Citrullus colocynthis
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"Bitter-apple" and spelling variants redirect here. This is also used for the poisonous soda apple, a species of nightshade.
Citrullus colocynthis
Citrullus colocynthis - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-040.jpg
Citrullus colocynthis from Koehler's Medicinal-Plants (1887).
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Cucurbitales
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Genus: Citrullus
Species: C. colocynthis
Binomial name
Citrullus colocynthis
(L.) Schrad.
Synonyms[1]
 - Citrullus colocynthoides Pangalo
 - Citrullus pseudocolocynthis M.Roem.
 - Colocynthis officinalis Schrad.
 - Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad.
 - Cucumis colocynthis L.
Citrullus colocynthis, with many common names including colocynth,[2] bitter apple,[2] bitter cucumber,[2] desert gourd,[citation needed] egusi,[citation needed] vine of Sodom,[2] or wild gourd,[2] is a desert viny plant native to the Mediterranean Basin and Asia, especially Turkey (especially in regions such as İzmir), Nubia, and Trieste.
It resembles a common watermelon vine, but bears small, hard fruits with a bitter pulp. It originally bore the scientific name Colocynthis citrullus.
Origin, distribution, and ecology[edit]
C. colocynthis is a desert viny plant that grows in sandy, arid soils. It is native to the Mediterranean Basin and Asia, and is distributed among the west coast of northern Africa, eastward through the Sahara, Egypt until India, and reaches also the north coast of the Mediterranean and the Caspian Seas. It grows also in southern European countries as in Spain and on the islands of the Grecian archipelago. On the island of Cyprus, it is cultivated on a small scale; it has been an income source since the 14th century and is still exported today. It is an annual or a perennial plant (in wild) in Indian arid zones and has a great survival rate under extreme xeric conditions.[3] In fact, it can tolerate annual precipitation of 250 to 1500 mm and an annual temperature of 14.8 to 27.8°C. it grows from sea level up to 1500 meters above sea level on sandy loam, subdesert soils, and sandy sea costs with a pH range between 5.0 and 7.8.[4]
Characteristics and morphology[edit]
Roots and stems[edit]
The roots are large, fleshy, and perennial, leading to a high survival rate due to the long tap root. The vine-like stems spread in all directions for a few meters looking for something over which to climb. If present, shrubs and herbs are preferred and climbed by means of axiliary branching tendrils.[3]
Leaves[edit]
Very similar to watermelon, the leaves are palmate and angular with three to seven divided lobes.
Flowers[edit]
The flowers are yellow and solitary in the axes of leaves and are borne by yellow-greenish peduncles. Each has a subcampanulated five-lobed corolla and a five-parted calyx. They are monoecious, so the male (stamens) and the female reproductive parts (pistils and ovary) are borne in different flowers on the same plant. The male flowers' calyx is shorter than the corolla. They have five stamens, four of which are coupled and one is single with monadelphous anther. The female flowers have three staminoids and a three-carpel ovary. The two sexes are distinguishable by observing the globular and hairy inferior ovary of the female flowers.[3]
A C. colocynthis female flower
Iranian C. colocynthis
Ripe fruit of C. colocynthis
Fruits[edit]
The fruit is smooth, spheric with a 5– to 10-cm-diameter and extremely bitter taste. The calyx englobe the yellow-green fruit which becomes marble (yellow stripes) at maturity. The mesocarp is filled with a soft, dry, and spongy white pulp, in which the seeds are embedded. Each of the three carpels bears six seeds. Each plant produces 15 to 30 fruits.[4]
Seeds[edit]
The seeds are grey and 5 mm long by 3 mm wide. They are edible but similarly bitter, nutty-flavored, and rich in fat and protein. They are eaten whole or used as an oilseed. The oil content of the seeds is 17–19% (w/w), consisting of 67–73% linoleic acid, 10–16% oleic acid, 5–8% stearic acid, and 9–12% palmitic acid. The oil yield is about 400 l/hectare.[5] In addition, the seeds contain a high amount of arginine, tryptophan, and the sulfur-containing amino acids.[6]
Cultivation[edit]
C. colocynthis, a perennial plant, can propagate both by generative and vegetative means. However, seed germination is poor due to the extreme xeric conditions, so vegetative propagation is more common and successful in nature. In the Indian arid zone, growth takes place between January and October, but the most favorable period for the vegetative growth is during summer, which coincides with the rainy season. Growth declines as soon as the rains and the temperature decrease and almost stops during the cold and dry months of December and January.[7] Colocynth prefers sandy soils and is a good example of good water management which may be useful also on research to better understand how desert plants react to water stress.[8][9] To enhance production, an organic fertilizer can be applied.[10] Colocynth is also commonly cultivated together with cassava (intercropping) in Nigeria.[7]
Colocynths in Adrar Desert (Mauritania).
