Posts Tagged: true religion
The word 'religion' is made of a word 'rely', which stands for 'to work or act together toward a common end or purpose'. Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikkhism and other so-called popular paths are religions but not Religion. The life itself is a True Religion. The life wants to work in harmony to[…]
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 The Oracle WHEN Clause [Return To Index] Jump to:
 Looking for the original pages? (formerly called "Morgan's Library") You can find them here.
Term: WHEN
Definition:
The Oracle WHEN keyword is used in two ways. One use is in the CASE statement to pick among given values. The other use of WHEN is in a conditional INSERT statement.
Using WHEN in the CASE statement
The CASE statement operates like a series of IF statements, only using the key word WHEN.
Example Usage:
An example of WHEN used in a CASE statement that reports a temperature range:
CASE
WHEN n_temperature = 10 THEN v_status := 'very low';
WHEN n_temperature < 20 THEN v_status := 'low';
WHEN n_temperature = 50 THEN v_status := 'medium';
WHEN n_temperature > 80 THEN v_status := 'high';
ELSE v_status := 'very high';
END CASE;
Using WHEN in a conditional INSERT statement
There are two modes for conditional insert: ALL and FIRST.
If you specify ALL, the default value, then the database evaluates each WHEN clause regardless of the results of the evaluation of any other WHEN clause. For each WHEN clause whose condition evaluates to true, the database executes the corresponding INTO clause list.
If you specify FIRST, then the database evaluates each WHEN clause in the order in which it appears in the statement. For the first WHEN clause that evaluates to true, the database executes the corresponding INTO clause and skips subsequent WHEN clauses for the given row.
Example Usage:
INSERT
WHEN MOD(deptno,2)=0 THEN
INTO even_employees (empno, ename)
VALUES (empno, ename)
WHEN MOD(deptno,2)=1 THEN
INTO uneven_employees (empno, ename)
VALUES (empno, ename)
ELSE
INTO unknow_employees (empno, ename)
VALUES (empno, ename)
SELECT empno, ename, deptno FROM emp;
Related Links:
Related Code Snippets:
 - INSERT WHEN - The insert when command can do a conditional insert. There are 2 modes for condi...
 - INSERT ALL WHEN - If you specify ALL, the default value, then the database evaluates each WHEN cla...
 - INSERT FIRST WHEN - The WHEN clause is evaluated in the order in which it appears in the statement...

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text:
Please note that the information contained in this article is now superceded by the article located Here
. This article will remain published to serve as a reference for the new implementation.
Please note, this document is written refering to a pre-production version of the DIGGSML schemas, things may or may not exist in the release version (specifically the "readings" tag may well change name!)
This is how we are thinking of implementing monitoring in DIGGSML, it's not set in stone, it's just one possible way of implementing Monitoring.
I'd be welcome to recieve comments (either attached to this article or via the contact facility) if you have any opinion on other ways of doing this.
Since a SamplingPoint inherits from Observation, just like Hole and FoundationGroup do, it can contain all of the common properties that are included in Observation (Geometry, CRS, Id, Name and StartDateTime are all common properties inherited from Observation) and those that are mandatory are still mandatory in SamplingPoint. A SamplingPoint contains a collection of Instruments. These instruments are the physical inspection instruments that are used to monitor.
Single Reading Instruments
A good example of a single reading instrument is a Piezometer, detecting water level, actually recording the position of the water, since ground level can move (with excavations and so on) and therefore depth (or more accurately distance down the hole from ground level) isn't necessarily a valid measurement.
Continuing our Piezometer example, a Piezometer records a number of positions, so there is a positions tag, inside which we can specify a default CRS to use when recording the individual positions within this Instrument (this will often be a reference to the CRS of the SamplingPoint itself). After you have specified the CRS to use to locate points, next you can specify the points themselves, this is done using a "readings" property, which in turn contains many PositionReading objects.
Each of these PositionReading objects defines a reading made at a point in time, so it contains the DateTime the reading was taken, and the position itself that was read, it may optionally also contain another CRS, to enable the specification of a movement in the path the reading was taken on (for example a ground level change during excavation).
Example 1 - A Single Reading Piezometer
5
6
Here a Piezometer is recording water level at one minute past midnight every day, the final PositionReading shows how the change in ground level on the third day means the value changes, but the actual level did not.
Multiple Reading Instruments
Multiple reading instruments are slightly different, but the only thing that differs between a multiple reading instrument and a single reading instrument is that there are many reading types reported.
They are used when the same physical instrument reads more than one thing at the same time, take an Annometer measuring wind speed and direction in the same instrument.
Example 2 - A Multiple Reading Annometer
7 22
1 30
5 27
4 1.34
8 0.23
2 2.9
This Annometer example shows a single instrument (the Annometer object) recording two parameters (the directions and velocities properties) at the same time as the aforementioned Piezometer. Note how the readings themselves are independant, so you are not constrained to monitoring all of the parameters at the same time.
I hope this article helps explain how to implement monitoring in DIGGSML, Monitoring is an important part of the geotechnical framework and I hope this article shows how DIGGSML can be used to transfer monitoring data of all types in one internationally standardized way, helping systems interoperate together to the best of their abilities.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


et 2^omega (the set of all subsets of omega)? This is easy to get
confused about, because on the one hand 2^omega is uncountable, and since M
is transitive, if 2^omega were a member of M it would also be a subset of M,
but since M is countable it can't have an uncountable subset. On the other
hand, ZFC contains a Powerset Axiom which says that if x is in M then so is
the powerset of x. So what's going on?
Let us look carefully at what the Powerset Axiom really states. It says
that for every x in M, there exists a y in M with the following property:
if z is a member of M such that every w in M satisfying w E z also satisfies
w E x, then z E y. We see now that even if E is interpreted as membership
(requirement 2 in the previous section), it does not follow that y is the
set of *all* subsets of z. First of all, it is not even clear that the z's
in this axiom are actually subsets of y; the axiom doesn't require that
*every w* satisfying w E z also satisfies w E x; it just requires that
*every w in M* satisfying w E z satisfies w E x. Now, it turns out that
because M is transitive, the z's *are* in fact subsets of x. What "goes
wrong" is the rest of the axiom: y does not contain *every subset of x*; it
only contains *those subsets of x that are in M*. So it is perfectly
possible that this "powerset" of x is countable.
What should we call y? Calling it the "powerset of x" is potentially
confusing; I prefer to reserve this term for the actual set of all subsets
of x. The usual jargon is to call y "the powerset of x in M."
As an exercise in understanding this concept, consider Cantor's famous
theorem that the powerset of omega is uncountable. Cantor's proof can be
mimicked using the axioms of ZFC to produce a formal theorem of ZFC. This
yields: "The powerset of omega in M is uncountable in M." In order to see
more clearly what this is saying, let us expand this out more fully to
obtain: "There is no bijection in M between omega and the powerset of omega
in M," where a bijection is a certain set (in fact, a certain set of ordered
pairs, where an "ordered pair" <x,y> is defined set-theoretically as {{x},
{x,y}}). So even though the powerset of omega in M is countable, and we can
construct a bijection in the "real world" between omega and the powerset of
omega in M, it turns out that this bijection is *not a member of M*. There
is therefore no contradiction between being "uncountable in M" and being
countable (this is known as "Skolem's paradox").
Once you grasp this point that appending "in M" is crucial and can change
the meaning of a term or a sentence dramatically, you may start to worry
about all kinds of things in the preceding paragraphs. For example,
shouldn't we distinguish between "omega" and "omega in M"? This is a
legitimate worry. Fortunately, the transitivity of M implies that a lot of
things, including "is a subset of," "is a function," "omega," and other
basic concepts, are *absolute*, meaning that they mean the same whether or
not you append "in M." A complete treatment of forcing must necessarily
include a careful discussion of which concepts are absolute and which are
not. However, this is a rather tedious affair, so we will gloss over it.
Instead, we will simply warn the reader when something is not absolute.
We can now present the outlines of how one might go about constructing a
model for ZFC + ~CH. Start with any c.t.m. M. By the elementary theory of
cardinals, there is a set k in M that is omega_2 in M (omega_2, or aleph_2
if you prefer, is the second cardinal larger than omega). Of course k is
countable, but there is no bijection *in M* between k and omega. So now let
us construct a function f from the Cartesian product k x omega into 2. This
may be interpreted as a sequence of k functions from omega into 2. We can
easily arrange that these k functions are all distinct. Now if f is already
in M, then M satisfies ~CH! The reason is that functions from omega into 2
can be identified with subsets of omega, and f therefore shows us that the
powerset of omega in M must be at least omega_2 in M. If f is missing from
M, then we simply insert it into M to get a bigger set M' that satisfies
~CH. Q.E.D., right?
If this sounds too easy, you're right. There are many problems with this
naive idea. First of all, just adding an arbitrary set out of the blue to M
isn't necessarily going to result in something else that satisfies ZFC. We
can't take just any group and adjoin an arbitrary extra element and hope
that the result will still be a group, so why should we expect that this
will work with models of ZFC? Where, for instance, is the powerset of f in
M'? We have not done anything to ensure that it exists.
Nevertheless, this basic idea, of adding f (along with some other associated
sets that we need to keep ZFC happy) to M to get a larger c.t.m. M' that
contains some sets that were "missing" from M, turns out to work, if we are
sufficiently careful and clever about the details. Specifically, we have
the following.
Fundamental Theorem. If M is a c.t.m., P is an element of M [satisfying
certain technical conditions], and G is a subset of P [satisfying certain
technical conditions], then the set M[G], obtained by adjoining G [plus some
other auxiliary sets] to M, is also a c.t.m.
The bracketed omissions will be filled in and explained shortly, but let me
first remark that the Fundamental Theorem is very powerful, because the
technical conditions on G and P are fairly mild, leaving tremendous scope
for creativity. By cleverly choosing G and P one can construct M[G]'s that
satisfy all kinds of set-theoretic statements. Even today, nearly all of
the hundreds of known independence results in logic are ultimately based in
one way or another on this one fundamental construction.
The reader may be puzzled that the word "forcing" does not appear in the
Fundamental Theorem. Forcing, as we shall see later, comes in when one
tries to prove that M[G] satisfies various statements (or, in the usual
jargon, that various statements are "true in M[G]"). Forcing is needed to
prove the Fundamental Theorem, since we have to prove that each axiom of ZFC
is true in M[G]. Forcing is also needed to prove that ~CH is true in M[G]
(for a suitable G).
3. Names
We begin by describing the "auxiliary sets" that, along with G, comprise
M[G]. A crucial idea that pervades the theory of forcing is that some facts
about G (or more generally M[G]) depend on the particular G in question,
while others are "general" facts that are true for all G. Consider the
analogy of field extensions: If F is a field and we want to adjoin a new
element X to the field, then no matter what X is, we know that there is
also going to be an element X^2 + 1 in F(X); on the other hand, whether
X^2 + 1 = 0 depends on the particular X chosen.
In the case of fields there is no pressing need to have different notations
for a "general" X and a "particular" X because the situation is sufficiently
simple that no confusion arises if we use "X" for everything. Things are
more complicated in ZFC, and it is important to have different notations for
the "general" and "particular" cases. By analogy with the way natural
language mirrors certain general features of the real world, we will define
"names" for the elements of M[G]. The names will be defined without
reference to G; however, the *values* of the names---the sets that the names
are names *of*---will depend on G. The precise definition of a name (or
more precisely, a "P-name" since it depends on P) is:
A set x is a P-name if (and only if) all its members are
ordered pairs <y,p> where s is a P-name and p is in P.
If x is a P-name then we also define the domain dom(x) by
dom(x) = {y : <y,p> is in x for some p in P}
The definition of a P-name is rather tricky so let us examine it carefully.
The first subtlety is


