text: The global plant growth regulators market size expected to USD 5.8 billion by 2027 and growing at a CAGR of 4.5 % during the forecast period 2021-2027. Plant growth regulators are the natural or synthetic chemicals that are sprayed or otherwise applied to a seed or plant in order to alter its characteristics. They are sometimes referred to as plant hormones. Farmers can add plant growth regulators to crops in order to achieve a desirable goal, ranging from increasing insect and disease resistance to increasing root strength. Some plant growth regulators are used to stunt growth. Growth regulators can be either organic or synthetic. Organic sources of the plant growth regulators include naturally sourced amendments such as seaweed and liquid kelp. Commercial growers like nurseries generally use synthetic growth regulators. The promotion of modern agricultural practices to sustain the increasing population combined with the government policies involving various countries are favoring the growth of the plant growth regulators market. Global Plant growth regulators market is having less consolidation owing to the presence of few companies globally. Companies are also adopting several growth strategies like acquisitions, mergers, collaborations, agreements and new product launches etc. For instance, in July 2017, Crystal Crop Protection launched an innovative range of insecticides, fungicides and plant growth regulators in Delhi.


Han Dynasty Female Court Attendant
An elegant Chinese Han Dynasty hollow-moulded terracotta statue of a female court attendant, portrayed in a kneeling position and designed with typical Han Dynasty slender form. The figure is presented wearing the traditional Eastern Han Dynasty court attire, known as shenyi, consisting of a long vest, tied to the waist and long, flaring sleeves, here revealing bright orange and ochre undergarment. The hair of the court attendant is arranged in long, low ponytail down below the shoulders. Facial features, such as eyes and eyebrows, are rendered through a delicate black paint, while the lips are painted in bright red. The original white, orange and dark pigments would have been applied to the figure after firing, with the result that the paint would have been more prone to flaking.
N.B. This item will require additional postage charges after checkout due to weight and size. The price listed is for the pair.
Date: Circa 206 BC- 220 AD
Period: Han Dynasty
Condition: Extremely fine, with original pigmentation visible to the surface.
In stock
In Ancient China, terracotta unglazed and low-fired glazed statuettes of animals and human figures, known in Chinese as mingqi, would have been placed in the deceased's tomb to ensure companionship and service in the afterlife. Mingqi were usually modelled as an intimation of either common objects that once played a vital role in Han Dynasty domestic life, or as zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figures that were closely related to the deceased when they were alive. Terracotta figures of court attendants, such as this fine example, were made for the service and entertainment of the owner, ensuring that their journey in the underworld was a happy one.
To discover more about Chinese terracotta statuettes, please visit our relevant blog post: Terracotta Tomb Attendants.
Weight 4000 g
Dimensions L 16.5 x W 18 x H 40 cm
Pottery and Porcelain
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z-transform helpwill rate LIFESAVER
0 pts ended
A causal system isrepresented by the following difference equation:
a) Find the systemfunction H(z) and give the corresponding region of convergence.
b) Find the unit sample response of the system in analyticalform.
c) Find the frequency response and determine itsmagnitude and phase
Answers (0)


text:
OOn the left - UAV operator workplace, on the right - payload operator workplace:
General view of two sets of GCS consoles in the class for UAV operators training:
Simulator INDELA-HIL, designed by KB INDELA Ltd., allows for solving the tasks on the training of UAV pilots and payload operators, during preparation for UAVs application in specific areas, and for the debugging of equipment and software complexes with UAVs.
Simulator INDELA-HIL is as close to real conditions as possible and provides all opportunities for the GCS operators training:
- control console duplicates the view of workplaces for UAV operator and payload operator in GCS of the complex INDELA-SKY;
- software simulates UAV flight and the image on monitors observed by the operator;
- in virtual space all possible tasks can be practiced: creation of flight assignment, flight control, reconnaissance and surveillance, artillery fire adjustment, determination of the strikes results, etc.; - simulator imitates day and night UAV flights, as well as flights in severe weather conditions (fog, rain, wind blasts, etc.);
- the possibility to simulate the actions in emergency situations and in case of failure of separate UAV systems;
- instructor can set the difficulty level of training, give introductory tasks and intervene in trainee actions during training.
Training of UAV operators on the simulator INDELA-HIL is one of the most important elements to ensure safe operation of unmanned complex. Training allows for minimizing the impact of human factor and the possibility of erroneous actions of the unmanned complex crew.
The relevance of simulator training has steadily increased due to the fact that the human factor remains the main cause of aviation accidents. The simulators efficiency is determined by their ability to provide high-intensity training. In addition, the simulator training of UAV operator is beneficial from an economic point of view.
Using of INDELA-HIL simulator for UAV operators training allows to: - significantly reduce the time and cost of training;
- reduce the number of actual UAV flights;
- conduct training in the environment as close to the real action of operators in the GCS as possible;
- instructor's control of the accuracy of detection and identification of targets in various conditions;
- model the use of various payload options;
- conduct trainings regardless of weather conditions;
- train the implementation of specific tasks before the flight;
- maintain the necessary skills of the operators in the absence of practical UAV flights.
Copyright © 2010-2015 INDEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT LABORATORY Inc. All rights reserved. Pricing, specifications and content all subject to change without prior notice.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Computer Tips - How can I lock my computer after a few minutes of inactivity?
Date: 2015feb11 OS: Windows 8.1 Q. How can I lock my computer after a few minutes of inactivity? A. The trick to doing this is enabling a screensaver. When you pick the screensaver you can select the number of minutes and if a password is required to unlock. There are tips online suggesting this is under power settings but I didn't see it there.


.0");

 // </rtc-template>
In this way, each variable and configuration parameter are bound, and configuration parameters are made available that can manipulate these variables from RTSystemEditor etc.
Note that the conversion function given to bindParameter () is unnecessary for built-in type as in the above example, and it is not necessary to explicitly give it. However, if you want to use your own structure or complex type etc as configuration parameters, you need to define and give the conversion from these strings to those types. Details of the conversion function will be described later.
(G)Using parameters
Using parameters is very easy. As we have just mentioned, we simply use variables declared as configuration parameters. However, there are some conditions to use, and it is necessary to use it by observing this condition.
(G)Callback function that variables can use
The configuration variable can only be used within a specific callback function (onXXX ()). Changing the configuration variables from outside is done asynchronously. In such cases, it is necessary to control exclusive access to variables with mutex etc. In order to realize this, it is necessary for component developers to mutex protect themselves when accessing each variable. In order to avoid this, OpenRTM-aist makes external configuration changes be done outside the callback function.
The available callback functions are as follows.
 - onInitialize() (※)
 - onActivated()
 - onExecute()
 - onStateUpdate()
 - onDeactivate()
 - onAborting()
 - onError()
 - onReset()
 - onFinalize() (※)
Configuration parameters can be used within almost all callback functions. However, in onInitialize (), of course you can not use the configuration parameter before doing bindParameter (). Also, within onFinalize (), changes made to the configuration parameters may not be reflected immediately before the call.
(G)Variable is read only
The configuration parameter variable is changed from outside the component and its value is assigned to the parameter variable. However, for parameter variables Even if you write it inside a function such as onExecute (), it will not be reflected in the value of the parameter seen from the outside.
In this way, since changing the value of a variable is one way, writing to a variable from inside the component is meaningless. Let's use the configuration variable as read only.
(G)Always check if the value is correct
The value of the configuration parameter is converted to the variable actually used by converting what is given as a character string from the outside by the conversion function as described above. Since it is a character string, it is possible that a character string is assigned to where the value should be assigned originally, or a variable of size larger than the upper limit may be assigned to the variable declared with short int. Therefore, on the receiving side, it is recommended that you always check on the program before use whether it is within the range of the expected value or not assigned an unlikely value.
(G)Set parameters
We mentioned above that the configuration parameters have several sets and can change them at the same time at run time. On the other hand, when designing the component with RTC Builder or rtc-template, only the default configuration set could be defined. This section explains how to use the configuration set.
(G)Component configuration file
The default configuration set is embedded in the source code. In the same way, other configuration sets can also be increased in principle by embedding them in the source code. However, since the purpose of the RTC configuration function was to use one component for various purposes by changing the parameters according to the application without changing the source code, the other configuration set It is totally overwhelmed to embed.
The configuration set can be given in the component's configuration file. There is rtc.conf in the file that configures the component, which is mainly a configuration file for middleware that manages components, and the configuration file for the component is specified in rtc.conf as follows can.
 corba.nameservers: localhost
 naming.formats: %h.host_cxt/%n.rtc
 example.ConfigSample.config_file: configsample.conf
The part of example.ConfigSample.config_file is the specified part of the component's configuration file. The part that specifies the configuration file is as follows.
 <Category name>.<Module name>.config_file: <file name>
You can also give an instance name instead of the module name of the component.
 <Category name>.<Instance name>.config_file: <file name>
Therefore, different configuration files can be given for each instance.
 example.ConfigSample0.config_file: consout0.conf
 example.ConfigSample1.config_file: consout1.conf
 example.ConfigSample2.config_file: consout2.conf
(G)Setting the configuration set
In the configuration file, describe the configuration set you want to use.
 configuration.active_config: mode1

 conf.mode0.int_param0: 12345
 conf.mode0.int_param1: 98765
 conf.mode0.double_param0: 3.141592653589793238462643383279
 conf.mode0.double_param1: 2.718281828459045235360287471352
 conf.mode0.str_param0: mode0
 conf.mode0.str_param1: foo
 conf.mode0.vector_param0: 0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4

 conf.mode1.int_param0: -999
 conf.mode1.int_param1: 999
 conf.mode1.double_param0: 297992458
 conf.mode1.double_param1: 2.97992458e+8
 conf.mode1.str_param0: mode1
 conf.mode1.str_param1: AIST
 conf.mode1.vector_param0: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9

