not yet the moduli space of all lattices in the complex plane (up to homothety); instead it is an example of what is called a Teichmuller space. To obtain the moduli space from the Teichmuller space, we need to figure out when two different bases specify lattices that are homothetic.
We will just write down the answer here; two complex numbers \tau and \tau' refer to homothetic lattices if there exists the following relation between them:
\displaystyle \tau'=\frac{a\tau+b}{c\tau+d}
for integers abc, and d satisfying the identity
\displaystyle ad-bc=1.
We can "encode" this information into a 2\times 2 matrix (see Matrices) which is an element of the group (see Groups) called \text{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z}). It is the group of 2\times 2 matrices with integer entries and determinant equal to 1. Actually, the matrix with entries abc, and d and the matrix with entries -a-b-c, and -d specify the same transformation, therefore what we actually want is the group called \text{PSL}(2,\mathbb{Z}), also known as the modular group, and also written \Gamma(1), obtained from the group \text{SL}(2,\mathbb{Z}) by considering two matrices to be equivalent if one is the negative of the other.
We now have the moduli space that we want – we start with the upper half plane \mathbb{H}, and then we identify two points if we can map one point into the other via the action of an element of the modular group, as we have discussed earlier. In technical language, we say that they belong to the same orbit. We can write our moduli space as \Gamma(1)\backslash\mathbb{H} (the notation means that the group \Gamma(1) acts on \mathbb{H} "on the left").
When dealing with quotient sets, which are sets of equivalence classes, we have seen in Modular Arithmetic and Quotient Sets that we can choose from an equivalence class one element to serve as the "representative" of this equivalence class. For our moduli space \Gamma(1)\backslash\mathbb{H}, we can choose for the representative of an equivalence class a point from the "fundamental domain" for the modular group. Any point on the upper half plane can be obtained by acting on a point from the fundamental domain with an element of the modular group. The following diagram, courtesy of user Fropuff on Wikipedia, shows the fundamental domain in gray:
modulargroup-fundamentaldomain-01
The other parts of the diagram show where the fundamental domain gets mapped to by certain special elements, in particular the "generators" of the modular group, which are the two elements where a=0, b=-1, c=1, and d=-1, and a=1, b=1, c=1, and d=0. We will not discuss too much of these concepts for now. Instead we will give a preview of some concepts related to this moduli space. Topologically, this moduli space looks like a sphere with a missing point; in order to make the moduli space into a sphere (topologically), we take the union of the upper half plane \mathbb{H} with the projective line (see Projective Geometry) \mathbb{P}^{1}(\mathbb{Q}). This projective line may be thought of as the set of all rational numbers \mathbb{Q} together with a "point at infinity." The modular group also acts on this projective line, so we can now take the quotient of \mathbb{H}\cup\mathbb{P}^{1}(\mathbb{Q}) (denoted \mathbb{H}^{*} by the same equivalence relation as earlier; this new space, topologically equivalent to the sphere, is called the modular curve X(1).
The functions and "differential forms" on the modular curve X(1) are of special interest. They can be obtained from functions on the upper half plane (with the "point at infinity") satisfying certain conditions related to the modular group. If they are holomorphic everywhere, including the "point at infinity", they are called modular forms. Modular forms are an interesting object of study in themselves, and their generalizations, automorphic forms, are a very active part of modern mathematical research.
Moduli Space on Wikipedia
Elliptic Curve on Wikipedia
Weierstrass's Elliptic Functions on Wikipedia
Fundamental Pair of Periods on Wikipedia
Modular Group on Wikipedia
Fundamental Domain on Wikipedia
Modular Form on Wikipedia
Automorphic Form on Wikipedia
Image by Alvano Lozano Robledo on Wikipedia
Image by Sam Derbyshire on Wikipedia
Image by User Fropuff of Wikipedia
Advanced Topics in the Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves by Joseph H. Silverman
A First Course in Modular Forms by Fred Diamond and Jerry Shurman
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in Learnings
You don't need od6 when working with Google Sheets JSON
When figuring out how to extract Google Sheets data as JSON, the top result on Google explains that you can access the JSON like this:
_URL_
In this URL od6 represents the first sheet in the book/spreadsheet. Someone said that other sheets are represented by od8, od10 and so on, but that didn't work with me. So dug around the comments on different posts and here's the answer: simply use numbers instead of od6.
So the URL for your first sheet becomes:
_URL_
and the second sheet will be:
_URL_
And so on.
Write a Comment
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86 − = 82
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 1. You sir, are the best. Just spent a bunch of hours trying to figure this one out, even went and got API credentials, because this was literally driving me nuts.


Home » Biology » Difference Between Epidemic and Pandemic
Difference Between Epidemic and Pandemic
Difference Between Epidemic and Pandemic
Both epidemics and pandemics are words that are used to describe the widespread of diseases.
What is an Epidemic?
An Epidemic is generally defined as the process of rapidly spreading of infectious diseases within a short period of time into a large number of people in a given population and spread over to several countries or continent.
An Epidemic is derived from a Greek word which refers to upon or above people.
Bubonic plague, Cholera, Influenza, SARSand Smallpox, are some of the common examples of Epidemics.
Also Refer: Symptoms of Various Diseases
What is Pandemic?
A pandemic is the worldwide spread of a new disease. A pandemic is a larger version of an epidemic. In other words, when an epidemic goes out of control, it is known as a pandemic. If an epidemic covers many countries spreading through continents, it is likely to be a pandemic. There are different types of pandemics.
HIV or AIDS is one of the best examples for the most destructive global pandemics in history.
The main causes of Epidemic and Pandemic are the pathogenic or harmful microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses and other parasites that can spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another through the air, water, and other modes of transmissions.
Also Refer: Communicable and Non Communicable Diseases
Let us look at the differences between epidemic and pandemic given in a tabular column below to understand both these terms in-depth.
Epidemic vs Pandemic
An epidemic is an outbreak of disease that affects many in a population and begins to spread rapidly.Pandemic is a larger epidemic. A pandemic covers several countries or spreads from one continent to another.
An outbreak of disease is considered an epidemic if it affects a certain number of people within a short period of time, typically within 2 weeks.In pandemic outbreaks, the number of people affected or killed doesn't matter as much as the rate of spread and how far it has spread.
One of the few examples of epidemic diseases is the West African EbolaA few examples of pandemic diseases are HIV AIDS, Asian Influenza and Cholera
This was a brief introduction to Epidemic and Pandemics.
Learn more in detail about Epidemic and Pandemic and other related topics on infectious diseases @ CoolGyan's Biology


text:
In EYFS we use an exciting way to record, track and share your child's learning during their time in nursery and reception. This system, called 'Tapestry', is an 'online learning journal' and enables staff to take photographs, videos and make written observations of some of the 'wow' activities your child does at school. Once set up, you can access this information through the Tapestry app or website (using your email address and a secure password to log in) so that you can celebrate their learning at home too. You can also add your own photos and comments to the journal, send us messages or ask any questions that you may have about your child in school. We set up a parents' noticeboard for each class where general information and letters are posted, and find that this is a very effective way of keeping in touch and communicating with you as parents.
Please follow the tabs to find out more about Tapestry and how to use it.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
HAVANA, Nov. 20 (Xinhua) -- The representative of UNICEF, or the UN Children's Fund, in Cuba said here Friday that Cuba is among the countries that have best implemented the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and that countries in the world should learn from Cuba on the protection of children's rights.
Jose Juan Ortiz, speaking at celebrations marking Universal Children's Day, said Cuba, still under an economic embargo and is suffering from frequent natural disasters, has significantly reduced child mortality and improved child nutrition -- to levels that can rival those of developed countries.
The cause of the amazing achievements in children's protection in Cuba lies in the government's political will, he added.
All countries in the world should follow Cuba's example and strive to provide better conditions for children in judicial and social welfare fields, Ortiz said, adding that in this way most countries would be able to meet the targets set by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.
On Friday, Cuba held a variety of activities nationwide to celebrate Universal Children's Day.
Special report: Global News Day for Children
Official Website of Global News Day for Children

