foods to be. And yet, these foods share 73 different flavor molecules.
That's why at certain high-end restaurants, you'll sometimes find blue cheese and chocolate in the same dishes. The thinking is that when ingredients contain the same flavor molecules, they can be successfully paired. The idea is that shared flavors help blend ingredients more effectively. Food pairing immediately suggests a novel way to create new recipes, which is why it rapidly gained influence among a certain breed of gastronomist.
Then in 2011, a curious piece of research revealed that food pairing was only part of the explanation behind successful recipes. In this work, a team at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, analyzed the network of links between ingredients in recipes from all over the world. In this network, ingredients are nodes in a web, linked when they share flavor molecules.
This approach turned the food-pairing hypothesis on its head. When recipes from North America and Western Europe are analyzed in this way, the networks reveal that food pairing is an important factor. But when the team analyzed recipes from East Asia (Korea and Japan, for example), they found exactly the opposite. These cuisines seem to combine the very foods that do not share flavor ingredients. Clearly the food-pairing hypothesis is just part of a bigger picture and in need of a serious upgrade.
Enter Simas and his colleagues. These guys have looked a little harder into the web of flavors behind recipes and discovered a deeper principle at work. The basic idea is that when two ingredients do not share flavors, the team look for a third ingredient with flavors in common with each of the first pair. In this way, they were able to identify flavor chains and explore how recipes in different parts of the world use them.
For example, apricot and whiskey do not share flavors with each other but do have flavors in common with tomato. This creates a flavor chain that links all three ingredients, making them suitable to be used in the same recipe.
The team call this food bridging. They define it as "the ability to connect a pair of ingredients, that may or may not have a direct connection, through a path of non-repeating ingredients."
This has an important impact on recipes. While food pairing intensifies flavor by mixing ingredients in a recipe with similar chemical compounds, food bridging smooths any contrast between ingredients, say Simas and co.
So what role does food bridging play in recipes from different cultures? To find out, Simas and co examined the flavor networks of cuisines from various parts of world and then analyzed the respective roles of food pairing and food bridging in each cuisine.
In Latin America, for example, recipes exploit both food pairing and food bridging, while East Asian food seems to avoid both principles. Southeast Asian cuisines such as Thai and Vietnamese seem to rely only on food bridging, while North American and Western European food use only food pairing.
That's interesting work that extends the principles behind the way we create recipes. Indeed, it reveals that food pairing is really a special case of food bridging in which the number of nodes in the flavor chain is 0.
A better understanding of these principles should help chefs create new recipes in specific styles. But it is by no means the be-all and end-all of cooking. Successful recipes have a wide range of different parameters in addition to flavor. There is the texture of the food, its temperature, its mouth feel, and its color, to name just a few.
Food bridging can certainly help with new recipes. But a truly universal tool for recipe creation will need to be much broader to incorporate these other factors into its model. That will require significant work.
But step by step, food scientists are learning how humans prune the list of all possible combinations of food to produce the combinations we actually end up eating.


text: To study the hydrodynamic performance characteristics of tandem turbines, put forward the reasonable layout scheme and increase power generation efficiency of tidal power station, the transient numerical simulations are performed to investigate a three-blade vertical axis tidal turbine, and the upstream turbine's hydrodynamic performance and the wake effect on the downstream turbine are analyzed. Considering that the turbine's blade has the same profile on the span, the turbine model is simplified to 2D model and the open source fluid mechanics software OpenFOAM is used to simulate the flow field. Firstly,changing law of turbine's power coefficient with tip speed ratio is obtained through the simulation of a single turbine. By comparing with the experimental data in reference,it is verified that the OpenFOAM numerical model can predict the hydrodynamic performance of the 2D vertical axis turbine accurately under the reasonable setting by using the k-ω SST turbulence model and the PIMPLE algorithm. Then two tandem turbines cases are simulated,the distance between two turbines is from 5D to 50D,where D stands for turbine's diameter. The wake characteristics of the sections behind turbines and the influence characteristics of turbines' distance on the downstream turbine's hydrodynamic performance are obtained. Finally the results show that when the distance between two tandem turbines is more than 40D, the effect of upstream turbine on the downstream turbine could be ignored.


