The Grammarphobia Blog
Bullies and bulldogs
Q: I came across someone who wonders if "bullying" has something to do with "bulldogs." Is there anything to this? Or is it just bull?
A: It's just bull, though the paths of the two words did cross at least once (more on this later).
"Bullying" and "bulldogs" aren't etymologically related. In fact, the word "bully" had nothing to do with what we now think of as "bullying" when it entered English in the 1500s.
The noun "bully" was originally "a term of endearment and familiarity" similar to "sweetheart" or "darling," according to the Oxford English Dictionary.
Although it was initially used for both men and women, the OED says, it was "later applied to men only, implying friendly admiration: good friend, fine fellow, 'gallant.' "
The origins of the word are fuzzy, but the dictionary suggests that it might have come from boel or buole, Dutch or Middle High German terms for a lover.
The earliest Oxford citation for the usage is from A Comedy Concernynge Thre Lawes, of Nature Moses, & Christ, Corrupted by the Sodomytes, Pharysees and Papystes (circa 1548), a morality play by John Bale, an Anglican bishop:
"The woman hath a wytt, / And by her gere can sytt, / Though she be sumwhat olde. / It is myne owne swete bullye, / My muskyne and my mullye." ("Muskyne" and "mullye" are obsolete terms of endearment.)
Here are a few examples from Shakespeare's plays:
"From my hart strings I loue the louely bully." (Henry V, c. 1600.)
"What saiest thou, bully, Bottome?" (A Midsummer Night's Dream, c. 1600.)
"Blesse thee my bully doctor." (The Merry Wives of Windsor, c. 1602.)
In the late 1600s, the term "bully" came to mean a "blustering gallant" or a "swashbuckler," according to the OED, though it now generally means "a tyrannical coward who makes himself a terror to the weak."
It's impossible to tell from the dictionary's examples when the swashbuckling sense of the noun evolved into the tyrannical sense.
But the verb "bully," which showed up in the early 1700s, was initially used in both the blustering and tyrannical senses—or, as the OED defines it, "to act the bully towards; to treat in an overbearing manner; to intimidate, overawe."
The OED's earliest example for the verb is from Samuel Palmer's Moral Essays on Some of the Most Curious and Significant English, Scotch and Foreign Proverbs (1710): "His poor neighbour is bully'd by his big appearance."
And here's an example in Google Books of the noun used in the tyrannical sense, from Tobias Smollett's 1775 novel The Expedition of Humphry Clinker:
"Then, it must be owned, he wants courage, otherwise he would never allow himself to be cowed by the great political bully, for whose understanding he has justly a very great contempt."
As for the noun "bulldog," it first showed up in the mid-1700s. (The OED has a questionable 1518 citation that refers to "two bolddogges," but it's unclear whether the animals were actually bulldogs.)
The dictionary defines the noun, which it hyphenates, as "a dog of a bold and fierce breed, with large bull-head, short muzzle, strong muscular body of medium height, and short smooth hair."
Oxford says the name of the dog is derived from the words "bull" and "dog." Why a bull? Because the dog was once used in bull-baiting—a "sport" in which a dog would lock its teeth onto the snout of a tethered bull.
The first clear "bulldog" citation in the OED is from a 1752 essay by David Hume: "The courage of bull-dogs and game-cocks seems peculiar to England."
The adjective "bully" (meaning admirable) showed up in the late 1600s. We discussed this usage in a blog post several years ago about the term "bully pulpit."
In the late 1800s, the adjective was also used to describe someone who looked like a bulldog—this is where the paths of "bully" and "bulldog" crossed.
The OED's sole example of the adjective used this way is from Mary Elizabeth Braddon's 1883 novel Phantom Fortune: "Angelina is bully about the muzzle." (Angelina is a fox terrier.)
Although the usage hasn't made it into the OED or standard dictionaries, many dog rescue groups use the term "bully breeds" to refer to such breeds as the American Staffordshire terrier, bull terrier, bulldog, and bullmastiff.
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The oscillatory shear flow properties, dynamic storage and loss moduli (G' and G"), of a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer (TLCP) in both the isotropic and nematic regions were measured as functions of angular frequency (~o), using a cone-and-plate rheometer. For the study, an aromatic polyester, poly[(phenyl sulfonyl)-p-phenylene 1,10-decamethylene-bis(4-oxybenzoate)] (PSHQ10), was synthesized in our laboratory. The PSHQ10 was found to have (1) a glass transition temperature of 88°C, (2) a melting point of 115°C, and (3) a nematic-to-isotropic transition temperature of 175°C. We found that the oscillatory shear flow properties of PSHQ10 in the nematic region were strongly dependent on its thermal history (i.e. annealing temperature and the duration of annealing) and shear history. Thus, in order to completely erase the thermal history associated with polymerization and sample preparation, a solvent-cast PSHQ10 specimen was first heated to the isotropic region (e.g. 190°C), sheared there at a very low shear rate (0.0085 s- 1) for ~ 5 min, and then cooled very slowly down to a predetermined temperature (130, 140, 150, 160 or 170°C) in the nematic region. We found that in the isotropic region time-temperature superposition holds and plots of log G' versus log G" give rise to a temperature-independent correlation. On the other hand, we found that in the nematic region preshearing has a profound influence on the oscillatory shear flow properties and log G' versus log G" plots show temperature dependency. This suggests that time-temperature superposition would not hold in the nematic region of PSHQ10 (and also of other types of TLCPs). We thus conclude that log G' versus log G" plots are very sensitive to variations in the morphological state of PSHQ10 as the temperature varies in the nematic region. We found that the Cox-Merz rule holds for PSHQ10 in the isotropic region and the morphological state of a specimen plays an important role in determining whether or not the Cox-Merz rule holds in the nematic region; specifically an unsheared specimen does not follow the Cox-Merz rule, whereas a sheared specimen does.
Посилання на статтю:
Oscillatory shear flow behaviour of a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer / Seung Su Kim and Chang Dae Han // Polymer. – 1994. – Vol 35. – P. 93-103.
Oscillatory shear flow behaviour of a thermotropic liquid-crystalline polymer - Завантажити.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Quizbola - A Party Game with a Twist
Tambola Ticket with Numbers
Tambola Ticket with Numbers
Quizbola Ticket with Answers
Quizbola Ticket with Answers
Quizbola Q-Card
Quizbola Q-Card
Master List
Master List
Part Luck, Part Brains. All Fun
Quizbola is a party game that combines two different but highly enjoyable activities in one terrific experience. One of them is quizzing, the other is Tambola, a game of chance, also known as Housie or Lotto
What is Tambola?
Tambola, also known as Bingo, Housie or Lotto, is a game of luck or chance. Each player is given a Ticket printed with a unique set of 15 random numbers (from 1 to 90) arranged in 3 rows of 5 numbers each. One person is appointed as the host for the game. The host has a set of 90 chips, each with a number on it. Numbers are from 1 to 90. The host picks out a chip from a bag that contains 90 chips and calls it out to the player. If the number that is called out by the host is in the participant's set of 15 numbers, the player crosses it out. The host then takes out another chip and calls out the number on it. This is repeated till one of the player crosses out all the 15 numbers on his Ticket and stakes his claim to the winnings.
Winning a game of tambola is based purely on luck.
What is Quizbola?
In Quizbola, instead of random numbers, the ticket contains answers to quiz questions. These are arranged in 3 rows of 5 answers or 15 answers on a ticket. The questions to these answers are printed on "Q-Cards", one Q-Card for one question. The host picks out a Q-Card at random and reads it aloud to the participants. The host does not reveal the answer.
Let's say the question on the Q-Card is "Who invented the electric bulb?" The correct answer is "Thomas Edison".
If the participant knows the correct answer, that is, Thomas Edison and that answer is on his ticket, he crosses out the answer (see photo of Quizbola Ticket with Answers)
The first participant to cross out all the 15 answers is eligible to stake a claim to the winnings.
The Quizbola Twist!
But here's where things get interesting. There are four possibilities:
 - The participant knows the answer to the question and the answer is on his ticket. He promptly crosses out the answer. He has knowledge and luck on his side!
 - The participant knows the answer to the question, but the answer is not on his ticket. He has knowledge but no luck!
 - The participant erroneously crosses out a wrong answer, thinking that it's the right answer. He has neither knowledge nor luck on his side. If he stakes a claim to the winnings based on his answer, his claim will be denied!
 - The participant does now know the answer to the question but the answer is on his ticket. He does not cross out the answer. Again, he has neither luck nor knowledge on his side.
The first person to cross out all 15 answers stakes his claim to the winnings. If he has correctly crossed out all the right answers, he gets the spoils. However, it may well be that some of his answers were mistakenly crossed out! In this case his ticket is forfeited and he has to exit from that round of the game.
How Many Players can play?
Quizbola can be played with 6 people or more. A host is selected at the beginning of a session. The host does not play the game.
Before the beginning of the game, the group fixes a price for a Ticket. Players are free to purchase as many Tickets as they like. The total money collected from the sale of Tickets is then used to set the prize money. Depending on the group, non-cash gifts purchased from the money collected can be used instead of cash prizes.
The group can decide to have either one grand prize or several prizes. For example, a prize for the first person who crosses out 5 correct answers, or a prize for the first person who crosses out all correct answers in a single row. There are many possibilities
Preparation and Materials
 - Q-Cards. These are either sheets of paper – like cue cards used by presenters - on which is printed a numbered question (see photo Quizbola Q Card). They can be either printed or created digitally as a power point slide for instance, and flashed on a on a computer screen for all participants to see. Questions can be chosen from a set theme, such as movies, famous personalities or historical events, or from a mix of different themes. The type of questions and the degree of difficulty can be tailored according to the interests and level of general knowledge of the group. Ninety Q-Cards are needed for one game. Once a question is asked the host checks it out in the master list (see Photo Master List), to indicate that it has been "used".
 - Q-Card Box – This is box with a lid that will hold Q-cards. The host will dip into the box and take out a Q-card and read it aloud.
 - Used Card Box. This is a box to dump those Q cards that have been read. This will prevent any Q-Card to be accidentally re-used
 - Answer Tickets.These are rectangular slips of paper with 15 boxes (see photo Quizbola Answer Ticket). Each box contains the answer to one question. No two Tickets should have the same set of 15 answers.
 - Master List: This is a list of all the 90 questions and their answers. As the host asks a question, that question is checked out in the list. This list is used to verify claims staked by the participants.
 - Computer and a Projector with screen (only in case Digital Q cards are used)
How was Quizbola born….
The idea of Quizbola came to me on lazy afternoon. As a member of the executive committee of my business school alumni association, I was asked to organize an interesting game for an alumni get together.
I knew that this audience would love a cerebral challenge. After all these were sharp, highly successful managers, many of them engineers, in addition to being MBAs. But a simple quiz session would be too boring. I wanted to add a twist to it.
As I was thinking about it, I asked myself a question, Wouldn't it be great if I could come up with a quiz where to win, participants would not only need brains but also luck? Something that would add the thrill of a game of chance to a brain teaser?
Then it stuck me. What if I use the format of Bingo or Tambola, and simply replace the numbers by answers? Thus was born Quizbola! I put together a list of questions. Did some programing in excel to create the tickets. (Yes, it does take some doing to ensure that each answer sheet has a unique set of 15 answers!). and by the evening I was ready with a brand new party game!
Needless to say, it was a big hit. Folks were wondering where I got the idea from!
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Global Data Synchronization
As trading partners recognize the importance of working more closely together to improve operational efficiency and service levels, the way information is managed and shared is becoming a critical issue. Organizations must ensure that the information they share with trading partners about the products they make, buy or sell is 100 percent accurate and up-to-date. Global Data Synchronization (GDS) is the perfect solution for ensuring that this happens.
How Global Data Synchronization Works
The Global Data Synchronization Network (GDSN), an Internet-based, interconnected network of interoperable data pools and a global registry known as the GS1 Global Registry. It enables organizations around the globe to exchange standardized and synchronized supply chain data with their trading partners.
- Supplier loads its product information into the Source Data Pool using RedTail GDS.
- Source Data pool sends a description to GS1 Global Registry automatically.
- Buyer, through the Recipient Data Pool, subscribes to supplier's information.
- Supplier fulfills the buyer's subscription by publishing the requested data.
- Buyer sends confirmation to supplier that product information subscription is complete.
RedTail GDS Datasheet (pdf)
Product Data Management – the Evolution of Data Synchronization (pdf – Registration Required)
This four page whitepaper by 1WorldSync explains the benefits of Global Data Synchronization for supply chain, merchandise planning, visibility, and alignment to a broadened value chain. Learn how customer collaboration and consumer interactivity with manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and product information providers is enhanced with enriched item information. RedTail Solutions is a 1WorldSync Solution Partner.
Supported Global Data Synchronization Product Data
Product identification and classification gives suppliers and buyers a common language for distinguishing product data that is uniform across the entire supply chain. All keys to the unique identification of product data are supported by RedTail GDS:
Global Location Number (GLN) — A unique, 13-digit number that distinguishes physical, functional and legal entities (e.g., companies, warehouses, stores, etc.).
Global Trade Item Number (GTIN) — The 14-digit data structure used to uniquely identify trade items (products and services) within the evolved EAN.UCC system.
Global Product Classification (GPC) — Standard groupings of products and services with like attributes established by GS-1.
RedTail GDS Service Specifications:
- Hosted Item Publication and Maintenance
- Certified by 1Sync
- Supports Multiple Organizations (GLN's)
- Supports Multiple Target Markets
- Simplifies GDCN XSD's
- Secure SSL-based GDSN Communication Including Sending and Receiving
- Configurable Work List Retrieval and Reporting
- Queues for Guaranteed Delivery
- Processes, Expands, and Retains Item-specific Publication Authorization Information
- Stores Message Data and Reports Success or Failure
- Ties Success, Errors and Warnings to Specific Items
- Assures Message & Item Audit Trail

