text:
A three-letter acronym, three-letter abbreviation, or TLA is an abbreviation, specifically an acronym, alphabetism, or initialism, consisting of three letters. These are usually the initial letters of the words of the phrase abbreviated, and are written in capital letters (upper case); three-letter abbreviations such as etc. and Mrs. are not three-letter acronyms.
Most three-letter abbreviations are initialisms: all the letters are pronounced as the names of letters, as in APA // AY-pee-AY. Some are acronyms pronounced as a word; computed axial tomography, CAT, is almost always pronounced as the animal's name in "CAT scan".
- Countries: UAE and USA
- Politicians: FDR, JFK, and LBJ
- Computer phrases: CPU, DOS, RAM, ROM, and GNU, a recursive TLA that stands for "GNU's not Unix"
- File extensions: EXE, JPG, and MP3
- Corporations: IBM, AMD and NEC
- Business: CEO, CFO and other C-level officers
- Three Letter Agencies: CIA, FBI, FSB, and NSA
- Television networks: ABC (Aus., U.S.), BBC (UK), CBC (Canada, Japan), and NHK (Japan)
- Personal advertisements: SBM for Single Black Male, STR for Short Term Relationship
- Chemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals: GMO, LSD and MSG
- Clinical medicine: CAD and CHF
- Communications shorthand: LOL and OMG
- Military and weaponry: BFR and RPG
- Wars and political conflicts: HYW and WWI
- ISO currency codes: EUR, GBP, JPY and USD
- IATA airport codes: LAX and LHR
- Academic testing: ACT, HSC (Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, NSW, Vic, UK) and SAT
- Canine registries: ACA and CKC
- Sports leagues: NFL, MLB, (North America); AFL and NRL (Australia); NPB (Japan); ACB, LFP (Spain); IPL (India)
- Ship prefixes: HMS, USS and RMS
- State postal abbreviations: NSW, QLD, VIC and TAS (Australia)
History and origins
The exact phrase three-letter acronym appeared in the literature in 1975. Three-letter acronyms were used as mnemonics in biological sciences, and their practical advantage was promoted by Weber in 1982. They are used in many other fields, but the term TLA is particularly associated with computing. The specific generation of three-letter acronyms in computing was mentioned in a JPL report of 1982.
In 1980, the manual for the Sinclair ZX81 home computer used and explained TLA. In 1988, in a paper titled "On the cruelty of really teaching computer science", eminent computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra wrote "Because no endeavour is respectable these days without a TLA..." By 1992 it was in a Microsoft handbook.
Use of "TLA" spread through both industry and academia, and it has now become a generally understood initialism.
The number of possible three-letter abbreviations using the 26 letters of the alphabet from A to Z (AAA, AAB... to ZZY, ZZZ) is 26 × 26 × 26 = 17,576. Another 26 × 26 × 10 = 6760 can be produced if the third element is allowed to be a digit 0-9, giving a total of 24,336.
In English, WWW is the longest possible TLA to pronounce, typically requiring nine syllables. Although in written English it is an abbreviation, in spoken English it ordinarily uses three times as many syllables than the words it is abbreviating, World Wide Web, which is three syllables.
References in popular culture
- As early as 1967, the musical Hair included the song "Initials", whose final verse consisted only of TLAs, viz: "LBJ IRT USA LSD. LSD LBJ FBI CIA. FBI CIA LSD LBJ."
- In 1986, Will Shatter of the band Flipper formed a band named "Any Three Initials" (A3I), as a parody of the preponderance of hardcore punk bands with three-initial names.
- In 1998, the British band Love and Rockets released their last album, Lift, featuring the song "R.I.P. 20 C." that, apart from the refrain, consists only of three-letter abbreviations. A contest was held rewarding the first person to correctly give the meanings of all 69 of them.
- In 1999, German hip-hop group Die Fantastischen Vier (The Fantastic Four) released the song "MfG" ("Mit freundlichen Grüßen", German for "Best regards", literally "With friendly greetings"), also mainly consisting of TLAs.
- In 1999, the author Douglas Adams remarked: "The World Wide Web is the only thing I know of whose shortened form takes three times longer to say than what it's short for."
- In 2001, Portland Oregon songwriter Craig Carothers produced a song entitled "BFD" which includes many three-letter acronyms throughout the lyrics. It has been recorded by Carothers as well as Kathy Mattea, Berkley Hart and Don Henry.
- According to the Jargon File, a journalist once asked hacker Paul Boutin what he thought the biggest problem in computing in the 1990s would be. Paul's straight-faced response was: "There are only 17,000 three-letter acronyms."
- The Jargon File also mentions the abbreviation "ETLA" for "extended three letter acronym" to refer to four letter acronyms/abbreviations. Also, "extended three letter acronym" is sometimes abbreviated to "XTLA".
- The ska band TLA from Dunedin, New Zealand, uses "TLA" to mean "two-letter acronym".
- A Harvard University improv team is named Three Letter Acronym.
|Look up TLA in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
- Lists of TLAs
- Four-letter abbreviation
- ISO 4217 (currency code)
- List of acronyms
- List of airports by IATA code
- List of all two-letter combinations
- List of computing and IT abbreviations
- List of IOC country codes
- List of three-letter broadcast callsigns in the United States
- Photographers' abbreviations
- Q code
- RAS syndrome
- Levy, M. J. (1975). "Review of The Logic of Social Systems". American Journal of Sociology 81 (3): 658. JSTOR _PHONE_. "The acronyms DSE and DNA have something in common: each is a three-letter acronym."
- Seavey, S. R.; Raven, P. H. (1977). "Chromosomal Differentiation and the Sources of the South American Species of Epilobium (Onagraceae)". Journal of Biogeography 4 (1): 57. JSTOR _PHONE_. "All taxa indicated by three-letter acronyms with strains indicated by a fourth letter if necessary."
- Weber, W. A. (1982). "Mnemonic Three-Letter Acronyms for the Families of Vascular Plants: A Device for More Effective Herbarium Curation". Taxon 31 (1): 74–88. JSTOR _PHONE_.
- Nilsen, K. D.; Nilsen, A. P. (1995). "Literary Metaphors and Other Linguistic Innovations in Computer Language". The English Journal 84 (6): 65–71. JSTOR 820897.
- TDA Progress Report R. Hull (1982) An Introduction to the new Productivity Information Management System page 176
- Steven Vickers ZX81 Basic Programming, Sinclair Research Limited, page 161 "As you can see, everything has a three letter abbreviation (TLA)."
- On the cruelty of really teaching computer science
- Dan Gookin (1992) The Microsoft Guide to Optimizing Windows page 211
- Lyrics of "MfG"
- Douglas Adams, The Independent on Sunday, 1999
- TLA the band


Hold hands
Navigation General / Other Used to request that two divers hold hands. Often used with pointing to indicate the divers you arereferring to.
1 hand signal for hold hands
 - You are editing:
 Region: Everywhere Add a region
 Description: Clasp your two hand together.
 Is something missing or incorrect about this hand signal?
 - Do you know a different hand signal for this phrase?
 Upload it to the database.


text:
The Protein Globe is a graphical interface to the PDBj and other services.
The Protein Globe provides a global view and representation of the protein universe. Each protein fold is represented as a point on a globe (sphere), and structurally similar folds (as judged by the ASH program) are placed closer together on the globe than structurally dissimilar folds. We can observe that there are many clusters or islands of folds on the globe. Cartoon representations of folds are provided for some large clusters.
You can interact with the Globe by using your mouse: Rotating the Globe, picking a point, etc. The Globe is an application based on jV (PDBjViewer, version 3).
In order to use the Globe, you need to have the following softwares installed on your computer:
You can make a direct link to the protein domain on the Globe. For example, if you know that there exists on the Globe a domain with PDB ID '1ash' with chain 'A' and domain ID '1', then you can make a link to the point by writing:
By clicking this link, you will have the Globe with the corresponding domain focused.
While PDB ID and chain ID are standard PDB items, domain ID is not. Nobody can blame you if you don't know the domain ID of a particular protein fold. Thus, you can make a link to the Globe by specifying only the PDB ID like:
In this example, we are fortunate enough to have only one domain with the PDB ID '1ash' on the Globe so that the domain is automatically focused. Although the Globe page says error, this can be safely ignored in this case.
However, what if there are multiple domains with the same PDB ID on the Globe? Try the following:
This time, the Globe is not focused. But there should be three buttons on the right-center of the page, each corresponding to a domain with the PDB ID '2awa'. If you find the one you want among the buttons, click it, and you have that one focused on the Globe.
People have likes and dislikes. Or maybe you want the Globe to be of different colors time to time for a change. By specifyingsparameter in the Globe URL, you can have the colors shown in the following figure:
You can specify the colors like:
where xy should be 0 to 59 (inclusive). the first digit (x) of xy specifies the land color, and the second digit(y) the sea. If there is no x, then only specify y (0-9). For example, by specifying's=55', you have the dark green sea with cyan lands ( http://127.0.0.1/globe/globe.cgi?s=55 ); and with's=39', you have the grey sea and the light green lands ( http://127.0.0.1/globe/globe.cgi?s=39 ), etc.
Alternatively, xy can be random (literally). In this case, the colors will be chosen randomly among the 60 choices every time the Globe is (re)loaded.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Cool Roofs Cost Benefit Analysis - Adelaide
Volume 7 – Climate and Energy Performance of Cool Roof in Adelaide University of New South Wales
This study is performed to assess the energy and environmental benefits as well as the cost-benefit of reflecting or cool roofs in the city of Adelaide, Australia. Specifically, the purposes of this report are:
To evaluate the existing reference climatic conditions in the city of Adelaide, understand the characteristics of the urban overheating, and develop detailed climatic data through advanced mesoscale climatic modelling.
2) To evaluate the magnitude and spatial variation of the mitigation /cooling potential generated by the cool roofs when implemented at the city scale, as well as how its application affects the urban ambient temperature and the other main climatic parameters.
3) To investigate the impact of cool roofs on the cooling/heating load and indoor air temperature of different types of buildings in Adelaide.
4) To understand the way of how specific building characteristics affect the performance of cool roofs and the advantages of applying cool roofs in various stations.