 conf.__widget__.int_param0: slider.1
 conf.__widget__.int_param1: spin
 conf.__widget__.double_param0: slider.0.1
 conf.__widget__.double_param1: text
 conf.__widget__.str_param0: radio
 conf.__widget__.str_param1: text
 conf.__widget__.vector_param0: text

 conf.__constraints__.int_param0: 0<=x<=150
 conf.__constraints__.int_param1: 0<=x<=1000
 conf.__constraints__.double_param0: 0<=x<=100
 conf.__constraints__.double_param1:
 conf.__constraints__.str_param0: (default,mode0,mode1,foo,bar,radio)
 conf.__constraints__.str_param1:
 conf.__constraints__.vector_param0:
(G)Specifying the active configuration set
In the first line, configuration.active_config specifies the active configuration set name. In this case, it is necessary to specify the existing set name with the set name called mode 1.
 configuration.active_config: mode1
(G)Setting the configuration set
Next is a list of parameters starting with conf.mode 0, which is a list of configuration parameters for set name mode 0 . How to specify is almost the same as source code
 conf.<set name>.<parameter name>:<default value>
Has become. Be sure to specify all the configuration parameters that exist. If not specified, the default value is used. Next, there is a list of parameters starting with conf.mode 1, as well as mode 0, this is the setting of the parameter named mode 1.
(G)Extension
(G)conf._ widget_ setting
Next, there is a setting list that starts with conf._ widget_. This is a special parameter used in RTSystemEditor. I mentioned above that widget can be specified when setting configuration parameters with RTCBuilder, but the contents set here will be set to conf._ widget_. You can set four kinds of slider, radio, spin, text, and when you open the configuration parameter setting dialog in RTSystemEditor, you can control parameters with slider, radio button, spin button, text box respectively .
 conf.__widget __. <parameter name>: widget name
 - When setting slider (slider)
 conf


text:
Spy Physics: Using a Laser to 'hear' a conversation
American Association of Physics Teachers Winter Meeting 2014
We will present a simply constructed laser experiment for students beyond their first year in physics. The goal of this particular experiment is to not only give students experience with laser interferometry, but to allow students to have greater excitement than they would normally get counting fringes or making precision measurements. Our experiment started when a student asked "Is it true that you could use a laser beam to detect a conversation in an office by its reflection off of a window." To accomplish this task we used a simple Michelson interferometer in which one mirror vibrated in response to a sound source. A speaker connected to a radio inside a small box with a tinted glass window served as a mirror for the laser beam and also represented the office that we were "spying upon." At present time, we have tried the experiment in two different ways. One in which the sound source is directly connected to the mirror (the easy version) and one in which the sound must propagate through air to vibrate the mirror (the harder version). We will demonstrate our results if the audio equipment is willing.
Timothy Grove and Trunghieu T. Nguyen (2014).
Spy Physics: Using a Laser to 'hear' a conversation. Presented at American Association of Physics Teachers Winter Meeting 2014, Orlando, FL.


text:
How to replace food stamps
COLUMBUS - The Sept. 14 wind storm that left more than 2 million Ohioans facing longterm power outages is more than an inconvenience to food stamp recipients.
According to the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services (ODJFS), food purchased with food stamps can be replaced in certain circumstances, including if it spoils because of a power outage lasting longer than four hours.
To replace spoiled food purchased with food stamps, individuals must visit their county department of job and family services (CDJFS) and complete and submit a "Statement Requesting Replacement of Food Stamp Benefits" form. This form must be submitted within 10 days of the event that caused the food to spoil (in this case, Sept. 14) or, if the person was away from home, 10 days from when the food spoilage was discovered. Individuals can request an amount equal to the amount of food lost, but not exceeding the food stamp allotment for the month in which the disaster occurred.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
A major characteristic of Chinese instrumental variations is the use of identification motives called the hetou (refrain head) or hewei (refrain tail) that appear in the beginning and end of each movement. Again, except for these refrain motives, there might be no other relationship between the variations and the refrains or among the variations themselves. Sometimes, a movement appears several times among the other movements in a suite; this is considered a variation technique. Due to Western influence, ABA form has become extremely popular in modern instrumental folk music.
Therefore, the solution is to change the guidelines.


text:
Peter McOwan (_PHONE_)
Peter McOwan was born at Crieff in Scotland. He was converted at the age of eighteen under the influence of his brother and after an initial flirtation with Calvinism, was brought over to Arminian Methodism by reading the works of John Fletcher. After labouring as a local preacher, McOwan entered the itinerancy in 1817 and exercised an active circuit ministry in England and Scotland until superannuation in 1868. His final years were spent in Bristol.
McOwan was described by his conference obituary as being so enthusiastic in his early ministry as to endanger his health. He had a particular interest in foreign missions and made many contributions to Methodist periodicals.
Source: Hill's Arrangement 1869 and Minutes of Conference 1870


text:
Chinese Invention 'Where's The Tongue' Mimics Physical Intimacy For Long-Distance Couples
Chinese invention 'Where's The Tongue' mimics physical intimacy for long-distance couples.In the age of long-distance relationships, maintaining intimacy can be a challenge. However, a new invention from China called "Where's the Tongue" is offering a unique solution.
According to the South China Morning Post, the device consists of a pair of rubber lips connected to motors that simulate the movements of a real kiss. The device is designed to offer couples the experience of a real kiss, even if they are thousands of miles apart.
The device is attached to a smartphone app that allows users to send and receive kisses remotely. The motors in the device mimic the movements of a real kiss, and the app provides a visual representation of the movement, making it feel like a real kiss. The creators of the device claim that it is designed to enhance the emotional connection between couples, and to make long-distance relationships more intimate.
According to CNN, the device is designed to "stimulate the senses, create a feeling of closeness, and enhance the emotional connection between couples." The device is the talk of the town among Chinese social media users. The device uses pressure sensors and actuators to replicate the movement, pressure, and temperature of a user's lips while also transmitting the sound they make.
However, while some people found the device intriguing, others found it vulgar and creepy, expressing concerns about minors using it. The device can be used by downloading a mobile phone app and plugging it into the phone's charging port. Couples can then pair up on the app and transmit smooches to each other during video calls.
The device has been a hot topic on Chinese social media platforms, with several hashtags related to it receiving hundreds of millions of views in just a week. While some people were amused by the idea, others were skeptical about its usefulness and appropriateness. Despite the mixed reactions, many couples who have used the device seem to have enjoyed the experience.
The Changzhou Vocational Institute of Mechatronic Technology, a Chinese state-run institution, has reportedly patented the remote kissing device, as per the GlobalTimes, a state-run newspaper. Jiang Zhongli, the primary inventor of the device, cited his own long-distance relationship with his girlfriend while studying at the university as the inspiration behind the invention.
In my university, I was in a long distance relationship with my girlfriend so we only had contact with each other through the phone. That's where the inspiration of this device originated.- Jiang Zhongli
The patent for the device was applied for by Jiang in 2019, but it expired in January 2023. Now, Jiang hopes that someone else can take the design and make further improvements.
In 2016, the Imagineering Institute in Malaysia launched a similar invention called the "Kissinger," which was a touch-sensitive silicon pad instead of realistic-looking lips, unlike the Chinese device.
Though the device is marketed towards long-distance relationships, it also includes a function on the app called the "kissing square," which enables users to anonymously pair up with strangers. If two users successfully match and like each other, they can request to exchange kisses. Furthermore, users can upload their own kisses to the app for others to download and experience.
On Taobao, China's largest online shopping site, dozens of users have shared their feedback on the device, which is priced at 288 yuan (US$41). One user wrote, "My partner didn't believe that (remote) kissing could be achieved at first, so her jaw dropped when she used it… This is the best surprise I have given her during our long-distance relationship." Another user expressed their appreciation for technology, saying, "Thank you technology."
The device raises questions about the nature of intimacy and the role of technology in our relationships. While some might view it as a bizarre and unnecessary invention, others see it as a creative and ingenious way to overcome the challenges of distance. As the world becomes increasingly connected, and people continue to form relationships across borders, it is likely that we will see more of these types of inventions in the future.
In conclusion, "Where's the Tongue" is an innovative approach to long-distance relationships and has the potential to help couples stay connected even when they are far apart. The device is a testament to the ongoing pursuit of closeness and intimacy, no matter where we are in the world. While some might view it as a strange invention, it is a creative solution to a common problem faced by many couples today.


text:
The rich culture of Vietnam was represented through fairy tales at a two-day festival that opened in Long Island Children's Museum (LICM) in New York on Nov. 5.
The event was co-organised by the New York Humanitarian Science Council and the Vietnamese Permanent Mission to the United Nations.
The festival brought visitors back in time to early days in the history of the Vietnamese nation when Au Co, a mountain fairy got married to a dragon, Lac Long Quan, and gave birth to a sac containing 100 eggs. The eggs hatched 100 children who were the ancestors of the Vietnamese. They then travelled through tales about the uprising led by the Trung sisters against northern aggressors and legendary hero Thanh Giong's victory against An aggressors and learnt about the nation's traditions and customs, also through stories that have been passed down many Vietnamese generations.
Dr. Ngo Thanh Nhan, a researcher at the New York-based Centre for Vietnamese Philosophy, Culture and Society, performed the traditional "dan tranh" (16-string zither) at the event.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
- Makes tying up staked or trellised plants in the greenhouse, nursery or field a breeze. You'll never use a twist tie again.
- Great for tomatoes, cucumbers, grapes, woody ornamental or fruit tree whips, Christmas trees and any other crop that needs tied up or staked.
- Tape Binder comes with an extra spring and cutting blade held firmly in the tape compartment. Extra staples are available.
- Optional Twine Holder makes taping to a string support a snap.
- Uses long lasting heavy duty tape, or our new biodegradable tape.


text:
Teachers College, Henderson faculty Dr. Matthew Sutherlin and Michelle Johnson, along with alumnae Amy Counts, will present at the Comic Arts Conference at Comic-con International in July.
They will discuss STEAM juxtaposed with the comic book genre to engage public school students in project-based learning.
Comic-Con International: San Diego is a nonprofit educational corporation dedicated to creating awareness of, and appreciation for, comics and related popular artforms, primarily through the presentation of conventions and events that celebrate the historic and ongoing contribution of comics to art and culture.
It has presented thousands of special guests at its conventions over the years, bringing comics creators science fiction and fantasy authors
, film and television directors, producers, and writers and creators from all aspects of the popular arts together with their fans for a fun and often times candid discussion of various art forms.


text:
Mari Nawi: Aboriginal Odysseys
20 Sep 2010 2:30pm - 12 Dec 2010 1:30pm
- Mitchell Library, Macquarie St
- New South Wales
- Cost: Gallery entrance fee
- 02 9273 1414
- State Library of New South Wales
Exciting new research has revealed the significant role Aboriginal men, and some women, played in Australia's early maritime history. The focus of this exhibition is the Eora and Darug people from the Sydney area, who sailed on English ships through Port Jackson to destinations in Australia and throughout the world during the period _PHONE_. Theirs was a canoe culture and they called these ships mari nawi meaning 'large canoes'.
Curated by the acknowledged authority, Dr Keith Vincent Smith, Mari Nawi: Aboriginal Odysseys will feature rarely seen oil paintings, journals, letters, maps, sketches, objects and rare printed books drawn from collections throughout Australia.