Our animals
Select zone
Northern lakes and seas
The ocean
Tropical rivers and lakes
Select aquaria
The Pond
The lake
The wide creek
Danish lake
Danish stream
Danish forest lake
Herrings in the Sound
Boulder reef in the Sound
Hideouts of the seabed
Select species
Select a species to read more
Corkwing wrasse
Corkwing wrasse
Ballan wrasse
Ballan wrasse
Cuckoo wrasse
Cuckoo wrasse
Cuckoo wrasse
Cuckoo wrasse
Goldsinny-wrasse
Goldsinny-wrasse
Three-spined stickleback
Three-spined stickleback
Lumpsucker
Lumpsucker
Tadpole fish
Tadpole fish
Topknot
Topknot
Greater weever
Greater weever
Eelpout
Eelpout
Shorthorn sculpin
Shorthorn sculpin
Green crab
Green crab
Edible crab
Edible crab
Common starfish
Common starfish
Edible sea urchin
Edible sea urchin
Dahlia anemone
Dahlia anemone
Plumose sea anemone
Plumose sea anemone
Common whelk
Common whelk
Shorthorn sculpin
Shorthorn sculpin
Facts
LatinMyoxocephalus scorpius
Size60 cm
FoodFish, small crustaceans and bottom-dwelling animals
HabitatFrom shallow water down to 200 meters depth. Between stones and seaweed
IUCN
Not evaluated
LocationEastern Atlantic
Map
Resembles stone and seaweed
The shorthorn sculpin has a large head with sharp spines. It lives on rocky bottoms and blends in between stones and seaweed with its motley brownish and greenish colours. This is where it lurks in wait for its prey.
Greedy predator
The shorthorn sculpin's mouth is very large. This allows it to catch prey that are large in relation to its own size. It eats crustaceans and other fish. The shorthorn sculpin is a greedy predator.
The shorthorn sculpin is not poisonous
The shorthorn sculpin has spiny gill covers and fins. But the spines are not poisonous. If you catch a shorthorn sculpin, be careful not to prick yourself on it. The spines are needle-sharp.
A Copenhagener
In Jutland, the shorthorn sculpin is known as a Copenhagener because it bites the hook after being taken off and thrown back into the water. Whether it is stupidity or its large jaw that gave the shorthorn sculpin this name is not known.
Meet a shorthorn sculpin
You can encounter the shorthorn sculpin when you are swimming. But you'll have to keep your eyes open because it is difficult to see when it is lying still. It eagerly bites the hook when you are fishing. The shorthorn sculpin is very greedy. The shorthorn sculpin tastes good, even though it doesn't look very appetising.
Sandy bottom
Eelgrass in the Sound
Faroese bird cliff
Seaotter
Pacific octopus
An ocean of plastic
European lobster


Cayce, South Carolina
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Cayce, South Carolina
Motto: "A new kind of city"
Location of Cayce, South Carolina
Location of Cayce, South Carolina
Coordinates: 33°57′48″N 81°4′0″W / 33.96333°N 81.06667°W / 33.96333; -81.06667Coordinates: 33°57′48″N 81°4′0″W / 33.96333°N 81.06667°W / 33.96333; -81.06667
Country United States
State South Carolina
County Lexington
 - Mayor Elise Parton
 - Total 17.4 sq mi (45.1 km2)
 - Land 16.6 sq mi (43.1 km2)
 - Water 0.8 sq mi (2.0 km2)
Elevation 240 ft (73 m)
Population (2010)
 - Total 12,528
 - Density 720/sq mi (280/km2)
Time zone Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
 - Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP code 29033
Area code(s) 803
FIPS code 45-12655[1]
GNIS feature ID _PHONE_[2]
Cayce is a city in Lexington and Richland counties in the U.S. state of South Carolina, along the Congaree River. The population was 12,528 at the 2010 census.[3] It is part of the Columbia, South Carolina, Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Cayce lies mostly across the Congaree River from the state capital of Columbia, with a newly annexed section on the Richland County side awaiting development. Because both it and the neighboring city of West Columbia share road names and schools, they are sometimes referred to jointly as "Cayce-West Columbia". However, they are politically separate cities.
The Congaree River has always played a dominant role in Cayce's development. Cayce and other local governments jointly developed the Riverwalk along the Congaree, which provides walking, jogging, and nature observation opportunities. Development on both sides of the river is an important factor driving the city's economy.
The William J. Cayce house
European settlement of the area dates back to the 18th century, when the area was considered part of Granby, a town that later failed due to endemic malaria. A handful of Revolutionary War skirmishes were fought in what is now Cayce. The town was incorporated in 1914 and named for local businessman William J. Cayce.
Cayce is traversed by I-26 and I-77, and the Columbia Metropolitan Airport (IATA:CAE) is adjacent to the city limits.
 - Elise Partin, Mayor
Cayce is located at 33°57'48" North, 81°3'60" West (33.963203, -81.066596)[4].
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 17.4 square miles (45.1 km2), of which 16.6 square miles (43.1 km2) is land and 0.77 square miles (2.0 km2), or 4.22%, is water.[3]
As of the census[1] of 2000, there are 12,150 people in the city, organized into 5,133 households and 3,079 families. The population density is 1,114.6 people per square mile (430.4/km²). There are 5,517 housing units at an average density of 506.1 per square mile (195.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city is 74.55% White, 22.50% African American, 1.08% Asian, 0.26% Native American, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 0.80% from two or more races. 1.28% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 5,133 households out of which 24.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.8% are married couples living together, 14.5% have a female householder with no husband present, and 40.0% are non-families. 29.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 10.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.36 and the average family size is 2.89.
In the city the population is spread out with 20.7% under the age of 18, 14.1% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 86.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 81.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $35,850, and the median income for a family is $43,560. Males have a median income of $30,317 versus $24,408 for females. The per capita income for the city is $17,745. 17.0% of the population and 9.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 20.0% of those under the age of 18 and 8.2% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
 3. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Cayce city, South Carolina". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
External links[edit]


