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Algorithm to convert any positive integer to an RGB value
By : user3851311
Date : October 17 2020, 11:12 AM
Does that help You need to first find the range of those values to get the min and max. Then you need to create a colour scale like the bar below this image. You can experiment with different functions to map an integer to an RGB. You need 3 functions R(X), G(X), B(X). Looking at the image below it loks like B(X) peaks in the middle, R(X) peaks at the end and green is somewhere else. As long as you make sure that you never get two (RGBs) for some value of X then you've got your conversion.
code :
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Find smallest integer greater or equal than x (positive integer) multiple of z (positive integer, probably power of 2)
By : George Jiang
Date : March 29 2020, 07:55 AM
it should still fix some issue If z is a power of two, the modulo operation can be reduced to this bitwise operation:
return (x + z - 1) & ~(z - 1);
string consisting of positive integer or positive decimal, convert toI number format
By : wcd923
Date : March 29 2020, 07:55 AM
hop of those help? It depends on whether you are allowed to use the standard library functions or not. If so, then, yes, it is just as easy as you described. If not, you will have to parse the string looking for decimal points, minus signs, etc. and convert by your own algorithms.
How to optimize an algorithm that returns the value of a positive integer x such that f(x) >=0 for a partially known
By : Balaji
Date : March 29 2020, 07:55 AM
will help you Evaluate f(x) for x powers of 2, until you find f(2^n) < 0 and f(2^(n+1)) >= 0. Then bisect until you find the lowest value. It's O(log n) time to find the first power of 2 for which the function is non-negative, and then O(log n) to binary search in the range 2^n to 2^(n+1).
Algorithm: Factorize a integer X to get as many distinct positive integers(Y1...Yk) as possible so that (Y1+1)(Y2+1)...(
By : Lilek
Date : March 29 2020, 07:55 AM
wish help you to fix your issue Consider the number 2**6.11**5.
Your algorithm will find 5 factors:
code :
2
2**2
2**3
11
11**2
(11**2 this will be discarded as it is a repeat)
2
2**2
11
11**2
2*11
2**2*11
An algorithm thats gives all possible distinct arrays whose positive integer elements sum to a given number
By : nikyst
Date : March 29 2020, 07:55 AM
wish of those help Here is some idea.
If I'm not mistaken the number of the arrays is 2N-1 and the arrays map to bit patterns codding integers form 0 to 2N-1-1 as follows:
shadow
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Computing Projectile Size from Crater Diameter
H. Jay Melosh and Ross A. Beyer
This is a program to estimate the size of a projectile that made a gravity-dominated crater of the given size. Three different estimates are presented, but the pi-scaling method is currently considered the best!
Crater Descriptor
Enter the crater diameter in km
This diameter is: Transient Final
Projectile Descriptor
Enter the projectile density in kg/m3 or
Impact Conditions
Enter the impact velocity in km/sec or
Enter the impact angle in degrees
The impact angle is measured between the approach trajectory and a plane tangent to the surface. This angle is 90 degrees for a vertical impact.
Target Descriptors
Enter the target density in kg/m3 or
Enter the acceleration of gravity in m/sec2 or
Target Type
liquid water
loose sand
competent rock or saturated soil
PtyS/LPL Home Page
Web form processing provided by PIRL.
Last Updated: Decemmber 6, 1999


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'Diffuse' vs. 'Defuse'
What to Know
Diffuse can be used as a verb meaning "to spread out" or an adjective meaning "spread out" or "not concentrated." It is often confused with defuse which can only be a verb originally meaning "to take the fuse off a bomb" but now usually means "to make less dangerous or tense."
Meaning of Diffuse
First off, only one is ever an adjective: diffuse as an adjective most often means "not concentrated or localized," as in "diffuse lighting" or "a diffuse scent." It also means "being at once verbose and ill-organized," as in "a diffuse explanation that failed to provide any information." It comes from a Latin word meaning "to spread out."
It's when we venture into verb territory, though, that things can get muddled. Diffuse the verb comes directly from the adjective: something diffuse can be said to have diffused or been diffused. That is, it has spread out, or has been spread out, both literally and figuratively. Consider the following undeniably difficult situation:
My roommate's incessantly burning incense diffuses throughout the apartment.
My roommate wants the incessantly burning incense to diffuse more evenly throughout the apartment, but I do not.
My hatred for the scent of the incessantly burning incense is fueling a resentment that is diffusing through the relationship like a painful canker.
Sounds like things are getting tense with these roomies. Perhaps there's a way to, ahem, diffuse the situation.
But that, dear friends, is NOT it. One does not diffuse a situation, unless one is spreading it out, which, we assert, is hard to do. No, the word called for in the sentence above is defuse. It's an entirely different word, although it sounds almost identical to diffuse:
Meaning of Defuse
Defuse is a World War II relic, and in its original meaning it is merely a sum of its parts: deand fuse. It means "to remove the fuse from (a mine, a bomb, etc.)." Its figurative meaning developed quickly after, and is now the meaning most of us are most likely to encounter: "to make less harmful, potent, or tense."
While situations are hard to spread, situations can, with a little luck, be made less tense, which is why when it comes to dealing with situations, defuse is your word.
In summary: Diffuse is both a verb and an adjective, and refers to the spreading of something, or making it less concentrated. Defuse functions only as a verb and means "to remove the fuse from something."

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text: A sunfleck is basically a bright spot or dapple of light. The term is frequently used in an ecological context to describe bright spots of light reaching the forest floor. They result from the random movement of tree leaves tossed about in a breeze on a sunny day. This has huge consequences for the plants living in the understory. Plants often acclimate to local light conditions by producing leaves adapted to full sun (curiously enough, called sun leaves) or to full shade (shade leaves). Imagine being a small plant growing quietly in the shadow of large trees. Suddenly a sunfleck arrives, bathing your shade leaves in brilliant light. What a jolt. Leaf temperature suddenly climbs, water rapidly evaporates from your leaf surfaces and photosynthesis rate goes way up. Then just as quickly, the light disappears. Back to normal, only to have the light return a few seconds later. No such thing as getting used to your environment, because it's always changing. The transient changes in biochemistry produced by sunflecks are fascinating and are the subject of ongoing scientific study. For example click here.


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St. George is surrounded by beautiful natural landscapes. Making it an ideal outdoor destination. There are so many outdoor activities to participate in, indoor activities often overlooked. We've already made a list of our top 10 outdoor activities but here are our top 10 favorite indoor activities. Whether you are wanting to escape the heat of the outdoors or are looking to explore St. George, these activities are the perfect choice for the whole family!
1. St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm
Take a step back to prehistoric times at the Dinosaur Discovery Site. This interactive exhibit has fossils from an Early Jurassic ecosystem. Look at fossils and tracks of dinosaurs, plants, fish, and more that are over 200 million years old. There are also replicas, models, and restorations of life-sized prehistoric animals. Watch volunteers working on real fossils, play in the dino park, and learn in the interactive classroom exhibit. This museum is fun for the whole family, and a great way to get everyone learning!
2. St. George Children's Museum
Discover, Imagine, and Create! This is the museum's slogan, and for good reason. With twelve interactive exhibit rooms, guests can feel, touch, explore, and play. At this museum, the whole family can discover new worlds. Perfect for busy bodies and curious minds, this museum encourages creative play and imagination in their fun exhibits. Enjoy a day of learning and exploring, and watch for evening events that are fun for everyone as well.
3. Rosenbruch World Wildlife Museum
Learn about animals from every continent on earth in this interactive museum! Walkthrough on a tour, and view over 300 species of animals. Each display is narrated with your own individual wand. In the interactive children's room, take a safari with hands-on learning. Get in touch with nature, play in the camp area, and burn some energy in the climbing adventure area. This museum is fun for the whole family, and a great way to learn about our world.
4. Fiesta Fun Family Fun Center
Spend a whole day at this fun facility! Challenge the whole family to a go-kart or kiddie kart race. Enjoy a game of mini-golf on either of the interactive courses. Bring the whole family bowling. Practice your swing in the batting cages. Test your luck in the arcade. See who has the best sneak attack skills in the 4,000 sq. ft. adventure themed laser tag arena. If you are okay with getting wet, try out the bumper boats. After a fun day of activities, grab a bite to eat at the Barre Grill. With so many activities, no one will be bored at Fiesta Fun!
5. Laser Mania Family Fun Center
This fun center is full of adventurous activities that will keep the whole family busy! Enter a futuristic spaceship in their 4,000 sq. ft. laser tag arena for a 20 minute game of laser tag. Step into a whole new world with their virtual reality game center. Glow in the dark in the indoor 3,500 sq. ft blacklight mini-golf course. Take a ride in the 4D movie ride and choose from multiple movies ranging from family-friendly to scary. Try a friendly competitive game of bumper carts. Finally, play some games in the token arcade and retrocade. Located in downtown St. George, this facility is perfect for a fun day with the whole family.
6. Sand Hollow Aquatic Center
Spend the day in the water at this aquatic center. The lap and diving pool features a diving board, lap lanes, and a rock-climbing wall. There also is a 5,800 sq. ft. leisure pool with a zero-depth entry area. This pool features interactive children's water toys, a water slide, and a water walk. On Saturday's try out the WIBIT, a floating obstacle course! With fun classes and lessons offered as well, the Sand Hollow Aquatic Center is fun for everyone.
7. House of Jump Trampoline Park
Jump away the day in this indoor trampoline park! With wall to wall trampolines, you'll be able to bounce, jump, and fly. Not only is there trampolines, but you can try out the climbing walls, or scramble your way to the top of the warp wall. Join in a game of dodgeball or aeroball. Play the dunk it game and swing into the stunt pit. When you need a break from the high-energy action, explore new adventures with the virtual reality games. This 25,000 sq. ft. facility has over 70 trampolines, so you and the whole family can go have fun!
8. Mystery Escape Room
Test your family's mystery-solving skills in the St. George Mystery Escape Room. With multiple rooms to choose from, and escapes ranging in difficulty, there is something for every family here. The minute you enter your themed room, you'll be working through puzzles, riddles, and secrets. Will you be able to work together to solve the mystery and escape in time? Take your family to find out!
9. St. George Art Museum
Formerly a sugar beet seed storage facility, this space is now a transformed beautiful arts complex. Featuring fine art exhibits of many cultures and times, as well as local and regional artists, this museum has lots to see! Take a self-guided tour, watch for one of the many events hosted here, or visit the family discovery center. In the family center, enjoy hands-on learning activities and create your own art! This gallery has something everyone can enjoy.
10. Brigham's Playhouse
After a fun day out and about, enjoy an evening watching a Broadway-caliber family-friendly play. This 200 seat theater allows the audience to view productions in an intimate atmosphere, creating an inspiring experience. Grab a dessert at the concessions including Red Barn ice cream, Brigham's Brew Root Beer, and more. With shows changing every season, you'll be able to watch a production the whole family can enjoy.
With so many indoor activities in the St. George area, you might have to plan another vacation! Here at Freedom Vacation Rentals, we want to make the most of your stay. Feel free to contact us with any questions you may have. Read our other blogs for more activities and information about the local area. St. George is the perfect area for a family vacation, and these indoor activities will keep everyone entertained while you're here.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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ASTM International - ASTM E1960-07
Standard Practice for Calculating International Friction Index of a Pavement Surface
|Publication Date:||1 April 2007|
|ICS Code (Other standards related to road engineering):||93.080.99|
significance And Use:
This is the practice for calculating the IFI of the pavement. The IFI has proven useful for harmonization of the friction measuring equipment. F60 and Sp have proven to be able to... View More
This is the practice for calculating the IFI of the pavement. The IFI has proven useful for harmonization of the friction measuring equipment. F60 and Sp have proven to be able to predict the speed dependence of wet pavement-related measurements of the various types of friction-measuring equipment.2 The two IFI parameters (F60 and Sp) have been found to be reliable predictors of the dependence of wet pavement friction on tire slip and vehicle speed.
The IFI parameters, F60 and Sp, can be used to calculate the calibrated friction at another-slip speed using a transformation equation.
The IFI model given below describes the relationship between the values of wet pavement friction FRS measured at a slip speed of S and between the friction values measured by different types of equipment.
A significance of the IFI Model is that the measurement of friction with a device does not have to be at one of the speeds run in the experiment. FRS can be measured at some S and is always adjusted to FR60. Thus, if a device can not maintain its normal operating speed and must run at some speed higher or lower because of traffic, the model still works well. In that case S is determined by the vehicle speed (V) which can be converted to S by multiplying V by the percent slip for fixed slip equipment or by multiplying V by the sine of the slip angle for side force equipment.
This practice does not address the problems associated with obtaining a measured friction or measured macrotexture.View Less
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of the International Friction Index (IFI) from a measurement of pavement macrotexture and wet pavement friction. The IFI was developed in the PIARC International Experiment to Compare and Harmonize Texture and Skid Resistance Measurements. The index allows for the harmonizing of friction measurements with different equipment to a common calibrated index. This practice provides for harmonization of friction reporting for devices that use a smooth tread test tire.
1.2 The IFI consists of two parameters that report the calibrated wet friction at 60 km/h (F60) and the speed constant of wet pavement friction (Sp).
1.3 The mean profile depth (MPD) has been shown to be useful in predicting the speed constant (gradient) of wet pavement friction.
1.4 A linear transformation of the estimated friction at 60 km/h provides the calibrated F60 value. The estimated friction at 60 km/h is obtained by using the speed constant to calculate the estimated friction at 60 km/h from a measurement made at any speed.
1.5 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound equivalents are rationalized, rather than exact mathematical conversions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.


