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OpenCV HOG Detector: Result Clustering
The final step of the HOG detection process is to cluster the search results.
Here is the result of running the OpenCV HOG detector on a frame with and without result clustering. I've colored the results blue or red based on whether they represent a true positive or a false positive, respectively.
The above searches were performed with a scaling factor of 1.05 (increase the detection window size by 1.05 for each search scale). For the clustering, I used a minimum cluster size of 3 and used the default window overlap method for clustering.
Result clustering has two purposes. The first is to deal with multiple detections of the same person at different scales or at slightly shifted detection windows. Ideally we'd like to have just one detection per person.
The second purpose of result clustering is to reduce false positives. If we perform a dense search of the image, we expect to detect each person multiple times at different scales and possibly with slightly shifted detection windows. If a window is only recognized once, it's more likely to be a false positive that we want to reject.
In the above images, note the false positives towards the bottom right and top left of the image which are effectively eliminated by clustering.
There are also a large number of "body part" recognitions towards the center of the image which end up folded into the true positive recognitions because of the clustering step.
The OpenCV HOG detector supports two different methods of result clustering. The default mode isn't given a name in the OpenCV documentation that I can find, so I'll just call it the "Window Overlap" method. The second mode is called "Mean Shift Grouping".
If you look in objdetect.hpp in the OpenCV source, you'll see that the final argument to HOGDescriptor::detectMultiScale is a parameter 'bool useMeanshiftGrouping = false'. So the HOG detector uses the Window Overlap method by default.
The Window Overlap method simply uses the rule that if two detection windows overlap sufficiently, then they belong to the same cluster. The Mean Shift Grouping method takes a more complex approach which incorporates the detection confidences from the SVM classifier.
I haven't had much luck finding documentation or articles describing how the two clustering methods are implemented in detail, so I've had to resort to inspecting the code to gain some understanding. I'll be referencing the OpenCV source files in my explanations below.
For now, this post just covers the window overlap method, but I hope to dig into the mean shift approach as well.
Window Overlap Method
The following OpenCV files and functions are relevant to the result clustering task.
|**Function / Class**||**Definition**||**Declaration**|
The last step of 'detectMultiScale' is to pass all of the detected windows to the 'groupRectangles' function to perform the clustering.
The last parameter to groupRectangles is epsilon 'eps', which controls how much overlap is required. The default value of 'eps' is set to 0.2 in its declaration (in objdetect.hpp). The OpenCV HOG detector does not modify this 'eps' value.
The 'groupRectangles' function essentially calls down to the 'partition' function to do the clustering. The 'SimilarRects' class defines the metric for determining whether two rectangles belong to the same cluster.
To determine if two rectangular detection windows belong in the same cluster, first a value 'delta' is computed using the following equation, (where epsilon is 0.2):
The rectangles correspond to a single detection if each of these four labeled distances is less than or equal to delta:
Note that if epsilon is smaller, then delta is smaller, and we are requiring more overlap in order to place both rectangles in the same cluster.
In the above illustration, the rectangles are 1 in. x 2in., and are offset by 0.25in. This gives a delta of 0.3in., so these two rectangles are close to the limit of what is considered a match (using the default epsilon).
Note that if the two rectangles are very different sizes, they may not be put in the same cluster, even if they overlap entirely. This situation is handled later in the 'groupRectangles' function.
After calling partition to cluster the rectangles, the 'groupRectangles' function goes through the results and rejects any clusters with <= 'groupThreshold' results. It also computes the average position and dimensions of the rectangle to use as the final results.
Finally, it looks for small rectangles that are encompassed by larger ones and removes the smaller rectangles from the results. Consider the below two rectangles:
To test if rectangle 1 should be removed because it's encompassed by rectangle 2, the 'groupRectangles' function uses the following logic.
First, it defines two deltas:
Then, it filters out rectangle 2 if all of the following hold:
The fifth condition ensures that we don't remove rectangle 1 if it has more cluster members than rectangle 2, or if rectangle 2 has only 3 or fewer cluster members. The number of members in each cluster is a measure of our confidence in the result, so we don't want to filter out a high-confidence result just because it's encompassed by a larger rectangle. Going back to the two images at the top of the post, the woman's leg is preserved as a result (even though it's encompassed by another rectangle) because of the high number of results in that cluster.


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Glycemic index of pineapple
The glycemic index (GI) of pineapple equals to 66, which classifies it as a medium GI food.
Glycemic load of pineapple
The glycemic load (GL) of pineapple is equal to 8.6, which classifies it as a low GL food.
Pineapple: Calories and Nutritional info
100 grams of pineapple contain 50 kcal (209 kJ), 0.5 grams of proteins, 13.1 grams of carbohydrates, and 0.1 grams of fats.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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CyRSV Synonyms: white clover virus
In Cymbidium spp., the virus causes slight chlorotic ring-mottle; it intensifies the symptoms induced by cymbidium mosaic virus when present in mixed infections. In Trifolium repens it produces chlorotic flecks and mottling with slight stunting. However, the symptoms in clover and Cymbidium are not diagnostic. Although highly contagious, the virus has apparently not become widely established in clover pastures.


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A 106-year-old hydro dam was dynamited in Norway
River Tromsa is located in south-central Norway, about 250 km north of Oslo (Fig. 1). It is a tributary of River Lågen (or Gudbrandsdalslågen), a 204-km long river that runs through a large valley before emptying into Lake Mjøsa, Norway's biggest lake. Since 1916, the corridor of River Tromsa had been fragmented by a 9 m high dam located 950 m upstream its conjunction with River Lågen, near Fåvang town, in Innlandet (latitude: 61.45770, longitude: 10.19871). The dam was initially built to power a mill and later it was used to power a hydroelectric power plant. In 1950, the dam became inactive due to a flood, and remained so due to the high cost needed to fix the damage.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


"OH", "TN", "WI", "WV", "WY"]) {
 "MidWest, USA";}
In the six else-if statements, Logi Report will retrieve the value of the State field, and compare it with the values in brackets []. If a value matches the value in brackets, the formula will return the territory name.
Example 2: DateToMonth
In your sales report, you want Logi Report to print out the month name of the orders, so that you can compare the orders of each month in a year. You can write the formula as follows:
Number m = Month ( @"Order Date" ) ;
String str = "";
if ( m == 1 ) {
 str = " January Sales";}
else if ( m == 2 ) {
 str = " February Sales";}
else if ( m == 3 ) {
 str = " March Sales";}
else if( m == 4 ) {
 str = " April Sales";}
else if( m == 5 ) {
 str = " May Sales";}
else if ( m == 6 ) {
 str = " June Sales";}
else if ( m == 7 ) {
 str = " July Sales";}
else if( m == 8 ) {
 str = " August Sales";}
else if ( m == 9 ) {
 str = " September Sales";}
else if( m == 10 ) {
 str = " October Sales";}
else if ( m == 11 ) {
 str = " November Sales";}
else if ( m == 12 ) {
 str = " December Sales";}
Since the database field Order Date is of the TimeStamp data type, the built-in function Month (DateTime) is first used to extract the month portion of Order Date. Then, the else-if statement is used to decide the month according to the return value of the function, and assigns a String value which contains a relative month name to the pre-declared string variable str.
Example 3: SectionInvisible
You can write a formula as follows to control the Suppressed property of a certain section such as Page Header, so that the section will be suppressed on the first page of the report.
boolean s;
if (pagenumber==1){
 s=true;}
else {
 s=false;}
Since it is only required to suppress the section on the first page, if only the Suppressed property of the section is set to true in the Report Inspector, then it will be suppressed on every page. In this formula, a Boolean type variable is first declared. Then, an else-if statement is used to decide whether or not the page is the first page. If the statement is true, true is assigned to "s". If the statement is false, false is assigned false to "s". In this formula, pagenumber is a special field.
Example 4: Running total of page
You can use the running total function to calculate the sum of one page. And to use the running total function, you have to create a set of formulas.
 1. Create a formula named Formula1 as follows to initialize a global variable as the sum variable. And insert it into the Banded Page Header panel. The reference to PageNumber forces the calculation to run after the page break. For more information, see Formula Levels.
 pagenumber;
 global number pagetotal;
 pagetotal=0;
 2. Create a formula named Formula2 as follows to accumulate the value. And insert it into the Detail panel.
 pagetotal=pagetotal+@"YTD Sales";
 3. Create a formula named Formula3 as follows to display the sum of one page. And insert it into the Banded Page Footer panel.
 return pagetotal;
Example 5: Running total of group
This example will accumulate the total of the successful and failed shipments for each group.
 1. Create a formula named Formula1 as follows to initialize the value. And insert it into the group header.
 global integer iFail;
 global integer iSuccess;
 iFail=0;
 iSuccess=0;
 2. Create a formula named Formula2 as follows to accumulate the value of the successful and failed shipments, and insert it into the Detail panel.
 if(@Shipped) {
 iSuccess=iSuccess+1;
 iFail=iFail;
 }
 else {
 iSuccess=iSuccess;
 iFail=iFail+1;
 }
 3. Create a formula named Formula3 as follows to return the successful shipments and the failed shipments, and insert it into the group footer.
 return "Total successful shipments is "+ iSuccess +" and total failed shipments is "+ iFail;
Note: Global variables are not supported in dynamic formulas so an alternate way to do this is using two formulas (fShipped and fNotShipped) to return either 1 or 0 based on @Shipped:
if(@Shipped) return 1 else return 0;
if(@Shipped) return 0 else return 1;
Then add dynamic aggregations to sum on fShipped and fNotShipped. The result will be the same as using the global variables.
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George Craig Laurence (_PHONE_) was a Canadian nuclear physicist.
Laurence was born in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island and attended Dalhouise University in Nova Scotia, where he studied physics. Laurence later moved to England and studied physics at Cambridge University's Cavendish Laboratory under Ernest Rutherford.
In 1930, Laurence was appointed as Radium and X-ray physicist to the Canadian National Research Council. There, he helped develop medical and industrial radiology. When news that the uranium atom had been split by Fritz Strassemann and Otto Hahn reached the United States in 1939, Laurence attempted to build a graphite-uranium nuclear reactor in Ottawa by himself.
In 1942, Laurence joined the Anglo-French nuclear research team at the Montreal Laboratory, where he was responsible for recruiting Canadian scientists to work on the project. The team eventually moved to a new laboratory in Chalk River, Ontario and built the Zero Energy Experimental Pile (ZEEP), the first nuclear reactor built outside of the United States.
After the war, Laurence joined the Canadian delegation to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission and advised on the international control of atomic energy between 1946 and 1947. He then returned to Montreal Laboratory and continued his research on nuclear reactor technology from 1950 until 1961.