Five Takeaways from the Inaugural Foundations for Employment and Housing Meeting in Houston, TX
In March, Funders Together's Foundations for Employment and Housing community members came together in Houston to learn about how the city integrated its homeless services system with the public workforce system to ensure all people receiving homeless services can access both employment and housing. In addition to learning from our hosts, community members spent time getting to know one another and sharing their current work – including opportunities and challenges.
At the end of the three days, the group started a process that will ultimately help members identify collective action they will take in Year 2 of the community. The first step in this process was defining the current state and problem. The following statement was what attendees agreed would serve as the problem statement, ultimately helping to determine the group's collective action.
Later this year, community members will meet in-person again to identify possible solutions that could address this problem and serve as an action item for the community.
In addition to the collective problem statement the group createdcommunity members named five items as their biggest takeaways from the visit.
1. It is possible.
While it may be difficult, and sometimes seem impossible, it is possible for the public workforce system to work with the homeless services system to serve individuals experiencing homelessness.
Public workforce systems are already serving individuals experiencing homelessness, albeit not always well. We, the homeless services system, can work with the workforce system to help them better serve individuals experiencing homelessness that are already entering their system. Stronger relationships and partnership will also allow us to connect individuals in the homeless services system to support and opportunities through the public workforce system.
Houston's homeless services system has an income assessment and triage tool to ensure all people receiving homeless services can access both employment and housing.
They have also led the charge to ensure that homeless services and workforce development stakeholders understand how employment can help prevent and end homelessness and that they are well-equipped to connect homeless jobseekers to work.
2. Working with your CoC AND Workforce Boards is imperative.
To be successful, the Continuum oCare (CoC) and workforce boards must have the right makeup and be willing to listen and learn. These boards will have the ultimate power to make or break this work. Boards that are educated and understand both how employment can help prevent and end homelessness and how stable housing can improve employment outcomes will be able to better support effective partnerships.
In Houston, Mike Temple, Director of Workforce Matters is also the Chair of the CoC Board. Mike joined the CoC Governance Committee and saw the need for more targeted support for individuals experiencing homelessness. He was also in a position to help facilitate partnerships and make changes to both systems.
Our hosts in Houston pointed out that it must be the right board to ask someone like Mike to join. The board must already be strong and coordinated. They must also have the right members. People who are ready to do the work and have the power to make it happen.
3. Just Try It! You have to start somewhere.
While it is important for the systems to be ready, you have to start somewhere. This can mean different things for different communities, but success will depend on relationships between systems and the data and information to make the case.
In Houston, they started by creating an effective homeless response system and identified employment and income as key components. Once they could show the importance of work and employment, they brought in the right people from the public workforce system to help make changes and be successful.
While they still have work to do, they started by trying. Along the way they continue to make changes based on what they learn. Their message: stop talking and planning and start!
Data is essential to any work. The right data can help make the case for partnership or investment and help identify effective models and programs. The intersection between the homeless services system and workforce system is an area where there is room for improvement in every community.
To really understand how your system works, you need to know how many people are entering the homeless services system and asking for employment and how many people are entering the workforce system that are not stability housed. Then, you need to know how many people are referred and if they actually follow-up on that referral. By collecting and evaluating data, we can design more effective systems and better serve job seekers experiencing homelessness.
In Houston, they are collecting new data, and starting evaluation. While they still have work to do, they now know how many people are referred to the workforce system from the homeless services system and how many of those people find employment. As they continue to collect and evaluate data they hope to have a better understanding of what services people are receiving and outcomes based on those services.
5. Funders can play an important role in both preparing and connecting systems.
We know that in addition to funding, philanthropy can help with education and advocacy, support coordination and collaboration, and serve as conveners. All of these things can help workforce and homeless services systems work together and better serve individuals experiencing homelessness.
In Houston, private funders were leaders and influencers that helped move this work forward and change the mindset of other funders, both public and private. Big funders being part of the leadership group gave the work credibility and brought other funders and partners to the table. Private funders also aligned their funding with public dollars which helped eliminate duplication and support the creation of one, more effective system.
Be the first to comment
-David Wertheimer, Deputy Director at Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
-Nancy Frees Fountain, Managing Director at The Frees Foundation
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text:
U.S. Senator Josh Hawley (R-Mo.) has introduced the State Border Defense Act to empower states to counteract President Biden's immigration policies, which critics argue have led to an influx of narcotics on American streets and an increase in child trafficking. Senator Hawley's legislation emerges in response to the Biden Administration's actions that some believe undermine states' ability to secure their borders. This includes hindering the installation of a buoy barrier and razor wire along the southern border. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) reported a record 232,972 southern border encounters in August, marking the highest monthly total in 2023.
"Our southern border is overwhelmed. Joe Biden's policies are exacerbating the situation daily, leaving states like Missouri grappling with the fallout. As the federal government appears reluctant to enforce our immigration laws, states must have the capability to do so," Senator Hawley stated.
The State Border Defense Act proposes to:
- Allow states to deport illegal immigrants instead of relocating them to other states.
- Prosecute individuals who commit crimes upon illegal entry into the country.
- Erect barriers on federal lands or waters along the southern border to deter illegal immigration.
Read the full text of the bill by clicking or tapping here.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
DynaVibe can balance rotors as well as propellers, and key to accurate rotor balancing is proper placement of the lateral and vertical accelerometers as well as the phototach sensor.
Lateral Accelerometer Placement
The purpose of the lateral accelerometer is to measure the mass imbalance that occurs once per rotation (1-per) of the rotor. The best way to measure the mass imbalance is to maximize the sensitivity to the mass imbalance while minimizing sensitivity to other vibrations.
To do so, mount the lateral accelerometer as high as possible on the rotor mast to maximize sensitivity. It's also preferable to mount the accelerometer on a rigid structure. If the accelerometer is mounted on a bracket or other secondary structure, that structure may absorb vibration or modify the signal due to structural resonance. Furthermore, to maximize sensitivity, orient the accelerometer so that it is sensitive to the axis of minimum rotational inertia. For rotorcraft, this is usually the roll-axis, hence the reason for laterally mounting this accelerometer.
To minimize non-mass vibrations, point or align the accelerometer through the rotor shaft. If the accelerometer is mounted ahead of or behind the main rotor mast, then the accelerometer will receive vibration from the main rotor imbalance plus vibrations from any torsional vibration. This occurs frequently in analyzing engines: the vibration signature will change if the accelerometer is not pointed through the rotating element.
When measuring mass imbalance, a key area of focus is measuring the vibration when there is minimal forward airspeed. If the two blades are not identical in lift and drag, then blade asymmetry will cause a 1-per vibration. Measuring the mass imbalance at high forward speeds will cause the sensor to register both the mass imbalance and blade asymmetry. For this reason, it is best to collect mass imbalance data while in a step decent, power off.
When the lateral accelerometer and phototach are setup correctly, and the forward speed component of the 1-per vibration is eliminated, then balancing the rotor is just like balancing a prop.
Phototach Sensor Placement
Position the phototach so that it has a clear view of the rotor system, making sure that it is at least six inches away from the reflective tape target to get a good signal. A piece of reflective tape is applied to rotor system so the DynaVibe computer can determine the relative position of the blades to the vibration signal received by the accelerometer. The phototach position is determined by the polar charts that you will be using, the manufacturer's recommendation, or by talking with a DynaVibe team member.
Vertical Accelerometer Placement
The purpose of the vertical accelerometer is to measure vertical hop and pitch axis vibration. This requires placing the vertical accelerometer in the forward cabin as pictured. If vertical hop is present at the 1-per, then its cause is blade asymmetry. If it is present twice per rotor rotation (at the 2-per), its cause is the advancing blade lift and drag. It's usually possible to correct a 1-per vibration through tracking: making tracking better or worse depending on the blades. The 2-per vibration, however, is generally difficult to eliminate. For helicopters, DynaVibe engineers recommend using trim tabs to adjust the forward flight 1-per vibration.
For rotorcraft balancing, the full spectrum analysis capability the DynaVibe GX2 provides is excellent for troubleshooting. However, even the basic balancing capabilities of the DynaVibe Classic provide all that is necessary for rotor smoothing. The only frequencies requiring analysis are the prop, 1-per rotor, and 2-per rotor, which are within the scope of the DynaVibe Classic feature set. What also facilitates accurate rotorcraft balancing is expertise and knowledgeable customer service of the DynaVibe team.
Learn more by visiting the DynaVibe Rotorcraft FAQ.
DynaVibe is easy and economical to use for prop and rotorcraft balancing. For mechanics, shops and service centers, it adds profit to the bottom line. To learn about using DynaVibe to dynamically balance propellers and rotors, enter your email address below, visit the RPX Technologies website, or call: _PHONE_.


text:
- Created by: adaaeze
- Created on: 04-04-16 13:02
- One solution to water shortages is to divert water from one drainage basin to another.
- Large- scale transfers of water can be achieved by diverting a river by constructing a large canal to carry available water from one basin to another.
The snowy mountain scheme
- Work began in 1949 and finished in 1974.
- The snowy mountain scheme is the largest engineering project in Australia and is one of the most complex hydroelectric schemes in the world.
- It has 16 major dams, 7 power stations and a network of tunnels, piplines and aqueducts.
- The scheme collects and diverts water so that it can be used by the…

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Illawarra's Mountain Bike Strategy finds balance
Mountain biking across the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area is now formalised in a plan to create a 76-kilometre network of tracks that protects the environment and respects the significant cultural landscape.
NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service (NPWS) South Coast Director Kane Weeks said the strategy sets out where, why and how sustainable mountain biking can continue across the Escarpment.
"The sheer scale and beauty of the Illawarra Escarpment State Conservation Area attracts riders from all over who want a unique nature-based adventure," Mr Weeks said.
"The strategy maps around 76 kilometres of formal mountain bike tracks across two areas near Mount Kembla and Balgownie.
"Our responsibility as land managers is to protect the biodiversity and cultural heritage of this highly-valued conservation area and balance recreation with conservation.
"Working with Wollongong City Council, the Illawarra Escarpment Mountain Bike Advisory Group and local Aboriginal representatives, we are delivering a strategy that balances a range of views so everyone, now and into the future, can appreciate the area."
The network has purposely been designed to protect and avoid areas of particularly high conservation and cultural value and will use low impact construction techniques.
An important part of developing a mountain bike network is closing down and rehabilitating all unsanctioned mountain bike tracks in the state conservation area and working with the mountain bike community to encourage responsible use of tracks.
It is anticipated that work on the new mountain bike network will start in early 2023.
The NPWS and Wollongong City Council have prepared the Strategy following feedback from the community and a range of stakeholder on the draft strategy.
View strategy here: Illawarra Escarpment Mountain Bike Strategy.


Subscribe English
look up any word, like chefs arse:
1 definition by The Caped Crusader!
Noun. {tran - ark - O - sore - us - rex}.
A mythological creature. a giant carnivorous reptilian with a taste for insurrectionary anarchism, undergoing spiritual and sexual metamorphosis.
etiologyderived from:
- Tyrannosaurus Rex (a non-avian dinosaur in the theropod genus, lived in the Cretaceous Period.)
- trans-sexuality and transgender ("Of, relating to, or designating a person whose identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender roles, but combines or moves between these." wikipedia)
- Anarchism (a political philosophy, and accompanying lifestyle, that views the state and other hierarchical social structures as unnecessary and harmful.)
This monster bears resemblance to an ordinary T. Rex but is notably different in it's reluctance to play along with heteronormativity and it's violent distaste for hierarchical structures (such as the state). The Tranarchosauras Rex is thought to be extinct, although there have been a handful of individuals claiming to have seen one amidst mass protests in Iran, Greece and The United States. This animal is reported to survive on a diet of business executives, politicians and law enforcement officers.
As they were gathering gluten-free vegan treats in the forest, one cave-person stopped dead in their tracks and quietly pointed out a large dinosaur to their hunter-gatherer comrade... "LOOK! it's a goddamned T-Rex! we better run for our lives!"
The other cave-person looked quickly, after a few moments of observation, they chuckled, and informed their comrade, "Oh wow, you had me for a second! that isn't a T-Rex, that is a Tranarchosauras Rex... they're friendly, they only eat cops!"
by The Caped Crusader! March 08, 2010
6 5