University of Cambridge > Talks.cam > Inner Space, The Meditation Centre > A New Consciousness - An interactive series of talks
A New Consciousness - An interactive series of talks
What is the old consciousness and what is 'a new consciousness'? Can we improve the world without paying attention to our consciousness? In what ways would this new consciousness affect out lives and society? Does our present day society and education system address this subject of consciousness? Do they have understanding of this? How can this new consciousness be achieved? Is it easy?
Join series of interactive talks with Dr Prashant Kakoday to explore these answers and more on A New Consciousness.
Prashant is based in Cambridge and has a background in surgery and integrated health. His main interest is in the relationship between the psyche, emotions, behaviour and health. He has spoken on subjects such as these in many countries and institutions, including the W.H.O. and the Medical Teaching Program within the U.S.A.
All welcome, free of charge.
Tell a friend about this talk:
This talk is included in these lists:
Note that ex-directory lists are not shown.


text:
Combo Pack 5: Four-Pack Spanish Bundle of Songs, Visual Cue Cards, and Juan Pablo Book
Included in this bundle:
- 10 Simple Songs for Better Behavior in the Classroom
- 10 More Simple Songs for Better Behavior in the Classroom
- How Are You Feelin', Juan Pablo Chameleon? Book
- Simple Lesson Visual Cue Cards
This comprehensive set features all songs, lesson visual cue cards, and Juan Pablo book for supporting behavior management concerns. Alternate teaching a song, then lesson, each week to cover all skills spread out throughout an entire school year.
For orders placed outside the United States, please send an email to _EMAIL_ for information regarding shipping costs.


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The Interstellar Launch Code is a system of coding that identifies any and all spacecraft. The ILCs are a set of three letters, and are given to companies which then assign numbers to each spacecraft. Each combination of letters and numbers is unique to the spacecraft. The ILCs are given out by the Interstellar Spaceflight Administration (ISA). Each craft must have this code visible on some part of the craft.
The ILC coding was first designed by the Danouarri Orbital Shipyards, as their products became more used. In 1528 AKR the company standardized the use of numbers for spacecraft in their subsidiary Danouarri Orbital. The Empire of Worlds, the Federated Systems, and the Independent Coalition of Systems quickly took notice and formed the ISA. In 1593 the first launch codes were assigned.
The system is used to keep track of all commercial and freight launches in the galaxy. The system is also used to communicate between the flight and grounds crews. This also allowed for passengers to quickly locate their launch in the sea of thousands of launches at any given spaceport.
|Core Worlds - Mid-Rim - Outer-Rim|
|Diraunt - Iatassa - Rotis - Sparymna - Trauq - Uith - Xid - Xis - Zneo - Zondes|
|Empire of Worlds - Freedom Commonwealth Alliance - Galactic Republic - Independent Coalition of Systems - Republic Against Tyranny - Xalicean Empire - Yanhacne Empire - Yuciian Republic|
|Galactic Compact - Galactic Coordinates - Interstellar Spaceport Code - Interstellar Launch Code - InterGalactic Spaceflight Administration|
|Avopei-Larru Galactics - Republic Chips|
|Banking Sodality - Corporate Affinity - InterGalactic Trade Alignment|
|Danouarri Orbital Shipyards - Jeji Spacelines - PlasmaTECH - Silei Spacevoyages - Yuci Galactic|
|Adrianna Owen - Brayden Hayes - Jayden Parker - Krisin Ach|
|Ioroball - GraviTrax|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: Objectives. We examined the prospective effects of parental education (as a proxy for individual socioeconomic status [SES]) and neighborhood SES on adolescent smoking trajectories and whether the prospective effects of individual SES varied across neighborhood SES. Methods. The study included 3635 randomly recruited adolescents from 5 age cohorts (12-16 years) assessed semiannually for 3 years in the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort study. We employed a cohort-sequential latent growth model to examine smoking from age 12 to 18 years with predictors. Results. Lower individual SES predicted increased levels of smoking over time. Whereas neighborhood SES had no direct effect, the interaction between individual and neighborhood SES was significant. Among higher and lower neighborhood SES, lower individual SES predicted increased levels of smoking; however, the magnitude of association between lower individual SES and higher smoking levels was significantly greater for higher neighborhood SES. Conclusions. We found evidence for differential effects of individual SES on adolescent smoking for higher and lower neighborhood SES. The group differences underscore social conditions as fundamental causes of disease and development of interventions and policies to address inequality in the resources.


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Jane Atkin Jewellery
Jane Atkin is a jeweller and sculptor, some pieces are sculpture in their own right but some are obviously jewellery and as a self taught jeweller comes the freedom to experiment. Jane hand carves using the direct carving method which dictates the final form having them cast using the lost wax process. The materials she uses are a mixture of gold and silver, semiprecious stones and Jet, the Jet used is found by her on the Yorkshire coast beaches. Each piece is unique and her designs are modern and often bold, influenced by good design and brutalist architecture.
Artist Demonstrations at the Saltaire Makers Fair, 27 – 29 May 2023:
Discover the traditional lost wax casting technique of jewellery making and explore the tools Jane uses to carve into wax.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Do you know, a single hair strand can carry up to 100 grams of weight. Well, human heads have up to 100,000 hair strands so imagine how much weight they can carry! Interesting isn't it but that's all theory. Let's talk about facts now.
Have you ever wondered how much does your hair weigh? Does it affect your body weight? What is hair made of? What is the anatomy behind hair? And many more such questions are going to be answered below.
How Much Does Your Hair Weigh
There is no exact answer to this question as it varies in every person as it depends upon the hair length, the volume of the hair, hair thickness, etc. Hair doesn't weigh much, according to many experts, the weight of a single hair strand is 0.3-0.6 milligrams and the average human head has up to 100,000 hair follicles, so a full head of long hair is estimated to weigh between 30 to 60 grams.
It can vary in different hair as the hair follicles growth majorly differs depending on hair color as well like Brunettes are recorded to have 155,000 estimated average hair follicles while blondes have 140,000 and redheads has least of them all with 85,000.
Does Your Hair Weigh More When It Is Wet?
Yes, of course, your hair weighs more when it is wet. Hair retains water when you come out of the shower. Hair holds some amount of water that depends on hair thickness and length of the hair. Longer and thicker hair will weigh more than compared to short or medium hair. Though it is not possible to say how much weightier hair becomes when wet.
But this wet hair's weight will not have much effect on the actual hair weight as hair does not absorb a lot of water. Even though you weigh your wet hair it'll not differ much from dry hair.
Anatomy of Hair
Hair's anatomy is very interesting if you get to know it. Looking like a lifeless strand, hair does more than what it seems. Hair plays an important role when it comes to appearance be it, women or men. While hair plays other pivotal functions such as regulating body temperature, transmitting sensory information, and protecting the body.
Hair grows from the roots that are located below the hair follicles. The hair follicle starts at the surface of the epidermis and extends into the dermis, which is made of cells of proteins. That protein is called Keratin which is very essential for hair growth, also it makes up nails and is an important protein for the skin.
Layers of A Hair Strand
Let's look more in detail about hair anatomy. Well hair are made up of three layers –
Let's look more in detail about hair anatomy. Well, hair is made up of three layers –
- The Cuticle
The hair cuticle is the protective layer of hair that is composed of overlapping cells. This gives hair a shine and protects the inner layers from damage
- The Cortex
The cortex forms the main bulk and pigment that determines the color of the hair. The cortex is made up of long keratin filaments and its health depend upon the integrity of the protection of the cuticle
- The Medulla
The medulla is the innermost layer of the hair and is only present in thick hair. It consists of a soft, thin core of transparent cells and air spaces.
Phases of the Hair Follicles Cycle
Going into more detail let's look at the three phases of the hair follicles cycle
- Anagen (Growth Phase)
Anagen is the growing phase of the hair. Most of the hair growth happened at this phase, continuously growing at an inch every three months. It lasts for two to seven years.
- Catagen (Transitional Phase)
Catagen is a small two weeks phase that occurs when hair follicles begin to shrink. This transitional phase is when hair growth declines as hair follicles are contracted.
- Telogen (Resting Phase)
Telogen is a three-month resting phase. Here your hair growth just halts as the hair shaft detaches from hair follicles. Ordinarily, humans lose between 50 and 100 hairs each day due to this process. New hair pushes the old hair and begins growing.
How to Increase Your Hair Weight
With proper hair treatment and a daily hair routine, you can increase your hair weight and improve your hair quality. With proper hair care and use of certain products that can improve your root, scalp, and hair health. Here are some tips to increase your hair weight
- A healthy diet consisting of rich vitamin, proteins, and nutrients
- Use hair shampoo and conditioner to enhance your hair volume
- Scalp massages with organic hair oil such as coconut oil, olive oil, argan oil, etc
- Use products that improve hair density
Follow these tips to improve your hair weight
How Should You Measure Hair Weight
Here are some ways to measure your hair weight, follow the instruction properly to weigh your hair
- Check Your Weight When You are Dry
As discussed above if you check your weight after the shower it will accumulate water retained hair. Though water doesn't affect much of the weight it does increase it for a pound or so. However, for a precise weight, you should weigh yourself when you are fully dry.
You may also like: How Much Dye Do You Need
- Weigh Yourself Naked
Feeling Shy! But weighing yourself completely dressed in shoes on will increase your weight and will not give an accurate weight. So try to weigh yourself naked or just in boxers or underwear.
- Don't Weigh Yourself Everyday
Your day-to-day weight keeps fluctuating. It depends on meals, you bloat and that may add pounds or two when you weigh yourself. So it is better to weigh yourself every two or three weeks instead of every day.
Does hair weigh a lot?
No, hair does not weigh a lot. Even a lot of hair is not heavy at all. Though the weight of your hair depends upon your hair length, hair thickness, and volume of hair
What is the weight of one hair strand?
The weight of a single hair strand is between 0.3-0.6 milligrams. Even though looking thin and fragile it can carry up to 100 gram of weight
How much does hair weigh when wet?
Wet hair and dry hair have not much of a difference. Wet hair can gain some weight because of retaining some amount of water but it is not that much of a difference.
Can you lose weight by cutting down your hair?
No, you can cut off your long hair and that'll bring your hair weight by a pound or two but that'll not affect your body fat percentage or physique.
Your hair weight will not affect your body weight relatively. But that does not mean your hair is weak, they are strong enough. Hair weighs slightly different when they are wet but there is no significant change. If you think your hair does not weigh much, invest in good products and a proper hair care routine.