Facet SOP
From Derivative
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The Facet SOP lets you control the smoothness of faceting of a given object. It also lets you consolidate points or surface normals.
The Facet SOP, like Divide SOP, works as a pipeline to change geometry in stages. For this reason, Compute Normals appears twice. For example, you can compute surface normals before making vertices (the points of each polygon) unique, which gives you the unusual result of smooth shading and unique point, as the normals get computed while the points are still shared.
Parameters - Page
Make Normals Unit Length unit - Checking this option will normalize the length of normals to a length of one unit.
Compute Normals prenml - Checking this option means that the surface normals will be computed. Where points are shared between polygons, smooth shading results, and where points are not shared (unique), faceted edges result. If you compute normals at this stage, they are computed based on the incoming geometry.
Unique Points unique - Makes each vertex have a unique point. The result of selecting this option is that all vertices are made into unique points, thus making all edges hard, with no smooth shading.
Consolidate cons - - Consolidate eliminates the redundancy of having many points that are close to each other, by merging them together to form a fewer set of common points. Consolidate is useful for cleaning up an edge that may appear between adjacent polygons that have been merged.
 - No Consolidate none - No consolidation.
 - Consolidate Points Slow points -
 - Consolidate Points Fast fpoints -
 - Consolidate Normals Slow normals -
 - Consolidate Normals Fast fnormals -
Distance dist - Points and normals less than this distance apart will be consolidated, or have their normals averaged, based on the setting in the Consolidate menu.
Usually very small numbers, such as 0.01 should be used here. If the value is 0.0, then points must be in exactly the same position (co-incident) in order to be considered for the consolidation/averaging function.
Remove Inline Points inline - Removes points that lie inline with its neighboring points.
Distance inlinedist - Set the distance threshold for removing inline points when the above parameter is On.
Orient Polygons orientpolys - Orients all polygons so they have the same winding direction.
Cusp Polygons cusp - Most of the time, you want some polygons to be smooth shaded and others to be faceted. Usually polygons that meet at low angles should be smooth shaded, and polygon edges that meet at sharper angles should be faceted.
Cusp Angle angle - Cusping allows you to specify the threshold angle at which the edges become faceted. A good typical value is 20.
Remove Degenerate remove - Sometimes (not often) your geometry can get messed up, where there are points hanging around that are not used for anything, or there are primitives that don't make sense. This option checks for these cases and removes them.
Compute Normals postnml - Again, allows you to compute the normals after the consolidation or cusping stages. You should select this if you have set either the Cusp or Consolidate option.
Operator Inputs
 - Input 0 -
TouchDesigner Build:


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Congressman Ben Ray Luján of New Mexico's Third District highlighted the announcement by Interior Secretary Ken Salazar today that the Bureau of Reclamation has awarded the first construction contract for the Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project. The $10.75 million construction contract, which consists of placing approximately four miles of 42-inch diameter water supply pipeline and appurtenant facilities, will enable construction to begin as early as this summer.
"Today's announcement is another important step toward providing the Navajo Nation, the city of Gallup, and the Jicarilla Apache Nation with a reliable supply of clean water that is critical to the health and economic well-being of so many in New Mexico," Congressman Luján said. "During this difficult economic time, the construction of this vital pipeline will create jobs and help put people back to work improving our communities with much needed infrastructure."
The Navajo-Gallup Water Supply Project is one of 14 high-priority infrastructure projects the Obama Administration is expediting through the permitting process. The completed project will provide more than 37,000 acre-feet of water from the San Juan River Basin to more than 43 Navajo chapters, the city of Gallup, and the Jicarilla Apache Nation. As part of the project two water treatment plants will be built to deliver water through approximately 280 miles of pipeline, 24 pumping plants, and numerous water regulation and storage facilities.


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Historic WA early settler weather journals set to help understand climate change
By Tyne Logan
Pages of a weather journal from 1981
The handwritten journals, dating back to the 19th century, offer a detailed picture of Perth's weather.(
Supplied: National Archives of Australia - Perth
Weather journals kept by Australia's early settlers, detailing daily observations decades before official record keeping began, are expected to shed light on weather variability in one of the world's climate change hotspots.
The handwritten journals, dating back to 1830, provide a detailed picture of weather events in Perth.
It is likely to be the oldest near-continuous record of daily weather observations in the southern hemisphere, made complete by a recent discovery of journal entries between 1880 and 1900.
Work has now started on digitising the data from the most recently discovered journals, with Climate History Australia launching a citizen science project to secure help transcribing 60,000 journal entries.
A painting of the swan river from 1829
The first settlers arrived in Perth in 1829 and soon after began recording daily weather observations.(
Supplied: National Gallery of Australia
Historical climatologist Linden Ashcroft, who is a part of the Climate History Australia project, said the faded black ink notes — written in neat cursive handwriting — were more than just "beautiful" pieces of history telling the story of people living close to two centuries ago.
They also provided insight into contemporary weather patterns and how unusual they were.
Four figures in silhouette standing on headland watching sunset amid red sky
Many parts of the country have experienced record-breaking temperatures.(
ABC News: Andrew O'Connor
"You know that climate in Australia is dominated by swings between drought and flood," she said.
"While 120 years of [Bureau of Meteorology records] sounds like a really long time, in terms of statistics it doesn't really give us a huge number of drought or flooding periods to work with."
Perth a climate change 'hotspot'
The effects of climate change on Perth make the journals particularly significant, with the city located in a region recognised by some climatologists as having been hit by climate change harder than almost anywhere on earth.
Climate scientist Joelle Gergis, who is also working on the project with Climate History Australia, said since 1970 rainfall in the region had decreased by 28 per cent.
Dr Joelle Gergis sits on a rock
Joelle Gergis says the records will offer insight into climate events pre-industrialisation.(
Supplied: Australian National University
"This record from Perth is really globally significant because it provides us with an opportunity to find out what the pre-industrial climate was like in Australia before we started to alter the chemistry of the atmosphere and the ocean with the burning of fossil fuels," she said.
Observations 'light up' the state
Dr Ashcroft said the Perth observations would allow them to "piece the puzzle" together, not just in WA but potentially further afield.
"If you imagine a map of observations in the past, where you don't have observations it's really dark," she said.
Early weather data — some also dating back to 1830s — had also been gathered from Cape Town in South Africa, along with New Zealand and South America, but a lot of it was patchy.
It is not known specifically who authored the historic weather journals, but Dr Ashcroft believed it was likely they were done by a professional.
She said the journals from 1830 to 1875 were generally from the Perth survey office , and the _PHONE_ entries from the Botanical Gardens.
It is hoped the digitisation work being done through the citizen science project will finished in the coming months, allowing researchers to thoroughly analyse the data.