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Riddle of the hanging coffins of Sichuan: The mysterious 400-year-old wooden tombs suspended on a Chinese cliff face
- The tombs are attached to mountain cliffs in Gongxian, Sichuan province
- Were left behind by the Bo people, thought to have died out 400 years ago
- Some experts say they hung them on cliffs to be within reach of the gods
- Others believe it was a handy way of keeping the bodies away from animals
They're definitely closer to god, one way or another.
But these bizarre hanging coffins have baffled people for centuries in southern China.
The tombs - attached to mountain cliffs in Gongxian, Sichuan province - were left behind by the Bo people, believed to have died out 400 years ago.
Each coffin is made from a hollowed out single tree trunk and was originally protected by a bronze cover.
Eerie: The tombs - attached to mountain cliffs in Gongxian, Sichuan province - were left behind by the Bo people, believed to have died out 400 years ago
Who'd have trunk it? Each coffin is made from a hollowed out single tree trunk and was originally protected by a bronze cover
Mystery: Nobody really knows why the Bo people dealt with their dead in this way
'Some of the tombs are nearly 3,000
years old and the most recent date back to about 1500. Nobody really
knows why they dealt with their dead in this way,' explained one local expert.
'It is believed that they thought the gods would be able to reach them more easily like that.
'People say that the hanging coffins prevented bodies from being taken by animals and also blessed the soul for all eternity.'
For the past two months these ancient hanging coffins have been undergoing renovation – the main aim being to stabilize and restore them.
More than 40 coffins were restored and a further 16 were uncovered.
Local expert Lin Chan said: 'Whilst working on restoring the hanging coffins, a further 16 were uncovered. They are over 3,000 years old and of great historical significance.
Within reach of God: Experts believe that they thought the gods would be able to reach them more easily suspended on a rock face
Safe from scavengers: It is also believed the hanging coffins prevented bodies from being taken by animals and also blessed the soul for all eternity
'The show us a lot about how our ancestors buried their dead and what their traditions were.'
are still hundreds of hanging coffins in the region. The lowest ones
are 10 metres above the ground and the highest 130 metres above the
'It is very difficult work to restore them, but it is necessary. Over the past ten years at least 20 of the coffins have fallen and this is something we want to prevent.'
The Bo were an ethnic minority living outside the borders of modern day Sichuan and Yunnan provinces. There they created a brilliant culture as early as 3,000 years ago.
Sticks and stone: But whatever the reason, the bizarre hanging coffins have baffled people for centuries in southern China
Restoration: For the past two months these ancient hanging coffins have been undergoing renovation ¿ the main aim being to stabilize and restore them
most recent hanging coffins were made up to about 400 years ago in the
middle and later periods of the Ming Dynasty (_PHONE_), while many of
the earliest ones date back 1,000 years to the Song Dynasty (_PHONE_).
To date, the earliest hanging coffin was one found in the Three Gorges area, dating back about 2,500 years to the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC- 476 BC).
The hanging coffin was the most widespread form of burial in ancient southwest China.
However, the practice ended with the mysterious disappearance of the Bo People.
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Overview In September 2022 South Korea's Developed Exposed Photographic Material exports accounted up to $27.5M and imports accounted up to $9.98M, resulting in a positive trade balance of $17.5M. Between September 2021 and September 2022 the exports of South Korea's Developed Exposed Photographic Material have decreased by $-1.85M (-6.29%) from $29.3M to $27.5M, while imports decreased by $-5.05M (-33.6%) from $15M to $9.98M.
Destinations In September 2022, Developed Exposed Photographic Material were exported mostly to China ($21.9M), Japan ($1.54M), Malaysia ($1.47M), Chinese Taipei ($1.28M), and United States ($656k), and were imported mostly from Japan ($6.14M), China ($2.53M), Chinese Taipei ($808k), Germany ($323k), and United States ($124k).
Growth In September 2022, the decrease in Developed Exposed Photographic Material's year-by-year exports was explained primarily by a decrease in exports to United States ($-946k or -35%), Japan ($-297k or -33.2%), and Hong Kong ($-60k or -88.2%). In September 2022, the decrease in Developed Exposed Photographic Material's year-by-year imports was explained primarily by a decrease in imports from United States ($-593k or -81.5%), Germany ($-16k or -14.4%), and Belgium ($-4k or -44.4%).


River Meaning in English, River Baby Name Origin Gender Meaning Pronunciation
Does River Baby Name seem like an intriguing name for your baby? Learn River Name Meaning in English, its origin and which gender River Baby Name is most suitable for. Check through our list of names that are related to the name River, names similar to River and sibling names of River. Also, read through a detailed numerology report for the name River.
Baby Image
Boy, Girl
British, English
flowing body of water
Related River Baby Names
Willow, Harper, Sage, Luna, Piper, Skye, Nova, Hazel, Ember, Paisley, Remi, Ivy
Sibling Names
Riley, Gage, River
Middle Names
James, Joseph, Lee, Alexander, Thomas, William, Wyatt, Scott, Paul, Marshall
Nature names are big with parents, so its completely in keeping with this preference that River scores well in terms of chart favorites. A name like Riveror Sky, Rainbow or Leafwas once seen as odd or hippieish, but today its as acceptable as any traditional name. It comes from a Latin word, ripa, which translates to riverbank. Though more than twice as popular as a boys' name (Keri Russell of "The Americans" has a son, born in 2007, named River) its growing as a girls' name too.


text:
Correlative Microscopy streamlines the imaging and analytical workflow in the lab when researchers use multiple instruments or techniques to investigate samples. JEOL enables this easy workflow with a cross-platform navigation solution.
Cross-platform Navigation - SEM Navigator and Image Navigator
A unique combination of hardware and software, the SEM Navigator is used to record an image of the entire sample, then pinpoint the area of interest quickly at higher magnifications. This recorded image is the source for navigation as the sample is moved to the high resolution SEM or EPMA, or for further analytical microscopy techniques such as EDS, CL or backscatter imaging. The SEM Navigator includes an externally-mounted 3Megapixel CMOS camera with a high frequency variable light source (transmitted polarized illuminator available) that records an image of sample in place on the SEM specimen holder. The user can select a field of view as large as 6 inches.
For rapid navigation without the use of the SEM Navigator camera, JEOL's Image Navigator software allows the user to navigate directly from a recorded image (using CCD camera, optical microscope, digital camera or cell phone). The image is imported using dual point (P-Q) alignment. The user can view various magnifications of the sample simultaneously, or can refer back to stored images for future imaging and analysis.


text:
Newly approved legislation criminalizes mortgage fraud for the first time in Florida, where the crime has reached epidemic levels in the wake of a real estate boom fueled in part by risky loans.
Florida leads the nation in mortgage fraud, and Miami-Dade and Broward counties lead the state.
Senate Bill 1824 would make m?ortgage fraud a third-degree felony punishable by up to five years in state prison. If two or more properties are involved, the crime would be a second-degree felony punishable by a possible 15-year sentence. If signed by Gov. Charlie Crist, the law would take effect Oct. 1.
Cases have been prosecuted up to now under grand theft and wire fraud laws.
The definition of mortgage fraud includes filing bogus documents with county clerks. The clerks of court maintain property ownership records, in an attempt to crack down on quitclaim deed fraud.
This type of fraud is as easy as filing fake papers indicating a change of property ownership with county clerks. Fake deeds are offered to lenders during a refinancing process, the new "owners" walk away with cash, and the victimized owners often are clueless.
The legislation grew out of identical bills sponsored by Democratic state Sen. Gwen Margolis of Bay Harbor Islands and Democratic state Rep. Dan Gelber of Miami Beach.
During the session that adjourned Friday, the bills were folded into a broader mortgage bill calling for increased notification to borrowers about fees and the loan process.
The final version was sponsored by the Senate Commerce and Banking and Insurance committees, Margolis and state Sens. Mike Fasano, R-New Port Richey, and Evelyn Linn, R-Daytona Beach.
Miami-Dade police Sgt. Richard Davis, who has been chasing white-collar criminals for years, warned real estate professionals at a mortgage fraud seminar last week in Miami that they need to help stop a mortgage fraud epidemic or risk being blamed.
"If you want to see people not trust Realtors, let this go on. They already have suspicions about Realtors," Davis told the seminar attended by about 100 members of the real estate industry.
Florida Real Estate Commissioner Nancy Hogan wants real estate agents to take more responsibility for the paperwork they handle.
Too many people involved in transactions -- from buyers and sellers to mortgage brokers, appraisers and title agents -- "turn their heads, and we allow it. We have to stop thinking the commission comes first," Hogan said at the seminar hosted by the Realtor Association of Greater Miami and the Beaches.
"It enrages me that people think we are so greedy and stupid as to allow this," said Hogan, managing broker of Coldwell Bankers' San Remo Avenue office in Coral Gables.
Mortgage fraud can range from falsified income statements and fake deed transfers to rings of salespeople, appraisers, mortgage brokers and title agents who concoct fake buyers to get homes and loans.
The eagerness of lenders to make risky loans during the residential run-up is coming back to haunt them in delinquencies and foreclosures.
Agents and brokers often are the first to see suspicious purchase contracts and are in a position either to keep
them from going forward or to report them to regulators and police.
Davis wants to establish a Miami-Dade clearinghouse for salespeople, title agents, mortgage brokers and appraisers to consult with each other, learn how to spot fraud and report it.
"Their total concentration should not be on making a dollar," he said after the meeting. "A lot of them unknowingly and knowingly are breaking the law. We don't want to hear 'I didn't know about that.'
The Miami association has formed a task force to educate members about fraud tactics and evidence.
The Realtor Association of Greater Fort Lauderdale has begun bilingual educational seminars about mortgage fraud and foreclosures, chief executive Richard Barkett said.
"What to look for and recognize is one step" in remedying the problem, he said.
Salespeople are being asked to watch for any special requests by buyers and sellers or contract add-ons, notably cash-back deals giving buyers tens of thousands of dollars in cash at closing.
Sellers get more for a property than it's worth, buyers get extra cash for repairs, credit card bills or purchases, salespeople reap bigger commissions and lenders chalk up a heftier loan at a higher interest rate.
But Davis said it's fraud if the lender doesn't know about the cash-back aspect.
A cash payback of $100,000 to buyers getting 100 percent financing isn't uncommon and should prompt calls to lenders, Hogan said. But mortgage professionals say they often aren't aware of cash-back deals.
Casting responsibility elsewhere, real estate agents point to mortgage brokers and other loan originators as the culprits, but often the brokers and lenders are the ones being burned, said Raymond Reyes, head of the Miami chapter of the Florida Association of Mortgage Brokers.
Real estate agents often hide cash-back arrangements in contract addendums that aren't seen by mortgage brokers and lenders, said Michelle LaPiana, an account executive with CIT Consumer Finance in Maitland and former president of the Florida Association of Mortgage Brokers.
The trick also keeps side deals off the federally mandated HUD-1 settlement statement.
Davis said he's seen cash-back deals prepared by attorneys who didn't want the funds reported on the HUD-1 forms because they knew lenders wouldn't approve the loans.
Reyes, managing director of Express Equity Lending Group in Coral Gables, extended the blame up the lending chain to creditors and banking regulators who allowed subprime loans to proliferate.
A report by First American Loan Performance ranked the Miami area as having the nation's fourth-highest rate of subprime loans at 23 percent.
About 13.5 percent of mortgages originated in the U.S. last year were subprime, five times higher than the 2.6 percent approved in 2000, according to the Mortgage Bankers Association.
"Greed started at the top with the creditors and has trickled down to licensees," Reyes said.
There would be a smaller mortgage market if the secondary mortgage market didn't buy and securitize the loans, he said.
Jorge Cantero, a broker-associate with Esslinger Wooten Maxwell in Miami, acknowledged real estate agents help perpetuate mortgage fraud, but said enforcement isn't guaranteed even when fraud is reported.
"Very few people like to get involved ... and no one wants to be called a snitch," he said. "When you finally step forward and put yourself in the limelight ... then comes the frustration when nothing happens. You get caught in the wheels of bureaucracy, and the bureaucracy hardly does anything."