] "others.bam" "others.bam.bai" "shifted.bam"
## [16] "shifted.bam.bai" "trinucleosome.bam" "trinucleosome.bam.bai"
You can also perform shifting, splitting and saving in one step by calling splitBam.
objs <- splitBam(bamfile, tags=tags, outPath=outPath,
 txs=txs, genome=genome,
Conservation is an optional parameter. If you do not have the conservation score or you would like to simply split the bam files using the fragment length, then you will just need to run the command without providing the conservation argument. Without setting the conservation parameter, it will run much faster.
2.4.6 Heatmap and coverage curve for nucleosome positions
By averaging the signal across all active TSSs, we should observe that nucleosome-free fragments are enriched at the TSSs, whereas the nucleosome-bound fragments should be enriched both upstream and downstream of the active TSSs and display characteristic phasing of upstream and downstream nucleosomes. Because ATAC-seq reads are concentrated at regions of open chromatin, users should see a strong nucleosome signal at the +1 nucleosome, but the signal decreases at the +2, +3 and +4 nucleosomes.
bamfiles <- file.path(outPath,
## Plot the cumulative percentage of tag allocation in nucleosome-free
## and mononucleosome bam files.
cumulativePercentage(bamfiles[1:2], as(seqinfo(Hsapiens)["chr1"], "GRanges"))
TSS <- promoters(txs, upstream=0, downstream=1)
TSS <- unique(TSS)
## estimate the library size for normalization
(librarySize <- estLibSize(bamfiles))
## splited/NucleosomeFree.bam splited/mononucleosome.bam
## 33854 2025
## splited/dinucleosome.bam splited/trinucleosome.bam
## 1972 431
## calculate the signals around TSSs.
NTILE <- 101
dws <- ups <- 1010
sigs <- enrichedFragments(gal=objs[c("NucleosomeFree",
 n.tile = NTILE,
 upstream = ups,
 downstream = dws)
## log2 transformed signals
sigs.log2 <- lapply(sigs, function(.ele) log2(.ele+1))
_TAG_ heatmap
featureAlignedHeatmap(sigs.log2, reCenterPeaks(TSS, width=ups+dws),
 zeroAt=.5, n.tile=NTILE)


SYS(2010) - CONFIG.SYS File Settings
Returns the files setting in CONFIG.SYS.
SYS(2010)
Return Values
Character
Remarks
In FoxPro for MS-DOS, SYS(2010) returns as a character string the files setting in your CONFIG.SYS configuration file.
In Visual FoxPro, SYS(2010) always returns 255.
Most Config.sys files contain a line specifying the maximum number of files that can be opened at the same time under MS-DOS. This line usually reads FILES=NNN, where NNN is a number. SYS(2010) returns this number.
A Config.sys configuration file doesn't have to have a files setting; furthermore, you need not have a Config.sys file. SYS(2010) returns the default MS-DOS files setting in either case.
The number returned by SYS(2010) isn't the number of files you can open in Visual FoxPro, FoxPro for Windows, and FoxPro for MS-DOS. MS-DOS opens files for its own use. Visual FoxPro and FoxPro for Windows also open files for their own internal use, and the number of these open files can vary throughout a FoxPro session. The files setting in your Config.sys file must be somewhat greater than the number of files you would like to open in Visual FoxPro.
For more information on the Config.sys configuration file, see your MS-DOS manual.
See Also
SYS( ) Functions Overview | SYS(2019) - Configuration File Name and Location | Using a Configuration File


It's time for another sample band 9 answer and this week we are going to look at a "discuss both views" question from task 2 of the IELTS writing exam. The question that we will examine today is about sports facilities, but the ideas here can be applied to anything. Remember, there are many topics in the IELTS writing test and you should be prepared for the most common ones.
Understanding the Question
Before you begin writing an IELTS essay, you need to understand the question fully. That process has several parts. Let's look at our question for today in order to understand it.
Discuss both these views and give your opinion.
What is the topic here?
 1. Sports?
 2. Health?
 3. Society?
 4. Government policy?
I would say that the answer is #2 – health. However, you can clearly see that the other topics I have listed are part of the question as well. You could not answer this well without talking about sports or society.
A Secret for Understanding the Question
If you want to understand a question better, the smart thing to do is paraphrase it. This is because you have to try harder to understand it and it can break the idea down better in your mind.
There are two parts to IELTS questions: the statement and the task:
ielts writing question structure
You need to "discuss both views" and also give an opinion, but about what?
About those two statements:, which I shall paraphrase:
 1. More sports centres will improve public health.
 2. Sports centres would not help, but something else might.
Once you understand the question fully, you can begin to plan your answer. For this sort of question, it is possible to use 4 or 5 paragraphs, but I generally recommend 4 because it is easier and usually more effective.
Structure your IELTS Writing Task 2 Essay
I have lots of material on this website about structuring your IELTS writing task 2 essay, but today I will show you my outline for this model essay.
First, you should brainstorm some ideas about the topic. Don't spend too much time doing this because it is better to spend that time on actually writing the essay. But you could make some notes like this:
More sports centres will improve public health.Sports centres would not help, but something else might.
easier to access
can be helpful for children
group activities
they already exist
no evidence to suggest it would work
education is likely more effective
Those are just a few ideas. You should brainstorm your own ones. You should also present your opinion. It is really important that you do not forget this part or else you will not have adequately answered the question.
Next, you have to wonder how to use your paragraphs to present these ideas effectively. Here is my sample answer:
ielts writing task 2 essay template
You can download this essay template here.
This might not make much sense to you… but don't worry! Notes are a personal thing and it is only really important that they make sense to the person writing them.
internal paragraph structure for ielts writing task 2
You can download the template here.
Sample Band 9 Answer
Ok, now that you have seen my structure plans, here is my essay:
There is much debate over the issue of how to help improve public health, and some people have suggested that there should be more sports facilities available. Others, however, say that this would have a minimal impact on the situation. This essay will look at both views and argue that it would indeed only have a small positive impact.
Those who support building more public sports facilities believe that they will encourage more people to participate in regular exercise. This is logical, but there are already many public sports facilities available and it has had little impact. The only people who would likely benefit are children, and while this is important, children already have plenty of places to get exercise. Whilst millions of pounds could be spent on building new facilities, it seems that there is little that would really be contributed to helping solve this crisis.
Even if there was an uptick in the number of people doing exercise, it would not eliminate the public health crisis as exercise is only one small part of it. While it is true that exercise is good for the human body, it is nearly impossible to burn off the number of calories that the average person is now consuming. Even if a person were to run a marathon, it would not negate the damaging effects of going to McDonald's for lunch. That person would still end the day in a calorie surplus and therefore continue to gain weight. When you consider that few people can run marathons, it becomes obvious that the culprit for poor public health is not exercise but rather diet.
In conclusion, it would be good to have more public sports facilities and there may be some small benefit to this, but unfortunately it would not be a significant benefit and other measures would need to be taken too.