E∞ ring spectra, power operations and coactions
Andy Baker (University of Glasgow)
Monday 27th January, 2014 16:00-17:00 Maths 204
Abstract
E ring spectra provide one notion of
derived commutative rings. I will explain what
this means and then give a quick tour around some basic
ideas about power operations resulting from this sort of
structure.
In the case of ordinary mod p homology, the relevant
power operations are called Dyer-Lashof operations and
are intimately related to the homology of symmetric groups.
I'll explain how to do calculations with these using the
coaction of the dual Steenrod algebra.
If time permits I'll discuss some examples which involve
Thom spectra associated with Hopf invariant one maps.
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»Nomad Commands (CLI)
Nomad is controlled via a very easy to use command-line interface (CLI). Nomad is only a single command-line application: nomad, which takes a subcommand such as "agent" or "status". The complete list of subcommands is in the navigation to the left.
The Nomad CLI is a well-behaved command line application. In erroneous cases, a non-zero exit status will be returned. It also responds to -h and --help as you would most likely expect.
To view a list of the available commands at any time, just run Nomad with no arguments. To get help for any specific subcommand, run the subcommand with the -h argument.
Each command has been conveniently documented on this website. Links to each command can be found on the left.
Nomad's CLI supports command autocomplete. Autocomplete can be installed or uninstalled by running the following on bash or zsh shells:
$ nomad -autocomplete-install
$ nomad -autocomplete-uninstall
»Command Contexts
Nomad's CLI commands have implied contexts in their naming convention. Because the CLI is most commonly used to manipulate or query jobs, you can assume that any given command is working in that context unless the command name implies otherwise.
For example, the nomad job run command is used to run a new job, the nomad status command queries information about existing jobs, etc. Conversely, commands with a prefix in their name likely operate in a different context. Examples include the nomad agent-info or nomad node drain commands, which operate in the agent or node contexts respectively.
»Remote Usage
The Nomad CLI may be used to interact with a remote Nomad cluster, even when the local machine does not have a running Nomad agent. To do so, set the NOMAD_ADDR environment variable or use the -address= flag when running commands.
$ NOMAD_ADDR=https://remote-address:4646 nomad status
$ nomad status -address=https://remote-address:4646
The provided address must be reachable from your local machine. There are a variety of ways to accomplish this (VPN, SSH Tunnel, etc). If the port is exposed to the public internet it is highly recommended to configure TLS.


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Do you want to build a wooden flute out of bamboo, because it doesn't exist in stores?
Do you want to create a wooden flute out of bamboo for a specific or custom need?
Having trouble finding detailed plans to build a wooden flute out of bamboo?
Find specific step-by-step plans to build a wooden flute out of bamboo with descriptions and measurements. Simple instructions for beginners to build a wooden flute out of bamboo, no need to be a master craftsman with access to expensive tools and a large workshop!
What if I told you that you could get your hands on 16,000 carpentry projects like a wooden flute out of bamboo with plans already "made for you" that include step-by-step plans.
To tinker with wood correctly, at the minimum of equipment with a strong and trustworthy work desk is required. Beech timber is ideal for the manufacture of kitchen furniture, stools and cutting boards because it is washable. Working on wood design remains child's play if you've got the perfect gear, i.e. the grinder, shredder and biscuit joiner. The table saw is typically thought of as the workhorse of their woodshop, since it's likely the most versatile and productive of woodworking machines. The accessories needed to reduce the wood correctly are the meter, the square and the spirit level for straight and regular lines.
Woodworking Plans PDF for build a wooden flute out of bamboo
Would you like to make a wooden flute out of bamboo? Whether you are a complete beginner, an amateur carpenter with hand tools or a seasoned pro, you will find thousands of projects that will suit your level and ideas for building a wooden flute out of bamboo.
All of the principles are thoughts, but failure to follow these principles will considerably increase the chance of injury when working with your own tools Despite the fact that they're restricted to the woodshop, these workhorses are so helpful that it makes sense to fill out the woodworking job in the shop and carry the finished project to the location or job website in which it will be used. Woodworking jigs are useful for making somewhat difficult tasks easier and consistently repeatable. Most woodworking jigs which can be purchased may be homemade. Discover how to make these simple and powerful woodworking jigs in such woodworking plans. Fortunately, you can secure your saw's table by following these simple tips. The belt sander is the most widely used version in grinding because it is equipped with an interchangeable abrasive belt which is ideal for trimming large surfaces such as parquet.
When planks are too thick, the very best strength tool for planing them down to the appropriate thickness is your surface planer. Here's what to look for while purchasing a top planer for your timber store. To tinker with wood correctly, at the minimum of equipment with a strong and trustworthy work table is required. Dealing with wood demands a little skill, but also some resources that are crucial for an excellent realization. Creating objects with your palms brings great moments of calmness and could be a perfect antidote to the stress of contemporary life. When a saw blade is not quite as sharp as it should be, the tool and the woodworker will have to work harder to complete the desired task.
Woodworking, if hard or soft, requires specific practices and adapted gear. All the rules are thoughts, but failure will considerably increase the odds of injury when working with your own tools A layout square is a triangular-shaped measuring tool which has many different uses in carpentry and woodworking. The 6-inch model is far more common, although squares are usually available in models. Even casual DIYers and beginning woodworkers will need one of those helpful tools in the toolbox. You do not need to have the entire range of the perfect carpenter, the majority of the moment, a couple of well-chosen tools are sufficient to reach the tasks you've set for yourself. The scroll saw is an ideal cutting tool to form wooden objects based on a given profile.
The scroll saw consists of a brief, thin blade that moves back and forth, up and down. It's recommended for dividing into little sections, once the thickness doesn't exceed several millimetres. It's particularly used for cutting edge complex and complicated contours. A Layout Square is an invaluable woodworking tool. Whenever I'm in the store, I keep one in nail pouch or my pocket. Intoxicating materials and woodworking are a dangerous mix. If you're even remotely under the influence of any intoxicants Stay out of this wood shop. Another no-brainer suggestion which doesn't bear mentioning, so that's why I'm going to mention it Always check the stock you're preparing to cut for any alloy before starting a cut. Nails and rapidly saw blades aren't a good mix. This 1 tool can rip, cross-cut, miter-cut, square, dado, rabbet, as well as apply shapes to edges of timber inventory. Learn the features one should consider when choosing the woodworking tool in the shop.
Online resource to create a wooden flute out of bamboo
You get detailed step-by-step projects, step-by-step instructions that make a wooden flute out of bamboo construction projects super fast, super easy and super fun.
In carpentry, finishing is your most profitable ultimate step in woodworking. Learn how in this woodworking suggestion. The jointer is often thought of as the best option for straightening an edge of a board. The dip saw is intended for cutting doors, worktops, parquet floors, cabinets, profiles. The immersion railing saw is suggested for precise and deep cuts. The plunging blade offers the prospect of splitting a central part into an whole panel. The fantastic news is that you truly don't need to spend an arm and a leg to purchase a whole lot of tools to get started. Woodworking is a delicate task which takes a great deal of rigour and accuracy.
Distractions are a part of everyday life, and working in the timber store is no different. The sabre saw makes cutting simpler by gliding forth and back. The frame and hacksaw is used for cutting PVC, wood or metal, it is vital to choose it according to the material you want to reduce. This article describes the features to search for when buying a ring saw for your timber store. If the sander, as its name implies, is used to sand wooden components, there are various versions acceptable for specific uses.
Woodworking Database for a wooden flute out of bamboo:
- Woodworking ideas for a wooden flute out of bamboo
- Woodworking designs for a wooden flute out of bamboo
- Woodworking tips for a wooden flute out of bamboo
- Woodworking project plans for a wooden flute out of bamboo
To saw pieces of wood, you must hold them securely on your workbench with straps. To carve wood just like a professional, it is necessary to have a mallet and a hammer, so both striking tools really practical in carpentry. It is practical for many cabinet making and joinery cuts. Its use is procured by the safety switch and the locking of this axis. All the joinery tools are complementary to each other as some are used for planing, sawing and cutting while some are utilised to align the wood. The jigsaw is made up of toothed blade, large or small in dimension, allowing you to slice carefully in a vertical or curved way. Due to the pendulum movement, your attempt is reduced. For more comfort, the self-propelled saws with an ergonomic and ergonomic handle are quite simple to buy online.
An excellent tape measure should have both Standard and Metric markings, a locking mechanism and a slightly loose hook on the end of the tape. The hook is loose on its rivets by design so that the user will get results if the tape is used to take dimensions that are external or internal. Creating objects with your hands brings amazing moments of serenity and may be an ideal antidote to the stress of modern life. The drill press is a very versatile woodworking machine which, because of size issues, is typically only found at the woodshop. The calculation of board feet may seem confusing, but if you understand how to calculate board feet accurately, you can guarantee that you are getting your money's worth on each piece of hardwood. The task of cabinetmaker requires technique and theoretical knowledge to create beautiful wooden pieces.
An amateur carpenter does not need to put money into a whole set of resources, but only specific tools are required. A quality tape measure ought to have both Standard and Metric markings, a locking mechanism and a slightly loose hook on the end of the tape. The hook is loose on its own rivets by design so the user will get results if the tape is utilized to take measurements that are external or internal. While hearing protection is crucial for some quite noisy gear such as routers and surface planers, and latex gloves may be necessary when applying finishes, there's absolutely no time in the wood store that you should be without your safety glasses. When planks are too thick, the very best power tool for planing down them to the appropriate thickness is your surface planer. Here's what to look for while purchasing a surface planer for your wood store. Maintaining your table saw operating smoothly requires some regular maintenance.


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Foerster Lectures on the Immortality of the Soul
Charles M. and Martha Hitchcock Lectures
Howison Lectures in Philosophy
Jefferson Memorial Lectures
Bernard Moses Memorial Lecture
Carl O. Sauer Memorial Lecture
Barbara Weinstock Lectures on the Morals of Trade
Jeane J. Kirkpatrick was the first woman appointed to serve as ambassador of the United States to the United Nations and as a member of Ronald Reagan's Cabinet and National Security Council.Ambassador Kirkpatrick bases her lecture on human rights in correlation to foreign policies and international relationships.
Jeane Kirkpatrick was the first woman to hold the position of U.S. ambassador to the United Nations. She is famous for her "Kirkpatrick Doctrine," which advocated U.S. support of anticommunist governments around the world, including authoritarian dictatorships, if they went along with Washington's aimsóbelieving they could be led into democracy by example.