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Quality control of mint species based on UV-VIS and FTIR spectral data supported by chemometric tools" 2021. Zachęcamy do przeczytania ciekawego artykułu pod afiliacją CIBIN, którego współautorem jest dr inż. Anna Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz pt " Quality control of mint species based on UV-VIS and FTIR spectral data supported by chemometric tools".
Mints are valued for their specific essential oil used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Chemical compounds differing between species, cause changes in medicinal/pharmacological properties, antioxidant activities or smell sensations. For this reason fast procedure for quality control of at least two most popular mint species, peppermint and spearmint, is the issue at hand. UV-VIS spectrophotometry and FTIR-ATR spectroscopy were used for recording the spectral fingerprints of a collection of more than 20 mint varieties harvested in three periods. Two-step chemometric approach for mints quality control involved SIMCA (Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy) to filter out species other than peppermint and spearmint. The samples suspected to be either peppermint or spearmint underwent final discrimination using adequate discrimination tools PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis) or SVM (Support Vector Machines). The model performance ranged between 60 and 80% depending on spectroscopic data used for model training and the harvest season.
Cały artykuł znajduje się pod linkiem _URL_


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Rake, a popular Ruby DSL
Rake, like make or ant, is a DSL for defining tasks.
Tasks definitions above are written using Rake DSL. In particular, they define two dependent tasks. They state that the :world task is dependent from the :hello task. In other words, when the :world task is executed, the :hello task will be executed first. This will result in the string "Hello World!" printed on the console. The neat fact about the code above is that it is perfectly legal ruby code. In particular,
- task is a ruby method that accepts an hash argument
- :hello and :world are ruby symbols
- :hello => :world is a ruby hash
- the do... end part is a ruby block
Makengo: an internal DSL in Go
When I approached to Go the first time I was intrigued by what is stated in its homepage:
"It feels like a dynamic language but has the speed and safety of a static language. It's a joy to use."
Belonging from years of experience with dynamic languages such as ruby and enjoying its capability to build DSL, I was curious to see how much the compiled and strongly typed nature of Go can be bended in this sense. So, I started writing a small experimental project named makengo.
Using makengo DSL, the previous tasks definitions become:
How does it look compared to the ruby version? First of all, the Go version takes 117 chars against the 75 chars of the Ruby version. So, it's ~56% more verbose. In particular
- There are too many parentheses
- String names are longer than symbol names (:hello vs "hello", :world vs "world")
- The block syntax is burdened by the func keyword
- In order to express the dependency we need the long named DependsOn function rather than the concise key => value hash syntax
Go DSL capabilities
The retrospection on Makengo raises the main question of this post: is Go suitable for building internal DSLs? Let's try answering, exploring Go's DSL capability in more detail.
Go has many features that help building DSL. The first thing that comes to mind are anonymous functions that act as closures. In makengo, I use anonymous an function to define what a task does.
Also, anonymous functions can take arguments in order to push values in the block. For example:
Compared with C, this a great step towards expressivity. However, compared with Ruby, Go's anonymous functions syntax appears to be a lot more verbose. This is due to the necessity of a func keyword and to the use of many parentheses. Also, considering that since Go is a strongly typed language, anonymous function arguments need their own type declaration.
In Go, types can receive methods. In Makengo, this fact is exploited to express dependencies among tasks. Actually, the Task function returns a task object and task object can receive the DependsOn method allowing for method chaining:
Dynamic reception and metaprogramming
Go lacks of a ruby-like method_missing method. In ruby, when an unknown method is sent to an object the object responds executing method_missing. This language feature is known as Dynamic Reception. Dynamic Reception, combined with the metaprogramming magic of ruby, allows for very readable DSL (taken from Machinist):
Regarding metaprogramming, Go has an interesting reflect package that allows the manipulation of objects with arbitrary types. This comes in handy, for example, in variadic functions (see below).
In Ruby, a literal map could be passed as argument to a function allowing for more expressive function calls inside the DSL:
Moreover, Ruby allows you omit the delimiters for a literal map. So you can shorten it to:
In Go, a literal map looks like this:
but there is no way to shorten it.
Literal lists and varargs
Like maps, literal lists in Go have not optional delimiters so it's not convenient to use them as function arguments inside DSL. BTW, Go has good support for varargs that combined with types reflection, types assertion and interfaces, are good substitutes for literal lists. For example, in Makengo I can define tasks that depend on more than a single task passing multiple arguments to DependsOn:
A comparison table
Let's try summarize in a table what we discussed until this point.
|Optional delimiters in maps||No||Yes|
|Optional delimiters in lists||No but you can use varargs||Yes|
|Short signature for blocks||No||Yes|
So what about the answer to the original question? Is Go suitable for building internal DSL? The answer of course is... it depends!
As a compiled language, Go can't compete with dynamic languages in building complex and general purpose DSL. However, it's enough flexible to build simple DSL. Moreover, as said at the beginning of this post, the mean of expressivity is relative to the problem domain. Go can be very expressive when dealing with problems that involve network and concurrency issues.
Another road to explore is the implementation of a light VM in Go exploiting some of its advantages against C: built-in concurrency and GC. On top of this VM could live a set of dynamic languages more suited to implement external DSLs. It seems that Eleanor McHugh is on the right track with her GoLightly VM.
Go DSL capability need more investigation, of course. But a fact is clear to me: I should not think at Go as a Panacea trying to force its nature: Go it's not a scripting language. I should rather taking advantage of its peculiarities in order to fully exploit all of its expressivity.