ES4 draft: Map
Waldemar Horwat waldemar at
Fri Feb 29 16:52:34 PST 2008
> The optional /hashcode/ argument is a function that takes a key and
> returns a numeric code for it. This code may be used to find
> associations more quickly in the map. Two calls to the /hashcode/
> function on the same key value must return the same numeric code, and
> the /hashcode/ function must always return the same numeric code for two
> objects that compare equal by the /equals/ function. The default value
> for /hashcode/ is the intrinsic global function |hashcode|.
Dost thou desire arbitrary numeric hashcodes or integral ones?
> Map( object )
> When the |Map| class object is called as a function, it creates a new
> |Map| object from |EnumerableId| to |*|, populating the new |Map| object
> with the own properties of /object/.
Making Map(x) do something specialized like this seems like a bad idea. If x is already a Map, I'd expect Map(x) to be idempotent and return x.
Should thou need this functionality, use a static method to get it.
Why does get return null instead of undefined when it fails to find an instance?
A version of get with a second parameter X that returns X when the value isn't present would be useful.
Need a clear() method that deletes all bindings.
The iteration protocol makes a copy before starting to iterate. It might be implemented via copy-on-write but I'd like to see how expensive this is.
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text:
When ignited, manure foam can turn into fire and explosion.
When foaming, methane gas bubbles rise up from manure stored in a deep pit and come in contact with a spark from a heater, welding torch or a cigarette, there can be serious consequences, says a University of Minnesota agricultural engineer.
Larry Jacobson says a pork producer in southeast Minnesota learned the hard way. He noticed a lot of foaming in a manure pit under one of his empty hog barns. "The foam was literally coming up through the slats," Jacobson explains. "He wanted to knock down the foam, and one of the ways that people have done this is to agitate the manure in the pit."
The producer went inside the building during pit agitation to make some adjustments. There was 4 ft. of foam in the 8-ft.-deep pit, oozing above the slats and flowing out of the pit's pump-out ports. As he was leaving the barn, it exploded and he was blown 30-40 ft. from the site, Jacobson says. The explosion raised the roof several feet in the air, causing considerable truss and ceiling damage.
There have been several other cases noted in Minnesota, Iowa and surrounding states with the following common denominators:
Ventilation had been turned off or down to minimal levels after animals had been removed.
All barns had deep-pit manure storage.
Only one barn or one room out of several barns or rooms seem to be involved, even with multi-barn sites.
"One of the dangers in barns with deep-pit manure storage is obviously methane gas production, which is a highly flammable gas. Foam on top of liquid manure can contain 60-70% methane," Jacobson explained in a talk at the Iowa Pork Congress. "When this foam is broken up through agitation or other means, it releases this stored methane (like bubbles bursting) into the air. It can become explosive and it doesn't need that much of a spark to ignite it."
The foaming problem seems to take some time to develop — months or a year — but once established, it can produce problems quickly.
Foaming also reduces manure storage space and results in dirty pigs when foam pushes above the slats in the pens.
Spray washing the pit area, sprinkling water and pig activity seem to work best to somewhat control the foam issue, Jacobson says.
Foam's Origin Debated
Fortunately, manure pit foaming is a relatively rare problem. Jacobson admits there are no ready answers to why the foam forms in the first place. Could it be due to diet or water source or related to climate?
"Right now we do not have solid answers," he says. But the University of Minnesota, Iowa State University, the University of Illinois and other organizations are working on getting some answers. Jacobson says more investigations of farm cases will get attention. Plus, he and fellow Minnesota researcher David Schmidt are formulating a survey to send to a targeted group of producers/managers to build a baseline of common factors.
The survey will ask whether distillers dried grains with solubles, antibiotics and pit additives were being used.
Jacobson doesn't think there will be a silver bullet to solve the problem. Rather, he expects to find multiple things that seem to trigger these increasingly frequent events.
Actually, manure foaming is not new. "We have seen foaming for a long time, going back to the '70s and what were called 'black fires' where people were welding and you would see this flash. But it was a pretty rare event," he recalls.
Importance of Ventilation
"If you ventilate swine facilities, make sure you get enough air exchange so that the methane concentration is below the explosive limit (5-15%), and you won't have an explosion," Jacobson says.
"If there is sufficient ventilation to keep the gas concentration in the barn below 5%, typically four air exchanges per hour — the average minimum ventilation rate — this should keep it under wraps," he adds.
However, if there is foam present in the pit and manure is being pumped, or the foam is being broken up by spraying water, etc., Jacobson advises up to 10 air exchanges per hour to keep methane concentration in check.
When manure is foaming high enough to block or restrict air flow from pit fans, he recommends that ventilation be provided by wall fans rather than pit fans.
In a curtain-sided barn with only pit fans, make sure the curtains are open to improve ventilation rates. However, if the wind is not blowing enough to retain static pressure, keep the curtains closed and pit fans operating, he suggests.
Obviously, keep people out of the barn when dealing with a manure foaming problem.
Mixing fans can help distribute air in a room or building, but remember they don't exchange air.
"Many times in a mechanically ventilated barn, it is better to not open up (doors and sidewall vents) the barn too much because you lose your static pressure," he reminds. "It is better to have ceiling inlets open and pit pump-outs closed."
Avoid pit agitation until manure is at least 2 ft. below the slats and, if possible, only agitate manure intermittently.
"There are really no permanent ways to eliminate foam formation," Jacobson says. "We do have defoaming agents, but I think in an anaerobic pit situation, they are probably not going to be very effective. Until we understand exactly how that foam is generated in an anaerobic manure pit situation, I think it is going to be difficult to do something permanent to prevent it."
Iowa Fire Investigations
Robert Burns and his associates Lara Moody and Ross Muhlbauer at Iowa State University's (ISU) Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering Department investigated five of eight fires that occurred in deep-pit swine facilities in Iowa since the fall of 2009. Burns says three explosive gases can be generated in manure storage systems: methane, hydrogen sulfide and phosphine.
Sampling by the ISU team found that foam in Iowa deep-pit swine manure systems contains from 50-70% methane and less than 250 ppm hydrogen sulfide.
Table 1 compares the findings from the five fires investigated. Foaming was present at all five fires, and high foam levels may have reduced the effectiveness of pit fans at some sites, Burns reports. Four of the five sites had fires occur after the foam was broken.
Successive explosions very similar to the Iowa deep-pit fires were also reported in Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada in 2003. In those cases, investigations revealed that explosive levels of methane were captured in foam, and when the foam broke (wash water falling through the slats), it released methane that was ignited by a barn heater, Burns relates.
The action of foaming is not well understood, but Burns says it has been shown to invert the solids profile — meaning that there are more solids at the top of containment than on the bottom.
Possible sources affecting the surface tension of the liquid manure and increasing the potential for foaming include natural and synthetic detergents, oils and greases, proteins, lipids and polymers.
However, Burns admits that in his experience, foaming and fires occurred in facilities that both used and hadn't used detergents.
Literature indicates that DDGS use in pig diets in the last decade has significantly increased manure volume due to reduced dry matter digestibility. But, he stresses, there is no data indicating that DDGS has in any way caused or increased the incidence of these fires.
|Site||Foam Present||DDGS-Based Ration1||How Foam Broken||Ignition Source|
|1DDGS stands for distillers dried grains with solubles.|


text:
Hockerton Housing Project
The Hockerton Housing Project (HHP) is the UK's first earth sheltered, self-sufficient ecological housing development. The residents of the five houses generate their own clean energy, harvest their own water and recycle waste materials causing minimal pollution or carbon dioxide emissions. The houses are amongst the most energy efficient, purpose-built dwellings in Europe. The houses are the focus of a holistic way of living, which combines the production of organic foods, low intensity fish farming, promotion of wildlife, and the planting of thousands of trees.
The project was conceived in the early 1990's. It took two years to complete the planning agreement with the local authority and a further two years to build the homes and facilities.
Over the years the project has established itself as an exemplar of sustainable development. As a result of this, it has developed a range of services through the creation of a small on-site business. This workers' co-operative provides a level of employment for its members, whilst promoting sustainable development. Its activities include running guided tours, workshops, talks, consultancy and, soon to be launched, a match-making service.
Although each family has their own home, the community share food growing, site maintenance, managing the facilities and a common sustainable business.