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Creativity is considered an essential human accomplishment and a key component for daily life problem solving. It has been suggested that impairment in working memory, cognitive flexibility, and theory of mind could lead to lower creativity in schizophrenia. Additionally, other neurocognitive and social cognitive domains, as well as clinical symptoms could play a role in this relationship. However, the extent to which each of these domains influences creativity in schizophrenia remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to simultaneously investigate the specific contribution of neurocognitive, social cognitive, and clinical variables to creativity in schizophrenia.
One hundred and one patients with schizophrenia were assessed in terms of sociodemographic, clinical, neurocognitive, social cognitive, and creativity variables.
After controlling for sociodemographic variables, regression analyses showed that higher social perception (β = 0.286, p = .004) and processing speed (β = 0.219, p = .023) predicted creativity total score. Higher social perception (β = 0.298, p = .002) and processing speed (β = 0.277, p = .004) explained figural creativity. Finally, lower negative symptoms (β = -0.302, p = .002) and higher social perception (β = 0.210, p = .029) predicted verbal creativity.
Results suggest that neurocognitive, social cognitive, as well as clinical symptoms influence creativity of patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, these findings point out the prominent role of social cognition in creativity in schizophrenia.
Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.


Regulatory governance
Is regulatory stewardship sufficient to bolster our social license to regulate in the 21st century?
I am an architect by training and became interested in regulatory governance when I worked for a consultancy firm in the early 2000s. It struck me that, whenever a building-related incident occurred, it was not the contractor, the engineer or the architect who was blamed by the media and the general public, but the (often municipal) building inspector.
Seeking an answer to why that is the case, and considering how regulatory practice and regulatory governance could be improved, I embarked on a PhD project to study the privatization of regulatory enforcement. This was the start of a further academic career in public governance, with a focus on regulation, enforcement and compliance. This ultimately led me to my current quest to understand how governments and others can uphold and strengthen their 'social license to regulate' and whether regulatory stewardship is a promising means for doing this.
I have a broad interest in regulatory philosophy, regulatory theory and regulatory practice. My current research in this area can best be described as a generaly genealogy of regulatory governance. To better understand how we can improve regulatory governance, it is relevant to understand where we come from considering regulation, enforcement and compliance motivations.
Within the Victoria University of Wellington, I work closely with the Government Regulatory Practice Initiative (G-REG) to improve regulatory practice and regulatory stewardship in Aotearoa/New Zealand and elsewhere.


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Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader? ACE Certification Exam Math Refresher
Many of you may have seen the television show, "Are you Smarter than a 5th Grader?" and since my daughter is currently in the 5th grade, I thought it would be the perfect title for my blog post about math.
I have worked for 12 years with individuals preparing for ACE exams and a common fear many of them have is around the math. I sometimes ask myself why individuals are so fearful of math questions.
I personally have taken all four ACE exams and don't recall them being anything more than addition, subtraction, multiplication or division. To help put any irrational fears to rest, I've put together some of the common formulas, as well as some helpful math tips, to prepare you for the big day.
Age Predicted Maximum Heart Rate (MHR)
220 - Age = MHR
MHR x % intensity = Target Heart Rate (THR)
Example: 34 years old at 75% intensity
220 - 34 = 186 x 0.75 = 139.5 bpm
Karvonen Formula - Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)
220 - Age = MHR
MHR - Resting Heart Rate = HRR
(HRR x % intensity) + RHR = THR
Example: 34 year old, resting heart rate = 62 bpm, at 75% intensity
220 - 34 = 186 - 62 = 124 x 0.75 = 93 + 62 = 155 bpm
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Weight (kg) ÷ Height2 (m)
Weight conversion: weight in lb ÷ 2.2 = weight in kg
Height conversion: (height in inches x 2.54) ÷ 100 = height in meters
Example: Height = 5' 8" Weight = 196 lbs.
(5' x 12) + 8 = 68" 196 / 2.2 = 89 kg
(68" x 2.54) ÷ 100 = 1.73 m
89 kg ÷ (1.73 m x 1.73 m) = 29.7
Desired Body Weight (DBW)
DBW = LBW ÷ (1 - DBF%)
Step 1: 100 % - Fat % = Lean body %
Step 2: Body weight x Lean body % = LBW
Step 3: 100% - Desired fat % = Desired lean %
Step 4: LBW ÷ Desired lean % = DBW
Example: 200 lbs. individual with 30 % body fat.
How much will he/she weigh at 25 % body fat?
- 100 % - 30 % = 70 %
- 200 lbs. x 0.70 = 140 lbs. LBW
- 100 % - 25 % = 75 %
- 140 lbs. ÷ 0.75 = 187 DBW
Caloric (kcal) Values per Gram (g)
Fat = 9 kcal/g Alcohol = 7 kcal/g
Carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g Protein = 4 kcal/g
Multiplying by a percent
When multiplying by a percent, remember to move the decimal point 2 places to the left in your final answer.
Dividing by a percent
When dividing by a percent, move the decimal point over 2 places to the right before you start long division.
For example: Your client currently weighs 150 lbs. and is 30% body fat. You know her lean body weight is 105 lbs. and her desired percent body fat is 20%. To find her new ideal body weight at 20 % body fat, you must divide 105 lbs. by her new ideal lean body weight percent, which equals 80% or 0.80 in decimal form.
Finding the percent of a whole
When dividing a bigger number into a smaller number, you must add a decimal point and at least 2 zeros at the end of the smaller number. Be sure to extend the decimal point to your answer — writing your answer to the right of the decimal point since it will ultimately be a percent of the whole.
Looking for more practice with these essential calculations? The Fitness Math course will help you to review these critical math skills and formulae in greater depth so that you are confident and ready come exam day!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Human Form
Bone on Musk forest floor
The wave function collapses
Ancient Egypt USA
The columns of Melbourne
The Wave Function Collapses is where recorded observations of the real world are presented as evidence.
What has been captured is the form of the world in which we live, and through digitization, the actual becomes an aesthetic in the new language of desire.
The virtual world The wave function collapses


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Stop Marvin Nichols
MARVIN NICHOLS RESERVOIR,
Eighty percent of the water from Marvin Nichols Reservoir would be piped to the Dallas/Fort Worth/North Texas area for future water supply. There are numerous options to meet the DFW area's future water demands that would cost less and have much lower impact than building a new reservoir. Water conservation programs could lead to substantial reductions in demand. Several already-existing sources of supply could be tapped for additional supply.
The attached information documents many of the reasons why Marvin Nichols Reservoir is not an appropriate choice as water supply for North Texas.
National Wildlife Federation (NWF)


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This international research project, based on the work of a consortium of five European countries led by the University of Salford in the area of Enterprise Cultural Heritage (ECH), (the term describing an organisation's history and its creations that have the potential to uniquely innovate and differentiate their products and services), demonstrates the following impact:
- Developing and integrating the ECH training concept in Change Management, Brand Management, Heritage Management and Intellectual Property Rights training material in five languages;
- Developing online training material under Creative Commons Attribution License for free use and re-distribution available through social media such as SlideShare and Wikipedia, accessed c.30,000 times.
Helping businesses use their heritage to increase their market share
Salford Business School has, over several years, applied research to helping SMEs become more competitive by leveraging their unique capabilities and specialities, for example in the Quality and innovation in vocational training for Enterprise Cultural Heritage Management project, which was led by Dr Aleksej Heinze. Fundamental understanding of the theoretical concept of Enterprise Cultural Heritage has transformed the commercial viability of European SMEs by unlocking their heritage. Translation into Italian, Czech, Greek and Finnish facilitates its use throughout Europe:
- Enterprise Cultural Heritage (ECH) is a complex combination of a company's own history and creations that can transform information and materials into extended products and services. Effective ECH management can increase creativity in production and knowledge management skills, boosting the productivity of those SMEs with a rich history. The training material created by the project helps SMEs to identify and exploit the economic added value of their cultural heritage. ECH as a topic is entirely novel in the area of vocational training. The research closes the gap to open accessible knowledge by making free training material that integrates examples of good ECH management available to all companies with an internet connection.
- ECH management enhances the competitiveness of SMEs. The project focused on mature (40+ years of trading) SMEs in craft sectors (food, textiles, ceramics and jewellery). During the project it was soon evident that other sectors can benefit as long as they have ECH.
- The international consortium from 5 countries (Czech Republic, Greece, Finland, Italy and UK), spanning the geopolitical regions of EU (South, West, Scandinavia, post-socialist areas) and industry and academia, contributed complementary specialist skills in research, training material development, validation, linkage with SMEs and Information Communication Technology (ICT) competences. A key aim has been to produce outputs relevant to SMEs. This combination of competencies and perspectives has transformed a series of ECH case studies into a rich resource of commercial training materials used worldwide.
- SMEs that have traditionally operated without access to specialised training to promote higher performance have been given access through an open web community to innovative new training that opens pathways for new practices; over thirty thousand individuals have accessed the training material.
- Entrepreneurs have recognised and managed the strategic value of ECH by developing new skills based on the creative use of heritage knowledge and by developing and integrating complementary technical and marketing competences: "The training material gives a great opportunity to many organisations to exploit their cultural heritage instead of "throwing it away" in the name of modernisation" (SME partner).
- ECH has obtained affiliation to the Natural Europe project to foster training on traditional ways of farming and "environment-friendly" practices in specific agriculture sectors. The training material developed will support environmental education and has also obtained affiliation to the ARIADNE Foundation and is now expanding worldwide through a network of institutions and projects.
- Passport to Trade 2.0, an ECH spin-off, engages business culture business culture in the use of social media and extends our worldwide impact of innovation in SMEs.


