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TRIM THE TREE
A holiday game for 1-5 players
by Jeffrey D. Allers
If you like puzzle games, or if you simply enjoy the surprise of seeing what kinds of ornaments are in each box as you decorate your Christmas tree, you might enjoy "Trim the Tree." Play alone or with up to 4 opponents and try to score the most points by having the tree with the most balanced decorations in color and shape.
5 Christmas Tree boards:
5 Star scoring markers:
5 Star scoring markers:
80 Ornament counters (in 4 different shapes and 4 different colors):
1 Ornament Box tile with overview of the scoring:
Each player takes a Christmas Tree and a Star.
Place the Star next to the scoring space marked „0" on the Tree.
With only 3 players, take one set of 16 Ornaments out of the game.
With only 2 players, take out two sets (32 Ornaments total).
If playing solataire, take out 3 sets (or 4 sets for a more calculating version).
Place all the remaining Ornaments in the Bag and give to the starting player.
Place the Ornament Box in the middle.
1) Open a box of Ornaments: the starting player draws as many Ornaments from the Bag as the number of players and places them on the Box.
2) Trimming the Tree: starting with the starting player and continuing clockwise, each player chooses an Ornament from the Box and places it on an empty space on her Tree.
A space is represented by the intersection of 2 or 3 lines on the Tree.
After the first Ornament is placed, players must place each new Ornament on a space adjacent to an Ornament already on her Tree.
3) Scoring: if an Ornament placed completes one or more triangles on the Tree, that player may score points for the triangle(s) if all 3 Ornaments in each triangle are of a different color and shape.
One triangle completed in this ways scores 1 point. If an Ornament completes two triangles, and each of these includes Ornaments of different colors and shapes (but Ornaments of one triangle may match the color and or shape of Ornaments of the other triangle), the two triangles score 3 points. Three triangles completed by the same ornament score 5 points. Four triangles score 7 points. Five triangles score 9 points. And six triangles score 11 points.
See Ornament Box for a summary of the scoring.
Any points scored by completed triangles are marked by moving the Star along the outside of the Tree so that it points to that player's current score.
Example: a player places a blue box ornament that completes two triangles on his tree at the same time. One triangle has a red bell and a yellow candle, the other has a blue bulb and red candle. The first triangle scores because all of the ornaments are of a different color and shape. The second triange does not score because it has two blue ornaments. The player scores 1 point total for the two completed triangles and moves his star one space around his tree. If that player had placed a purple box instead of a blue one, he would have scored 3 points total for both triangles.
Note: a player must always place an Ornament from the Box. The last player in the round does not have a choice as to which Ornament to take.
BEGINNING THE NEXT ROUND:
After the last Ornament is taken from the Box, pass the Bag to the player on the left.
END OF GAME:
When all the Christmas Trees are filled with Ornaments, the game ends. The player with the highest score places her Star on the Tree and wins the game. If there is more than one player tied for the highest score, the tied players share the victory.
The original idea and first prototype originated naturally at Christmastime several years back, when I found some nice wooden bits and Christmas tree-shaped box at a local hobby shop. Seasonal games are notoriously difficult to market, and publishers usually avoid them, so my motivation was strictly personal--to create a fun game for myself, friends and family to play over the holidays. The early version pictured above actually works fine as a game, but did not have the elegance and efficiency I was looking for. So, just as I have done every year this time of year, I brought out the bits and began thinking again about changes I could make. This year, in the interest of improving the design, I finally "let go" of my beautiful bits in favor of cardboard counters (or one could print the ornaments on wooden or plastic chips as well), and I think this is much more "my type of game," if there is such a thing.
And since I doubted a publisher would be interested, I decided to "self-publish" on my blog. Enjoy!


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Brinstone is a particularly hard form of stone with above solid density found on numerous worlds, including but certainly not limited to Tallon IV, Aether/Dark Aether and Bryyo. Since its compact atomic structure makes it strong, it is used as a reliable building material in constructing foundations but rarely on war-torn worlds due to its relative fragility to even the smallest of concussive blasts.
A common way to shatter Brinstone obstacles is to fire a missile, which is the only way known to famous space hunter Samus Aran could figure to move through the obstacles during several missions where she encountered the substance, considering her current weapons complement at those times.
- Kreuger displacement: 49.57
- Atomic weight: 99.987
- Vacuum potential: 87.69
- Origin: Unknown
- Metroid Prime (First appearance)
- Metroid Prime 2: Echoes
- Metroid Prime 3: Corruption

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
- Each pixel represents a cell
- Each cell has one of 16 colors (numbered 1 to 16), which are assigned randomly at the start.
- The left and right edge and the top and bottom edge of the "playing field" are connected.
- At each turn, every cell that has at least one neighbour cell with a color that is one higher changes its color to that "next higher" color. Additionally color 1 is considered "next higher" to color 16.
As you can see, the random coloring of the cells quickly turns into little same-color pools, but then spiral-like structures emerge that soon fill the entire playing field, even though the rules do not mention any spiral-like structures.


Can YOU hit a home run? 2D Baseball Problem
 scripts
 sprites
See inside
Instructions
Click the green flag and proceed with the representation of this problem: Home run hitter Buster Posey recently enrolled in a physics class with hopes of improving his baseball performance with science. He needs to know the minimum velocity the ball needs to leave his bat at to hit a home run (clear the fence) under a certain set of conditions. Given that the fence is 376 feet away, the height of the pitch is the same height as the fence (assume the pitch is thrown in a straight line), the total time elapsed in the air is 4.856 seconds, and the angle of elevation off the ground is 45 degrees, what does the minimum initial velocity of the ball need to be to clear the fence? You will need to convert the gravity constant to feet per second squared (1in=2.54cm). Type your answer in the provided section below the screen (disregard units with the answer you input, and it needs to be ≤ 117 ft/s to stay on the screen). This program will show you whether your answer is correct or incorrect with a 2D representation of this very problem.
Notes and Credits
Shared: 27 Oct 2014 Modified: 2 Nov 2014
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Back to Tap Water
The Back to Tap Water campaign was a joint effort by ESAC, the Environmental Proctors, and the Environmental Club. It grew naturally out of a recycling campaign which was intended to raise awareness of our recycling program and encourage community members to recycle. The analysis of the One Week's Worth of Containers that showed that 40% of recycled containers were disposable water bottles led to our subsequent efforts to reduce the unnecessary and wasteful use of disposable water bottles, hence, the Back to Tap Water Campaign.
One Week's Worth of Containers
During one week in November 2009, Deerfield set up large bins in front of the Dining Hall to display all the metal, glass, and plastic containers we captured for recycling during one week. At the end of the week, students from the Environmental Studies classes helped to count and categorize these containers. The result showed that 80% of the containers recycled were plastic and that 40% of the containers were disposable water bottles such as Dasani® and Poland Springs® bottled water. It was clear that there was an opportunity to make a meaningful change.
Blind Water Taste Test
To begin to understand the prevalence of bottled water usage, we looked at two things–taste and perceptions. One hundred sixty-eight members of the Deerfield Academy community participated in the blind water taste test set up in the Dining Hall during a Wednesday walkthrough lunch. Participants were given a score card to rank in order of preference four unlabeled pitchers of water. The only information given them was that there was both bottled and tap water among the four. The clear winner was filtered tap water from the Dining Hall. Last in preference was unfiltered tap water, which is the water available in the dorms and water fountains around campus.
Drinking Water Survey
To explore what barriers might prevent Deerfield community members from using our tap water, two student members of ESAC compiled a list of questions to survey community members. Two hundred twenty-one people responded to the questions. Key results are highlighted below:
How often do you drink bottled water?
- Rarely to never: 34%
- At least once a day: 32%
- At least once a week: 54%
If you knew that Deerfield's unfiltered tap water as safe to drink as bottled water, would you then drink tap water as opposed to bottled water?
If faucets with filtered water were present in all dormitories, would you be more likely to give up bottled water in favor of refilling a reusable bottle?
- Yes: 71%
- No: 9%
- Not in Dorm: 20%
Following water quality testing of our tap water that confirmed it was of fine quality, ESAC forwarded its recommendations to the community.
Given the community's taste preference for filtered tap water, the perception that bottled water is safer than tap, and the exceeding overuse of bottled water on campus, the Academy implemented ESAC's recommendation that one sink per floor per dorm be outfitted with an under-the-sink filtration system to improve the taste by removing chlorine. The Academy also followed ESAC's recommendation and installed Hydration Stations (as opposed to water fountains) at key locations around campus.
The Dining Services outlets on campus ceased all sales of bottled water. Parents are reminded as part of the back-to-school announcements that the use of bottled water is actively discouraged on campus.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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What is the difference between UCC SSL certificates and Unlimited Wildcard Sub Domains SSL certificates?
UCC SSLs and Wildcard SSLs serve different purposes when securing website addresses.
UCC SSLs secure a limited (5,10,15, etc.) amount of specific domain names. These do not necessary need to be sub domains. For example, you may secure domain1.com, domain1.net, domain2.com and shop.domain2.com.
A Wildcard SSL only secures subdomains of the given domain name, but can secure an unlimited number of subdomains. For example, a Wildcard SSL would secure domain1.com, shop.domainX.com, email.domainX.com as well as any other subdomain of *.domainX.com, but could not secure domainY.com.
So a UCC may be a lot better deal if you need to secure multiple different domains. A wildcard SSL may be the best choice to secure multiple sub domains on the same root domain name.
Unified Communications Certificates (UCC) are SSL Certificates that secure multiple domains and multiple hostnames within a domain. They allow you to secure a primary domain, and up to 99 additional Subject Alternative Names, in a single certificate. UC Certificates are ideal for Microsoft® Exchange Server 2007, Exchange Server 2010, and Microsoft Live® Communications Server.
A Wildcard SSL certificate secures your website URL, and an unlimited number of its subdomains. A single Wildcard certificate can secure both _URL_, and blog.coolexample.com.
Wildcard certificates secure all of the subdomains at the level you specify when you submit your request. Just add an asterisk (*) in the subdomain area of the common name where you want to specify the wildcard. For example:
If you configure *.yourdomainname.com, you can secure
If you configure *.www.yourdomainname.com, you can secure
Wildcard certificates secure websites the same as a regular SSL certificate, and requests are processed using the same validation methods. However, some Web servers might require a unique IP address for each subdomain on the Wildcard certificate.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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It's not quite the Stone of Destiny, but an investigation has started to find an artefact of "significant archaeological importance" that has gone missing in Dundee — with a child believed to be the culprit.
The 2,000-year-old Iron Age burnishing stone is an important part of Archaeology Scotland's teaching kit.
The 7cm-long object, which is said to be the perfect size to have slipped into a child's pocket, went missing at the Dundee Flower and Food Festival on September 6.
Archaeology Scotland believe it may have been picked up by one of the many children who were using the Iron Age investigations kit to learn about archaeology with the Living Lomonds Landscape Partnership at the festival.
A spokeswoman for Archaeology Scotland said: "The burnishing stone…