With a little bit of work, one can show that $\mathbb{CP}^n$ and $\mathbb{RP}^n\times\mathbb{RP}^n$ have the same Stiefel-Whitney numbers, so by a theorem of Thom, they are (unorientedly) cobordant.
Is there an explicit description of a cobordism between them?
I know the answer for $n = 1$: it reduces to finding a cobordism between $S^2$ and $S^1\times S^1$ (take a solid ball and remove a solid torus from the interior, or take a solid torus and remove a solid ball from the interior).
An explicit cobordism is given by Stong:
R. E. Stong, A Cobordism, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society Vol. 35, No. 2 (Oct. 1972), pp. 584-586
I do like the short title "A Cobordism".
The construction is as follows:
Write $\mathbb{CP}^n$ with homogeneous coordinates $[z_0,z_1,\dots,z_n]$ and consider the space $$W=(\mathbb{CP}^n\times [0,1])/\sim,$$ where $([z_0,z_1,\dots,z_n],1)\sim([\bar{z_0},\bar{z_1},\dots,\bar{z_n}],1)$ if $|z_0^2+z_1^2\dots +z_n^2|\leq\frac{3}{5}$. Then Stong takes a page to prove that $W$ is the desired cobordism.
But one should also read the note: enter image description here enter image description here
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Picaresque Novel Definieren 2021 - realestategambia.com
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What's a Picaresque? The Top 5 Novels By William Giraldi Jul 20, 2012 Busy Monsters newly released in paperback is about a jilted fiance who embarks on a hilarious, ill-advised odyssey to win. This style of novel originated in Spain in 1554 and flourished throughout Europe for more than 200 years, though the term "picaresque novel" was only coined in 1810. It continues to influence modern literature. The term is also sometimes used to describe works, like Cervantes' Don Quixote and Charles Dickens' Pickwick Papers, which only contain some of the genre's elements. Charles Dickens, who was influenced by Fielding, wrote his first six novels in the picaresque form, with Martin Chuzzlewit 1844 being the transitional novel to his later more serious and mature works. Other novels with elements of the picaresque include the Canadian Solomon Gursky Was Here and the English The Luck of Barry Lyndon 1844. A solid definition of the picaresque novel is rather hard to come by. The term "picaro," taken from a 17th century Spanish word, typically describes a low-born hero or rogue who uses his wits to wander through various branches of society without truly belonging to any of. Picaresque novel definition? We need you to answer this question! If you know the answer to this question, please register to join our limited beta program and start the conversation right now!
What is the definition of Picaresque Novel? We need you to answer this question! If you know the answer to this question, please register to join our limited beta program and start the. What kind of literature is a picaresque novel? What does culpable mean? What's a cenotaph? Every Veterans Day, I hear about the Queen of England laying a wreath at the Cenotaph in London. What does gallimaufry mean in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo? My vocabulary is.
a reasonably competent answer. in even simpler terms, we can say that the 'picaresque' novel was an early type of novel which related the adventures and deeds of a rogue or such type of person. Best Picaresque Novels Best of the Best novels of or relating to a genre of usually satiric prose fiction; often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social degree living by his or her wits in a corrupt society. All Votes Add. Get an answer for 'Describe an example of a picaresque novel in British Literature from the Victorian Era.' and find homework help for other The Picaresque Novel questions at eNotes. A picaresque novel is an early form of a novel, relating the adventures of a rogue adventurer as he goes from place to place and his effort to survive.
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text:
Signaling is defined by Yvain as "a method of conveying information among not-necessarily-trustworthy parties by performing an action which is more likely or less costly if the information is true than if it is not true". Some signaling is performed exclusively to impress others (to improve your status), and in some cases isn't even worth that. In other cases, signaling is a side-effect of an otherwise useful activity.
For example, if doing something is easy for one type of person and hard for another type of person, you might do that thing just to get people to think you're the former type of person, even if the thing isn't in itself worth doing. This could explain many facets of human behavior, and reveal opportunities for reducing waste.
Not all signaling is about abilities. Signaling can also be about personality, current emotional state, beliefs, loyalty to a particular group, status within a group, etc.
by Robin Hanson
- Do Helping Professions Help More? and Gifts Hurt
- Excess Signaling Example
- A Tale Of Two Tradeoffs
- Why Signals Are Shallow - "We all want to affiliate with high status people, but since status is about common distant perceptions of quality, we often care more about what distant observers would think about our associates than about how we privately evaluate them."
- Signals Are Forever
- Least Signaling Activities?
- What Is Signaling, Really? by Yvain
- Think Before You Speak (And Signal It) by Wei Dai
- Declare Your Signaling and Hidden Agendas by Kaj Sotala
- Modularity, Signaling, and Belief in Belief by Kaj Sotala


Koi Knives - Aussies playing with Japanese Steel
Petty Knives Australia
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Petty Knives Australia
Petty knives refer to small Japanese utility knives that are used for delicate or intricate work in the kitchen such as peeling or cutting small vegetables, herbs and fruits.
The Petty knife is the Japanese take on the western paring knife. It is also treated as a Japanese utility knife. In Japanese, the Petty knife is simply transliterated as 'Petti Naifu' in a nod to its Western provenance. It is a highly versatile knife that you can put into multiple uses in the kitchen. The Petty knife is generally larger than the western paring knife but it is smaller than the Japanese chef's knife, gyuto, and the western chef's knife.
It is a very convenient utility knife to have in your kitchen. They are small knives with lengths typically varying from 80mm to 180mm. The most common lengths for Petty knives are usually in the range of 120-150mm. As a multi-purpose utility knife, you can put the Petti Naifu into a number of uses. It can be used on vegetables, herbs, fish, chicken, and fruits. Here is a rundown of some of the most common questions that users typically ask about the Petty knife.
What is the Petty Knife?
The Petty Knife or Petti Naifu is a Japanese utility knife or paring knife for handling small and delicate tasks in the kitchen. It is smaller than the Gyuto and the Western chef's knife. In fact, some chefs treat the Petty knife as a smaller Gyuto knife. The knives derive their 'Petty' name from the French word 'petit' which means 'small' or 'little'.
In the kitchen, you can use this versatile multipurpose knife as an all-rounder to do all kinds of small kitchen tasks such as slicing, peeling, dicing, and mincing. You can also use Petty knives for trimming and peeling various small fruits as well as to cut herbs, vegetables, proteins, and garnishes.
Where does the Petty Knife Fit in Your Kitchen?
The Petty Knife is a utility knife so you can put it into a wide variety of small kitchen tasks thanks to its versatility and compact size. If you are looking for a reliable utility knife or a paring knife, you won't go wrong with the Petty knife.
How long is the Petty Knife?
The sizes of the Petty knives vary widely. The lengths of these Japanese utility knives range from 80mm to 180mm. The most common sizes for Petty knives which are suitable for most users lie in the range 120mm to 150mm and 80mm to 90mm clusters. The length of the blade that you choose will depend on what you want to use the knife for. If you are looking for a Petty knife for use in peeling smaller fruits and vegetables in your hand or doing some fine and intricate tip work on your chopping board, then size of 80 to 90mm would suffice.
If you have smaller hands and find the Gyuto knives unwieldy, you can use a larger Petty knife of sizes ranging from 120mm to 150mm as an alternative to the gyuto knife, an all-rounder for cutting everything from fish to boneless meat, vegetables, herbs, and fruits. The 120mm to 150mm Petty knives will also come in handy if you have a smaller workspace in your kitchen.
What is the typical spine width of the Petty Knife?
Like the other Japanese chef's knives, petty knives have thicker spines that taper off towards the edge. Typical spine widths can be 1.5mm which will taper off midway to the tip and is finally thinnest at the tip. Small spine thickness is particularly important in Petty knives as a thicker spine will feel dull when you are using this utility knife in tasks such as peeling fruits since more metal has to be pulled through the fruit being cut or peeled when the spine is thicker. You would want a slim spine width of at most 1.3mm or less to get the most efficient cuts with your Petty knife.
What is the blade profile of the Petty Knife like
The Petty knife shares a similar blade profile to the Gyuto chef's knife. It is no wonder that it is often regarded as a smaller version of the gyuto. The heel is taller and flatter and there is a slight curve towards the front edge of the blade that leads to the knife's pointed tip. The flatter heel of the Petty knife will suit different kinds of chopping styles including thrust-cutting. Their slight belly leading to the blade's tip can be used for fine rock-cutting actions. You can also make delicate cuts with the Petty knife's pointed tip.
What is the Petty Knife Best Suited for/What Does it Cut?
Like other utility knives, Petty knives are better suited for doing the smaller tasks in the kitchen like slicing or dicing your fruits and vegetables as well as herbs. You can also use them to do some light butchery work or to make the delicate and precision cuts.
The particular use-case will depend on the length of the Petty knife. The cluster of shorter Petty knives have lengths ranging from 80mm to 90mm and are perfect for peeling or paring your fruits and vegetables in hand. These shorter utility knives are also suited for off-board cutting as well as for making the fine and precise cuts on your chopping board like slicing herbs, garnishes, or brunoise cuts.
The larger cluster of Petty knives lies in the size range of 120mm to 150mm. It is in these slightly longer blade lengths where these knives are most versatile. Some professional chefs and home cooks regard these Japanese Knives as a miniature Gyuto chef's knives. Like the gyuto knives, the larger knives are multi-use knives that you can apply on different kinds of produce. They come in handy in tasks like filleting small fish, trimming meat, or to cut and dice fruits and vegetables. Petty knives can also be used for light butchery work. You will need Petty knives in a kitchen where there is little space and the knife's small and compact size will take up little space on your board and still provide you with a versatile knife that you can use on a variety of tasks.
What is the Petty Knife Not Suited For?
These are obviously small and delicate knives and are not suited for heavy-duty work in the kitchen. For that, you will need bigger kitchen knives.
What is the Petty Knife's Core Strengths?
The Petty knife is a versatile kitchen workhorse that is preferred by many line cooks working in professional kitchens due to its versatility and its small compact size.
Who Should Use the Petty Knife/Who Does this Knife Match/Does it Suit You?
Petty knives can be used by professional chefs looking for versatile utility knives or paring knives that are compact, sharp, and relatively lightweight. Petty knives take very little space and are generally used by line cooks and chefs in professional kitchens who leverage their versatility to perform various kitchen tasks.
Petty knives will work best for chefs and home cooks who: -
 - Have limited workspace
 - Need a smaller utility knife or paring knife which they can promptly use where the Western chef's knife or a gyuto knife would be unwieldy.
 - Have smaller hands and want a smaller and lightweight alternative to gyuto knives.
Petty knives
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Create a specific type of bid strategy
Specify constraints
Constraints make the Search Ads 360 bid strategy less efficient, but may be needed to account for other business goals.
In the Constraints section of the Search Ads 360 bid strategy editor:
 1. Enter the default minimum and maximum bids for the Search Ads 360 bid strategy.
 Maximum/minimum bids are the best way of ensuring that bid-strategy bids are always within a range you are comfortable paying.
 After you create the bid strategy, you can also set minimum/maximum bids for specific keywords. Minimum/maximum bids that you set for keywords override the bid strategy's Minimum/maximum settings.
 2. Optional. If you selected a CPA goal, you can set additional constraints by clicking More constraints. You can save the bid strategy without setting additional constraints which will allow Search Ads 360 more freedom to optimize against the primary settings.
 If you want to set constraints, choose one of the following additional constraints:
 - Select a position constraint: Combines a position goal with the CPA goal to help your program meet multiple objectives. Search Ads 360 will first ensure that the bid is within the minimum/maximum bid range, then bid to stay within the position range, and finally bid toward the CPA target. Enter a top and a bottom position for keywords.
 A position constraint doesn't apply to the Google Ads campaigns that are managed by the bid strategy.
 - Select a max CPA constraint. Set a max CPA that is more than the target CPA to allow Search Ads 360 to occasionally bid more to achieve the bid strategy's goal.
 3. Click Save bid strategy or optionally click Next to see the advanced configuration options.
Max CPA constraint
We suggest that the value of the max CPA constraint is set to at least 1.5 times the target CPA to allow the Search Ads 360 bid strategy some room to continue to optimize bids for the portfolio. However, this is not a requirement because you may also be able to improve profitability with a lower max CPA.
 - max CPA ≥ (1.5 * target CPA)
For example, you sell light fixtures for $40 each. You set your target CPA at $30 because you want to make a $10 profit per fixture after advertising costs.
Your campaign portfolio contains the keywords brand name, lighting fixtures, hanging lights, and bulbs.
To achieve the target CPA of approximately $30 (actual CPA is $31.25), without a max CPA constraint, the bid strategy adjusts bids on the specific keywords as follows:
 - $5 for the brand name keyword because it's at position one. You're probably the only one bidding on your brand name and because it's at position one, the bids cannot be any higher.
 - $60 for lighting fixtures because the lighting fixtures keyword is popular
 - $30 for hanging lights
 - $30 for bulbs
While the overall bid strategy is profitable, the $60 bid for lighting fixtures is well beyond the $30 target CPA and is unprofitable. To reduce overspending on keywords, you might set the max CPA to $35.
Note: Even though you set a max CPA that allows more room for optimization, it still limits the optimization performance of the bid strategy and may cause Search Ads 360 to bid more on lower performing keywords.
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text:
Advanced Control Methodology for Biomass Combustion
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis presents a feasibility study for a low cost sensor-based combustion control system using a predictive chemical kinetic model that captures efficiencies and pollution emissions during biomass combustion. Low cost sensor module was developed, the sensors were calibrated to measure carbon monoxide and particulate matter (PM) in combustion exhaust. Major combustion species in the exhaust of a commercial biomass furnace, operating with white oak, were measured. The species concentrations were measured using the low cost sensors and commercially available diagnostics. The low cost sensor outputs compare well with the reference instruments and the sensors can be employed to measure varying concentration of CO and particulate matter in combustion exhaust. A predictive chemical kinetic model was generated to simulate biomass processes. The model uses a four element chemical reactor network (CRN) and successfully simulates smoldering, ignition and flaming combustion events. The model agrees with concentration of CO and particulate matter from experiments. The sensors and CRN model can be integrated in a control system for biomass combustion that can potentially improve combustion efficiency and reduce emissions of particulate matter, CO and unburned hydrocarbons that have been linked to urban and rural air pollution resulting in adverse health effects.
- Mechanical engineering