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Restricted Access 'C' Clamping Smart Drilling Unit 2019-01-1334
One-way assembly of aero structures has the potential to significantly reduce build times. One of the solutions, which goes towards achieving this philosophy, is the use of a 'C' clamping automated drilling system. The Manufacturing Technology Centre has developed and manufactured a 'C' clamping automated drilling unit to overcome many of the limitations of current designs, which prevent their use on a broader range of structures. The drilling unit addresses issues with inter-stack burrs, access, size and weight restrictions as well as economic factors.
This technical paper will present the outcomes from the design and manufacture of the drilling unit that is to be used within restricted access areas, as either a hand held device or as a robotic end effector free from any cables or hoses, allowing full and unhindered articulation of any robot motion. The device's services: power, tool lubrication, swarf extraction and control systems have been designed to be embedded, rendering it a standalone unit. With the miniaturisation of the electrical and mechanical elements, combined with a deep throat, high clamping force and innovative spindle design, the system can be applied in a variety of scenarios. The control system has been designed to be low cost, compact and wireless with a tablet interface for enhanced connectivity, improving on current solutions. Combined with the utilisation of brushless servomotors for real-time position, speed and torque feedback, the unit allows adaptive drilling of multi-material stacks and future development of other smart drilling principles.
The project was funded by Aerospace Technology Institute (ATI) and conducted by the Manufacturing Technology Centre (MTC).
Agata Suwala, Patrick Land, Karol Janik, Richard Kasler


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Spark Weaponry is a special form of fire arm that uses an unusual form of projectiles as ammunition. It is incredibly rare, being used almost exclusivly by the Derkallen. These weapons form the Dekallen's standard weapons.
Spark weaponry are unusual pieces of technology. Imperial scientists alond with the Tau are still trying to figure out how they work. Sparkguns utilise an unconventional form of projectile as ammunition. These proctiles are solid slugs much like any bullet, though they glow blue. However, once the slug comes in contact with any other solid matter it changes into energy.
What Imperial scientist have been able to figure out so far is that Sparkguns use a form of energy cell as a magazine, and it is rechargable much like a Lasgun. The energy stored is entirly different and is a form of energy that the Imperium is entirly unfamiliar with. By some eldritch science the Sparkgun takes the energy and actually converts it into a solid. This is then fired out through the barrel of the gun. When the Spark slug hits solid matter it reverts to energy, creating a tiny explosion that looks like a spark to an observer. Due to this appearance Imperial Guard have often used the slang term "Fire Crackers" in reference to these weapons.


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Hawkins's Rail or Giant Chatham Island Rail, Diaphorapteryx hawkinsi, was a flightless extinct bird endemic to the Chatham Islands east of New Zealand. It is known to have existed only on the main islands of Chatham Island and Pitt Island. It is largely known from skeletal remains found in the kitchen middens of the original Polynesian inhabitants, the Moriori.
The bird was approximately 16 inches tall and weighed about 4.5 pounds (2.0 kg) and is thought to have been primarily an insectivore.
It was long thought that the Hawkins's Rail was extinct prior to European discovery, however recent evidence suggests that the bird may have become extinct much later. An 1895 letter belonging to financier/zoologist Lord Lionel Walter Rothschild describes the appearance, behaviour, and Moriori hunting method concerning the species.
- _URL_ Te Papa collection online - Cabalus modestus; paratype
|This Gruiformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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Text Engine Consulting, Inc. has worked for two years with the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST), the world's leading association of security and incident-response teams, to create three core incident-response courses now available for download via the FIRST.Org website under a Creative Commons license. The release of the courses coincides with the release of FIRST's open training platform to host the organization's training content, which allows FIRST members and other interested parties to enroll in self-paced elearning courses on cybersecurity incident response.
The courses for which Text Engine Consulting provided the instructional design are:
- Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) v3, an elearning course that teaches a standard for communicating the characteristics and severity of software vulnerabilities through examples and simulations.
- FIRST CSIRT Basic Course, which teaches the basics of Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT) tasks. The course includes extensive lab practicum sessions.
- FIRST Fusion Course, which gives incident-response professionals methods to analyze and fuse information. The course includes links to data-analyzation tools that allow businesses and organizations to better respond to security threats.
The CVSSv3 course is offered through the FIRST learning platform at:
The latter two courses are now available for download at:
The FIRST press release includes more detailed information at:
These initial courses are part of Text Engine Consulting's renewed focus on corporate cybersecurity training.


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In his book, Living Originalism, Jack Balkin proposes what he calls the "interaction theory" of the original semantic meaning of the word "commerce" in the Commerce Clause. He claims that "commerce" meant "social interaction." In this article I show why this theory is wrong due to errors of commission and omission. Balkin is wrong to reduce "commerce" to "intercourse," "intercourse" to "interaction," and "interaction" to "affecting." This triple reduction distorts rather than illuminates the original meaning of "commerce." And Balkin omits from his discussion the massive amounts of evidence of contemporary usage—along with dictionary definitions of "intercourse"—establishing that "commerce" referred to the trade or transportation of things or persons, and did not include such productive economic activity as manufacturing or agriculture, much less all social interaction. In this article, I also reply to Balkin's criticisms of my book, Restoring the Lost Constitution. I show how his heavy reliance on Gunning Bedford's resolution in the secret Philadelphia convention is misplaced in a discussion of the original meaning of the Commerce Clause.
2012 U. Ill. L. Rev. 623-667
Scholarly Commons Citation
Barnett, Randy E., "Jack Balkin's Interaction Theory of "Commerce"" (2011). Georgetown Law Faculty Publications and Other Works. 626.


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Jump to Main Content
Are World Heritage concepts of integrity and authenticity lacking in dynamism? A critical approach to Mediterranean autotopic landscapes
- García-Esparza, Juan A.
- Landscape research 2018 v.43 no.6 pp. 817-830
- cultural landscape, habitats, rural areas, Mediterranean region
- This paper examines how contemporary on-going and lively debate on Critical Heritage Studies merges with previous discourses on World Heritage Cultural Landscapes and rural societies. The scholarly approach to authenticity and integrity, and the critical point of static and dynamic approaches to these terms allow the author to challenge previous World Heritage (WH) discourses with a view to obtaining innovative insight into abandoned vernacular landscapes. Two main arguments are thus developed in this study. The first of these is an overview of the dynamics of abandoned cultural landscapes on an international scale. The second is an inside view aiming to provide an accurate interpretation of how these landscapes should be scrutinised and understood. To do this, autotopias and heterotopias broach the fundamental issue of how the Outstanding Universal Value of attributes in abandoned cultural landscapes needs to be understood, enhanced, experienced, and managed in an innovative WH approach. In conclusion, complex proposals for these heritage landscapes should rely on understanding the dynamics of the material and the social construct of the habitats they contain in order to assess them effectively from the standpoint of a World Heritage Cultural Process Assemblage rather than that of Outstanding Material Stratification.


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Loading a Brush (abr file) using Photoshop CS or Creative Cloud:
1.) open your brush pallete
2.) in the upper right hand corner you will see either a triangle or a symbol that looks like a flower (depends on what version you are using).
3.) click on this icon and a menu will appear. Click "load brush."
4.) choose that brush you would like from your computer. The brush will be in ABR format
Scroll down for a video tutorial


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Performers, actors, and presenters utilize the Ear Prompter, a wireless in-ear cueing and communication system, to get instructions or scripts discretely during live performances or recordings.
The Significance of ear prompter
The ear prompter can be a useful tool for performers, actors, and presenters who need to say lines or get cues during live performances or recordings. It lets them get instructions or scripts in private, so they don't have to rely on visual or audible cues that might distract the audience or mess up the performance. The ear prompter can help improve the quality and accuracy of the performance. It can be especially helpful for people who are new to a script or who are working with complicated or technical material. Overall, the ear prompter can be an important tool for anyone who needs to give a confident and polished performance.
Ear Prompter Advantages:
1.Discreet cueing: The Ear Prompter lets performers and presenters receive cues or scripts without visible or audible cues that could distract or interrupt the performance.
2. Increased accuracy: The ear prompter helps performers deliver their lines more accurately and confidently by providing a reliable and consistent source of cues or scripts.
3. Improved performance: The ear prompter lets performers and presenters focus on their delivery without worrying about forgetting lines or cues.
4. Flexibility: The ear prompter lets performers work with complex or technical material and make last-minute script or presentation changes.
5. Easy setup and use: The ear prompter can be customized to meet the performer's or presentation's needs.
Overall, the ear prompter can help anyone give a confident, polished presentation by ensuring accuracy and professionalism.


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IWD Based Feature Selection Algorithm for Sentiment Analysis
Keywords:Feature selection, Machine learning, Natural language processing, Text mining, Sentiment analysis.
Feature selection methods aim to improve the classification performance by eliminating non-valuable features. In this paper, our aim is to apply a recent optimization technique namely the Intelligent Water Drops (IWD) algorithm to select best features for sentiment analysis. We investigate the classification performances of our proposed IWD based feature selection method by comparing one of the well-known feature selection method using Maximum Entropy classifier. Experimental results show that Intelligent Water Drops based feature selection method outperforms than ReliefF method for sentiment analysis.
How to Cite
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By virtue of their appearance in this open access journal, papers are free to use with proper attribution in educational and other non-commercial settings with an acknowledgement of the initial publication in the journal.