Coils come in all different shapes and size variations. The most
common variance is observed by the number of wraps that a
coil will contain, usually anywhere from seven to fourteen. Popular
wrap counts are eight, ten, and twelve. This simply is the
count of how many times the insulated wire is wrapped around
each core. There are different shaped cores on the market as
well, while the most popular is the circular shaped core; however
there is also octagon, square, and oblong shaped cores as
well. Coils will typically be sold in matched pairs. Matched pairs
simply mean that because there is a variance during the wrap
process, two coils will be selected that have complementing
electrical properties, since that will increase the effectiveness
while they work together. How these "effectiveness" qualities are
measured is really up to the manufacturer.
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text:
Impacts of Climate Change on Water Availability and Reservoir Based Hydropower
A case study from Kulekhani Hydropower Reservoir, Nepal
Keywords:Kulekhani hydro-electric reservoir, climate change impacts, water level
The impacts of climate change (CC) are observed in several sectors, and water resource is one of them. This study explored the impacts of CC on water availability and reservoir based hydropower. It determined the impacts of CC in the reservoir water level and major watershed characteristics and has explored the perception of people on CC impacts in the reservoir. The primary data were collected through questionnaire and field survey and secondary data were gathered from different literatures. The analysis of meteorological data generated from meteorological station. temperature and rainfall data, discharge of Kulekhani River, monthly data of reservoir level and annual energy generation revealed increasing pattern of temperature and decreasing seasonal and annual precipitation in the study area. Similarly, because of the increased sedimentation, the water level of the reservoir has been increasing though the precipitation has been observed declining. Consideration could be taken while designing such hydropowers to hold water year-round, resulting minimal power shortage. A clear institutional direction and strategies could make reservoir based hydropower climate resilient and enable sustainable generation of electricity.
How to Cite
© Institute of Forestry, Pokhara Campus


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Definition of Malus coronaria
1. Noun. Medium-sized tree of the eastern United States having pink blossoms and small yellow fruit.
Group relationships: Genus Malus, Malus
Generic synonyms: Crab Apple, Crabapple, Wild Apple
Malus Coronaria Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Malus Coronaria Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Malus Coronaria
Literary usage of Malus coronaria
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States: Canada and the British by Nathaniel Lord Britton, Addison Brown (1897)
"A small tree, resembling malus coronaria. Leaves simple, firm, white-pubescent beneath, at length glabrous above, obtuse at the apex, mostly narrowed at the ..."
2. Tree Guide: Trees East of the Rockies by Julia Ellen Rogers (1914)
"... FRAGRANT CRAB (malus coronaria, Mill.). Shrub to 30 feet. Bushy, low tree with rigid branches and thorny, angular twigs. Bark brown, scaly. ..."
3. Flora of Pennsylvania by Thomas Conrad Porter (1903)
"In thickets, NJ to Kans., Fla. and Ga. —Pennsylvania : CRAWFORD ; ALLEGHENY ; SOMERSET ; WESTMORELAND. 2. malus coronaria (L.) Mill. AMERICAN CRAB-APPLE. ..."


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Researchers at the University of Sydney have come up with a mathematical model verified by software implementation that can more than halve the energy consumption of processors in data centres at little or no operational cost.
The Energy Conscious Scheduling algorithm (ECS) has been patented by Dr Young Choon Leeand Professor Albert Zomaya at the university's Centre for Distributed and High Performance Computing. Dr Lee and Professor Zomaya are now developing an ECS prototype, with a view to commercialising their research by 2011.
Power consumption by servers has more than doubled since 2000; estimates suggest electricity use for servers worldwide cost about $US7.2 billion in 2005. Companies are increasingly looking to curb these energy costs and their ensuing greenhouse gas as demand for computing and data storage capacities continues to grow exponentially.
"The growing popularity of cloud computing will help IT managers reduce data centre energy costs, but more research needs to be done before large organisations can fully entrust their precious data in cloud technology," says Professor Zomaya.
"ECS will work well on cloud systems as they mature but will give a more immediate means for organisations to reduce their data centre's energy consumption. With demand for computing and data storage capacities growing exponentially, this world first will make a valuable contribution to both the environment to and organisations' bottom line."
ECS uses processors" so-called Dynamic Voltage Scaling capability to map computational tasks such as those arising in scientific, engineering and business applications (eg astronomy, chemistry, life sciences and financial forecasting) in order to minimise completion time and energy use.
"Computations are typically comprised of interdependent tasks, so the need to wait for a parent task to complete can create slack and therefore wastage," Professor Zomaya says. "When ECS is employed with the help of DVS capability, mapping decisions between processors, supply voltages, and tasks are streamlined to significantly lower the amount of energy required at any given time.
"This reduces slack and creates energy savings of between 10-60 per cent."