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Background: "The feeling of being there" is one possible way to describe the phenomenon of feeling present in a virtual environment and to act as if this environment is real. One brain area, which is hypothesized to be critically involved in modulating this feeling (also called presence) is the dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), an area also associated with the control of impulsive behavior.
Methods: In our experiment we applied transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the right dlPFC in order to modulate the experience of presence while watching a virtual roller coaster ride. During the ride we also registered electro-dermal activity. Subjects also performed a test measuring impulsiveness and answered a questionnaire about their presence feeling while they were exposed to the virtual roller coaster scenario.
Results: Application of cathodal tDCS to the right dlPFC while subjects were exposed to a virtual roller coaster scenario modulates the electrodermal response to the virtual reality stimulus. In addition, measures reflecting impulsiveness were also modulated by application of cathodal tDCS to the right dlPFC.
Conclusion: Modulating the activation with the right dlPFC results in substantial changes in responses of the vegetative nervous system and changed impulsiveness. The effects can be explained by theories discussing the top-down influence of the right dlPFC on the "impulsive system".


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The Performance of Performance Standards
This paper examines the performance of the JTPA performance system, a widely emulated model for inducing efficiency in government organizations. We present a model of how performance incentives may distort bureaucratic decisions. We define cream skimming within the model. Two major empirical findings are (a) that the short run measures used to monitor performance are weakly, and sometimes perversely, related to long run impacts and (b) that the efficiency gains or losses from cream skimming are small. We find evidence that centers respond to performance standards.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w9002
Published: Heckman, James J., Carolyn Heinrich and Jeffrey Smith. "The Performance Of Performance Standards," Journal of Human Resources, 2002, v37(4,Fall), 778-811. citation courtesy of
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Definition of:multiplayer gaming
multiplayer gaming
Two or more people playing a game on the computer and competing with each other over the Internet or inhouse local network (LAN). The traditional card games such as bridge and poker emulate a deck of playing cards. However, video games also allow players to compete within a simulated environment that takes them into a fantasy world. See MMOG, MMORPG and gaming.
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I really like using C/C++ expressions from WinDbg. It's a natural way to extract information from C and C++ applications if you know these programming languages; therefore, I think it's useful to share how to do this.
First, let's talk about poi().
poi() is used to get pointer-sized data. Think about the * operator for C and C++.
Therefore, poi is the best operator to use if you want pointer-sized data.
The double question mark (??) command evaluates and displays the value of an expression according to the C++ expression rules.
Now, let me show you how to get a pointer value using poi() and??.
The single question mark (?) is used to evaluate expressions.
Tip: By using?, you can easily convert a number from hexadecimal to decimal or vice versa. Remember to use the prefix 0x for hexadecimal and 0n for decimal.
Finally, we have the C++ expression parser - @@c++() - that supports all forms of C++ expression syntax, such as:
- Numbers in C++ expressions
- Characters and strings in C++ expressions
- Symbols in C++ expressions. (see WinDbg documentation for details)
- Operators in C++ expressions
- Registers and pseudo-registers in C++ expressions
- Macros in C++ expressions
For more information, you may want to read the Magic Pointers article.
Here you can see scripts that use the??, @@c++() or poi() commands.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