What Is The Real Definition Of An All-Wheel Sports Car?
The Houghton Mifflin definition of the two-seat rule seems out-of-date. Many sports cars today offer small back seats (sometimes referred to as 2+2 seating) and there is a current movement underway to increase the seating room in models long considered sports cars by most automotive experts.
Insurance companies use their formula in classifying automobiles and often the presence of two doors automatically makes any car a sports car in their eyes. This perspective, of course, is as overly simplistic as the standard dictionary approach to defining a sports car. One can certainly think of any number of two-door vehicles that fall far short of being an actual sports car. Economy cars and even larger two-door vehicles that are not built with power and performance in mind should not qualify as true sports cars.
Some car buffs will refer to high-performance muscle cars and other larger vehicles as sports cars. Others, however, distinguish these vehicles and true sports cars. These individuals will claim that a car can be a sporting car or simply sporty but still fall short of being a true sports car. Thus, regular cars may be outfitted with a sports package and/or accessories to make the car sportier, but may not fit a strict definition of a sports car.
Others will maintain that the distinction between a sports car and any other type of car lies in how the car's suspension and handling are addressed. Technical debates rage over whether various suspension packages qualify as belonging to true sports cars.
Road and Track, a leading automotive publication, summarizes the sports card definition debate with a simple observation: Ask five people the exact definition of a sports car, and you'll likely get five different answers.
There is no clear-cut definition of what is a sports car. The restrictive definitions of the past seem ill-suited to categorize today's diverse automotive offerings and common usage of the term runs contrary to most long-held definitions.
There is, however, a common thought that seems to run through almost all of the outlooks on the meaning of sports cars. If a car is designed with high performance or race-like capabilities in mind, it can probably be safely termed a sports car. Some purists may balk at such a liberal perspective, but alternative definitions fall far short of accurately distinguishing sports cars from regular production models.
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Fashion A-Z
From applique to zippers, a comprehensive dictionary with definitions and
meanings of key fashion vocabulary, written by Camilla Morton.
Piping is a trim or edging formed by sewing a thin strip of folded fabric — typically bias binding — into a narrow tube and attaching it to the edge of a piece of fabric. It can also include cord to give it extra body. Piping is often used to define or reinforce the style lines of a garment.
Pleats are a fold or doubling of fabric that is pressed, ironed or creased into place. (Pleats that are sewn into place are called tucks). There are many varieties, but the side and box pleat are the most common, although they can be accordion, cartridge, circular, curtain, draped, fluted, Fortuny or French. They can be inserte, as well as inverted. Pleats add an even greater fullness to a shape (particularly the skirt). Think Marilyn Monroe over the air vent in 'The 7 Year Itch'.


bioDBnet: dbOrtho
Ortholog Conversions
dbOrtho helps users run ortholog conversions where one identifier from one species can be converted to an identifier in a different species. The input and output identifer types can be the same or different. Visit our examples page for a sample query.
To use dbOrtho select the organisms and the identifier types for the inputs and outputs. Add your ID's to the ID list box and set the remove duplicate values to 'No' if you do not want duplicates to be removed. Clicking on submit returns a table of your input values matched against the outputs in the exact order as entered.
Identifier values can have comma (,)
Remove duplicate input values Yes No