text:
The Victorian Government has strengthened the state's zero-tolerance approach to water theft.
Water Minister Lisa Neville has accepted recommendations from an independent review into water theft compliance measures, which she said boosted water market transparency.
"Victoria is a leader in compliance and water management - particularly in the context of the Murray Darling Basin over recent years - and we will continue to lead the way," Ms Neville said.
"Water theft is not a victimless crime, and with limited water to go around, these changes will benefit the entire water market."
In May, the Minister appointed former Victorian Auditor General Des Pearson to undertake a comprehensive independent review to ensure Victorian irrigators and water users had a robust compliance and enforcement system.
Mr Pearson also looked at the checks and balances that were in place to help continue to build confidence in the market.
Ms Neville said Victoria a strong track record when it came to compliance, and the review found most irrigators and water users were already doing the right thing.
While compliance levels were relatively high and processes were already in place to identify and manage water theft - the review identified several areas where compliance and enforcement approaches could be further strengthened.
The report set a clear target for rural water corporations to reduce existing rates of water theft, currently up to 3.6 per cent of the rural water volume, to less than 1pc.
To reach the 1pc target, new regulations were now in place that enabled water corporations to issue on-the-spot fines to water users for water theft.
Better communication would also ensure water users knew when their accounts were running out.
The timing of enforcement processes would be improved, so that large volume couldn't be pumped when accounts were negative.
Other changes include rural water corporations undertaking more rigorous management and monitoring of their compliance and enforcement functions, along with finalising metering action plans and addressing enforcement issues, which inhibited on-ground compliance.
There will also be improved and timely risk-based reporting on compliance and enforcement provided to water corporation boards and the Department of Environment, Water, Land and Planning.
Mr Pearson will return in July 2021 to evaluate and report on the implementation of the recommendations.
The actions build on new legislation that came into effect in October last year that increased the maximum fine for intentional water theft to $990,000 for companies and $198,000 for individuals.
The legislative change also allows water corporations to suspend or cancel licences for water theft.
The Victorian Farmers Federation welcomed the adoption of all recommendations in the Pearson Water Compliance and Enforcement Review.
Water Council Chair Richard Anderson said Victorian farmers expected to see all state governments taking similar action to stamp out unauthorised overuse of water.
"We need all governments across the Murray Darling Basin to take a strong stance on unauthorised overuse and the VFF calls on all Basin States to adopt a similar approach to Victoria," Mr Anderson said.
"Earlier this year the VFF wrote to all Basin State governments calling for tougher enforcement on irrigators who do the wrong thing by taking water they do not own.
"Some irrigators who divert directly from the Murray River are using more water than they have in their water accounts and are then paying it back later in the season."
He said overuse in South Australia caused a spike in water prices as irrigators scrambled to top up their accounts.
"This means some irrigators have purchased water late in the season to top up their over-use, saving them $400 per megalitre than if they bought the water around the time they actually used it .
"For large corporates this can save them multiple millions of dollars, by simply taking someone else's water."
Mr Anderson said he wanted to ensure farmers would be represented with a series of workshops proposed to take place between government and water corporations.
"It is important that a farmer voice is present at all of these discussions," Mr Anderson said.
"As always, we'll be seeking a seat at the table for the VFF."
Details of the Compliance and Enforcement Review can be found at _URL_.
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Table Of Contents
DAQmx Create Virtual Channel (Analog Input » LVDT) (G Dataflow)
Last Modified: August 15, 2018
Creates channel(s) that use an LVDT to measure linear position.
connector_pane_image
datatype_icon
task in
task in specifies the task to which to add the virtual channels this node creates. If you do not specify a task, NI-DAQmx creates a task for you, and adds the virtual channels this node creates to that task.
datatype_icon
physical channels
physical channels specifies the names of the physical channels to use to create virtual channels. The DAQmx physical channel constant lists all physical channels on devices and modules installed in the system.
You can also wire a string that contains a list, or range of physical channels, to this input. If you have an array of physical channels, use the DAQmx Flatten Channel String node to convert the array to a list.
datatype_icon
name to assign
name to assign specifies a name to assign to the virtual channel this node creates. If you do not wire a value to this input, NI-DAQmx uses the physical channel name as the virtual channel name.
If you use this input to provide your own names for the virtual channels, you must use the names when you refer to these channels in other NI-DAQmx nodes, such as the source input of the DAQmx Trigger node.
If you create multiple virtual channels with one DAQmx Create Virtual Channel node, you can specify a comma-separated list of names to assign to the virtual channels. If you provide fewer names than the number of virtual channels you create, NI-DAQmx automatically assigns names to the virtual channels.
datatype_icon
units
units specifies the units to use to return linear position measurements from the channel.
Name Description
From Custom Scale
Units a custom scale specifies. If you select this value, you must wire a custom scale name to the custom scale name input.
Inches
Inches.
Meters
Meters.
datatype_icon
error in
error in describes error conditions that occur before this node runs. This input provides standard 'error in' functionality.
datatype_icon
measurement range
measurement range specifies the minimum and maximum values you expect to measure.
datatype_icon
maximum value
maximum value specifies in units the maximum value you expect to measure.
datatype_icon
minimum value
minimum value specifies in units the minimum value you expect to measure.
datatype_icon
voltage excitation wire mode
voltage excitation wire mode is the number of leads on the sensor. Some sensors require you to tie leads together to create a four- or five-wire sensor. Refer to the sensor documentation for more information.
Name Description
4-Wire
Four wires.
5-Wire
Five wires.
datatype_icon
custom scale name
custom scale name specifies the name of a custom scale for the channel.
datatype_icon
sensitivity
sensitivity is the sensitivity of the sensor. This value is in the units you specify with the sensitivity units input. Refer to the sensor documentation to determine this value.
datatype_icon
sensitivity units
sensitivity units specifies the units of the sensitivity input.
Name Description
mVolts/Volt/0.001 Inch
mVolts/Volt/0.001 Inch.
mVolts/Volt/mMeter
mVolts/Volt/mMeter.
datatype_icon
task out
task out is a reference to the task after this node runs. The task contains any newly created virtual channels. If you did not wire a value to task in, NI-DAQmx automatically creates the task this output refers to.
datatype_icon
voltage excitation
voltage excitation specifies the value and source of voltage excitation.
datatype_icon
voltage excitation source
voltage excitation source specifies the source of excitation.
Name Description
External
Use an excitation source other than the built-in excitation source of the device. If you select this value, you must use the voltage excitation value input to specify the amount of excitation.
Internal
Use the built-in excitation source of the device. If you select this value, you must use the voltage excitation value input to specify the amount of excitation.
None
Supply no excitation to the channel.
datatype_icon
voltage excitation value
voltage excitation value specifies in volts the amount of excitation supplied to the sensor. Refer to the sensor documentation to determine appropriate excitation values.
datatype_icon
voltage excitation frequency
voltage excitation frequency specifies in hertz the excitation frequency that the sensor requires. Refer to the sensor documentation to determine this value.
datatype_icon
error out
error out contains error information. If error in indicates that an error occurred before this node ran, error out contains the same error information. Otherwise, error out describes the error status that this node produces.
Where This Node Can Run:
Desktop OS: Windows
FPGA: LabVIEW NXG does not support FPGA devices
Web Server: Not supported in VIs that run in a web application
Recently Viewed Topics


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Settings Screen - Colours
Individual colours can be altered by selecting the appropriate item from the list, and clicking the Edit Colour Button. The Overlap colour is used when your connection is uploading and downloading at the same time, and the upload and download bars overlap to some extent, as shown:
The Info Text colour will be used for displaying information and messages in the main window, and should therefore stand out well from the selected Graph Background colour.
The Readout Text colour and Readout Background colour values determine the colour of the text, and background, in the Readout Area at the bottom of the main window.
The Graph Background Fade colour is only available if the Fade Background option has been selected. The Fade Colour is the colour that the background fades to, towards the bottom of the screen. For example, in the picture below the Background Colour has been set to Red and the Fade Colour has been set to Green*:
The Graph Border and Readout Border options control whether a black border is displayed around the Main Window, and Readout Area respectively.
If the Fade Background option is selected, then the Background Colour will slowly merge into the Fade Colour towards the lower part of the display, as seen above.
Colour Schemes allow you to save various different colour combinations, and then swap between them at will. BitMeter also comes with a number of ready-made colours schemes. To save a colour scheme, make the appropriate colour selections and then click on the Save Scheme button - you will be prompted to choose a name for the scheme, and then it will be saved and will appear in the Open Scheme selection list. To remove a previously saved colour scheme, select it from the list and click the Delete Scheme button.
*The author cannot be held liable for nausea or sickness, resulting from misuse of this feature


artifical intelligence
Courtesy of RoadRunner
A Pittsburgh-based startup is using technology to revolutionize the recycling industry. RoadRunner Recycling uses software designed to help businesses recycle more and save money.
Kathleen J. Davis / 90.5 WESA
Personal training is a popular but expensive option in the $100 billion fitness industry; it can cost an average of $40-70/hour. Local startup Delta Trainer is using artificial intelligence to make personal training more accessible.
Jessica Hill / AP
new study is looking to artificial intelligence to address the opioid crisis by identify people who may be at risk for opioid overdose.
Carnegie Mellon University
University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University researchers are developing emergency medicine technology for the U.S. military that uses artificial intelligence.


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The Brodie helmet, called Helmet, steel, Mark I helmet in Britain and the M1917 Helmet in the U.S., was a steel combat helmet designed and patented in 1915 by the Briton John Leopold Brodie. Colloquially, it was also called the shrapnel helmet, Tommy helmet, Tin Hat, and in the United States the doughboy helmet. It was also known as the dishpan hat, tin pan hat, washbasin, battle bowler (when worn by officers) and Kelly helmet. The US version, the M1917, was copied from the British Mk 1 steel helmet of 1916. The Germans called it the Salatschüssel (salad bowl).
During the first year of World War I, none of the combatants offered steel helmets to their troops. The soldiers of most nations went into battle wearing simple cloth caps that offered no protection from modern weapons. German troops wore the traditional leather Pickelhaube, also of little protective value.
The huge number of lethal head wounds that modern weapons were inflicting upon the French Army led them to introduce the first of the modern steel helmets in the summer of 1915. The first French helmets were bowl-shaped steel "skullcaps" worn under the cloth caps. However, these rudimentary helmets were soon replaced by the Model 1915 Adrian helmet, designed by August-Louis Adrian. The idea was later adopted by numerous other combatant nations.
At about the same time, the British War Office had also seen a similar need for steel helmets. The War Office Invention Department was asked to evaluate the French design but they decided that it was not strong enough and was too complex to be swiftly manufactured—the British industry was not geared up to an all-out effort of war production in the initial stages of World War I, which also led to the shell shortage of 1915.
A design patented in 1915 by John L. Brodie of London offered advantages over the French design as it was constructed from a single piece that could be pressed from a single thick sheet of steel, giving it added strength.
Brodie's design resembled the medieval infantry kettle hat or chapel-de-fer, unlike the German Stahlhelm, which resembled the medieval sallet. It had a shallow circular crown with a wide brim around the edge, a leather liner, and a leather chinstrap. The helmet's "soup bowl" shape was originally designed to protect the wearer's head and shoulders from Shrapnel shell projectiles bursting from above. The shallow bowl design allowed the use of relatively thick steel that could be formed in a single pressing while maintaining the helmet's thickness. Although this made it more resistant to projectiles, the design offered less protection to the lower part of the head and neck than other designs.
The original design (Type A) was made of mild steel with a brim 1.5 to 2 inches wide. The Type A was in production for just a few weeks before the specification was changed and the Type B was introduced in October 1915. The specification was altered at the suggestion of Sir Robert Hadfield to a harder steel with 12% manganese content, which became known as "Hadfield's steel", which was virtually impervious to shrapnel balls, provided they impacted from above. Ballistically this increased protection for the wearer by 10 percent, and could withstand a.45 caliber pistol bullet traveling at 600 feet per second fired at a distance of 10 feet. It also had a narrower brim and a more domed crown.
The original paint scheme, suggested by Brodie, was a mottled light green, blue, and orange camouflage, but they were also painted in green or blue-grey.
That same month the first delivery of the helmets was made to British Army troops. Initially, there were far from enough helmets to equip every man, so they were designated as "trench stores", to be kept in the front line and used by each unit that occupied the sector. It was not until the summer of 1916, when the first one million helmets had been produced, that they could be generally issued.
The Brodie helmet reduced casualties, but was criticized by General Herbert Plumer on the grounds that it was too shallow, too reflective, its rim was too sharp, and its lining was too slippery. These criticisms were addressed in the Mark I model helmet of 1916, which had a separate folded rim, a two-part liner, and matte khaki paint finished with sand, sawdust, or crushed cork to give a dull, non-reflective appearance. In 1917 the liner was modified to include a rubber cushion to make it more comfortable, although this was not adopted for the M1917. Helmets were often painted with unit insignia towards the end of the war, and are often called "parade helmets" by collectors.
The weight of a Mark I helmet was approximately 1.3 pounds (0.59 kg).
It was first used in battle in April 1916 at the Battle of St Eloi. Troops from other countries also used the Brodie helmet, including the United States Armed Forces when they began to deploy in France late in 1917. The United States government initially purchased some 400,000 helmets from Britain. From January 1918 the U.S. Army began to use helmets manufactured in the U.S. and these helmets were designated M1917. The steel helmet was known to the troops as a "tin hat", or, for the officers, a "battle bowler" (from bowler hat).
By the end of the war some 7.5 million Brodie helmets had been produced, including 1.5 million M1917 helmets for use by American forces.
Post World War I
From 1936 the Mark I Brodie helmet was fitted with an improved liner and an elasticated (actually, sprung) webbing chin strap. This final variant served until late 1940 when it was superseded by the slightly modified Mk II, which served the British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II. Several Commonwealth nations, such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa, produced their own versions of the MK II, which can be distinguished from those made in Britain. During this period, the helmet was also used by the police, the fire brigade and ARP wardens in Britain. The helmets for the ARP wardens came in two principle variations, black with a white "W" for wardens and white with a black "W" for Chief Wardens, however numerous different patterns were used. A civilian pattern was also available for private purchase, known as the Zuckerman helmet, which was a little deeper, but made from ordinary mild steel.
In 1944, the British replaced it with a significantly modified design known as the Mk III "Turtle" helmet.
The U.S. Army used the basic Brodie-patterned M1917 helmet until 1942 with some modifications, which included a totally new liner and canvas chin strap. It was finally superseded by the M1 Helmet in 1942.
- Helmet M-1917
- Military Trader
- Military headgears
- Heaumes Page
- Dunstan, Simon; Ron Volstad (1984). Flak Jackets: 20th Century Military Body Armour. London: Osprey Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 0-85045-569-3.
- Index CEF Helmets
- Bull, Stephen; Adam Hook (2002). World War I Trench Warfare (1): 1914–16. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. pp. 10–11. ISBN 1-84176-197-4.
- Sheffield, Gary (2007). War on the Western Front: In the Trenches of World War I. Oxford; New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 227. ISBN 1-84603-210-5.
- Helmet M1917
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Brodie helmets|