As output rises, the difference between ATC and AVC_______ a) rises b) stays the same c)falls
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pohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
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The correct answer to this question is C: the difference between these two falls as output rises. To see why this is so, let us start by looking at the definitions of ATC and AVC.
A business can be said to incur three kinds of costs. These are fixed costs, variable costs, and total costs. The total costs are made up of the fixed and the variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that are constant regardless of how much output is produced. These are things like the mortgage payments on a hotel, which does not change regardless of how many rooms are rented out. Variable costs change with the level of output. In the hotel example, costs for water usage and maid service, for example, vary depending on how many rooms are rented.
This helps us understand why average total costs (ATC) and average variable costs (AVC) will converge. As output rises, variable costs rise but fixed costs stay the same. This means that variable costs are getting to be more and more of the total costs. Therefore, the average variable cost curve will move closer and closer the to the ATC curve.
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The Lainzer Tiergarten is a 24.50 km² (6,054-acre) wildlife preserve in the southwest corner of Vienna, Austria, 80% of it being covered in woodland. It dates back to 1561, when Ferdinand I of Austria created it as a fenced-in hunting ground for his family to use. Since 1919, it has been open to the public. Its name consists of its location by the Lainz district of Vienna's 13th District, and Tiergarten, which means zoo (literally, "animal garden").
The Lainzer Tiergarten is located mostly in Vienna's 13th district, with a small adjacent portion lying in Laab im Walde, Lower Austria. The Wien River is located to its north, the Liesingerbach to its south.
The Lainzer Tiergarten was created by Emperor Ferdinand I in 1561, when the area was fenced off by a wooden fence, to allow for a private hunting ground. In 1781, the wooden fence was replaced by a stone wall. After the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the hunting grounds became a public nature preserve, and have remained so ever since, with the exception of the time period of 1940 to 1955, when the entire grounds were closed. An admission fee existed until 1973, after which the preserve became accessible for free.
A large portion of the Lainzer Tiergarten was lost after World War I, when the Friedenstadt ("Peace City") neighborhood was constructed in its eastern portion. The old wall can still be seen in the Hörndlwald woods east of the Lainzer Tor.
Due to construction of the Westautobahn in the 1960s, a corner in the northwest of the preserve was also lost. This time there was compensation, however, as a portion of the Laaber Wald, adjacent to the southwest corner, was annexed.
The preserve is surrounded by approximately 22 kilometers (14 mi) of wall. There are seven gates, with different operating hours. Clockwise these are:
- Lainzer Tor (main gate)
- Laaber Tor
- Sankt Veiter Tor
The entire preserve is open for approximately nine months of the year, from early March to early November. In the remaining months only the park around the Hermesvilla, accessible from the Lainzer Tor is open. Between Christmas and the New Year, the entire park opens, but is only accessible from the Lainzer Tor and Nikolaitor.
Lainzer Tor
As it is open year-round, and is home to a visitor center, the Lainzer Tor is the preserve's main gate. It is also the origin and the terminus of a 2.2 km (1.4 mi) walk to the Hermesvilla, which can often also be ridden via horse carriage. Public restrooms are also located near the gate, as is a water fountain. This is also one of two gates that has a parking lot.
The Lainzer Tor is located at the end of Hermesstraße, and is reachable using the 60B bus, which connects the gate to the 60 and 62 trams line at 15- to 30-minute intervals. These tram lines can be taken from the stop Hermesstraße, and connect to multiple U-Bahn and S-Bahn lines. Line 62 can also be taken directly from the Vienna Staatsoper to Hermesstraße.
The Gütenbachtor is located on Gütenbachstraße, and accesses the southeastern corner of the Lainzer Tiergarten. It also features a water fountain and a parking lot, but is a 45-minute walk from the nearest public transportation, regional bus line 254.
Laaber Tor
The Laaber Tor is located by the Lower Austrian town of Laab am Walde. It accesses a separate corner of the Lainzer Tiergarten that was added in the 1960s as a compensation for territory that was lost in the north of the preserve when a highway was built. Visitors using this gate will pass the Dianator, which was the gate in this corner before the annexation of additional land. The Laaber Tor also has a water fountain.
Similar to the Gütenbachtor, the only public transportation within reach is the regional bus line 254, which is a 15-minute walk from this gate.
The Pulverstampftor is located in the northwest corner of the preserve, near the Auhof neighborhood of Vienna's 14th district. It features a water fountain, and can be accessed from the Umspannwerk Auhof stop of the regional bus line 151 from Hütteldorf (five-minute walk).
Due to its location near the Hütteldorf railway station, the Nikolaitor is an important gate of the Lainzer Tiergarten. Hütteldorf can be accessed with the U-Bahn U4, S-Bahn S3/S15, S45, and S50, tram line 49, as well as multiple regional bus lines. From the station it is a 10-minute walk across the Wien River to Nikolaigasse. This gate also features a water fountain.
The Adolfstor was located along the eastern wall of the Lainzer Tiergarten. It is now closed until further notice.
Sankt Veiter Tor
The Sankt Veiter Tor is directly accessible using a special hourly-served branch of the 55B bus line from the Ober Sankt Veit U-Bahn station, which only runs during the main season. Higher-frequented bus lines to Hütteldorf and the terminus of the 62 tram line, Wolkersbergenstraße, are available by walking down Hanschweg to Stock im Weg.
Locations in the preserve
There are three eateries, two scenic viewpoints, and one museum located within the Lainzer Tiergarten.
Hermesvilla and park
Franz Joseph I of Austria commissioned the construction of the Hermesvilla, which was completed in 1886, and served as a getaway mansion for his wife. Today it serves as a museum and also contains a restaurant and café, which is highly frequented due to its close location to the Lainzer Tor. The property around the Hermevilla is a special area of the Lainzer Tiergarten, fenced off from the rest of the preserve. Separate gates on the paths leading deeper into the park allow access to the larger section when this is open.
Hirschgstemm and Rohrhaus
Besides the Hermesvilla, visitors to the Lainzer Tiergarten can also eat and drink at the Hirschgstemm and Rohrhaus eateries. These are located deeper in the preserve than the Hermesvilla, but also feature full menus.
The Hubertuswarte is an observation tower, built in 1927, and located on the Kaltbründel Berg, the highest point in the preserve (508 meters/1667 ft). From the top of the tower, visitors have a 360-degree view of the region, including Vienna and neighboring villages.
Wiener Blick
Closer to the city side of the Lainzer Tiergarten, the Wiener Blick offers a view of the city from 434 m (1424 ft). In July 2002, this observation point was visited by the Japanese Emperor Akihito and his wife Michiko.
- (German) Geschichte des Lainzer Tiergartens - City of Vienna Website
- (German) Karl Johann Tichy, Hannes Mayer: "Das Eichen-Naturschutzgebiet Johannser Kogel im Lainzer Tiergarten, Wienerwald". Sonderdruck aus: Centralblatt für das gesamte Forstwesen, Jahrgang 96. 1979, Heft 4. Österreichischer Agrarverlag, Vienna, 1979.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lainzer Tiergarten|
- (German) Lainzer Tiergarten - Official website
- Wien Museum Hermesvilla


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Any forming process that converts stored energy to plastic deformation in less than a few milliseconds is considered a high-velocity or impulse forming process. This chapter discusses the operating principles, equipment, and applications of the most common high-rate forming processes, including high-velocity hydroforming, high-velocity mechanical forming, and electromagnetic or energy-based forming.
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Dynamic response of a buried pipeline, under the action of the fall of rocks on the soil
Safety assessment of a buried pipeline potentially subject to rockfalls
ABSTRACT
Oil or gas pipelines that cover long distances pose complex design challenges. Every environment the pipeline crosses is characterized by different potential geohazards. One of the most dangerous for a pipeline is a rockfall. This specific geological hazard, therefore, requires detailed analysis, particularly for the design of onshore pipelines. The virtual representation of the phenomenon has to be as realistic as possible; it is best approached with Finite Element Analysis which allows engineers to accurately analyse problems with high-speed, highly nonlinear dynamics. This article describes how the engineers simulated different types and impacts of rockfalls to measure their effect on different configurations of the soil and the buried pipeline below it to find the optimal burial depth and composition for the backfill soil to ensure the pipeline's safety.

Safety assessment of a buried pipeline potentially subject to rockfalls

Safety assessment of a buried pipeline potentially subject to rockfalls
The construction of an oil pipeline or a gas pipeline over a long distance is an activity that requires a complex design. The several environments it may cross can be characterized by different geohazards to which the pipeline is subject. Among geological Hazards, rock fall is one of the most dangerous to be analyzed during onshore pipeline design. Therefore, the possibility to virtually replicate this phenomenon in a realistic way is of fundamental importance. This type of phenomena can be well simulated by means of finite elements explicit analysis, since it allows to analyze the problems of highly non-linear fast dynamics.
The aim of this activity is to investigate the dynamic response of the buried pipeline, under the action due to the fall of rocks on the soil. The objective is to evaluate the pipeline stress values considering different impact conditions: rock kinetic energy, weight and angle of impact. ANSYS WB has been adopted for model generation and AUTODYN has been used as solver. The main demand is that, in different configurations, the state of tension on the pipeline is less than the yield stress.
The investigation concerns integrity check of the pipeline, considering possible falling scenarios as a result of the geohazard risk assessment. Information related to possible scenarios of falling rocks have been provided by SAIPEM and are summarized here below:
 - Size of the boulders as a function to the temporal probability of fall.
 - Kinematic data of each boulder:
 - The position of altitude and distance from the pipeline.
 - Kinetic energy as a function of the position.
 - Height of bounce.
On the basis of such information, it has been possible to define a sensitivity study so to verify the pipeline safety conditions, in relation to the scenarios, varying the following parameters:
 - Boulder speed.
 - Angle of impact on the ground.
 - Weight of the rock.
Fig. 3 - Geometry isometric view
Fig. 4 - Geometry - Section view
Fig. 5 - Mesh

A parametric 3D CAD model has been elaborated. The model consists of a primary volume that represents the ground where the steel pipe buried is buried and backfilled and protected at the top by a concrete slab. The model is completed by a cubic boulder close to the ground surface. In Figure 3 and Figure 4 two images shown the environment that has been simulated, while Figure 5 show the mesh. In agreement with Saipem, a completely parametric model was generated, so to be able to quickly modify, the boulder size, pipeline burial depth and the backfilling soil mechanical characteristics, with the aim of identifying the most critical conditions. In addition the impact configuration is the most burdensome possible; as it can be seen from the images (Figure 3), the rock impacts on the long edge, so to investigate the worst impact conditions. In the initial phase the parameterization was used to define the length and the minimum width of the simulation environment, which is necessary not to have edge effects. In the subsequent phases, the geometrical parameterization was used to verify the improvements on the results, due to the variation of the pipeline burial depth.
The materials used to model the soil and the concrete have been obtained from ANSYS Autodyn database. For the pipeline the StE 445.7 TM has been adopted. Materials used are listed in the following table:
Tab. 1 – Materials and materials colour legend
The Figures 3 and Table 1 clearly describe how the materials have been assigned to the single components of the model. Each color refers to a single material as shown in Table1. For the fall line 7, 8 and 9 the concrete layer is not present, the material of this layer is switched into "soil landstone" as for the remaining soil around the pipeline. The rock is modeled as rigid.
Boundary Conditions
A fixed constraint is applied around and under the assembly (blue color in Figures 6); furthermore on the same faces (red color in the Figures 7), the impedance boundary condition has been applied; this setting permits to avoid the birth of reflected waves at the borders of the model; in other words the continuous waves beyond the constraint without being reflected. The contacts between each components are frictional with friction coefficient equal to 0.3.
In each analysis the Standard Earth gravity acceleration is applied and the rock has an initial velocity derived from the energy provided by the geohazard risk assesment report and a specific impact angle (Figures 8).
Fig. 6 – Fixed surfaces loads
Fig. 7– Impedance boundary
Fig. 8 - initial velocity applied to the rock
Fig. 9 - Total Deformation environment section 1
Fig. 10 - Total Deformation environment section 2
Fig. 11 - Equivalent Von Mises stress on the pipeline
Results
27 simulations were carried out; for each fall line, the total deformation of the entire assembly and the equivalent Von Mises Stress on the pipeline at the time, at which the worst condition occurs, are shown. In the following images are showed the basic output values that have been calculated.
Conclusions
In this study the behaviour of a buried pipeline under the action of indirect loads due to falling rocks was analyzed, by means of simulations with the explicit code AUTODYN. The impact conditions were taken from the geohazard risk assessment report provided by SAIPEM.
The results have shown the behaviour of the soil-pipeline system in different configurations and the related values of stress of the pipe. Such information allowed Saipem to investigate how pipeline burial depth influences the structural behaviour of the pipe subject to ground surface rock fall impacts.
Table 2 summarizes the results for each line of drop, considering the worst impact configuration, therefore more conservative one.
Downstream of these simulations, it could be taken into account the creation of response surface, using modeFRONTIER, as a function of the parameters of the rock (speed, size, angle of impact) and the soil (thickness above the pipeline), in order to assess in a fast and efficient way to other possible critical configurations.
Newsletter EnginSoft Year 13 n°3
Massimo Tomasi | EnginSoft