Implement the current position
Hi everyone
At first)
I have the X location and Y location data in the outsystems database.
(ex)
id:1 X:1.20,Y:1.00
id:2 X:1.50,Y:1.10
id:3 ...
I want to move the location point in web application.
And I want to display the location point in web application.
I need to set the initial location point on the lower left of the screen. (X:0.00,Y:0.00)
Could you teach me how to implement initial location point in outsystems?
At Second)
I paste the image of floor plan in web application.
I want to paste the current position(use other image) on above the image of floor.
Could you teach me whether I can do it in outsystems?
Solution
Hi Yuki,
I think the easiest way would be to include the floor plan as an image, add a CSS class that uses this image as a background, add a Container that uses that class (so the floorplan gets shown), and subsequently add the markers (image widgets) with the right CSS. See e.g. here for an example of the technology involved.
Solution


The provision of unemployment insurance is heavily contested amongst policy-makers around the world. Recent research by IIES Assistant Professor Arash Nekoei and Professor Peter Nilsson provides new insights into how to optimally provide unemployment insurance.
Arash Nekoei and Peter Nilsson
Unemployment insurance for all increases risk of unemployment
Insurance against the income fall experienced in case of unemployment is chronically challenging to design. When leaving the decision of taking up such insurance to every worker, the buyers will tend to be those with the highest risk of getting unemployed. Such a selection, in turn, implies that the price for such insurance is high, and a sizable group of people with lower unemployment risk will effectively not be able to obtain unemployment insurance at a price that adequately reflects their risk of unemployment. In fact, this mechanism – referred to as 'adverse selection' by economists - might lead to a full breakdown of any potential market for unemployment insurance.In light of this, many countries choose to mandate unemployment insurance for all. However, that comes with its own problems: once covered by unemployment insurance, people might decide to alter their behavior in ways that makes it more likely for them to become unemployed.
How significant are these problems, and what is the optimal way to provide unemployment insurance?
Arash Nekoei and Peter Nilsson's work leverages the rich Swedish administrative data and several policy reforms and characteristics to answer those questions. Amongst other things, they provide a framework to think about the optimal provision of unemployment insurance and find that combination of mandatory coverage and optional, heavily subsidized top-up insurance as seen in many Scandinavian countries, including Sweden before the 2007 reforms, might be close to optimal.
The paper is co-authored with David Seim of Stockholm University (and an IIES alumnus) and Camille Landais and Johannes Spinnewijn of the London School of Economics and is forthcoming in the American Economic Review, one of the world's most prestigious journals in economics.
Please contact Arash Nekoei and Peter Nilsson for any questions about their work. There's also an excellent summary of the paper at VoxEU.


text:
Tim Holloway wrote:The easy way to do it is to note that a Java properties file has the same format as a basic shell script.
However, there's a trick to it. If you just run the properties file like so:
The assignments will be made at the sub-level, then discarded when the properties file (script) ends execution.
So to get the properties in a calling script, you need to use the "source" command:
Note that the space after the initial dot is very important!
To reference shell variable assignments, you use the "$" to indicate variable substitution.
So, to put it all together:
This solution is good because it's simple, but it will only work if you have Java properties file that doesn't have any property names or values that have special characters (to shell) in them. For example, if there is a property with a '.' in the name, then this solution won't work. That's the case for most Java properties files I've used, especially those used with ANT.
Here is a properties file that Java can read, but bash can't:
The second property is going to cause problems because it has a dot in the name, as well as having spaces in the value. Java and ANT can read this in just fine, but bash can't:
You're quite correct, and that page is a very useful resource.
It does, however, leave out 1 important method:
When I use a properties file in the shell, I normally only put the coarsest properties in that file (which may include paths to finer-grade properties that the Java code itself reads). So it's no particular hardship to follow that rule. For me, anyway.


9.5, 12, and 20 month post-transplant timepoints.
wu_cor_plot_sample_selection <- colData(wu_SE)$SAMPLENAME[1:20]
cor_plot(wu_SE[,wu_cor_plot_sample_selection],
 method_corr = "pearson",
 plot_type = "color",
 assay = "proportions")
If desired, we can also calculate and visualize the Pearson correlations for the "logs" assay for the same samples above.
wu_cor_plot_sample_selection <- colData(wu_SE)$SAMPLENAME[1:20]
cor_plot(wu_SE[,wu_cor_plot_sample_selection],
 method_corr = "pearson",
 plot_type = "color",
 assay = "logs")
We can return a table of the Pearson correlations as well as the p-values and confidence intervals for each of the comparisons above. This argument "return_table" is included in all barcodetrackR functions which conduct mathematical or statistical analysis. By setting the option to "TRUE", users can return the calculated data as a dataframe rather than display the visualization. Here, we return the p-values and confidence intervals for the correlations calculated using the "proportions" assay.
cor_plot(wu_SE[,wu_cor_plot_sample_selection],
 method_corr = "pearson",
 assay = "proportions",
 return_table = TRUE) %>% head
## sample_i sample_j correlation_value p_value ci_lo ci_hi
## cor ZJ31_6m_T ZJ31_6m_T _PHONE_ 0.000000e+00 _PHONE_ _PHONE_
## cor1 ZJ31_6m_T ZJ31_9.5m_T 0._PHONE_ 0.000000e+00 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
## cor2 ZJ31_6m_T ZJ31_12m_T 0._PHONE_ 0.000000e+00 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
## cor3 ZJ31_6m_T ZJ31_20m_T 0._PHONE_ 0.000000e+00 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
## cor4 ZJ31_6m_T ZJ31_6m_B 0._PHONE_ 7.739959e-201 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
## cor5 ZJ31_6m_T ZJ31_9.5m_B 0._PHONE_ 2.001192e-191 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_
Above, we used two of the three available correlation visualizations ("color" and "circle") using the standard color palette provided. A no_negative parameter is offered as well to set all negative correlations in the data to equal 0. This may be done to eliminate negative correlations from the data, from which deriving biological meaning may be difficult.
When there are a smaller number of samples to analyze, the "number" option can be used to view the actual correlation within the grid. Here is an example visualizing the Pearson correlations of peripheral blood samples at subsequent timepoints from the Belderbos et al sample data set. Note: within these samples, U stands for unsorted.
belderbos_wk_samples_PB <- c("wk9_U", "wk14_U", "wk20_U", "wk22_U")
cor_plot(your_SE = belderbos_SE[,belderbos_wk_samples_PB],
 method_corr = "pearson",
 plot_type = "number",
 assay = "proportions",
 number_size = 3)
5 Distances and similarities
5.1 dist_plot
While correlation coefficients provide some insight into pairwise comparisons between samples, there exist a number of measures and metrics possible for pairwise sample comparisons (namely, distances and similarities). The proxy package provides a number of distance and similarity measure we can incorporate for our purposes.
summary(proxy::pr_DB)
## * Similarity measures:
## angular, Braun-Blanquet, Chi-squared, correlation, cosine, Cramer,
## Dice, eDice, eJaccard, Fager, Faith, Gower, Hamman, Jaccard,
## Kulczynski1, Kulczynski2, Michael, Mountford, Mozley, Ochiai, Pearson,
## Phi, Phi-squared, Russel, simple matching, Simpson, Stiles, Tanimoto,
## Tschuprow, Yule, Yule2
##
## * Distance measures:
## Bhjattacharyya, Bray, Canberra, Chord, divergence, Euclidean, fJaccard,
## Geodesic, Hellinger, Kullback, Levenshtein, Mahalanobis, Manhattan,
## Minkowski, Podani, Soergel, supremum, Wave, Whittaker
We will use the Wu dataset as in the correlation plots above, this time using the logs assay to determine pairwise sample distances or similarities. The use of a similarity or distance will be automatically detected in the argument dist_method and plotted appropriately. The samples may be clustered or not, using the cluster_tree argument. We first show the Manhattan distances calculated between samples for the Wu dataset.
dist_plot(wu_SE[,wu_cor_plot_sample_selection],
 dist_method = "manhattan",
 plot_type = "color",
 assay = "logs")
Here is the same example, this time using the cosine similarity as the pairwise measure, and imposing a clustering on the resulting similarities (note, in the case of calculating hierarchical clustering on a similarity matrix, we use proxy to convert similarities to distances prior to clustering). We can also pick a number of color scales, here choosing "Greens".
dist_plot(wu_SE[,wu_cor_plot_sample_selection],
 dist_method = "cosine",
 plot_type = "color",
 assay = "logs",
 color_pal = "Greens",
 cluster_tree = TRUE)


text:
Materials and Equipment
Leave (large enough for a sail)
Bushcraft Knife (Adults only)
- Get your kids to collect twigs of roughly the same diameter.
- Break the twigs to roughly 9 or 10 twigs of the same size.
- Wrap your string around the first twig and tie a knot then attach your second twig and knot to secure.
- Repeat this process for the remaining twigs, as shown in image 1.
- Next repeat this process along the centre and opposite side then trim off any loose ends. (shown in Image 2)
- Once you have the main body of your raft constructed, you will need two more twigs measuring slightly over the width of your raft. These will attach underneath your raft, placed in the opposite direction, along your original knot lines.
- Turn your raft so the underneath is facing you, then lay your first twig in the opposite direction and tie the twig around the original knots at one end, secure at two or three intervals as shown below.
- Repeat this step for your second twig, which should be placed parallel to the twig you've just secured at the opposite side, again attach it to the original knots to secure (see image 3 above).
- To make your boat a mast, find a straight 'ish' twig and approximately the same size as the length of your raft. Using your bushcraft Knife (ask an adult to help with this part) flatten around 2cm of your twig at either side, this will allow it to slot in between a gap at the centre of the raft (please NOTE the width should be slightly larger than the gap and be a tight fit to secure it in place).
- Find a large leaf for your mast. Then make two holes in the leaf one at the centre bottom and another one opposite at the top.
- To finish your raft thread the leaf through the holes on to your mast.
Congratulations!!! you've made your 1st twig raft, now have fun sailing!!!