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Unveiling the Future of Cement Plant Equipment Manufacturing in Italy
Italy, renowned for its historical landmarks and artistic heritage, has long been associated with creativity, craftsmanship, and innovation. Now, the country is set to extend its legacy to the industrial manufacturing sector, particularly in the realm of cement plant equipment manufacturing. With advanced technologies and a focus on sustainability, Italian manufacturers are poised to revolutionize the industry, catering to the growing global demand for efficient and eco-friendly cement production.
Italy has a rich history in cement production, serving as the birthplace of many pioneering companies in the sector. Building on this strong foundation, Italian manufacturers have consistently strived for excellence and pushed the boundaries of what is possible. Their expertise in engineering, design, and production techniques has positioned them as leaders in the global market.
To meet the challenges of the future, Italian manufacturers are embracing cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and automation. These technologies are revolutionizing the production process, making it more efficient, reducing costs, and enhancing safety. By integrating these innovations into cement plant equipment, Italian manufacturers aim to streamline operations, minimize environmental impact, and maximize productivity.
Sustainability is a key focus for Italian cement plant equipment manufacturers. As the world becomes more conscious of the environmental impact of industrial processes, there is a growing demand for greener alternatives. Italian companies are rising to the challenge by developing equipment that reduces energy consumption, minimizes waste generation, and lowers emissions. These sustainable solutions not only benefit the planet but also help cement plants comply with increasingly stringent environmental regulations.
In addition to technological advancements and sustainability, Italian manufacturers are known for their design prowess. They understand the importance of aesthetics and functionality in the equipment they produce. By blending innovative designs with optimal performance, Italian manufacturers create equipment that not only meets industry standards but also enhances the overall appearance of cement plants.
Moreover, Italian manufacturers prioritize customization to cater to the unique requirements of each cement plant. They collaborate closely with their clients, analyzing their needs and tailoring equipment solutions accordingly. This flexibility ensures that cement plants receive equipment that is optimized for their specific production processes and maximizes their operational efficiency.
The future of cement plant equipment manufacturing in Italy looks promising. With a commitment to technological innovation, sustainability, and customer-centricity, Italian manufacturers are set to transform the industry. They aim to provide cement plants worldwide with state-of-the-art equipment that ensures efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly production. As Italy's legacy of craftsmanship combines with advanced technologies, the future of cement plant equipment manufacturing unfolds with unlimited possibilities.
In conclusion, Italy's cement plant equipment manufacturing industry is on the brink of a remarkable transformation. Through embracing advanced technologies, sustainability, and refined design, Italian manufacturers are paving the way for a new era of cement production. As the demand for efficient and eco-friendly equipment continues to rise globally, Italy is poised to remain a frontrunner, setting the standards for the future of cement plant equipment manufacturing.
- Basalt Crusher Equipment: A Sustainable Solution for Environmentally-friendly Crushing
- From Rock to Road: How Limestone Impact Crushers Transform Aggregates
- Technological Innovations in Coal Grinding Ball Mills: Insights from Indian Experts
- Analyzing the Cost-Effectiveness of Mobile Crusher Plant Investments
- From Quarry to Construction Site: How Limestone Crushing Machines Shape the Sand Making Process
- Swedish Crushing Equipment: High Quality and Unmatched Performance


Brno - Klein Palace
This neo-Renaissance burgher palace was built in _PHONE_ on a design by Viennese architect Ludwig von Förster. It was built for the Klein family who traded in iron. This was also reflected onto the house, respectively into its facade, which was fitted with distinctive architectural elements of cast iron.
In 1946, the palace was confiscated and began to deteriorate, mainly due to insufficient maintenance and the confused and inadequate use of its premises for various purposes. The years _PHONE_ saw a costly reconstruction (to the tune of about 70 million CZK) and the house was brought back to life.
Brno - pocket guide with maps
Brno on the map
Detail of the facade of Klein Palace


text: This paper investigates whether a higher level of long-term credit provision affects the growth of small and young firms. Firm-level data from more than 20,000 firms in 62 countries are combined with a new hand-collected database on short-term and long-term credit provided to the private sector. Using a difference-in-difference framework, our results indicate that, contrary to short-term credit, long-term credit does not stimulate growth of small and young firms. This finding is, at least partially, explained by the differential impact of short-term and long-term credit provision on small and young firms' access to credit. While the provision of short-term credit alleviates credit constraints faced by small and young firms, a larger provision of longterm bank loans has an opposite impact. Our findings are in line with the hypothesis that an increase of long-term credit provision reects a lender's choice to provide more financing to existing clients (intensive margin) to the detriment of firms without previous access to finance (extensive margin).


text:
Colouring is achieved through the dispersion
of the coloured particles in the food.
Aluminum-based insoluble food colours are used to colour oil-based products, such as chocolate, buttercream, and candy and pastry coatings. It is perfect to limit colour bleeding when several colours are side by side.
- Ideal for fatty substances, such as chocolate
- Less aggressive colouring than the water-soluble variety
- Colouring through dispersion to limit bleeding
* As food safety standards vary from one country to the next, see product description for more information


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The ergot alkaloids are derivatives of ergotine, the most active being amides of lysergic acid. Ergot alkaloids are compounds derived from the parasitic fungus Claviceps purpurea, which grows on rye as well as other grains.
Ergotamine is in a group of drugs called ergot alkaloids . It works by narrowing the blood vessels around the brain. Ergotamine also affects blood flow patterns that are associated with certain types of headaches. Ergotamine is used to treat a migraine type headache.


Samoa Sustainability Issues
The critical environmental and sustainability issues of Samoa:
 1. Health Issues
Samoa is suffering from alarming rates of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Noncommunicable diseases are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioural factors. NCDs accounted for 75% of the total disease burdens in 2016 and more than half of all premature deaths in the country. The current service delivery system in Samoa is heavily hospital-centric characterized by a weak primary health care structure and overcrowding in the main referral hospital. Also in recent decades, the Samoan islands have suffered some of the highest rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease in the world. In november 2019, a deadly measles outbreak hit especially the children in Samoa. It caused 2,437 people to fall sick and killed 32. Twenty-eight of the 32 deaths were children aged under 5.
 1. Youth Unemployment
Youth unemployment increased from 9.99% in 1998 to 18.39% in 2012 but again it decreased to 17.94% in 2018. The primary factor leading to the high unemployment rate is the high rate of students dropping out of school.
According to Tracer Youth Employment Survey (TYES), the survey sampled 790 people aged 18-35 years from 14 villages. Results found that out of the sample size, 78.93 percent of young people dropped out of school at primary and secondary level. The main reason being families could no longer afford school fees with others becoming caretakers for family members.
 1. Water
Samoa uses both ground and surface water for all of its water supply needs. Surface water equates to 65 percent of the total water supply while groundwater accounts for only 35 percent. Currently the main obstacle preventing improvements to the water quality in Samoa is pollution of coastal and freshwater sources. Two major sources of pollution that affect the Samoan water quality are improper solid waste disposal and sediment erosion.
There is no known water quality monitoring for wastewater associated pollution. Despite pollution from improper waste disposal and sediment erosion, the Samoan government has made constant efforts to improve both the islands' overall water quality. Records from the CIA indicate that since 2015, 99 percent of the total population in Samoa has access to improved sources of drinking water. Additionally, citizens who have access to a piped water supply are estimated to be between 90 and 95 percent of the total population of Samoa.
 1. Gender Inequality
Married women aged 15–49 have much lower participation in economic work than married men in the same age group. Only 28% of these women were employed compared to 70% of the men. There is still a considerable level of acceptance of domestic violence even among women themselves. 37% of women agree that 'wife beating' can be justified. Overall, 46% of Samoan women who have ever been in a relationship have experienced one or more kinds of abuse. Samoa currently has two female members of parliament in the Samoan legislative assembly, accounting for 4.8% of women in parliament, compared with 8.2% in 2006.
 1. Climate Change
By 2030, the island's surrounding sea level will increase by up to 17 centimetres (6.69 inches), elevating the risk and impact of storm surges and coastal flooding.
Cyclones will be less frequent but more intense.
Ocean acidification—or carbon pollution that increases the ocean's acidity—will continue across Samoa, endangering the nation's coral and reef ecosystems.