Cultivated colocynth suffers of climatic stress and diseases such as cucumber mosaic virus, melon mosaic virus, Fusarium wilt, etc. as any other crop. To improve it, a relatively new protocol for regeneration has been developed with the aim of incorporating disease and stress resistance to increase yield potential and security avoiding interspecific hybridization barriers.[11]
Uses[edit]
C. colocynthis can be eaten or elaborated for further uses in medicine and as energy source, e.g. oilseed and biofuel. The characteristic small seed of the colocynth have been found in several early archeological sites in northern Africa and the Near East, specifically at Neolithic Armant, Nagada in Egypt; at sites dating from 3800 BC to Roman times in Libya; and the prepottery Neolithic levels of the Nahal Hemar caves in Israel.[12] Zohary and Hopf speculate, "these finds indicate that the wild colocynth was very probably used by humans prior to its domestication."[12]
Medical study[edit]
Clinical studies have shown medicinal benefits of colocynth in patients with diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, and hyperlipidemia. In a randomized clinical trial (RCT), HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels were decreased in patients using 300 mg of C. colocynthis dry fruit powder daily for 2 months.[13] In another trial, intake of 300 mg of powdered seed can lower the triglyceride and cholesterol concentration significantly in nondiabetic hyperlipidemic patients.[14]
Topical C. colocynthis also showed significant efficacy in treatment of patients with painful diabetic neuropathy in another RCT; the application of a topical formulation of C. colocynthis fruit extract can decrease the pain and improve nerve function and quality of life in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy.[15]
Colocynth has been widely used in folk medicine for centuries. Johann Weyer, in De praestigiis daemonum (1563), offers it as a cure for lycanthropy.[16] Interest in its anti-inflammatory properties has been renewed in modern times.
Aqueous and methanol extracts of colocynth showed high antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and other bacteria. [6] Extracts of fruits, leaves, roots and stems were also found to be potentially usable against many Gram positive bacilli and fungi such as Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, and Mucor species.[6]
In addition, some of these extracts were found to have an insulin tropic effect and therefore an antidiabetic effect, which may make them relevant to the treatment of


text:
Are you challenged with delivering increased productivity while navigating changing manufacturing conditions? DELMIA's Production and Certification solution provides to production planners, quality specialists and workers the digital continuity between design and manufacturing.
Control Global Mission-critical Operations in Real Time
DELMIA's Production and Certification solution is an industry-proven approach which facilitates the digital continuity between design and manufacturing, providing real-time status for management on production issues, and 100% traceability of all product-related events.
- Control global mission critical operations in real-time - digitize the shop floor to review current production status and make proper decisions of when and where to start each assembly job.
- Decrease cycle time and eliminate rework - maximize workers' productivity with the right instructions at the right time and enforce complete procedural control to ensure regulatory compliance and quality during build.
- Accelerate change order and non-conformance resolution - digital continuity between engineering and manufacturing quickly communicates engineering change orders to the shop floor and in return, informs engineers of the reality of the shop floor process, such as non-conformance.
DELMIA Aerospace & Defense Production and Certification Users:
- Quality Engineers
- Manufacturing Process Engineers
- Production Managers
- Production Workers

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Expressions used in Everyday Spoken English in Social and Professional contexts
sandbag (somebody)
sandbagsandbag somebody
1) conceal or misrepresent something in order to gain an advantage
 - How to MemorizePopularity HighProfessional MediumSocial
 - sandbag your opponents/rivals
 - Analysis
 This expression is mostly used in a professional context and is a strategy with the aim of lowering the expectations around something or someone in order to produce better-than-expected results. To do so, it is not always necessary to lie, you can instead withhold information, or be as conservative with your estimate as possible. In other words, only provide the worst-case scenario. In a social respect, it tends to be used in relation to betting or sport. As a verb to'sandbag' someone is to deceive someone in order to get what you want or deliberately underperform in order to gain an advantage.