Fig. 1 - Fall lines

Fig 2 Profile of fall - kinematic quantities boulders

Tab. 2 - Kinematic configuration, safety conditions, Added thikness soil in order to improve the safety, safety conditions after Added soil thikness
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Brand Activism
Brand Activism
Brand Activism - refers to the public presentation of companies that take a clear stance on political and social issues.
Authenticity is an important factor when it comes to deciding which brand or company customers will choose, especially in the current climate in which we are inundated with suppliers from all sectors, both online and offline.
Not having an opinion is often worse for a company's reputation than being on the supposedly wrong side.
Therefore, the motto is: Take a stand! But how?
Brand Activism for Shopping Centers
The first thing to note is: If you take a stance and take a clear position on a topic, there is always a risk of losing customers who disagree with you. However, the bond with the customers who stay develops much more intensively. A relationship of trust develops, and customers are more loyal and interactive. This means they are also more willing to participate in surveys, write reviews, interact on social media, or sign up for customer accounts and newsletters, for example.
There is also the danger that too much, too superficial commitment to several topics will be perceived by customers as a pure marketing strategy, which then appears untrustworthy.
It is therefore important to look for a topic that fits in with the corporate philosophy and to position oneself clearly here. This doesn't just mean talking about it and perhaps organizing a fundraising campaign. Employees must stand behind the company's philosophy. Training courses and workshops offer them the opportunity to learn more about the chosen topic. Transparency must be created: For example, if you tout your company as climate-friendly, it's not enough to color the logo green. Disclose your carbon footprint, describe the measures you have implemented and be consistent. Even if this means cutting ties with a supplier, for example.
Our "Better Together" initiative is a brand activism campaign against racism. It consists of several building blocks with which shopping centers can earn a justified award for being a discrimination-free shopping center.
You would like to learn more about the topic? We look forward to hearing from you!


Mechanical pencils | Ballograf
Mechanical pencils
Mechanical Pencil
A mechanical pencil is a pencil containing solve pencil leads fed up with either a push mechanism or swivel mechanism. The pins typically have a thickness of 0.5 to 0.9 mm and are made of graphite powder mixed with a clay. The more graphite that is in the diocese, the softer it becomes, and vice versa. The first mechanical pencil was invented in 1914 and is usually attributed to American Charles R. Keeran, but the fact is that Japan named Tokuji Hayakawa developed the same technology basically simultaneously.


understanding why public health is needed
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understanding why public health is needed
Part 1: 100 words give an opinion of each reading with reference
 Disease entities should be listed as official causes of death
How would your choice affect public health and how we track disease?
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understanding why public health is needed. Hello class, as I went over this week's lesson there were many different things to learn about in public health and the understanding of why public health is needed throughout the world is very important. We live in a world with many different diseases and many different causes of deaths whether it be diseases, illnesses, or accidents but it is vital to know what causes it and how in the future to prevent it and what steps to take so it may not happen to others. Those who work with Public Health helps keep the health of the population by monitoring, regulating, and promoting the great significance of health in general.
I chose to speak on topic one and I think it is extremely important that disease entities be listed as the official causes of death. According to Hucklenbroich (2014) it is the concept of disease entity that is the key importance for understanding medical pathology and theory of disease. Disease entity is placed in a category where it offers the explanation of the individual cases of being ill and for the practical purpose of the diagnosis. The word 'disease' is designated for the whole course of the individual case from the beginning or the first cause to its outcome in contrast to single manifestations, symptoms, or findings in the case (Hucklenbroich, 2014). When using 'disease entity' it helps designate the type or pattern to which the disease belongs. It is believed that the system of disease entities fulfills two principles which are the Principle of completeness and Principle of unambiguousness (Hucklenbroich, 2014).
understanding why public health is needed
Hucklenbroich, P. (2014, December). Disease entity as the key theoretical concept of medicine. The Journal of Medicine and Philosophy: A Forum for Bioethics and Philosophy of Medicine, Volume 39, Issue 6, 1, Pages 609–633, _URL_
Hartlaub, P., Swain, G.R., Ward, G. K. (2005, February). Death certificates: let's get it right. Am Fam Physician. 71(4): 652, 655-656. Retrieved from _URL_
Part 2 100 words given an opinion of the reading with reference
To continue to track trends in death rates, underlying causes of disease entities should be listed on death certificates because there can be underlying causes for example lung cancer if the person smoked tobacco, but not all forms of lung cancer are caused by smoking so there should be an unknown or if known the reason could be included.
For public health tracking and programming for prevention and understanding if current methods are working are a valid reason for putting this information on death certificates. It is understandable that the appearance of this information on the death certificate could appear that people are blamed but the reality is the information would be used to further the overall health of the population.
There is discussion around documenting neurodegenerative diseases on death certificates as primary reasons of death due to the multilayers of neurodegenerative diseases that makes listing
the cause of death difficult (Marian, 2017). Most of the death certificates reviewed did not mention the neurodegenerative disease, death was typically acute (Marian, 2017). Further discussion was around how diseases that brought people to hospitals were complicated by sepsis and this may or may not be reflected on death certificates (Govindan, 2014). It is the belief of researchers that record keeping is the same worldwide and needs to be improved.
Govindan, S. (2014). Death Certificates Underestimate Infections as proximal causes of death in
the U.S.. PLoS ONE, 1-4.
Marian, M. (2017). Death certificate data and causes of death in patients with parkinsonism.
Parkinsonism & Related Disorders, 99-103.
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text:
Thermal acclimation of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) taken from 20°C to 7°C resulted in adaptation of mitochondrial function, as evidenced by increases in the specific activities of NADH‐ and succinate‐cytochrome c reductase of 1.93‐ and 2.7‐fold respectively. Mitochondria from both gill and liver obeyed the Boyle‐van't Hoff relationship in the range from 400 to 60 mosM. Thermal acclimation had no effect on the osmotic properties of liver mitochondria, whereas gill mitochondria from cold‐acclimated trout were more sensitive to osmotic swelling than mitochondria from warm‐acclimated individuals. The non‐electrolyte permeability of liver mitochondria was assessed by optically monitoring mitochondrial swelling rates in isosmotic solutions of urea, glycerol, mannitol and glucose. Two parameters of mitochondrial swelling were determined: (a) initial swelling rates, d(1/A)dt, and (b) swelling constants, ks, derived from the time required to swell a fixed volume. Regardless of the assay temperature or the permeant employed, liver mitochondria from cold‐acclimated trout exhibited greater initial swelling rates than mitochondria from warm‐acclimated trout, indicating properties of temperature‐compensated permeability. The apparent ranking of nonelectrolyte permeabilities was urea > glycerol > mannitol > glucose. ks values for urea and glycerol from cold‐acclimated trout were greater than values typical of warm‐acclimated populations; however ks values for glucose and mannitol were not influenced by thermal acclimation. Regardless of the permeant considered, activation energies for ks values were 3‐ to 5‐fold greater than those for initial swelling rates. The time course of mitochondrial swelling consists of two components, an initial rapid swelling phase characterized by a half life of 3–12 seconds, and a slower swelling phase characterized by a half life of 1–6 minutes. Initial swelling rates, which approximate the rapid swelling component, are considered to be the least ambiguous index of permeability, whereas ks values are more complex and strongly influenced by the slower swelling component.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Animal Science and Zoology


text:
In its never-ending quest to organize the world's information, Google started to digitize old editions from newspapers like Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, St. Petersburg Times, Today's News-Herald and make them available at Google News Archive.
"Today, we're launching an initiative to make more old newspapers accessible and searchable online by partnering with newspaper publishers to digitize millions of pages of news archives. This effort expands on the contributions of others who've already begun digitizing historical newspapers. In 2006, we started working with publications like the New York Times and the Washington Post to index existing digital archives and make them searchable via Google News Archive," explains Google Blog.
The newspapers digitized by Google are available for free in an interface similar to the one from Google Book Search. Unfortunately it's quite difficult to read articles, even though Google automatically detects headlines and centers the associated content.
Daily Dot on the pre-history of Tumblr
1 hour ago


text:
When it comes to operating, installing, maintaining, repairing or simply understanding your assets, there are a wide array of methods to communicate this information. The Content Manager App enables a range of multimedia content, including text and pictures, PDF's, videos and CAD files, to be organised and made readily available for viewing. This content can be linked to other parts of VPVision so users can easily navigate between, for example, a service event to the servicing instructions or video demonstration. Content is viewable on mobile and tablet, so is easily accessed in the field.
- Admins can add, remove and edit content using a powerful interface.
- Add photos, videos, text, CAD files and PDF's.
- Organise content in to categories.
- Search for content by tags or key-words.
- Users can rate content and leave feedback to identify improvement areas.
- Users can bookmark content for regular viewing or to come back to.
- Content is compatible with PC, tablet or phone – for out of office viewing.
- Link specific training pages to other relevant areas of VPVision for easy navigation.
Get in Touch
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+44 (0)208 8130 850