text:
ICM Pharma FOOT AND BODY POWDER is an antifungal, antiseptic deodorant with cooling menthol for active people in army, sports, worksite and outdoor activities.
Talcum powder, Boric acid, Camphor and Menthol.
ICM Body and Foot Powder contains ingredients which:
- Effectively absorb body and foot perspiration
- Kill bacteria, treat and prevent common fungal infections such as Athletes Foot and Ringworm
- Keep body and feet dry, comfortable and eliminate unpleasant odour.


text:
Emily Morgan and Karen Ansberry, authors of the popular Picture-Perfect Science Lessons Series, led a lively group of teachers in exploring classroom strategies and lessons that combine science with reading in the elementary grades. The Picture-Perfect Science
Preconference Workshop at the New Orleans NSTA Area Conference included activities highlighting reading strategies like making connections, questioning, visualizing, determining importance, and synthesizing. Morgan and Ansberry focused also on the powerful BSCS 5E lesson model, which Morgan credited with transforming her science teaching. In the engage phase of one lesson, workshop participants heard Morgan read Marla Frazee's children's book Roller Coaster and shared their own experiences with riding a roller coaster. During the explore phase, they tested ways to change the speed and direction of a rolling object by building roller coasters out of pipe insulation. From exploring mystery objects inside small film canisters, to configuring a loop-to-loop for a model roller coaster and utilizing key reading strategies, the workshop participants shared some laughs while learning new ways to combine reading and science in engaging lessons for students in grades 3-6. On a picture-perfect day in New Orleans, these workshop participants and their facilitators departed the session with new insights and strategies for transforming their own classrooms for science learning. To read more about Picture-Perfect Science and clever ways to combine science learning with reading, download the PDF "Why Read Picture Books in Science Class?", a free e-book containing the introductory five chapters of Picture-Perfect Science Lessons, 2nd Edition.


text:
The Seed Trilogy is a critically-acclaimed adventure in colonization and conflict from award-winning SF writer Pamela Sargent
Centuries ago, Ship carried the seed of humankind from Earth to the planet Home. Now, Ship returns to discover what has happened to the descendents of Earth.
Centuries ago, the people of Earth sent Ship into space. Deep within its core, it carried the seed of humankind…More than twenty years have passed since Ship left its children,...
Ship hurtles through space. Deep within its core, it carries the seed of humankind. Launched by the people of a dying Earth over a century ago, its mission is to find a habitable world for...
© 2014 Macmillan
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The art history program at Purchase College provides a unique experience in the examination of visual art and culture through an abundance of course offerings spanning a vast range of periods and geographies; exceptional local resources; and a strong emphasis on research and writing skills. Grounded in the sensitive analysis of images, objects, and critical texts, the art history faculty's approaches to the field create a deeper sense of art's historical and cultural significance.
Purchase's prime location and proximity to New York City allows students to benefit from incomparable opportunities, such as frequent visits to museums and galleries, that provide unique insights into potential careers. Even closer, and perhaps even more advantageous, the art history program is only steps away from the Neuberger Museum of Art, which is conveniently located on campus. Originated by Roy R. Neuberger's donation of 108 works in 1974, the museum's impressive collection now exceeds 6,000 pieces. The combination of museums, galleries, and cultural institutions—both on campus and nearby—presents an array of lectures, exhibitions, and internships right at students' fingertips.


Kea 2.5.5
The Hooks API for the DHCPv6 Server
Introduction
Kea features an API (the "Hooks" API) that allows user-written code to be integrated into Kea and called at specific points in its processing. An overview of the API and a tutorial for writing such code can be found in the Hooks Developer's Guide. It also includes information how hooks framework can be used to implement additional control commands for the DHCPv6 server. Information for Kea maintainers can be found in the Guide to Hooks for the Kea Component Developer.
This manual is more specialized and is aimed at developers of hook code for the DHCPv6 server. It describes each hook point, what the callouts attached to the hook are able to do, and the arguments passed to the callouts. Each entry in this manual has the following information:
 - Name of the hook point.
 - Arguments for the callout. As well as the argument name and data type, the information includes the direction, which can be one of:
 - in - the server passes values to the callout but ignored any data returned.
 - out - the callout is expected to set this value.
 - in/out - the server passes a value to the callout and uses whatever value the callout sends back. Note that the callout may choose not to do any modification, in which case the server will use whatever value it sent to the callout.
 - Description of the hook. This explains where in the processing the hook is located, the possible actions a callout attached to this hook could take, and a description of the data passed to the callouts.
 - Next step status: the action taken by the server when a callout chooses to set status to specified value. Actions not listed explicitly are not supported. If a callout sets status to unsupported value, this specific value will be ignored and treated as if the status was CONTINUE.
Hooks in the DHCPv6 Server
The following list is roughly ordered by appearance of specific hook points during packet processing, but the exact order depends on the actual processing. Hook points that are not specific to packet processing (e.g. lease expiration) will be added to the end of this list.
dhcp6_srv_configured
 - Arguments:
 - Description: this callout is executed when the server has completed its (re)configuration. The server provides received and parsed configuration structures to the hook library. It also provides a pointer to the IOService object which is used by the server to run asynchronous operations. The hooks libraries can use this IOService object to schedule asynchronous tasks which are triggered by the DHCP server's main loop. The hook library should hold the provided pointer until the library is unloaded. The NetworkState object provides access to the DHCP service state of the server and allows for enabling and disabling the DHCP service from the hooks libraries.
 - Next step status: If any callout sets the status to DROP, the server will interrupt the reconfiguration process. The hook callout is expected to have completed the cause of the interruption under the "error" handle argument with a std::string which is then logged. Finally, this leads to the termination of kea-dhcp6.
cb6_updated
 - Arguments:
 - Description: this callout is executed when the server has completed a configuration update using the Config Backend. The server provides the audit entries as a never null pointer to a not empty collection copied from the update apply method argument.
 - Next step status: Status codes returned by the callouts installed on this hook point are ignored.
buffer6_receive
 - Arguments:
 - Description: This callout is executed when an incoming DHCPv6 packet is received and the data stored in a buffer. The sole argument "query6" contains a pointer to an isc::dhcp::Pkt6 object that contains the received information stored in the data_ field. Basic information like protocol, source/destination addresses and ports are set, but the contents of the buffer have not yet been parsed. That means that the options_ field (that will eventually contain a list of objects representing the received options) is empty, so none of the methods that operate on it (e.g., getOption()) will work. The primary purpose of this early call is to offer the ability to modify incoming packets in their raw form. Unless you need to access to the raw data, it is usually better to install your callout on the "pkt6_receive" hook point.
 - Next step status: If any callout sets the status to DROP, the server will drop the packet and start processing the next one. If any callout sets the status to SKIP, the server will assume that the callout parsed the buffer and added the necessary option objects to the options_ field; the server will not do any parsing. If the callout sets the skip flag but does not parse the buffer, the server will most probably drop the packet due to the absence of mandatory options. If you want to drop the packet, see the description of the skip flag in the "pkt6_receive" hook point.
pkt6_receive
 - Arguments:
 - Description: This callout is executed when an incoming DHCPv6 packet is received and its content is parsed. The sole argument "query6" contains a pointer to an isc::dhcp::Pkt6 object that contains all information regarding incoming packet, including its source and destination addresses, the interface over which it was received, a list of all options present within and relay information. All fields of the "query6" object can be modified at this time, except data_. (data_ contains the incoming packet as raw buffer. By the time this hook is reached, that information has already been parsed and is available though other fields in the Pkt6 object. For this reason, modification of the data_ field would have no effect.)
 - Next step status: If any callout sets the status to SKIP or DROP, the server will drop the packet and start processing the next one. The reason for the drop will be logged if logging is set to the appropriate debug level.
subnet6_select
 - Arguments:
 - Description: This callout is executed when a subnet is being selected for the incoming packet. All parameters, addresses and prefixes will be assigned from that subnet. A callout can select a different subnet if it wishes so, the list of all subnets currently configured being provided as "subnet6collection". The list itself must not be modified.
 - Next step status: If any callout installed on "subnet6_select" sets the status to DROP, the server will drop the packet and start processing the next one. If any callout installed on "subnet6_select" sets the status to SKIP, the server will not select any subnet. Packet processing will continue, but will be severely limited.
host6_identifier
 - Arguments:
 - Description: this callout is executed only if flexible identifiers are enabled, i.e. host-reservation-identifiers contain 'flex-id' value. This callout enables external library to provide values for flexible identifiers. To be able to use this feature, flex_id hook library is needed.
 - Next step status: If a callout installed on the "host6_identifier" hook point sets the next step status to value other than NEXT_STEP_CONTINUE, the identifier will not be used.
When the "early-global-reservations-lookup" flag is true this callout is called before "subnet6_select".
lease6_select
 - Arguments:
 - Description: This callout is executed after the server engine has selected a lease for client's request but before the lease has been inserted into the database. Any modifications made to the "lease6" object will affect the lease's record in the database. The callout should make sure that any modifications are sanity checked as the server will use that data as is, with no further checking.
 The server processes lease requests for SOLICIT and REQUEST in a very similar way. The major difference is that for SOLICIT the lease is only selected; it is not inserted into the database. The callouts can distinguish between the SOLICIT and REQUEST by checking the value of the "fake_allocation" flag: a value of true means that the lease won't be inserted into the database (SOLICIT case), a value of false means that it will (REQUEST).
 - Next step status: If any callout installed on "lease6_select" sets the status to SKIP, the server will not assign that particular lease. Packet processing will continue and the client may get other addresses or prefixes if it requested more than one address and/or prefix.
lease6_renew
 - Arguments:
 - Description: This callout is executed when the server engine is about to renew an existing lease. The client's request is provided as the "query6" argument and the existing lease with the appropriate fields already modified is given in the "lease6" argument. The remaining two arguments, "ia_na" and "ia_pd", are mutually exclusive and they provide pointers to the IA_NA or IA_PD option which will be sent back to the client. Callouts installed on the "lease6_renew" may modify the content of the "lease6" object. Care should be taken however, as that modified information will be written to