text:
The Marion Mennonite youth group takes some time to enjoy playing a game together.
Youth and leaders help to plant flower arrangements to beautify the streets of Reading.
Rachel Holderman and Justine Nolt from Marion Mennonite Church serve by picking up trash in Reading.
Ryle Kline from the Petra K-team leads Karen children in a VBS lesson.
Petra youth play "red light, green light" with Karen children during VBS at Buchanan Park, Lancaster.
A game of "duck duck goose" is fun for everyone.
Noah Martin narrates while the Kauffman/Manheim K-team acts out the Creation Story.
Melody Stahl reads "The Secret Stone."
Noah interacts with kids during art time.
Josh Lamb, pastor at Connect Church, introduces the K-team to Lancaster City and Connect Church via conversation and coffee at The Baker's Table.
Brandon Brackbill and Jessie Hirpo reflect on the rhythms of Jesus from Luke 6.
Jody Davis explains to the K-team how she began working with the neighborhood kids.
Brandon Brackbill, Jessie, and Janae Nolt help lead a dance with the kids.
The K-team dances with the kids.
April Weaver leads the children in sharing the art with one another.
Melody and Maria Nissley paint with their new friend Deyah.
Melody and Jessie prepare for the Kids Club.


Search for similar words
Enter a Spanish word:
Phonetic distance:
0 1 2
What do you think?
In this page you can enter a word and find other words that sound the same, or almost the same, as the given word according to a measure of phonetic distance.
When writing Spanish, it is easy to confuse one word with a similar one, bringing about a spelling error.
Homophones are words that are pronounced identically although they have different spelling and mean different things; for example, "bello" (as in beauty) and "vello" (as in body hair).
Spanish homophony can vary depending on the Spanish speaking region; thus, "casa" (as in home) and "caza" (as in hunt) are homophones in America but not in some regions of Spain; or "cayó" (as in to fall) and "calló" (as in to go silent) are homophones in some regions of Argentina.
Paronyms are those words that are very similar to each other in the way they are pronounced or written, but their meaning is different; for example, "especia" (as in spice) and "especie" (as in biological species).
Phonetic similarity is the measure by which two words sound the same. we can measure mathematically the phonetic distance between two words; if they sound the same (homophones), their distance is zero; when they are very similar but not identical (paronyms), their distance is one. The measure can be extended to larger phonetic distances; the further the search goes, the larger the number of words that will be found.


text:
This Single-IR Optical Flame Detector incorporates the advanced flame analysis algorithms employed in the Sharpeye line of UV/IR and IR3 optical flame detectors, combined with a cost-effective electro-mechanical design to produce a low cost state-ofthe- art flame detector.
The S-IR flame detector was designed to provide early warning of flaming fires involving organic (hydrocarbon fuels & vapours) materials. These fires emit strong IR radiation in the 4.4 micron spectral band where the CO2 (main combustion product of any organic substance) has a unique spectral peak.
The detector contains a "state-of-the-art" infrared sensor and optical filter that provides maximum sensitivity to the CO2 emission spectral band at 4.4 micron and improved immunity to false alarms caused by environmental IR emitting sources including sunlight and IR projectors.
The detector was designed to withstand "harsh" environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures, high humidity, vibrations, etc.
- Cost Effective
- Highly immune to false alarms
- Automatic and built-in test
- Large field of view 90° horiz. 90° vert.
- MTBF minimum 100,000 hours
- 4-20 mA and RS-485 interface
- Stainless steel option available
- 3 year warranty


text:
But in regards to differences in sister ships built at the exact same time but in different yards, I believe that you'll find a lot of examples in British and French destroyers built between _PHONE_, and German destroyers up to 1918, where all the ships built in one yard differed from sisters built in a different yard. Sometimes details were small, sometimes large enough to readily see. Why this is, I don't know. Perhaps it was due to suggestions made by the builder and his staff during construction? Sometimes ships in a class were even distinguished from others in the same class by the name of the builder, such as German ships which were given numbers, with a letter prefix such as S13 or B97, the letter indicating what yard built the ship.
: Like many of you, I can be obsessive that a
: model I buy be an accurate replica of a
: particular ship. This then leads me to a
: question.... take the WWII USN CV-5, CV-6,
: and CV-8. All members of the same class.
: Yet, there were a number of differences
: between them, especially wrt their
: superstructures. Surely the builders were
: using plans, accurate copies of which could
: be made and disseminated to the respective
: building crews. So HOW do these variations
: come to take place? I can see how members
: of a class built over a long stretch of time
: could differ (the Burkes being an example)
: because later ships could be modified to
: exploit lessons learned with earlier
: sisters. But when they're all building at
: the same time? Do builders just take
: liberty with plans? Surely not... surely
: someone has to suggest a change, have a
: reason for it, and get it approved. Does
: anyone know?
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text:
LaSalle Lake, a manmade,
2,058-acre lake 8 miles southeast of Marseilles, is popular among anglers.
Serving as a cooling lake for Commonwealth Edison's LaSalle Power Station,
the lake is formed by levees that rise above the surrounding land. While
this perched construction helps the lake catch the wind to
cool the impounded water, it can result in extremely hazardous conditions
for unwary boaters. All lake users should familiarize themselves with
the precautions described in the "Safety Information" below.
Dirt excavated for
the LaSalle County lake's construction was used to build the shoreline and internal dikes,
which are covered with rock riprap. The dikes are used to direct cooling
water through a five-day circulation pattern from the discharge channel
back to the intake channel. Typically there is a 20-degree water temperature
difference between the two channels. The average depth of LaSalle Lake
is 15 feet, but excavated areas within the lake are up to 70 feet
With its riprapped
shoreline, LaSalle has no natural shoreline for beaching boats. Boaters
must allow ample time to boat from the lake's northern shores to the boat
ramp area on the southwestern corner.
Boaters and anglers
are responsible for their own safety. Follow all boating safety
regulations, including observing the no wake zones.
Always remain aware of changing weather conditions and wave development.
The surface condition of the lake can change rapidly and wave action
can be excessive.
warning system at LaSalle Lake is located on the tip of the internal
dike that extends from the west shore. When the light of the wind warning
system is flashing, no boats are to be launched and boats on the lake
should seek shelter.
For boater's safety,
and for the safety of power plant divers who repair nets in the intake
structure on the discharge canal, boaters are not allowed within the
restricted areas marked off by orange buoys. Boaters observed
in a restricted area will have their boat numbers submitted to Conservation
Police Officers and tickets will be issued.
Swimming, wading and
water skiing are prohibited at LaSalle Lake as are sailboats, sailboards
and surfboards. All boats must be powered by gasoline engines. The maximum
speed on the lake is 40 mph. It is advisable to carry a battery-powered
AM-FM radio to monitor weather conditions. Two-way radios
must be turned off within 200 feet of power lines.
All boating is done
at your own risk.
are not allowed.
Dates and Hours
LaSalle Lake will be open seven days a week from 6:00 am to Sunset starting April 1st, 2013.
All fishermen must be off the lake by closing time.
Visitors to LaSalle Lake are reminded that on opening day and during the first two weeks of the fishing season, long lines are expected at the site entrance. Visitors are reminded to adhere to all rules, regulations and direction from staff to make this season at LaSalle Lake an enjoyable experience for all.
A boat is not needed
to fish LaSalle Lake. Many individuals and families enjoy bank fishing.
A fishing pier for disabled anglers is located at Ivy Point.
In addition to obeying
statewide fishing regulations, anglers must observe LaSalle Lake's site
specific regulations, which include two poles and line fishing only. In
addition, the following daily catch limits are in effect:
One black bass (either
largemouth or smallmouth), 18-inch minimum length.
10 striped bass, white
bass or hybrid striped bass (either singly or in the aggregate), no more
than three of which may be 17 inches on longer in length.
Coming from the north,
you can take I-39 or Rte #23 or Rte #47 south to I-80. From I-39 and Rte
#23, go east on I-80 to the Seneca exit. From Rte #47, go west on I-80
to the Seneca exit. Go south through the town of Seneca across the Illinois
River Bridge on Rte #170 to the flashing yellow light at the Mazon/Grand
Ridge Blacktop. Turn right onto the Blacktop and go about two and a half miles. The Fish & Wildlife Area entrance will be on the right.
Coming from the east, go west on I-80 to the Seneca exit.
Coming from the west, go east on I-80 to the Seneca exit. Go south through
the town of Seneca across the Illinois River Bridge on Rte #170 to the
flashing yellow light at the Mazon/Grand Ridge Blacktop. Turn right onto
the Blacktop and go about two and a half miles. The Fish & Wildlife Area
entrance will be on the right.
Coming from the south, take Rte #23 or Rte #170. If on Rte #23, go to
the town of Grand Ridge. In the middle of town, at the school, turn right
onto the Mazon Blacktop. Take the Mazon Blacktop past the nuclear plant.
The Fish & Wildlife Area entrance will be on the left. If on Rte #170,
go north to the flashing yellow light at the Mazon/Grand Ridge Blacktop.
Turn left onto the Blacktop, go about two and a half miles. The Fish &
Wildlife Area entrance will be on the right.
- While groups of 25 or
more are welcome and encouraged to use the park's facilities, they are required
to register in advance with the site office to avoid crowding or scheduling
- At least one responsible
adult must accompany each group of 15 minors.
- Pets must be kept on
leashes at all times.
- Actions by nature can
result in closed roads and other facilities. Please call ahead to the park
office before you make your trip.
- We hope you enjoy your
stay. Remember, take only memories, leave only footprints.
- For more information
on tourism in Illinois, call the Illinois Department of Commerce and Community
Affairs' Bureau of Tourism at 1-800-2Connect.
- Telecommunication Device
for Deaf and Hearing Impaired Natural Resources Information _PHONE_
for TDD only Relay Number _PHONE_.