Kidney Disease News and Events read more
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Can People with Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Failure Eat Eggplant
2013-09-18 10:31
Can People with Stage 4 Chronic Kidney Failure Eat EggplantCan people with stage 4 chronic kidney failure eat eggplant? Eggplant is one common food in our dinner. With correct condiment, eggplant can be made into one delicious course. Is this nourishing vegetable good for these patient? For different patients, the answer is different.
Who can eat eggplant?
If you have stage 4 chronic kidney failure but don't have any severe complication, eggplant is available and you can get many benefits from it. For example, hypertension is one big risk for people with kidney disease, because it can cause further kidney damage and aggravate patients' condition. Eggplant contains high vitamin E that can strengthen the anti-oxidant of cytomembrane and lower high blood pressure.
Who can not eat eggplant?
In stage 4, patients are more likely to suffer from various symptoms and discomforts, as only 15%-29% kidney function still does its job. As a result, more and more metabolic wastes and toxins build up in the body gradually. If you are one among them and have the following symptoms, eggplant may be something you need to stay away from or at least limit.
1. High potassium level: When kidney function loses too much, excess potassium can't be eliminated from the body successfully, resulting in high potassium level. In this condition, muscle and nerve problems, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain or even dizziness appears. As introduced by dietitian, nearly 100g of eggplant contains about 230mg of potassium, so people with elevated potassium level should limit the intake of eggplant.
2. Diarrhea: According to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), eggplant belongs to cold and cool food, so it is not suitable for people with dirrahea, dyspepsia and some other digestive systems.
From the above analysis, we can know whether patients with stage 4 chronic kidney failure can eat eggplant depends on patients' illness condition. To be responsible for you, we need to know more about your condition and then give you an answer in detail.
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Question: Can An Eagle Kill A Bear?
What animal can eat a bear?
Most other animals have more to fear.
Scavengers in numbers are also a threat..
Can an eagle pick up a human?
"There used to be stories about eagles carrying off babies and little kids, and none of that has ever been documented," he said. "They can pick up and carry four or five pounds, maximum, and actually fly off with it. They can lift a little more and hop it along, but they can't carry it off."
Who would win eagle or wolf?
Golden eagles can kill mammals bigger and heavier than wolves by a powerful strike directed at the back of the skull, a trained eagle would in fact be able to kill even an adult wolf if it approached quickly enough and struck the wolf, from behind, in the right place.
What is toxic to bears?
Theobromine can, at high doses, be toxic to bears and other species. Its effects have been studied and documented in dogs, cats, rodents and humans, but its impact on bears and other wildlife species is largely unknown, according to Fish and Game.
Can a hawk pick up a 20 pound dog?
Large raptors, such as Red-tailed Hawks and Great Horned Owls, can attack and kill small pets. We have received dozens of inquiries about dogs and cats weighing anywhere from 6 to 60 pounds. … A large female Cooper's Hawk can weigh just over one pound; thus the most it could pick up would be a one pound animal.
Can an owl pick up a 20 pound dog?
Great horned owls, northern goshawks, and red-tailed hawks are three of the most common birds-of-prey to lash at small dogs and cats, typically those under 20 pounds. … Oftentimes the answer is as simple as knowing if your yard is also viewed by a hawk or owl as its own home.
Will a bear attack a human?
Generally, bears only attack humans to protect their food, cubs, or space so fighting back against a grizzly bear will typically only worsen an attack whereas playing dead may help the bear believe you are no longer a threat. "To effectively play dead, you should wait until the bear has actually touched you.
Can an Eagle kill a wolf?
Can an eagle crush a human skull?
Males weigh an average of 10 pounds while females clock in closer to 20 pounds. Their rear talons are 3 to 4 inches long – the same length as a grizzly bear's claws. They have a grip strength of appproximately 530 psi – more than enough to crush the human skull & squash your brain like a grape.
Do bears eat humans?
Bears. … Truly man-eating bear attacks are uncommon, but are known to occur when the animals are diseased or natural prey is scarce, often leading them to attack and eat anything they are able to kill. In July 2008, dozens of starving brown bears killed two geologists working at a salmon hatchery in Kamchatka.
Can I shoot a bear if it attacks me?
Bears wounded with an arrow, knife, or firearm may intensify the attack, and killing a bear charging at full speed is difficult at best. If you shoot a bear in self-defense, leave the scene as soon as it is safe, and report the incident to Fish, Wildlife & Parks immediately. … If attacked, use your bear spray.
How big of an animal can an eagle kill?
However, attacks on animals that weigh more than 30 to 40 pounds (14 to 18 kg) are uncommon. Where golden eagles prey on domestic animals, they usually take lambs and kids, but some become persistent predators of domestic livestock as large as 500 pounds (227 kg).
What is the deadliest Eagle?
Harpy eagleHarpy eagleGenus:Harpia Vieillot, 1816Species:H. harpyjaBinomial nameHarpia harpyja (Linnaeus, 1758)15 more rows
What eats an eagle?
Though eagles are considered to be fierce and dangerous organisms, other organisms consider eagles to be a vital delicacy. Examples of organisms that eat eagles (at the different life cycle stages) include raccoons, coyotes, great horned owls, ravens, squirrels, foxes, and wolves.
Can a bear catch a deer?
What animal has killed the most humans?
How do you tell if a bear is stalking you?
10 Signs a Bear is Stalking You#1. It takes a second look. … #2. Check for paw prints or fresh droppings in your vicinity. … #3. Constant Gifts. … #4. You keep "running into" each other when you're out of the house. … #5. Constant phone calls. … #6. It keeps "accidentally" leaving things at your house. … #7. Your dog is dead. … #8.More items…•
What animal can kill an eagle?
What food kills bears?
The worst offenses are caused by unprocessed chocolate, baker's chocolate and dark chocolate. Unprocessed chocolate and other chocolates used in commercial baking and manufacturing have large amounts of theobromine, but is not palatable because it's very bitter. The bears simply won't eat it.
Do eagles eat cats?
Yes Eagles do eat cats, albeit infrequently. Although eagles are meat eaters they are also carrion eaters. Their preferred dish is fish, followed by other birds and wildfowl.
Why do bears bury their kill?
It is clear from these data that the bears are more likely to bury whole carcasses of animals rather than their remains left after other predators. A brown bear may cover its prey after he had already started to eat it (Matyushkin, 1974), or after burying the carcass, may wait for some time without eating it.


