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Include non-communicating reefers in your monitoring procedure
With your REFCON reefer container monitoring system connected to the load calculator or terminal planner, the task of collecting data from the non-communicating containers becomes very simple:
- Transfer the basic reefer container information from the load calculator or terminal planner to REFCON, including container ID, location, expected temperature setpoints, etc.
- Transfer a list of all non-communicating containers from the REFCON system to the handheld RDC unit
- Go to the containers and check the listed data with the actual data on the containers
- Accept or change the data in the RDC
- Go back to the REFCON system and load the corrected data into the system, using a cradle or cable connection
You will now have the actual container data available in the REFCON system. You will also have the alarms on your screen, and you will be able to make the same reports and printouts as for the communicating containers.


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Consider a probability model with sample space on the interval $[0,a]$ where $a$ is a finite positive real number. Consider two probability distributions $P_1$ and $P_2$ on the sample space, where $P_2$ is obtained by shifting an infinitesimal probability $dP$ from position $x_1$ in the interval to $x_2$. Random variable $X$ is defined as $X(\omega)=\omega$ on the interval. Assume the mean of $X$ under $P_1$ is $E(X)$.
Find a condition that does not involve $dP$ that is necessary and sufficient for $d(Var(X))\le 0$. If $P_1$ has mass of 0.5 at the ends of the interval, show that the condition is satisfied for all $x_1$ and $x_2$.
I picked this problem from an old book of mine. The condition I got to was $x_2+x_1-a\le 0$. However this seems to be dependent on $a$ and is not true for all $x_1$ and $x_2$ as the second problem demands.
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Let us paraphrase the question: what small transformations of a distribution on an interval lead to decrease in variance?
Intuitively, you must bring the mass towards the mean to reduce the variance. I.e. the condition should be something like $|x_1-E(X)|\ge|x_2-E(X)|$.
To prove this formally, first, consider a discrete distribution: that takes the value $x_i$ with probability $p_i$. Then, the variance is $Var(X)=\sum_ip_i(x_i-E(X))^2$. To see what happens when you shift it such that $p_1$ becomes $p_1-\epsilon$ and $p_2$ becomes $p_2+\epsilon$ we need to take the partial derivative of the expression above keeping in mind that $\frac{\partial p_2}{\partial p_1}=-1$ and, given that, we also have $\frac{\partial E(X)}{\partial p_1}=x_1-x_2$. Therefore, $\frac{\partial Var(X)}{\partial p_1}=(x_1-E(X))^2-(x_2-E(X))^2-2(x_1-x_2)\sum_ip_i(x_i-E(X))$, the last term being zero. We need this expression to be non-negative (decrease in $p_1$ leads to decrease in $Var(X)$). Hence, we obtain the condition as above.
You can easily generalize the proof to any distribution.
Now, it seems quite obvious why the condition holds for the distribution in the question.
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Copy and Paste Elements
Sigma's copy-and-paste functionality allows you to replicate elements in various locations. You can copy and paste an element within its originating workbook, or you can copy an element from one workbook and paste it in another.
Summary of Content
User Requirements
Copy and Paste an Element
Copy the element
Paste the element below an existing element
Paste the element in an empty space
Frequently Asked Questions
User Requirements
The ability to copy and paste elements requires the following:
 - You must be assigned an account type with the Explore Workbook or Edit Workbook permission enabled.
 - You must be the workbook owner or be granted Can explore or Can edit workbook permission.
Copy and Paste an Element
Copy an element, then paste it in an empty space or directly below an existing element in the destination workbook. If you copy a child element, its lineage is also copied and pasted.
Linked input tables don't currently support copy-and-paste functionality. However, you can copy empty input tables and all data, UI, and control elements.
Copy the element
 1. Open a workbook in any mode, then select or hover over the element you want to copy.
 2. In the element toolbar, click the action icon to open the element menu, then select Copy element. The original element and all applicable parent elements in its lineage are copied.
Paste the element in an empty space
 1. Open the destination workbook in Explore or Edit mode, then find an empty space in the canvas.
 2. Right-click the empty space to open the action menu, then select Paste element.
 A replica of the original element is added to the empty space.
Paste the element below an existing element
 1. Open the destination workbook in Explore or Edit mode, then select or hover over an existing element.
 2. In the element toolbar, click the action icon to open the element menu, then select Paste element below.
 A replica of the original element is added below the existing element.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do the Copy/Paste element actions differ from the Duplicate action? When should I use each?
 Duplicate Copy/Paste element
Action type Single workbook action Cross-workbook action
Content copied Original element only Original element + lineage
Destination Current workbook/page Any workbook/page
Lineage association Original and duplicate reference the same lineage Original and replica reference separate lineages
When you select Duplicate in an element's action menu, Sigma immediately adds a duplicate directly below the original element (in the same workbook and page). If the original is a child element, the duplicate shares its lineage (i.e., the original and its duplicate reference the same parent elements in the workbook). Changes applied to a parent element are reflected in the original and its duplicate. This feature is recommended when you need to create a duplicate in the same workbook containing the original element.
When you select Copy element in an element's action menu, Sigma copies the element to the browser. You can then select Paste element to add a replica of the copied element to any workbook and page across your organization. If the original element is a child element, its lineage is also copied and pasted to the destination workbook page. In this case, the original and its replica are disassociated and don't share the same lineage (i.e., the original and its replica reference separate parent elements). This feature is recommended when you need to replicate the original element in a different workbook.
If I copy a child element, but its parent element exists in a different page of the workbook, does Sigma still replicate the parent element in the destination?
Yes. The element's entire lineage is copied, regardless of a parent element's location in the originating workbook. In the destination workbook, however, child and parent elements are pasted to the same page.
Can I copy an element and paste it to a workbook in a different organization?
No. An element can only be copied and pasted between workbooks created in the same Sigma organization.
Are control elements copied and pasted with an element?
Yes, most control elements impacting the original element and its lineage are copied and pasted to the destination workbook page. An exception occurs when a parameter control impacts an element with a custom SQL source. For more information, refer to the following question about copying and pasting custom SQL elements.
Can I copy and paste a custom SQL element?
Yes. An element with a custom SQL source can be copied and pasted whether it's the original element or part of its lineage. Related parameter controls aren't replicated with the custom SQL element, but they can be copied and pasted separately. In the destination workbook, the custom SQL element automatically remaps to the copied control element or an existing parameter control with the same control ID.
How are permissions applied when I copy and paste an element between different workbooks? Who can view the element's data?
The ability to view an element's data depends on a user's access to the data source. When you share a workbook with a user who doesn't have access to a particular element's data source (i.e., dataset or connection table), the user can view that element's data in the shared workbook only. If the user copies the element and pastes it to another workbook, the replica doesn't load any data in the destination workbook page, and Sigma notifies the user that they don't have access.
Are an element's filters carried over when it's copied and pasted?
Yes. If filters are already applied to the original element at the time it's copied, those filters are applied to the replica in the destination workbook page. This also applies to parent elements that are copied and pasted as part of the original element's lineage.
Can I copy and paste an entire workbook page?
No. At this time, workbook pages cannot be copied and pasted.
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If you have an aquarium, then you know how important it is to keep the water filter running properly. If the flow of the filter is too slow, then the water will become dirty and cloudy. If the flow is too fast, then the fish will not be able to get enough oxygen and they will become stressed. We will discuss how to adjust the flow of your aquarium filter for optimal performance!
What is the flow rate and why is it important to adjust it
The term "flow rate" is often used when discussing aquarium filters and refers to the amount of water that is pumped through the filter per hour. The flow rate is important because it helps to determine the efficiency of the filter. If the flow rate is too high, then the filter will not have enough time to properly clean the water.
On the other hand, if the flow rate is too low, then the water will not be circulated properly and could become stagnant. As a result, it is important to adjust the flow rate to ensure that the filter is working properly.
There are a number of factors that can affect the flow rate, such as the size of the aquarium, the type of filter, and the number of fish in the aquarium. By taking these factors into account, you can ensure that your aquarium has the optimal flow rate for healthy and clean water.
How to determine if you need to adjust the flow rate
If the flow rate is too high, it can create too much turbulence in the water, making it difficult for fish to swim and causing stress. In addition, a high flow rate can disturb the delicate balance of your aquarium's ecosystem.
On the other hand, a low flow rate can allow harmful toxins and waste to build up in your tank, leading to poor water quality and unhealthy conditions for your fish. So how do you know if you need to adjust the flow rate on your aquarium filter?
There are a few signs to look for. First, check to see if your fish are swimming normally. If they seem to be gasping for air or having difficulty swimming, it could be a sign that the water movement is too strong. Second, take a look at your water quality. If you notice that the water is starting to look cloudy or dirty, it could be a sign that the flow rate is too low and not enough water is being filtered.
How to adjust the flow rate on different types of aquarium filters
The flow rate of an aquarium filter is the speed at which water is pumped through the filter media. The ideal flow rate for most aquariums is between 4 and 8 times the volume of the tank per hour. For example, if you have a 20 gallon aquarium, the ideal flow rate would be between 80 and 160 gallons per hour.
There are a few different factors that you need to consider when adjusting the flow rate of your filter, including the type of filter you are using, the number of fish in your tank, and the type of plants you have. If you have a high-tech setup with a lot of delicate plants, you will want to err on the side of a lower flow rate.
Conversely, if you have a very low-tech setup or a lot of surface-dwelling fish, you may want to increase the flow rate. In general, it is better to start with a lower flow rate and increase it gradually until you find the sweet spot for your particular aquarium.
What happens if you don't adjust the flow rate properly
If you don't adjust the flow rate properly on your aquarium filter, a few things can happen. First, your water may not be properly filtered and may become cloudy.
Second, your fish may not be getting enough oxygen and could die. Third, too much water flow can stress out your fish and make them more susceptible to disease. So it's important to find the right balance when adjusting the flow rate on your aquarium filter. If you're not sure what the right setting should be, ask a local fish store or aquarium club for help.
The flow rate of your aquarium filter is an important factor in maintaining a healthy and clean environment for your fish.
By taking into account the size of your tank, the type of filter you are using, and the number of fish you have, you can ensure that your aquarium has the optimal flow rate for healthy and clean water. If you're not sure what the right setting should be, ask a local fish store or aquarium club for help.
Aquarist & Writer 15+ Years