text:
[Breaking Down Wooo UT] 19 Lamps? Surprised at Odd Number [Part 6]
Nikkei Electronics Breakdown Team started analyzing the ultrathin backlight unit. After observing the optical sheets, we looked into the light source.
The thickness of an LCD panel greatly depends on what light source and what locating method are employed. Hitachi explained it had employed an EEFL (external electrode fluorescent lamp), a kind of fluorescent tube, for the light source and used the "direct method," which locates the lamps behind the panel.
That gave us a hint. We thought we would surely find multiple lamps (EEFLs) under the optical sheets. To confirm it with our own eyes, we removed the four sheets and the diffuser panel. It certainly was the direct method. There was an array of slim lamps beneath the display.
"What? Nineteen?" cried an engineer, breaking the silence of the Breakdown Team, which was impressed that the sight was exactly as expected.
Apparently, 19 lamps were used in it. We heard most 32-inch LCD TVs use 10 to 14 lamps. Is the engineer being amazed at the larger number of lamps in there? To reduce the thickness of a backlight unit, however, it is a sure formula to increase the number of lamps.
The engineer continued, "An odd number of lamps is rare."
I see. He was surprised that the odd number of lamps was used.
The engineer began to guess why Hitachi had chosen to use the odd number of lamps.
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] Hitachi's 35mm LCD TV Arrives [Part 1]
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] 'It's So Simple' - Rear Chassis Removed [Part 2]
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] Mysterious Cream-colored Sheet [Part 3]
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] 'Stunned' by Ultrathin Power Board [Part 4]
- [Breaking Down Wooo UT] '4 Sheets' in Ultrathin Backlight [Part 5]


text:
Step-by-Step Guide to Table Measuring & Pattern-Making
Illustration on how to measure your leafs
To avoid measuring and patterning errors, be sure to keep the following points in mind as you move forward:
- Use a metal tape measure for the best results
- Avoid using the table manufacturer's measurements
- Remove extension leaves before measuring (they should be measured separately).
Measuring your table only takes a few minutes. It's important to avoid measuring slopes or molding. Instead, focus on the flat surface of the table.
- From the center split, measure the table's width to the nearest 1/16"
- Down the center, measure your table's end-to-end length
Unless your table is perfectly round, square, or rectangular, creating a pattern is an essential part of the process. As with measuring, be sure not to include extensions, slopes, or molding.
- Align the pattern paper with the table's center split
- Smooth out any wrinkles
- Weigh the paper down with a heavy object to keep it in place
- Use the side of a pencil or crayon's tip to trace the table's edge


text: The American Board of Family Practice (ABFP) In-training Examination (ITE) is the most frequently used method of evaluation among accredited family practice programs. Despite its common use, there are still misunderstandings regarding the proper interpretation of the ABFP ITE results. The ABFP ITE is a norm-referenced test that allows for comparison of a resident's performance relative to other residents in the same year of training; it does not measure absolute performance. There is a paucity of evidence supporting the validity of the ABFP ITE. The eight specialty areas and clinical set problems lack sufficient reliability to be interpreted per individual resident. The composite score of the ABFP ITE has sufficient reliability to be used as part of a formal and comprehensive evaluation system. Group comparisons using the 10 ABFP ITE measures are appropriate.


text:
Objective: This study developed an animal model of intracranial aneurysms suitable for evaluating emerging endovascular devices for aneurysmal therapy. We characterized the short-, medium-, and long-term attributes of this endovascular technique for saccular aneurysmal creation in the rabbit.
Materials and methods: The right common carotid artery was surgically exposed in nine New Zealand white rabbits. Using endovascular techniques, we occluded the origin of the right common carotid artery with a pliable balloon. Elastase was incubated endoluminally in the proximal common carotid artery above the balloon. The common carotid artery was ligated distally. Animals were studied angiographically and sacrificed at 2 weeks (n = 3), 10 weeks (n = 3), and 24 weeks (n = 3) after aneurysm creation. Histology was obtained.
Results: Saccular aneurysms formed in eight of the nine rabbits. The aneurysm projected from the apex of an approximately 90 degree curve of the parent vessel, the brachiocephalic artery. Mean aneurysm diameter was 4.5 mm (SD, 1.2 mm), and mean height was 7.5 mm (SD, 1.6 mm). All samples showed thinned elastic lamina and no evidence of inflammation. In four of eight aneurysms, unorganized thrombus was present in the dome of the aneurysm.
Conclusion: Arterial aneurysms with intact endothelium and deficient elastic lamina were reliably created in an area of high shear stress in New Zealand white rabbits. Three of these aneurysms remained patent for at least 6 months. We found a simple procedure that can be readily applied to the testing of new endovascular devices for a reliable creation of aneurysms in rabbits.


Focus: Economic Botany
Focus: Economic Botany
Economic botanists explore the interface between people and plants to describe the cultural uses of plants, explain the origin of specific useful plants and develop strategies for the sustainable use of plant resources. Ever since its founding in the late 19th century, The Field Museum and its scientists have studied the great variety of ways that people use plants. In fact the Museum's first Curator of Botany, Charles Frederick Millspaugh, had a special interest in economic botany and tropical plants which resulted in a direction and influence that continues at the Museum today.
The Natural Products Initiative aims to revitalize the tradition of economic botany at The Field Museum and to highlight the essential contributions of the plant world to our everyday lives.
 cniezgoda's picture
 Christine Niezgoda
 Collections Manager, Flowering Plants Gantz Family Collections Center


text: This seminar examines violence and peacemaking from a constructionist sociological framework. Interpretive, interpersonal, institutional and structural forms of violence are examined by reading personal narratives, testimonials and sociological studies. Following the insights of a wide range of thinkers, the seminar also explores the sense in which the violence implicit in knowledge and language may be understood as a core form of violence. Shifting focus to the study of nonviolence, the relation between dialogic understanding and peacemaking is then explored in reference to the work of Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr. The seminar concludes with a case study of the civil rights movement in St. Augustine, Florida.


A cashier is a member of a wider team at any business that deals with the monetary transactions from selling a good or service. A cashier is responsible for dealing with large amounts of money, in cash, cheque, and credit card form.
Cashiers also must interact with customers daily, and have a comprehensive knowledge of the products and services offered by the business, so that they are able to answer any customer queries. They must be aware of any sales or discounts at any time, so that they can always calculate the correct price, and charge and collect the correct amount from customers.
A cashier is directly involved with the customer experience as well as collecting money from the sales made, so it is vital that they are friendly, reliable, knowledgeable and trustworthy.
Day-to-day tasks of this role:
 - Calculate and process customer purchases.
 - Collect payment from customers for purchases.
 - Answer customer questions.
 - Bag or wrap products for customers.
 - Process refunds/exchanges for customers.
Recruitment Process
Skills profile for a Cashier
A cashier does not need to have any formal qualifications in order to be successful in the position, however, past on-the-job experience may be favourable. There are some common skills required for this position.
A successful candidate will need to understand the challenges that cashiers face today with maintaining hygienic distances and dealing with stressed customers. They also need to be willing to learn, be customer-centric, as well as being flexible with shift times, and able to fill in extra shifts from time to time.
A cashier should have excellent communication skills. They must be able to effectively liaise with a range of customers and people from various backgrounds, and confidently engage with a culturally diverse customer base. They must be able to be friendly with customers, but also maintain a professional manner.
Cashiers must also have strong customer service skills. They must prioritise customer service in every interaction, provide a happy service, and treat every customer with the same level of respect. They must make an effort to understand the customer's point of view in every circumstance, and respond to this in a positive manner.
Cashier Job Description
 - Why is this role being filled?
 - What makes your company unique?
 - What would it be like to work for you?
 - What technical skills are needed for this role?
 - Which soft skills are applicable?
 - Include availability preferences in this section
 - What are the key deliverables for this role?
 - Compensation & bonuses
 - Employee benefits & perks
 - Ongoing training benefits
As a cashier will be dealing with large sums of money on a daily basis, it is important to ensure that the candidate is comfortable and confident doing so. They may have to do some simple addition and subtraction sums in their head from time to time, so it is essential that they are able to do so and feel assured that they are charging the correct amount to the customer, or give back the correct change. It is important to outline this in the application, to ensure you hire somebody who is competent handling money.
Ensure to include in the job description what it is like to work for your company, what your company values and what your expectations are for the successful candidate. This will ensure you identify the right person for your company.
Sample skills assessment
Cashier 1
Question 1
Question Type: Document
What area do you think you will need the most support in if you were to commence in this role? Please explain this in the document below.
Cashier 2
Question 2
Question Type: Text
How would you communicate with someone who didn't speak your language?
Cashier 3
Question 3
Customer Service
Question Type: Video
How would you ensure you provided great customer service to every customer, even if they were disgruntled or angry?
Interview guide for a Cashier
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text: Published 17/05/2018 Free Breakfast Workshop at GreenTech During the GreenTech 2018 in Amsterdam RAI, Svensson, Hoogendoorn Growth Management, Koppert Biological Systems, Saint Gobain Cultilene jointly organize two free breakfast workshops in which the different aspects of Plant Empowerment will be explained. I N V I T A T I O N We are pleased to invite you to one of our breakfast workshops about Plant Empowerment on June 12th or 13th. The workshops will start at 8 AM with a breakfast, the workshop itself will start at 8.30 AM and ends at 11 AM. Workshop topics: Backgrounds and applications of plant empowerment What is the impact of the assimilates balance on crop health? How to irrigate based on the plant needs with supplementary lighting or diffuse climate screens? How to attain control over humidity and light transmission with efficient screening? What are the latest innovations in the area of screening and automation How do we make best use of the control potential of the substrate? How to have a more active plant climate at no cost? How to achieve a more homogenous climate in your greenhouse? How to reduce disease pressure by preventing crop condensation? How to obtain a more resilient crop?