 - Social Examples (Advance)
 1. The poker player sandbagged his opponents by losing his first few hands. He hoped they would raise the stakes if they saw him as less of a threat.
 2. sandbagged my opponents in the first part of the race and then shot into the lead when they were running out of stamina.
 - Professional Examples (Advance)
 1. The deal is very close to being completed, but to make myself look better, I decided to sandbag my boss by telling her that it could take weeks to get it over the line
 2. The company earned a reputation for sandbagging by consistently low-balling its projected earnings in order to temper shareholders' expectations.
 - Further Suggestions
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text:
Characteristics of the diffraction of acoustic waves in stratified sound channels
- Cite this article as:
- Grigor'ev, V.A., Katsnel'son, B.G., Kuz'kin, V.M. et al. Acoust. Phys. (2001) 47: 35. doi:10.1134/_PHONE_ Downloads
The results of calculations performed in the framework of the approximate approach developed by the authors are presented for the diffraction of sound waves by a stiff spheroid in an acoustic waveguide. The scattered sound field is analyzed as a function of the following parameters of the problem: the spheroid dimensions, its position relative to the sound source and the receiver, the vertical profile of sound velocity in the waveguide, and the acoustic parameters of the waveguide bottom.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Four copper gargoyles from 1878 sit overlooking Memorial Hall on thin turrets at each corner of the building. A classic feature of gothic architecture, gargoyles have both aesthetic and functional purposes, usually serving as decoration for drainpipes. With their open mouths and scowling faces, Memorial Hall's gargoyles hold true to both gothic aesthetics and tradition, originally diverting rainwater away from the building's facade.
In 1956, the top portion of Memorial Hall's tower was ruined by a fire. One of the four gargoyles was destroyed; another fell from the tower but survived. Previously preserved by the Fogg Museum, where it used to be hung out of the museum's second story at Commencement, it is now displayed at the Queen's Head Pub in the lower level of Memorial Hall.
The two other gargoyles also survived the fire and have remained in their perch. The whole tower was restored in 2000 to its original design, including the four gargoyles that sit atop the edifice today.
The edifice of the building is also decorated with several portrait busts of notable orators, thinkers, and scholars. They are set around the dome of Sanders Theater, and include:


text:
This week's Friday Feature is brought to you by guest blogger Tamara M., BA, CVT:
Researchers from the Department of Comparative Pediatrics and Nutrition at the University of Copenhagen discovered that premature piglets grow faster and develop an improved protection against bacteria by ingesting UV-treated milk instead of ultra-heat treated (UHT) milk. Usually premature babies receive donated milk since their mothers cannot produce enough of it, and the milk is always treated by UHT – protecting the premature child against destructive bacteria and viruses. However, UHT also destroy many good elements that are supposed to maintain immune system's hemostasis. Access this link to further learn about piglets' promising UV-treated milk.
Header image from _URL_


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Recap: Purple Sage Farms
Tim and Mike Sommer of Purple Sage Farms in Middleton, Idaho hosted NCAP's first field day for the season.
Above: Tim Sommer shows guests the greenhouse at Purple Sage Farms
Nearly 50 farmers, master gardeners, agency personnel and community members toured one of the oldest certified organic farms in Idaho.
This father and son team gave a tour of their greenhouses, where they grow a large variety of herbs, greens and specialty produce. Tim described how he focused on the food and flavors when he started the farm.
They showed how they work hard to keep weeds under control and harvest weed-free greens, including the use of drip irrigation, buried drip, plastic mulch, crop rotation, and hula hoes.
Tim and Mike also discussed the importance of livestock to their farm. They make their own compost, which along with cover cropping provides the bulk of their fertility program in the greenhouses.
As a follow-up to NCAP's winter workshop featuring post-harvest handling, wash stations and pack sheds for produce growers, Tim and Mike provided a tour of their washing and packing facilities. Daughter Arlie Sommer, who works for an online local food market and distributor called Idaho's Bounty, updated farmers on the Food and Drug Administration's new proposed food safety rules.
Conversations continued over a meal featuring organic and local produce prepared by Bon Appetit at the College of Idaho.
NCAP will continue its educational field days with a tour at Wood River Organics in Bellevue, ID on July 31. Register HERE.


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Building on the detection of more than 1000 colonies of Leadbeater's Possums in native forest harvest areas, the discovery of Leadbeater's Possums in the Yarra Ranges Forest suggests that the critically endangered species is more prevalent than previously thought.