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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This page explains how to interpret the graphs that are generated by doxygen.
Consider the following example:
This will result in the following graph:
The boxes in the above graph have the following meaning:
- A filled gray box represents the struct or class for which the graph is generated.
- A box with a black border denotes a documented struct or class.
- A box with a grey border denotes an undocumented struct or class.
- A box with a red border denotes a documented struct or class forwhich not all inheritance/containment relations are shown. A graph is truncated if it does not fit within the specified boundaries.
The arrows have the following meaning:
- A dark blue arrow is used to visualize a public inheritance relation between two classes.
- A dark green arrow is used for protected inheritance.
- A dark red arrow is used for private inheritance.
- A purple dashed arrow is used if a class is contained or used by another class. The arrow is labeled with the variable(s) through which the pointed class or struct is accessible.
- A yellow dashed arrow denotes a relation between a template instance and the template class it was instantiated from. The arrow is labeled with the template parameters of the instance.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Skip to Main Content
Phase unwrapping (PU) is a process to obtain the absolute value of a phase field from the wrapped one. Ideally, without phase noise, singularity, and aliasing problems, the phase information can be unwrapped easily. However, the phase data are always contaminated by noise and discontinuities, making the PU process more complicated. Hence, a suitable PU algorithm is required to address the problems appropriately. Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Energy Minimization is usually used to partially remove phase noise. In this letter, the MCMC energy minimization that yields the unwrapped phase is shown. Furthermore, the capability of the proposed method to unwrap simulated and actual InSAR phase images is also demonstrated (Fujiyama Mount).


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Proper processing to overcome the abundance of plastic waste is needed. Currently, pyrolysis technology is one method that can overcome plastic waste. Pyrolysis is a thermochemical process, which breaks down long alkyl chains into hydrocarbons at high temperatures. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature on yield and heating value using the analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. The pyrolysis of plastic waste is carried out with HDPE plastic material. The pyrolysis process is carried out in a reactor with 50 grams of feed at various temperatures of 500, 550, 600 and 650⁰C. The conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that there is a decrease in yield and calorific value with increasing temperature. The results of the analysis concluded that temperature had an effect on the yield produced and the calorific value of the product. The best yield was obtained at 35.86% and a heating value of 10530.461cal / g at a temperature of 100oC. Based on the results of data analysis using the ANOVA method, it was found that the experimental hypothesis was that temperature had an effect on yield and calorific value.
Copyrights © 2021


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This blog was originally posted here: Windows 8: The right way to Read & Write Files in WinRT
Also, check out our Windows Runtime (WinRT) sponsored section.
Windows 8: The right way to Read & Write Files in WinRT
Windows 8 Metro development leverages WinRT; and, in WinRT, there are new namespaces – and namespace constriction in the.Net Framework. What you think you know, you may not.
MSDN: In some cases, a type that you used in a.NET Framework desktop app doesn't exist within the.NET APIs for Metro style apps. Instead, you can use a type from the Windows Runtime. For example, the System. IO. IsolatedStorage. IsolatedStorageSettings class isn't included in the.NET APIs for Metro style apps, but the Windows.Storage.ApplicationDataContainer class provides similar behavior for storing app settings. Examples of common changes you might have to make are included in the section Converting your existing.NET Framework code.
Read Isolated Storage
Every Metro application has three folders. A Local folder, a Roaming folder and a Temp folder. Each is accessed the same way. Local is meant to store assets in a local, application-specific folder.
MSDN: You can access files in the local app data store using the "ms-appdata:///local/" protocol. To access files in the app package, use Windows. ApplicationModel. Package. Current. InstalledLocation.
To request that Windows index your app data for search, create a folder named "indexed" under this folder and store the files that you want indexed there. Windows indexes the file content and metadata (properties) in this "indexed" folder and all its subfolders.
Roaming is meant to store assets that should be synchronized with any other desktop where the current user has the same application installed.
MSDN: The sync engine has restrictions on the file name conventions that you must follow to ensure the items in the roaming folder can roam. Be sure that your file and folder names do not contain leading whitespace. The sync engine may limit the total size of settings and files that can roam. You can access files in the roaming app data store using the "ms-appdata:///roaming/" protocol.
Temp is a throw-away location that will be cleaned, potentially, every time the application is launched.
MSDN: You can access files in the temporary app data store using the "ms-appdata:///temp/" protocol.
Here's how you use them:
Get the code here.
The code above is a simple Unit Test demonstrating the core functionality of writing and reading to Isolated Storage. You might notice that there is no mention of Isolated Storage in the code or namespaces (like there is in the Windows Phone API). Just know that all of this takes place in Isolated Storage, and for the same reason – to compartmentalize your application and it's ability to break the user's machine.
Read Project Files
Here's a fun one. What if you have a resource (a file) in your project that you want to read? Lots of time this is for sample data or settings or something. It could be an XML file, a JSON file, or something else. Can you do it? Of course.
Add the file to your project. Note: since this is your file, you will need to deal with the type. Somewhere else you can learn how to deserialize JSON and XML.
Change your file's Build Action to Content. And, change Copy to Output Directory to Copy Always. This will ensure the file itself ships with your application. If it doesn't, you wont have a file to read!
Read your project file like this:
Get the code here.
The code above is a simple Unit Test demonstrating how to read a file that is included in your project's folder structure. The two most important parts is the unique path and Installed Location folder. Pay close attention. The correct path will include your project name (mine is Metro.Helpers.Tests).
Read Local files w/a Picker
Here's a great one. You want to read a file in the Documents Library? Let the user select the file using a picker, and take it from there! Let's do it.
Just Do It
There's nothing special you have to do in order to use a file picker. No changes to the AppXManifest, I mean. The reason is, using a File Picker puts the user in charge. Only the user can pick a file. And so, the picker itself is sort of its own Capabilities declaration and consent.
Get the code here.
In the code above we initialize the FileOpenPicker (just like we have always done in.Net). We invoke the picker using PickSingleFileAsync() where we get a StorageFile (just like all the techniques above) and we go from there. I added a MessageBox (aka MessageDialog) to show some details. Clearly in your application you will do something else.
Read Local files w/o a Picker
What if you want to read a file without using the File Picker. Can you do that? You bet. But, it takes more effort because you need to update your applications AppXManifest to request the Document Library Access capability.
But wait there's more.
See that red X on the Capabilities tab title? That tells you that something is not right. The manifest designer is pretty cool. What's left?
You also need to update your AppXManifest by declaring what file type(s) you want to access. Then, even with access to the folders, you only have access to a limited set of file types. (in case you wondered *.* is not allowed)
Note: Accessing the file system without user interaction is dangerous for the user. These extra steps are not meant to make your life (the developer) easier. It is meant to make the user's experience easier and more safe.
So, in my case I will only want access to TXT files. The Declarations tab can be complex – to learn more about it, look here. I set a new file type (.txt) and let it role from there.
When the user installs your application, they will be promoted to consent to the capabilities your application requests. Its capabilities are constrained by the manifest. And, your app's capabilities are reviewed by Microsoft store curators.
Now, get that file!
You have probably noticed with all the samples in this article that I have to write and read in order to have a reliable test. This one is no different. This will create the HelloWorld.txt file and read it. For added fun, I also will delete the file at the end of the method so your folder is not polluted.
Get the code here.
The only reason the code above works is because we have declared the capability to read TXT files from the Documents Library folder in the AppXManifest file. Reading the file is easy because, once you get it, it's just a simple WinRT StorageFile.
Pretty simple really, eh?
Some Interesting StorageFile Methods
I might take a moment to talk about StorageFolder, too. One of the most common requests I get is to iterate files and folders on user's system. You really can't – if what you mean is to start at c:\. Try to iterate through c:\ and you get this:
You can, however, iterate the files in a Library (Documents, Photos, Music, Videos, and even Home Group) folder – if you have requested this capability in the manifest. It is important to note that the files returned for a folder will be automatically filtered to the file types you declare in your manifest. (Did I already mention *.* cannot be declared?) Let me restate that as a developer you have intentional restrictions like this that ultimately improve the user's experience and safety.
Read those files people. Whatever your reason, they are there for you to get them. Yes, the sandbox of a Metro application prevents access to files and resources outside user's Libraries. But in about 2 seconds you can appreciate this decision. We are approaching a brave new world.
Now, should your application REQUIRE such access (that is otherwise restricted), you might consider the choice between desktop and metro applications – or consider a clever alternative; we all know you are a clever developer, keen at problem solving. You can do it!
Best of luck!
Jerry Nixon is a Microsoft Developer Evangelist in Colorado. He has been developing and designing on the Microsoft platform for 15 years. He speaks at universities, events and groups on Kinect, XAML, Windows Phone, and Windows 8. Most of Jerry's days are spent teaching his three daughters Star Trek character backstories and episode plots.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Cato Perkins was a Huntingdonian Methodist preacher. The Huntingdonian church he founded in Sierra Leone is one of the only remaining churches of that faith remaining in the world today. He was ordained in 1786 by John Marrant as a traveling preacher of the faith. Marrant chose Perkins to lead the Nova Scotia Huntingdonians in Marrant's absence.
In 1790 Perkins took on the duty of chief pastor to black Huntingdonians in Nova Scotia. He was appointed by Marrant as he left for England, and carried it out after his death.
At the time of the Sierra Leone exodus almost Cato Perkins' entire congregation went to Sierra Leone. His congregation was perhaps one quarter of the Christian population of Nova Scotia who left for Sierra Leone. Perkins continued to preach while in Sierra Leone and also was involved in organizing missions to the native African populations.
During the rebellion of the Nova Scotians against the white English leaders at Sierra Leone almost all of the Huntingdonian population supported the rebels. Perkins was nominated by the blacks to travel to England with their petition of grievances. To avoid being suspected by the Colony's administration, it seems that Perkins probably had to risk passage on a slave ship. Unfortunately for him, his petition was rejected.
Perkins died in Sierra Leone in 1805. However, even to this day a Huntingdonian society exists in Sierra Leone, evidence of the success of Perkins' missionary efforts.