Assassin's Creed Wiki
Grigori Rasputin
6,086pages on
this wiki
Eraicon-AC2Eraicon-Project LegacyEraicon-The FallEraicon-Templars
Grigori Rasputin
Grigori Rasputin
Biographical information
22 January 1869
Pokrovskoye, Siberia, Russian Empire
29 December 1916
Petrograd, Russian Empire
Political information
Real-world information
Appears in
Assassin's Creed II (Glyphs)
Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy
Assassin's Creed: The Fall
Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin (1869 - 1916) was a Russian mystic and covert Templar agent assigned to infiltrate the Russian Royal House and become close to Tsar Nicholas II and his family.
Infiltrating the Royal houseEdit
After Nicholas' son Alexei became sick from hemophilia, a family friend advised him to ask for the help of Rasputin. Rasputin agreed to do so, because he knew that Nicholas was in possession of a Staff of Eden, known as the Imperial Sceptre. After successfully "healing" Alexei, Rasputin became a trusted friend, and even gave advice on the decisions the royal family made.[1]
Eventually, Rasputin came into possession of the Staff, and took it to Tunguska for the Templars to experiment with. Despite this, following the interrogation of the Templar Dolinsky, Nikolai Orelov and several other Assassins destroyed the facility, with the assistance of Nikola Tesla; the Imperial Sceptre was also destroyed in the resulting explosion. However, Rasputin managed to recover a piece of the destroyed Staff, and wore it around his neck for the rest of his life.[2]
Guseva's assassination attemptEdit
In 1914, Rasputin traveled to his home in Pokrovskoye, Siberia to visit his wife and children, and his disciple Khioniya Guseva joined him. He arranged to meet with Guseva outside the village's church, but after having done so, Guseva charged towards him and slit his stomach. Due to his injuries, Rasputin's intestines fell out and he clutched at them, yet he managed to smile at Guseva. Following this, Rasputin used the Staff shard from around his neck to make her mutilate herself. Consequently, Guseva was heavily deformed for the rest of her life, while Rasputin himself was somehow healed miraculously.[3]
"Not so immortal after all, henh? Degenerate filth."
―Nikolai Orelov's accomplices, upon seeing Rasputin's corpse.[src]
Rasputin was assassinated by Felix Yusupov and his co-conspirators on 29 December 1916. He was reportedly poisoned, and shot twice, but managed to make his way outside, where he was shot once more and clubbed to death. His body was dropped in a river outside Petrograd, but was later recovered by police and buried near the city.[4]
In 1917, Nikolai Orelov and two accomplices dug up Rasputin's corpse after the Assassin found out about the splinter from the Staff that was still in Rasputin's possession, possibly allowing for his difficult execution. Orelov subsequently ripped the necklace from Rasputin's corpse and told his accomplices to burn the body.[2]
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]
approx_dc_threshold = <integer>
* When using approximate distinct count (i.e. estdc(<field>) in
 stats/chart/timechart), do not use approximated results if the actual number
 of distinct values is less than this number
* Default: 1000
dc_digest_bits = <integer>
* The size of the digest used for approximating distinct count.
* The digest is configured to be 2 ^ 'dc_digest_bits' bytes in size.
* Must be >= 8 (128B) and <= 16 (64KB)
* Default: 10 (equivalent to 1KB)
default_partitions = <integer>
* Number of partitions to split incoming data into for parallel/multithreaded
 reduce.
* Default: 1
list_maxsize = <integer>
* Maximum number of list items to emit when using the list() function
 stats/sistats
* Default: 100
maxmem_check_freq = <integer>
* How frequently, in number of rows, to check if the in-memory data
 structure size limit is exceeded, as specified by the
 'max_mem_usage_mb' setting.
* Default: 50000
maxresultrows = <integer>
* Maximum number of rows allowed in the process memory.
* When the search process exceeds "max_mem_usage_mb" and "maxresultrows",
 data is sent to the disk.
* If not specified, uses the value set for 'maxresultrows' in the
 [searchresults] stanza, which is 50000 by default.
* Default: 50000
max_stream_window = <integer>
* For the streamstats command, the maximum allow window size.
* Default: 10000
maxvalues = <integer>
* Maximum number of values for any field to keep track of.
* When set to "0": Specifies an unlimited number of values.
* Default: 0
maxvaluesize = <integer>
* Maximum length of a single value to consider.
* When set to "0": Specifies an unlimited number of values.
* Default: 0
max_valuemap_bytes = <integer>
* For the sistats command, the maximum encoded length of the valuemap,
 per result written out.
* If limit is exceeded, extra result rows are written out as needed.
* 0 = no limit per row
* Default: 100000
natural_sort_output = <boolean>
* Whether or not to perform a natural sort on the output of 'stats'
 if the output size is greater than or equal to the 'maxresultrows'
 setting.
* A natural sort means that numbers are sorted numerically and non-numbers
 are sorted lexicographically.
* Default: true
partitions_limit = <integer>
* Maximum number of partitions to split into that can be specified with the
 'partitions' option.
* When exceeded, the number of partitions is reduced to this limit.
* Default: 100
perc_method = nearest-rank|interpolated
* Which method to use for computing percentiles (and medians=50 percentile).
 * nearest-rank picks the number with 0-based rank R =
 floor((percentile/100)*count)
 * interpolated means given F = (percentile/100)*(count-1),
 pick ranks R1 = floor(F) and R2 = ceiling(F).
 Answer = (R2 * (F - R1)) + (R1 * (1 - (F - R1)))
* See wikipedia percentile entries on nearest rank and "alternative methods"
* Default: nearest-rank
perc_digest_type = rdigest|tdigest
* Which digest algorithm to use for computing percentiles
 ( and medians=50 percentile).
 * rdigest picks the rdigest_k, rdigest_maxnodes and perc_method properties.
 * tdigest picks the tdigest_k and tdigest_max_buffer_size properties.
* Default: tdigest
sparkline_maxsize = <integer>
* Maximum number of elements to emit for a sparkline
* Default: The value of the "list_maxsize" setting
sparkline_time_steps = <time-step-string>
* Specify a set of time steps in order of decreasing granularity. Use an
 integer and one of the following time units to indicate each step.
 * s = seconds
 * m = minutes
 * h = hours
 * d = days
 * month
* A time step from this list is selected based on the <sparkline_maxsize>
 setting.
* The lowest <sparkline_time_steps> value that does not exceed the maximum number
* of bins is used.
* Example:
 * If you have the following configurations:
 * <sparkline_time_steps> = 1s,5s,10s,30s,1m,5m,10m,30m,1h,1d,1month
 * <sparkline_maxsize> = 100
 * The timespan for 7 days of data is 604,800 seconds.
 * Span = 604,800/<sparkline_maxsize>.
 * If sparkline_maxsize = 100, then
 span = (604,800 / 100) = 60,480 sec == 1.68 hours.
 * The "1d" time step is used because it is the lowest value that does not
 exceed the maximum number of bins.
* Default: 1s,5s,10s,30s,1m,5m,10m,30m,1h,1d,1month
NOTE: The following are rdigest and tdigest settings.
 rdigest is a data structure used to compute approximate order statistics
 (such as median and percentiles) using sublinear space.
rdigest_k = <integer>
* rdigest compression factor
* Lower values mean more compression
* After compression, number of nodes guaranteed to be greater than or equal to
 11 times k.
* Must be greater than or equal to 2.
* Default: 100
rdigest_maxnodes = <integer>
* Maximum rdigest nodes before automatic compression is triggered.
* When set to "1": Specifies to automatically configure based on k value.
* Default: 1
tdigest_k = <integer>
* tdigest compression factor
* Higher values mean less compression, more mem usage, but better accuracy.
* Must be greater than or equal to 1.
* Default: 50
tdigest_max_buffer_size = <integer>
* Maximum number of elements before automatic reallocation of buffer storage
 is triggered.
* Smaller values result in less memory usage but is slower.
* Very small values (<100) are not recommended as they will be very slow.
* Larger values help performance up to a point after which it actually
 hurts performance.
* Recommended range is around 10tdigest_k to 30tdigest_k.
* Default: 1000
tmpfile_compression = <string>
* temporary file compression format, used for stats tmp files only
* "lz4" indicates use of the lz4 format
* "zstd" indicates use of the zstd format
* "none" indicates use of no compression
tmpfile_compression_level = <int>
* Temporary file compression format level.
* If tmpfile_compression is lz4 or zstd, this will indicate the compression level.
* For zstd higher numbers indicate higher speed, and lower compression ratios.
* For lz4 higher numbers indicate lower speed, and higher compression ratios.
[top]
maxresultrows = <integer>
* Maximum number of result rows to create.
* If not specified, uses the value set for 'maxresultrows' in the
 [searchresults] stanza, which is 50000 by default.
* Default: 50000
maxvalues = <integer>
* Maximum number of distinct field vector values to keep track of.
* Default: 100000
maxvaluesize = <integer>
* Maximum length of a single value to consider.
* Default: 1000
[transactions]
maxopentxn = <integer>
* Specifies the maximum number of not yet closed transactions to keep in the
 open pool before starting to evict transactions.
* Default: 5000
maxopenevents = <integer>
* Specifies the maximum number of events (which are) part of open transactions
 before transaction eviction starts happening, using LRU policy.
* Default: 100000
[tscollect]
squashcase = <boolean>
* The default value of the 'squashcase' argument if not specified by the command
* Default: false
keepresults = <boolean>
* The default value of the 'keepresults' argument if not specified by the command
* Default: false
optimize_max_size_mb = <unsigned integer>
* The maximum size in megabytes of files to create with optimize
* Specify 0 for no limit (may create very large tsidx files)
* Default: 1024
[tstats]
allow_old_summaries = <boolean>
* Whether or not the 'tstats' command, when run on an accelerated datamodel,
 confirms that the datamodel search in each bucket's summary metadata is
 considered to be up to date with the current datamodel search.


The PtChg Command
Command Summary
Inverts a point on the graph screen.
Command Syntax
PtChg x, y
Menu Location
Calculator Compatibility
This command works on all calculators.
Token Size
2 bytes
The PtChg command inverts a point on the graph screen — drawing it if it isn't already there, and erasing it otherwise. It uses point coordinates, which means that the result is determined by window variables: the x-coordinate must be between xmin and xmax, and the y-coordinate must be between ymin and ymax (with (xmin,ymin) being the bottom left and (xmax,ymax) the top right corner).
Unlike pixel commands such as PxlChg, however, PtChg won't give an error if the coordinates happen to be outside these bounds — it simply won't have any effect.
Advanced Uses
PtChg can also be used with two lists of the same size. In that case, it will invert the points for every pair of elements (xlist[n], ylist[n]). This can be used as an alternative to plots (see NewPlot) to plot a set of points.
Related Commands


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How can I generate a string in SQL which contains an empty string: ' '
I tried this:
DECLARE @TEST NVARCHAR(50), @COL1 NVARCHAR(50), @COL2 NVARCHAR(50) SELECT @COL1 = 'A', @COL2 = 'B'
SELECT @TEST = 'SELECT '' ['+ @COL1 + '], ''[' + @COL2+ ']'
SELECT @TEST
But the string ends up looking like:
SELECT ' [A], '[B]
When it needs to look like:
SELECT '' [A], ''[B]
Thanks.
share|improve this question
2
You need to learn about: 1. SQL Injection and 2. Parameterized Queries – Oded Dec 15 '11 at 18:40
3 Answers 3
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Two single quotes in a string in SQL is treated as a single escaped single quote, so in order to generate two in the output, you need to put 4 in the input, like so:
SELECT @TEST = 'SELECT '''' ['+ @COL1 + '], '''' [' + @COL2+ ']'
share|improve this answer