Coded apertures for efficient pyroelectric motion tracking.
Abstract
Coded apertures may be designed to modulate the visibility between source and measurement spaces such that the position of a source among N resolution cells may be discriminated using logarithm of N measurements. We use coded apertures as reference structures in a pyroelectric motion tracking system. This sensor system is capable of detecting source motion in one of the 15 cells uniformly distributed over a 1.6m x 1.6m domain using 4 pyroelectric detectors.
DOI
10.1364/oe.11.002142
Year


text:
Milkweed Editions, Mill City Museum, and The Great Northern Festival are pleased to present an evening centered on collective storytelling, motherhood, and local and global climate activism with The Quickening author Elizabeth Rush.
"An immersive journey through both exterior and interior landscapes, deftly crossing the boundaries between the frigid Antarctic and the warm heart."—ROBIN WALL KIMMERER
Milkweed Editions, Mill City Museum, and The Great Northern are thrilled to welcome Elizabeth Rush to celebrate her latest book The Quickening—an astonishing, vital work about Antarctica, climate change, and motherhood from the author of Rising, finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in General Nonfiction.
Rush will be joined by leaders of climate activism in the Twin Cities to discuss the power of collective storytelling and community—both locally and globally—in facing climate crisis. The evening will feature a reading from The Quickening, photographs of Antarctica from Rush's voyage, as well as a conversation with Analyah Schlaeger dos Santos and Margaret Cherne-Hendrick complete with views of the Mississippi River at Mill City Museum. Books will be for sale after the event.


text:
(Healthier plants banner)
Farm Image SoilSolutions now offers Go-Pro 50 SL, designed to reduce the abiotic stress in plants caused by negative environmental factors: cold, frost, drought and water logged soil effects. It adjusts the speed of assimilation of macro and trace nutrients and stimulates the immune system of plants. It substantially improves plant productivity and crop quality.
(Go pro nutrient table)
Go-Pro mechanism of action:
Improved stress tolerance is achieved by artificially increasing osmolytes in the cells of plants using Go-Pro. It interacts with enzymes to preserve protein structure and activities, which in turn helps the cell to maintain membrane strength. Go-Pro accumulates in the cells and helps balance osmotic pressure in the cell, therefore helping to reduce dehydration of the cell under drought conditions.
Go-Pro 50 SL Trials
The official trials have shown significant increases on yield of tested crops. Application of Go-Pro increased the yield of wheat by 400 kg/ha on average.
(Go Pro wheat trial bar chart)
The official trials have shown significant increases on yield of tested crops. Application of Go-Pro increased the yield of oilseed rape by 200 kg/ha on average.
(Go Pro oilseed rape trial bar chart)


Re: HEADERS, FOR whom - any ID?
From: Jon Barnett
Date: Mon, 6 Aug 2007 14:59:08 -0500
Message-ID:
To: _EMAIL_
On 8/6/07, Jason White wrote:
> >
> > I'd like to see a different tactic in this debate. Can someone explain
> > what the downside to including them is?
> that there should be no change in this respect, and leave the discussion
> there.
> If there is further discussion needed surrounding _USER_ and _USER_ in
> , this should be taken up in a separate thread.
The premise in the original post was that the same logic that applies
to table/_USER_ also applies to label/_USER_, so therefore, if there's
a consensus about label/_USER_, why doesn't that obviously apply to
table/_USER_? I can offer a couple reasons for this.
label/_USER_ has use cases that aren't covered by the alternate syntax -
putting inside . For example, there are obvious use
cases where the label is in one table cell, but the field is in
another, or the label is inside a and the field is inside a .
 In those cases, the only logical markup is to use _USER_.
But using _USER_ becomes cumbersome: 99 form fields leads to 99 unique
_USER_ attributes and 99 _USER_ attributes. It's cumbersome, but it's the
only option. Someone might propose an alternative that would simplify
this if they wanted, where _USER_ contained an XPath:
for="../following-sibling::dt/input" - that would prevent the need for
99 unique IDs on the page by instead using 99 identical _USER_
attributes. I'm not specifically proposing this, but that's an
example how syntax can be markup can be simplified for authors in a
way that keeps semantics.
On the other hand, I haven't yet seen a real-world use case where
_USER_ is needed in favor of _USER_ or simple implicit markup, and
the markup is more difficult for authors: each header needs a unique
ID and each cell needs to reference one or two of those IDs. If
there's a real-world use case where _USER_ just can't cut it, then it
shouldn't be an issue.
Debi Orton wrote:
> The most useful example I've found of using headers/id is for
> extremely dense tables of such size that reiteration of row and
> column headers is necessary to place the information in context.
Can you give an example of those where the semantics of _USER_ don't suffice?
Jon Barnett
Received on Monday, 6 August 2007 19:59:11 UTC


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
|Country of origin|
|United Kingdom (England)|
|Breed standards (external links)|
|FCI, AKC, ANKC, KC(UK), NZKC|
The Sealyham Terrier is a dog breed, one of many Terrier breeds. The Sealyham Terrier originates from England and was bred by crossing Basset Hounds, Bull Terriers, the Fox Terrier, the West Highland White Terrier, and the Dandie Dinmont Terrier.
The breed is usually coloured white, possibly with badger marking on the head. They grow up to 30cm with a weight of up to 9 kg.
The Sealyham Terrier is an intelligent and charming dog.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text:
Hydraulic Circuit diagram for Surface Grinding Machine
The hydraulic circuit for the surface grinding machine is shown in the figure below.
|Hydraulic Circuit Diagram for Surface Grinding Machine
The hydraulic circuit of the surface grinding machine consist of
The hydraulic circuit of the surface grinding machine utilizes a power pack to supply pressurized oil, one pilot-operated direction control valve which decides the direction of the flow of pressurized oil, and a double-acting cylinder with the double piston rod.
If you are interested in engineering then you must look for top engineering colleges in Pune. Pune is one of the best cities in India for engineering education.
The piston rods on both sides are mechanically coupled with the table of the machine. There are two roller actuated pilot valves, which are actuated by cams fitted to the table.
These valves provide the pilot impulse to the main valve, thus deciding the position of the main valve and hence the direction of motion of the cylinder and consequently motion of the table.
Every time either of the pilot valves is pressed by the cam. The cam positions are adjustable, which decides the stroke length movement of the table.


text:
Sign the Sportsmen's Bill of Rights
Be a Part of the Sportsmen's Solution
The Sportsmen for Responsible Energy Development Bill of Rights was created by hunters and anglers who want to ensure that our rights to hunt and fish on public lands are protected in the future. We recognize that our country needs energy and we know it is possible to develop resources and protect vital fish and game habitat at the same time. Sign up to today and help to ensure that our Western hunting and fishing heritage is protected for future generations.
The Sportsmen for Responsible Energy Development Bill of Rights
- The public lands that hunters and anglers depend upon shall remain in the public domain for the use of future generations.
- Hunters and anglers shall have a voice in decisions affecting energy development on public lands.
- Public lands shall be managed for many uses, including hunting and fishing.
- Our hunting and fishing heritage shall not be jeopardized by energy development that fails to account for the future, long-term impacts to fish, wildlife, and water resources.
- Energy development shall not harm water resources that are priceless to people and vital to wildlife.
- Hunters and anglers shall not be forced to pay for the costs associated with poorly planned energy development on public lands.
- Energy development shall comply with standard guidelines, best management practices, and regulations put in place to minimize the impact of development on fish, wildlife, and people.
- Vital fish and wildlife habitat on public lands shall be protected. Sage grouse habitat, fragile trout streams, deer and elk winter range, riparian areas, and other irreplaceable habitats must not be sacrificed.
- All sectors of the energy industry shall pay its fair share of the cost for habitat mitigation and restoration on public lands that are impacted by development.
- State and federal fish and wildlife agencies shall have adequate funding to ensure the long-term health of fish, wildlife, and water resources on our public lands.
Please join other organizations, businesses, and individuals and endorse the Sportsmen for Responsible Energy Development Bill of Rights. Play a role in bringing balance to energy development in the West.


function hook_field_display_alter
You are here
7 field.api.php hook_field_display_alter(&$display, $context)
Alters the display settings of a field before it gets displayed.
Note that instead of hook_field_display_alter(), which is called for all fields on all entity types, hook_field_display_ENTITY_TYPE_alter() may be used to alter display settings for fields on a specific entity type only.
This hook is called once per field per displayed entity. If the result of the hook involves reading from the database, it is highly recommended to statically cache the information.
Parameters
$display: The display settings that will be used to display the field values, as found in the 'display' key of $instance definitions.
$context: An associative array containing:
 - entity_type: The entity type; e.g., 'node' or 'user'.
 - field: The field being rendered.
 - instance: The instance being rendered.
 - entity: The entity being rendered.
 - view_mode: The view mode, e.g. 'full', 'teaser'...
See also
hook_field_display_ENTITY_TYPE_alter()
Related topics
File
modules/field/field.api.php, line 2323
Code
function hook_field_display_alter(&$display, $context) {
 // Leave field labels out of the search index.
 // Note: The check against $context['entity_type'] == 'node' could be avoided
 // by using hook_field_display_node_alter() instead of
 // hook_field_display_alter(), resulting in less function calls when
 // rendering non-node entities.
 if ($context['entity_type'] == 'node' && $context['view_mode'] == 'search_index') {
 $display['label'] = 'hidden';
 }
}


text:
Originally Posted by jzbm3
Well I've had it both ways on the same car, and my experience differs from what you are saying.
It's likely a trained eye will see the scratches no matter what the condition of the paint, but for the average enthusiast they will appear less visible when orange peel is present.
Trained eye or not, there's no technical explanation for what you're saying. Orange peel texture is like the picture below. With orange peel, swirls follow the curvature of the ridge lines, but there's no masking effect in this instance. Miniscule variances in height of the clear coat have no effect on the appearance of surface defects. If the surface was flat (no orange peel), the scratches would still follow the same pattern, only without the slight variances in height. Either way, there's no masking effect like what you're suggesting.
On the other hand, orange peel DOES have an effect on the way light is refracted against the surface. That's a whole other topic though. The image reflected by the orange peel-laden surface is distorted by the variances in the paint's height, whereas a flat surface evenly reflects light and thus no distortion. Think of a mirror's reflection vs. the reflection of rippling water.