Production Lighting: How To Do Low Key Lighting
Low key lighting is a style of lighting that is commonly used by photographers and filmographers. Generally speaking, most people set up low key lighting so that they can achieve the chiaroscuro effect. With the chiaroscuro effect, you are looking for bold differences between light and dark colors. Low key lighting has a lighting ratio of approximately 8 to 1. As the lighting ratio increases, so does the contrast of the image. In comparison, high key lighting can have a lighting ratio that is as low as 1 to 1.
The standard method of lighting that most photographers use is three point lighting. With three point lighting, you are using a key light, a back light and a fill light. The goal of three point lighting is to achieve even illumination. Low key lighting is the exact opposite of three point lighting. Low key lighting only requires the use of a single key light. You are not looking for even illumination with low key lighting. Instead, you want a lightly colored subject to stand out in front of a dark background.
Step 1: Setting Up the Background
You cannot use a light background for low key lighting. When it comes to low key lighting, the darker the background is, the better. It is not a must that you use a black background, but it is highly recommended. If you cannot use a black background, a very dark blue one will work.
Step 2: Staging the Subject
The subject of your photograph should be wearing dark clothing. If possible, it is best if the clothing that the subject is wearing is the same color as the background. The goal of low key lighting is not to place an emphasis on the attire of your subject. Instead, you want to place an emphasis on the face or body part of your subject.
Step 3: Setting up the Key Light
In order to ensure maximal results when setting up low key lighting, you should place your key light to either side of the subject you are photographing. You should begin by setting up your key light in a 45 degree setup. A 45 degree setup requires the key light to be placed 45 degrees to the face of your subject. The key light should be placed slightly above the head of your subject. By placing the key light to the side of your subject, you will be preventing the background from lightening up.
Once you set your key light up, take a look to see if any adjustments need to be made. If you need the background to appear darker in your images, you can move the key light further away from your subject. You just need to make sure that the light remains on the edge of your subject. Once you have the key light configured correctly, you are ready to begin taking shots with low key lighting.
Popular Cameras for High Quality Photos:


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WATERMAN, TEXAS. Waterman is near the Attoyac River fourteen miles southeast of Center in southern Shelby County. It was founded about 1905 as a sawmill town and named for the owner of the Waterman Lumber Company. In 1906 the community received a post office; William M. Waterman was postmaster. A spur of the Santa Fe Railroad was constructed to the town, and by 1914 Waterman had a population of 476. Gradually, however, the timber owned by the company began to play out, and Waterman Mill closed abruptly in 1912 or 1913. Mill owners left for Wascom, where a new mill was built. Waterman Mill and all its land was sold to Frost Lumbering Industries in 1920. Most mill people were gone by the end of World War I. The post office was closed in 1926, and by 1938 Waterman was a small church and school community that served a scholastic population of fifty-seven. The school district was consolidated with the Center school district by 1955, and in 1990 Waterman had a population of fifty-three. The population remained the same in 2000.
Patricia R. McCoy, Shelby County Sampler (Lufkin, Texas, 1982).
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Cecil Harper, Jr., "WATERMAN, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 18, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


The Twenty-seven Dead Apostle Ancestors
982pages on
this wiki
List of the Twenty-seven Dead Apostle Ancestors
The Twenty-seven Dead Apostle Ancestors (死徒二十七祖, shito nijuunanaso?) are the aristocratic elite of the vampires. The original group were those of the Dead Apostles who escaped from their role as the "emergency rations" of the True Ancestors, but it currently refers to the distinct factions amongst the Dead Apostles due to some having been succeeded by new generations of Dead Apostles. Some of the originals, more than half, have been sealed away by the Church and some have been annihilated, changing the leadership of the different factions throughout the generations as they have been replaced, while others still reign as Ancestors in the present era. There are some missing numbers yet to be replaced, as they have been executed by the Church, sealed by the Church, or they are atoning for their sins.
The sealed Ancestors are stored in coffins within the Church under eternal imprisonment because they are unable to be totally destroyed. The factions following these Ancestors are still in good condition without their leaders, and they are currently gaining strength to either take back their Ancestor or destroy them.[1] Those who are over four thousand years old from the Age of Gods are referred to as the Elder Title: League of the Age of Gods (神代連盟（エルダータイトル）,?). There are those who favored establishing kingdoms consisting of Territories, Dead Apostles, and the Dead, and there are some exceptional members who possess neither a Territory nor a coven. The oldest favor Territories, whereas those who transformed from the culmination of pursuing magecraft have little interest in such power.
The main reason why the group remains in some form after years of repeated killing and destruction among each other and hunts from the Church is because one Ancestor acts as the prophet. Declaring the Rose Prophecy (薔薇の予言,?), she always foresees the death of those Ancestors and warns them so they may prepare a successor immediately. Louvre was given the message "--Tonight, Death will appear before thee" around three hours before his death. They are mainly non-aggressive against one another, and there are two main factions in the present. They can be considered an organization with power rivaling the Church and Mage's Association.[2]
They are very powerful beings, and many have the ability to utilize Reality Marbles. Their general rankings are not determined exclusively by how powerful he or she is individually, but rather the paramount danger he or she poses to humanity. Those within the first ten ranks cannot be defeated by normal concepts, as they, themselves, are fantasy much like members of the Phantasmal Species. Those who live in fantasy can only be defeated by fantasy that is greater than themselves. Furthermore, for those who have reached the Ancestor class, it is possible to exist as a phantom even after losing the physical body. Those who have completely lost their original bodies are Nrvnqsr Chaos, Stanrobe Calhin, Night of Wallachia, Gransurg Blackmore, Caubac Alcatraz, and Michael Roa Valdamjong. They are, on average, capable of facing Servants in battle, but, as both are types of beings that live in Mystery, such battles would come down to "having the means of killing the other guy somehow."[3]
Servants will generally hold a slight advantage, barring compatibility issues, and the Knight classes, Saber, Archer, and Lancer, will all be able to have solid fights. Though Saber's Excalibur is extremely effective against those who overwhelm by material quantity and alienness, there are those capable of surviving being hit by Excalibur-class attacks through pure endurance. At the same time, those same ones with extreme endurance would have a tough time with Lancer's Gae Bolg.[4] ORT, to which Earth's rules do not apply, and Primate Murder can be called in a league of their own above both Ancestors and Servants.[5]
Aylesbury ValestiEdit
One major event for the Ancestors is the Aylesbury Valesti (アルズベリ・バレステイン,?) ritual established by Crimson Moon that involves the revival of The Dark Six.[6] It is a grand ritual the Ancestors have been preparing for decades, and it has come together in Aylesbury over the last ten years. It is suggested that the ritual, performed much earlier in the 1970s for unknown reasons, resulted in the world's mana being dried up in Fate/Extra.[7] Due to the development being funded and developed entirely by human means, the Mage's Association and Church are unable to intervene until the advent of the ritual.
List of the Twenty-seven Dead Apostle AncestorsEdit
 1. Primate Murder
 2. The Dark Six is the Original Dead Apostle (最初の死徒,?) known as the Six Royalties of the Dark (闇色の六王権,?) and the First and Highest System (最古にして最高のシステム, saiko ni shite saikou no system?). It has not reached one-hundred percent completion and it is currently regenerating.[9] It is supposed to bring all Dead Apostles together once it awakens in the Aylesbury ritual.
 3. Brunestud of the Crimson Moon (Type-Moon)
 4. Kischur Zelretch Schweinorg (Wizard Marshall Zelretch)
 5. ORT (Type-Mercury)
 9. Altrouge Brunestud
 10. Nrvnqsr Chaos
 Replacement : Louvre (Dead Apostle of the Lake)
 12. ???
 13. Night of Wallachia (TATARI, Zepia Eltnam Oberon)
 14. Van-Fem
 16. Gransurg Blackmore (Lord of the Black Wing)
 17. Trhvmn Ortenrosse
 18. Enhance
 19. ???
 20. Merem Solomon (Crown)
 22. ???
 23. ???
 25. ???
 26. ???
 27. Caubac Alcatraz
Extra: Michael Roa Valdamjong (The Serpent of Akasha)
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, open the file dropped onto it in the associated program.
Icon Tool Types
An icon will often have a Tool Type associated with it's information window, accessible via the context menu item information when the icon is highlighted. Tool Types are used to signify different options and parameters to a program in regards to how it operates, or, in the case of a project, how it should be opened. The user can activate, deactivate, or apply parameters via the Tool Types.
Most icons will have all of their available Tool Types listed, but with many deactive. A deactivated Tool Type appears inside of parentheses () . It is suggested that unwanted Tool Types to be deactivated rather than deleted in case that Tool Type is again desired. A Tool Type may be activated or deactivated by double clicking it. If a Tool Type is no longer applicable, or is in error, the Tool Type can be deleted by selecting the line with the text of the Tool Type and pressing the DEL button at the bottom of the information window.
A Tool Type may be added by clicking the New button at the bottom of the information window. This will highlight the next available line in the Tool Types window. This action will make activate the text gadget next to the two buttons active for editing.
A Tool Type may be edited by selecting the line of the Tool Type to be edited. This will show the text in the text gadget next to the New button where it may be edited. Use the enter key to confirm any changes. Any changes must then be saved by using the Save button at the bottom right of the information window. Pressing the Cancel button will close the window disregarding any changes made.
Most Tool Types follow the form:
ParameterName=ParamterValue
Note, that there are no spaces between the equal sign and the Tool Type name and value.
Other Tool Types may follow the form:
ParamerNamedFunction
In this instance, the parameter is a single named option, an example of which is the common Tool Type DoNotWait . Note that while Tool Types are not sensitive to case, words are often capitalized for user readability.
Gadgets
Gadgets are small images that appear on windows and screens that allow user action. Should a gadget be clicked upon in error, the user can move the mouse off of the gadget before releasing the button.
Screen Depth Gadget
Screens only have a single gadget, the depth gadget. This gadget when pressed with the left mouse button will cycle the current screen behind other screens. If no other screens are present, then this action does nothing.
Tips Screendepthmenu.png
The screen depth gadget menu is opened when the gadget is pressed with the right mouse button. The menu shows a list of available screens with their thumbnails, and a selected screen can be brought to front. The used screenbar modules can also be selected and configured from this menu.
MUI Gadgets
MUI provides a number of different gadgets used by applications to build their interface. The appearance of them is dependent on and may be customized with the MUI preferences. If a given application has not had it's own MUI preferences set that the application's behavior will fall back to those preferences set in MUI's global preferences.
Mui cycle gadget.png
Cycle gadget - This gadget cycles through a list of entries, options, or functions. Using the left mouse button, click on the gadget to cycle forward through the list. The same process, but, while holding the shift key, will result in cycling backwards through the list. Holding the mouse button down will result in a drop down list allowing the selection of an item through the highlight-then-release method. Cycle gadget entries may be also switched with mouse (vertical) wheel, when the mouse pointer is positioned over the gadget.
Mui radiobuttons gadget.png
Radio Buttons - Usually displayed in a list, a radio buttons allow selecting one of several options. When selected the button will appear recessed, and unselected will appear raised.
Text Gadget - Used for entering text, this gadget is rectangular in shape and when highlighted will have a blinking cursor inside of it. Standard text operations apply within a text gadget. For example: Shift+Backspace will delete all characters to the left of the cursor.
Scrolling List - A list of items, options, of functions that can be single, or multi, selected.
Sliders - Allows for the selection of a value through a click-and-drag motion; thus, the action will drag a bar through a range of values, displaying that value next to the slider bar.
Window border gadgets
Appearance of these gadgets on window border depends on application using MUI or not and, in case of MUI application, on user preferences.
Mui window gadgets close.png
Close Gadget - Closes a window, and when applicable the program associated with it.
Mui window gadgets popup.png
Popup Gadget - Produces a drop down menu that contains available actions for that window. This consists of the other MUI window actions (Iconify, Snapshot, etc).
Mui window gadgets settings.png
Settings Gadget - This window button gadget opens the MUI preferences program for the application of this window.
Mui window gadgets snapshot.png
Snapshot Gadget - A window border gadget used by MUI applications that snapshots the size and screen location of the application window for use when the application is restarted.
Mui window gadgets jump.png
Jump Gadget - A unique gadget that will send the MUI application window to the next available screen. This, for example, will allow on to move an IRC chat window from the Ambient screen to their web-browser's screen.
Mui window gadgets iconify.png
Iconify Gadget - Hides all windows of an application, usually resulting in an AppIcon appearing on the Ambient screen.*
Mui window gadgets altsize.png
Zoom Gadget - Some windows allow user to switch between two alternate window sizes with this gadget. The right mouse button opens a menu with options to maximize, minimize, initialize, or hide the window.
Mui window gadgets depth.png
Depth Gadget - This gadet is used for windows depth arranging. The first click on it moves the window in front of all other windows, the second one sends the window to the back. The right mouse button opens a list of all windows in a popup menu, and the selected one is brought to front. The menu also contains an option to bring all windows of an application to front, or send them back.
Mui window gadgets sizing.png
Sizing Gadget - Using the drag method, allows changing the size of a window.
Scroll Gadgets - Move the visible area inside of a window up/down or left/right.
Notes
The asteric (*) as used in this manual indicates where a default function of Ambient, MorphOS, or MUI is described in it's default setting. Due to MorphOS's high level of user customization options, many user interface actions can be changed.
For example: When moving windows, the opposite effect of moving windows off screen can be applied through System Preferences under IControl. This means that when moving windows they will be able to be moved off screen unless the Control Key is held down during window movement.
The above example shows how even the most basic of user interface actions can be manipulated. Once familiar with MorphOS and it's basic functionality, it is useful to change settings to fit the individual's own personal tastes.