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*** EVENTS IN BRIEF *** 1. 1-30 June – Go Wild – Do Something out doors every day in June. 2. Churches Count on Nature Week 5-12 June 3. Eco-Explorers Walk Fri 4 June 10am 4. Friday Evening: 7.30pm – YNU-Zoom-Chat Meeting 5. Sat 5 June – Open day for visitors at Sharow Churchyard, Ripon […]
Bainbridge, 20 April 2021
Schools whose catchment includes part of the National Park are being offered a free full or half day of curriculum-based learning in the great outdoors this summer term.
Teachers are invited to contact the Authority's learning and engagement team to arrange a 'Learn, Love, Explore' experience.
Subjects could include geography and science fieldwork, farm visits, creative arts sessions, interpretive walks, or outdoor survival skills such as navigation and bushcraft.
Staff from the National Park Authority's ranger and wildlife teams, as well as Dales Volunteers, will be brought in to work on the programme, led by the Authority's Education Officer, Rebecca Swift.
Education officer Rebecca Swift studies leaves with pupils from Cracoe and Rylstone Primary School in Grass Wood in November 2020
Schools can make contact by emailing _EMAIL_ or calling 01756 751628. Funds will be made available to schools to contribute to transport costs.
Member Champion for Promoting Understanding, Kevin Frea, who is a Lancaster City Councillor, said: "There are 60 primary, secondary or special schools whose catchment includes part of the National Park and I really hope teachers at these schools will consider getting in touch with us. We would really like to help them get their pupils outside and learning about the natural environment.
"We have been busy preparing resources for outdoor classes and are ready to offer a variety of learning opportunities. Although we haven't been able to offer this sort of service for some years, we've gained plenty of experience of working with young people through events such as the Dark Skies Festival and the Young Ranger groups – so teachers can be assured that their pupils will receive a high quality learning experience."
The National Park Authority has begun to produce an e-newsletter, once per term, for teachers. The newsletter includes information about opportunities for schools to get out in the National Park with the Authority's education team and other organisations. It also provides information about teacher networking sessions and details of new and exciting projects to increase young people's nature connectedness.
An 'enormous' amount of restoration work is taking place at the most damaged blanket bog peatland in the National Park. Coir logs and dumpy bags of brash on Fleet Moss Thousands of tonnes of coir, brash and stone have been brought this spring to Fleet Moss, Oughtershaw and Bleaberry – an area of moorland […]
A major engineering project is taking place near the summit of the famous flat-capped Yorkshire mountain, Ingleborough, in an effort to conserve important habitat for plants such as early purple orchid and bird's eye primrose. The enduring popularity of the Three Peaks walking route has led to a 1.6 kilometre (one mile) stretch of path through Sulber […]


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Center for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Cancer Imaging
The Institute of Medicine defines comparative effectiveness research as "…the generation and synthesis of evidence that compares the benefits and harms of alternative methods to prevent, diagnose, treat, and monitor a clinical condition or to improve the delivery of care." CER provides a means for acquiring evidence and implementing procedures for evaluating and managing the impact of new imaging technologies on clinical and public health practices.
The Center for CER in Cancer Imaging combines the resources of:
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, an established center of expertise in CER through The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice and Norris Cotton Cancer Center
- American College of Radiology Imaging Network (ACRIN) and its Statistical Center at Brown University, which conducts clinical studies of advanced imaging technologies for cancer detection, staging, and treatment
- Tufts Evidence-Based Practice Center (EPC), which has expertise in systematic review for diagnostic technologies
- National Oncologic PET Registry (NOPR)
The Center for CER in Cancer Imaging advances research and new approaches for studying the impact of advanced imaging in cancer on health and health care utilization, with attention to the consequences of significant incidental diagnostic findings on patient care.
Current projects are based on the National Lung Screening Trial, a major NCI-sponsored study, and the National Oncologic PET Registry, sponsored by the American College of Radiology and the Academy of Molecular Imaging.


Subdividing Land
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Reconfiguring a lot
Any changes to the boundaries of land are called "reconfiguring a lot". This generally includes:
 - subdiving a lot
 - amalgamating 2 or more lots
 - rearranging the boundaries of a lot
 - dividing land into separate parts by agreement, including a lease for a term, including renewal options, exceeding 10 years
What is subdivision
Under the Planning Act 2016, all subdivision is called "reconfiguring a lot".
Most subdivisions need planning approval from Goondiwindi Regional Council. You need to apply for approval for reconfiguring a lot to subdivide land.
Proposed subdivisions are assessed according to the relevant planning scheme to ensure that lots:
 - have an appropriate size and shape for a home or other use
 - have minimal impacts on surrounding land uses
You will need to use a land surveyor and possibly other specialists to subdivide land. If the reconfiguring a lot application is approved, you will need to have the plan of survey approved by the Council. You must then arrange for the plans to go to the Queensland Titles Office within the Department Resources to be registered. After the survey plan is registered, separate titles are then created for each lot.
There will be costs to connect any new lots to Council infrastructure such as water and sewerage. In addition to the connection costs, you may be required to pay a contribution towards other Council services such as parks and gardens.


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A Kontakion (also kondakion, kondak, and kontak; plural kontakia, kondakia) is a type of thematic hymn in the Orthodox Church and other Eastern Christian churches. Originally, the kontakion was an extended homily in verse consisting of one or two proemia (preliminary stanzas) followed by several strophes, usually between 18 and 24. The kontakia were so long that the text was rolled up on a pole for use in the services -- the genesis of the name kontakion, which means "from the pole" in Greek. It is typical of the form that each of the proemia and strophes end with the same refrain. Acrostics are also a hallmark of this hymnographic form.
In current practice, the kontakion has been greatly abbreviated. Only the (first) proemium and first strophe are sung or read after the sixth ode of the canon at orthros. The proemium alone is sung at the Divine Liturgy, following the troparia, and most other services of the daily cycle. The kontakion is not sung at vespers.
According to tradition, Saint Roman the Melodist wrote the first kontakion, the Kontakion for the Birth of Our Lord, by divine inspiration. Legend aside, Roman established the kontakion in the form it retained for centuries, and he is the most famous composer of kontakia.
- Today the Virgin gives birth to the Transcendent One,
- And the earth offers a cave to the Unapproachable One!
- Angels with shepherds glorify Him!
- The wise men journey with a star!
- Since for our sake the Eternal God was born as a Little Child!
- —Kontakion for Christmas, Roman the Melodist
- Find kontakion on OrthodoxWiki - See the pages on saints or feast days for other Kontakion.


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Sustainability of demand responsive approaches to rural water supply: the case of Kerala
This paper presents the findings of an impact evaluation to assess the performance and sustainability of the demand responsive community-based approach toward rural water supply in the state of Kerala, India. To achieve the study's objectives, conceptual definitions of the "performance" and "sustainability" of rural water supply schemes were first developed, as were indicators for their systematic measurement. Performance and sustainability indicators for demand responsive approaches were compared with the more conventional supply-based approach to rural water supply. The study found that participatory community driven water supply schemes were more successful in delivering adequate, regular, and quality water supply, experienced fewer breakdowns and water shortages, and enjoyed higher consumer satisfaction with the quality of service delivery. The success of the community-based approach demonstrates that people are willing to contribute toward the capital costs of the schemes and pay for the water they use for a better service delivery. The findings of this paper suggest that the community-based approach can be a superior alternative to traditional supply driven models in expanding and improving water service delivery in rural areas.


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How can I tell whether I should be using Dentro vs. Adentro? I've read that they both mean 'inside' and looked at some examples, but I still can't always figure out which one to use. Are there any good rules to learn the difference, or examples that illustrate this difference particularly well? Also, is the word 'en' sometimes used to mean 'inside' as well?
¿Como puedo saber si debería usar Dentro vs. Adentro? He leído que ambos significan 'inside' y visto algunos ejemplos, pero no siempre tengo claro cual usar. ¿Existen algunas buenas reglas para aprender la diferencia, o ejemplos que ilustren esta diferencia especialmente bien? Además, ¿la palabra 'en' también se usa a veces para decir 'inside'?
share|improve this question
Nice question!! – Alfredo Osorio Dec 7 '11 at 2:27
Tambien vease un ejemplo given by Javi en mi pregunta – Tomas Jan 5 '12 at 23:42
5 Answers 5
Both dentro and adentro mean "inside" but the latter is used with verbs of movement. For example:
 1. Nos fuimos adentro. —> (The verb "ir" means "to go"; movement);
 2. El perro está dentro del coche. —> (no movement involved).
You can see the official reference here for dentro and for adentro.
As it is said in the articles, in some parts of America, sometimes "adentro" is used when "dentro" should have been adopted.
"En" can also be used in the same way as "in" is used in English, so you can use "en" (but "dentro" emphasizes it more)
El perro está en el coche.
share|improve this answer
Ah. Es similar a "dónde" y "adónde", ¿no? – user682 Apr 25 '12 at 4:18
_USER_ Sí. Lo mismo pasa con "fuera" y "afuera". – Javi Apr 25 '12 at 8:29
Both are adverbs of location and both can be translated as inside, the difference is that dentro is used to express in the interior, inside and adentro goes with verbs indicating movement and it is used to express towards the interior. Some examples:
Dentro de mi corazón (inside my heart).
Lo llevé hacia adentro (I took it inside).
share|improve this answer
Is it safe to say it's the same as the difference between in/inside and into? – Flimzy Dec 7 '11 at 2:12
_USER_: I'd say yes at least in the cases I could think of, but I am not a native English speaker, so I wouldn't put my hand in the fire for that "yes". – Gonzalo Medina Dec 7 '11 at 3:28
Can't you also say "Estoy aquí adentro"? – jrdioko Dec 7 '11 at 17:29
_USER_: yes; adentro sometimes is also used as en la parte interior (in the interior), but this use is common in certain regions of Latin America. – Gonzalo Medina Dec 7 '11 at 17:34
In addition to the excellent answers given let me point out that dentro can also be used to denote the end of a period of time as seen from present: llámame dentro de quince minutos. Which is roughly the same as llámame en quince minutos, while there is no such exception for adentro which is always location/movement-based.
share|improve this answer
"Dentro" should only be used in the prepositional phrase (frase prepositiva) "dentro de":
La guitarra está dentro de su funda.
(The guitar is inside its case.)
On the other hand, "adentro" should only be used as a standalone adverb:
La guitarra está adentro.
(The guitar is inside.)
In short: "Dentro de " means "inside of ", while "adentro" means simply "inside".
share|improve this answer
In addition to the other answers: dentro implies inside in relation to a specific place (stated after the preposition "de" or by context).
El niño está dentro de la casa.
Mi estuche está dentro de la sala.
At least in Chile, adentro de is very uncommon, this "dentro de"/"adentro de" comparison also shows it.
By the way, the rules for dentro/adentro can be used for fuera/afuera.
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Your Answer