text:
The amorphous magnetic wires are widely used as magnetic or magneto-mechanical sensors due to their very soft magnetic properties and high sensitivity to stress. 1-4.
A new design of a high sensitivity sensor with high capability to measure applied forces or load is proposed by this paper.
The sensor consists in four pieces of high permeability Co68.18Fe4.32Si12.5B15 amorphous magnetic wire, 120 Î¼m in diameter, 20 mm in length, glued prestressed on a pcb board having 0.3 mm in thickness, 7 mm in width and 30 mm in length (Figure 1). The ends of each wire is soldered on the PCB to form a Wheatstone bridge circuit. The opposite arms of the bridge are placed on the same side of the pcb to increase the bridge unbalance when stressed. Also, all wires forming the bridge arms are parallel and close one to another to minimize the effect of the surrounding magnetic field. By using different PCB support for the bridge, it is possible to tailor the sensitivity and force measuring range. A special designed electronic device was built to power the bridge using a high frequency sinusoidal signal and to extract and amplify the unbalanced voltage of the bridge.
The dependence of the output voltage/gain versus applied force, for a signal excitation frequency of 1 MHz, is shown is showin figure 2. The sensor shows linear behavior between Â± 0.15N and sensitivity of 43.7 mV/N, without gain, in the linear region.
Financial support by the NUCLEU Program (PN 19 28 01 01) is gratefully acknowledged.


text:
Computer Dictionary/Burst Extended Data Out DRAM
read or write cycles are batched in bursts of four. The bursts wrap around on a four byte boundary which means that only the two least significant bits of the CAS address are modified internally to produce each address of the burst sequence. Consequently, burst EDO bus speeds will range from 40MHz to 66MHz, well above the 33MHz bus speeds that can be accomplished using Fast Page Mode or EDO DRAM.
Burst EDO was introduced sometime before May 1995.
Discussion about "Computer Dictionary/Burst Extended Data Out DRAM":
None Discussion Now.


text:
The State of the dead and its relationship to the sanctuary doctrine in Seventh-day Adventist theology (_PHONE_) : a historical and theological study
MetadataShow full item record
There is a need to provide a historical-theological development of the state of the dead doctrine in the Seventh-day Adventist theology and how it relates to the doctrine of the sanctuary. This dissertation seeks to fill the lacuna by providing a chronological and historical-theological study in this denomination from 1844 to 1874. It examines the understanding of the Christian Connection group, Millerite movement, and Sabbatarian Adventists of the state of the dead based on primary and secondary documentary resources. The result of this study shows eight important points. First, the doctrine of the state of the dead came to the Sabbatarian Adventist pioneers through the writings of George Storrs. The Christian Connection played a background role since this group provided "space" for conditionalism to exist even though this doctrine was not generally accepted among them. Second, the Sabbatarian Adventist pioneers unanimously believed conditionalism after the Great Disappointment in October 1844 and practiced it through their writings, especially when they expressed the hope of resurrection and immortality for the loss of their loved ones. Third, there was an increase influence of the state of the dead in the Seventh-day Adventist theology. It began as "truth" from 1840s to 1850s and became an "important truth" from 1851 to 1853. It turned as a present truth in 1854 and since 1872, the influence became greater since 9 of the 25 statements of belief related to the state of the dead. The increasing amount of literature devoted to this topic during 1844 to 1874 indicated the growing influence of this doctrine in this church theology. The fourth result is that there were two external factors that led to the significance of the doctrine of the state of the dead in the Seventh-day Adventist theology. The rise of modern spiritualism and the inquiries of the uniqueness of this denomination were compared with other Adventists. Fifth, it showed the importance of Ellen White's role in showing the significance of this doctrine against spiritualism. Sixth, Seventh-day Adventists evaluated Storrs's idea and accepted only those that were in harmony with their biblical concept. The seventh finding is the relation of the state of the dead with the sanctuary doctrine through the cleansing of the sanctuary, atonement for the blotting out of sin, and pre-advent investigative judgment. They are related through the decision of the fate of humanity. Eight, the Sabbatarian Adventist pioneers believed that the cleansing of the sanctuary, atonement for the blotting out of sins, and pre-advent investigative judgment were identical in work and time. Each are related to the state of the dead respectively as well as collectively.


text:
The contact obstacles include the a-frame, dogwalk, teeter, and table. Before the use of running contacts, high level performance of these obstacles generally required a stop in the contact zone (the end parts of the contact that are painted a different color, usually yellow). The most common stopped performance requires the dog to keep the two rear feet on the contact while the two front feet are on the ground (commonly referred to as 2 on 2 off). This is more difficult on the teeter, especially for lighter medium-sized dogs, and it's impossible for very small dogs because of the rebound of the plank when it first hits the ground.
Running contacts apply to the a-frame and dogwalk only, as the table requires a 5 second wait for the dog and the teeter requires the dog to wait until the plank hits the ground before the dog can leave the obstacle. Running contacts let the dog run up and over the obstacles without stopping, and care must be taken to teach the dog to hit the contact zone while running, which takes a lot of training and understanding for both handler and dog. Today, running contacts are mostly taught by teaching the dog to touch a mat. The mat is transitioned to a plank, which is eventually elevated to resemble a dogwalk. From there, the mat can be placed on an actual dogwalk. For more information on training running contacts, start with our podcast with Silvia Trkman, the 3-time FCI World Champion from Slovenia, who popularized running contacts: Interview with Silvia Trkman
For all the contacts, the most common problems arise for the exact same reasons as problems in the start line behavior—confusion over criteria, and stress over making mistakes.
First, when dogs are confused about criteria, they often have good stopped contacts at home or practice but not at trials. That's because at home, the handler rarely continues running a course if the dog misses a contact, especially if their instructor is watching. Instead, they redo the contact, or at least require the dog to perform the very end behavior (getting into a 2 on 2 off position without doing the entire obstacle). In a trial, when dogs miss a contact, or the dog hits the contact but self-releases, handlers simply ignore the mistake and keep running. When that happens, the dog learns that the criteria for the stopped contact behavior has changed—there are two different sets of criteria, one for home and one for trials. Some dogs take a middle approach and slowly creep into the contact zone at trials, waiting for the release from the handler. The amount of time lost on contacts, especially the dogwalk, can be agonizing for trainers. The solution is simple: never reward a dog who fails to meet criteria, in practice or in trials.
Second, when contacts have been a point of conflict in training, dogs often become avoidant of the entire obstacle in a trial. They are reluctant to set up, they avoid eye contact, they sniff the ground, and they remain in position even after the release cue is given. For this group of dogs, you need to change the way you deal with mistakes in your training. We recommend listening to this podcast: How to Work Through Mistakes in Your Agility Training
Here are two resources for improving your contacts (an article/video and a podcast):
- A Quick Training Tip for Improving 2 On 2 Off Contact Performance
- Five Tips for Better Contact Performance
The teeter is a special obstacle because it causes many problems for fearful dogs who will do it in practice but not in trials. Dogs can fear the teeter for three reasons, and they must be addressed in teaching the teeter: the loud sound the teeter makes when it hits the ground, the actual movement of the teeter, and the height of the teeter. Teeters can also look like dogwalks to the dog as they approach them, so it's important that the dog understand the difference between the two obstacles based on verbal cues, which have to be given very early, not when the dog is about to step onto the obstacle. Learn more about teeter training and performance here: All About the Teeter


text:
Visual Expert for PowerBuilder allows you to find dynamic calls to DataWindows.
The "Dynamic DW" feature helps to find which DataWindow controls change their DataObject at runtime.
How to Find Dynamic Calls to DataWindows:
- Select "DataWindows" in the Main View.
- Click the "Dynamic DW" macro in the navigation bar.
- The result displayed, is divided into two parts:
- DataObjects called dynamically
- Methods calling DataObjects dynamically
Analyze DataObjects called dynamically:
- Select a DataWindow and click on 'Impact Analysis' in the navigation bar:
the methods calling this object are listed.
- Select a method: Its code is displayed and references to the DataObject are highlighted
- Mouse over the highlighted reference to display a tooltip which indicates where the DataObject is located.
- You can also navigate back to the highlighted DataWindow by clicking on its name as shown below:
Analyze Methods dynamically calling DataObjects:
- Select a method in the treeview: Its code is displayed and references to the DataObject are highlighted.
- Mouse over a reference: A tooltip shows some details about the DataObject.