text:
The historic city of Green, Ohio was looking for a partner in planning and designing a third fire station to better serve its close-knit community. As the selected partner, PRIME AE worked with the city in two phases to establish a project budget and determine the most logical construction delivery method. Throughout, careful management of the intended scope of work and its associated budget was monitored by all associated professionals involved.
The planned site sat at the northeast corner of Mayfair Road and Raber Road, and included residential structures across two parcels that dated back to the 1940s. Because of the age of the former residences, demolition needed to address removal of the utility connections servicing the old homes as well as abandonment of on-site wells and septic systems. Once these considerations were accounted for, the structures were safely and effectively demolished to make way for the new fire station.
Green City Fire Station No. 3 contains three bays for emergency fire and rescue equipment, a tornado shelter, associated offices, a meeting room, dining room, dormitory, locker/toilet facilities, and other related functions. The city of Green has continued to grow and thrive since its beginnings as an agricultural township in 1809. With PRIME AE's planning and design partnership for the additional fire station, the city can keep its citizens safe as it continues to flourish.


text:
The symptomatology of 34 cases of virologically proved type 11 adenovirus pneumonia was studied, 32 of whichwere compared with 197 cases of types 3 and 7 adenovirus pneumonia.
In 22 cases under 2 years of age the onset was abrupt with persistent high fever, listlessness, drowsiness, pallor and cold extremities followed by dyspnea and cyanosis on the 3rd to 6th day. 17 cases had dullness and 5 tubular breathing sound on chest examination. Heart failure developed in 12 cases, and edema, in 1.
The white blood cell count was slightly lower than normal. Roentgenologically, two fifths of the cases had patchy or confluent shadows in the left lower lobe or both lower lobes. Severe or fatal cases accounted for 24.1% of the total. The percentage of severe and fatal cases of type 11 adenovirus pneumonia was much smaller than that of type 7. The difference was significant. As compared with type 3 adenovirus pneumonia, the percentage of severe cases of type 11 was nearly equal to that of type 3.
Key wordsadenovirus pneumonia symptomatology of pneumonia
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Ellipse x1%, y1%, x2%, y2%, rgb_color%
Draws an ellipse on the screen.
The center of the ellipse is the center of the specified bounding rectangle.
The point x1%,y1% is upper-left corner while the point x2%, y2% is lower-right corner of the bounding rectangle.
rgb_color% is the color of the "brush" used to draw the figure.
Ellipse 100, 100, 200, 200, &hff00ff : Rem Draw a circumference with Diam=100


text:
Tracks of diplomacy
Traditionally, the term "diplomacy" referred to interaction between nation-states. More recently, however, scholars have delineated several levels of diplomacy. Tracks 1 and 2 are the most frequently used terms. A composite term is multitrack diplomacy.
Track 1 diplomacy: Official discussions typically involving high-level political and military leaders and focusing on cease-fires, peace talks, and treaties and other agreements.
Track 2 diplomacy: Unofficial dialogue and problem-solving activities aimed at building relationships and encouraging new thinking that can inform the official process. Track 2 activities typically involve influential academic, religious, and NGO leaders and other civil society actors who can interact more freely than high-ranking officials. Some analysts use the term track 1.5 to denote a situation in which official and non-official actors work together to resolve conflicts.
Track 3 diplomacy: People-to-people diplomacy undertaken by individuals and private groups to encourage interaction and understanding between hostile communities and involving awareness raising and empowerment within these communities. Normally focused at the grassroots level, this type of diplomacy often involves organizing meetings and conferences, generating media exposure, and political and legal advocacy for marginalized people and communities.
Multitrack diplomacy: A term for operating on several tracks simultaneously, including official and unofficial conflict resolution efforts, citizen and scientific exchanges, international business negotiations, international cultural and athletic activities, and other cooperative efforts. These efforts could be led by governments, professional organizations, businesses, churches, media, private citizens, training and educational institutes, activists, and funders.


Fragility Index Calculator
Calculates the number of patients required to lose statistical significance
Study Data
Control Group Question
Number WITH primary endpoint Question
Number WITHOUT primary endpoint --
Total number of control patients
Experimental Group
Number WITH primary endpoint Question
Number WITHOUT primary endpoint --
Total number of experimental patients
Enter number of patients without primary endpoint instead
RESULTS
Fragility Index
8
A fragility index of 8 indicates that if 8 patients in the experimental group were "converted" from NOT having the primary endpoint to HAVING the primary endpoint, the study would lose statistical significance (p > 0.05). The higher the fragility index, the more robust the results of a study are. Learn more about an "acceptable" fragility index.
 Original Study Fragility Index "Fragile" Study
Control group with outcome (N) 50 50
Control group without outcome (N) 450 450
Experimental group with outcome (N) 25 + 8 33
Experimental group without outcome (N) 475 - 8 467
P value 0.004 0.066
About This Calculator
The fragility index is a measure of the robustness (or fragility) of the results of a clinical trial. The fragility index is a number indicating how many patients would be required to convert a trial from being statistically significant to not significant (p ≥ 0.05). The larger the fragility index the better (more robust) a trial's data are. The intent of the fragility index is to be used in conjunction with the P value, 95% confidence interval, and various measures describing benefit or risk (relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction, etc).
How Is the Fragility Index Calculated?
The fragility index is calculated by converting one patient in the group (control or experimental group) from a "non-event" to an "event" outcome and recalculating a two-sided Fisher's exact test until the P value meets or exceeds 0.05. In essence, the calculation describes how many patients would have had to have a different outcome (within the group with the fewest number of events) to make a study's results not statistically significant.
What Is an "Acceptable" Fragility Index?
There is no specific fragility index that is accepted as being a "good" (robust) or "bad" (fragile) value. In the manuscript introducing the concept, a convenience sample of 399 randomized controlled trials with statistically significant results were analyzed from five high-impact journals.1 This study found the following results, which serves to describe the landscape of fragility index among clinical trials that in general are considered high-quality or "robust" studies:
 - The median fragility index was 8 (IQR 3 to 18)
 - 25% of trials had a fragility index ≤ 3
 - 10% of trials had a fragility index of zero (see Fragility Index of Zero for an explanation)
 - When loss to follow-up was reported, 52.9% of trials had a larger fragility index compared to the number of patients lost to follow-up
At least two other publications have summarized the fragility index within other areas of medicine:
Median Fragility Index in RCTs
Error bars in the graph above indicate the interquartile range (IQR) of each publication
 - Walsch 20141: Included 399 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from five high-impact journals
 - Evaniew 20152: Included 40 orthopedic spine surgery RCTs with a variety of different endpoints
 - Ridgeon 20163: Included 56 critical care RCTs with an endpoint of mortality
Aside from comparing a study's fragility index to the fragility index of other trials, another method of interpreting a fragility index is to compare the value against the number of patients lost to follow-up. As a general rule of thumb, if the number of patients lost to follow-up is greater than the fragility index, the study should be considered less robust. The three previously mentioned publications also reported the percent of trials in which the number lost to follow-up exceeded the fragility index:
Trials with Higher Fragility Index than Number Lost to Follow-Up
 - Walsch 20141: Included 399 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from five high-impact journals
 - Evaniew 20152: Included 40 orthopedic spine surgery RCTs with a variety of different endpoints
 - Ridgeon 20163: Included 56 critical care RCTs with an endpoint of mortality
Fragility Index of Zero
By definition, the fragility index is calculated using a Fisher's exact test.1 Other methods, such as a Chi squared test, are commonly used to compare a dichotomous (binary) outcome in clinical trials. Particularly for small trials, the P value from a Fisher's exact test can be discrepant from a Chi squared test. In the cases where a Fisher's exact test produces a non-significant P value (without "converting" a patient from a non-event to an event), the fragility index is reported as '0' and clearly emphasizes the lack of robustness of the trial data.
Limitations of the Fragility Index
Because of how a fragility index is calculated, there are several inherent limitations to its use:
 1. Use of Fisher's exact test for statistical significance - In the manuscript describing the fragility index,1 the authors decided to use a Fisher's exact test for the calculation procedure. In general, this tends to be more conservative (more prone to a type II error) than other methods, such as a Chi squared test. This difference in statistical test can lead to a fragility index of zero even though the original study showed statistically significant results.
 2. Only appropriate for dichotomous (binary) outcomes - The fragility index cannot be applied to an outcome that is a continuous variable. For example, a primary endpoint using a modified Rankin scale (a scale measuring death or disability between 0 and 6) is not appropriate for a Fisher's exact test (and thus not appropriate for a fragility index calculation). With that said, however, some studies do dichotomize a continuous endpoint. For example, an endpoint of "good outcome" (modified Rankin scale of 0 to 3) versus a "bad outcome" (modified Rankin 4 to 6) converts a continuous variable to a binary variable, in which case a fragility index can be calculated.
 3. Possibly not appropriate for time-to-event outcomes - Although many time-to-event outcomes are usually dichotomous (eg, mortality), the fragility index does not account for the difference in outcome over time. Particularly in longer studies with variable follow-up time periods and treatment durations, an analysis accounting for time (such as a Kaplan-Meier curve or Cox proportional hazards model) are more appropriate than a simple binary outcome analysis without accounting for time.
 4. No standard fragility index "cut-off"As discussed above (What Is an "Acceptable" Fragility Index?), there is no specific cut-off or lower limit of the fragility index to classify a study as "fragile" or "robust". To a large extent, the interpretation of the fragility index and the interpretation of the index in conjunction with the trial's results are inherently subjective.
References and Additional Reading
 1. Walsh M, Srinathan SK, McAuley DF, et al. The statistical significance of randomized controlled trial results is frequently fragile: a case for a Fragility Index. J Clin Epidemiol. 2014 Jun;67(6):622-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.10.019. PMID 24508144
 2. Evaniew N, Files C, Smith C, et al. The fragility of statistically significant findings from randomized trials in spine surgery: a systematic survey. Spine J. 2015 Oct 1;15(10):2188-97. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.06.004. PMID 26072464
 3. Ridgeon EE, Young PJ, Bellomo R, et al. The Fragility Index in Multicenter Randomized Controlled Critical Care Trials. Crit Care Med. 2016 Jul;44(7):1278-84. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001670. PMID 26963326
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Akeyless Gateway should always be used with TLS to ensure all traffic is encrypted at transit.
If you are working with Load Balancers or reverse proxies in front of your Gateway, TLS should be used for all network connections.
The use of HTTP protocol is considered insecure and discouraged; thus, remote Gateway configuration is not supported over HTTP. If you wish to configure your gateway remotely make sure you do it over HTTPS.
To configure TLS, on your Gateway Configuration Manager under the General tab:
Select the cloud icon next to TLS Certificate
Upload a TLS Certificate and provide a TLS Private Key in a PEM format and Save.
Updating a TLS certificate can be accessed through the CLI by using the following command:
akeyless gateway-update-tls-cert --gateway-url <https://Your-Akeyless-Gateway-URL:8000> --cert-data <TLS Certificate(base64 encoded)>
The command's full parameters are:
cert-data: TLS Certificate (base64 encoded), this flag is ignored if
cert-file-name: Path to the file containing the TLS Certificate, this flag is ignored if
key-data: TLS Private Key (base64 encoded), this flag is ignored if
key-file-name: Path to the file containing the TLS Private Key, this flag is ignored if
gateway-url[=http://localhost:8000]: Akeyless Gateway URL (Configuration Management port).
Updated 2 months ago