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Add a simple product in WooCommerce
You can add the products for your WooCommerce store from inside the WordPress dashboard. The following steps explain how to add a simple product, though there are other product types available.
- Log in to WordPress.
- In the left-hand menu, click Products, which will expand and give additional options.
- Click Add New in the expanded Products menu.
- Fill-out the Product name field with the name of your product.
- In the large text box, enter a Description of the product.
- In the Product data section, complete the following:
- Check the Virtual and/or Downloadable boxes, if either applies to your product.
- On the General tab, set a price for the product in the Regular price box.
- Look through the remaining tabs and complete any parts that are relevant for the product.
- Next, enter a Product short description, which will typically appear next to the image of the product on your store.
- On the right-hand side of the page, in the Product categories section, check the box for any related categories.
Note: If you have not already added a category, then you can click Add a category to do so.
- Click the Save Draft or Publish button near the top-right.
You can make changes to the product's settings at any time.


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Is sand called sand because it's between sea and land?
The word sand is thought to have originated from an Old English word, which itself originated from the old Dutch word sant, which became zand (meaning, you guessed it, sand). But I like your theory better, honestly.
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Why do mobile phones facilitate mental health telesupport and crisis text line services?
Why questions about mobile devices
Last updated 3 month ago
Why do mobile phones facilitate mental health telesupport and crisis text line services?
Mobile phones facilitate mental health telesupport and crisis text line services for several reasons:
1. Accessibility:
Mobile phones are widely accessible and almost everyone owns one. This makes it easier for individuals to reach out for mental health support anytime and anywhere, without the need for specialized equipment or infrastructure.
2. Anonymity and privacy:
Mobile phones allow individuals to seek help anonymously, which can be crucial for those who may feel uncomfortable or stigmatized discussing their mental health issues openly. The privacy of a mobile phone allows people to share their concerns without fear of judgment or disclosure.
3. Convenience and immediacy:
Mobile phones provide immediate access to mental health support services. People can easily connect with helplines or text lines at any time, eliminating the need for scheduling appointments or waiting for face-to-face consultations. This convenience can be particularly helpful during crisis situations when immediate support is needed.
4. Text-based communication:
Crisis text line services, in particular, leverage the text-based nature of mobile phones to provide support. Texting allows individuals to express their thoughts and emotions more comfortably, especially for those who struggle with verbal communication or have difficulty articulating their feelings.
5. Reach and scalability:
Mobile phones have a vast reach, enabling mental health support services to reach a larger audience. This scalability is crucial in addressing the growing demand for mental health services, especially in areas with limited resources or remote locations where access to traditional support may be limited.
Overall, mobile phones provide a convenient, accessible, and private platform for individuals to seek mental health support, making it easier for them to connect with helplines and crisis text line services.
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11-18 The Mandalorian LED wall
[Image above] The television series "The Mandalorian" uses a novel LED wall to create backgrounds for the show, overcoming some of the challenges faced by green-screen compositing. Credit: Insider, YouTube
I am not one of those people who signed up for Disney+ when it launched last year, but I have many friends who did. And based on their social media posts, the biggest takeaway from the new streaming service is Baby Yoda.
Technically, this character from the Star Wars television series "The Mandalorian" is called The Child, but fans quickly nicknamed the creature Baby Yoda because it is the same species as Yoda from the original Star Wars film franchise. (The true name of this species is unknown.)
This month, the popularity of Baby Yoda dropped substantially with the release of season 2 (one does not simply eat the eggs of an endangered species). But another aspect of "The Mandalorian" continues to impress fans—the novel technology used to generate backgrounds in the show.
Chroma key compositing and the drawbacks of green screens
When traveling to location for a film is not possible, producers typically rely on a visual-effects and post-production technique called chroma key compositing to create backgrounds.
Chroma key compositing involves layering two images or video streams together based on color hues. A key color or color range is made transparent, and then it is replaced with content from other film or digital material.
The technique was initially developed in the 1930s using solid blue screens (blue was the key color that would be made transparent). Since the 1990s, however, green screens became more common.
Chroma key compositing is now a well-established technique in the film industry, but there still exists some challenges that come with it. In particular, colored light often reflects off the solid-colored screen and "spills" onto the subject, requiring removal during post-production. The color of the screen also generally cannot be used anywhere else in the shot, which places some limits on set and costume designers. And because of the limitations in rendering computer graphic content, movements of the camera are often restricted to a dolly track or a few preselected shots for which the content, such as lighting, is already prepared.
The cutting-edge background technology used in "The Mandalorian", though, solves all of these problems.
LED screens offer seamless movie backgrounds
Instead of chroma key compositing, "The Mandalorian" relied on an innovative virtual production workflow called ILM StageCraft, or the Volume.
The Volume is a giant LED wall that comprises 1,326 individual LED screens of a 2.84-mm pixel pitch. It is 20 feet tall, 270 degrees around, and 75 feet wide (180 feet in circumference). It includes an LED video ceiling set on top; only the floor of the Volume does not contain LEDs.
Compared to chroma key compositing—and other backor front-screen projection technologies—the Volume allows for a dynamic shooting environment that can automatically adjust to a camera's movement, so the background appears natural in terms of both positioning and lighting. This ability also negates the problem of light "spill" that must be removed during post-production because all reflected light from the screen matches the desired environment. And because no key color is being reserved for removal later, there are no limits on colors for set and costume design.
An American Cinematographer article explains that the idea for the Volume stemmed from work on the Star Wars movie "Rogue One" in 2016. For that movie, a large cylindrical LED wall was built for use in the space battle landings and cockpit sequences. That wall was used purely for lighting purposes, but advances in LED technology since that movie came out allowed for the Volume to leverage new panels and push the envelope on real-time, in-camera visual effects.
Of course, filmmakers have used LED walls on smaller scales for years. But "'The Mandalorian' is the first real demonstration of what's possible using this technology," a TechCrunch article says.
The video below providers a closer look at the LED wall technology, which we'll likely see much more of across the film industry in the near future.
Credit: Insider, YouTube


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Steelworkers have always understood that union activists are human rights activists. We are a leading voice in the fight for justice, dignity and respect for all.
Steelworkers celebrate diversity and believe everyone is entitled to non-discrimination, regardless of race, religion, gender, age or sexual orientation.
- 7 February 2013 African Heritage Month February is African Heritage Month. It is an opportunity for Steelworkers, labour and community activists to celebrate the contributions of African Canadians to our multicultural society and to recommit to the struggle to end racism, violence and the economic apartheid that exists today for people of colour.
- 8 February 2012 Ken Neumann Statement on Black History Month February is Black History Month, an occasion to delve into the history of Black Canadians and recognize the contributions African Canadians and Caribbean Canadians have made to our union, our communities and our country.
- 10 December 2006 Our Rights at Work: Steelworker Human Rights Committee Guide Human Rights: The foundation of freedom, justice, and peace


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A Cassegrain telescope has a 500mm diameter , a focal length of 5000mm and a central obstruction of 80mm diameter.
1) the magnification with a 25mm eye piece
2) the light gathering power compared to aye of 5mm in diameter
3) the angular field in the sky if the...
Thanks a lot for you reply.
Yes thhe question also asked us to compare the the mass of dark
matter within the Solar System with the mass of normal matter?
If iVe applied everything correctly then the answer I got for
gave us a mass of =3.8*10^19 Kg...
We have been asked to calculate the density of dark matter in the solar system. I've used the following equation:
The Attempt at a Solution
V = 2.2*10^5 speed of solar system orbit around the galaxy
G = 6.67*10^-11...


_PHONE_
Avatar Meher Baba and the Trail of Tears
A Pilgrim's Guide to the Journey
Julia Ross
Paperback 442 pages
Please choose option:
Julia Ross explores in depth Meher Baba's journey along the Trail of Tears, which culminated in his foretold car accident in America.
From the back cover: "Meher Baba, on his automobile journey across the United States in 1952, followed one of the routes of the Cherokee Trail of Tears to what is now Oklahoma. Meher Baba's journey ended in a cataclysmic automobile accident in the center of Oklahoma, where he shed his blood on American soil.
"Julia Ross documents in meticulous detail what is known of Meher Baba's route and the accident, which she began researching in the early 1970s. In the tradition of pilgrims' guides, she also traces the history and associations of the places Meher Baba visited. She focuses on the shadow side of American history, especially that of the American Indians."
2nd edition, published 2012.


text:
Enormous Brown Bullhead Fishing in Manitoba - Manitoba Master Angler Minute
Fishing Planet - Everglades - Florida - Trophy Brown Bullhead
Breeding Brown Bullhead Catfish
2lb brown bullhead release #shorts
Brown Bullhead Catfish Under Lilypad
The brown bullhead is a fish of the Ictaluridae family that is widely distributed in North America. It is a species of bullhead catfish and is similar to the black bullhead and yellow bullhead. It was originally described as Pimelodus nebulosus by Charles Alexandre Lesueur in 1819, and is also referred to as Ictalurus nebulosus.