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I'm trying to figure out whether an alarm clock 吵醒我， or 叫醒我。 I'd like to say the sentence my alarm clock woke me up at 5:30 today my translation so far is 今天早上五点半， 我手机的闹钟叫醒了我。 Can 叫醒 be done by inanimate objects? Is this construction used in chinese?
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Yes, that is fine; it is quite common to use 叫醒 with alarms.
In fact you can use both 吵醒 and 叫醒 here, although there's a small difference in connotations. It isn't a very strong distinction though, so you needn't be overly concerned.
Anyway, 叫醒 normally means the action was intended to wake you. In contrast 吵醒 carries the sense that being woken up is unplanned or unwanted, i.e. some noise woke you (implying you aren't happy about it). For example, if your neighbours' alarm woke you, you'd normally use 吵醒. If the hotel's morning call woke you, that's normally 叫醒.
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Great explanation. – deutschZuid Jul 20 '14 at 22:13
Would this be a better translation of the entire sentence: 今天早上五点半我被手机闹钟叫醒了。? IE use 被 to say I was woken BY the alarm? – Daniel Howard Jul 21 '14 at 15:55
_USER_ yes, that flows better imho – Semaphore Jul 21 '14 at 16:45
Is depend how you what to tell others on the clock. If you set the alarm and you like to tell your friend about it, and you mentioned
I need alarm to wake me up then use '叫醒' You not intend to wake up but someone accidentally turn on alarm for you then you use '吵醒'
'叫醒' use when you need someone to wake you
'吵醒' use it when you don't intend wake up but someone/something disturb your sleep.
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Students angry about biology exam question with no biology in it
GCSE students have become enraged after a question in their biology exam contained no biology.
The students have taken to Twitter to air their frustrations, and even started a full-blown Wikipedia edit war in reaction to the question, which many of them believe would be more at home in Business Studies.
Wiki war
The exam, which took place on Tuesday, asked the question: "What is meant by the term independent business?"
The question, which many students weren't prepared for, prompted a lot of outrage on twitter and an edit war on the Independent Business wikipedia page.
In case you're wondering how Independent Business is related to biology, Wikipedia defines it as:
Nope, that's not right... someone must have edited the page. Let's try again. An independent business is:
"An independent business is a Stupid Fucking question made up by the AQA writers whilst they were drunk with the 15 year old pissheads. I HATE AQA."
That definition isn't right either. Personal favourite definition:
Y u do dis, Assessment and Qualifications Alliance??
The actual definition is:
"An independent business is a business that is free from outside control. It usually means a privately owned establishment, as opposed to a publicly limited company, which is owned by investment shares traded in the stock market. In many cases, independent businesses are sole proprietorship companies."
What is this, Business Studies??
The question on the GCSE paper related to a drugs trial company (which is tangentially related to biology, we guess?) but most students were angry that their biology paper was asking business studies questions.
Others are revising English texts for their chemistry exams.
Someone has even created a "Hitler reacts to AQA biology" video in which Hitler's terrified lackeys have to break the news that Hitler's biology revision has all been for nothing.
Meanwhile, the examiner from AQA took to editing Wikipedia to defend the question.
Loved this? You'll love these freebies even more.


Category: Photography
 iOS Universal
CamRuler lets you measure (almost) anything that you can take a photo of. Now you don't need to carry a ruler around just to get a measurement - your phone's got you covered.
CamRuler produces measurements by utilizing a reference object of known dimensions in the image you wish to measure. The app comes pre-loaded with common objects such as:
-Coins and paper currency (US, CAN, UK, EU, AUS, MEX)
-Common paper sizes (8.5x11, Legal size, business card, index card)
All you need to do is take a photo (or have someone send you one) with your chosen reference object in it.
You can also create your own custom objects of known dimensions (so if your country's currency isn't pre-loaded, you can add it).
Another measurement option is using a custom reference length, which can be used to get distance measurements from maps with scale bars, as well as length measurements on microscope photos (micrographs and electron micrographs) given a length reference. CamRuler's custom reference length mode also works well if there is an image of a ruler in the photo.
CamRuler allows users to choose between many common units of measurement, both metric and imperial:
-Metric: nanometers, micrometers, millimeters, centimeters, meters, kilometers
-Imperial: inches, feet, yards, miles, nautical miles
You can also set a custom scale (architectural scale) for whatever you are measuring - things such as blueprints, designs, scale models and get the relevant measurement. CamRuler comes pre-loaded with common scales and also allows you to set your own.
CamRuler allows you to set a label for your measurements and save them as a screenshot to your phone's camera roll. You can also save images for future measurement.
CamRuler allows you to take new photos or use images in your phone's camera roll. This makes it easy to ask someone to send you a photo from a remote location - then you can measure it on the fly. Pretty useful!
Limitations: The measurements you make must be in the same plane (or as close as possible) as the reference object you select. Also, measurements will be more accurate when the reference object takes up more space in the image.
The accuracy of the measurements provided by CamRuler depend on the user's ability to correctly target the reference object. While it's possible to get accurate measurements with CamRuler, the measurements should be considered an estimate only, and should not be used where precision is required. Using a quarter as a reference object, accuracies within a millimeter can be achieved.
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text:
LYNCHES CHAPEL, TX
LYNCHES CHAPEL, TEXAS. Lynches Chapel was six miles west of Alto in southwestern Cherokee County. The site was first settled in the late 1840s or early 1850s by immigrants from the Old South. A Methodist Episcopal church, founded around 1860 and known as Lynches Chapel, became the focus of the community. A school, Hendrick School, operated in the community from 1884 to 1916. In the mid-1930s Lynches Chapel comprised the church, a sawmill, a cotton gin, a gristmill, a furniture shop, and a number of houses. After World War II many of the residents left the area, but in the 1990s the church and a few scattered dwellings still remained.
Cherokee County History (Jacksonville, Texas: Cherokee County Historical Commission, 1986). Marker Files, Texas Historical Commission, Austin.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Christopher Long, "LYNCHES CHAPEL, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 18, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


(1) Let y^2: = x^3+ 4x)" alt="Cy^2: = x^3+ 4x)" />, with the simplified group law (2.13) Show that the tangent line to C at P = (2,4) passes through (0,0), and deduce that P is a point of order 4 in the group law.
(2) Let C: (y^2=x^3+ax+b)\in \mathbb{R}^2 be nonsingular; find all points of order 2 in the group law, and understand what group they form (there are two cases to consider). Now explain geometrically how you would set about finding all points of order 4 on C.
I linked the text that we use in class above. If anyone can point me in the right direction or walk me through this, I would appreciate it. Thank you!


text:
Mitochondrial DNA analysis of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Baltic Sea, the Kattegat–Skagerrak Seas and off the west coast of Norway
- Cite this article as:
- Wang, J. & Berggren, P. Marine Biology (1997) 127: 531. doi:10.1007/s002270050042
- 152 Downloads
Incidental mortality of harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena, from captures in fishing gear has been documented consistently as severe in some European waters. Since fishing effort varies greatly among regions, management units must be defined for more effective conservation of this species. In this study, analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction fragments was performed to investigate the population structure of harbour porpoises in the Baltic Sea, the joint Kattegat–Skagerrak Seas and off the west coast of Norway. Mitochondrial DNA of 65 harbour porpoises collected from three regions was analysed with nine restriction enzymes. Analysis of the heterogeneity in the frequency distribution of haplotypes among provisional subpopulations revealed significant differences, which supports the recognition of three different subpopulations and thus three separate management units. Furthermore, indices of haplotypic diversity (range: 0.211 to 0.628) and nucleotide diversity (range: 0.070 to 0.168) of these provisional subpopulations were much lower than for western North Atlantic subpopulations, which is consistent with the view that harbour porpoises in European waters, particularly in the Baltic Sea, are depleted.


text:
Air Compressor Duty Cycle Reduction in Passenger Bus Application
Today urban buses are equipped with more air consuming devices for an example pneumatic doors, exhaust brake, air suspension and in SCR system to name a few. This has resulted in higher air demand leading to high compressor duty cycles which cause conditions (such as higher compressor head temperatures) that may adversely affect air brake charging system performance. These conditions may require additional maintenance due to a higher amount of oil vapor droplets being passed along into the air brake system. Factors that add to the duty cycle are air suspension, additional air accessories, use of an undersized compressor, frequent stops, excessive air leakage from fittings, connections, lines, chambers or valves, etc. This paper discussed about methodology used to reduce air consumption of air consuming devices used in urban bus application. Performance assessment of air consuming devices with minimum available air pressure was conducted and found satisfactory.