text:
Hydraulic Properties of Small Unlined Rock Tunnelsby Seppo Priha,
Serial Information: Journal of the Hydraulics Division, 1969, Vol. 95, Issue 4, Pg. _PHONE_
Document Type: Journal Paper
The factors influencing the hydraulic characteristics of small unlined tunnel cross-sections are presented. Investigations were carried out in rock tunnels constructed by the Helsinki City Waterworks for conveying raw water. The length of the Silvola Reservoir entrance tunnel is 1.8 km and its theoretical cross section is 4.5 sq m. The length of the Silvola-Vanhakaupunki raw water tunnel is 7.6 km and its theoretical cross section 6 sq m. Vertical shafts divided both of the tunnels into three parts, in all of which cross-sectional measurements as well as pressure loss measurements for different discharges were carried out with measuring weirs and Siemens Venturi meters. All three tunnels were excavated by the so-called Swedish method in the most usual type of rock in Finland, composed mostly of granite and gneiss.
Subject Headings: Tunnels | Hydraulics | Rock properties | Hydraulic properties | Water discharge measurement | Pressure measurement | Cross sections | Rocks | Urban areas | Water management | Finland | Europe | Helsinki
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
Return to search


text:
In The Matter of Cha Jung Hee, a September 14th POV presentation on PBS, is a powerful and beautifully poetic film that documents a distressing reality—the switching of one child's identity for another in a South Korean orphanage in the 1960s. This is an important story because Deann Boshay Liem is not the only child to whom this has happened. I have met several adult adoptees who have recounted similar experiences. Deann examines this reality in a very balanced manner, expressing her sadness and anger but still being able to demonstrate an understanding of the good intentions that were behind the choices the adults around her made. The film reminds us that adoption, although a wonderful gift that brings parents and children together, also involves loss… loss of a birth parent, loss of a culture, loss of a history and perhaps even loss of an identity for a child. For me, this film highlights the mistake we adults often make—that children are blank slates, that they have no memory, and that experiences when very young don't matter to them. They do remember because who you are in the world and what your history is does matter. These are particularly important things to consider for those of us involved in older child adoptions. For reminding us of this by recounting her story and journey to uncover her own history, I applaud Deann Borshay Liem.
Rita Taddonio, LCSW Director, Spence-Chapin's Adoption Resource Center (ARC)


Dictionary Results for habituate
1. habituate - verb
· take or consume (regularly or habitually); "She uses drugs rarely"
Synonym(s): use
2. habituate - verb
· make psychologically or physically used (to something); "She became habituated to the background music"
Synonym(s): accustom
Hypernym(s): change, alter, modify
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text:
About half of immigrant youth of Turkish or North-African origin drop out of high school before getting a diploma. The cause is the low social-economic circumstances of the youth, the other language and the late entrance into high school. This is according to a study of the Open Univesity of Brussels.
Less than 20% of boys and less than 25% of girls of Turkish and North-African origin start higher education. By ethnic Belgians that's 57% of boys and 71% of girls.
More than 40% of Turkish and North-African youth begin secondary education after the age of 12, which means they already have a gap to fill.
The researchers pointed out that it's impossible to catch up on such gaps later on.
Source: HLN (Dutch)


text:
Hundreds of well wishers visited the newly opened Coral Gables Museum throughout the day on Sunday, Oct. 10.
In the morning, the public was welcomed with numerous activities for children and families, and everybody enjoyed the self-guided tours of the 1939 building in Downtown Coral Gables, which was the city's original Police and Fire station.
The building's conversion architect Jorge L. Hernandez gave a standing-roomonly lecture in the afternoon about the transformation of this historic building into the new museum.
A ribbon cutting ceremony took place at 5 p.m. with the participation of Mayor Don Slesnick; Vice Mayor Bill Kerdyk Jr., and Commissioners Maria Anderson, Ralph Cabrera Jr. and Chip Withers. Also present were U.S. Rep. Ileana Ros-Lehtinen and Miami-Dade County Commissioners Rebeca Sosa and Carlos A. Gimenez.
George Kakouris, chair of the Coral Gables Museum Board of Trustees spoke during the ceremony about the generous contributions made by many, especially from Robert and Marian Fewell who were the largest private donors. Former Coral Gables Mayor Raul Valdes-Fauli also spoke about the importance to name the Valdes- Fauli Archive in honor of his late father.
Finally, Commissioner Wayne "Chip" Withers gave a heartfelt speech about the final realization of his long-time dream of building a museum where future generations can visit and learn what Coral Gables is all about.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have send an Encrypted email to Lotus notes in-box, If I access that email from my local Its giving true, If the same email is running different system Its giving false. Is it setting issue? My code look like logger.debug("This Email is encrypted? "+document.isEncrypted()); my Local logger is printing "This Email is encrypted? true" If i run the same email form some other system its printing "This Email is encrypted? false" This is the document properties. Field Name: Encrypt. Data Type: Text Data Length: 1 bytes Seq Num: 1 Dup Item ID: 0 Field Flags: SUMMARY
I don't know My code is behaving differently in different places.
Thanks for the help.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The isEncrypted() property is not related to the Encrypt field. That field is just a UI switch. The isEncrypted() property is based on the $Seal item, or on SMIME content if the message is in MIME format.
There are two questions that are probably related to what you are seeing:
 - Are you using two different Notes ID files to read the message?
 - Are you using the same version of Lotus Notes on both systems?
If you open an encrypted message in the Notes API, and your current Notes ID file contains the correct private key to decrypt the message, then the message is automatically decrypted. This happens in a layer down below the LotusScrpt and Java APIs, so these APIs see that the document is not encrypted and return false. But apparently IBM changed this in version 8.5.2. Here's a link that reports that in 8.5.2 the isEncrypted() will return true. It seems that IBM has fixed the code so that it now knows the right answer even though the automatic decryption was already done.
And of course, if you open an encrypted message in the Notes API using a Notes ID file that doesn't contain the correct private key to decrypt the message, IsEncrypted() will always return true.
share|improve this answer
Thanks for replying Richard. I am using same notes id for reading the message. Yes there is two different versions. I am using lotus 8.5 and my testing system has lotus 8.0 on that. Is it version issue? – Sarma Oct 1 '12 at 16:55
This post on the IBM DeveloperWorks forum indicates that it is not a version problem until 8.5.2: www-10.lotus.com/ldd/nd85forum.nsf/… – Richard Schwartz Oct 1 '12 at 19:22
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mne.preprocessing.create_ecg_epochs#
mne.preprocessing.create_ecg_epochs(raw, ch_name=None, event_id=999, picks=None, tmin=-0.5, tmax=0.5, l_freq=8, h_freq=16, reject=None, flat=None, baseline=None, preload=True, keep_ecg=False, reject_by_annotation=True, decim=1, verbose=None)[source]#
Conveniently generate epochs around ECG artifact events.
This function will:
 1. Filter the ECG data channel.
 2. Find ECG R wave peaks using mne.preprocessing.find_ecg_events().
 3. Create Epochs around the R wave peaks, capturing the heartbeats.
Note
Filtering is only applied to the ECG channel while finding events. The resulting ecg_epochs will have no filtering applied (i.e., have the same filter properties as the input raw instance).
Parameters:
rawinstance of Raw
The raw data.
ch_nameNone | str
The name of the channel to use for ECG peak detection. If None (default), ECG channel is used if present. If None and no ECG channel is present, a synthetic ECG channel is created from the cross-channel average. This synthetic channel can only be created from MEG channels.
event_idint
The index to assign to found ECG events.
picksstr | array_like | slice | None
Channels to include. Slices and lists of integers will be interpreted as channel indices. In lists, channel type strings (e.g., ['meg', 'eeg']) will pick channels of those types, channel name strings (e.g., ['MEG0111', 'MEG2623'] will pick the given channels. Can also be the string values "all" to pick all channels, or "data" to pick data channels. None (default) will pick all channels. Note that channels in info['bads'] will be included if their names or indices are explicitly provided.
tminfloat
Start time before event.
tmaxfloat
End time after event.
l_freqfloat
Low pass frequency to apply to the ECG channel while finding events.
h_freqfloat
High pass frequency to apply to the ECG channel while finding events.
rejectdict | None
Reject epochs based on maximum peak-to-peak signal amplitude (PTP), i.e. the absolute difference between the lowest and the highest signal value. In each individual epoch, the PTP is calculated for every channel. If the PTP of any one channel exceeds the rejection threshold, the respective epoch will be dropped.
The dictionary keys correspond to the different channel types; valid keys can be any channel type present in the object.
Example:
reject = dict(grad=4000e-13, # unit: T / m (gradiometers)
 mag=4e-12, # unit: T (magnetometers)
 eeg=40e-6, # unit: V (EEG channels)
 eog=250e-6 # unit: V (EOG channels)
 )
Note
Since rejection is based on a signal difference calculated for each channel separately, applying baseline correction does not affect the rejection procedure, as the difference will be preserved.
Note
To constrain the time period used for estimation of signal quality, pass the reject_tmin and reject_tmax parameters.
If reject is None (default), no rejection is performed.
flatdict | None
Reject epochs based on minimum peak-to-peak signal amplitude (PTP). Valid keys can be any channel type present in the object. The values are floats that set the minimum acceptable PTP. If the PTP is smaller than this threshold, the epoch will be dropped. If None then no rejection is performed based on flatness of the signal.
Note
To constrain the time period used for estimation of signal quality, pass the reject_tmin and reject_tmax parameters.
baselineNone | tuple of length 2
The time interval to consider as "baseline" when applying baseline correction. If None, do not apply baseline correction. If a tuple (a, b), the interval is between a and b (in seconds), including the endpoints. If a is None, the beginning of the data is used; and if b is None, it is set to the end of the interval. If (None, None), the entire time interval is used.
Note
The baseline (a, b) includes both endpoints, i.e. all timepoints t such that a <= t <= b.
Correction is applied to each epoch and channel individually in the following way:
 1. Calculate the mean signal of the baseline period.
 2. Subtract this mean from the entire epoch.
preloadbool
Preload epochs or not (default True). Must be True if keep_ecg is True.
keep_ecgbool
When ECG is synthetically created (after picking), should it be added to the epochs? Must be False when synthetic channel is not used. Defaults to False.
reject_by_annotationbool
Whether to reject based on annotations. If True (default), epochs overlapping with segments whose description begins with 'bad' are rejected. If False, no rejection based on annotations is performed.
New in version 0.14.0.
decimint
Factor by which to subsample the data.
Warning
Low-pass filtering is not performed, this simply selects every Nth sample (where N is the value passed to decim), i.e., it compresses the signal (see Notes). If the data are not properly filtered, aliasing artifacts may occur.
New in version 0.21.0.
verbosebool | str | int | None
Control verbosity of the logging output. If None, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation and mne.verbose() for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.
Returns:
ecg_epochsinstance of Epochs
Data epoched around ECG R wave peaks.
Notes
If you already have a list of R-peak times, or want to compute R-peaks outside MNE-Python using a different algorithm, the recommended approach is to call the Epochs constructor directly, with your R-peaks formatted as an events array (here we also demonstrate the relevant default values):
mne.Epochs(raw, r_peak_events_array, tmin=-0.5, tmax=0.5,
 baseline=None, preload=True, proj=False) # doctest: +SKIP
Examples using mne.preprocessing.create_ecg_epochs#
Overview of artifact detection
Overview of artifact detection
Overview of artifact detection
Rejecting bad data spans and breaks
Rejecting bad data spans and breaks
Rejecting bad data spans and breaks
Repairing artifacts with ICA
Repairing artifacts with ICA
Repairing artifacts with ICA
Repairing artifacts with SSP
Repairing artifacts with SSP
Repairing artifacts with SSP