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NASA has announced that Johnson Space Center and Texas A&M University will sign an agreement on Monday to begin the move of the primary space shuttle launch and landing trainer, the Shuttle Motion Simulator, to College Station:
The NASA-Texas A&M partnership will allow the university to house and showcase unique space shuttle training artifacts. The Shuttle Motion Simulator provided a full-motion simulation of shuttle launches and landings for every crew that flew on the shuttle. It began operations at JSC in 1977 and was used in training for all 135 space shuttle missions.
The facility that housed the shuttle simulators at JSC continues to be used for International Space Station training. This partnership will help ensure that this unique historical artifact and the space shuttle training technology it represents is preserved and used to inspire future engineers. JSC welcomes opportunities for such partnerships that find areas of common interest of benefit to both parties.


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Pumps are being installed at the water intake facility in Toyota City, Aichi Prefecture, where large-scale leaks have made it impossible to pump water.According to Aichi Prefecture, industrial water can be taken in from 10 am on the 19th. On the other hand, it is difficult to secure water for agriculture during the 19th.
On the 17th, a large-scale leak occurred at the water intake facility in the Yahagi River in Toyota City, making it impossible to pump up from the intake, and the supply of agricultural water was stopped. As soon as the water is exhausted, the water supply will stop.
The Tokai Regional Agricultural Administration Bureau, which manages the facility, installed a clay sac in the river as an emergency measure to make it easier for water to collect, and by the morning of the 19th, installed 42 pumps from the river to the intake channel for industrial water. It supplies water, and according to Aichi Prefecture, it became possible to take in industrial water at the water purification plant at 10 am.
It is expected that the required amount of water will be almost secured if all pumps are in operation, but the Agricultural Administration Bureau is rushing to work because the amount of water has not reached a sufficient amount so far due to a malfunction of the hose and pump.
On the other hand, regarding agricultural water, the Ministry of Agriculture says that it is difficult to install the required number of pumps within the 19th.
Hiroshi Otsubo, Deputy Director of the Agricultural Land Disaster Prevention Office of the Tokai Regional Agricultural Administration Bureau, said, "I worked overnight, but I am working on dealing with problems. I would like to install as many pumps as possible, including agricultural water." increase.Keywords:


text:
John Steinbeck's Portrayal of America
David Wrobel spoke about John Steinbeck's works and what they can teach us about American history. He spoke at the University of Oklahoma's "Teach-In" on the Great Depression and World War II.
*The transcript for this program was compiled from uncorrected Closed Captioning.
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text:
Valencia (Manises). Mid-17th century
Height 4.9 cm, diameter 11.6 cm. Inv. No. 1143 II
Received in 1935 from the Polytechnical Museum, Moscow.
The cup is a characteristic example of Hispano-Moresque pottery which was produced in Spain from the 15th to the 17th century. The making of such pottery centred in the suburbs of Valencia. Valencian faiences were valued not only in Spain itself, but far beyond it as well. This shallow cup with rounded sides and two gracious flat handles belongs to the type of the so-called "scudella ab orel-les" ("a cup with ears").
The entire surface of the cup is covered with a freely applied ornamentation in which the representation of a bird is ingeniously combined with floral elements, thus creating a picturesque carpet-like effect. The ornamentation is painted in copper-red lustre which was popular in the 17th century.
© Алексей Злыгостев, подборка материалов, разработка ПО 2001–2018
Разрешается копировать материалы проекта (но не более 20 страниц) с указанием источника:
_URL_ "Музеи мира"


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Strive for financial wellness this festive season
Debt counselling is the best way to ensure your financial wellbeing if you struggle to repay your monthly debt.
Image: Shutterstock
The festive season is here and many South Africans are immersed in debt and their financial prospects look bleak. Life does not always turn out the way we plan, and things can change within the blink of an eye.
Just like the Covid-19 pandemic changed the world overnight. Such events can also affect your financial wellbeing. Unemployment, retrenchment, unexpected illness, a death in the family and major life changes can change your life and financial situation.
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How can you enter the festive season without the stress and guilt brought about by debt? If you are having trouble paying your bills and settling outstanding debt at the end of the month, debt counselling may be the answer for you.
Debt counselling is the best way to ensure your financial wellbeing if you struggle to repay your monthly debt. Take care of your financial wellbeing this festive season.
What is financial wellness?
Financial wellbeing is the overall health of your finances. This is the interaction between your finances and your physical, spiritual, and social wellbeing. Research shows that when you are concerned about your finances, it affects your productivity, adds strain on your relationships and can lead to depression. It is your relationship with money and your finances and the influence it has on your everyday life.
When is one financially healthy?
 - When you can cover your monthly and day-to-day expenses without worrying about it.
 - When you can make additional purchases without struggling financially afterwards.
 - When you can settle emergency bills or accounts without worrying about it.
 - When you can choose where you want to live, whether you want children and whether you can buy what you want within limits.
 - When you can set future financial goals and follow a plan to achieve those goals. It may be to buy a house, to save for university fees or to save for your retirement.
Five tips to improve your financial health
 1. Spend less than you earn. It is going to be difficult to pursue future financial stability when you spend more money than you earn.
 2. Stick to a budget.
 3. Pay off your credit card, loans, and accounts.
 4. Set up a savings plan.
 5. Invest your money – do sufficient research and be 100% sure before investing any money.
Martin Snyman is a registered debt counsellor.
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Debt counselling ONLY deals with debt!! What you need to do is review all those inflationary increases on your "policies!" Many people have policies that go up by 10% (15% older policies.) They get a 2 % raise if any at all.So if you die, get a dreaded disease. or become disabled you are covered. If you don't get this stuff (death inevitable) YOU ARE BROKE! Now we have hospital cover, animal insurance etc… How about divorce insurance?????????? No one has thought of that yet????? Why does your life cover payment go up every year and the cover DOES NOT??????? Why does your car insurance go up every year and your car gets older? Why does your house contents insurance go up and your "stuff" gets older?????????????? Educate yourself!! Dr. Debt
Basically, no one will write off your debt.
Taking on debt to finance consumer goods takes the borrower down the following path.
One man's debt is another man's asset. If you haven't got your own plan, you are part of someone else's plan. This financial mechanism called debt is a conduit that syphons off the value of your labour, into the pocket of someone with a plan. Debt is a mechanism that takes the future value of your labour to build another person's assets now.
Debt is the modern form of feudalism. The debtor is a wiling serf to the lender Barron. This financial mechanism allows people who do not understand compound growth to enslave themselves to people who do.
Compound interest. "Those who understand them earn them, and those who do not understand, pay them." — Albert Einstein.
Then, on the flip side, we find productive debt, also known as financial gearing or leverage. Borrowing to fund education, a house, or a cheap secondhand car to take you to work, can be seen as good debt. If the value of the debt rises faster than the value of the assets, the equity goes down to the point of bankruptcy.
The South African government borrows to finance consumption, not productive assets. The ANC forces the entire nation to work for European and American pension funds. The average citizen voted himself into serfdom. A government bond is a new form of colonialism.
No army or oppressor forces it upon them. They use the financial system to invite the new colonialist to exploit the assets of the nation. The average voter pawns the future of his children to support the pension of a European retiree. The entire South African GDP has already been transferred to local and foreign pension funds. Our economy belongs to the new colonialists – the lender Barrons, and the average voter fights in the streets to support this process.
It is clear which group has a plan, and which group is clueless.
Very well articulated. Your ability to stretch one's perspective is something i do not take for granted. Thank you for your comment. Keep well!
Much appreciated King Khan. Best wishes for the Festive Season.
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Wilderness managers have traditionally managed wilderness lands based on the ecological and social content of wilderness areas. The authors propose a framework to systematically account for the biophysical, socioeconomic, and wildness characteristics of the broader landscape context. The method was applied to the proposed wilderness lands of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in southern Utah. The results illustrate patterns of interdependencies across the landscape. Spatial data demonstrate links between the integrity of proposed wilderness lands and the management of adjacent land units, and links between the economic health of local communities and the management of proposed wilderness and adjacent federal lands.
Thomson, Janice L.; Hartley, Dawn A.; Aplet, Gregory H.; Morton, Peter A.; and USDA Forest Service Proceedings, "Assessing Interconnections Between Wilderness and Adjacent Lands: The Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah" (2000). All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository). Paper 456.