text:
Wisconsin honors Hoard
Wisconsin honors Hoard
Sunday, October 10, 2010, marked the first official observance of W. D. Hoard Day in the State of Wisconsin. Although this is the first official recognition of W.D. Hoard Day, in reality, Wisconsin residents have been observing this holiday for many decades as dairy continues to be a major economic driver in the Badger state's economy. Agriculture accounts for 12.5 percent of the state's economy, representing $59.16 billion and dairy accounts for $26.5 billion of that total or nearly 45 percent of agriculture's economic activity.
"Governor Hoard was a great champion of our dairy industry, and his hard work helped make Wisconsin the dairy leader it is today," said Governor Jim Doyle. "I am proud to sign this bill into law to establish Governor Hoard's birthday as a holiday," Doyle said at the bill signing earlier this year.
William Dempster Hoard was born in Stockbridge, N.Y., October 10, 1836, and he migrated to Wisconsin in 1857. An admirer of Lincoln, he traveled far to hear him debate and was among the first in his community to respond to Lincoln's call for troops in 1861. After joining the 4th Wisconsin Infantry (later cavalry), he was stricken with break-bone fever in 1862 and was forced to leave the service but re-enlisted in 1864 and served through to the end of the Civil War.
After several minor business ventures, he launched a weekly newspaper, the Jefferson County Union, at Lake Mills, in 1870. Three years later, he moved to Fort Atkinson where the newspaper has since been published. One year later, in order to combat the depletion and erosion of soil resources brought about by a one-crop system of agriculture, W. D. Hoard founded the first dairymen's association in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. One year later, he led the "seven wise men" in founding the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association. Through it the dairy industry became the backbone of a permanent, soil-building and conserving type of agriculture.
In 1873, W.D. Hoard secured a reduction in freight rates and obtained the first refrigerator car ever to ship Wisconsin cheese to eastern markets. And Wisconsin has been shipping cheese out of state ever since with 90 percent of Wisconsin's milk being turned into cheese to this very day.
In 1885, his crusading for a prosperous, soil-building agriculture prompted the founding of Hoard's Dairyman, the national dairy farm magazine. His qualities of leadership were quickly recognized by his state and the nation.
Upon being elected Governor of Wisconsin in 1888, he pioneered in the fight against food adulteration which was commonplace throughout the nation. The nation's first Dairy and Food Commission, which he created, became a defender in the public interest against the rapidly spreading malignancy of misbranding and adulteration of human food.


DiMaker DiMaker В чём разница?
API
Die Dokumentation wurde automatisch mithilfe von maschinellem Lernen übersetzt.
Using the DiMaker API, you can create files with personal data and send them to recipients. API requests can be made from another server or from the browser using CORS requests.
Getting started
In the "Integration" - "API Tokens" section, you need to obtain a secure token for requests and allow the use of this token. In addition, you need to create a document containing variables for personal data, as well as an email template for email distribution and a folder in the Drive to store the created files.
Creating files
To create files, you need to send POST or GET requests to the address
_URL_
with the data specified below. Request encoding - UTF-8. Required fields are marked with an asterisk.
 - secure*
 Token (string, 36 characters)
 - doc_id*
 Document ID (string, 36 characters) that will be used to create the file. You can get the ID from the address bar when the document is open. The document must not be in the trash but can be in any Documents folder.
 - mask*
 JSON string containing all variables for replacement in the form of key (variable) - value (text to replace). The string can contain data for creating multiple files (without restriction on the number).
 Example for one file:
 [{"%full name": "Ivanov", "%points":"100"}]
 Example for multiple files:
 [{"%full name": "Ivanov", "%points":"100"}, {"%full name": "Petrov", "%points":"200"}, {"%full name": "Sidorov", "%points":"300"}]
 To specify the email address use %email, for the file name - %filename. To send the created files to multiple email addresses, list them separated by commas. In this case, the sending status in Drive will be displayed for the first email address.
 Only double quotes can be used in accordance with the standard. If the value of the key contains quotes, they must be escaped.
 You can use either a direct link (http:// or https://) or a Base64 encoded image to insert an image into the image block.
 Alternative method
 If it is not possible to send a JSON string, replacement strings can be sent as request fields. Each replacement variable must start with the mask_ prefix, for example, mask_name and contain the value of the replacement. The variable will be searched in the document after the prefix. For example, the mask_name corresponds to the variable %name. To specify the email address in this case, use mask_email, and for the file name - mask_filename.
 - mail_id
 Email template ID (string, 36 characters) for email distribution. You can get the ID from the address bar when the template is open. If the variable is not passed, the email will not be sent.
 - email_send
 The time when to send the email with the file. Can accept the following values:
 onfinish - Send all emails after creating all files (default)
 oncreate - Send emails immediately after creating the file. When creating one file onfinish and oncreate are identical.
 timeout - Send emails after a period of time. In this case, two more parameters must be passed:
 email_timeout_value - numerical value of the period at which to send emails, integer value
 email_timeout_value - unit of measurement of the period. Can take the value "m" (minutes), "h" (hours), "d" (days).
 Alternatively, to specify the exact time of sending, you need to pass the time in unix time format in email_timeout_timestamp. If timeout and email_timeout_timestamp are passed, the priority will be given to the latter.
 - folder_id
 ID of the folder in Drive (string, 36 characters) to save the files. If the folder does not exist, it will be automatically created when the first file is created.
 - page_id
 Ordinal number of the sheet (number or string) if the document has multiple sheets. You can pass one number (the first sheet is 0), or numbers (separated by commas) of sheets that you want to use to create the file.
 - result
 Determines how to return the result. Can take the values:
 - The value is missing. A JSON string with the request result will be returned (see below)
 - link. If the request is successful, a string containing a link to the created file will be returned (if several files were created in the request, a link to the first one will be returned). To retrieve the file itself, you need to go to the specified link. It takes 1 to 5 seconds to prepare the files themselves. Until the file is created, the request to this address will return a 404 error. If the request does not lead to the creation of the file, a JSON string with an error will be returned (see below).
 - file. If the request is successful, the finished file will be returned (only the first one if several files were created). Since creating a
 Ergebnis
 Als Ergebnis wird der Server einen JSON-String zurückgeben, der mögliche Werte annimmt:
 - result
 Das Ergebnis der Anfrage, das folgende Werte annehmen kann:
 error - Fehler bei der Anfrage. Dateien wurden nicht erstellt.
 success - erfolgreiche Anfrage zum Erstellen von Dateien. Abhängig von der Verwendung des API können Sie den erfolgreichen Dateierstellungsprozess melden oder ein Formular zum Abrufen der Dateien anzeigen.
 - create_id
 Generierte ID. Nur bei erfolgreicher Anfrage. Kann für andere API-Anfragen nützlich sein.
 - files
 Ein Array, das die IDs der zu erstellenden Dateien enthält. Nur bei erfolgreicher Anfrage. Um die Datei im JPG-Format zu erhalten, ist ein Abruf über _URL_ erforderlich. Um die PDF-Datei herunterzuladen, muss dem Link pdf/ hinzugefügt werden. Das API gibt die ID der Datei sofort zurück, aber das Erstellen der Dateien selbst dauert etwa 1 bis 5 Sekunden pro Datei. Bis zur Erstellung der Datei gibt es am Link _URL_ eine 404-Fehlermeldung zurück.
 - url
 URL-String zur Anzeige des Download-Widgets. Nur bei erfolgreicher Anfrage. Ein Iframe mit der angegebenen URL muss erstellt werden. Nur das Klicken auf den Link führt nicht zum Ergebnis. Die Domain der Website, auf der die Datei erhalten wird, muss in den API-Einstellungen korrekt angegeben sein.
 Das Erstellen jeder Datei dauert 1 Sekunde plus einige Sekunden für die Verarbeitung der gesamten Gruppe. Direkt nach Absendung der Anfrage können Sie das Iframe mit der angegebenen URL öffnen. Wenn die Datei noch nicht erstellt wurde, wird eine entsprechende Meldung ausgegeben. Sobald die Dateien fertig sind, können sie heruntergeladen werden.
 Sie können das Download-Widget in einem Dialogfeld über der Seite anzeigen. Hierfür muss das Iframe mit den folgenden zusätzlichen Styles erstellt werden: position:fixed; width:100%; height:100%; top:0; bottom:0; right:0; left:0; z-index:10000; background: rgb(0 0 0 / 72%); Der Adressleiste muss ?view=modal hinzugefügt werden. Und dieses Iframe muss im Body platziert werden.
 - error_text
 Nur im Fehlerfall. Textbeschreibung des Fehlers. Mögliche Fehler: inkorrektes Secure-Token, Maske für die Ersetzung, Dokumenten-ID, Vorlagenbrief-ID, Ordner-ID im Laufwerk oder interner Serverfehler.
 Beispiel für zurückgegebene Daten bei erfolgreicher Anfrage:
 {
 "result":"success",
 "create_id":"b4caf05b-6757-4d9c-b4bc-1924a9b31796",
 "url":"_URL_
 "files":[
 "369dc


text:
The anatomy of »blue ring« in the wood of Pinus nigra
Anatomija »modre branike« v lesu črnega bora Pinus nigra
Keywords:lignification, tree ring, pointer year, cell wall, tracheids, pits
Tree-ring features are widely used to identify specific climate, environment and stress events affecting plant life. Cold temperatures can mainly affect the last phase of cell differentiation by interfering in the process of cell wall lignin deposition. Recently, it was found out that the effect of cold temperature on lignification is visible in wood microsections double stained with astra blue which stains cellulose, and red safranin which stains lignin. This new tree-ring feature was called »blue ring«. In this study, we investigated the anatomical morphology of blue rings in transverse and longitudinal wood microsections of three European black pine trees (Pinus nigra Arnold) growing above the treeline. We aim to understand if the lack of lignification is consistent along the entire tracheid length and whether or not pits, responsible for water transport from one tracheid to another, are lignified. The results show that the lack of lignification extends along the entire tracheids cell wall, including bordered pits. Based on our observations we speculate that blue ring occurrence decreases the safety of water transport and wood mechanical properties.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2018 Alan Crivellaro, Marco Reverenna, Flavio Ruffinatto, Carlo Urbinati, Alma Piermattei
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


text:
U.S.-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP): Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas and Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs Hardeep Singh Puri co-chaired a virtual Ministerial meeting with U.S. Secretary of Energy Ms. Jennifer Granholm to launch the revamped U.S.-India Strategic Clean Energy Partnership (SCEP).
- The SCEP is launched in accordance with U.S.-India Climate and Clean Energy Agenda 2030 Partnership announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Joe Biden at the Leaders Summit on Climate held in April 2021.
- The SCEP organizes inter-governmental engagement across the following five pillars of cooperation:
- Power and Energy Efficiency
- Responsible Oil and Gas
- Renewable Energy
- Sustainable Growth
- Emerging Fuels
- The Indian Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoPNG) and the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) also announced the launch of the India-US Task Force on Biofuels to build on the scope of work on cooperation in the biofuels sector.
- Furthermore, the two sides also announced the rechristening of the Gas Task Force to India-US Low Emissions Gas Task Force, which would continue to forge collaboration between U.S. and Indian companies on innovative projects to support India's vision of a gas-based economy.
- Both sides have initiated the institutionalization of the India Energy Modeling Forum with the constitution of Six Task Forces for carrying out research and modeling in different areas.
- They agreed to continue to develop better understandings on methane abatement under this Task Force.
- Building on the success of the first phase, both sides agreed to expand the scope of the work to include smart grid and grid storage as part of the second phase of the Partnership to Advance Clean Energy (PACE)-R initiative anchored on the Indian side by the Department of Science & Technology (DST).
- The meeting also reviewed the progress of the India-US Civil Nuclear Energy Cooperation.