Thank you - that worked! – Rivka Dec 15 '11 at 18:33
Well, the quick answer is: '''' (double them up)
e.g. SELECT 'XX''''XX'XX''XX
I'll leave it at that, because the "why would you want to do that‽" part makes me very nervous.
share|improve this answer
You don't need to concatenate strings.
SELECT @COL1, @COL2
should be sufficient. The parameters @COL1 and @COL2 will be replaced by the actual values automatically.
However you cannot declare column names dynamically like this. The parameters on stand for values. Usually you would do something like this:
SELECT [Name] FROM mytable WHERE ID=@id
If you intend to change the column names dynamically, then you would not use apostrophes at all:
SET @sql = 'SELECT [' + @COL1 + '], [' + @COL2 + ' FROM mytable';
EXECUTE sp_executesql @sql;
share|improve this answer

Thanks, but I'm trying to generate a SQL string, which will select an empty string along with column aliases (parameters) when executed. I don't want to merely select the parameter values. – Rivka Dec 15 '11 at 18:46
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Patterns of molecular genetic variation among African elephant populations
Authors
Samuel K. Wasser. E-mail: _EMAIL_
Abstract
The highly threatened African elephants have recently been subdivided into two species, Loxodonta africana (savannah or bush elephant) and L. cyclotis (forest elephant) based on morphological and molecular studies. A molecular genetic assessment of 16 microsatellite loci across 20 populations (189 individuals) affirms species level genetic differentiation and provides robust genotypic assessment of species affiliation. Savannah elephant popula-tions show modest levels of phylogeographic subdivision based on composite microsatellite genotype, an indication of recent population isolation and restricted gene flow between locales. The savannah elephants show significantly lower genetic diversity than forest elephants, probably reflecting a founder effect in the recent history of the savannah species.
Ancillary


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text:
United States school systems commonly use the letter grade scale from "A" to "F," with "A" being the highest grade. The cumulative numerical average refers to an average grade obtained by a student for classes taken. To determine this average all grades earned are converted to numbers using the following scale - "A"=4, "B"=3, "C"=2,"D"=1 and "F"=0. Grade Point Average (GPA) is another commonly used numeric average that takes into account not only the grade but also the number of course credit hours.
Calculating Cumulative Grade Numerical Average
Convert the course grades into the numeric scale. For example, a student took three classes and earned the following grades "A," "A" and "B." Those grades correspond to 4, 4 and 3 on the numeric scale.
Add up all numeric grades; in this example, the sum is 4 + 4 + 3 = 11.
Divide the sum by the number of classes taken to calculate the cumulative numerical average. In this example, the cumulative numerical average is 11 / 3 = 3.66667.
Round the cumulative numerical average to the third decimal place; in this example, the result is 3.667.
Calculating Grade Point Average (GPA)
Convert the course grades into the numeric scale. For example, a student took three classes with 3,1 and 3 credit hours, respectively, and earned the following grades "A," "B" and "C." Those grades correspond to 4, 3 and 2 on the numeric scale.
Multiply the grade by the credit hours for the respective course to calculate grade points. In this example, the the grade points for each course are 12 (4 x 3), 3 (3 x 1) and 6 (2 x 3).
Add up all grade points. In this example, the sum is 12 + 3 + 6 = 21.
Add up all credit hours. In this example, the total credit hours are 3 + 1 + 6 = 7.
Divide the total number of grade points by the total number of credit hours to calculate GPA. In this example, GPA is 21 / 7 = 3.


timeline controlled audio video show and mapping software
Mapstard is a timeline controlled, multi-input and multi-output, audio/video show and VJ software, available for Windows, Mac-OS and Linux.
With mapstard's video output features any type of video device can be controlled: projectors, HD-monitors, ledand video walls, DMX lighting equipment.
Mapstard's advanced mapping function includes highly customizable soft-edge, which allows to draw seamless projection surfaces on architectural objects, using multiple projectors of different type.
Multiple media types such as videos, audio files, images, custom text, camera input, 3D models can be loaded and playback simultaneously on multiple projection surfaces trough different video output devices.
With the timeline controlled keyframe animation feature an AV show can be planned and rendered beforehand, or played back live using presets and OSC remote control.
With the built in DMX functionalities, multiple DMX universes can be timeline controlled to include lighting in your AV-Show.
Multiple projects can be grouped into playlists which in turn can played back timeline controlled.


To see a step by-step instruction on regular Space size change please check this article: Spaces
In this article we collect various use-cases in real life property management, and give a view on how to solve them using Moderan.
Case: Tenant A had a Space 101. Now this Space is being split to two other Tenants B and C:
 - Tenant B already had neighbor Space 102.
 Physically what has been done is that part of Space 101 was merged to Space 102.
 - The remaining area of Space 101 was given to Tenant C.
Step 1- Ensure the Space was physically rebuilt in a way one part was merged to the other Space.
Normally, when you split a Space in two you create a second one and put to each of the two a corresponding new Size.
In this case we see the Space was not only split - but same time partially merged in the other.
This way, we need to increase the size of Space 102 respectively to the part of Space 101 added, and assign the rest to Tenant C.
Step 2 - Split the Spaces as per the physical changes
1. Increase Space 102 by the part of Space 101 size that was physically added to it
2. Decrease Space 101 by the same part
Ensure both changes are registered for the same date in Moderan
3. Assign Space 102 to Tenant B
4. Assign Space 101 to Tenant C
Ensure both Contracts has rent calculations change for the same date as Space size change
It is important to known the details of actual size reconstructions of Spaces: changes might not be identical to the original Space sizes, sometimes area is remeasured.
Always double check this and the sizes stated in the new Contracts!


I want to place text within a plot. The text is always centered relative to the coordinates. How can I left-align or right-align the text relative to the coordinates? For example:
 Plot[hLim1[x], {x, 0.001, 0.99},
 AxesLabel -> {"Prob of Causality", "Prob of Causality Given Simul"}],
 Graphics[Text[Style["X2 Function", FontSize -> 14, Red], {0.5, 0.5}]]]
centers the text at {0.5, 0.5}. How can I make the left most part of the text at {0.5, 0.5}? I have tried the TextAlignment option in Style, but it does not do it.
I have also tried the AlignmentPoint option in Graphics, but that does not change anything either.
 - $\begingroup$ Check Epilog to put some text or other graphics primitives in a plot. $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 12:12
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ That seems very complicated. How does one control text alighnment with Epilog? I don't see it in the examples. Thank you. $\endgroup$ – Anthony Mannucci Jan 15 '15 at 12:22
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ This might help mathematica.stackexchange.com/questions/22839/… $\endgroup$ – Gordon Coale Jan 15 '15 at 13:28
The answer is in the docs yet it might be useful for others so I will just drop it here. The Details and Options section of the Text documentation says:
enter image description here
Thus you can do the following:
Plot[x, {x, 0, 1},
 Epilog -> {Text[Style["hello", 25], Scaled[{0.5, 0.5}], #], Red,
 Point@{.5,.5}}, PlotLabel -> ToString@#] & /@ {{-1, 0}, {1, 0}, {0, -1}, {0, 1}};
giving you different relative placements of the Text:
Mathematica graphics
 - $\begingroup$ Although the documentation only shows use of the values -1, 0, or 1; any numeric values can be used. For example, to make the spacing larger (e.g., to avoid any overlap with the curve) use larger numeric values. $\endgroup$ – Bob Hanlon Jan 15 '15 at 14:22
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_ As the doc says: "The offsets specified need not be in the range -1 to +1." :) $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 14:35
The third argument to Text can be useful in situations like the one you describe. Perhaps this example will give you the info you need to proceed.
align[Right] = {1, 0};
align[Center] = {0, 0}; (* default *)
align[Left] = {-1, 0};
lText = Text["Left Aligned", {0.5, 0.6}, align[Left]];
cText = Text["Centered", {0.5, 0.5}, align[Center]];
rText = Text["Right Aligned", {0.5, 0.4}, align[Right]];
txt = Graphics[{lText, cText, rText}];
plot = Plot[Sin[π t], {t, 0, 1}];
Show[plot, txt]
 - $\begingroup$ mhm, we basically have the same answer. $\endgroup$ – Öskå Jan 15 '15 at 13:33
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ _USER_. Indeed -- because the 3rd argument of Text is designed to handle what the OP wants to do. But there are enough differences in the details that both might be useful to the OP or others with the same problem. $\endgroup$ – m_goldberg Jan 15 '15 at 13:40
Your Answer


Life for phone motor
Source: coin-motor.com Publish Time: 2023-06-27 18:47 112 Views Size: 16px 14px 12px
Lifetime for phone motor depend on the vibration motor you choose?
Life for phone motor
Usually,we use BLDC motor,coin motor ,smt motor and LRA motor for smart phone.

And follow is the lifetime for these motors:
Under the condition On 1sec/Off 1sec .

The life for as follows show:

BLDC Motor
Coin Motor
SMT Motor
LRA Motor
2000,000 cycles
100,000 cycles
200,000 cycles

1,000,000 cycles
We can find that BLDC motor can have more than 1000 hours for life time.
This is very nice for urability.
And BLDC motor is widely used in new model.
LRA motor is also very nice.