text:
What kind of jewellery goes best with your skin tone?
Jewelry is the only thing closest to your skin and what most people notice about your outfit first. When buying jewelry, most people only consider their style and preferences. However, another important factor to consider when choosing jewelry is skin tone. If you've ever noticed that your friend's gold or silver necklace looks much better on it, but doesn't have the same sparkle as you, it's probably because it doesn't match your shade. So how does knowing your skin tone help you choose jewelry? This is because certain metals and stones are perfect for certain skin tones. But once you learn how different types of jewelry can accentuate your skin tone, you'll be able to find the perfect jewelry that will look the best on you.
Categories of skin tone
The first thing you need to keep in mind is that skin color and skin tone are two different things. Your skin color (overtone) is the color of the skin you were born with. It can change due to environmental factors such as sunbathing or burning in bright sunlight. The skin tone (partial shade) never changes. This can be attributed to your ethnicity and biological makeup, which includes pigmentation, melanin, etc.
There are three broad categories of skin tones – cool, warm, and neutral.
Neutral skin tone – Your veins will be both blue and green, equally or tilted one way or the other. If you are exposed to the sun, you will tan or get burned. Sometimes it can depend on the part of the body that is exposed to the sun.
Warm skin tones – Take a good look at your wrists. If your veins look green, you have a warm skin tone. If you stay in the sun for too long, you get tan very easily.
Cool skin tones – People with cool skin tones will have blue or purple veins. Alternatively, people with cool skin tones will burn from too much sun, rather than sunbathing. This is because they have a lower melanin count.
What jewellery you should get
Matching skin tones to metals – Now that you've determined your skin tone, it's easier for you to find the perfect piece of jewelry. People with cool skin tones look best in light metals such as silver, platinum, and white gold, especially jewellery for your wedding day . Those with warm skin tones will look good in gold, rose gold, copper, and brass. People with neutral skin tones have the best of both worlds – both yellow and white metals.
Matching skin tones to gemstones – Matching metals to your skin tone always ensures that your jewelry doesn't look weird when you wear it. However, metal isn't always the focal point of your jewelry – its gemstones. When the gems in your jewelry match your skin tone, they give your piece a more consistent look.
Cool skin tones work well with light colors such as blue and purple as they add some brightness and liveliness to cool skin. So if you have a cool skin tone, go for gems like sapphires and amethysts. Warm tone—People with warm tones will have a yellow skin tone. Yellow, an earth color, will go well with other earth tones such as red, yellow, orange, brown, and turquoise. Reach for a jewelry set with rubies, garnet, coral, lemon, etc. Neutral tone—since you are a mix of both, you are free to choose any Women chokers necklace Jewellery as they will all look flattering.


text:
To make the walls appear randomly, we'll first need to import the random module.
Next, we'll choose a random number. The range is up to you, but I'm going with 0 to 100.
...and we'll draw the wall only if the random number meets a certain condition, for example, if it is less than 50.
for x in range(16): for y in range(10): if random.randint(0, 100) < 50: wall = Actor('wall') wall.x = x * 50 + 25 wall.y = y * 50 + 25 + 50 walls.append(wall)
Since the wall pieces are drawn randomly, your screen may not look the same as mine.


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fix windows error code 0xc004c003
0xc004c003 is a window error which occurs when we install windows operating system such as windows 8, 7, XP and Vista and the product key is blocked. This error is in hexadecimal format which is a common error code format used by drivers and windows so. When in the instruction are loaded in memory locations this error is addressed. When this error code occurs it restrict to install the windows so.If registry file is corrupted, window driver is outdated or very old then it also occurs. To overcome this error we have to use a valid and correct product key which is not blocked. This error give an indication that the given product key is in used or blocked from activation.
 - The most common reason behind this error is installing incompatible or outdated driver, missing system files, corrupted registry file or damaged pc by viruses. Advanced System Repair Tool is the only solution for all the system errors. By installing this tool you will be able to remove above windows error.
 3 Steps to Fix this Error
 Step 1. Download Advance System Repair Tool [File Size: 15.7 MB]
 Step 2. SCAN your Windows PC
 Step 3. Click Fix button to Repair Error
What is the reason :-
 - Product key of windows so is blocked or used by others.
 - If the driver of windows is outdated or very old.
 - Malicious programs are active in our pc
 - Be sure that the product key you have entered is correct because some time we miss the letters such as we enter (small) but given letter is I(capital)
 - Damaged Token.dat file
 - System files missing
Effect :-
When fix windows error code 0xc004c003 is occurred then it prevents to install windows operating system in our pc.
Resolution :-
If you found fix window error code 0xc004c003 then follow the following steps :-
 1. Contact to Microsoft using Manual Phone Activation by these steps
 2. Check that the product key entered by you is correct and in a well formed.
 3. Check that the permission of Tokens.dat file is correct if not then correct its permission
 4. Change the name of Tokens.dat file
Manually :-
a) Click on start with windows running
b) Write slui.exe 4 in search option
c) Enter from keyboard
d) Country select
e) Select the option Phone Activation
f) Call on the number which is given
g) Wait for a real person
You can use different tools to overcome this error. One of the best tools is Advanced System Repair Tool which protects all malicious programs such as malwares, Trojan, spywares etc. It improves the performance of pc, repairs system files, solve the driver problem.
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w3resource
JavaScript: Test whether a string ends with a specified string
JavaScript String: Exercise-47 with Solution
Write a JavaScript function to test whether a string ends with a specified string.
Test Data:
console.log(endsWith('JS string exercises', 'exercises'));
true
Pictorial Presentation:
JavaScript: Test whether a string starts with a specified string
Sample Solution:-
HTML Code:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
 <meta charset="utf-8">
 <title>JavaScript function to test whether a string ends with a specified string</title>
</head>
<body>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Code:
function endsWith(input, string) {
 var index = input.length - string.length;
 return index >= 0 && input.indexOf(string, index) > -1;
 }
console.log(endsWith('JS string exercises', 'exercises'));
Sample Output:
true
Flowchart:
Flowchart: JavaScript: Test whether a string ends with a specified string
Live Demo:
See the Pen JavaScript Test whether a string ends with a specified string-string-ex-47 by w3resource (@w3resource) on CodePen.
Improve this sample solution and post your code through Disqus
Previous: Write a JavaScript function to test whether a string starts with a specified string.
Next: Write a JavaScript function to get the successor of a string.
What is the difficulty level of this exercise?
JavaScript: Tips of the Day
JavaScript: use strict
function getAge() {
 'use strict';
 age = 21;
 console.log(age);
}
getAge();
With "use strict", you can make sure that you don't accidentally declare global variables. We never declared the variable age, and since we use "use strict", it will throw a reference error. If we didn't use "use strict", it would have worked, since the property age would have gotten added to the global object.
Ref: _URL_


es Secret that contains the Base64-encoded SCRAM password for the scram-sha-512 authentication type, or the Base64-encoded certificates and keys for the tls authentication type.
You can retrieve the credentials by using the name of the KafkaUser. For example, you can retrieve the credentials as follows:
 1. Set the current namespace:
 kubectl config set-context --current --namespace=<namespace>

 2. Log in to your Kubernetes cluster as a cluster administrator by setting your kubectl context.
 3. Use the following command to retrieve the required KafkaUser data, adding the KafkaUser name and your chosen namespace: \
 kubectl get kafkauser <name> -o jsonpath='{"username: "}{.status.username}{"\nsecret-name: "}{.status.secret}{"\n"}'

 The command provides the following output:
 - The principal username
 - The name of the Kubernetes Secret, which includes the namespace, containing the SCRAM password or the TLS certificates.
 4. Decode the credentials.
 - For SCRAM, use the secret-name from the previous step to retrieve the password and decode it:
 kubectl get secret <secret-name> -o jsonpath='{.data.password}' | base64 --decode

 - For TLS, get the credentials, decode them, and write each certificates and keys to files:
 kubectl get secret <secret-name> -o jsonpath='{.data.ca\.crt}' | base64 --decode > ca.crt

 kubectl get secret <secret-name> -o jsonpath='{.data.user\.crt}' | base64 --decode > user.crt

 kubectl get secret <secret-name> -o jsonpath='{.data.user\.key}' | base64 --decode > user.key

 kubectl get secret <secret-name> -o jsonpath='{.data.user\.p12}' | base64 --decode > user.p12

 kubectl get secret <secret-name> -o jsonpath='{.data.user\.password}' | base64 --decode

 5. Additionally, you can also retrieve endpoint details such as the admin API URL and the schema registry URL by using the following commands:
 - To retrieve the admin API URL from the status.endpoints list in the EventStreams custom resource, run the following command:
 kubectl get eventstreams <instance-name> -n <namespace> -o jsonpath="{.status.endpoints[?(@.name=='admin')].uri}"

 - To retrieve the schema registry URL from the status.endpoints list in the EventStreams custom resource, run the following command:
 kubectl get eventstreams <instance-name> -n <namespace> -o jsonpath="{.status.endpoints[?(@.name=='apicurioregistry')].uri}"