Definitions for ice bag
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word ice bag
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
ice′ bag'(n.)
 1. a waterproof bag filled with ice and applied to a part of the body, as to reduce pain or swelling.
 Category: Medicine
Origin of ice bag:
Princeton's WordNet
 1. ice pack, ice bag(noun)
 1. ice bag(Noun)
 A waterproof bag with a wide-mouthed stopper designed to hold ice, for service as an ice pack.
Find a translation for the ice bag definition in other languages:
Select another language:
Discuss these ice bag definitions with the community:
Use the citation below to add this definition to your bibliography:
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text:
Process monitoring during the laser welding of plastics can be divided into three areas:
- Upstream checking of the components
- Online checking of the welding process
- Downstream checking of the welded components
Various monitoring, checking, or control methods can be used in each of these three areas. The issue of when a particular method can or should be utilized depends on the nature of the component and customer needs. In sectors such as the automobile industry or medical engineering, continuous process monitoring is frequently required. However, the best way to monitor a welding process can only be determined after carrying out an analysis and obtaining advice. The question of which monitoring methods are suitable at a particular time and location must be clarified on an individual basis. The figure shows a selection of possible methods.
- Upstream checking The component check covers all the requirements that the components must meet to ensure successful welding. The components are separated by the housing and cover prior to welding. Sensors or a camera system can be used to check how various components are positioned, both individually and in relation to one another.
- Online checking of the welding process Depending on the configuration, the welding parameters of laser power, speed/time, clamping pressure/force, or even a melt path can be monitored during welding. Another option is to use pyrometry. In this case, a sensor detects the heat in the welding zone, which is then com-pared with a reference measurement.
- In the case of certain applications, a camera can be used to gain a visual impression of the welding seam at the end of the welding process. With the help of digital color matching, this can then provide information about the quality of the welding seam.


text:
Main Article Content
Galangin is one of several naturally-occuring flavonols, which is a member of flavonoid family. It is important constituents of normal human diet and also has various pharmacological properties. However, in vivo toxicity test of galangin have not been studied. Thus, the purpose of this research was to investigate the toxicity of galangin alone and in combination with ceftazidime antibiotic in vivo. The mice were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) with galangin alone at 10 and 20 mg/kg BW/day (group1 and group 2 respectively), galangin in combination with ceftazidime at 10 mg/kg BW/day galangin plus 160 mg/kg BW/day ceftazidime (group3), and 20 mg/kg BW/day galangin plus 320 mg/kg BW/day ceftazidime (group4), twice daily for 14 days. At the end of the experiments, blood and the selected main organs were collected for haematological and histological analysis. There was no significant difference in either the growth rate of total body weight or the relative weight of the selected main body organs of mice treated with all doses of galangin alone or in combination with ceftazidime, when compared with the control. The histology of all the liver, spleen, heart, kidney and stomach exhibited a normal appearance in comparison with the control. The blood chemistry marker assayed showed no significant difference (p<0.05) in all treated groups except for the decrease in haematocrit level which were significantly difference (p<0.05) in all treated groups.


In Configuration Manager, the AddMembershipRule Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI) class method adds a new rule to the CollectionRules property of SMS_Collection Server WMI Class.
The following syntax is simplified from Managed Object Format (MOF) code and is intended to show the definition of the method.
SInt32 AddMembershipRule(
 SMS_CollectionRule collectionRule,
 UInt32 QueryID
);
Parameters
collectionRule
Data type: SMS_CollectionRuleQualifiers: [in]SMS_CollectionRule Server WMI Class object to add.
QueryID
Data type: UInt32Qualifiers: [out]Configuration Manager-generated query ID if the rule is a query rule. If the rule is direct, this ID is 0. Use QueryID to modify or delete a query membership rule.
Return Values
An SInt32 data type that is 0 to indicate success or non-zero to indicate failure.
For information about handling returned errors, see About Configuration Manager Errors.
Remarks
This method can also be used to modify a membership rule.
Example Code
The following example shows how to add a direct rule and a query rule to a collection.
 Copy Code
 Dim instCollection As SWbemObject 'Instance of SMS_Collection
 Dim clsQueryRule As SWbemObject 'SMS_CollectionRuleQuery class method
 Dim instQueryRule As SWbemObject 'Instance of SMS_CollectionRuleQuery
 Dim instDirectRule As SWbemObject 'Instance of SMS_CollectionRuleDirect
 Dim Query As String
 Dim ValidQuery As Boolean
 Dim QueryID As Long
 Set instCollection = Services.Get("SMS_Collection.CollectionID=""<collectionid>""")
 ' Create the direct rule.
 Set instDirectRule = Services.Get("SMS_CollectionRuleDirect").SpawnInstance_
 instDirectRule.ResourceClassName = "SMS_R_System"
 instDirectRule.ResourceID = <resourceid>
 instDirectRule.RuleName = "MyDirectRule"

 ' Add the direct rule to the collection.
 instCollection.AddMembershipRule instDirectRule
 ' Always validate your query before adding a query rule to the collection.
 Query = "SELECT * FROM SMS_R_System WHERE SystemRoles = 'SMS Client Access Point'"
 Set clsQueryRule = Services.Get("SMS_CollectionRuleQuery")
 ValidQuery = clsQueryRule.ValidateQuery(Query)
 If ValidQuery Then
 ' Create the query rule. Note that you use these same steps to
 ' modify an existing query rule, except that you set the QueryID property
 ' value to the query rule you want to modify.
 Set instQueryRule = clsQueryRule.SpawnInstance_
 instQueryRule.QueryExpression = Query
 instQueryRule.RuleName = "MyQueryRule"

 ' Add the query rule to the collection. You only need to specify QueryID if
 ' you want to capture the identifier for use later (you use QueryID to
 ' update or delete the rule.)
 instCollection.AddMembershipRule instQueryRule, QueryID
 End If
 ' After you have added all the membership rules, call RequestRefresh to initiate
 ' the collection evaluator.
 instCollection.RequestRefresh False
Remarks
To delete a membership rule, the query number is needed to set the QueryID value.
To add multiple membership rules, use the AddMembershipRules Method in Class SMS_Collection.
Requirements
Runtime Requirements
Development Requirements
See Also
Send comments about this topic to Microsoft.