Mystery object – Frimley Sanatorium
Mystery object 1: an illustration by a patient in a letter sent to the Lady Almoner at Frimley Sanatorium in 1952. Image source: Royal London Hospital Archives & Museum: RLHBH/AL/3/27/9
Mystery object 2: an image from the Wellcome Trust library that is related to Mystery object 1. Image Source: Wellcome Image Library.
Both the illustration and above object performed the same function.
Can anyone name them?
Answer to be published on Friday 17th July.
*** Update. See below for the answer ***
Mystery object 1 is an illustration of an object written by patient WA, a recovered tuberculosis patient, to the Lady Almoner at Frimley Sanatorium. WA refers to it colloquially as a 'Brompton Muzzle' that 'were in common use to ease restricted breathing'.
His illustration features an area for an absorbant sponge along the same lines as the absorbant sponge at the bottom of mystery object 2 which is an illustration of a Burney Yeo mask.
The Lady Almoner contacts the Dispensary in regards to the patient's enquiry, and notes the following:
'Dispensary say that they have a Burney Yeo's improved inhaler which is a different shape but appears to fit over the mouth and nose and is on the same principle. Dispensary say that there should be no difficulty in obtaining this mask. It is in use in most hospitals'.
The Almoner replies, 'I have made enquires in our Dispensary and I find that we have a small mask which serves the purpose that you describe. It is on the same principle, but is a square shape and much smaller.
The 'Burney Yeo' appears to be several iterations of a type mask used in the treatment of tuberculosis in which the patient inhaled an antiseptic liquid via an absorbant material.
If anyone knows of any other examples of the Burney Yeo mask or what the 'solution' that the patient inhaled might have been, please do comment below.
Images submitted by Dr Flora Malein.
Sources used:
The Royal London Hospital Archives and Museum
Wellcome Trust Library


text: This study aims at the numerical analysis of wave characteristics when a wave propagates on the porous slope seabed. Numerical wave tank technique was developed using boundary element method with constant panels on the boundary. The fluid was satisfied with potential flow conditions and Darcy's law was applied for porous intersection. Two computational domain method, which consists of fluid and porous domains, was used to simulate the propagating waves over a sloped seabed having a permeability. To consider fluid-porous boundary interaction, three-step boundary value problems were calculated. The wave amplitude decreased along the free surface as the wave propagated over a sloped bottom. The wave reflection and transmission by subsea structures were also analyzed.


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This paper analyzes the behavior of a Voltage Source Converter Based HVDC system under DC cable fault conditions. The behavior of the HVDC system during a permanent line-to-earth fault is analyzed, outlining the systems configuration and behavior at each stage of the fault timeline. Operation of the proposed system under a single earthing configurations, i.e. Converter (solid) earthed/AC transformer unearthed, was analyzed and simulated, with particular attention paid to the converters operation. It was observed that the development of potential earth loops within the system as a result of DC line-to-earth faults leads to substantial overcurrent and results in system configuration oscillation.
- HVDC power convertors
- HVDC power transmission
- power cables
- power transmission faults
- single earthing configurations


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Does syntax stop at the sentence level? Sometimes a universal quantifier in one sentence seems to bind a variable in another sentence, a phenomenon Roberts (1987) calls telescoping. Roberts proposes that the ostensive binding in telescoping is an illusion; hearers instead accommodate a covert quantified expression that binds the variable in the second sentence. Contra Roberts, this paper argues that universal quantifiers actually can scope over multiple sentences. Based on ideas by Kehler (2002), the author argues that multiple sentences in a discourse form complex syntactic objects that quantifiers can scope over, pursuant to Scope Economy restrictions on coordinate structures proposed by Fox (1999). This proposal explains certain restrictions on telescoping that Roberts's analysis could not capture without further modification.
Proceedings of the 26th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics
edited by Charles B. Chang and Hannah J. Haynie
Table of contents


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Kids Mystery Parties
Easy for you
FUN for kids!
Break Open the Secret of Creating Your Own Crime Scene Mystery Parties
Crime Scene Buster is organized into Nine Steps. Follow the steps and you end up with a CSI mystery event. Some of the steps have three parts: basic, intermediate and advanced. You only need to do the basic steps. If you are interested in more elaborate mystery parties and/or the mechanics of putting it together, then read the intermediate and advanced sections. The intermediate and advanced sections are not necessary to this book but I feel so passionate and excited about mysteries, that once I start on the topic, I have a hard time stopping!
THE CRIME for children's mystery parties is usually about something being stolen. The stolen item is found at the end of the game. A different crime can be used if you wish. We will use a theft for the crime example but you can just as easily pick a murder for parties with older participants. The format remains the same.
This format is based solely on clues found at the crime scene. Figuring out who had the motives, methods, and opportunity to commit the crime is a more complicated structure and not covered in this book. This book is all about the clues.


Skip to main content
The Great Chia Glossary
This guide will act as a glossary for many of the concepts utilized in Chia. If you are familiar with how Bitcoin transactions work, a lot of this will be familiar.
 - Coin (TXO/transaction output) - A coin stores value. All coins are generated as the output of a transaction or a coinbase reward or fee target. A coin is spent exactly once, allowing its value to go into other coins, and is then permanently destroyed. Each unspent coin is locked with a ChiaLisp program which is that coin's puzzle, and whoever has the information to solve that puzzle is the person who can spend that coin. The most basic puzzle has a public key and accepts a solution which contains a list of conditions signed by the corresponding private key, so only the owner of the private key can unlock the coin and spend it.
 - Unspent Coin (UTXO/unspent transaction output) - A coin which has been created but not yet spent and hence is storing value. Unspents (UTXO set/unspent transaction output set) - This is the set of all unspent coins on the network. It is used to check if a transaction is valid, acting as a lookup for the puzzles. It maps a coin ID to a birthdate in blockheight. A transaction must contain a reveal of the information used to calculate the ID in order for it to be possible to validate because the unspents doesn't contain that information, only hashes which can be used to validate it.
 - Coin ID/CoinName (TXO ID/transaction output ID) - The ID of a coin in Chia is generated by hashing the primary input ID, puzzle hash, and amount concatenated in that order. This is very different from Bitcoin which uses much more data to form the TXO ID, restricting what smart contracts are capable of. (See also: SegWit)
 - Primary Input/Parent - When a coin is created the coin that was used as input in the transaction is designated as the primary input. This is used to create the coin ID. If more that one coin is used up as an input in a transaction then one of the coins is designated the primary input, and the others simply reinforce the transaction.
 - Spend/CoinSolution - A spend is a reveal of a coin's ID, along with the full puzzle code, and a solution to be ran with the puzzle. The result of a spend is determined by the returned Op Constraints after running the puzzle with the solution.
 - Spend Bundle - A spend bundle is a collection of spends grouped together with an aggregated signature to be sent to the network.
 - ChiaLisp - ChiaLisp is the Turing-complete functional language which the puzzles for spending coin are programmed in. For more information see our CLVM Guide
 - Puzzle (Scriptpubkey) - A ChiaLisp program which specifies the behaviour of a coin when it is spent. A puzzle can either reject a solution or output a set of constraints.
 - Solution (Scriptsig) - This is some ChiaLisp which is passed to the puzzle for evaluation when a transaction is submitted. For more information about how transactions work, and how solutions can generate new coins check out this guide
 - CLVM - The CLVM is the ChiaLisp Virtual Machine which is the sandboxed environment that puzzles and solutions are run in. The CLVM only runs the compiled minimal version of ChiaLisp, though a compiler can convert the higher level ChiaLisp to the compiled minimal version. See more about that here
 - Aggregated Signature/AggSig - Aggregated Signatures allow us to condense multiple signatures into a single aggregated signature, such that if we know a public key and value we can verify if it exists inside of the single aggregate. This uses BLS non-interactive aggregation.
 - Prepend Signature - Prepend signatures are used so that we can retain metadata about the structure of an aggregated signature. TODO: Expand
 - Op Constraints/Conditions - Constraints are returned by the puzzle when it's passed the solution. If all of the returned conditions are met then a transaction is valid.
 - Wallet - Software written to interact with transactions. Chia uses Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets (HD Wallets). This means that they can generate many different public keys that are all valid and verifiable as unique to that wallet. A wallet contains a coin if it possesses the information necessary to unlock that coin and create a transaction which spends it.
 - Puzzle Generator - A wallet will use a Puzzle Generator to define how it wants to receive transactions. Most wallets will want to generate the standard transaction, however by storing a ChiaLisp program that generate a puzzle, all a Sending Wallet needs to do is ask the Recipient Wallet what its Program Generator is and then run that to create the puzzle to lock the coin up with.
 - Puzzle Generator ID - This is the hash of a wallet's puzzle generator. A wallet can do a hash-lookup and see if it already knows the source code for that puzzle generator. If not, it will request the full source code and store that information in its lookup table.
 - Smart Contract - A smart contract is a specialised ChiaLisp puzzle which locks a coin up and enables complex blockchain interactions.
 - Coloured Coins - Coloured Coins are a special kind of chia coin which are created by users. A coloured coin is a uniquely marked subset of chia which can't be forged and can be linked to other assets.
 - Authorized Payees - Authorized Payees is a smart contract that means that Wallet A can give Wallet B some money, but Wallet B is only allowed to spend that money in ways that Wallet A has explicitly authorised.
 - Decentralised ID - A decentralised ID is a smart contract that enables a wallet to act as an ID which can create messages to other IDs. Based on the work of the identity foundation.