"The Victorian Forest Products Association (VFPA) calls on the Victorian Government to undertake a cross tenure survey of all parks – not just forest harvest areas – to fully understand the distribution and population abundance of this iconic species," said Deb Kerr, CEO of VFPA.
The Victorian Government undertakes surveys of forest coupes to be harvested, but this is just 0.034% of the public land estate. Surveys by VicForests following harvest shows that Leadbeater's Possums are found in these harvested areas as little as five years after harvest.
While Leadbeater's Possums nest in hollows of older trees, their feeding habitat is the harvested area with a mix of acacia understorey. The Victorian Government's decision to phase out native timber harvesting will put at risk this iconic species as its feeding habitat declines with the decline in active forest management through harvest activities.
"However, the full distribution and abundance of this species are largely unknown, which this new detection proves. It is time the Government undertook a cross tenure survey to fully map the species prevalence," concluded Ms Kerr.
PDF available here.


Date.Between(d1, d2)); var result = rdb.Query("salesinvoice", "date.between(\"2001-1-1\",\"2010-1-1\""); var result = rdb.Query("salesinvoice", "serial.between(20,30)");
The same works for the WebStudio interface.
Also you can query any date column parts like this :
var result = rdb.Query(x => x.Date.Year == 2016 && x.Date.Month == 8); var result = rdb.Query(x => x.Date.Hour < 10);
Appendix v3.3.12 - In()
In this release you can now use In() on column and date parts so :
var result = rdb.Query(x => x.Serial.In(1,3,5,7)); var result = rdb.Query(x => x.Serial.In(new int[] { 1,3,5,7 })); var arr = new int[] {1,3,5,7}; var result = rdb.Query(x => x.Serial.In(arr)); var result = rdb.Query(x => x.Date.Year.In(2000, 2010)); var result = rdb.Query("salesinvoice", "serial.in(1,3,5,7)");
Also Between() has been extended to work with date parts :
var result = rdb.Query(x => x.Date.Hour.Between(12, 15);
History
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text:
Royal Star (SA Société de Constructions Mécaniques)
Automotive manufacturer of Antwerp; Belgium From 1904 to 1910.
The Société Anonyme Royal Star was a Belgian manufacturer of automobiles from Berchem near Antwerp .
Monsieur Dodelinger founded in 1902 the Compagnie des Constructions Mécaniques for the production of single cylinder motorcycles, in 1904 automobiles and industrial engines . They chose the brand name Royal Star. Later, it was renamed Société Anonyme Royal Star .
From 1907 the company already produced 300 cars and 1500 motorcycles annually.
In 1904, the first cars were produced whose engines had either two or four cylinders.
By 1907 built 300 chassis for cars a year fitted with four-cylinder models from the models 11/12 CV with 1693 cc capacity , 17 CV with 3308 cc, 20/22 CV 3770 cc, 23 CV with 4084 cc and 25/35 CV with 4942 cc.
There were also the six-cylinder models 29 CV with 6126 cc and 37 CV with 7412 cc and the single-cylinder model 7 HP with 681 cc displacement, in which some parts of De Dion-Bouton.
1910 took over and named the Société Anversoise for the Fabrication of Voitures Automobiles (SAVA) company. By 1923 the MINERVA company had taken control.


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of Reclamation.
Plan Your Visit
Tieton Dam is on the Tieton River, 40 miles west of Yakima, WA. From Yakima, follow U.S. 12, which goes through Tieton Canyon. The highway passes directly by the dam, which is visible to the left, and then parallels Rimrock Lake.
For more information on the dam, click here for the Bureau of Reclamation's Tieton Dam website. The Tieton Dam is documented in the National Park Service's Historic American Engineering Record. For recreational opportunities at Rimrock Lake, click here: Recreation.gov: Rimrock Lake or visit the Washington State website.
The American Hop Museum in Toppenish, 20 miles south of Yakima, is an excellent place to learn about hops. The museum, at 22 South B St., chronicles the history of the American hop industry from its earliest days in the New England colonies to its rapid expansion in California and the Pacific Northwest. The museum is open from May 1-September 30. Hours are 10:00am to 4:00pm Wednesday-Saturday and 11:00am to 4:00pm Sunday. Admission is $3 for adults, $2 for students, and free for children under 5.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Robert M Watson Jr
Here 'Xin' must mean mind/spirit/heart? I don't quite understand the difference between 'desire' and 'intent' in this context.