What does it mean that a glove is not suitable for acid foods?
It can not be used in contact with foodstuffs with a pH lower than 4.5 (vinegar, cider, juice or simple or concentrated vegetable juices, fruit nectars, lemonade, syrup, bitter, vegetable infusions, coffee, tea, Non-alcoholic drinks, energy and the like, flavored water, liquid coffee extract, preserves, yogurt, feta, mozzarella, mayonnaise, mustard).


text:
How do you take care of a 7 8 week old squirrel?
If the baby is pink, fat, round, warm and squirms when touched, allow at least two hours for his mother to find him again. Put him in a high-sided box he can't fall out of, put in a clean T-shirt and attach the box to the tree you found him under, as high as you can, or place it nearby out of reach of predators.
Can a baby squirrel survive falling out of a tree?
Baby squirrels that fall to the ground will perish unless their mothers find them in time or wildlife lovers step up to save their lives. Mom is probably out there. She did not abandon it, and she doesn't care that you touched it. Dry it with a towel if it is wet.
What can I feed my 7 week old squirrel?
These foods may include kale, broccoli, apples, grapes, sweet potato, and hard-shelled nuts out of the shell and a good quality rodent diet. ( At Chris's Squirrels and More we offer Mazuri Rodent Block or Zupreme Primate Dry Diet.) Your squirrel will still be consuming formula till about 9-10 weeks of age.
How old is a baby squirrel when it leaves the mother?
Baby squirrels rely on their mother for a long time, weaning gradually after about 8 weeks and remaining with mother until 12 weeks of age, so a fluffy little 6week old, eyes-open baby, although mobile, is still totally dependent.
Why does my baby squirrel Pee all the time?
Baby squirrels teethe twice, once for upper teeth and once for lowers. Teething may cause the baby to suddenly refuse to eat, or eat less than normal, and you may see a little blood. This is normal and should pass after 24 hours. Smelly Urine. Pee should not smell when the baby pees; this indicates a urinary tract infection.
What kind of disease can kill a squirrel?
Mange can kill a squirrel if it is old, debilitated, or malnourished. The mechanism of death is anemia from thousands of Mange Mites feeding on the squirrel's blood. Anemia decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood. It also compromises the Immune system making the squirrel vulnerable to disease.
How often do baby squirrels lose their teeth?
Baby squirrels teethe twice, once for upper teeth and once for lowers. Teething may cause the baby to suddenly refuse to eat, or eat less than normal, and you may see a little blood. This is normal and should pass after 24 hours.
What happens if a baby squirrel is left untreated?
If diarrhea is left untreated, a baby squirrel can get dehydrated and develop an electrolyte imbalance. If an electrolyte imbalance is left untreated, it can cause a heart arrhythmia, which could lead to sudden cardiac death. All this can be prevented by bringing milk and cream mixture to a boil.
What causes mange on the back of a squirrel?
Sarcoptic Mange is caused by a tiny mite called "Sarcoptes scabiei," that burrows under the skin to feed on the blood of the squirrel. It causes severe itching, a rash, crust formation on the skin and hair loss. The picture on the left shows an Eastern Grey with mange on it's lower back.
How often should I give my Squirrel ivermectin?
This squirrel would do well by treating it with a small quantity of Ivermectin Paste spread on a Nut Meat. We give approximately 1/2 to 1 drop of Ivermectin 1.87% once a week for 3 weeks to make sure that all active mites and all newly hatched mites are killed.
How can you tell if a squirrel has dermatophytosis?
The way you can tell this condition from Mange is the absence of irritation, crusting or rash. There is hair loss, but that is all. Dermatophytosis is caused by a fungus that attacks the shaft of the hair where it emerges from the skin.


text:
Finding the value of a signal before and at the time of the event in Simulink? Other than using "ToWorkspace' block of simulink.
2 Ansichten (letzte 30 Tage)
Taimoor Khan Mehmand am 10 Feb. 2022
I have simulink model IEEE39 Test system (Transmission Network System). I want to calculate a factor K = Δθr - Δθs ,so Δθr= regional angle behaviour and Δθs= system wide angular behaviour, where Δθr = θrp - θra i.e. (θrp = pre-event value and θra = at the time of event value) . Similary for the Δθs , it has pre-event system value and 'at the time of event' value. So, when I start the simulation and add an event (a fault or any disturbance), I need to calculate this factor while the simulation is running. I don't want to send the values to workspace and run the simulation twice therefore need suggestions/assistance in this regard. Thank you.
Benjamin Thompson am 10 Feb. 2022
Use the event to trigger an enabled subsystem. Theh output of an enabled subsystem only changes when or while it is triggered, so you could connect that to a display or scope block. Possibly two enabled subsystems depending on how you are defining the event signals.


- 西班牙文化協會
Do you want to study in Spain your secondary education? Understanding the differences Spain vs HK-UK
Hong Kong is one of the cities in the world with the biggest number of international schools available. Many parents in Hong Kong have considered sending their kids to study overseas. So how does the education system in Hong Kong compare to Spain?
Many International Schools in Hong Kong follow the British system. This means that students study in secondary school from year 7 (10-11 years old) till year 11 (15-16 years old). In year 11 students will take the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) public exam.
So what is the GCSE exam equivalent to? In Spain it is called ESO (Educación Secundaria Obligatoria). However please note that in order to pass the ESO in Spain, there are no public exams to be taken, students only need to pass the internal exams set by the school.
Therefore if you have passed the GCSE it is equivalent to the ESO.
In Hong Kong and also in UK after the GCSE's people would take the IB (International Baccalaureate) which the equivalent in Spanish is el Bachillerato. However there are certain differences, during the IB students only need to study for 6 subjects, while for Bachillerato there are a total of 8 subjects that you have to take. Another main difference is that the whole of you final grade of IB depends on your final exam, while for Bachillerato the final exam is only 40% of your final grade.


text:
Inspired by Ovid's Metamorphoses, the Latona fountain illustrates the legend of Apollo's mother and Diana protecting her children against the insults of the peasants of Lycia, and calling on Jupiter to avenge them. He heard their plea and transformed them into frogs and lizards.
The central marble group sculpted by the Marsy brothers represents Latona and her children. The group was originally placed on a rock in 1670. It was surrounded by six frogs emerging partly from the water, and twenty-four others around the fountain on the lawn. The goddess then looked towards the Château. This arrangement was modified by Jules Hardouin-Mansart between 1687 and 1689. The rock was replaced on a concentric marble base and the Latona group henceforth gazes towards the Grand Canal. The Latona fountain is prolonged by a parterre holding the two lizard pools.


skip to content
Description générale de l'oniyan
Researcher: Fatou Cisse Kane
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Anne Storch
This language is spoken in the South of Senegal (Kedougou), it belongs to the Tenda group. I will also talk about spirit possession and secret language which is spoken during the initiation. In the period of initiation, the young boys are using this secret language and they are also dressing up as you can see on the following photos.
Photo: Fatou Cisse Kane
Photo: Fatou Cisse Kane


text:
Log In to Anagrammer
Scrabble word: JOMON
In which Scrabble dictionary does JOMON exist?
Definitions of JOMON in dictionaries:
- adj - pertaining to a Japanese cultural period
There are 5 letters in JOMON: J M N O O
All anagrams that could be made from letters of word JOMON plus a wildcard: JOMON?
Scrabble words that can be created with letters from word JOMON
Images for JOMON
- ... examples of pottery from the four different types of jomon pottery
- Who Discovered America Debate - jomon and Valdivia
- Timeline of Japanese History - jomon
- The ancient jomon of Japan History and Pictures
- jomon Pottery
- jomon Culture (ca. 10500ca. 300 B.C.) Thematic Essay Heilbrunn ...
- This pot is decorated in a different way. When the pot was dried ...
- Fujiland Exhibition Taro Okamoto and jomon Art
- Japanese Pottery - Clay Figurines from the jomon Period
- flame-style vessel


text:
The NOTIFY and LISTEN commands work together to create a system for PostgreSQL components to communicate between themselves. Use the LISTEN command to start the backend process listening for a notification named name. Notifications are passed by the NOTIFY command, which is usually placed in rules related to changes of various database components; in this way, notifications are sent out to listeners when things are changed.
All running backend processes that are listening for a specific notification are sent that notification when a NOTIFY command is issued for it by any of the processes. When a backend process receives a notification, that notification is sent to the client application (such as psql), which then handles the notification in whatever manner it is written for. For more information about this method of IPC (inter-process communication), see NOTIFY."
You can use any valid string no longer than 31 characters for the name of the notification to listen for (this is also true for the NOTIFY command). To stop a backend process from listening for notifications, use the UNLISTEN command.
The following example configures and executes a listen/notify sequence from psql:
booktown=# LISTEN publisher_update;
booktown=# NOTIFY publisher_update;
Asynchronous NOTIFY 'publisher_update' from backend with pid '16864' received.