text:
SimMan -- A simulation model for workforce capacity planning Motivated by the difficulty in predicting the actual performance of workforce capacity planning solutions obtained from mathematical models, we develop a simulator, SimMan, to serve as a test bed for evaluating the effectiveness and robustness of different planning options and assignment rules. To facilitate the ease of use, the simulator is developed in C++ language with a modular structure so that different users or planners can customize the modules according to their specifications. We further develop a mathematical model for the workforce capacity planning problem, where the uncertainty of the demand is handled by the safety stock concepts. We also suggest a number of practical planning alternatives and assignment rules based on information from IBM. These rules are implemented as modules in SimMan and tested numerically to provide managerial insights
References in zbMATH (referenced in 1 article )
Showing result 1 of 1.
- Huang, Huei-Chuen; Lee, Loo-Hay; Song, Haiqing; Eck, Brian Thomas: SimMan -- A simulation model for workforce capacity planning (2009)


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Fields with spin
 1. Oct 1, 2003 #1
 Fields with spin....
 Can have a field (electromagnetic, gravitational..) a "spin" or can the existence of spin be relevant in the study of field..l.so we can asign a spin to a certain field and study the functional equation of fields with "spin" and relate this "spin" to particle spin
 with this word of "spin" i would mean some intrinsic property of the field similar to this of particles...
 A use would be to produce for example a spin-2 description of the graviton instead of WDW equation by mean of an equation lineal and of first order in derivatives including the term d/dt and the time.
 2. jcsd
 3. Oct 1, 2003 #2
 User Avatar
 Science Advisor
 In QFT in minkowski space, fields may be viewed as consisting of particles, so a spin-j field consists of spin-j particles. For example, photons are the massless spin-1 particles making up the electromagnetic field which is thus spoken of as a massless spin-1 field. However, the notion of field is more fundamental than that of particle since the latter is an observer-dependent concept. This is seen for example in the unruh effect in minkowski space where accelerating observers will see particles where inertial observers see only the vacuum and also in regions of spacetime in which curvature is comparable to the characteristic wavelength of field quanta. It is thus more precise to speak not of particles but in a more general sense of field excitations.
 Last edited: Oct 2, 2003
 4. Oct 10, 2003 #3
 User Avatar
 Staff Emeritus
 Science Advisor
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 A basic remark is maybe needed: "a field with spin" is a fancy name (well..) for a multi-component field. Like a vector field in euclidean space has 3 components at each point (and comes down to a spin-1 field!). In relativistic notation, we use 4 components, but we actually only use 3 (for a massive vector boson). Extra complications for a massless photon make us have 2 independent components, but we still write it as a 4-component field.
 A spinless field is just a field with one scalar component, such as "temperature". The less intuitive aspects come in when we use half-integer spins, because we're classically not used to them, but a spin-1/2 should be a two-component field. (and it can be, for example, a Majorana field). However, in its most popular appearing it has 4 components as a Dirac spinor.
 So spin of a field is nothing else but the fact that the field has multiple components, eventually combined with conditions (gauge conditions, mass conditions) reducing the number of independent components, and subject to specific transformation rules (under the Lorentz group).
 5. Oct 11, 2003 #4
 Re: Fields with spin....
 If all particles (within the framework of QFT) are quanta (linear, scalar, pseudoscalar, qauge etc.) of field, then what exactly do you ask?
 6. Oct 14, 2003 #5
 There is a very good article on this subject from American Journal of Physics: Hans C. Ohanian, "What is spin?" 54 (6), 500-505 (1986). I don't know if it is available online anywhere.
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 1. Spin magnetic field (Replies: 1)


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See our new Maps page for an interactive visualization of the religious demography of the Middle East. Here's a preview:
Note these disclaimers: In order to highlight minority religions, the visualization risks exaggerating the size of minority populations relative to total population. In reality minority populations in most parts of the middle east are tiny in relation to total population, and they are shrinking. The map also does not reflect religious diversity among Muslims. We'll be working on additional visualizations that will help to balance both of these concerns, as well as working to update data.