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High-resolution Fourier-transform spectrometer chip with microphotonic silicon spiral waveguides
- Additional Document Info
- View All
We report a stationary Fourier-transform spectrometer chip implemented in silicon microphotonic waveguides. The device comprises an array of 32 Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZIs) with linearly increasing optical path delays between the MZI arms across the array. The optical delays are achieved by using Si-wire waveguides arranged in tightly coiled spirals with a compact device footprint of 12 mm2. Spectral retrieval is demonstrated in a single measurement of the stationary spatial interferogram formed at the output waveguides of the array, with a wavelength resolution of 40 pm within a free spectral range of 0.75 nm. The phase and amplitude errors arising from fabrication imperfections are compensated using a transformation matrix spectral retrieval algorithm.
has subject area


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Pursuing higher education often takes students beyond the borders of their home country. With its rich tapestry of culture and innovative academic environment, South Korea has emerged as a preferred destination for many. If you want to study in Korea, particularly at a revered institution, the Samsung Global Sungkyun Scholarship is one such beacon of opportunity.
The scholarship specifically targets remarkable freshmen. If you're among those chosen for nomination, prepare yourself, as an interview might be on the horizon. The aftermath of the nomination process? You will receive individual notification post the second qualification announcement.
Two notable scholarship options are available, Option A and Option B.
- Complete tuition coverage for four academic years (including the entrance fee). However, maintaining this scholarship requires diligence. Students must:
- Enroll in a minimum of 12 credits (with the exception of 9 credits in the 7th semester) and maintain a GPA of 3.7 or above without any failing grades. For the first and second semesters, a GPA of 3.5 is acceptable.
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It covers only trituration for four academic years and mirrors the academic requirements of Option A.
It's crucial to note that falling short of these academic requirements can have consequences. Failure to meet the required GPA will result in the forfeiture of the scholarship in the subsequent semester. Two such instances will lead to complete disqualification from the scholarship.
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Let me mentor you!


text:
At the northern end of Interstate 75 is a span that joins two nations and two cities that bear the same name: Sault Ste. Marie Michigan and Ontario. While the current International Bridge was constructed in the 1960's, its forerunner was built in the previous century.
The International railroad bridge spans across the St. Mary's River and canal system a total of nine times. On this day in 1887 the partnership agreement was signed that paved the way for building that first structure.
Detroit Bridge and Ironworks was awarded the contract for only the drawbridge, while the other eight spans were constructed by the Dominion Bridge Company of Montreal, which half a century later would play a part in building the Golden Gate Bridge.


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Sensoring and detection
Sensoring and detection technologies play a critical role in risk management. At Lamor, we have the expertise to choose the right technology and tailor a solution that meets the unique needs of our organisation. By using proven technologies such as buoy tracking, oil detection radars, and satellite tracking, we can ensure that potential risks are detected early, and appropriate measures are taken to prevent them.
Keeping track of your environmental risk with our sensoring and detection technology
Proven technologies like buoy tracking, oil detection radars, and satellite tracking provide valuable risk insights. Buoy tracking monitors ocean currents, water levels, and weather patterns for natural disaster early warnings. Oil detection radars locate spills for quick response and environmental protection. Satellite tracking monitors movement to prevent theft and security threats.
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RAPID EXCAVATION OF ROCK WITH SMALL CHARGES OF HIGH EXPLOSIVES
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the feasibility of designing and testing the elements of a small-charge blasting system that will eliminate, or reduce to acceptable levels, most of the undesirable features of current underground drill and blast systems, that is, (1) air blast, (2) ground vibrations, (3) flying fragments, (4) overbreak and fracture of surrounding rock, and (5) the cyclic nature of drill and blast operations. The experimentation was conducted in tunnels in granite, and the results indicated that the basic technical concepts of the project were achieved. The next step is to design, construct, and test a prototype machine.
University of Missouri, RollaRock Mechanics and Explosives Research Center
Rolla, MO United States 65409
Bureau of MinesC Street Between 18th and 19th Streets, NW
Washington, DC United States 20241
- Clark, G B
- Rollins, R R
- Publication Date: 1976-11
- Pagination: 121 p.
- TRT Terms: Blast loads; Detonation; Earth movements (Geophysics); Excavation; Explosives; Mining; Presplitting (Blasting); Tunneling
- Uncontrolled Terms: Fragmentation
- Old TRIS Terms: Detonators; Earth movement; Excavation technology; Explosive charges; Underground mining
- Subject Areas: Bridges and other structures; Railroads;
- Accession Number: 00166259
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: National Technical Information Service
- Report/Paper Numbers: BuMines-OFR-98-77 Final Rpt.
- Contract Numbers: H0252052
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Sep 20 1977 12:00AM


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An Industrial Engineer's Approach to Managing Oracle Databases - Robyn Sands
11 March 2008
This paper is an introduction to several concepts used in the manufacturing industry to improve efficiency. Some of these concepts will be compared to existing, well known methods in database management to demonstrate commonality between the disciplines. Other concepts will be explored to determine if there is a potential to develop new tools for database management. This paper discusses variation and why variation should be minimized where practical. The potential use of variation as a tool in performance measurement will be explored.


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The Michigan Weavers Guild (MWG) is dedicated to encouraging excellence, inspiring creativity, and preserving fiber traditions by providing forums for the education of handweavers, handspinners, basketmakers, and fiber artists in related disciplines.
MWG January 17, 2015 Meeting
This presentation describes how new research methods make historic figured silks held in museum collections available to weavers for study purposes. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, antiquities collectors acquired archaeological silk fragments attributed to Mediterranean and Near East workshops between AD _PHONE_. While necessary to protect our fragile textile heritage, conservation standards have limited access to these pieces for study purposes. Now, high-resolution digital images and computer-based analysis techniques provide new information about how historic silks were constructed from a weaver's point of view with a focus on material processing, weave structure, pattern design, and end use.