text:
Nanobubbles at the interface between water and a hydrophobic solid.
Xue Hua Zhang, Anthony Quinn, William A Ducker
Langmuir | Published : 2008
A very thin layer (5-80 nm) of gas phase, consisting of discrete bubbles with only about 40 000 molecules, is quite stable at the interface between a hydrophobic solid and water. We prepare this gas phase from either ambient air or from CO(2)(g) through a solvent exchange method reported previously. In this work, we examine the interface using attenuated total internal reflection infrared spectroscopy. The presence of rotational fine structure in the spectrum of CO(2) and D(2)O proves that molecules are present in the gas phase at the interface. The air bubbles are stable for more than 4 days, whereas the CO(2) bubbles are only stable for 1-2 h. We determine the average gas pressure inside t..View full abstract


text:
THE Environment and Conservation Division with the support from the National Disaster Management Office is continuing to monitor the Gold Ridge tailings Dam after water level rose to dangerous levels following heavy rainfall in recent weeks.
Latest data collected on site showed that on the 1st April 2021 the level of water at the spillway was recorded at 58.0cm (freeboard) below the highest point of the current spillway and on the 6th of April, the level of water rose by 2cm and reduced the freeboard to 56cm as a result of rainfall.
What is clear is such low freeboard poses an overall elevated risk for the dam, although the spillway is designed to ease water pressure on the main dam wall.
The generally high rainfall for the month of April is worrying because water level at the dam is very sensitive to rainfall and therefore poses a threat to the main dam wall, and elevates the risk of uncontrolled spillage through the spillway.
Goldridge Mining Limited (GRML) has been in possession of license to discharge water from the dam after treatment.
However, they have not been able to do that because the treatment plant needs repair.
GRML has also been consulting with downstream communities and their respective associations on their plans for the safety of the dam.
The ministry will continue to monitor the dam, and liaise with GRML to remedy the risk posed by the high level of water in the dam underpinned by environmental safety, and the safety of our downstream communities and stakeholders.


مسكن > مقالات > معلومات الصناعة > Calculating the Force Constant of a Spring
Calculating the Force Constant of a Spring
مصدر:دقة Qianye زمن:2023-5-16
Introduction
The force constant of a spring is a measure of its stiffness. It is defined as the ratio of the force applied to the spring to the amount of deformation it experiences. The force constant of a spring is an important parameter in many applications, from designing suspension systems to studying the dynamics of molecular systems. In this article, we will discuss how to calculate the force constant of a spring.
Experiment
To calculate the force constant of a spring, we need to perform an experiment in which we apply a known force to the spring and measure the resulting deformation. The apparatus required for this experiment includes a spring, a set of weights, a ruler, and a balance.
The first step is to measure the mass of the weights using the balance. We need to know the mass of the weights so that we can calculate the force they exert on the spring using the formula F = mg, where F is the force, m is the mass, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.
Next, we need to attach the weights to the spring and measure the resulting deformation using the ruler. We should make sure that the spring is hanging vertically and that the weights are not touching the ground or any other object. We should also take care to avoid any external forces that could affect the measurement.
Using the formula for the force applied to the spring, we can calculate the force constant using the formula k = F/x, where k is the force constant, F is the force applied to the spring, and x is the resulting deformation.
Results
The value of the force constant we obtain will depend on the specific spring we use, as well as the amount of force applied and the resulting deformation. To ensure accurate results, we should repeat the experiment several times and take the average value of the force constant.

Discussion
The force constant of a spring is an important parameter in many applications, from designing suspension systems to studying the dynamics of molecular systems. It is a measure of the spring\'s stiffness, and it determines how much force is required to deform the spring by a given amount.
In this experiment, we calculated the force constant of a spring by measuring the force applied to it and the resulting deformation. We used the formula k = F/x to calculate the force constant, where k is the force constant, F is the force applied to the spring, and x is the resulting deformation.
The value of the force constant we obtained will depend on the specific spring we used, as well as the amount of force applied and the resulting deformation. To ensure accurate results, we repeated the experiment several times and took the average value of the force constant.
Conclusion
In conclusion, we have discussed how to calculate the force constant of a spring. This is an important parameter that is used in many applications, from designing suspension systems to studying the dynamics of molecular systems. By performing an experiment in which we apply a known force to the spring and measure the resulting deformation, we can calculate the force constant using the formula k = F/x. The value of the force constant we obtain will depend on the specific spring we use, as well as the amount of force applied and the resulting deformation, and we should repeat the experiment several times to ensure accurate results.
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 تطبيق زنبرك متغير القوة في مصراع الأسطوانة الكهربائي
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 Variable Force Springs: A Versatile Solution for Your Engineering Needs
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Time:2023-5-6
Variable force springs are an important component in many engineering applications. They are used to provide a constant force over a range of motion, making them ideal for a wide variety of applications. Variable force springs are highly versatile and can be used in many different industries and applications. In this article, we will discuss variable force springs, their advantages,...
 تطبيق زنبرك ثابت القوة في باب الثلاجة
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الوقت: 2022-9-14
من أجل جعل الثلاجة تعمل بشكل فعال ، يجب إبقاء الباب مغلقًا. اترك الباب مفتوحًا لفترة قصيرة عند وضع أو إخراج الطعام. ومع ذلك ، فإن فتحه لفترة طويلة سيؤثر على تبريده ويعرض سلامة الأغذية للخطر. سيؤدي أيضًا إلى زيادة استهلاك الطاقة. لحسن الحظ ، يمكن إضافة باب الثلاجة الحديث ...
 Unleashing the Power of Constant Force Springs for Enhanced Performance
Unleashing the Power of Constant Force Springs for Enhanced Performance
Time:2023-5-8
Constant force springs, also known as clock springs, are a type of mechanical spring that provides a constant force throughout its range of motion. These springs are known for their ability to store energy and release it with a consistent force, making them ideal for a wide range of applications, including automotive, aerospace, medical, and industrial equipment. One of the...
Product
 زنبرك التواء ثابت
زنبرك التواء ثابت
السمة: زنبرك عزم الدوران الثابت (زنبرك) مصنوع من الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ. تعيد القوة الخارجية لف النابض الرئيسي من حالته الطبيعية إلى عجلة الإخراج (تخزين الطاقة). عندما...
 خدمة التصميم الأمثل
خدمة التصميم الأمثل
من أفكار المنتجات والتصميم إلى تصنيع المنتج النهائي ، يمكننا مساعدة العملاء في إكمالها ، ومساعدة العملاء على


text:
Trees Forever is accepting community applications through Sept. 25 for grants to plant trees. Through the Recover, Replant, Restore program, grants of $500 to $3,000 are available to help Illinois communities diversify their forests or recover from natural or man-made disasters, especially the emerald ash borer.
Projects may include planting trees along streets, trails and community entryways and at schools, public buildings and parks. The projects can help communities prepare for disasters with more diverse disease- and storm-resistant shade trees.
Recover, Replant, Restore grants are available through a partnership among Trees Forever, the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the U.S. Forest Service.
Application details are available at _URL_-Replant-Restore.


text:
LEARN ABOUT AND ENROLL IN THE "DRINKERS OF THE WIND" PERFORMANCE AWARD PROGRAM HERE
Without immediate intervention, we could lose the Desert Arabian horse within the next generation
- The Desert Arabian horse is one of the oldest of breeds, developed by the Bedouin who bred them pure for thousands of years.
- The Desert Arabian horse provided the foundation stock to create almost all other light breeds of horse.
- Fewer than 8 percent of the 400,000 modern Arabian horses registered worldwide descend exclusively from the original Bedouin horse: these are the last Desert Arabian horses.
- New births of Desert Arabian horses have declined over 60 percent in the past decade; fewer than 800 fillies were born worldwide in 2010 – to mares that average 18 years of age.
Once lost, this precious genetic pool can never be restored. Only immediate intervention can save this breeding population for the next generation.
You can help.
TRACK THE NUMBERS:
Total US Purebred registrations: 2012: 3653 (through December; down 7% from 2011) 2011: 3939 2010: 4912 2009: 5544
Total US registered Desert Arabian foals born in:
2011: _PHONE_: _PHONE_: 741 Numbers for all years are updated as additional horses are registered.
|The Institute estimates that fewer than 1500 Desert Arabians are foaled worldwide each year. Most are born in North America, Egypt, Germany, Syria, and the Gulf states.|