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Let's say one says borei ha'adamah or ha'eitz and eats at least a kezayis of a fruit or vegetable, but is not yet full. Then, the person decides that he or she wants to eat bread. Is the proper procedure to say borei nefashos first, or to say hamotzi and then afterward say birkas hamazon and borei nefashos?
If the answer is that one should say the brachos achronos before hamotzi, what should one do if one forgets to do so before saying hamotzi? In such a situation, should one say it in the middle of the meal, or wait until after birkas hamazon?
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Is he planning on eating any of the fruit/vegetable during the bread meal? – Double AA May 15 at 15:45
I don't know -- does the answer depend on that? – Kordovero May 15 at 15:56
1 Answer 1
Mishnah Berura 176:2 -
If he is planning on eating more fruit during the meal, and had in mind to continue eating the fruit during the meal, then it is all considered part of the meal and he does not make a borei nefashos, not before hamotzi and not after, as it is covered by the birkas hamazon that he will say.
If he does not plan to continue eating more during the meal, then he needs to make a borei nefashos. This borei nefashos should be made even during the meal. The implication of the Mishnah Berura is that it doesn't matter at what point you make the borei nefashos, as the eating of the fruit had nothing to do with the meal, and it could even be after birkas hamazon.
If he ate a vegetable (or any food that does not need a beracha when eaten during the meal) then he makes a borei nefashos even if he eats more during the meal, as the original pre-meal eating was perforce not part of the meal.
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Thanks! I'm a little confused about your last sentence. Are you saying it's different between eating fruits and vegetables? Do you mean that he makes the borei nefashot before the meal in that case? Or is it just the same as the fruit example? (I guess the difference would be that one says ha-eitz even during a bread meal, if one already said borei nefashos?) – Kordovero May 16 at 13:20
_USER_ It is the same as fruit in the case that you do not plan to eat more during the meal. In the case of a vegetable, it is automatically treated as if you do not plan to have more. – YeZ May 16 at 17:47
Your Answer


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creep-in-compression testing device / refractoriness under load / materials / continuous-motion
creep-in-compression, refractoriness under load
The measurement of the pattern and extent of deformation of refractory ceramic products when placed under a continuous load and rising temperature is known as refractoriness under load (RUL, in accordance with ISO 1893). The softening does not occur in the same temperature range as the melting range of the pure raw material. Yet it must be properly checked with the RUL 421 to ensure the correct use of refractory products relating to applications at high-temperatures.
The shrinkage percentage of a refractory test piece when placed under a continuous load and exposed to a high temperature continuously for a long time is known as creep in compression (CIC, in compliance with ISO 3187). The RUL 421 is used for this CIC test up to a temperature of 1,700°C maximum. The RUL 421 has a robust design and is ideal for this type of long-running thermal and mechanical loads.


Article by: Perry Romanowski
Previously, we covered the basics of cosmetic stability testing. But one member of the Chemists Corner community wanted some more details on Freeze Thaw testing. We'll look at that aspect of stability testing in a little more detail.
What is Freeze Thaw testing
Freeze thaw testing is a type of stability test in which you freeze your freeze thaw scientistformula, then thaw it out, and test to see what effect the process has on your product. To do a thorough freeze-thaw test you will repeat the cycle a few times.
Why do Freeze thaw testing?
Freeze thaw testing gives you information that regular stability testing can't. Namely, it will show you whether your formula will remain stable under varied conditions that it might experience during the shipping and storage phases of the product life cycle.
It's likely that your product will be shipped via trucks or rail cars. These vehicles are rarely equipped with temperature controls so it is likely that your product may freeze one day and be in hot temperatures another. It is crucial that your formula is able to withstand extreme, rapid temperature changes.
How to conduct a freeze-thaw test
While there is no "right" way to do a freeze-thaw test, the following method is standard in the industry and will give you the information you need if you follow it.
Step 1 – Prepare samples. (3 test, 1 control)
Step 2 – Take initial readings.
Step 3 – Put test samples in the freezer for 24 hours
Step 4 – Remove samples and allow to thaw at room temperature
Step 5 – Put samples in 50C oven for 24 hours
Step 6 – Remove samples & allow to equilibrate at room temperature.
Step 7 – Take end of the cycle readings
You should repeat this test through 3 cycles. If done correctly it can be completed in 3 weeks.
What to look for
While the specific tests will depend on the type of formula you are testing, generally you'll want to take readings for Appearance, Odor, Viscosity and pH. Make particular note of whether there is any separating at the top or the bottom of samples. This is the most common form of instability.
You may also test the products for performance characteristics just to ensure that the formulas still work as expected.
Do you have any questions about stability testing or other cosmetic science topics? Send us an email or leave a comment below
58
58 comments
 1. Kasper
 Hi, I hope you are well. Please, when taking readings for Appearance, Odor, Viscosity and pH, is it acceptable more general readings or do I have to provide specific viscosity numbers for example? As specific equipment is necessary to get these readings. Many Thanks
 1. Perry Romanowski
 You should use a viscometer and record specific numbers.
 2. ramana
 Why 24hrs?
 1. Perry Romanowski
 It takes that long to ensure it freezes all the way through
 3. Kasun
 I read the article on Freeze Thaw Cycles. It has mentioned that for 3 cycles it takes 3 weeks (21). But in one cycle, 24 hours in freezer, 24 hours in room temperature and again 24 hours at 50 C, 24 hours in room temperature. Therefore, for one cycle it takes 4 days and for 3 cycles 12 days. Pleas clarify this…..
 Thanks
 1. Perry Romanowski
 Yes, you can do it faster. When you work at a company it takes 3 weeks because you work Monday – Friday
 4. Karthi.R
 Thanks for your wonderful guidance! I am formulating silicone emulsion(O/W) for textile applications. Could you please explain about(1)Importance of emulsifier concentration for freeze-thaw stable silicone emulsions(2)Factors affecting the freeze-thaw stability of silicone emulsions.
 5. Mona
 Hi Perry:
 I am working on formulating a lip liner, I just performed first freeze/thaw stability test on the samples. Freeze thaw samples show a slight change in texture, they are softer and creamier that room temperature and 45 degree samples. Since the formula has high content of wax do you think the problem is due to improper wax/emulsifier ratio?
 BTW Thanks you for your very informative and helpful website and webinars.
 1. Perry Romanowski
 Hello Mona,
 It's difficult to answer without seeing the formula but you probably have the ratio of wax and emulsifiers and oils off. I'd suggest you post the question in our cosmetic forum to get the input of more chemists.
 6. Pingback:Cosmetic Test | Cosmetics
 7. Paola
 Hi
 I'm developing a o/w cream. When i do the freeze/thaw cycles the emulsion is ok (it's not separated, not visible liquid in the surface or in the bottom) but the appearance in the spatula is like it has little aggregates, but when i try it the aggregates dissapear. Is it a normal result?
 I'm doing only freeze, thaw an try it, it means I put the samples in the freezer (24h)and after room temperature (24h) and try it (i'm not putting the samples at 50C), is it ok?
 Thanks!
 1. Perry Romanowski
 No that's not normal. It's indicative of product instability.
 8. Leanne
 Hi Perry,
 I very much enjoy your website and find it very helpful and practical to our field. I also heard you speak at the conference in Kiawah last year and found it informative. I have a question about Freeze Thaw testing. After a couple of cycles of freeze thaw conditions, our sample went from smooth a creamy to a rougher, more airy texture. The sample was homogenized during manufacturing. How would you recommend proceeding from here?
 1. Perry Romanowski
 Hello Leanne – it sounds like your formula has some stability issues. How is the rest of the stability test going? Without knowing the formula it is hard for me to give you any suggestions. You probably need to adjust your combination of emulsifier and oil level.
 9. dale
 I am working on a value line of shampoos that I just took through freeze/thaw stability. The total solids level are pretty low (6%) and I need to add something that will increase the tolerance to low temperatures. Cost is an issue since this is for a value line of products.
 I have been looking at other comparable products (ex. Suave) and it looks as if there that maybe a Carbopol or Xantham gum could help.
 Any input?
 Thanks
 1. Perry Romanowski
 What do you mean by "increase the tolerance to low temperatures"? Is the product separating? When I worked on a value shampoo line the product would freeze at low temperatures but then it would thaw and be perfectly fine at room temperature.
 10. Abdullah Ali
 Hi Perry,
 I attended your webinar in stability studies with UL Prospector 2 weeks ago. First, I would like to thank you for a very useful and instructive webinar.
 I have a question regarding freeze thaw studies when performed in stability testing. You showed a scheme for an example stability test in your power point with freeze/thaw in 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks.
 I wonder if this means that freeze thaw studies are done on the samples that has been going for 2 weeks , 4 weeks and 8 weeks and then tested for freeze thaw stability? Or do you start freeze thaw study from initial samples and run a number of cycles?
 Kind regards,
 Abdullah
 1. Perry Romanowski
 Hello – thanks for the kind words. No, freeze thaw are done on fresh samples and usually in the first 2 weeks after you make the batch. The chart is a little unclear but that's how we do it.
 11. Rachel
 Hi Perry,
 Can I use this Freeze / Thaw test to predict my product shelf-life?
 1. Perry Romanowski
 Yes, that is one tool to use. It's not a replacement for a full stability test however.
 12. flora
 tanks for your good information.
 how we can doing freeze thawing method in agar extraction from algae?
 if it possible write a process sequence.
 1. Perry Romanowski
 Sorry, I've never done that before.
 13. Atchara
 Dear Perry,
 Can I apply this method (freeze-thaw cycle) in household application?
 Thank you for useful information.
 1. Perry
 Yes, this testing would work with household formulations.
 1. Atchara
 Thank you very much for your reply. Could you please share me related link or books about freeze-thaw cycle?
 1. Perry
 I only know of the freeze-thaw cycle because of my formulating job. It was a standard method we used. It's also used around the industry but I don't know of any books that will have a description of it.
 1. Atchara
 Ok, Thank you very much for your kind
 14. Gian
 Hi Perry
 Do you do freeze-thaw in glass packaging or in the actual packaging?
 Thanks
 Gian
 1. Perry
 Ideally, you do it in both. Glass is good because you are better able to see stability problems. However, packaging is more reflective of what your product will experience in the real world.
 1. Gian
 Thank you a lot Perry! Didn't expect you would reply at this point in time. Have a happy and festive Christmas! 🙂
 15. shikkha
 could you please tell me the exact significance of specific gravity of cosmetic product?
 I gone through many sites but couldn't get the actual significance……..
 I am a student of cosmetic technology.
 1. Perry
 Specific gravity is usually used in cosmetics as a determination


text: The europe gas turbine market size is anticipated to expand at a CAGR of 2.8% during the forecast period, 2021 – 2028. The growth of the market is attributed to impact of the shale gas revolution. A gas turbine is also called a combustion turbine. It is a type of continuous and internal combustion engine. The main elements of gas turbine engine are upstream rotating gas compressor, combustor, downstream turbine, and turbine electric generator.