link_to @hippo.name, @hippo %>!
 def __compiled_app_templates_hippo_erb
 output = ""
 output << "Hey "
 output << html_escape(current_user.name)
 output << ", meet"
 output << link_to(html_escape(@hippo.name), @hippo)
 output << "!"
 output
 end
end
(Note: To see the actual code, look in ActionView::Base, ActionView::Rendering, ActionView::Renderer, ActionView::TemplateRenderer, and ActionView::Template.)
When the View Context is initialized, Rails loops through all of the instance variables we have set in our controller (in this case @hippo) and copies them into the view context object for use in the template. These instance variables are known as "assigns."
The View Context class includes all of the helpers available from Action View (such as link_to) and all of the helpers we have defined in our app (such as current_user).
Each template is compiled into an instance method on the View Context class. Essentially, each template's method is a souped up string concatenation. In this case:
 - Start the output string with "Hey ".
 - Get self.current_user, which is available because we included all of our app helpers in the View Context class. Escape current_user.name since it might be user input, then append it to the output string.
 - Add ", meet".
 - Get the @hippo instance variable that we set when we initialized the view context. Use self.link_to to generate a link to the page for our hippo. Again, link_to is available because we included all of the Action View helpers as a module. Escape @hippo.name to use for the link text, then append the link to the output string.
 - Add the "!" to finish the output string.
 - Return the output string.
And put it all together:
The Lifecycle of a Response
Wow! We've finally found the elusive hippo, Phyllis, and she's 200 OK. Along the way, we've witnessed rare action, unimaginable scale, impossible locations and intimate moments captured from the deepest depths of Rails internals. We've travelled across the great text/plain, taking in the spectacular Action View as we found our way back to the browser.
Thank you for joining me while we unearthed...the amazing lifecycle of a Rails response.
]]>
<![CDATA[Announcing Skylight for GraphQL! 🤝]]>= '1.7'.]]>_URL_ 01 Nov 2019 21:04:30 GMTAnnouncing Skylight for GraphQL! 🤝
Skylight 4.2.0 now includes GraphQL instrumentation! To use it, upgrade the Skylight gem and add 'graphql' to your probes list. We support graphql-ruby versions >= 1.7.
Announcing Skylight for GraphQL! 🤝
How does it work?
GraphQL is a new API implementation strategy that works somewhat differently from traditional Rails APIs. Instead of writing a controller action to represent each endpoint, every query sent to a GraphQL API is typically handled by a single controller and action. When it comes to profiling performance for this endpoint on Skylight, however, things get tricky. Though we may want to inspect the particular performance characteristics of one query, the waters are muddied if all of your queries are aggregated under this single endpoint. For customers using GraphQL, this is (unfortunately) exactly what they would have seen, since Skylight was originally written to serve the one-endpoint-per-action model.
Luckily, the GraphQL spec includes an optional Operation Name field that helps identify and group together particular queries. Skylight uses the operation name to determine the endpoint name and group your queries together. This means that even though all of your GraphQL requests are sent to a single controller, your queries will be aggregated by name in the Skylight dashboard! 🎉 Skylight's GraphQL instrumentation works best when naming queries because it helps us keep like data with like.
What about multiplexed queries?
Skylight names your endpoint based on all of the queries sent in a single request. For example, if you send two named queries together, your endpoint name will be a combination of those two query names.
Announcing Skylight for GraphQL! 🤝
Handling anonymous queries
Skylight groups all single anonymous queries under one endpoint. While your anonymous queries will still be tracked, you may notice that any spans under GraphQL::Schema#execute are ignored.
Announcing Skylight for GraphQL! 🤝
We intentionally ignore child nodes of anonymous queries because their divergent traces can't be aggregated in a way that would provide actionable insights. We highly recommend using named queries with the GraphQL probe in order to get the most out of Skylight instrumentation!
You can learn more about this feature in our documentation. We hope you'll give it a try and tell us what you think!
If Skylight sounds useful to you, or if you have some endpoints like these ones that you'd like to investigate further, sign up today and get a free 30-day trial. Or, refer a friend and you'll both get $50 in credit!
]]>
<![CDATA[Using Skylight on Skylight]]>_URL_ 14 Jun 2019 20:39:53 GMTUsing Skylight on Skylight
We recently rolled out a new billing system that relies heavily on Stripe's Billing APIs. To avoid issues of inconsistency we try to rely on Stripe, whenever possible, as our single source of truth. This means that we frequently have to reach out to Stripe to get up-to-date information.
We realized early on that constantly reaching out to Stripe wasn't going to be good for performance, so we implemented a caching solution and figured that things were good to go. However, when we looked at the Skylight UI recently (yes, we actually use our own tool!) we noticed that some endpoints were much slower than we expected.
Using Skylight on Skylight
When we dove into the OrganizationsController#show endpoint, things didn't look great:
Using Skylight on Skylight
We could see that we had caching in place, but we were still having to call out to Stripe multiple times. Clearly, something was not working as we had expected.
There are a number of different places in our app where we could be calling out to Stripe so, to get some additional insight, we added custom instrumentation around these points to learn a bit more about where they were getting called from and what objects we were trying to fetch.
Using Skylight on Skylight
Now we had a bit better idea of what we were trying to fetch. In some of these places, we realized that we were actually bypassing the cache. This was easy to fix. We just needed to add some additional caching.
But that couldn't explain all of these cases! We were certain that some of these places shouldn't be calling out to Stripe after the cache was primed, yet here they were. After some further investigation, we realized that we weren't caching nil values. This meant that any time that we got a nil from Stripe (something that we did expect), we would continue to try to fetch from Stripe again, instead of using the nil value.
After adding additional caching and making sure we were caching nil values, we checked to see how we were doing:
Using Skylight on Skylight
Much better! (Those database queries could use some optimization, but perhaps we'll come back to those in another blog post. 😉)
Without Skylight, it would have taken much longer to realize how slow these endpoints had become. Maybe at some point, we would have logged into the app and realized that it felt a little slow. Perhaps we would have added more caching, but even then, we might have missed a few spots. We probably would have missed the issue of nil values not getting cached, just assuming that the remaining slowness was inherent in the setup.
The insights provided by Skylight enabled us to catch a problem before anyone complained, and better yet, helped show us what we needed to do to fix it.
If Skylight sounds useful to you, or if you have some endpoints like these ones that you'd like to investigate further, sign up today and get a free 30-day trial. Or, refer a friend and you'll both get $50 in credit!
]]>
<![CDATA[Announcing Skylight 4.0: Now with Background Jobs!]]>_URL_ 10 May 2019 22:27:38 GMTAnnouncing Skylight 4.0: Now with Background Jobs!
Skylight's new Background Jobs feature helps you discover and correct hidden performance issues in your Sidekiq, Delayed::Job, and Active Job queues. Now available with the 4.0 Skylight agent.
While Skylight was originally developed to instrument web requests, we understand the web interface is only one part of your server-side application. For this reason, we've been hard at work preparing Skylight for Background Jobs!
Announcing Skylight 4.0: Now with Background Jobs!
This


text:
- What is dimensional formula?
- What is the formula for current?
- What is K value?
- What is the value of constant k?
- What is the Boltzmann constant in eV?
- What is dimensional formula of surface tension?
- What is dimensions and dimensional formula?
- Why is entropy J K?
- What is dimensional formula of resistance?
- What are the 7 fundamental dimensions?
- Where is Boltzmann constant used?
- What is dimensional formula of Boltzmann constant?
- What is K in Boltzmann's formula?
- What is the dimensional formula of charge?
- What is the SI unit of charge?
- What is dimensional formula of time?
- What is r in pV nRT?
- What is the significance of Boltzmann constant?
What is dimensional formula?
The dimensional formula is a compound expression showing how and which of the fundamental quantities are involved in making that physical quantity.
The dimensional equation of a physical quantity is an equation, equating the physical quantity with its dimensional formula..
What is the formula for current?
Current is usually denoted by the symbol I. Ohm's law relates the current flowing through a conductor to the voltage V and resistance R; that is, V = IR. An alternative statement of Ohm's law is I = V/R.
What is K value?
(N·s2/C2)c2. The Coulomb constant, the electric force constant, or the electrostatic constant (denoted ke, k or K) is a proportionality constant in electrostatics equations. In SI units it is equal to 8._PHONE_(14)×109 kg⋅m3⋅s−2⋅C−2.
What is the value of constant k?
The symbol k is a proportionality constant known as the Coulomb's law constant. The value of this constant is dependent upon the medium that the charged objects are immersed in. In the case of air, the value is approximately 9.0 x 109 N • m2 / C2.
What is the Boltzmann constant in eV?
Click symbol for equationBoltzmann constant in eV/KNumerical value8.617 333 262… x 10-5 eV K-1Standard uncertainty(exact)Relative standard uncertainty(exact)9 more rows
What is dimensional formula of surface tension?
Surface Tension (T) = Force × Length-1..... ( 1) Since, Force = Mass × Acceleration. And, acceleration = velocity × time-1 = [L T-2] ∴ The dimensional formula of force = M1 L1 T-2.... (
What is dimensions and dimensional formula?
DIMENSIONS are the powers to which the fundamental quantities are raised to represent other physical quantities. DIMENSIONAL FORMULA is an expression in which dimensions of a physical quantity is represented in terms of fundamental quantities.
Why is entropy J K?
Thus, under appropriate conditions and definitions, the change in entropy is the amount of heat transferred divided by the temperature. … Thus, under appropriate conditions and definitions, the change in entropy is the amount of heat transferred divided by the temperature. Thus it has the units of J K-1.
What is dimensional formula of resistance?
Therefore, resistance is dimensionally represented as M L2 T-3 I-2.
What are the 7 fundamental dimensions?
In total, there are seven primary dimensions. Primary (sometimes called basic) dimensions are defined as independent or fundamental dimensions, from which other dimensions can be obtained. The primary dimensions are: mass, length, time, temperature, electric current, amount of light, and amount of matter.
Where is Boltzmann constant used?
In classical statistical mechanics, Boltzmann Constant is used to expressing the equipartition of the energy of an atom. It is used to express Boltzmann factor. It plays a major role in the statistical definition of entropy. In semiconductor physics, it is used to express thermal voltage.
What is dimensional formula of Boltzmann constant?
Dimension Formula of Boltzmann Constant R is the universal gas constant, whose value is 8.314 J/K-mol, and its dimensional formula is [M1L2T−2K−1].
What is K in Boltzmann's formula?
where kB is the Boltzmann constant (also written as simply k) and equal to 1.38065 × 10−23 J/K. In short, the Boltzmann formula shows the relationship between entropy and the number of ways the atoms or molecules of a thermodynamic system can be arranged.
What is the dimensional formula of charge?
Therefore, the electric charge is dimensionally represented as [M0 L0 T1 I1].
What is the SI unit of charge?
coulombThe SI derived unit of electric charge is the coulomb, which is defined as an ampere second.
What is dimensional formula of time?
The equations obtained when we equal a physical quantity with its dimensional formulae are called Dimensional Equations. The dimensional equation helps in expressing physical quantities in terms of the base or fundamental quantities….Dimensional Equations.Physical QuantityDimensional EquationTime Period of wave[T] = [M0L0 T-1]6 more rows
What is r in pV nRT?
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume: =, where a > 0 is a constant. … The ideal gas law is: pV = nRT, where n is the number of moles, and R is universal gas constant. The value of R depends on the units involved, but is usually stated with S.I. units as: R = 8.314 J/mol·K.
What is the significance of Boltzmann constant?
The physical significance of k is that it provides a measure of the amount of energy (i.e., heat) corresponding to the random thermal motions of the particles making up a substance. For a classical system at equilibrium at temperature T, the average energy per degree of freedom is kT/2.