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As the summer sun beckons, so does the allure of water-based outdoor activities, and magnetic water balloons have emerged as a novel and exciting addition to the world of water play. These innovative balloons, unlike traditional ones, feature a magnetic component that adds a new layer of fun and interactivity to water balloon battles.
The magic lies in their ability to attract and repel, creating unpredictable trajectories and adding an element of surprise to each throw. Magnetic water balloons are crafted to enhance the joy of water play. For those eager to dive into the world of magnetic water balloons, Hiliop, _URL_ stands out as a go-to destination.
What are Magnetic and Reusable?
Magnetic reusable water balloons represent a revolutionary twist on the classic water balloon, infusing playtime with creativity and sustainability. Crafted from durable, eco-friendly materials, these balloons eliminate the need for single-use plastics, providing an environmentally conscious alternative.
Magnetic reusable water balloons, available at leading platforms like Hiliop, are crafted from high-quality, eco-friendly materials. The magnetic aspect comes from the design, which allows the balloons to easily attach, creating a secure and leak-proof seal.
This innovative feature eliminates the need for ties, making them convenient and user-friendly. The reusable aspect stems from the durable materials used in their construction. Unlike traditional water balloons that burst upon impact, these balloons withstand the force, ensuring they can be refilled and reused countless times.
Where to Get Magnetic Reusable Water Balloons?
Platforms like Hiliop have embraced the demand for sustainable and innovative water play solutions by offering magnetic reusable water balloons. Hiliop's selection includes a variety of vibrant colors and package options, catering to different preferences and group sizes.
Purchasing these water balloons from reputable platforms ensures quality and authenticity, providing customers with a reliable source for eco-friendly and entertaining water play. Embrace the future of water balloon fights with magnetic reusable water balloons, available at Hiliop and similar environmentally conscious retailers.
Key Features of Magnetic Reusable Water Balloons
Water balloon fights are a quintessential part of summer, offering a refreshing and exhilarating way to beat the heat. However, the joy of traditional water balloons often comes with environmental concerns, as they contribute to single-use plastic waste. In response to this, a revolutionary solution has emerged magnetic reusable water balloons.
Magnetic reusable water balloons are typically made from biodegradable and recyclable materials, addressing the environmental concerns associated with single-use plastics. This eco-conscious choice ensures that water play remains enjoyable without contributing to pollution.
Durable and Long-Lasting
Traditional water balloons are notorious for bursting prematurely, leading to a short-lived water balloon fight. Magnetic reusable water balloons, on the other hand, boast impressive durability. Their ability to withstand impacts ensures a longer-lasting and more enjoyable water play experience.
No Ties, No Hassle
Tying individual water balloons can be a tedious and time-consuming task, often leading to wasted water and frustration. Magnetic reusable water balloons eliminate this hassle. Their magnetic design allows for quick and easy attachment, streamlining the preparation process for water balloon fights.
Easy to Refill
The reusable nature of these water balloons means they can be easily refilled for continuous play. This feature not only contributes to sustainability but also adds convenience, as users can quickly replenish their ammunition during the heat of battle.
Safe for All Ages
Magnetic reusable water balloons are designed with safety in mind. The absence of small parts or potential choking hazards makes them suitable for water play enthusiasts of all ages. Parents can rest easy knowing that their children can enjoy a fun and safe water balloon fight.
Magnetic reusable water balloons represent a significant leap forward in reimagining the classic water balloon fight. Their combination of eco-friendly materials, durability, and user-friendly features make them a standout choice for those seeking a sustainable and enjoyable water play experience.


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A ceremony is an activity performed at a special time. Ceremonies may be done to celebrate an event or rite of passage.
Celebration of life[change | edit source]
Government ceremonies[change | edit source]
Sometimes, a ceremony may only be done by certain people. A wedding is done by a priest or a Civil Celebrant. The President of the United States is sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States at his or her inauguration. The British monarch is usually made king or queen by the Archbishop of Canterbury at his or her coronation.
Celebration of events[change | edit source]
Other ceremonies may mark yearly events like:


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Its source is Alis, an Old French name meaning "Exalted nature."
The name Alishia ranked 3004th in popularity for females of all ages in a sample of the 1990 US Census.
Though this name appears on the 1990 U.S. Census lists, it is used by only a small percentage of the general population.
Alice's strongest association is with a blonde seven-year-old in a blue pinafore who fell down a rabbit hole. Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass were written in the 1860s and 1870s to entertain Alice Liddell, a young girl of his acquaintance.
Carroll was a mathematician who combined his delight in games and wordplay with a profound understanding of childhood's complex fascinations. While his books continue to delight little ones, they are also analyzed in philosophic works such as Douglas Hofstader's 1980 Pulitzer Prize winner Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid.
Alice's linguisitic family tree features cousin Adelaide (traced through its Germanic grandparent Adalheit) and child Allison (meaning ''Alice's son'').


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Overview and Objectives
Critical World is a virtual research laboratory that explores the relationship between popular culture and globalization. As a web-based experiment in project-oriented teaching and research, Critical World provides resources for critical engagement with the products of global popular culture and creates a space for debate about the role of globalization in our everyday lives.
Critical World has three objectives:
- Encourage critical engagement with the products of global popular culture
- Increase our knowledge about the way that globalization functions in everyday life
- Improve access to research and teaching materials on popular culture and globalization
The multi-media modules presented in Critical World are organized around three distinct but related principles: non-linearity (the idea that web-based learning does not necessarily follow the linear reading path pre-determined by the structure of the written text), intermediality (the way that different media interact with each other to suggest novel meanings), and free association (the practice of spontaneously associating thoughts, feelings, and words without recourse to logic).
Critical World includes the participation of professors, researchers, students and artists from various cultural backgrounds and disciplinary perspectives and is based in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Montreal. Critical World has been online since September 2004 and received funding from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC).


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On Friday, we posed the following back-to-school-themed Fermi problem:
Assuming you're not in a big lecture hall and the professor shuts the door at the start of class, how long does it take for you and your classmates to deplete the oxygen enough to feel it?
We promised a surprising answer, and here it is. You decide if our back-of-the-envelope calculations are reasonable.
Let's build our classroom first. It's 16 feet wide and long, and 10 feet tall. In handy metric dimensions, that's:
5 meters by 5 meters by 3 meters, or 75 cubic meters.
A cubic meter is 1000 liters, so now we've got 75,000 liters of fresh air.
The oxygen content of air is about 21 percent, and at about 17.5 percent you'll run from the room screaming. To get from fresh and breathable to absolutely stifling, take the difference between 21 percent of 75,000 liters and 17.5 percent of 75,000 liters. That gives us 2,625 liters of oxygen to get through.
How much oxygen does a human consume? It was tough finding a reliable source, but this press release about the 2006 installation of a new oxygen generation system on the International Space Station provides a clue:
During normal operations, it will provide 12 pounds daily; enough to support six crew members.
Aha! So one person needs about 2lb of oxygen a day, or.9 kg. But how many liters is that? Oxygen has a molar mass of 16 grams, so oxygen gas, or O2, has a mass of 32 grams per mole. One mole of gas at standard pressure and temperature takes up 22.4 liters. Now, as my high-school chemistry would say, it's time to hop on the mole-train:
.9 kg x (1000 g/1 kg) x (1 mole O2/32 g O2) x (22.4 L/1 mole O2)
This gives us a daily oxygen intake of 630 liters per person. Let's get a more reasonable rate:
(630 L/day) x (1 day/24 hours) x (1 hour/60 mins)
Now we have the serviceable rate of oxygen consumption of.4375 liters per minute. We're almost there.
Now populate the classroom with 34 students and 1 teacher. The 35 occupants consume 15.3125 liters per minute. Now for the final calculation:
2625 L x (1 minute/ 15.3125 L)
It will take about 171 minutes, or 2 hours and 51 minutes for the room to become unbearably stifling. You can image that you'd start to feel pretty uncomfortable about an hour and a half into the lecture—a good argument for shorter classes.


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E. Syriani, R. Bill, M. Wimmer: Domain-Specific Model Distance Measures, 12th International Conference on Model Transformations (ICMT 2019), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, July 15-19, 2019 pdf.
A lot of research was invested in the last decade to develop differencing methods to identify the changes performed between two modelversions. Typically, these changes are captured in an explicit difference model. However, less attention was paid to quantifying the distance between model versions. While different versions of a model mayhave the same amount of differences, their distance to the base model may be drastically different. Therefore, we present distance metrics formodels. We provide a method to automatically generate tool support for computing domain-specific distance measures. We show the benefits of distance measures over model differences in the use case of searching for the explanation of model evolution in terms of domain-specific change operations. The results of our experiments show that using distance metrics outperforms common difference models techniques.pdf


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Measuring the Community Impacts of Research Oriented Partnerships
The CIROP is a 33-item, generic measure of community members' (i.e., those receiving information or services from the partnership, or those involved in the partnership) perceptions of the impact of research partnerships addressing social and health issues.
In the CIROP, the focus is on how and to what extent a specific research partnership has had an influence on an individual, an organization or group, and a community. The CIROP Measure will inform research partnerships about the amount of impact, if any, they are having on their target audiences in the areas of:
CIROP Measure [99kb PDF]
King, G., Servais, M., Currie, M., Kertoy, M., Law, M., Rosenbaum, P., Specht, J., Willoughby, T., Forchuk, C., & Chalmers, H. (2003). The Community Impacts of Research Oriented Partnerships (The CIROP Measure). Available from _URL_.
Research partnerships wishing to evaluate their effectiveness may invite the intended users or beneficiaries of their partnerships knowledge sharing and education efforts to complete the CIROP. This instrument also will allow community stakeholders and advisory boards to capture the success of their collaborative research initiatives. For more ideas on possible uses of this tool, please see the journal article about the development of the CIROP Measure (details below).
Specific details about the development of the CIROP Measure are described in the following journal article
Currently, there are no psychometrically sound outcome measures by which to assess the impacts of research partnerships. This article describes the development of a 33-item, survey questionnaire measuring community members' perceptions of the impact of research partnerships addressing health and social issues. The Community Impacts of Research Oriented Partnerships (CIROP) was developed using information from the literatures on health promotion, community development, research utilization, and community-based participatory research, and from focus groups involving 29 key informants. Data from 174 community members were used to determine the factor structure, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability of the four CIROP scales, and to provide evidence of construct validity. The CIROP informs research partnerships about the extent of their impact in the areas of Personal Knowledge Development, Personal Research Skill Development, Organizational/Group Access To and Use of Information, and Community and Organizational Development, allowing them to demonstrate accountability to funding bodies. As well, the CIROP can be used as a research tool to assess the effectiveness of knowledge sharing approaches, determine the most influential activities of research partnerships, and determine structural characteristics of partnerships associated with various types of impact. The CIROP provides a better understanding of community members' perspectives and expectations of research partnerships, with important implications for knowledge transfer and uptake.
Reference for Journal Article
King, G., Servais, M., Kertoy, M., Specht, J., Currie, M., Rosenbaum, P., Law, M., Forchuk, C., Chalmers, H., & Willoughby, T. (2009). A measure of community members' perceptions of the impacts of research partnerships in health and social services. Evaluation and Program Planning, 32, 289-299.