The PTF identified Albertus Magnus College's past successes and recorded the data created by the process. The information that resonated most strongly from the data gathered during the process was the importance of communication, champions, ownership, resources, and cross boundary collaboration in Albertus' successes.
The PTF members will utilize the Accomplishment Design strategy they learned when they reach out to other members of the College community to gather more input and data.
Lessons Learned
Improved communication between departments
Better student retention in a program
Electronic newsletterkeep people informed
Improved academic program
Cross disciplinary research papers
Improved employee engagement / student engagement
Better community relations
Started up a program/source
Task for that improved
Cross Boundary/Cooperative Effort
What Resonates Strongly
Cross boundary collaboration
Full PTF Accomplishments Activity Results
Please follow the link above to view full results of the Accomplishments Activity conducted by the Planning Task Force.


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New research from Loughborough University has revealed that understanding emotions can help hotels improve guest experiences. Hotels can then use customisation strategies in service design to evoke different emotions.
Dr Kathy Pui Ying Lo from the University's School of the Arts initially undertook research studies to understand conflicting emotions often experienced during hotel stays. She has now undertaken additional research to examine how hotels can develop their design and service strategies to evoke different emotions.
The research studies involved hotel guests taking photos to show triggers of emotions in hotels, in-depth interviews and analysis of critical incidents. The studies used principles of psychology and service design to draw implications for hotel design strategies.
Dr Lo identified four prominent conflicting concerns that cause contradicting emotions during hotel stays:
Luxury v's eco-friendliness. When extra amenities and service in hotels are offered beyond what are considered necessary by the hotel guest. This often evokes mixed emotions of happiness and guilt.
Exploration v's familiarity. These conflicting concerns refer to the fact that guests like to take the opportunities of hotel stays to try something different, yet like to feel the familiar comfort of home.
Enjoyment v's cost. Whilst extra touches such as free gifts elicit delight and happiness, they can also often trigger unpleasant emotions when guests think about the cost.
Novelty v's practicality. This shows a clash between attitude and standard. Novelty evokes a pleasant emotion but if the feature or service does not fulfil its practical purpose unpleasant emotions can arise.
To resolve these conflicts customisation is the key, Dr Lo suggests. The aim is to offer hotel guests more control of their hotel stay experiences based on their individual needs and wants. Three common types of customisation strategies enable hotels to evoke different emotions from hotel guests:
With a subtractive strategy, hotels offer the most basic room features and cheap room rate by taking away functional features or service that are not absolutely necessary. Guests may request subtracted features or service depending on their needs, usually with an additional cost. The intended emotional outcomes include happiness for saving money, contentment for getting value for money and satisfaction from selecting hotel features to spend on. An example is Tune Hotels, an international hotel chain.
In contrast, hotels using an additive strategy offer comprehensive functional items. In addition, guests may add special features to try something different or enhance enjoyment. The aim is to promote exploration and discreet enjoyment. Additive strategies intend to evoke emotions such as amazement, excitement, wonder and delight. An example is Affinia Hotels, a boutique hotel chain in the USA that offers options such as a duck for the bath, fitness kit, cupcakes and even an acoustic guitar!
By using tailor made strategies, hotels personalise amenities and service to fit each individual guests' particular needs and preferences. Hotel staff observe and record guest needs and preferences proactively. The information is then stored in a database. Pleasant surprises are staged for individual guests through personalised and meaningful features or service. Because these exceed guest expectations they create pleasant surprises and make the stay memorable. For example a guest who arrives at their room to find their favourite drink on the table.
Dr Lo comments: "The nature of service in hotels is shifting. More hotels are offering guests what they exactly need instead of excessive extras. Understanding the connections between customisation strategies and guest emotions is useful for hoteliers to design for better emotional impacts of hotel stay experiences."
Dr Lo will disseminate the research results to the hospitality industry and research community through invited talks.


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Electronic transport coefficients of very thin undoped GaInP/GaAs quantum wells have been measured at low temperatures by the low field Hall effect and by the Shubnikov-de Haas effect. Unlike the case in undoped AlGaAs/GaAs, strong Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations were observed in this structure after increasing the carrier concentration via the persistent photoconductivity effect. Low temperature mobilities close to 70000 cm2 V-1 s-1 at a carrier concentration of 6.5 × 1011 cm-2 were observed in a 25 angstrom quantum well. The results are compared with the theory of interface roughness scattering and we find that the mobility of our samples goes as L1.3 where L is the well width. We conclude that the barrier height of the confining potential plays a very important role in determining the effect of interface roughness scattering on the mobility of very thin quantum wells.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Materials Science(all)
- Condensed Matter Physics
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering


text:
Next: My Tiles are Cracking in the Corners
My tiles are wearing out
Tiles are well known for their durability and wear resistance. But, we need to always remember that tiles are not indestructible. If mistreated, or subjected to harsh conditions, or wrongly selected for purpose, the glaze on a ceramic tile will scratch or it can wear.
There needs to be an understanding of the difference between 'wearing' and'scratching.' Wearing is where the glazed surface is thinning and eventually actually work through. Scratching is damage to the surface from a harder substance that scratches the glaze. Heavy scratching can actually dull the surface of a glazed tile. It is damage to the surface, but it is not actually wearing through. Much like granite in a heavy traffic area will dull off from scratching, but is not worn.
The best way to avoid tiles becoming worn is to get good advice when selecting them. This way, tiles that are suited to the area can be chosen and that includes for reasons such as colour, ease of cleaning, durability, and resistance to wear.
The other way is to keep the floor clean and free from sand and abrasive dirt. This is especially important at doorways to the outside of a home or building. Abrasive grit is brought in under shoes and if there is a doormat, this grit is removed and left on the doormat. Even gravel (which can be equally as hard as granite) can be trapped under a shoe and then trodden onto the tiled surface.
What can cause the problem?
- Absense of doormats at doorways to the outside of a home. These remove grit and sand from shoes which can be very abrasive on tiled surfaces. Think of sandpaper, which can actually just be sand trapped on the paper, yet is highly abrasive.
- Incorrectly specified tiles that are not suited to the traffic conditions of an area. Always heed the advice of the Beaumont Tiles consultant and explain clearly the conditions to which the tiles will be subject.
- Keep your tiles clean. A clean tile won't have a film of accumulated grinding dirt on the surface.
- Avoid the use of unnecessary chemicals, especially acid based ones and the use of hard cleaning implements such as steel wool. These too will deteriorate the surface of a tile.
So what can I do now?
Once the glaze on tiles has worn, it can't be rejuvenated in any way.
Likewise, damage by harsh scratching cannot be reversed.
Scratched tiles will continue to perform as a tile should. But, once a tile surface has worn through, and the protective glazed surface is gone, the tile will need to be replaced.


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The do's and don'ts of swim training with a watch.
How can you tell the difference between swimmers and triathletes at the pool?
Look at their wrists. Recent technological advances have made it possible to track your swim data via GPS watch—which means a lot of gear-loving triathletes have started tracking yardage on their wrists. These mini computers can calculate almost everything during your daily activities and training sessions. But can using a data watch make you a better swimmer?
Popular reasons for using a data watch:
- Record laps
- Count strokes
- Keep track of intervals
- Calculate yardage
- Determine pace
- Calculate strokes per lap
- Provide a remote coach with your data
- Compare past performances
Although the reasons for using a data watch are compelling, success in the water is driven by technique and an indefinable "feel for the water." An increase in speed comes from either a reduction in resistance or an increase in forward propulsion. Every swim practice should be as much about improving technique as it is about completing the total yardage or holding a specific pace.
If the watch is responsible for counting the yardage and computing pace, then it has provided an opportunity for improvement by allowing the user to focus on technique and improve their feel of the water. However, if that freedom is spent pushing buttons and looking at data screens, then the opportunity is lost. Don't let the watch distract your attention from body position, stroke technique, breathing, kick and effort level. These are the fundamentals that create faster swimming, none of which are being measured on a watch.
It is not uncommon for an athlete and a coach to live and train on opposite sides of the country. In this scenario, the coach relies heavily on data from the athlete's training sessions to generate future workouts. A data watch will provide the numbers that are important to track and report progress in the pool, especially during time trials or test sets where intervals and paces are created. For the lucky athletes that get to train under the watchful eye of a swim coach at practice, skip the watch and work on applying the stroke improvements provided from the deck.
Open water is primarily where I'm sold on the benefits of a data watch. It can record distance and other helpful data to be reviewed post-swim. A GPS-enabled watch can provide invaluable information regarding how straight you swam between buoys. Other benefits include providing intervals when there is no pace clock and calculating average pace over a long-distance swim.
Just like any other training tool, there are good and bad times to use it in training. Usage must be regulated so you utilize it enough to receive a benefit from the recorded data but not too much that it becomes a crutch or impedes smart training. Here are some examples of when to wear and when not to wear a data watch around water:
When to wear it:
During test sets or time trials
When you are swimming solo
In the open water
During your race
When NOT to wear it:
When a coach is on deck
For easy or recovery swim sessions
During a clinic or technique session