The cluster truststore certificate is required for all external connections and is available to download from the Cluster connection panel under the Certificates heading, within the OpenShift Container Platform UI, or by running the command kubectl es certificates. Upon downloading the PKCS12 certificate, the certificate password will also be displayed.
Similarly, if you are using OpenShift Container Platform, you can inspect these KafkaUser and Secret resources by using the web console.
Warning: Do not use or modify the internal Event Streams KafkaUsers named <cluster>-ibm-es-kafka-user, <cluster>-ibm-es-georep-source-user, <cluster>-ibm-es-iam-admin-kafka-user, or <cluster>-ibm-es-ac-reg. These are reserved to be used internally within the Event Streams instance.
Authorization
What resource types can I secure?
Within Event Streams, you can secure access to the following resource types, where the names in parentheses are the resource type names used in Access Control List (ACL) rules:
 - Topics (topic): you can control the ability of users and applications to create, delete, read, and write to a topic.
 - Consumer groups (group): you can control an application's ability to join a consumer group.
 - Transactional IDs (transactionalId): you can control the ability to use the transaction capability in Kafka.
 - Cluster (cluster): you can control operations that affect the whole cluster, including idempotent writes.
Note: Schemas in the Apicurio Registry in Event Streams are a special case and are secured using the resource type of topic combined with a prefix of __schema_. You can control the ability of users and applications to create, delete, read, and update schemas.
What are the available Kafka operations?
Access control in Apache Kafka is defined in terms of operations and resources. Operations are actions performed on a resource, and each operation maps to one or more APIs or requests.
Resource type Operation Kafka API
topic Alter CreatePartitions
 AlterConfigs AlterConfigs
 IncrementalAlterConfigs
 Create CreateTopics
 Metadata
 Delete DeleteRecords
 DeleteTopics
 Describe ListOffsets
 Metadata
 OffsetFetch
 OffsetForLeaderEpoch
 DescribeConfigs DescribeConfigs
 Read Fetch
 OffsetCommit
 TxnOffsetCommit
 Write AddPartitionsToTxn
 Produce
 All All topic APIs

group Delete DeleteGroups
 Describe DescribeGroup
 FindCoordinator
 ListGroups
 Read AddOffsetsToTxn
 Heartbeat
 JoinGroup
 LeaveGroup
 OffsetCommit
 OffsetFetch
 SyncGroup
 TxnOffsetCommit
 All All group APIs

transactionalId Describe FindCoordinator
 Write AddOffsetsToTxn
 AddPartitionsToTxn
 EndTxn
 InitProducerId
 Produce
 TxnOffsetCommit
 All All txnid APIs

cluster Alter AlterReplicaLogDirs
 CreateAcls
 DeleteAcls
 AlterConfigs AlterConfigs
 IncrementalAlterConfigs
 ClusterAction ControlledShutdown
 ElectPreferredLeaders
 Fetch
 LeaderAndISR
 OffsetForLeaderEpoch
 StopReplica
 UpdateMetadata
 WriteTxnMarkers
 Create CreateTopics
 Metadata
 Describe DescribeAcls
 DescribeLogDirs
 ListGroups
 ListPartitionReassignments
 DescribeConfigs DescribeConfigs
 IdempotentWrite InitProducerId
 Produce
 All All cluster APIs
Implicitly-derived operations
Certain operations provide additional implicit operation access to applications.
When granted Read, Write, or Delete, applications implicitly derive the Describe operation. When granted AlterConfigs, applications implicitly derive the DescribeConfigs operation.
For example, to Produce to a topic, the Write operation for the topic resource is required, which will implicitly derive the Describe operation required to get the topic metadata.
Access Control List (ACL) rules
Access to resources is assigned to applications through an Access Control List (ACL), which consists of rules. An ACL rule includes an operation on a resource together with the additional fields listed in the following tables. A KafkaUser custom resource contains the binding of an ACL to a principal, which is an entity that can be authenticated by the Event Streams instance.
An ACL rule adheres to the following schema:
Property Type Description
host string The host from which the action described in the ACL rule is allowed.
operations array An array of strings that lists all the operations which will be allowed on the chosen resource.
resource object Indicates the resource for which the ACL rule applies.
The resource objects used in ACL rules adhere to the following schema:
Property Type Description
type string Can be one of cluster, group, topic or transactionalId.
name string Identifies the value that the ACL rule will authenticate against when receiving incoming requests, rejecting anything that does not match. For example, the topic that can be accessed based on the topic name, or the transactionalId that can be used by a client. The name value can be used in combination with the patternType value to use the prefix pattern.
patternType string Describes the pattern used in the resource field. The supported types are literal and prefix. With literal pattern type, the resource field will be used as a definition of a full topic name. With prefix pattern type, the resource name will be used only as a prefix.
The default value is literal.
Using the information about schemas and resource-operations described in the previous tables, the spec.authorization.acls list for a KafkaUser can be created as follows:
# ...
spec:
# ...
 authorization:
 # ...
 acls:
 - host: '*'
 resource:
 type: topic
 name: 'client-'
 patternType: prefix
 operations:
 - Write
In this example, an application using this KafkaUser would be allowed to write to any topic beginning with client- (for example, client-records or client-billing) from any host machine.
Note: The write operation also implicitly derives


olive" in German (I think they did use the English like that) wasn't what I would call "olive" in English. We had a big debate in the office whether to leave it as olive or translate it to an appropriate name for the colour patch - can't remember what we decided in the end! It's possible that either (a) the colour patch was inaccurate or (b) whoever labelled it as "olive" wasn't familiar with what colour "olive" is actually supposed to be (whether in English or German).
I wonder whether some of the examples of "mismatched" colour + noun pairs are to do not so much with visual perception of colour and more to do with the symbolic associations of certain colours which led to certain objects being assigned that way? Not a question I'd be able to answer though!


text:
Heating mats are convenient forms of increasing the temperature, if your grow area needs it. As opposed the conventional heater, mats distribute heat evenly, gently warming your cannabis plants from the bottom.
Though it might be used wherever a reliable source of heat is necessary - in cold attics, basements or abandoned factories, or to gently warm the hydroponics nutrient vat - it is especially recommended for handling of seedlings and clones. The sizes of available heating mats are usually corresponding to the most popular propagators - some are even integrated with one, and constitute a part of most advanced germinating kits.
Heating cables fulfil the same role, of providing heating from the bottom, where even distribution is important (i.e. almost always in cannabis cultivation). These are available with build in thermostats, allowing for temperature to be controlled automatically, adjusting to the changing conditions inside the grow area.


text:
Northeast Boundary Dispute
Northeast Boundary Dispute, controversy between the United States and Great Britain concerning the Maine–New Brunswick boundary. The treaty of 1783 ending the American Revolution had described the northeastern boundary of the United States as running due north from the source of the St. Croix River to the highlands dividing the St. Lawrence River tributaries and the Atlantic Ocean, and along those highlands to the northwesternmost head of the Connecticut River. Disputes over that definition lasted almost 60 years. The identity of the St. Croix was decided (1798) by a commission created by Jay's Treaty (1794). However, as no mountain range existed between the Atlantic and St. Lawrence systems, the question was submitted to arbitration, in accordance with the Treaty of Ghent (1814). The king of the Netherlands, as arbitrator, designated the St. John River as the boundary (1831), but this decision was not accepted by the United States. In 1839 the dispute led to the so-called Aroostook War, a conflict between inhabitants of New Brunswick and Maine, which produced strained relations between the United States and Great Britain. The long-standing controversy was ended with the Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), which set the boundary practically according to the line proposed by the king of the Netherlands, with the United States receiving the larger portion of the disputed area.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
More on Northeast Boundary Dispute from Infoplease:
See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Organizational effectiveness scholar Edward Lawler identified four "high involvement" principles that have a positive impact on employee engagement– power, information, knowledge and rewards.
What Lawler called "Power" (also referred to as autonomy or independence) means that employees have the power to make decisions that are important to their performance and to the quality of their working lives. Power can mean a relatively low level of influence, as in providing input into decisions made by others or it can mean having final authority and accountability for decisions and their outcomes. Involvement is maximized when the highest possible level of power is pushed down to the employees that have to carry out the decisions
Image courtesy of KROMKRATHOG at FreeDigitalPhotos.net


text:
It's time to don your anorak and help the Curtz with a fact or two. When does a kitten become referred to as a cub? For instance does a Scottish wild cat have cubs or kittens? What are a lynx offspring called? Do cubs start at puma or leopard?
Regards Davey C


Google Geocoding API error: The request was denied.
Iron sculpture Struktur
by Reinhard Scherer
This extraordinarily unique sculpture, made of iron, was created by Reinhard Scherer in 1990. It is located on the campus of the University of Stuttgart in Vaihingen.
Reinhard Scherer shows his distinctive understanding of space and dimensions in this work, and thereby, illustrates the possibilities related to these elements. He conceptualized his construction with the objective of encouraging dialog between his work and the surrounding landscape.
Through Struktur, Scherer plays with his artistic sensibilities for flat planes and lines with the understanding that the 17-meter high sculpture would seemingly move flexibly and elegantly in the air.
Scherer was born in 1948 in Wangen in Allgäu and first began to develop his career in the arts during his studies at the Freien Kunstschule in Stuttgart. Later, he went on to study sculpture at the Akademie der Bildenden Künste in Stuttgart. Scherer has participated in various national and international competitions and has won several scholarships.
He is a member of the regional artist league, Künstlerbund-Baden-Württemberg. Since 1990, he has been living and working as a freelance sculptor in Alfdorf-Pfahlbronn.
Universitätsstraße 34
70569 Stuttgart