text:
A system for Raman spectroscopy involving synergistic interaction between a computer and spectrometer is described which permits complete point by point flexibility in scanning the spectrum. The interface between the computer and the spectrometer and its operation is described together with the basic characteristics of the computer software to operate it. It is shown that significant improvement can be made in spectrum quality and/or run time when statistical considerations are used to program the operation of the system.
Walter F. Edgell, Edward Schmidlin, T. J. Kuriakose, and Paul Lurix, "A Computer-Spectrometer Interactive System for Raman Spectroscopy," Appl. Spectrosc. 30, 428-439 (1976)
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8 min read
Your Guide to Heat Activated Adhesives
By Sue Chambers on Mar 26, 2020 9:30:00 AM
A heat activated adhesive is a type of adheive, usually applied to a tape backing, that will not bond at normal temperatures. Instead, it becomes sticky in certain temperatures, wherein the adhesive chemicals are activated and can form a bond.
These tapes are extremely versatile and can be used for bonding in a huge variety of projects. Join us, today, as we dive deep into heat activated adhesive, its uses, benefits, alternatives, and how it all works.
What Is Heat Activated Adhesive?
Let's start today's article off with a basic explanation of heat activated adhesives. As the name implies, this is a non-sticky adhesive that, usually, will not bond or adhere at normal temperatures. As part of its design, this adhesive only begins to bond when heated to a very specific temperature.
Heat activated adhesive films offer a lot of versatility in their design and application. They are industrial in scope and have actually grown extensively in popularity over the last few decades.
When activated from a heat source, your adhesive goes through two stages:
 - Phase one occurs takes place within seconds of the heat activation process. Bonding occurs between the two objects and the adhesive tape itself begins to cool after being heated.
 - The second phase of the process is carried out over the next few minutes. Once the adhesive has had chance to cool down, the chemicals on the tape start crystallizing. This increases the strength of the material bond significantly.
One of the big draws to heat activated adhesives is that it is completely dry before being heated. There is no tackiness, and it will not stick to itself, making it incredibly easy to work into various cracks and crevices without major hassle. The tape itself feels like paper and only becomes sticky under heated conditions.
Adhesive films use thin layers of specifically designed bonding agents attached to some sort of backing material to get the job done. This gives you, the user, a product that is equal parts easy to use and extremely versatile. Backings can be coated with the adhesive on one or both sides. They may also be treated with different concentrations of the same adhesive. This makes them more or less appropriate for different tasks.
Moreover, these backings may actually be created from a range of materials. Depending on your needs and supplier, you might find any of the following as your heat activated adhesive backing:
 - cloth
 - foam
 - foil
 - paper
 - plastic well as a host of others. The aim, with these, is to provide enough room to use heat adhesives in a range of environments. You'll find tapes cut and wound into rolls, for easy use and storage.
Heat-activated adhesives are available in configurations for any job you can imagine. Suitable for materials from plastic to metal and wood, there's very little you can't actually join with a good heat activated adhesive.
More Characteristics
Heat activated film brings a range of useful traits to the table, including some of the following:
 - resistance to aging and weathering
 - improved shock resistance
 - extreme flexibility
 - available in a range of thicknesses and designs
 - incredibly high bonding strength
 - improved resistance to chemicals
 - extremely stable in high temperatures
 - elasticity under various conditions
 - the availability of electrically conductive variants
As a leading adhesive across various industries, heat activated films deserve their reputation. The adhesive itself is designed for temperatures from 40 to 140 degrees, C. Depending on where you go, adhesives are also made in a variety of grades. Looking for an improved flammability rating? Expecting more from your web grade? There's something out there for you.
Different Types Of Adhesive Tape
Of course, heat activated tape isn't the only variety out there. Let's take a closer look at the three main types of adhesive tape, in general, so we can compare their benefits:
Pressure Sensitive Adhesive Film
Otherwise known as "PSA", pressure-sensitive adhesives use chemicals that activate under pressure. This is what many of us think of when we think of traditional adhesive tape. A film that consists of pressure sensitive adhesive applied to some sort of substrate, typically on one side. The other side of the tape's backing usually features a release liner that makes manual pressure applications easier.
You'll PSAs sticky at room temperature, making them quick to prepare and to apply. They can be used to bond various materials, from paper and plastic to metal and concrete in some cases. They work better in temperatures from 59 to 95ºF. At a lower temperature, you may run into wetting or adhesion issues with the actual substrate itself. Alternatively, if used in extremely high temperatures, the tape itself may stretch or warp, presenting problems during the final application.
In terms of bonding pressure, expect around 30 psi from this adhesive, depending on the specific application you are using it for.
Heat Activated Adhesive Film
With so many options of tape available, heated, pressure sensitive, and not, it should be noted that heat activated pressure sensitive adhesive exists. For the purposes of simplicity, however, we'll just be looking at heated options, today.
Heat activated films are a different animal to pressure sensitive tape. Unlike the latter, heat activated adhesive are completely dry until activated by the titular heat. That means they are not tacky, will not stick to the user or themselves, and can be applied in whatever configuration they need to be.
For proper adhesion, the film has to be kept at a high temperature, typically anywhere above 180º F, for a very specific period of time. This is useful because it is so specific, meaning there is zero change of accidentally activating the tape before you are ready to use it.
While the tape is cooling after being heated, the adhesive's microstructure begins to crystallize, boosting its overall bond strength significantly. This strength is important to the overall utility of these tapes. With thermally activated adhesives, they are particularly aggressive, and their adhesion allows for difficult surfaces to be joined with minimal issues. These can include notoriously tricky substrates, such as rubber and other polymer based materials.
As a last note, heat activated adhesives are also very customizable and can be combined with various backing materials to achieve different results.
Moisture Activated Adhesive Film
Where pressure sensitive tape requires the application of pressure, and heat is require for heat activated adhesive films, moisture is activated in wet conditions. Here, the adhesive compound becomes sticky when wet with water or any other approved liquid solution.
This is less of an industrial option than the other adhesives on this list, and is generally much less expensive. Users will find this adhesive film backed with kraft paper, and it is generally used for more lightweight projects.
What Are Some Of The Other Benefits Of Heat Activated Adhesive?
Heat activated adhesive tapes are mostly popular for their relatively high bonding strength. This is a strong bond with an even application and, as we've described, is often used for binding tricky substrates that other chemicals just don't work on.
Improved chemical resistance is another big factor. The crosslinking reaction that occurs while the thermoset adhesives are curing makes for a far more robust bonding structure that you just don't find elsewhere. Pressure sensitive and moisture films have their place, but they can't compete when it comes to bonding strength.
Not only is it stronger than alternative adhesives, but it also works on surfaces those films just aren't compatible with. Adhesion on these surfaces simply isn't an option, usually, but the added bonding strength and maneuverability of heat films give them a decisive edge. Look to heat activation for work with the following materials:
 - Aluminum foil
 - Polyurethane
 - PVC
 - Rubber
As a result of this compatibility, thermally activated adhesives are also used in a wider variety of industries. Laminating, forming and thermoplastic welding all have their uses for this tape, among many others. One industry that has seen a lot of play in this regard is the textile industry, where heat-activated adhesives combine extremely well with various fabrics. This, in turn, means it can be used to make various high-performance composites, giving designers the tools they need to build anything they want.
More practically, these same textile designers were able to incorporate this film into their waterproof garments. Sealing their garments quicker and more easily than ever before, heat activated adhesive films found a place in this community early on. Add to that the fact that it is washing machine durable, and it's a no brainer why this would be popular in textile work.
Of course, the benefits of this kind of adhesive go much further than that. It starts with versatility, with the tape itself designed for rigid or flexible applications. This is why it's seen so much success in different industries, as the applications are far-ranging and varied.
It's also excellent for induction curing and sealing. This makes it appropriate in high-pressure applications, shoring up leaks and curing surfaces quickly and easily.
Applications For This Adhesive
Using a combination of specifically designed tapes and heat activated adhesives, it's possible to achieve a variety of great results. These tapes can be used to bond to weather strip seals, with their high durability


descriptive name briefly describing the nature of the parameter. The type names that can be selected from the drop-down list are appropriately converted and defined in each language. In languages that need not explicitly type declarations such as Python, the type name set here may not appear on the code.
As mentioned above, the configuration parameter can correspond to various types of parameters by giving the value as a string and converting the string to a specific type. However, since values are input from the outside as a character string, if there is an incorrect parameter input such as a nontranslatable character string, conversion may be an error. The default value set here is the value to be used instead when the conversion of the set value is illegal.
In addition, the following items are not required. Please enter it as necessary.
 - Variable name: A character string to be used as a variable name. If empty, the name is used.
 - Unit: A unit of this parameter. Currently, it is not used other than human reading.
 - Constraint Condition: Give constraints on this parameter. This condition is used in RTSystemEditor. You can specify inequality in case of continuous value, comma separating in enumerated value.
 - Widget: The control used when manipulating parameters with RTSystemEditor. You can choose from text, slider, spin, radio.
 - Step: Specify the step when the above widget is slider or spin.
 param1_slider_ja.png param2_spin_ja.png
 Slider and spin setting
param3_radio_ja.png param4_text_ja.png
Setting radio buttons and text
For details, refer to the hint on the right side of the screen and the RTCBuilder manual.
(G)Definition by rtc-template
rtc-template is a component template generator to use from the command line. To use the configuration with rtc-template, specify as follows.
 /usr/local/bin/rtc-template -bcxx --module-name=ConfigSample
 --module-type=DataFlowComponent
 --module-desc=Configuration example component --module-version=1.0
 --module-vendor=Noriaki Ando, AIST --module-category=example
 --module-comp-type=DataFlowComponent --module-act-type=SPORADIC
 --module-max-inst=10 --config=int_param0:int:0
 --config=int_param1:int:1 --config=double_param0:double:0.11
 --config=double_param1:double:9.9
 --config=str_param0:std::string:hoge
 --config=std_param:std::string:dara
 --config=vector_param0:std::vector<double>:0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0

 # In fact, please input on one line, or supplement the continuation character at the end of the line (\, on UNIX ^ on Windows)
This is an example of specification with ConfigSample attached to the sample.
 --config = <name>:<data type>:<default value>
It is specified as follows. For the data type, you specify the data type to be used in that language, but it may not work well with primitive types, or you may need to manually modify it.
(G)Manual definition
Although less recommended, you can manually define the configuration parameters. It is effective when you want to add new parameters etc, but if you do not update the document or RTC.xml file etc., third parties do not have consistency of specification and implementation when using this RTC Please be aware that there is a possibility of confusion.
However, it is meaningful to know how the configuration is declared and used, so I will explain it here.
The following procedure is necessary to use the configuration.
(G)Determine the usage, name and type of configuration parameters (hereafter referred to as parameters)
As mentioned above, decide which part of the component you want to use the parameter, the name that characterizes the parameter, and the type name (for languages with type) at the time of implementation.
(G)Declare the parameter variable to the component's header (private / protected)
If it is a file generated by RTC Builder or rtc-template, there are parts surrounded by the following tags, so declare variables for the configuration parameters here.
 // Configuration variable declaration
 // <rtc-template block="config_declare">

 // </rtc-template>
In the above example of ConfigSample, it becomes as follows.
 // Configuration variable declaration
 // <rtc-template block="config_declare">
 int m_int_param0;
 int m_int_param1;
 double m_double_param0;
 double m_double_param1;
 std::string m_str_param0;
 std::string m_str_param1;
 std::vector<double> m_vector_param0;