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Jesse Owens in 1936
|Full name||James Cleveland Owens|
|Born||September 12, 1913
Oakville, Alabama, USA
|Died||March 31, 1980
Tucson, Arizona, USA
|Height||5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)|
|Weight||165 lb (75 kg)|
|Sport||Track and field athletics|
|Event(s)||Sprint, Long jump|
James Cleveland "Jesse" Owens (September 12, 1913 – March 31, 1980) was an American track and field athlete who specialized in the sprints and the long jump. He participated in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, where he achieved international fame by winning four gold medals: one each in the 100 meters, the 200 meters, the long jump, and as part of the 4x100 meter relay team. He was the most successful athlete at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
Owens was the youngest of ten children, three girls and seven boys, born to Henry Cleveland Owens and Mary Emma Fitzgerald in Oakville, Alabama on September 12, 1913. J.C., as he was called, was nine years old when the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio for better opportunities, as part of the Great Migration, when 1.5 million African Americans left the segregated South. When his new teacher asked his name (to enter in her roll book), he said "J.C.", but because of his strong Southern accent, she thought he said "Jesse". The name took, and he was known as Jesse Owens for the rest of his life.
As a boy and youth, Owens took different jobs in his spare time: he delivered groceries, loaded freight cars and worked in a shoe repair shop while his father and older brother worked at a steel mill. During this period, Owens realized that he had a passion for running. Throughout his life, Owens attributed the success of his athletic career to the encouragement of Charles Riley, his junior high track coach at Fairmount Junior High School. Since Owens worked in a shoe repair shop after school, Riley allowed him to practice before school instead.
Owens first came to national attention when he was a student of East Technical High School in Cleveland; he equalled the world record of 9.4 seconds in the 100-yard (91 m) dash and long-jumped 24 feet 9 1⁄2 inches (7.56 metres) at the 1933 National High School Championship in Chicago.
Ohio State University
Owens attended Ohio State University after employment was found for his father, ensuring the family could be supported. Affectionately known as the "Buckeye Bullet," Owens won a record eight individual NCAA championships, four each in 1935 and 1936. (The record of four gold medals at the NCAA was equaled only by Xavier Carter in 2006, although his many titles also included relay medals.) Though Owens enjoyed athletic success, he had to live off campus with other African-American athletes. When he traveled with the team, Owens was restricted to ordering carry-out or eating at "black-only" restaurants. Similarly, he had to stay at "blacks-only" hotels. Owens did not receive a scholarship for his efforts, so he continued to work part-time jobs to pay for school.
Owens's greatest achievement came in a span of 45 minutes on May 25, 1935, during the Big Ten meet at Ferry Field in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he set three world records and tied a fourth. He equaled the world record for the 100 yard dash (9.4 seconds); and set world records in the long jump (26 ft 8 1⁄4 in or 8.13 m, a world record that would last 25 years); 220-yard (201.2 m) sprint (20.3 seconds); and 220-yard (201.2m) low hurdles (22.6 seconds, becoming the first to break 23 seconds). In 2005, University of Central Florida professor of sports history Richard C. Crepeau chose these wins on one day as the most impressive athletic achievement since 1850.
In 1936, Owens arrived in Berlin to compete for the United States in the Summer Olympics. Adolf Hitler was using the games to show the world a resurgent Nazi Germany. He and other government officials had high hopes that German athletes would dominate the games with victories (the German athletes achieved a "top of the table" medal haul). Meanwhile, Nazi propaganda promoted concepts of "Aryan racial superiority" and depicted ethnic Africans as inferior.
Owens surprised many by winning four gold medals: On August 3, 1936, he won the 100m sprint, defeating Ralph Metcalfe; on August 4, the long jump (later crediting friendly and helpful advice from Luz Long, the German competitor he ultimately defeated); on August 5, the 200m sprint; and, after he and Ralph Metcalfe were added to the 4 x 100 m relay team that featured Frank Wykoff and Foy Draper, following a request by the Germans for United States coach Dean Cromwell to replace Jewish-American sprinters Marty Glickman and Sam Stoller, he won his fourth on August 9 (a performance not equaled until Carl Lewis won gold medals in the same events at the Soviet boycotted 1984 Summer Olympics). Jesse Owens set the world record in the long jump in 1935, and this record would stand for 25 years (a very rare length of time for a track and field record), until it was finally broken by Ralph Boston in 1960. In an ironic coincidence, Owens was a spectator at the 1960 Summer Olympics when Boston took the gold medal in the long jump.
Just before the competitions, Owens was visited in the Olympic village by Adi Dassler, the founder of the Adidas athletic shoe company. He persuaded Owens to use Gebrüder Dassler Schuhfabrik shoes, the first sponsorship for a male African-American athlete.
On the first day, Hitler shook hands only with the German victors and then left the stadium. Olympic committee officials insisted Hitler greet every medalist or none at all. Hitler opted for the latter and skipped all further medal presentations. On reports that Hitler had deliberately avoided acknowledging his victories, and had refused to shake his hand, Owens said at the time:
"Hitler had a certain time to come to the stadium and a certain time to leave." "It happened he had to leave before the victory ceremony after the 100 meters. But before he left I was on my way to a broadcast and passed near his box. He waved at me and I waved back. I think it was bad taste to criticize the'man of the hour' in another country."
Owens was allowed to travel with and stay in the same hotels in Germany as whites, while at the time African Americans in many parts of the United States had to stay in segregated hotels while traveling. After a New York City ticker-tape parade of Fifth Avenue in his honor, Owens had to ride the freight elevator at the Waldorf-Astoria to reach the reception honoring him. FDR never invited Jesse Owens to the White House following his triumphs at the Olympics games. Since 1936 was a presidential-election year, Roosevelt was afraid that he would lose southern votes if he played Kowtow to a black man. Jesse Owns also publicly endorsed Alf Landon during the upcoming election.
"Hitler didn't snub me – it was FDR who snubbed me. The president didn't even send me a telegram."
Hitler sent Owens a commemorative inscribed cabinet photograph of himself. Jesse Owens was never invited to the White House nor were honors bestowed upon him by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) or his successor Harry S. Truman during their terms. In 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower (himself an athlete of note) honored Owens by naming him an "Ambassador of Sports."
The dormitory used by Owens during the Olympics has been fully restored into a living museum, with pictures of his accomplishments at the Games, and a letter (intercepted by the Gestapo) from a fan urging him not to shake hands with Hitler.
After the games had finished, the Olympic team and Owens were all invited to compete in Sweden. He decided to capitalize on his success by returning to the United States to take up some of the more lucrative commercial offers. United States athletic officials were furious and withdrew his amateur status, ending his career immediately. Owens was angry, saying, "A fellow desires something for himself."
Prohibited from amateur sporting appearances to bolster his profile, Owens found the commercial offers all but disappeared. In 1946, he joined Abe Saperstein in the formation of the West Coast Baseball Association (WCBA), a new Negro baseball league; Owens was Vice-President and the owner of the Portland (Oregon) Rosebuds franchise. He toured with the Rosebuds, sometimes entertaining the audience in between doubleheader games by competing in races against horses. The WCBA disbanded after only two months.
Owens helped promote the exploitation film Mom and Dad in black neighborhoods. He tried to make a living as a sports promoter, essentially an entertainer. He would give local sprinters a tenor twenty-yard start and beat them in the 100-yd (91-m) dash. He also challenged and defeated racehorses; as he revealed later, the trick was to race a high-strung thoroughbred that would be frightened by the starter's shotgun and give him a bad jump. Owens said, "


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How Long Does It Take for a Joint to Get Out of Your System?
This is the most common question asked by cannabis users. Well, there's no simple answer to this question, as there are so many variables that dictate how fast or slow a joint can take to get out of your system. However, if you're a weed user looking for answers before a scheduled drug test, there are two major factors that can make a difference—your physiology (as all people are different) and the amount of THC in a joint.
Table of Contents
one joint out of your system
How Much THC Is in One Joint?
In most cases, the amount of THC varies from strain to strain, from 5% to upwards of 30%. In our case, let's take an average level of 15%.
The average weight of a single joint is estimated to be 0.32 grams according to an article published by Christopher Ingraham in The Washington Post. [1]
Knowing this, we can calculate how much THC is in one average joint. Here's the math:
0.32 grams = 320 milligrams
15% THC of 320 mg = 0.15 × 320 = 48 mg THC
If you're smoking half of an average joint, then you consume 12 mg to 14 mg of THC, with about 10 mg to 12 mg going to the sidestream. On the other hand, if you're smoking an entire joint, then the average amount of THC consumed will range from 19 mg to 23 mg.
Another common joint size from the same article was 0.75 grams according to a survey among marijuana users by High Times based on 3,000 responses. Here's the amount of THC calculated from this joint size:
0.75 grams = 750 milligrams
15% THC of 750 mg = 0.15 x 750 = 112.5 mg THC
In this case, if you smoke half a joint, you will consume about 27 mg to 32 mg THC. On the other hand, if you smoke an entire joint, you'll consume between 50 mg and 60 mg THC, with a sidestream loss of about 40–50 mg THC.
Many other variables also determine how much THC is consumed. For instance, lung capacity, how much you inhale, and how long you hold your breath after each puff are some factors that will determine the amount of THC you consume. Another factor is sidestream smoke, where much THC is lost as you await the next puff.
Also important is the change in THC in the joint as you smoke. As the joint burns, more THC condenses toward its end, making the second half of the joint have a slightly higher THC level than the first half.
In the table below, you can see the approximate amount of THC in the joint depending on the THC level in the cannabis strain:
5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30%
Pinner (0.32 gr) 16 mg 32 mg 48 mg 64 mg 80 mg 96 mg
Joint (0.75 gr) 37.5 mg 75 mg 112.5 mg 150 mg 187.5 mg 225 mg
How Long Does THC Stay in Your System?
Here's the science behind it:
According to a study, after smoking about 27 mg of ▵9-THC in a joint, THC-COOH in a smoker's urine was peaking at 180 ng/mL after 4 hours. [2]
According to another study, it was discovered that THC half-life goes from 1.4 days in the first days after smoking (without any major differences between frequent and occasional users) to approximately 4 days for occasional users and 7 days for frequent users in later days. [3]
This means that 27 mg will require about 3 days to get below the recommended 50 ng/mL drug test threshold because after 1.5 days it will be 180/2 = 90 ng/mL, and in the next 1.5 days, it will be 90/2 = 45 ng/mL.
For a confirmation test with a 20 ng/mL cutoff, infrequent users will need almost 5 days to test negative, while frequent users will need up to 7 days.
However, it's good to keep in mind that these calculations may vary significantly depending on many variables, which include age, body mass, lifestyle, and personal metabolism.
Read more: How Long Does Weed Stay In Your System?
How Long for One Joint to Get Out of Your System?
Here is the math:
In the study above, a weak marijuana strain was used. Let's take their findings and recalculate the number of days for other strains knowing how much THC is in the joint.
An average pinner with 15% THC has 48 mg of THC, which gives near 320 ng/mL of THC-COOH in the urine after smoking. This concentration will be reduced to 160 ng/mL in 1.5 days, 80 ng/mL in 3 days, and 40 ng/mL in 4.5 days, so you need almost 4 days to pass a drug test after smoking such a joint. Since THC half-life later grows to 4 and 7 days for infrequent and frequent users respectively, you may need from 8 to 11 days to get below 20 ng/mL and pass a confirmation test.
For a joint with 15% and 112.5 mg THC, the calculation will be 750 ng/mL THC-COOH after smoking, 375 ng/mL in 1.5 days, 187.5 ng/mL in 3 days, and almost 94 ng/mL in 4.5 days. With an increasing half-life it will take 8–11 days to get below 50 ng/mL and from 10 days to 2 weeks to get below 20 ng/mL.
Days to pass initial drug test with 50 ng/mL cutoff:
Pinner (0.32 gr) Joint (0.75 gr)
Casual user Heavy user Casual user Heavy user
5% 2 2 4 4
10% 3 3 6 7
15% 4 4 8 11
20% 5 5 10 14
25% 6 7 11 16
30% 7 10 12 18
NOTE! The calculations here are estimates, as personal metabolism has a major impact on the time THC needs to get out of your system.
To get THC out of your system completely down to zero, you need almost one month for infrequent users and a few months for heavy smokers.
How to Find the Exact Time?
To find the exact time a joint needs to get out of your system, you need to buy a home drug test to test yourself and control the level of marijuana metabolites in your system. One of the best home tests available is the UTest-O-Meter Multi-Level Home THC Urine Test. Unlike the usual tests, this one checks THC in the urine in 4 different levels, which are 20 ng/mL, 50 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL, and 200 ng/mL. This helps you to better understand how fast your body cleanses itself from traces of weed.
How to Reduce This Time
To speed up THC withdrawal and reduce the time a joint needs to get out of your system, you need to drink a lot of water, urinate frequently, and use marijuana detox kits to cleanse your urine and avoid failing a drug test.
 1. One of the big questions in marijuana research has been answered. Christopher Ingraham - The Washington Post.
 2. Chemistry, Metabolism, and Toxicology of Cannabis: Clinical Implications. Priyamvada Sharma PhD, Pratima Murthy, M.M. Srinivas Bharath - NCBI.
 3. Urinary Excretion of 11-nor-9-Carboxy-AgTetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabinoids in Frequent and Infrequent Drug Users. Anne Smith-Kielland, Bjørn Skuterud, Jørg Mørland - Journal of Analytical Toxicology.