) { b = new Base(); }
 Now things get interesting. Your call to f(ref d) passes a reference to a Derived by reference. When the f function modifies its formal parameter b, it's actually modifying your variable d. What's worse, it's putting a Base in it! When f returns, your variable d, which is declared as being a reference to a Derived is actually a reference to the base class Base.
 At this point everything falls apart. Your program calls some method like d.OnlyInDerived(), and the CLR ends up executing a method on an object that doesn't even support that method.
 You actually knew this; you just didn't know it. Let's start from the easier cases and work up. First, passing a reference into a function:
 void f(SomeClass s);
 T t = new T();
 The function f expects to receive a reference to a SomeClass, but you're passing a reference to a T. When is this legal?
 "Duh. T must be SomeClass or a class derived from SomeClass."
 What's good for the goose is good for the gander. When you pass a parameter as ref, it not only goes into the method, but it also comes out. (Not strictly true but close enough.) You can think of it as a bidirectional parameter to the function call. Therefore, the rule "If a function expects a reference to a class, you must provide a reference to that class or a derived class" applies in both directions. When the parameter goes in, you must provide a reference to that class or a derived class. And when the parameter comes out, it also must be a reference to that class or a derived class (because the function is "passing the parameter" back to you, the caller).
 But the only time that S can be T or a subclass, while simultaneously having T be S or a subclass is when S and T are the same thing. This is just the law of antisymmetry for partially-ordered sets: "if a ≤ b and b ≤ a, then a = b."
 - The Old New Thing
 Common gotchas when writing your own p/invoke
 If you're looking to get into some p/invoke action, you'd be well-served to check out the pinvoke wiki to see if somebody else has done it too. If what you need isn't there, you may end up forced to write your own, and here are some gotchas I've seen people run into:
 - C++ bool and Win32 BOOLEAN are not the same as C# bool (aka System.Boolean). In Win32, BOOL is a 4-byte type, and BOOLEAN is a 1-byte type. [See also MadQ's remarks about VARIANT_BOOL.] Meanwhile, C++ bool is not standardized by Win32, so the size will vary based on your compiler, but most compilers use a 1-byte value. And then C# is even weirder: The bool is a 1-byte type, but it marshals as a 4-byte type by default.
 - Win32 char is not the same as C# char (aka System.Char). In C#, char is a Unicode character (two bytes), whereas in C/C++ under Win32 it is an ANSI character (one byte).
 - Win32 long is not the same as C# long (aka System.Int64). In C#, long is 64-bit value, whereas in C/C++ under Win32 it is a 32-bit value.
 - If memory is allocated and freed across the interop boundary, make sure both sides are using the same allocator. It is my understanding that the CLR uses CoTaskMemAlloc/CoTaskMemFree by default. If your Win32 function doesn't use CoTaskMemAlloc, you'll have to teach the CLR which allocator you really want.
 - When laying out structures, you have to watch out for alignment.
 That last one is particularly gnarly on 64-bit systems, where alignment requirements are less forgiving than on x86. The structure declarations on tend to ignore 64-bit issues. For example, the declaration of the INPUT structure (as of this writing—it's a wiki so it's probably changed by the time you read this) reads as follows:
 [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)]struct INPUT {
 [FieldOffset(0)] int type;
 [FieldOffset(4)] MOUSEINPUT mi;
 [FieldOffset(4)] KEYBDINPUT ki;
 [FieldOffset(4)] HARDWAREINPUT hi;
 This structure layout is correct for 32-bit Windows, but it's incorrect for 64-bit Windows.
 Let's take a look at that MOUSEINPUT structure, for starters.
 typedef struct tagMOUSEINPUT {
 LONG dx;
 LONG dy;
 DWORD mouseData;
 DWORD dwFlags;
 DWORD time;
 ULONG_PTR dwExtraInfo;
 In 64-bit Windows, the LONG and DWORD members are four bytes, but the dwExtraInfo is a ULONG_PTR, which is eight bytes on a 64-bit machine. Since Windows assumes /Zp8 packing, the dwExtraInfo must be aligned on an 8-byte boundary, which forces four bytes of padding to be inserted after the time to get the dwExtraInfo to align properly. And in order for all this to work, the MOUSEINPUT structure itself must be 8-byte aligned.
 Now let's look at that INPUT structure again. Since the MOUSEINPUT comes after the type, there also needs to be padding between the type and the MOUSEINPUT to get the MOUSEINPUT back to an 8-byte boundary. In other words, the offset of mi in the INPUT structure is 8 on 64-bit Windows, not 4.
 Here's how I would've written it:
 // This generates the anonymous union
 [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Explicit)] struct INPUT_UNION {
 [FieldOffset(0)] MOUSEINPUT mi;
 [FieldOffset(0)] KEYBDINPUT ki;
 [FieldOffset(0)] HARDWAREINPUT hi;
 [StructLayout(LayoutKind.Sequential)] struct INPUT {
 int type;
 INPUT_UNION u;
 I introduce a helper structure to represent the anonymous union that is the second half of the Win32 INPUT structure. By doing it this way, I let somebody else worry about the alignment, and it'll be correct for both 32-bit and 64-bit Windows.
 static public void Main()
 Console.WriteLine(Marshal.OffsetOf(typeof(INPUT), "u"));
 On a 32-bit system, this prints 4, and on a 64-bit system, it prints 8. The downside is that you have to type an extra u. when you access the mi, ki or hi members.
 input i;
 i.u.mi.dx = 0;
 (I haven't checked what the PInvoke Interop Assistant comes up with for the INPUT structure.)
 - The Old New Thing
 Why does Windows wait longer than my screen saver idle timeout before starting the screen saver?
 You may find yourself in a situation where Windows takes longer than your specified screen saver idle timeout to start the screen saver.
 First of all, there are ways for programs to block the screen saver entirely. Calling SetThreadExecutionState(ES_DISPLAY_REQUIRED), is how a program says, "Even though there is no mouse or keyboard input, the screen is indeed in use, so don't blank it or start the screen saver." Media playback programs use this so the screen saver doesn't kick in while you're watching a movie on your DVD, and presentation programs use it so the screen saver doesn't start in the middle of your multi-million-dollar proposal.
 But even if no program has marked the screen as busy, Windows itself will delay activating the screen saver if it detects that you would prefer that it not run for a while.
 If you repeatedly dismiss the screen saver less than one minute after it starts on Windows Vista or later, the operating system says, "Oh, sorry. I thought there was nobody there, but obviously there is. You're probably reading an information-dense document or using your laptop as a flashlight or clock, and you want the screen to stay on even though you aren't generating any input. I'll hold off the screen saver for a little while for you."
 After the second time you do a "fast dismiss" of the screen saver, the screen saver idle time is temporarily incremented by its nominal value. For example, if you set your screen saver timeout to two minutes, then starting with the second fast dismiss, Windows will wait an additional two minutes before trying the screen saver again. Here's a timeline for people who like timelines:
 - At T = 0, you stop generating input.
 - At T = 2m, the screen saver starts. You dismiss it immediately.
 - At T = 4m, the screen saver starts. You dismiss it immediately. This is your second consecutive fast dismiss, so the screen saver timeout is temporarily increased to 4 minutes.
 - At T = 8m, the screen saver starts. You dismiss it immediately. This is your third consecutive fast dismiss, so the screen saver timeout is temporarily increased to 6 minutes.
 - At T = 14m, the screen saver starts. You dismiss it immediately. This is your fourth consecutive fast dismiss, so the screen saver timeout is temporarily increased to 8 minutes.
 As long as you keep fast-dismissing, the delay will increase. Of course, the delay won't grow indefinitely, because you'll eventually hit some other idle timeout


What Are the Duties of the Sergeant-At-Arms?
The purpose of the Sergeant at Arms is to maintain order during legislative proceedings and ensure that all parties present follow protocol. This role includes law enforcement responsibilities for the buildings in which the legislative body's meeting takes place, as well as ensuring security for those meetings.


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How to: Create Application Settings
In the following procedure, you manually create a wrapper class that derives from ApplicationSettingsBase. To this class you add a publicly accessible property for each application setting that you want to expose.
You can also perform this procedure using minimal code in the Visual Studio designer. Also see How to: Create Application Settings Using the Designer.
To create new Application Settings programmatically
 1. Add a new class to your project, and rename it. For this procedure, we will call this class MyUserSettings. Change the class definition so that the class derives from ApplicationSettingsBase.
 2. Define a property on this wrapper class for each application setting you require, and apply that property with either the ApplicationScopedSettingAttribute or UserScopedSettingAttribute, depending on the scope of the setting. For more information about settings scope, see Application Settings Overview. By now, your code should look like this:
 using System;
 using System.Configuration;
 using System.Drawing;
 public class MyUserSettings : ApplicationSettingsBase
 public Color BackgroundColor
 return ((Color)this["BackgroundColor"]);
 this["BackgroundColor"] = (Color)value;
 3. Create an instance of this wrapper class in your application. It will commonly be a private member of the main form. Now that you have defined your class, you need to bind it to a property; in this case, the BackColor property of your form. You can accomplish this in your form's Load event handler.
 MyUserSettings mus;
 private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
 mus = new MyUserSettings();
 mus.BackgroundColor = Color.AliceBlue;
 this.DataBindings.Add(new Binding("BackColor", mus, "BackgroundColor"));
 4. If you provide a way to change settings at run time, you will need to save the user's current settings to disk when your form closes, or else these changes will be lost.
 //Make sure to hook up this event handler in the constructor!
 //this.FormClosing += new FormClosingEventHandler(Form1_FormClosing);
 void Form1_FormClosing(object sender, FormClosingEventArgs e)
© 2015 Microsoft


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|Ways of Working|
There are differences between cities and countries in how the decisions are made, the services produced and strategies and policies implemented. The category Ways of working helps to understand the different ways of actions in different countries and provides a possibility to learn from others. The category contains general information about the functions of the city. Ways of Working tells about the principles of decision making, organisation, service production, and strategies and policies which have an effect on health promotion.
The category is divided into following sub-categories:
Decision making presents the principles of city level decision making and explains the processes behind it. In the sub-category you can also find information about the roles and responsibilities of the city and its different departments in wellbeing production. The sub-category also clarifies the role of the Healthy Cities steering group in the city structure.
Organisation explains the administrative structure of the city, with text and images.
Service production describes how the wellbeing services are organised in the municipal level and how these services support health promotion. The topic explains the wellbeing production responsibilities of the city.
Strategies and policies tells about the different strategies and policies which affect health and wellbeing in the city, and explains their purposes and goals.
|Last Updated on Friday, 22 February 2008 13:29|


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Morphological study of the Lingual papillae of Jentink's flying squirrel (Hylopetes platyurus)
Keywords:Hylopetes platyurus, lingual papillae, light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy
This study describes the anatomy and histology of the tongue in the Jentink's flying squirrel (Hylopetes platyurus), a
rodent native to Indonesia (Borneo and Sumatra). We examined the characteristics of the tongue using scanning
electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Macroscopic observations revealed three distinct regions: the
apex, corpus (body) and radix (root). The dorsal surface of the apex was characterized by a median groove and lacked
the lingual prominence that is common in many rodents. SEM and LM revealed the distribution of papillae over the
dorsal surface of the tongue. The papillae could be categorized as mechanical papillae (filiform, conical, large conical)
and gustatory papillae (fungiform, foliate, and vallate). Filiform papillae covered the apex and the anterior two-thirds
of the corpus. Fungiform papillae were distributed among the filiform papillae from the apex to the corpus, whereas
the foliate papillae were present only on the apex. Conical papillae were located on the posterior of the corpus, and the
large conical papillae were on the lateral surface of the lingual radix. Three vallate papillae were arranged in a "V"
pointing toward the larynx on the posterior part of the radix. This research provides the first detailed observations of
the lingual papillae in Hylopetes platyurus. The shape, structure and distribution of papillae are described and compared
with those in other rodent species.