Extension
Adds features to the core application.
Table of Contents
 1. Structure
 2. Files
 1. .gitattributes
 2. .gitignore
 3. .htaccess
 4. LICENSE
 5. README.md
 6. about.page
 7. composer.json
 8. index.css
 9. index.js
 10. index.php
 11. index.png
 12. package.json
 13. state.php
 14. task.php
 3. Folders
 1. engine\
 2. index\
 3. state\
An extension doesn't necessarily have to modify the core functionality of your application. It can also serve as an API enhancer that does nothing until it's implemented in a specific layout and utilized by other extensions that depend on it.
Structure
Each extension is stored as a folder within the .\lot\x directory, with a distinct name:
.\
└── lot\
 └── x\
 ├── extension-1\
 ├── extension-2\
 ├── extension-3\
 └── …
The following files are typically included in a standard extension:
.\lot\x\extension-1\
├── engine\
│ ├── kernel\
│ │ └── extension-1.php
│ └── plug\
│ └── extension-1.php
├── .gitattributes
├── .gitignore
├── .htaccess
├── LICENSE
├── README.md
├── about.page
├── composer.json
├── index.css
├── index.js
├── index.php
├── index.png
├── package.json
├── state.php
└── task.php
Alternatively, if you prefer a minimalist approach, you can create an extension that consists solely of the index.php file, as demonstrated in this example:
.\lot\x\extension-1\
└── index.php
Files
.gitattributes
You can add this file to specify which files or folders should be excluded from the archive content when downloading a repository for production. Typically, this file contains a list of commands, such as the following example, which excludes the README.md file, including the .gitattributes file itself:
.gitattributes export-ignore
README.md export-ignore
.gitignore
This Git-specific file excludes certain files/folders from being committed to the repository, preventing accidental inclusion. However, it should be removed in the production version. Certain package files are also excluded, as they should be freshly installed using CLI commands rather than included in the repository for others to clone:
composer.lock
node_modules
package-lock.json
vendor
.htaccess
You can use this file to enable direct access to files with specific extensions within the folder. Keep in mind that for security reasons, all files in the .\lot folder are not directly accessible by default. Here's an example Apache server command that allows direct access to files with .css, .js, and .png extensions:
<Files ~ '[.](css|js|png)$'>
 Allow from all
</Files>
To improve readability, consider using the <FilesMatch> directive. Use the <Files> directive only to specify exact file names. Keep in mind that this approach can result in lengthy and cumbersome directives:
<Files 'index.css'>
 Allow from all
</Files>
<Files 'index.html'>
 Allow from all
</Files>
<Files 'index.js'>
 Allow from all
</Files>
<FilesMatch '^index\.(a?png|gif|jpe?g)$'>
 Allow from all
</FilesMatch>
LICENSE
Mecha is GPL-3.0 licensed, so include a paragraph in this file that specifies the same license.
README.md
This file isn't essential to the extension but may be necessary for the repository to appear complete on platforms like GitHub and GitLab. Since it's ignored in the .gitattributes file, it won't be included in the archive.
about.page
This file provides information that appears in the control panel's information page and functions similarly to the README.md file. It's designed to be read by the official control panel feature:
---
title: Extension Title
description: Extension description.
type: Markdown
author: Your Name
link: '_URL_'
version: 1.0.0
...
Extension usage instruction, written with Markdown syntax.
Below are commonly used about.page properties and their priority:
Name Priority Usage
author 2 Determines the extension's author.
color 3 Determines the extension's icon background color. This data is used exclusively by the control panel extension. Other extensions can use this data for other purposes or can simply ignore it.
description 2 Determines the extension's description.
icon 2 Determines the extension's icon path. This data is used exclusively by the control panel extension. Other extensions can use this data for other purposes or can simply ignore it.
image 2 Determines the extension's image preview.
images 2 Determines the extension's image previews, usually to be presented in a carousel.
link 2 Determines the extension's related link.
price 2 Determines the extension's default price.
prices 2 Determines the extension's price or prices details.
stroke 4 Determines the extension's icon color. This data is used exclusively by the control panel extension. Other extensions can use this data for other purposes or can simply ignore it.
title 1 Determines the extension's title.
type 2 Determines the page content's type.
version 1 Determines the extension's version. Without this property, the control panel's automatic extension version check feature might not apply to the extension.
External extensions can access this file like a regular page file:
$page = new Page(__DIR__ . D . 'x' . D . 'extension-name' . D . 'about.page');
echo '
' . $page->title . '
';
echo '
' . $page->description . '
';
echo '
' . $page->content . '
';
composer.json
Add this file to your extension repository to publish it on Packagist and enable installation via Composer commands. Ensure that the package name follows the correct pattern for our Composer plugin to install it correctly in the extension folder:
{vendor}/x.{folder}
Below is an example of a composer.json file for your extension repository, assuming it's already published on GitHub at _URL_
{
 "description": "Your extension description.",
 "name": "your-name/x.your-extension-name"
}
To make your extension available for installation via Composer, you'll need to create a stable version release in your repository and publish it on Packagist. You can do this by visiting _URL_ and following the instructions. Once your package is successfully published, others can install your extension using the following Composer command:
composer require your-name/x.your-extension-name
Your new extension should be installed in the .\lot\x\your-extension-name location smoothly.
index.css
This is a regular CSS file that is loaded in the extension. While it doesn't have to be named index.css, I recommend that you use this name as it pairs neatly with index.php. Once you create the file, ensure that it is publicly accessible by including it in the .htaccess file, and load it using the Asset extension in the index.php file.
index.js
If you have an index.css file, chances are you will also need to include this file. The rule for using and loading it is the same as the index.css file.
index.php
This file serves as the main entry point for an extension, and is automatically loaded each time the user accesses the application. You can also use this file to load any other files that you want to include in the extension:
<?php
// Load 'index.css' and 'index.js' files to the page
if (class_exists('Asset')) {
 Asset::set(__DIR__ . D . 'index.css');
 Asset::set(__DIR__ . D . 'index.js');
}
index.png
You can use this image to give a quick demonstration of how your extension would look like. The actual name of the image is not specific. In order to display this image in the extension information page, you need to manually register it in the image property of the about.page file. I suggest naming the image index.png as it pairs well with index.php:
---
title: Extension Title
description: Extension description.
image: /lot/x/extension-name/index.png
type: Markdown
...
Review the '.htaccess' file specification if the image is not displaying on the extension information page.
Typically, standard image dimensions for extension demonstration purposes have a 4:3 aspect ratio, and can be of any size, though commonly made with a width and height of 1024×768 or 1200×900 pixels. Additionally, you may also use other image extensions such as .gif and .jpg if necessary.
Image
package.json
This file is used exclusively by NPM and does not need to be stored in the extension folder


text:
Modify spray heads to reduce the dust roll-back on miners.
Jayaraman-NI; Kissell-FN; Schroeder-WE
Coal Age 1984 Jun; 89(6):56-57
The Bureau of Mines recently developed a water spray system that reduces dust levels at the continuous miner operator position, particularly in mines where respirable dust standards are more stringent because of silica in the coal. The purpose is to reduce dust rollback caused by the dense dust at the cutter head spreading back over the operator's cab. This article describes the three factors that promote dust rollback and the features in the new design of the spray system that improve the dust conditions. The design features include (1) a moderate spray pressure of 100 psi at the nozzles, (2) arrangement of top and side sprays for low reach, and (3) use of underboom sprays for increasing the dust knockdown efficiency. The degree of improvement effected by the new system depends on the degree of present exposure of the operator. In recent trials, the new system reduced dust levels by 40 pct.
Mining-industry; Underground-mining; Coal-mining; Coal-dust; Silica-dusts; Dust-control; Dust-control-equipment; Respirable-dust
OP; Journal Article


Calq commands and keywords
Command
load
Definition
This command calls the server and retrieves a remotely stored program. This command is meant to be used interactively, and its result is asynchronous, depending on things like the network and server's availability. Thus, it is not expected to be used with other commands.
Example
 load('knight.m');
See also
call, and ls.
What is Calq?
Latest version of Calq
Digital Wave Systems Lab homepage


text:
Graham's number is a very, very big number that was discovered by a man called Ronald Graham. It is the answer to a problem in an area of mathematics called Ramsey theory, and is one of the biggest number ever used in a mathematics study.
Even if every number in the number was written in the tiniest writing possible, it would still be too big to fit in all the universe that scientists have seen so far – in other words: the universe is just too small a place to be able to write this number in.
Graham's number is connected to the following problem in the branch of mathematics known as Ramsey theory: (Note that the symbol ^ is used to denote "to the power")
Consider an n-dimensional hypercube, and connect each pair of vertices to obtain a complete graph on 2^n vertices. Then colour each of the edges of this graph either red or blue. What is the smallest value of n for which every such colouring contains at least one single-coloured 4-vertex planar complete subgraph?
Graham and Rothschild proved in 1971 that this problem has a solution, N*, and gave as a bounding estimate 6 ≤ N* ≤ N, with the upper bound N a particular, explicitly defined, very large number. In other words, the smallest possible value of N was thought to be 6 in 1971. However, this answer has been debunked. A possible solution points to the smallest value of N being at least 11, it may well be 12, but the answer lies between 11 and Graham's Number (G).
To convey the difficulty of appreciating the enormous size of Graham's number, it may be helpful to express—in terms of exponentiation alone—just the first term (g1) of the rapidly growing 64-term sequence.
(I) 3x3x3 is 3^3 is 27.
(II) 3^^3 is 7625597484987 you can think of this as 3 mutiplied by its self 3^3 times so 3x3x3x3x3….27 times.
(III.a) 3^^^3 is so huge, its digits would fill up the universe and beyond. it has 3638334640025 decimal digits – and this is only the start.
(III.b) 3^^^3 can also be represented as g1.
(IV) g2 is equal to 3^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^…3 the number of arrows (^) in this number is g1 this means there are 3^^^3, arrows, or levels of exponents, in g2.
(V) g3 is equal to 3^^^^^^^^^^…3 the number of arrows is the value of g2 and so on.
(VI) g64 is equal to G, graham's number.
Because of the Knuth up-arrow notation described here we know that the last ten numbers in Graham's number are […] _PHONE_. But the actual entire number (the remaining cyphers preceding these last ten numbers put together in one large number) is virtually infinitely longer.
The point of Graham's number (G) is that it is the answer to the upper bound of N in this particular hypercube problem. Whatever the smallest value of N must be in this particular problem remains unclear. The answer probably lies between 11 and G. There is quite a margin of error to render faulty.