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An open source (FreeBSD license) screen space reflections implementation for Unity3D 5. Features GPU DDA for screen space ray casting (derived from Morgan McGuire & Mike Mara's work), backface depth buffer for per-pixel geometry thickness, distance attenuated pixel stride, rough/smooth surface reflection blurring, fully customizable for quality/speed and more.
Read more on implementation:
Add the SSR component to a Camera, see properties section below for details. Requires deferred rendering path and a scene made up of Standard Shader materials.
Currently tested and optimized for OSX & Windows. Physically correct handling of specular is faked for now.
Each of the 3 main passes can be optionally downsampled to trade quality for performance.
 - Backface Depth: The backface depth pass is used to calculate the 'thickness' of the current pixel by subtracting the frontface depth value. The frontface depth texture is always full resolution so downsampling the backface depth pass tends to only cause artifacts on object edges. Depending on scene depth range this can potentially be pushed pretty high with little affect on quality.
 - SSR: Downsampling the SSR ray cast pass drastically reduces the number of rays but obviously results in lower resolution reflections. For scenes with high roughness/low specularity this may be acceptable.
 - Blur: Downsampling the blur pass will increase the likelihood of halo artifacts but can be used to increase performance if needed.
For every pixel in the SSR pass a ray is cast. For every step of a ray the frontface and backface depth textures are sampled and ray intersection tests performed. This is the most demanding pass of the shader and so minimizing the number of steps per ray will have the biggest positive impact on performance. Depending on the scene it is possible to get acceptable results with a surprisingly small number of steps (less than 10 steps in some cases).
 - Iterations: The maximum allowed steps per ray. As this is a screen space ray cast, iterations can be thought of in pixels (iterations x pixel stride = maximum distance a ray can travel in pixels). Thus downsampling the SSR pass reduces the number of iterations required for a ray to travel the same distance in world space.
 - Binary Search Iterations: The number of iterations of binary search refinement to conduct on the final step of a ray cast. If pixel stride is set to 1 this is ignored. For higher pixel strides this can generally be set to around 1-5 with good results.
 - Pixel Stride: The number of pixels to jump each step of a ray cast. Higher values will result in less accurate reflections but allow rays to travel further for less iterations.
 - Pixel Stride Z Cuttoff: Pixel stride is attenuated based on surface distance from camera. This value is the distance from the camera at which point pixel stride becomes 1. For scenes with wide depth range (such as long shots of terrain) this allows for a large pixel stride to be used without affecting distant reflections.
 - Pixel Z Size Offset: This value is added to the calculated pixel "thickness" and can help mitigate artifacts caused by thin geometry or a downsampled backface depth pass. Generally this should be set to a low 0-1 range but depending on scene/settings may need to be set higher.
 - Max Ray Distance: The maximum distance a ray can travel in world space.
Reflection Fading:
Since SSR is a screen space effect, we rely on depth and normal passes for geometry information. This means that any geometry not rendered to the screen can not be reflected. To minimize the obviousness of this deficiency we can detect and smoothly fade these reflections.
 - Screen Edge Fade Start: A value between 0-1 that controls when reflections who's rays reach the screen edges will start to fade. 0 = center of screen, 1 = edge of screen. Values closer to 1 will result in a more abrupt fade, values closer to 0 will result in smoother fading. Generally 0.75 is a good value.
 - Eye Fade Start: The ray direction's Z value where reflections begin to fade. Reflections will be smoothly faded between this and the Z value set for Eye Fade End.
 - Eye Fade End: The ray direction's Z value where reflections are completely transparent.
Generally speaking, in PBR roughness/smoothness controls how sharp reflections appear. This is faked in the kode80SSR shader by using the roughness channel of the GBuffer to control the per-pixel radius of a bilateral blur pass.
 - Max Blur Radius: This value is the maximum radius allowed by the blur pass and is multiplied by the per-pixel roughness value from the Unity GBuffer. Setting this to 0 means reflection blurring is disabled regardless of roughness values.
 - Blur Quality: This value define the quality of the reflection blur. It depend from Max Blur Radius value.
An open source screen space reflections implementation for Unity3D 5.
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text:
Effects of the baking process on the chemical composition, sensory quality, and bioactivity of tieguanyin oolong tea
Tieguanyin oolong tea (TOT), a semi-oxidized tea originating from Anxi county in China, is categorized into jade TOT, medium-baked TOT, and deep-baked TOT, based on different baking processes. To study the effects of baking, chemical analysis, sensory evaluation, and bioactivity assessments of the three TOTs were conducted. The results indicated that the baking process promoted the formation of colored macromolecules (e.g., theabrownins), which affected the color of tea infusion. Free amino acids underwent the Maillard reaction and generated specific Maillard reaction products, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural, which modified the taste and aroma. Floral and fresh volatiles were remarkably reduced, while multiple new volatiles were produced, forming a typically baked aroma. The antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity were reduced after baking, which might be associated with the decrease of monomeric catechins. These results provide a scientific basis for understanding the changes caused by the baking process.
PublicationFrontiers in Nutrition, 2022, 9,
Other Funding informationThis research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872709), the Central Level, Scientific Research Project (Y2021CG06), the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-19), and the Innovation Project for the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Sustainable development goals
- (17) Partnerships for the Goals
Department or School
- Biological Sciences


text:
Hotchkiss receives funding from Swedish Research Council Formas
December 6, 2016
Dr. Erin Hotchkiss, an Assistant Professor of Freshwater Ecology in the Department of Biological Sciences, recently received funding for two grants from the Swedish Research Council Formas.
- Hotchkiss is a co-PI on the first grant: "Taking the pulse of Swedish rivers: Using metabolism to monitor ecosystem responses to environmental change".
- Project Goals: (1) determine how rates of ecosystem metabolism in Swedish rivers are shaped by regional climatic and anthropogenic gradients, (2) quantify the extent to which streams in the Swedish landscape degrade terrestrial organic carbon and contribute to greenhouse gas evasion, and (3) advance the use of metabolism as a tool for environmental monitoring programs.
- Hotchkiss is also a collaborator on a second grant: "Changing ice-cover regimes in a warmer climate: Effects on emissions and metabolism of carbon in northern aquatic ecosystems".
- Project Goals: (1) examine seasonal shifts in aquatic carbon metabolism, (2) assess how a shorter ice-covered period will affect whole-system productivity and aquatic CO2 and CH4 emissions on an annual scale, and (3) increase public awareness about climate change effects in northern aquatic ecosystems.
These grants will fund some of Erin's future research and provide exchange opportunities for students between Umeå and Blacksburg. For more information, including proposal summaries, visit the Hotchkiss Lab website: _URL_


text:
What Happens to LCD Display Modules When they Become Cold?
- Published on Monday, 02 August 2010 21:34
- Written by admin
What happens to LCD's when they become cold?
Liquid crystal displays are just like their name… they contain a liquid between two layers of glass. Liquids begin to freeze as the temperature drops. As the display freezes their response time slows down. In other words, it takes longer for the numbers and letters on the display to change (Turn ON or Turn OFF).
Above is a graph showing the response time of a display at -30°C (-22°F).
The best way I can think to explain this is a ceiling fan. When you turn off the ceiling fan the blades continue to turn for a few minutes, even though the power if OFF. When you turn ON a ceiling fan the blades will be at full speed in a shorter period of time. At most the blades will be at their max speed within 30 seconds. When talking about an LCD, we talk about when the display is ON (the characters can be seen) or OFF (the characters cannot be seen).
On the graph above there are two measurements. The left side is how dark the letters are; the larger the number the darker the letter. Along the bottom of the graph is the amount of time it takes to go from ON to OFF, or to go from OFF to ON. (Note: 1000mS is the same as 1 second).
Line 'A' displays the amount of time it takes for a character or segment on the display to turn OFF. That is, once you turn OFF the segment, how long does it take before it disappears? The graph above shows that the character actually 'disappears' 3500 milliseconds (3.5 seconds) after the display is turned OFF.
Line 'B' displays the amount of time it takes for the character or segment to turn ON. In the above graph the segment is only 55% 'ON' at 8000 milliseconds (8 seconds). That means the character is only ½ (half) ON. It will look grey and not very dark. It requires more time for the display to turn ON than to turn OFF… just the opposite of a ceiling fan.
We do not recommend operating our wide temperature (extended temperature) displays below -20°C (-4°F). This is true for all segment displays (static displays or glass displays), 7 (seven) segment, 14 (fourteen) segment and 16 (sixteen) segment LCD's.
Alphanumeric LCD displays such as: 8×1 LCD Display, 8×2 LCD Display, 16×1 LCD Display, 16×2 LCD Display, 16×4 LCD Display, 20×2 LCD Display, 20×4 LCD Display, 24×2 LCD Display, 40×1 LCD Display, 40×2 LCD Display, 40×4 LCD Display will react the same way.


text:
Researchers: Elahe Talebiahooie, Uday Kumar
Derailment is one of the potential risks in railway transportation, which is rare but its social, economic and environmental consequences is catastrophic. Practically, intervention levels and track quality indices are used to determine time for maintenance actions, which intended to control derailment risk. To efficiently control susceptibility of track sections to derailment, maintenance and inspection schedules should be optimized.
The aim of this project is to propose a practical framework to predict derailment likelihood based on mechanical simulation and track geometry historical data. The simulation will be performed in real time. Wheel flange climb and gauge widening and rail rollover are the two causes that will be assessed in this project.
Movable cellular automata (MCA) is the selected approach for the mechanical simulation of ballast, rail, sleepers and fasteners. The code of MCA will be developed in GPU to have a faster and more efficient simulation. The MCA is a method in computational solid mechanics based on the discrete concept. It provides advantages both of classical cellular automaton and discrete element methods.
1 km of railway will be simulated. With considering the ballast size as 38 mm and 1000×2×0.5 m as the dimension of the substructure, then 37×〖10〗^6 particles in the ballast and around 40×〖10〗^6 in total (also considering superstructure elements like rail, sleeper, fastening system, and weld) will be simulated in 1 km of railway. After performing the simulation, the transition rules in the MCA will be calibrated based on the historical data of track geometry