When the motor used in smart phone.
The service life of mobile phone vibration motors is influenced by various factors, including temperature, humidity, voltage, load, etc.
If these factors cannot be effectively controlled, the service life of the vibration motor will be affected and even damaged in advance.
Therefore, in order to extend the service life of the vibration motor on phones, we should take the following measures:
1. Control environmental temperature and humidity: Temperature and humidity are important factors that affect the service life of the vibration motor. Therefore, we should try to maintain the environmental temperature and humidity within the normal range to ensure the normal use of the vibration motor.

2. Control voltage: If the voltage is too high or too low, it will affect the service life of the vibration motor. Therefore, it is necessary to try to keep the voltage within the normal range to ensure the normal use of the vibration motor.
3. Load control: Excessive load can cause overheating of the vibration motor, thereby shortening its service life. Therefore, it is necessary to control the load as much as possible to ensure the normal use of the vibration motor.

4. Regular inspection: The working status of the vibration motor should be regularly checked, and problems should be identified and dealt with in a timely manner to ensure the normal use of the vibration motor. In short, in order to extend the service life of the vibration motor on Apple phones, effective measures must be taken to control environmental temperature and humidity, control voltage, control load, and conduct regular inspections to ensure the normal use of the vibration motor.


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Benefits of Data Recorders
Data recorders, also known as black boxes, have become an essential tool in various industries. These devices are designed to capture and store crucial data during specific events or activities. The insights gained from data recorders enable companies and organizations to make informed decisions, improve safety standards, and enhance overall operations. Let's take a closer look at the benefits of successful data recorder implementation.
Enhanced Safety Measures
One significant advantage of data recorders is their ability to enhance safety measures. In the transportation industry, for example, data recorders in vehicles can capture data related to speed, braking, and other critical parameters. This information can be used to analyze and identify potential safety risks, allowing companies to take necessary precautions and prevent accidents. By monitoring and analyzing data from data recorders, industries can proactively implement safety measures and reduce the likelihood of mishaps. To expand your knowledge of the subject, visit this recommended external website. In it, you'll find valuable information and additional details that will further enrich your reading experience. Unearth here!
Accurate Incident Analysis
Data recorders play a vital role in accurately analyzing incidents. In the aviation industry, for instance, flight data recorders (FDRs) help investigators understand the circumstances leading up to an accident or incident. These devices capture data such as altitude, airspeed, and flight control inputs, providing valuable insights to investigators. By examining the recorded data, experts can reconstruct events and determine the causes of accidents, ultimately leading to improved safety protocols and prevention strategies.
Data recorders can significantly contribute to operational optimization. In manufacturing plants, for example, data recorders can collect information on machine performance, production rates, and energy consumption. By analyzing this data, companies can identify inefficiencies, streamline processes, and reduce production costs. The insights gained from data recorders enable organizations to make data-driven decisions, improve productivity, and optimize resource allocation.
Legal and Compliance Requirements
Data recorders also fulfill legal and compliance requirements in various industries. In the healthcare sector, for instance, electronic health record (EHR) systems serve as data recorders, capturing patient information, diagnoses, and treatment plans. These records not only facilitate accurate diagnoses and treatment but also comply with legal requirements, such as patient privacy laws. Implementing data recorders ensures that organizations adhere to regulatory frameworks and maintain the necessary documentation to meet legal obligations.
Real-time Monitoring and Alerts
Many data recorders offer real-time monitoring and alerts, empowering organizations to respond swiftly to critical events. In the energy sector, for example, data recorders can track power consumption, voltage levels, and equipment performance. If anomalies or issues are detected, alerts can be immediately generated, allowing technicians to address and resolve the problems promptly. Real-time monitoring and alerts facilitate proactive maintenance, minimizing downtime, and optimizing operations. Enhance your reading and broaden your understanding of the topic with this handpicked external material for you. Data Logger _URL_, discover new perspectives and additional information!
Data recorders have proven to be invaluable tools for successful implementation across various industries. From enhancing safety measures and accurate incident analysis to operational optimization and legal compliance, data recorders provide crucial insights that empower organizations to make informed decisions and improve overall efficiency. As technology advances, data recorders will continue to evolve, enabling businesses and industries to achieve higher levels of performance and safety.
Want to know more about this subject? Visit the related posts we've chosen to further enrich your reading:


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OutSystems
Coherence Suggestion Warning
Message
'Input' is declared as non-mandatory but <attribute> is mandatory
Cause
You have an Input widget that handles an attribute value and the Mandatory property of the widget and attribute do not match. This occurs when, for example, you have an Edit Record widget used to edit an entity record and one of the entity attributes is declared as mandatory while the corresponding Input widget has False explicitly typed in the Mandatory property expression.
Recommendation
Either the Input widget Mandatory property should be explicitly True or an expression (evaluated only at runtime), or the attribute should be non-mandatory. Check which is more suitable for your module and fix the corresponding property.
Message
'InputPassword' is declared as non-mandatory but <attribute> is mandatory
Cause
You have an Input Password widget that handles an attribute value and the Mandatory property of the widget and attribute do not match. This occurs when, for example, you have an Edit Record widget used to edit an entity record and one of the entity attributes is declared as mandatory while the corresponding Input Password widget has False explicitly typed in the Mandatory property expression.
Recommendation
the Input Password widget Mandatory property should be explicitly True or an expression (evaluated only in runtime), or the attribute should be non-mandatory. Check which is more suitable for your module and fix the corresponding property.
Message
'Max. Length' of Input (<size>) and <attribute> 'Length' (<size>) values should match
Cause
You have an Input widget that handles an attribute value and the length does not match with the size of that attribute. This occurs when, for example, you have and Edit Record widget used to edit an entity record and one of the entity attributes has a Length different from the Max. Length property of the corresponding Input widget.
Recommendation
Either the Max. Length of the Input widget should be updated or the Length property of the attribute should be updated. Check which is more suitable for your module and fix the corresponding property.
Message
'Max. Length' of Input Password (<size>) and <attribute> 'Length' (<size>) values should match
Cause
You have an Input Password widget that handles an attribute value and the length does not match the size of that attribute. This occurs when, for example, you have an Edit Record widget used to edit an entity record and one of the entity attributes has a Length different from the Max. Length property of the corresponding Input Password widget.
Recommendation
Either the Max. Length of the Input Password widget or the Length property of the attribute should be updated. Check which is more suitable for your module and fix the corresponding property.
Message
You should use an attribute from '<table | list records name>' current record for the <input widget> '<input name>' variable
Cause
You have an input widget (Input, Input Password, Select, etc), inside a Table Records or List Records widget, that handles a variable that is not bound to the List runtime property of the list with records being displayed. In this situation, the attribute associated with this variable will have the same value in all the records and this value corresponds to the last value provided by the end-user.
Recommendation
If you want to update a set of records correctly, in a Table Records widget or a List Records widget, the Variable property of the input widget should be obtained through the List runtime property. For example: TableRecords1.List.Current.Customer.Name
Message
<query> 'Max. Records' should be set to '<number>' to match the number of records presented by <widget>
Cause
You have a Table Records widget or List Records widget that presents a set of records different from the ones fetched by the associated query.
Recommendation
Check the Max. Records property of your aggregate or SQL query and update this property with the value suggested in <number>, based on the properties of Table Records widget or the List Records widget: either the value of the LineCount property, if StartIndex is 0, or the value StartIndex + LineCount + 1, otherwise. In this situation, you have the guarantee that you are fetching as many records as you need to display.
Message
'Special Variable' will always be empty because 'Special List' is not specified
Cause
You have a Combo Box widget that is not populated with generic values but the Special Variable property is set. This property is only necessary to gather the end-user input when generic values are displayed, i.e. the Special List property is set.
Recommendation
Edit this Combo Box widget and delete the variable associated with the Special Variable property because this variable is ignored by Service Studio.
Message
'<OnInitialize action | OnReady action>' accesses Aggregates or Data Actions, but the data might not be available at this time. To avoid inconsistencies, use the OnAfterFetch of the Aggregate or Data Action instead.
Cause
When the OnInitialize event occurs, the Aggregates and Data Actions of screens and blocks have not started to fetch data yet. Also, the OnReady event occurs right after the screen is ready and does not wait for the data to be fetched. Accessing Aggregates or Data Actions in OnInitialize or OnReady actions may cause inconsistencies, since the data may not be available by this time.
Recommendation
Move the logic that accesses the fetched data to the OnAfterFetch action of the Aggregate or Data Action. The OnAfterFetch of an Aggregate or Data Action is executed right after the data is fetched.
Message
There are Aggregates or Data Actions that use variables assigned in '<OnReady action| OnRender action>', which runs after the data is fetched. To avoid inconsistencies, move the assign of those variables to the OnInitalize event.
Cause
Aggregates and Data Actions start to fetch data before the OnReady or the OnRender event occurs. If you assign the variables used in Aggregates and Data Actions in the OnReady or the OnRender actions, their value may not be the expected by the time the data is fetched, which will affect the resulting data.
Recommendation
Execute the Assign of the variables used in Aggregates or Data Actions in the OnInitialize action. This way you assure the variables are assigned with their values when the data is fetched.
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text:
Ark of Taste
Wild Gulf Coast Shrimp
The wild gulf coast shrimp are wild-caught – or free-range – from the Gulf Coast of the US, where they naturally exist. They can be distinguished into white shrimp, brown and pink shrimp. These shrimp are all warm water species recognized for their sweet taste, firm texture, crunchy meat. Aside from their color, the different varieties of the Wild Gulf Coast shrimp are very similar. The white shrimp have grayish-white shells that turn pink when cooked; the brown shrimp have light brown or tan shells that turn coral when cooked and the pink shrimp have light pink shells with a pearl-like texture that turn a deeper shade of pink when cooked.
when new Ark of Taste items are added