Short communication
J Phys Astr, Volume: 6( 2)
An Inverse Problem for a Single Orbit
Bozis G, Department of Physics, University of Thessaloniki, Greece, Tel: +30 2 310 998 111; EMail: [email protected]
Received: May 30, 2018; Accepted: June 8, 2018; Published: June 15, 2018
Citation: Bozis G. An Inverse Problem for a Single Orbit. J Phys Astron. 2018; 6(2):153
The inverse problem of Dynamics for monoparametric families of orbits F(x,y)= c, produced in a potential field, has been studied in the past for various versions (e.g. for one or two or three parametric families, for two or three dimensional potentials in Cartesian or curvilinear coordinates, in inertial or rotating frames etc) [1].
In this report we refer to the planar motion of a unit mass material point P in an inertial frame Oxy, in a two-dimensional potential V= V(x,y), tracing one orbit (or a branch of the whole orbit) given by the equation y= f(x). We answer two questions: (a): The two functions V=V(x,y) and y=f(x) are given arbitrarily. Are they consistent? (b): An equation y= f(x) is given arbitrarily. For which potentials this equation can stand for an orbit?
We denote by Vf = Vf (x )= V(x,y=f(x)). (It stands to reason to call it orbital potential). Similarly e.g. equation and equation. For an arbitrary function A(x,y) we have: Af = A(x,y=f(x)). We consider A(x,y) as adequate if its orbital value is not infinity, i.e. if equation. The total energy of the point P is Ef.
Two Theorems-Examples
Theorem A
An observed branch of an orbit y= f(x) (with f"(x) ≠ 0) can be produced by a given potential V= V(x,y) if and only if
equation (1)
As a hint for the proof, we refer to Szebehely's formula for monoparametric families (as modified by Bozis (1995)) with an appropriate interpretation of the slope function γ (x, y) of the family and the help of both the orbital functions Vf(x) and the orbital function equation, introduced here.
Example: Let us verify that the upper branch of the Newtonian ellipse equation i.e.,equation withequation and Newton's potential equation are compatible. Indeed, with e.g. equation etc., the left hand side of equation (1) gives equation, as expected.
Theorem B
All potentials V(x,y) which (for adequate initial conditions, consistent with Ef ) can produce an observed branch of orbit y= f(x) are given by the formula:
where equation. The function A(x,y) is an adequate arbitrary function and (with the constant of the indefinite integral L(x) taken equal to zero) Ef is the energy of P.
To prove the theorem B, we only need verify that, indeed, the orbit y= f(x) and the potential (2) are consistent, i.e. that they satisfy the equation (1).
Example: For equation we haveequation. So, formula (2) gives one out of the infinitely many potentials which can produce the orbit y = x3 with Ef=1. For equation (so that) this potential is
i. The function y=f(x) is real if EfVf and is defined in an interval of the x-axis which can be found from the inequality L(x) ≤ 0.
ii. If the observed (given) orbit is a straight line f (x) = λx +μ (in which case f"(x)=0), the above formulae (1) and (2) are not applicable. Then, an affirmative answer to the question 1(a) is given if Vyf = λVxf. As to the formula for the question (1b) (giving the totality of potentials producing the straight line f (x) = λx +μ ) now it reads:
equation (3)
where a(x +λy),b(x, y) are arbitrary functions of their respective arguments.
It is directly shown that all the potentials (3) satisfy the relation Vyf = λVxf.
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We propose a method for obtaining three-dimensional imaging measurements of the defect distribution inside industrial materials by measuring positron lifetimes, in addition to using the imaging technique of positron emission tomography. A compact and fast response detector that uses an Yb 3+-doped Lu2O3 scintillator and a photomultiplier tube was developed and tested. Yb3+ charge transfer luminescence exhibits a fast response in the ultraviolet and visible regions. The first measurement of the positron lifetime for a bulk material using an Yb:Lu2O3 scintillator was carried out. The lifetime of positrons created inside an yttria-stabilized zirconia block via pair production produced by ultrashort photon pulses was successfully measured.
!!!All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


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Definition of Charlie
- the Viet Cong in Vietnam during and the American Vietnamese war. The original name Viet Cong was shortened to "v c" then named "Victor Charlie", the names indicating v and c in the American military alphabet, by the American military, then shortened to "Charlie" by the common soldier as it was easier and quicker to say especially in the time of combat.
|+||Add a definition for this slang term|
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|Definitions include: US Army phonetics for "CF", an acronym of cluster fuck.|
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Page 46, Exercise 107, end of chapter XV.
The sencence :The Germans, with (their) sons and daughters, are hastening with horses and wagons.
is translated as :Germani cum filiis filiabusque cum equis et carris properant/maturant.
in the answer key.
Why is the cum used? I interpreted the English sentence as: The Germans along with their sons and daughters are fleeing by means of
horses and wagons. So doesn't that make the equis et carris
ablatives of means, which according to D'Ooge should not have a cum preceding them. So shouldn't the second cum be absent in the snetence?
One explanation I could think of is that the horses and wagons are also ablatives of accompaniment, but why not means?
Could someone please help me out here.


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Iglesia Evangélica Luterana Boliviana (Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church) (IELB)
The Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church grew out of the work of the World Mission Prayer League from the USA, among Aymara Indians. In 1972, the American missionaries left the country, as the local people claimed greater participation in the decision-making bodies of the church. The Bolivian Evangelical Lutheran Church was constituted that same year. The church is composed entirely of indigenous people. It is the largest Amerindian Lutheran church on the continent.
The IELB's main priority is to promote a holistic approach to evangelism and service. The church is involved in a variety of projects: alternative agriculture, animal husbandry, provision of drinking water, educational campaigns to prevent cholera, formal education (elementary school), vocational training, and communication.


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Shooting Star Meaning In Islam
Shooting Star Meaning In Islam: A Divine Message From the Skies
Shooting stars have always been a source of fascination for humanity throughout history. In Islam, shooting stars hold a special significance as they are believed to carry profound spiritual meanings. Muslims perceive these celestial events as divine messages from Allah, offering guidance, blessings, and warnings. In this article, we will delve into the rich symbolism and interpretations of shooting stars in Islam, exploring their spiritual significance and the impact they have on the faith of believers.
Shaping the Understanding of Shooting Stars in Islam
The Islamic interpretation of shooting stars is deeply rooted in Quranic verses, Hadiths (sayings of Prophet Muhammad), and the scholarly works of Islamic theologians. These sources provide valuable insights into the meanings attributed to shooting stars by Muslim scholars and believers. One particular verse from the Quran that captures the essence of shooting stars is found in Surah At-Tariq:
"By the sky and the night comer, And what can make you know what is the night comer? It is the piercing star." (Quran, 86:1-3)
This verse highlights the majestic nature of shooting stars, portraying them as celestial bodies that penetrate the vastness of the sky, captivating human attention. This portrayal within the Quran piques the curiosity of Muslims, prompting them to explore the meaning and significance behind these extraordinary phenomena.
Spiritual Symbolism of Shooting Stars
Shooting stars in Islam are considered to symbolize various significant aspects of faith and spirituality. Let's take a closer look at some of the key interpretations:
1. Divine Messages
Muslims regard shooting stars as divine messages from Allah, which are believed to carry spiritual guidance and blessings. These messages can offer comfort during challenging times, reinforce faith, or serve as reminders for believers to be steadfast in their devotion. Shooting stars are seen as a means for Allah to convey His love and care for His creation.
2. Reflection and Accountability
Shooting stars also serve as a reminder for Muslims to reflect upon their actions and be accountable for their deeds. They are seen as fleeting and ephemeral, symbolizing the transitory nature of life on Earth. This prompts believers to contemplate the brevity of life and the importance of striving for good deeds, seeking forgiveness, and purifying the soul, as no one knows when their time on Earth will come to an end.
3. Answered Prayers and Wishes
It is widely believed among Muslims that witnessing a shooting star can signify that a prayer or wish has been granted by Allah. The occurrence of a shooting star is seen as an auspicious sign, representing the fulfillment of aspirations and a manifestation of divine intervention. This belief strengthens the connection between believers and Allah, reinforcing their faith and trust in His mercy and providence.
4. Remnants of Fallen Jinns
In Islamic lore, it is believed that shooting stars are caused by the expulsion of jinns (spiritual beings) from the heavens when they attempt to trespass the barriers set by the angels to eavesdrop on divine conversations. These fallen jinns are thought to be unable to return to the heavens and are consequently scorched as they descend to Earth. This interpretation highlights the metaphysical beings present in Islamic teachings and the significance of shooting stars in relation to them.
Cultural Practices and Beliefs
The symbolism associated with shooting stars in Islam has also shaped various cultural practices and customs among Muslims. In many Muslim-majority countries, witnessing a shooting star is often considered an auspicious occasion, leading people to make supplications, recite prayers, or engage in acts of worship. This cultural response is an expression of the deep-rooted belief in the spiritual significance of shooting stars and the connection between the earthly realm and the divine.
Additionally, some Islamic scholars have also highlighted the importance of intending good deeds and acts of worship upon witnessing a shooting star. It is believed that offering charity, doing acts of kindness, or reciting specific prayers during these moments can amplify the blessings and benefits of the divine message conveyed by the shooting star.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: Are there any specific prayers or supplications to be recited upon seeing a shooting star?
While there are no specific prayers mentioned in Islamic texts to be recited upon seeing a shooting star, Muslims often choose to recite general supplications expressing gratitude, seeking forgiveness, or asking for blessings during these moments. The intention and sincerity behind the prayer are considered more important than following a specific formula.
Q2: Do shooting stars have the same meaning in all cultures?
No, the interpretation and cultural significance of shooting stars vary across different cultures and religions. While Islam attributes spiritual meaning to shooting stars, other cultures may have different mythologies and beliefs associated with these celestial events. It is important to respect and understand the specific cultural contexts when exploring the symbolism of shooting stars.
Q3: Does the scientific explanation of shooting stars contradict their spiritual significance in Islam?
Islam encourages believers to seek knowledge and embrace scientific explanations of natural phenomena. Understanding the scientific phenomena behind shooting stars does not necessarily negate their spiritual significance in Islam. Muslims see scientific knowledge as a means to appreciate the magnificence of Allah's creation, while the spiritual symbolism of shooting stars reinforces their faith and connection with the divine.
Shooting stars hold a profound spiritual meaning in Islam, representing divine messages, reflections on accountability, answered prayers, and metaphysical realities. These celestial events not only captivate the hearts and minds of believers but also inspire them to lead a life of righteousness, guided by the divine. Through their beauty and rarity, shooting stars serve as reminders for Muslims to reflect, seek forgiveness, and strengthen their faith. Whilst respecting scientific explanations of these phenomena, Muslims continue to embrace the spiritual and symbolic significance that shooting stars hold, as they remain awe-inspiring messengers from the skies.