News > Shadowlands Guide > Shadowlands:...
Shadowlands: Legendary items
One of your first trips into Torghast will give you a key to show to Ve'nari. She sends you back into Torghast. But, it's not to the wings with all the mobs: when you first portal into Torghast, turn right and go to that door. It leads to the Runecarver. He'll give you some quests (that yes, send you back into Torghast) and leads to a quest for him to collect a bunch of soul ash. He is the one that will build you a legendary item, but his quest description isn't entirely clear as to how to go about it.
Once you have done his first quests, he'll send you out to recover a memory. These memories are the patterns for the legendary effect. You can see a list of them if you click on your Adventure Guide button and then the Powers tab. Hover the mouse over each of the powers, it will tell you what the power does and where it drops. Some drop in dungeons, some in Torghast, some in the raid. If its from a raid, it doesn't matter what difficulty of raid it is, the memory will still be the same.
The tooltip will also tell you what items that legendary power can be applied to (e.g., "shoulder, finger" means that you can have a legendary item crafter for either your shoulders or as a ring). This legendary is its own thing; it's not an enchantment you add to some other piece of gear, but it will be a Ring of Celerity or Shoulders of Dusk and Dawn.
You need 4 things in order to build a legendary:
 1. The specific memory needs to be unlocked.Find the memory as a drop, go back to the Runecarver's chamber, right click the memory in your inventory and it will go onto the list.
 2. A base item.This confuses the most people.If the memory can only be applied to "shoulder, finger" you need either a special shoulder item or a special ring.The special ring, for example, is called a Shadowghast Ring.A lot of materials go into the construction of these items, so they tend to be expensive on the Auction House.More details on the base items below.
 3. Two different missives.These are scrolls prepared by scribes which give secondary stats (crit, haste, etc.).You have to choose 2 different ones.These are also on the AH.
 4. Soul ash, at least 1250.
You take all these items to the Runecarver. It will open an interface, put the base item in the center (so he knows what you want it crafted on), then select the memory you want in the box to the left, and the two missives in the other two boxes. Press create and watch the cut scene.
Side note for crafters: once you unlock the Runecarver, head back to your profession trainer. They will now be able to train you to make the special base pieces at Rank 1. Each time you build a rank 1 item, you will get experience toward rank 2. You have to build 15 rank 1 items to unlock rank 2, then 15 rank 2's to be able to do rank 3, etc. That's why the base items are so expensive on the AH. I think there are guildies who can build all the different rank 1 pieces, but only a few rank 2's. And several people who can make missives. Ask in guild if you're interested, you should expect to provide the raw materials but they may be able to help out.
You can build legendary items at 4 different item levels, from ilvl 190 at rank 1 to ilvl 235 at rank 4. You need a base item of the right rank and the appropriate amount of soul ash (1250 to build a rank 1 and 5150 to build a rank 4). However, the legendary effect doesn't change, only the amount of secondary stats you get. Rank 1 legendaries are fine for most purposes.
If you build a rank 1 legendary, you can upgrade it later. You'll need the higher level base item and the difference in soul ash. So, for example, rank 2 requires 2000 soul ash, but if you are upgrading you get credit for the 1250 it took to build the rank 1. So, you just need the Rank 1 legendary, the rank 2 base item, and 750 additional soul ash. You cannot change memories or missives when upgrading.
What legendary should you build? It should be one that fits your play style and what you're trying to do. Number crunchers have determined the 'best' for certain circumstances, and that's always a good place to start looking, but make sure its something you can make use of.
Last seen: 1 month 2 weeks ago
Joined: 05/03/2012 - 20:34
Adding a few additional details for everyone.
1) If you want to see where your items drop, just open up your Adventure Guide (the book icon on your bottom bar, or Shift-J) and click on the Powers tab. In here you can see each legendary potential for your class/spec and where it drops to help you focus where/what you want to do.
2) Mousing over the legendaries in the Adventure Guide will also tell you which slot that legendary will tie to.
For example, for my Demon Hunter I have this one:
Now I know where to get it and which base item you need to purchase or make.
3) Each class type will need to buy/make a unique base item. For example, if I want to make a chestpiece for the Demon Hunter, I would need to buy an Umbrahide Vest (item level 190, 210, etc.)
CLOTH: Grim-velied
LEATHER: Umbrahide
MAIL: Boneshatter
PLATE: Shadowghast
JEWELRY: Shadowghast


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Spicy food consumption is associated with adiposity measures among half a million Chinese people: the China Kadoorie Biobank study.
Sun D., Lv J., Chen W., Li S., Guo Y., Bian Z., Yu C., Zhou H., Tan Y., Chen J., Chen Z., Li L., China Kadoorie Biobank collaborative group None.
BACKGROUND: Few animal experiments and volunteer-based intervention studies have showed a controversial effect of spicy foods on weight management; however, information is scant on the association between spicy food intake and obesity. This study aims to examine the impact of spicy food on quantitative adiposity measures in the Chinese population; a population with a low prevalence of general obesity, but a high prevalence of central obesity. METHODS: A total of 434,556 adults (255,094 females), aged 30-79 years, were included from the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) study. Information on spicy food intake was obtained using a questionnaire survey. Body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat (BF%), waist circumference (WC), and WC/height ratio (WHtR) were analyzed as continuous variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of daily spicy food eating was 30.4% in males and 30.0% in females, with dramatically geographic diversity (ranging from 99.4% in Hunan to 2.7% in Zhejiang). The covariates-adjusted BMI, BF%, WC, and WHtR significantly increased with increasing frequency, strength, and duration of spicy food eating regardless of gender (p < 0.001). Among regular spicy food consumers, strength of spicy food eating showed significant and positive association with all adiposity measures in both genders (except for BF% in males). Compared with non-consumers, daily spicy food eating was significantly associated with an increase of 0.44 and 0.51 of BMI (kg/m2), 0.79 and 1.01 of BF%, 1.4 and 1.0 of WC (cm), and 0.008 and 0.006 of WHtR in males and females, respectively. In stratified analyses of 18 consecutive BMI subgroups, a significantly increasing trend in the effect of daily spicy food eating on WC and WHtR with increasing BMI was noted in males; whereas a decreasing trend was seen in females. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate that spicy food intake is a risk factor for obesity in Chinese adult population, especially for central obesity in males. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying this association.


Essential job skills required for commerce graduates
Essential job skills required for commerce graduates
job skills required for commerce students
If you are following the latest job trends from up close, you'd know the importance of having relevant job skills. Be it any field of study, companies are more inclined towards candidates with appropriate job skills.
Talking about different fields of education, commerce is arguably the second most popular field of graduation in India; after engineering. The field owes its popularity to the gamut of employment opportunities that crop up after graduation in commerce.
It is an extensive field to make a career in Accountancy, Finance, Management, Economics, Law, Taxation, Banking, Human Resource, and Export-Import; to name a few.
Also, the stream of commerce is continuously evolving and growing and developing which means there is a constant need for students to stay updated with the latest trends in business, finance and, economics.
So, not just academic knowledge, students must also possess the necessary job skills that make them perfect for jobs.
Upon conducting skill assessments, we have realized that there is a huge talent gap between the kind of abilities that students learn in college and what corporates really need.
So, if you're an aspiring commerce graduate with a fancy degree but no job skills, give this one a read.
Essential job skills for commerce graduates
A mere degree is not enough for you to fetch respectable jobs. There is a need for some on-the-job skills that students must master before they make their way into the corporate world.
The right kind of job skills makes you more employable for any corporate organization. As for students, job skills can help you advance your professional career faster than any degree or diploma. Whether it be non-technical skills or technical skills for commerce students, you should always be hands-on and showcase that you know what you are bringing to the table.
Here are some of the most essential job skills required for jobs –
Numeracy skills
In order to have a bright career in a commerce-related field, you must have excellent numeracy skills. You must already know that jobs in fields of finance, data management, taxes and banking do consider your aptitude with numbers while recruitment. You should be able to understand and work with numerical and graphical information, draw conclusions, and explain your findings.
Related Read: Best jobs for freshers who are strong in quant
Communication skills
Given the well-paying standards and growth prospects of management jobs, most commerce students opt for a career with such corporate.
Now, working in a multi-national corporate honcho requires you to be a great communicator along with being a good manager.
So, great communication skills qualify as 'must-have' job skills for commerce students. Right from managing clients to internal team to delivering board room presentations; a commerce student must ace all of it.
Problem-solving ability
Almost all employers wish to hire problem solvers for all their job vacancies. The capability to draw out practical, economical, and effective solutions, is expected out of all commerce graduates.
Remember, all products and services that exist today are nothing but solutions to some or the other day-to-day problems of our lives. For instance: Why do we have cars when we can commute through bikes? The car designers dissected the problem of travelling long distances and travelling with family. So, this leads to the innovation of a product that eased long distance and family travels and today we call them cars.
Great problem-solving skills show how well you perform in alternative case scenarios.
Leadership skills
The commerce graduation courses are designed for those who have the potential to become leaders and be part of the team that works towards the same goal.
As a commerce graduate, you must possess excellent team management and leadership job skills because this is what the corporate world is about. The employers want to hire team players who will eventually turn into great team leaders instead of lone wolves.
Also Read: Resume Hacks – Must Have Leadership Skills On A Resume
This is because we are all cog in the wheel, not the wheel itself. The organization needs you and a hundred others like you to operate.
Besides the basics of economics, business, finance and, management that you've learnt in college there are plenty of job skills that should be mastered. Analytical thinking, knowledge of MS Excel, verbal and written communication ability, time management, organizational skills are some more of the job skills that you should continuously hone in order to rise up the corporate ladder.
For all the commerce graduates who are ready with their set of job skills and knowledge can look for a career break with AMCAT.
The AMCAT Job Portal is the Ideal platform to find the most desirable jobs for you. Over 700 companies of all sizes, from anywhere in the country come looking for fresh B.School talent with some sort of unique job skills.