text:
Nathaniel Knipp is the son of Edmund Knipp and Unknown Spouse. Nathaniel was born 24 Jan 1836 Illinois. On 15 May 1862, he married (1) Adra Elizabeth English, 1837 – 1863.
On 11 June 1866, Nathaniel Knipp married (2) Martha A. Scott, 1844 – 1909.
Nathaniel died 1 Apr 1904 in Auxvasse, Callaway, Missouri, United States.
Nathaniel served in the Civil War:
Name: Nathan Knipp
Regiment State/Origin: Missouri
Regiment Name: Missouri Infantry Perkins' Battalion
Regiment Name Expanded: Perkins' Battalion, Missouri Infantry
Rank In: Sergeant
Rank In Expanded: Sergeant
Rank Out: Sergeant
Rank Out Expanded: Sergeant
Film Number: M380 roll 9
From the research of Sherry Martin:
This pic taken around 1960. The names are easy to read in this pic but the dates are hard to see. This tombstone made by ? Scott, one of Nathan's brother-in laws. The Scott has an identical tomb at Harrison Cemetary, Callaway County. If you look at Martin Van Buren Knipp stone you will see that he has sea shells on his also. Nathan and Martin were half brothers, sons of Edmund Knipp
Children of Nathaniel Knipp and Adra Elizabeth English:
Infant Boy Knipp 1863 – 1863
Adra Elizabeth English Knipp died in 1863 due to complications of childbirth
Children of Nathaniel Knipp and Martha A. Scott:
Margaret J Knipp 1866 – 1972
Sarah Elizabeth Knipp 1867 – 1955
Mary Knipp 1869 –
Nancy Knipp 1869 – 1880


text:
CELLMEN AFTER SHAVE CREAM/ LOTION
After Shave CreamCellmen Cellsplash
Cellmen CellSplash is the after-shave cream that has unique daily invigorating liquid texture exclusively formulated for men's skin hormones. Cellmen CellSplash is thoroughly alcohol and methanol free after-shave cream.
Energize and Soothe Male Skin with Cellsplash After Shave Cream
After daily or weekly cleaning –
Toning and rebalancing the skin's pH level after cleansing is an essential part of looking after your skin. This action:
- Completes the cleansing process.
- Rebalances the skin's hydrolipidic film.
- Optimizes the skin's absorption of Phyto and cellular extracts.
Shaving daily acts as a combative process to the skin. Cellmen CellSplash After Shave Lotion alters the already deficient hydrolipidic film and modifies its natural pH level. This after-shave cream causes dehydration, cutaneous irritation, and a lack of protection for the skin when exposed to a range of external aggressions. This problem is further intensified for men by the visibility of red spots and redness, mainly in the neck area, causing discomfort and is stunningly unattractive.
Agonizingly, many men still tent to use alcohol-based products or after shaving lotion. However, It is like putting 90º proof alcohol on a wound!
After shaving the skin needs effective skincare tailored explicitly to its masculine identity to help:
- Regenerate the hydrolipidic film after shaving.
- Immediately soothe.
- Regulate cutaneous homeostasis.
Cellmen Cellsplash After Shave Cream
Preserve cutaneous homeostasis
Maintain the balance of cutaneous functions despite external aggressions. Normal and correct skin functioning is maintained utilizing a homeostasis mechanism. Water and ion balance are two of the most critical factors for this homeostasis mechanism to work well.
- Water provides the medium for the metabolic processes to take place.
- Distribution of ions into the different skin layers determine the movements of fluids between the intracellular and the extracellular spaces, the maintenance of the membrane electrochemical potential, and the starting or inactivation of many cellular processes.
After Shave Cream for MenCellmen Cellsplash
Cellmen CellSplash resides in its double function as both a revitalizing, rebalancing cellular tonic and a calming after-shave lotion.
This after shaving cream contributes to the following factors:
- Clean, refreshed and toned skin.
- Soothed, rebalanced skin.
- A more radiant complexion.
Recommended to Men
- Exclusively reserved for men, from age 20.
- All skin types, even sensitive skin.
- For all men looking for a healthy, alcohol-free, after-shave treatment.


text:
Jump to:Page Content
Home > Closing Gender Gaps
The Women and Public Policy Program of Harvard Kennedy School closes gender gaps in economic opportunity, political participation, health and education by creating knowledge, training leaders and informing public policy and organizational practices.
We look at what policies, organizational structures and leadership techniques help close involuntary gender gaps, those that occur due to constraints rather than choice, either due to explicit barriers (laws or the absence thereof) and/or implicit barriers (stereotypes, biased judgements and discrimination).
Conducting research to provide evidence-based insights and recommendations, we identify small to large scale successful interventions, while examining the impact of closing gender gaps.
Business Case Conference
What is the economic value of gender diversity in organizations, politics and society? To explore this question, WAPPP hosted a two-day conference in October 2010 to explore the economic value of gender diversity in organizations, politics and society.
Oval Office student training
From Harvard Square to the Oval Office is a non-partisan initiative that trains Harvard graduate students to run for all levels of political office.
Closing the Global Gender Gap
Closing the Global Gender Gap Initiative (CGGGI) aims to conduct, foster and support research on closing gender gaps in economic opportunity, political participation, health and education, to identifying ground-breaking, replicable interventions.


text:
Office of Urban and Off-Campus Support Services (U-ACCESS)
The University of Massachusetts Boston (UMass Boston) believes that the well-being of our students is critical to their academic success and timely graduation. Recognizing and addressing the complex challenges our students face is no small task. The Office of the Vice Chancellor of Student Affairs has seen the various non-academic challenges our students encounter on a daily basis, which has led to the establishment of the Office of Urban and Off-Campus Support Services, otherwise known as U-ACCESS.
U-ACCESS employs a multi-disciplinary approach to assist students who are dealing with a multitude of issues. The office collaborates with on campus units and programs as well as off campus community service providers and state agencies around the Greater Boston areas.
The ultimate goal of U-ACCESS is to support students so that they can achieve academic success without being derailed by complex non-academic issues in their lives. Hopefully, with such support, these students will successfully complete their degrees at UMass Boston, stop the cycle of poverty and educational attrition, and improve their life choices and opportunities.
We support students who are experiencing:
- Temporary homelessness
- Emancipation from foster care
- Domestic violence including parental abuse
- Chronic poverty
- Chronic hunger
- Financial hardship due to the above
We offer students:
- Case management
- Information and resource referral
- A Food Pantry
Giving to UMass Boston
Support UMass Boston students who suffer financial and personal hardship, including poverty and homelessness through a gift to the U-ACCESS Program.


text:
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Co-authored documents are becoming increasingly important for knowledge representation and sharing. Tools for supporting document co-authoring are expected to satisfy two requirements: 1) querying changes over editing histories; 2) maintaining data consistency among users. Current tools support either limited queries or are not suitable for loosely controlled collaborative editing scenarios. We address both problems by proposing a new persistent data structure-partial persistent sequence. The new data structure enables us to create unique character identifiers that can be used for associating meta-information and tracking their changes, and also design simple view synchronization algorithms to guarantee data consistency under the presence of concurrent updates. Experiments based on real-world collaborative editing traces show that our data structure uses disk space economically and provides efficient performance for document update and retrieval.


text:
With the hot weather drying out the state, more than 80 counties have issued burn bans. But what those bans incorporate varies county to county. But the state fire marshal says local governments need to give their citizens more clarity.
There are two types of burn bans Indiana counties can implement: the more common burn bans that fall under the state's fire code and burn bans under emergency disaster declarations. Emergency disaster declaration burn bans are broader and can prohibit things like fireworks that the regular burn bans can't.
State Fire Marshal Jim Greeson says counties need to spell out exactly what their bans entail.
"Some have eliminated any type of open burning whether it's a campfire, a grill, be it gas or charcoal," Greeson says. "Some municipalities you can still burn normal combustible materials in a barrel. Well, they've restricted that, restricted agricultural burning."
Violating declaration burn bans is a Class B misdemeanor, carrying a fine and possible jail time. Violating the regular burn bans normally just results in a fine.
Greeson says enforcing the burn bans is entirely the responsibility of local law enforcement. And he says typically enforcement relies on complaints and people reporting others for violating the bans.


text:
A total of 18 mullein species have been recorded in Jordan. They generally produce small rosettes of hairy leaves in their first year. Adult plants over a year old produce large, hairy, basal leaves with wavy margins and densely branched crowns with yellow flowers. The flowers of most species have red centers. Mulleins are a source of food for numerous insects such as moth caterpillars and ants.
Stony mountains and valleys of western Jordan, including Amman, Karak, Tafilah, and Shobak.
Late spring and summer.


text:
Knowledge-based system for group technology
International Journal of Production Research
DOI of Published Version
In this paper, a knowledge-based system (KBGT) for solving the group technology problem is presented. The formulation of the group technology problem involves constraints related to machine capacity, material handling system capability, and machine cell dimensions. The KBGT has been developed for an automated manufacturing environment. It takes advantage of the developments in expert systems and optimization. Two basic components of the knowledge-based system, namely the knowledge-based subsystem and the heuristic clustering algorithm are discussed. Each partial solution generated by the clustering algorithm is evaluated for feasibility by the knowledge-based subsystem which modifies search directions of the algorithm. The KBGT is illustrated with a numerical example.
This document is currently not available here.