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Professor Crabwell was a professor of arcane folklore at the college where Louise Harper was studying. She was played by Margaret Hamilton.
The Night StranglerEdit
Carl Kolchak asked Professor Crabwell for details about the mysterious strangler. She first gave him the idea of the Elixir of Life.
- The Night Strangler
This was one of the supernaturally-related roles that Margaret Hamilton played, being best known for her performance in The Wizard of Oz as the Wicked Witch of the West. She also played a more benevolent witch in the film 13 Ghosts.


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First Flush Devices - A Review
by Doug Pushard
What is a First Flush? Is there one perfect type of First Flush device? Where do I put a First Flush on my rainwater catchment system?
First Flush or Rain Diverters, as the name implies, flush off the first water of a storm before it enters the storage tank. This is the water that could be the most contaminated by particulates, bird droppings, and other materials laying on the roof. Eliminating these contaminants before they enter into your storage and conveyance system is critical to keeping rainwater clean.
After screening your gutters, a First Flush device is the next line of defense in keeping your system and water clean. This is especially true if the water is used inside the house or where children or those with weakened immune systems may come in contact with the water.
Over the years, numerous articles have been written about First Flush devices and it is still an area of much research. However, it is generally agreed that these devices can improve the quality of the rainwater, lengthen the life of your system components, and reduce overall maintenance. The simple diagram above depicts the theory behind these devices (i.e. draining off first rainfall before it enters the tank).
Below is a summary of some the major articles and resources addressing First Flush devices. These should provide a general reference in evaluating the need for a first flush and the type of device best suited for your unique situation.
Rainwater Harvesting Pty Ltd First Flush website article
This article discusses the wide array of designs and sizes of First Flush devices with pictures of the different designs. According to this article, First Flush devices are a critical component of rainwater harvesting systems. By preventing the first, most contaminated water from the roof they:
- Improve rainwater quality and safety
- Help extend the life of pumps (used to distribute rainwater for use)and internal appliances (such as hot water systems, washing machines, dishwashers, etc)
- Reduce tank maintenance
This article sites a study done in Australia which preliminarily concludes that the quality of the water improves dramatically with the use of First Flush water diverters.
First Flush Device Comparisons - An article by Kenneth Vidacovich published
February 2004, and available on Green Pages compares Constant-Volume Containers and First Flush Devices. This article reviews the effects of rain intensity, the general variability of rainfall intensity and maintenance issues in terms of functionality and possible health concerns. Cost estimates are made in order to compare the costs of two popularly used configurations.
This article provides an excellent overview article with detailed comparison between the two different types of devices with good instructions on how to construct a device. The author of the article is the President of FloTrue, a manufacturer of a First Flush device.
A major point from the article: "Rainfall events "generally" start at a low intensity (i.e. mist or drizzle), and rain intensity is the critical washoff factor; it is likely that a constant-volume container will substantially fill with clean water. Then, when more intense rains begin, debris and contaminates from the roof can undesirably wash into the water storage vessel. This is the major pitfall of constant-volume First Flush devices. First Flush valves can be designed to substantially overcome this pitfall."
The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting - 3rd Edition - is an excellent manual that is recommended reading for anyone interested in rainwater harvesting.
Included in this manual is a chapter on First Flush devices and instructions on how to build a simple low-cost device.
People for Rainwater FAQ from Japan states that according to research done in March - April 1980 on rainwater collected from the roof of an office building in central Tokyo, about 0.19 - 0.39 of an inch (.5 - 1 cm) of rainfall was needed to wash the surface of the roof. Other research, done in August - September 1986, also in central Tokyo, measuring the degree of change in water quality in rainwater collected from a roof after a period of about 11 days of no rain, showed that water quality is generally stable after 0.59 - 0.78 of an inch (1.5 - 2 cm) of rain. In other words, even after a dry spell, only about the first 0.59 of an inch (1.5 cm) of rainwater is affected by pollutants accumulated on the rain-collecting surface.
Effects of First Flush on Rainwater Qualitypublished in May 2006, by the International Rainwater Catchment found that First Flush systems contribute signifcantly to reducing the contaminents that are washed off the roof harvesting area.
According to this article, rainwater users can reduce their risks of disease from contaminated rainwater consumption by regular maintenance and using a well-designed system. A range of pathogens has been found in roof-collected rainwater including Salmonella, Campylobacter, Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The likely sources of these pathogens were faecal material deposited by birds, frogs, rodents and possums, and dead animals and insects, either in the gutters or in the water tank itself.
However, detailed event studies undertaken in South East Queensland (SEQ) in Australia have shown that discarding the first.039 of an inch (~1 cm) of runoff with a First Flush device usually does little to substantially reduce the event mean concentration of bacteria and heavy metals entering a rainwater tank during a storm event.
The article also discusses a study by SEQ on first flush devices that highlighted the complexity of roof runoff chemistry. A current research project is underway which is investigating the effect of geographic location (i.e. cities, suburbs, air quality) on bulk contaminant deposition on roofs, the interaction of roofing material and rainfall characteristics on contaminant concentration in the runoff, and the transformation of contaminants that occur in a rainwater tank due to biogeochemical processes.
Rainwater Harvesting Technology Filters and Separatorsby Development Technology Unit of
the School of Engineering,
University of Warwick, covers all the different types of first flush options including: manual, fixed volume, fixed mass and flow rate. Additionally, the article includes the pros and cons of different placements (i.e. at downpipe, in downpipe, etc) of the filter options.
Key highlights from this article: 1) users will usually only spend 5-10% of cost of system on filtering the water, 2) manual systems are usually employed only in very low cost situations, and 3) filtration systems require maintenance and are usually disabled if not easy to maintain.
In summary, First Flush devices can improve the quality of your rainwater, but how much is still under debate. However, all devices that remove impurities and particulates before your water is stored are a good thing. Consequently, regardless of the proven and agreed upon health consequences, cleaning your rainwater will reduce your maintenance and lengthen the life of the system components.
Some general rules of thumb:
- As a general guideline First Flush devices should remove about 10 gallons (37.8 liters) of water per 1,000 square feet (92.9 square meters) of roof/catchment area
- Remember to size for each downspout of the catchment/roof area
- If harvesting rainwater in an area with high pollution (e.g. urban area with poor air quality), an area with lots of dust or other pollution sources, a larger First Flush is required
- First flush devices need to have an easy way to open and maintain. If not, the First Flush will most likely be disabled.
Related Article: Rainwater Harvesting Pty Ltd First Flush website article
Related Article: First Flush Device Comparisons
Related Webpage: The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting - 3rd Edition
Related Webpage: Rainwater Harvesting Technology Filters and Separators
Related Article: Comparing Storage Alternatives
Related Article: Effects of First Flush on Rainwater Quality
Related Article:Comparing Storage Alternatives
Related Service: How To Build a Floating Extractor


Enoch Bartlett
American merchant
Enoch Bartlett (1779–1860) was a farmer from Dorchester, Massachusetts.
He bought Thomas Brewer's farm in Roxbury. This farm had a field of pear trees, which he named after himself, as he did not know the fruit already had a name.
In 1828 a new batch of pear trees arrived from England, and it was realised that the Bartlett pear was the same as the Williams pear, but by this time the name had stuck, and is still the commonest name for this type of pear in Canada and the United States.