Most Shared
Weather Alert
LOCAL 12 - Search Results
Social Media Used to Send Positive Message: _TAG_
BETHEL, Ohio (Adam Clements) -- Social Media can be a source of negativity and vicious bullying.
But now tri-state schools hope to use that same social media to spread positive messages to students. Local 12's Adam Clements gives us a look at a special initiative from the coalition for a drug free greater Cincinnati called, Your Live, Your Choice."
Ten years ago, if you got caught in class with a cell phone it usually meant a one way ticket to the principals office. In today's tech savvy world things like iPads and cell phones are actually encouraged, when they can be used for good.
Principal Susen Arn says it's a perfect way to reach her students in a language they can all understand.
Each day students at Bethel Tate High School will be given a message like this one, Be yourself, an original is worth more than a copy. They're encouraged to share that message on Facebook and twitter with the hashtag, _TAG_
Topics range from drugs and alcohol to how the students treat one another. A school administrator can only preach positivity so much. Susen says when her students hear the message from their peers, that's when she knows it's working.
Students who repost the positive message with the hashtag _TAG_ can actually win cash prizes. The program lasts through next Friday.
Watch video HERE
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Uninstall-Directory
Removes a directory, if it exists.
Syntax
Uninstall-Directory [-Path] <String> [-Recurse] [<CommonParameters>]
Description
The Uninstall-Directory function removes a directory. If the directory doesn't exist, it does nothing. If the directory has any files or sub-directories, you will be prompted to confirm the deletion of the directory and all its contents. To avoid the prompt, use the -Recurse switch.
Uninstall-Directory was added in Carbon 2.1.0.
Parameters
Name Type Description Required? Pipeline Input Default Value
Path String
The path to the directory to create.
true false
Recurse SwitchParameter
Delete the directory and everything under it.
false false False
EXAMPLE 1
Uninstall-Directory -Path 'C:\Projects\Carbon'
Demonstrates how to remove/delete a directory. In this case, the directory C:\Projects\Carbon will be deleted, if it exists.
EXAMPLE 2
Uninstall-Directory -Path 'C:\Projects\Carbon' -Recurse
Demonstrates how to remove/delete a directory that has items in it. In this case, the directory C:\Projects\Carbon and all of its files and sub-directories will be deleted, if the directory exists.


text:
Gold has been known since prehistory. The symbol is derived from Latin aurum (gold).
AuI 9.2 eV, AuII 20.5 eV, AuIII 30.0 eV.
Absorption lines of AuI
In the sun, the equivalent width of AuI 3122(1) is 0.005.
Behavior in non-normal stars
The probable detection of Au I was announced by Jaschek and Malaroda (1970) in one Ap star of the Cr-Eu-Sr subgroup. Fuhrmann (1989) detected Au through the ultimate line of Au II at 1740(2) in several Bp stars of the Si and Ap stars of the Cr-Eu-Sr subgroups. The presence of Au seems to be associated with that of platinum and mercury.
Au has one stable isotope, Au197 and 20 short-lived isotopes and isomers.
Au can only be produced by the r process.
Published in "The Behavior of Chemical Elements in Stars", Carlos Jaschek and Mercedes Jaschek, 1995, Cambridge University Press.


text:
Interlayer bonding strength of 3D printed PEEK specimens†
Recent advances in extrusion-based filament 3D printing technology enable the processability of high-performance polymers. Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is an important group of high-performance polymer that has been widely used in aerospace, automotive, and biomedical applications. The interlayer bonding strength of 3D printed PEEK is crucial for load-bearing applications, yet studies on 3D printed PEEK are sparse due to processing challenges. In this study, the three-point flexural test is used to study the interlayer bonding strength of 3D-printed PEEK specimens with respect to the printing process parameters, including nozzle temperature, print speed, layer height, and wait-time. A design of experiment (DOE) approach is developed to study correlations between printing parameters and the end-use properties, including flexural stress (σf) and strain at break (εf), flexural modulus (Ef), and crystallinity (χ). Our results show that the nozzle temperature, layer height, and wait-time significantly affect the interlayer bonding strength, with nozzle temperature being the most influential parameter to enhance interlayer bonding strength indicated by a significant increase in σf, εf, and χ. Thermal annealing post-printing is shown to increase the degree of χ and Ef, yet its effect on interlayer bonding strength is minimal, indicating that the interlayer bonding strength is primarily determined during the printing process. This study demonstrates the use of a three-point flexural test integrated with a versatile and robust DOE approach to study the interlayer bonding strength of PEEK to reduce product development time while improving mechanical properties.


Principles of Biochemistry/Proteins-DNA Specificity
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
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Protein-DNA specificity can be categorized into two main categories: Base readout (proteins that are able to recognize DNA bases) and shape readout (proteins that are able to recognize DNA shape). These two categories are further divided into other sub-categories. For Base Readout, there are interactions in the major and minor grooves. Interactions in the minor groove are composed of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic effects. Interactions in the major groove are composed of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions as well as water-mediated interactions. I added the sentence saying that: Water-mediated interactions are only useful in base readout for the major grooves of DNA because they indicate proton donors and acceptors within the groove. However, these water-mediated interactions are useless for base readout in the minor groove because they become unrecognizable in its narrow depths.Global shape recognition can depend on the overall structure of the DNA molecule, taking the form of A-DNA, Z-DNA, or bending within the helix. On the other hand, local shape readout depends on the more localized shape differences such as minor grooves, major grooves, and kinks within the DNA helix.
[1]
Protein-DNA Specificity Depends On Shape Readout
Global Shape Local Shape
A-DNA-seen in certain protein complexes under dehydrated conditions Minor Grooves-Narrow and Deep in B-DNA but Wide and Shallow in A-DNA
Z-DNA-Thought to have been created by the supercoiling of B-DNA Major Grooves-Wide and Shallow in B-DNA, but Narrow and Deep in A-DNA
Bending –curving of the DNA helix backbone over several base pairs Kinks- a base pair step is missed in the stacking of the helix backbone
[2]
From left to right, a straight B-DNA strand, a bent B-DNA strand, and a kinked B-DNA strand
Protein-DNA Specificity Depends On Base Readout
Minor Groove Major Groove
Patterns for water-mediated interactions become unrecognizable in the minor groove Water-Mediated Interactions- indicate to the availability of proton donors and acceptors
Hydrogen Bonding- repelling of polar molecules from binding site Hydrogen Bonding- repelling of polar molecules from binding site
Hydrophobic Interactions- permits the binding of non-polar substances Hydrophobic Interactions- permits the binding of non-polar substances
[3]
Kinks in the DNA strand are stabilized through a process called intercalation in which the DNA strand will become deformed in order to make contact between its phosphate groups. Sometimes there is complete intercalation in which the DNA shape is changed to allow for phosphordiester bonds. However, there is another type of intercalation in which the DNA strand behaves as a binding site. In this case, a protein can bind to the site of the kink and either preserve or further deform the overall shape of the DNA."
[4] Hydrogen bonds in the major groove allow greater specificity due to the presence of four base pairs and the unique pattern between hydrogen bond donors and hydrogen bond acceptors.
A protein bound to a strand of B-DNA, stabilizing it through intercalation.
Protein can bind to DNA based on the conformation of the strand of DNA in question. The bends, kinks, and overall structure of a strand of DNA allows for the binding of certain proteins. However, the binding of proteins to a strand of DNA often changes the structure of the DNA. The binding of certain proteins can cause bends, kinks, deformations, and intercalations within the DNA strand. The binding of a protein to a section of the DNA may completely change which proteins that stand of DNA can bind to from then on.
Cooperativity is the process by which multiple DNA-binding proteins bind through these processes to make higher order nucleoprotein complexes. These large conglomerates of DNA and protein are capable of undergoing reactions that their individual quaternary selves would not be able to. [5]
Hydrophobic interactions in the major groove play a key role in sequence specific recognition of DNA strand. Hydrophobic interactions allow protein side chains to distinguish between base pairs thymine and cytosine.
The displacement in the minor groove among water molecules due to hydrogen bonding provides a strong thermodynamic driving force for DNA binding.
Factors that contribute to specificity:
 1. Hydrogen Bonds
 2. Hydrophobic interactions
 3. Sequence dependent DNA structures
 4. Deformability of DNA