 // </rtc-template>
(G)Add parameter declaration and default value to static variable <component name> _spec [] of component implementation file
Configuration parameters are managed within the component in a data store named Properties. Within this Properties,
 conf.<configuration set name>.<parameter name>
Keeping the configuration parameters with the key. The default value default configuration set name is reserved and all default values are defined as this default configuration set.
For the above ConfigSample, add as follows.
 // Module specification
 // <rtc-template block="module_spec">
 static const char* configsample_spec[] =
 {
 "implementation_id", "ConfigSample",
 "type_name", "ConfigSample",
 "description", "Configuration example component",
 "version", "1.0",
 "vendor", "Noriaki Ando, AIST",
 "category", "example",
 "activity_type", "DataFlowComponent",
 "max_instance", "10",
 "language", "C++",
 "lang_type", "compile",
 // Configuration variables
 "conf.default.int_param0", "0",
 "conf.default.int_param1", "1",
 "conf.default.double_param0", "0.11",
 "conf.default.double_param1", "9.9",
 "conf.default.str_param0", "hoge",
 "conf.default.str_param1", "dara",
 "conf.default.vector_param0", "0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0",

 ""
 };
 // </rtc-template>
Configuration variables The following part is the definition of the default configuration set.
(G)Initialize each variable with an initializer
Variables generated by RTCBuilder and rtc-template are not initialized by the initializer of the constructor, but it is better to initialize all variables with initializers of the constructor, if possible. In addition, since default values are set for each variable after the bindParameter () function in the onInitialize () function is called, in principle it should not be used before that.
(G)Bind parameters and variables with bindParameter() function
Finally, by binding the names of variables and parameters, default values, and further conversion functions, we simply make the variables configuration parameters. We use bindParameter () which is a member function (method) of the RTObject class.
 bindParameter (<parameter name (string)>, variable, <default value (character string)>, <conversion function>)
In the above ConfigSample (C ++ example) it looks like the following.
 // <rtc-template block="bind_config">
 // Bind variables and configuration variable
 bindParameter("int_param0", m_int_param0, "0");
 bindParameter("int_param1", m_int_param1, "1");
 bindParameter("double_param0", m_double_param0, "0.11");
 bindParameter("double_param1", m_double_param1, "9.9");
 bindParameter("str_param0", m_str_param0, "hoge");
 bindParameter("str_param1", m_str_param1, "dara");
 bindParameter("vector_param0", m_vector_param0, "0.0,1.0,2.0,3.0,4


text:
height of a given pressure
approximates the actual height of a pressure surface above mean sea-level.
Therefore, a geopotential height observation represents the height of the
pressure surface on which the observation was taken.
A line drawn on a weather map connecting points of equal height (in meters)
is called a height contour. That means, at every point along a
given contour, the values of geopotential height are the same. An image
depicting the geopotential height field is given below.
Height contours are represented by the solid lines.
The small numbers along the contours are labels which identify the value of a
particular height contour (for example 5640 meters, 5580 meters, etc.).
This example depicts the 500 mb geopotential height field and temperatures
(color filled regions). The height field is given in meters with an
interval of 60 meters.
Geopotential height is valuable for locating
which are the upper level counterparts of
surface cyclones and


text: In my last article, I wrote about an app called DrainGuard that can help you monitor your battery usage in standby mode; still on that battery power tangent, how about a screen that recycles light energy well enough to charge the phone? Engineers at UCLA have developed a process for harvesting and recycling the light energy of LCDs in electronic devices. By equipping a LCD with their photovoltaic polarizers, the device can convert ambient light, sunlight, and its own backlight into usable electricity. The UCLA team explains that currently a device's backlight is responsible for consuming around 80 to 90 percent of the battery and in the current design of LCDs, as much as 75 percent of light is simply lost. The polarizing organic photovoltaic cell can potentially harvest that 75 percent back into usable electricity. Essentially, as long as you have a light source, your phone may stay charged forever. The UCLA team, as well as the rest of us, hope to see technology manufacturers utilize this concept with future products.


text:
Definition of transferral in English:
The action of transferring someone or something: the transferral of ownership in the form of a takeover
More example sentences
- And it acts in a manner no one can yet explain, obeying the law of ownership and transferral.
- Both parties will also identify research areas that will improve the delivery of the TB control programme by monitoring patient transferral.
- Indeed, a number of events since sovereignty transferral in 1997 directly point to that erosion.
Words that rhyme with transferralconferral, deferral, referral
Definition of transferral in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


according to our GraphQL schema but you can also provide email, address and phone.
You can get all employees in the database using the following query:
 query {
 employees {
 id
 name
 }
 }
And you can retrieve a single employee using this query:
 query {
 employee(id : 1) {
 id
 name
 }
 }
You can find the example from this link.
Conclusion
Throughout this tutorial, we've learned how to use Node and Express.js to create a simple GraphQL API for reading and adding employees in a SQLite database.
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"My Teacher Hates Me!"
How to react when when your child comes home complaining that the teacher doesn't like him
By Lynn Petrak
© iStockphoto
How should you react when when your child comes home complaining that the teacher doesn't like him? First, don't overlook the possibility of a misunderstanding, a rough day, or even bad behavior on your child's part. But sometimes, certain kids and teachers just don't click. What you can do:
Talk to your child. "Explain that over the years, he's going to have teachers with different styles -- and he still has to try his best," says Ron Clark, author of The Essential 55: An Award-Winning Educator's Rules for Discovering the Successful Student in Every Child. "Don't be negative about the teacher in your home, either."
Try to get involved. "Visit the class to see what's going on. Offer to chaperone trips. The teacher may end up being more supportive because you're taking interest," says Clark.
Schedule a meeting. If your child's complaints persist, or if you're unhappy with what you're hearing from his teacher, ask if you can set up a conference. But respect the teacher's point of view, and don't accuse her of anything. Try to brainstorm ways for your child's school experience to be more positive.
Approach the principal as a last resort. Involve the higher-ups only if you're seriously concerned about your child's education, and tell the teacher what you're doing first.
Join the Mom Congress initiative
25+ iPhone Apps Kids Absolutely Love


text:
Gainesville, Fla. – Three farmers were honored in Hillsborough and Polk counties for successfully protecting water resources.
Ranch owner Wiley McCall, Two Crackers Ranch and Two Hombres Ranch, Steve Mathis, Mathis Farms, and Ray Wood, Wood's Tree Farm were each presented with a County Alliance for Responsible Environmental Stewardship (CARES) award at the Polk County and Hillsborough County Farm Bureau Annual Meetings on Oct 3.
"I am honored to recognize our farmers and ranchers for voluntarily going the extra mile in conserving our natural resources," said Florida Farm Bureau President John Hoblick. "This award highlights their commitment to superior resource management."
Wiley McCall has adopted techniques of precise nutrient management, implemented rotational grazing schedules for beef cattle and has installed alternative water sources and structures for surface water control.
Steve Mathis implements weather stations and soil moisture monitoring on his 100-acre strawberry and blueberry farm in Plant City. He also utilizes frost cloth to protect berries from freezes instead of overhead irrigation.
Ray Wood also uses frost cloth for tree protection on his farm and preserves water by using daily, low-volume drip irrigation. Grass borders edge the tree farm to reduce erosion and offer wildlife habitat.
The CARES program was established by Florida Farm Bureau and the Suwannee River Partnership in 2001 to recognize superior natural resource conservation by agricultural producers. Since its inception, more than 550 agriculturists statewide have received the CARES award. The program relies on the voluntary action by farmers and ranchers to implement state-of-the-art natural resource management systems, or Best Management Practices (BMP), on their properties. CARES award winners have received certification from the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services that their farming operations have successfully met state BMP standards.
The CARES program involves partnerships with more than 60 organizations including The Mosaic Company, the world's leading producer of phosphate and potash crop nutrients. Mosaic is committed to helping increase awareness of CARES and agriculture's environmental stewardship in Polk and Highlands County and the surrounding area. Mosaic supports other nutrient stewardship programs in the U.S. and across the globe.
Pictured from left: John Hoblick, President, Florida Farm Bureau, Heather Nedley, Public Affairs Manager, The Mosaic Company, and Wiley McCall, CARES recipient and owner of Two Crackers Ranch and Two Hombres Ranch.
Pictured from left: Scot Eubanks, FFBF, Jim Wood, Wood's Tree Farm, Steve Mathis, Mathis Farms, Inc., Chris Falter, Mathis Farms, Inc., and Jessica Stempien, FDACS Office of Ag Water Policy (Photo courtesy of In The Field Magazine).
About Florida Farm Bureau
Florida Farm Bureau is the Sunshine State's largest general agricultural organization with more than 147,000 member-families representing Farm Bureaus in 60 counties. Membership provides a multitude of benefits and you don't have to be a farmer to be a member of Florida Farm Bureau. More information about Florida Farm Bureau is available at _URL_.
About The Mosaic Company
The Mosaic Company is the world's largest combined producer and marketer of concentrated phosphate and potash, two essential crop nutrients. Driven by its mission to help the world grow the food it needs, Mosaic is committed to strengthening global food security and protecting critical water resources. The Mosaic Company and The Mosaic Company Foundation make investments in and partner with best-of-class leaders in the focus areas of food, water and local community investments. More information about Mosaic is available at _URL_
# # #


Generating a map from data array
A simple demonstration of creating a map from a numpy array of data.
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import astropy.units as u
from astropy.coordinates import SkyCoord
from sunpy.map import header_helper
from sunpy.coordinates import frames
import sunpy.map
Let's create some data
data = np.arange(0, 100).reshape(10, 10)
Next we need to create the metadata. This is made easier using the header_helper function which will create a header object for you. First define the reference coordinate which requires a time and an observer location.
coord = SkyCoord(0*u.arcsec, 0*u.arcsec, obstime='2013-10-28 08:24', observer='earth', frame=frames.Helioprojective)
Let's pass that into the helper function along with some parameters. The reference pixel is the pixel is the one at the reference coordinate. The scale sets the size of the pixels. You can also to set a number of other metadata as well such as the instrument name and wavelength.
header = sunpy.map.header_helper.make_fitswcs_header(data, coord,
 reference_pixel=[0, 0]*u.pixel,
 scale=[2, 2]*u.arcsec/u.pixel,
 telescope='Fake Telescope', instrument='UV detector',
 wavelength=1000*u.angstrom)
Let's now create our map.
manual_map = sunpy.map.Map(data, header)
Let's plot the result
fig = plt.figure()
manual_map.plot()
plt.show()
../../../_images/sphx_glr_map_from_numpy_array_001.png
Total running time of the script: ( 0 minutes 0.205 seconds)
Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery


2.1 - Opening and Closing | LabJack
« Close
Datasheets and User Guides
App Notes
Software & Driver
2.1 - Opening and Closing
Open a LabJack device to communicate with it. Close it to allow other processes to open it.
Either LJM_Open or LJM_OpenS must be used to open a LabJack. The LJM_Open and LJM_OpenS functions will detect a LabJack connected to the computer, and create a device handle. The device handle is then passed as an input to other functions.
 - LJM_Open - Open a device based on integer filter parameters.
 - LJM_OpenS - Open a device based on string filter parameters.
Use whichever is more convenient for you.
Use the Identifier parameter to open a specific device
The Identifier parameter of LJM_Open and LJM_OpenS optionally selects which device to open by serial number, IP address, or customizable device name. See Identifier Parameter for information.
USB connections are preferred - If ConnectionType is equal to LJM_ctANY (0), LJM_Open will attempt to open a USB connection before trying to open a TCP connection.
Device connections are claimed - Once a LabJack device is opened on a given connection type, other processes will generally not be able to open that same device using the same connection type until the device connection is closed by using LJM_Close or LJM_CloseAll.
Subsequent calls may return the same handle - Once a device is opened, subsequent calls to LJM_Open/LJM_OpenS will return the handle to that device if the DeviceType, ConnectionType, and Identifier parameters describe that device. In this case, calling LJM_Open or LJM_OpenS is nearly instant because no device communication occurs. For example:
LJM_Open(LJM_dtANY, LJM_ctANY, LJM_idANY,...)
// If this returns a handle to a T7, with serial number 470010729, connected via USB...
LJM_Open(LJM_dtT7, LJM_ctUSB, "470010729",...)
//...then this would return the same handle, without opening a new device connection
//...and these would attempt to open a new device connection and return a different handle:
LJM_Open(LJM_dtANY, LJM_ctANY, "470010999",...) // Different serial number
LJM_Open(LJM_dtANY, LJM_ctETHERNET, "470010729",...) // Different connection type
Devices like the T7 may have multiple device connections at once. The following calls would each return a different device handle:
 - LJM_Open(LJM_dtT7, LJM_ctUSB, "470010729",...)
 - LJM_Open(LJM_dtT7, LJM_ctETHERNET, "470010729",...)
 - LJM_Open(LJM_dtT7, LJM_ctWIFI, "470010729",...)
Reconnection is automatic - If LJM detects a broken connection, it will automatically attempt to reconnect. If the reconnect is unsuccessful, LJM will return the errorcode LJME_RECONNECT_FAILED. When this happens, many applications can simply retry calling the function that returned LJME_RECONNECT_FAILED with the same parameters. For more details, see the reconnection page.
Using an IP Address as the Identifier parameter is efficient - In order to open a TCP device with a specific serial number or name, LJM will communicate with all LabJack devices on the network, asking each for their serial number or name. In contrast, opening a TCP LabJack device by IP address will only send packets to that IP address, which is faster and more efficient. Setting up static IP addresses can be troublesome, so use what is appropriate for you application.
Specific IPs will be checked - Specific IP addresses may be defined, which LJM will try to open during every Ethernetor WiFi-based Open or ListAll call.
Closing a handle will remove the associated device connection from the LJM library. Closing will both free the device to be opened again, and free allocated system resources.
 - LJM_Close - Close a specific device connection, based on the handle number.
 - LJM_CloseAll - Close any/all open device connections.
Devices are closed automatically when LJM is unloaded - When the LJM library (.dll,.dylib, or.so) is unloaded, it will automatically close all devices.
Device Not Found?
If a device isn't properly being found, some important debugging information can be found in our Device Not Found? App Note. If a network connection needs to be debugged, read through our Setup WiFi and Ethernet App Note as well.


Negative energy
 1. can a matter have negative energy?
 or more appropriately what makes some energy as negative?
 2. jcsd
 3. It just depends on what your reference point is. For example, as it is convention to have gravitational potential energy at an infinite distance away to be 0 joules, our calculations show GPE to be negative.
 4. isn't that anything that has positive mass have positive energy?
 i am not certain on that
 5. ZapperZ
 ZapperZ 30,451
 Staff Emeritus
 Science Advisor
 Education Advisor
 I think you need to step back and learn a bit more on classical mechanics.
 One can easily see that, for example, in attractive energies (example: gravitational potential), it is DEFINED that zero is at infinity, and that the gravitational potential well is defined as being negative!
 The same can be said about the potential that an electron has in an atom (look at the potential energy term in the Schrodinger equation).
 So you need to learn a bit more of what we mean by negative energy, and why it is rather arbitrary in some sense.
 6. Bill_K
 Bill_K 4,157
 Science Advisor
 nouveau_riche, You are absolutely correct, and this is not a trivial issue, as several responses have implied. It's true that in Newtonian physics the zero point of energy is arbitrary. You can define it to be the energy that a particle has as infinity, or you can define it to be the energy it has at the Earth's surface, as you like. But in relativity this is not the case. In relativity the zero point of energy is absolute. A particle's gravitational potential energy is negative but can never exceed its rest mass, and so the sum is always positive.
 The statement you made, "anything that has positive mass must have positive energy" is known as the Positive Energy Theorem or Positive Mass Conjecture, and has been proved under rather general assumptions. See the Wikipedia article, or google Positive Energy Theorem and you will find many references to it.
Have something to add?


text:
The Magic Square: Patterns That Connect
9 AM PST, Noon ET, 5 PM London (England)
- Starts Feb 5Starts Feb 5
- 49 US dollars$49
- Online Session
120 Minute Zoom Class. In ancient times, Emperor Yu danced a mystic diagram—a magic square—to invoke the power of the Big Dipper constellation. As a result, the great flood waters receded and formed the original rivers and landscape of China. That same magic square is used in martial arts training, in interior alchemy (to create the inner elixir of longevity), and as a formula for I Ching divination. Equally important learning the magic square helps you access a way of being and understanding that is at the root of Taoism, a pre-technological worldview shaped by a deep appreciation of the interconnectedness of all phenomena: as above, so below; what is inside is also outside, or in traditional Taoist terms, Tian Ren He Yi "Heaven and Human Harmonized as One." Class will not be recorded or available for replay.


text:
Data-driven design and application of corrosion-resistant low-alloy steels
Corrosion processes are affected by a variety of materials and environmental factors and can hardly be effectively interpreted and predicted using conventional 'trial-and-error' and experience-based approaches. Recently, the concept of 'corrosion big data' was proposed as a general framework to elucidate complex corrosion problems and to accelerate the design of corrosion-resistant materials, by integrating i) high-through corrosion data accumulation, ii) data standardization and organization, iii) data mining and modeling and iv) data sharing and applications. This talk will present a demonstration of this data-driven approach in the design and application of corrosion-resistant low-alloy steels. The corrosion processes of low-alloy steels with varying contents of Cr, Mo and Sn elements, as well as different microstructures and grain sizes are scrutinized based on corrosion-monitoring data obtained in field atmospheric environments. Furthermore, machining learning models are constructed to process the data for better understanding of the roles of different materials and environmental factors and for predicting atmospheric corrosion kinetics.


text:
Dictionary Results for section|
1. section - noun
· a self-contained part of a larger composition (written or musical); "he always turns first to the business section"; "the history of this work is discussed in the next section"
Hypernym(s): writing, written_material, piece_of_writing, music
2. section - noun
· a very thin slice (of tissue or mineral or other substance) for examination under a microscope; "sections from the left ventricle showed diseased tissue"
3. section - noun
· a distinct region or subdivision of a territorial or political area or community or group of people; "no section of the nation is more ardent than the South"; "there are three synagogues in the Jewish section"
Hypernym(s): area, country
4. section - noun
· one of several parts or pieces that fit with others to constitute a whole object; "a section of a fishing rod"; "metal sections were used below ground"; "finished the final segment of the road"
Hypernym(s): part, portion
5. section - noun
· a small team of policemen working as part of a police platoon
Hypernym(s): team, squad
6. section - noun
· one of the portions into which something is regarded as divided and which together constitute a whole; "the written part of the exam"; "the finance section of the company"; "the BBC's engineering division"
Synonym(s): part, division
Hypernym(s): concept, conception, construct
7. section - noun
· a land unit equal to 1 square mile
8. section - noun
· (geometry) the area created by a plane cutting through a solid
Hypernym(s): area, expanse, surface_area
9. section - noun
· a small class of students who are part of a larger course but are taught separately; "a graduate student taught sections for the professor's lecture course"
Hypernym(s): class, form, grade, course
10. section - noun
· a division of an orchestra containing all instruments of the same class
Hypernym(s): musical_organization, musical_organisation, musical_group
11. section - noun
· a small army unit usually having a special function
12. section - noun
· a specialized division of a large organization; "you'll find it in the hardware department"; "she got a job in the historical section of the Treasury"
13. section - noun
· a segment of a citrus fruit; "he ate a section of the orange"
14. section - noun
· the cutting of or into body tissues or organs (especially by a surgeon as part of an operation)
Synonym(s): incision, surgical_incision
Hypernym(s): cut, cutting
15. section - verb
· divide into segments; "segment an orange"; "segment a compound word"
Hypernym(s): separate, divide, part
or unscramble the word you need to complete that puzzle or to finish that
project or homework!
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