Dual currency deposit
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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In finance, a dual currency deposit (DCD, also known as Dual Currency Instrument) is a derivative instrument which combines a money market deposit with a currency option to provide a higher yield than that available for a standard deposit. There is a higher risk than with the latter - the depositor can receive less funds than originally deposited and in a different currency. So one could do a USD/JPY DCD depositing USD and receive JPY.
Formal Definition[edit]
A Dual Currency Deposit ("DCD") is a foreign exchange linked deposit in which the principal can be repaid after being converted into the alternative currency at the strike rate at maturity depending on the spot foreign exchange rate. If an investor has a view on the initial investment currency a Dual Currency strategy allows the investor to benefit from higher returns. The returns are higher than the returns on normal deposits in compensation for the higher risks that are associated with DCDs due to being exposed to foreign exchange. At maturity, if the local currency is weaker than the strike rate funds will be redeemed in the local currency. If the local currency is stronger than the strike, the principal is repaid in the alternative currency, converted at the strike rate The distance from current exchange rate to "strike" is determined by investor risk appetite: If the client is comfortable with risk the conversion level will be closer to the current level, the interest payable will be higher as the risk of conversion increases.
Financial Maths[edit]
The DCD is actually composed of a normal deposit and an option. Normally in the options market the seller of an option is paid before the premium value date or spot date, however in the case of the DCD the client is paid at the end of the deposit period. For this reason some banks offer their clients a product commonly called a DCD+ which includes an interest element to account for this.
Adding this to the deposit redemption-amount means that the amount of currency that will need converting if the option strike is passed at expiry has now increased. So the option face amount needs to be altered to take the extra interest into account. This affects the premium again, and so on.
To avoid having to compute this to infinity one can use a geometric series with
a = 1+r\frac{delivery term days}{currency basis}
r = yield of option
where yield is the forward value (FV) of the option premium giving a multiplier to change a DCD's option premium to a DCD+ of:
multiplier =
\frac{1+r\frac{delivery term days}{currency basis}}{1-y}
Example of DCI/DCD[edit]
Lets say parameters selected by an Investor
 - Currency Pair: INR/USD
 - Base Currency: Indian National Rupee(INR)
 - Alternate Currency: US dollars (USD)
 - Strike Rate: Strike Rate = 0.7300
 - Investment Amount: INR100,000
 - Term: 1 month (30 days)
Other investment parameters determined by product offering institution
 - Spot Rate: The Spot Rate at the time of investment is 0.7200
 - Applicable yield : 6% per annum
Let's assume - On the Expiry Date, the Reference Rate is 0.723
Currency of repayment Since the Reference Rate on the Expiry Date (0.7230) is less than the Strike Rate selected by Investor (0.7300), Proceeds will be paid in the Base Currency (Indian Rupee) to Investor on the Maturity Date. Here, the Base Currency (INR) has appreciated no greater than the Strike Rate selected by Investor.


text: In the manufacturing process of flip-chips, ultrasonic bonding has been widely used. In the past, however, the ultrasonic horn was designed to move horizontally while the bonding force was applied vertically, the motion control of the horn thus cannot be controlled accurately. In addition, non-coplanar effects were unavoidably occurred and the quality of bonding became unacceptable. In this paper, the non-coplanar phenomenon between the horn and the substrate was attempted to improve by designing the horn with the following features: 1. The resonant mode of the horn is purely longitudinal; 2. The contact surface between the horn and the flip-chip in the substrate remain plane; The finite element method (FEM) was used to design the ultrasonic horn with the above features. In the future, the amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AF-ESPI) will be used to verify the FEM results.


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How to warm up your singing voice
9 Best Vocal Warm-Ups for Singers
Professional singers know how physically demanding singing can be. It takes a lot of stamina and energy to sing onstage and bring the venue to life. That's why singing, like any other physical activity, should involve a warm-up, as well as a vocal cool-down. At School of Rock, we make these vocal warm-ups a ritual, whether it's to prepare for a singing lesson or a show rehearsal. These quick singing warm-ups can be done in just 10 to 20 minutes, and they should become an integral part of any successful practice routine.
Why do you need to warm up your voice?
We warm up our voices so we can keep them healthy, sound our best and protect against damage. Warming up your voice will allow you to sing better and extend your range comfortably. It is absolutely necessary to always warm up before singing.
9 best vocal warm-ups for singers
There are many simple vocal exercises you can use to warm up your voice, so you have a lot of options when it comes to deciding how to warm up your voice. Fortunately, School of Rock can help you narrow them down. Here are nine of the best vocal warm-ups used by our vocal instructors.
9 best vocal warm ups from School of Rock
1. Yawn-sigh Technique
For this quick vocal exercise, simply yawn (take in air) with your mouth closed. Then, exhale through your nose as if you are sighing. This will help relax your voice and improve its range.
2. Humming warm-upS
Humming is one of the best vocal warm-ups because it doesn't put a lot of strain on your vocal cords. Place the tip of your tongue behind your bottom front teeth and hum up and down the major scale while keeping your mouth closed. Each note should sound like "hmmm" — including the "h" sound is less taxing on your voice.
3. Vocal Straw Exercise
To perform the vocal straw exercise (also known as straw phonation), take a straw and hum through it. Start at the bottom of your range and slide up to the top slowly and evenly. Then, hum your favorite song through the straw. You can also place the straw in a partially full glass of liquid and blow controlled bubbles in the glass.
4. Lip buzz Vocal warm-up
As far as vocal warm-ups go, lip buzz (or lip trill, as it is sometimes called) is very simple. The goal is to make a motorboat sound by making your lips vibrate as you blow air through your mouth and nose. You can incorporate pitch slides as well.
5. Tongue trill exercise
The tongue trill vocal exercise is difficult for some singers. It involves curling your tongue and rolling your R's as you go through your range from low to high.
6. Jaw Loosening ExerciseS
When singing, you want to drop your jaw lower than when you are just talking. With your finger, trace back along your jawline from your chin to your ear. That curved space between your jaw and your ear is where you want to drop your jaw.
Pretend you are yawning with your mouth closed and feel where your jaw drops. Avoid just dropping your chin.
7. Two-octave pitch glide Warm-Up
For this easy vocal warm-up, make an "eeee" or "ohhhh" sound and gradually glide through the chromatic notes of a two-octave range. Glide up and then back down. This will transition from your chest voice to your head voice.
8. Vocal Sirens Exercise
Much like the pitch glide, the siren exercise takes an "oooo" sound and gradually goes from the lowest note of your range to the highest and back down, like a siren for an emergency vehicle. The sound is continuous and covers the tones between the notes.
9. Vocal Slides Technique
This technique is also known as a portamento, which is Italian for "the act of carrying." Much like the siren exercise, you slide from one note to the next in your range, but you don't sing the in-between notes.
Now that you've mastered a few vocal warm-ups and exercises, always remember to maintain good posture and use proper breathing techniques. Two common breathing techniques are singing from your diaphragm and exhaling on a hiss. Keep reading to learn how you can perform these to improve your singing.
1. Sing from Your Diaphragm
When singing, it is vitally important to use proper breathing techniques to avoid hurting your voice. It is most common to breathe from the chest during everyday activities, including speaking, but singing requires breathing from the diaphragm. Proper breathing gives your voice more power, more control and a fuller, more expressive tone. Sing from your diaphragm to avoid straining your voice. Your body should be relaxed and balanced, with your weight slightly forward.
What is your diaphragm?
The diaphragm is a muscle between your chest and your belly that governs how much air you inhale and exhale when you breathe. "Singing from your diaphragm" is a phrase for this important breathing technique, which describes the proper way to breathe in and out while singing.
How to sing with your diaphragm
The sound of your voice doesn't actually come from your diaphragm, of course — sound is generated by vibrations of your vocal cords. The vibrations are caused by air being pushed out of your lungs. Your diaphragm is what controls the pushing and is responsible for putting power behind your voice.
2. Exhale on a hiss
A hissing breath exercise is a great way to start when learning how to warm up your voice before singing. This technique forces vocalists to sing from their diaphragms and improves breath control.
To master the exhale on a hiss breathing technique, it's important to:
 1. Stand up straight and relax your body. This will also relax your diaphragm and release any tension that could prevent you from singing incorrectly.
 2. Breathe in through your mouth and count to five. As you breathe, bring the air deep into your lungs. A "singer's breath" should not make your chest puff out or your shoulders rise — instead, your belly should expand outward.
 3. Exhale and count to nine. While exhaling, make a hissing noise that sounds like the first letter of the word "sizzle." By the time you are done counting, all the air should be expelled from your lungs.
Once you build more lung capacity and get comfortable with this exercise, you can breathe in for a seven count and exhale for a 12 count.
Now that you've warmed up your voice and know how to breathe from your diaphragm and exhale on a hiss, you're ready to sing.
How to cool down your voice after singing
After vocal warm-ups and singing, it is essential that you also cool down your voice. You can use the same vocal exercises you used during your warm-up, starting with the most intense and working down to the least intense. Simply using the humming vocal exercise will also allow your voice to cool down and relax. Following these tips will keep your voice strong and allow you to perform at your best.
Vocal warm-ups are a critical part of any singer's practice and performance routine. These quick and easy vocal warm-ups will refine your technique, build your vocal power and control, and help expand your vocal range.
At School of Rock, our trained vocal instructors teach students all aspects of singing, including warm-ups and other vocal techniques that thousands of professional singers use every day to keep their voices in shape and sounding their best. Ready to start singing? Sign up for a singing lesson now, or read more about our perforamnce-based music programs.
Check out other School of Rock Resources


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Sierra Toolkit Version of the Day
|TimeBlockSynchronized (Timer &timer, ParallelMachine mpi_comm, bool start_timer=true)|
Class TimeBlockSynchronized is a time sentry for timing a statement block. The timer is generally started upon construction. But, the start is delayed if the second argument is false. In this case, manually start the timer by calling the start() function. This gives the safety of using a sentry, but does not force to awkwardness associated with local variables crossing the timed block.
Prior to starting the timer, an MPI synchronization barrier is set so that the timing of routines which require MPI communication will all be at a known location prior to executing.
Creates a new TimeBlockSynchronized instance. If start_timer is true, then the timer is started using the start(). An MPI_Barrier is called to synchronize the start of the timer. The destructor will always stop a started timer.
|timer||a Timer reference to the timer to start.|
|mpi_comm||a MPI_Comm value of the mpi communicator.|
|start_timer||a bool value to start the timer on construction.|


text:
How Did Japanese Women Peace Activists Interact with European Women
as They Negotiated between Nationalism and Transnational Peace Activism
to Promote Peace, _PHONE_?
Before the 1920's, Japanese feminism lagged behind similar movements in the West. Gendered policies implemented by the Meiji government and public attitudes that supported those policies impeded women from developing a strong women's rights movement. However, interwar women's social activism promoted by contact with western feminists catalyzed the development of the women's rights movement in Japan. This project focuses on the interwar women's peace movement in Japan that emerged as a product of the contradictory influences of contact with the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom and of Japanese nationalism and militarism. It argues that Japanese women created a unique women's movement by negotiating the tensions between nationalism and transnationalism.
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