Navigation Content
University of Wisconsin Madison College of Engineering
You are here:
 1. Home >
 2. News >
 3. News archive >
 4. 2013 >
 5. Alum, retired professor release e-book
Alum, retired professor release e-book
Civil and Environmental Engineering Professor Emeritus Paul Mac Berthouex and UW-Madison sanitary engineering PhD graduate Linfield C. Brown recently released a new free e-book, Pollution Prevention and Control. The first of a planned five-book series, this book intends to help engineers and environmental science students understand the basics of controlling pollution. The e-book is available for a free download here.
Scott Gordon


text:
Price competition between store brands and national brands: determinants of price elasticities for cheese products
Store brands and national brands (Kraft) account for eighty percent of the retail cheese market in the United States. The goal of this study is to estimate brand demand elasticities and reveal factors that determine price elasticities for store and national brands of cheese; more importantly, to provide implications for marketing managers. Data used in this study are store-level scanner data provided by a national supermarket chain in the Columbus, Ohio metropolitan area (CMA). Based on product forms, cheese is classified into five product categories: shredded, sliced, chunk, snack, and miscellaneous. Six stores are included in the data set and these stores are selected from geographic areas that can be described as being populated by higherand lower-income consumers. A two-stage modeling process is utilized in this study. First, brand demand elasticities are estimated with respect to various store locations, cheese product forms, and package sizes. Second, a meta-analysis is applied to reveal the factors that determine price elasticities of store and national brands. This process involves regressing the estimated price elasticities of store and national brands on the determinants of elasticities: store location, market share, product form, and package size. Both the nonlinear Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) and linear approximation AIDS (LA/AIDS) are utilized in the first stage to estimate brand demand elasticities. Given five product categories and two income groups, a total of 20 demand systems are estimated for the two AIDS models. Before estimating the two versions of AIDS model, the unit-root test was initially conducted to confirm stationarity of the time-series variables. This study provides a rich knowledge base for retail store managers and manufacturers to use for maximizing sales and profits. Results from the first stage demand systems indicate that compared with store brands, consumers are very sensitive to national brands price changes for most cheese items even in higher-income areas. The second stage meta-analysis shows that store location, market share, product form, and package size affect price elasticities for store and national brands; moreover, the estimated demand elasticities between AIDS and LA/AIDS models are not significantly different.
School:The Ohio State University
School Location:USA - Ohio
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:store brands national cheese
Date of Publication:01/01/2004


text:
Lasers with cylindrically symmetric polarization states are predominantly based on whispering-gallery modes characterized by high angular momentum and dominated by azimuthal emission. Here, a zero-angular-momentum laser with purely radial emission is demonstrated. An axially invariant, cylindrical photonic-bandgap fibre cavity8 filled with a microfluidic gain medium plug is axially pumped, resulting in a unique radiating field pattern characterized by cylindrical symmetry and a fixed polarization pointed in the azimuthal direction. Encircling the fibre core is an array of electrically contacted and independently addressable liquid-crystal microchannels embedded in the fibre cladding. These channels modulate the polarized wavefront emanating from the fibre core, leading to a laser with a dynamically controlled intensity distribution spanning the full azimuthal angular range. This new capability, implemented monolithically within a single fibre, presents opportunities ranging from flexible multidirectional displays to minimally invasive directed light delivery systems for medical applications.
Comparison of radial and whispering-gallery modes. Schematic drawing of the radially emitting fibre laser structure and energy density plot for a high-Q TE0n fibre cavity laser mode. The outgoing, radially directed red arrows denote the direction of laser emission
Microfluidic laser system.
Preform and fibre structure.
If you liked this article, please give it a quick review on ycombinator or StumbleUpon. Thanks


text: An economic indicator that measures the output per hour of work for non-farm business production. Can be used in conjunction with the rate of change in GAP to determine whether economic growth is likely to be inflationary. A separate component measures unit labor costs, an important indicator of future inflation. Frequency: quarterly. Source: Labor Department.


text:
In somewhat simpler terms, static friction
is why your keyboard
doesn't move across the desk
while you type on it, and why everything you touch doesn't go flying
across the room. It's also why car
s have low gears and why you can keep your balance
standing on the ground.
Static friction is like a threshold force that has to be overcome in order for an object to move. Your keyboard is not moving while you type on it (well, it is, but infinitesimally). But if you firmly push the keyboard from one of its sides, it will slide a short ways. The minimum amount you have to push in order to make it move is essentially equal to the force of static friction (with adjustments for gravity, etc).
How much static friction is there for an object? It depends mostly on the object's weight. The weight of an object is determined not only by its mass, but also by the force of gravity, as well as all other forces acting in the vertical axis. The table that the keyboard is resting on exerts an upward force on the keyboard. It has to, if you think about it -- otherwise, the keyboard would simply sink into the table. This is an example of Newton's third law: "for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction." The force of the table pushing upward on the keyboard is called the "normal force" (in physics and mathematics, the word "normal" is used to mean "perpendicular"). The normal force is equal to the object's weight, and acts in the opposite direction of the weight. This is why you can easily slide the keyboard across the table, but you cannot easily slide a parked car that has its brakes on. The weight of the car makes the force required very large.
Briefly consider the normal force exerted on the keyboard by the table or desk. It would be equal to the keyboard's weight, which is equal to the acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s^2) times the mass of the keyboard (1.3 kg, for a typical keyboard). Remember that force is measured in newtons, and is equal to the mass of an object times its acceleration. So we have:
W = (9.8 m/s2)(1.3 kg) = 12.74 N
The normal force is therefore:
N = -W = -12.74 N
There is one more factor to consider before we can calculate the static friction, which is both obvious and a pain. Different objects have different degrees of slipperiness. It takes much less force to get a 1.3 kg block of ice moving across the table than a 1.3 kg block of plastic (like a keyboard). Similarly, it takes more force if the keyboard has sandpaper on the bottom instead of a piece of plastic. This difference is reflected in a quantity called the "coefficient of static friction". It does not vary with an object's weight, but with the material it is made out of. The only way to determine the coefficient of static friction for a particular object is to consult a table or conduct an experiment. Furthermore, we would also need to figure out the coefficient of static friction for the table as well, since the bottom of the keyboard and the top of the table are in contact. Coefficients of friction get smaller as objects get slipperier. Teflon on teflon is very close to 0, while sandpaper on sandpaper is very large. We will disregard the coefficient of static friction for the table in this small example, assuming it to be close to 0*. The coefficient of static friction for the bottom of the keyboard might be around.4**.
The force of static friction is equal to the coefficient of static friction times the normal force:
f = μN = (.4)(-12.74 N) = -5.09 N
Note that the coefficient of friction was unitless, because it's only a coefficient by which to increase or decrease the action of the normal force. According to this calculation***, you would need to exert around 5.09 newtons of force sideways on the keyboard to make it move.
An experiment to figure out the coefficient of static friction for two surfaces could be as follows:
- Gather up a block (made of material A), a pulley, a bunch of weights, a rope or string, and a scale, plus a horizontal surface made of material B.
- Determine the mass of the block by weighing it on the scale, and multiply by gravity (9.8 m/s2 to calculate the weight.
- Tie one end of the rope to the block.
- Put the block on the surface (which needs to be elevated above the ground -- on a table is perfect. Of course, you can measure the coefficient for the table itself).
- Run the rope through the pulley and dangle it over the edge of the table.
- Add weights to the dangly end until the block just begins to move.
- Record the amount of weight you had to add, then add weights on top of the block, and repeat.
- Divide the added-weight numbers by the weight of the block. These are approximate coefficients of static friction (if you performed the experiment correctly) for surface A against surface B. Average them to get a better approximation.
This is only one method for determining the coefficient of static friction. More accurate methods are available.
This is inaccurate.
This is inaccurate -- I guesstimated.
The results of the calculation are grossly inaccurate for the real world, but correct in principle. The force REALLY required could be anything, as many factors have been glossed over or assumed out of existence.


text:
Poland on maps
Geographia Polonica (2015) vol. 88, iss. 1, pp. 173-178 | Full text
The study presents a brief review of Polish regions' participation in the global economy in 2011 based on exportlinkages at the local level (LAU 1). It identifies both the key actors in the globalisation processes withinthe country and the types of territories that share common trends in geographic and product export structures.The paper deals with a delimitation of areas of export concentration. A total of 23 areas have been identifiedaccounting for nearly 60% of Polish exports. Both the economic strength of the regions as reflected in theirrespective figures and the long-established position of industry in the national economy resulted in a widerange of areas discussed here.