My experience is it's best to take each term on a case by case basis as opposed to translating any of them directly as often times they won't make any sense or won't be in the proper context, which is why its important to have a good teacher to guide you.
For instance we can look at the term xin fa, which would translate literally as 'heart technique', which either doesn't make any sense or would give the reader entirely the wrong idea.
My Sifu calls it the 'heart method', which still sounds a bit vague, but he explains it like this;
The heart method is the essence of the teachers experience over their life time, transmitted to the student. It's the fine details that make the difference between just waving your hands around in the air and actually getting some tangible results from your nei gong. So the implied meaning behind the term xin fa is more like 'the secrets of the practice which only an experienced teacher can impart'. In many cases these terms are very contextual to martial arts practice and wouldn't even make sense to native speakers without a teachers guidance.


Understanding Channel Mixing
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Introduction: Understanding Channel Mixing
About: I work at RobotZone ( the folks behind Actobotics and ServoCity.com ) in Winfield, KS. I love working on projects with my kids and seeing what they create.
If you've ever driven a remote control chassis, there's a good chance you've used mixing, even if you did not know it. Specifically, if you've used a single joystick or gimble to control a vehicle which uses skid steering or differential steering, you've used mixing.
Mixing is simply how the data from your joystick is used to determine how much power should be supplied to each side of the chassis.
If you open up a joystick, generally you will see two potentiometers inside. One to measure your current position along the Y axis (up and down), and the other to measure where you are at along the X axis (side to side).
Although I have no formal training on the subject I have had to do mixing in code before and recently I wanted to dive a little deeper into the subject.
First I want to note that most RC transmitters have mixing capability as do many motor controllers. This information is going to be most useful if you have to do the mixing yourself in your code. Say for example if you are using an Arduino to read unmixed data from an RC receiver, or you're reading analog data from the pots in a joystick, or if you are reading the coordinates from a digital joystick on a mobile app.
Let's take a look at some different mixing approaches.
Step 1: Mix Method » None
First let's take a look at what happens if you don't use mixing at all. If you just send the data from one axis to one side of the chassis and the other axis to the other side, your vehicle would not respond the way you want it to.
For example if you push the joystick all the way straight forward, the Y axis is at full throttle and the X axis is at 0. So you would be driving in circles instead of going straight.
Step 2: Method Method » Rotate
A co-worker once pointed out to me that, in a pinch you can rotate your transmitter 45 degrees for a poor man's mix. If you think of the values from the two potentiometers in a joystick as being the x an y axis on a grid (with both axis spanning -100 to +100) this makes a lot of sense because you are going to +100 on both axis as you push the joystick up and to the right. So if this maps directly to your two chassis channels (the left and right sides of your robot) it would make your robot go forward.
So the first method of mixing I ever tried was to mathematically rotate the x and y coordinate 45 degrees about the center point of the grid.
This works ok, however I cannot go forward with 100% power because when you are rotating, the overall movement is constrained to a circle within the grid, which means you can never really get into that top right corner.
This also results in the corners of the grid not being utilized. This is not a problem if you are using a joystick/gimple which limits your movement so those areas are never reached anyways, but otherwise you will want that portion of the grid to do something so that your movements feel completely proportional.
If you are a visual learner like myself this concept might be easier to grok by watching the video at the beginning of this instructable.
Let's look at some code examples.
NOTES ABOUT MY CODE EXAMPLES:
I am leaving out how you get the joystick_x and joystick_y values as it would change depending on your project. Also I will be mapping/constraining to ±100 but you might likely need to map to 1000 - 2000 for PWM or 0 - 255 for analog output etc. I always constrain... just in case.
Arduino Example:
//mathematically rotate
double rad = -45*M_PI/180;
int leftThrottle = joystick_x * cos(rad) - joystick_y * sin(rad);
int rightThrottle = joystick_y * cos(rad) + joystick_x * sin(rad); //constrain leftThrottle = constrain(leftThrottle, -100, 100 ); rightThrottle = constrain(rightThrottle, -100, 100 );
JavaScript Example:
//mathematically rotate
var rad = -45*_URL_
leftThrottle = joystick_x * Math.cos(rad) - joystick_y * Math.sin(rad);
rightThrottle = joystick_y * Math.cos(rad) + joystick_x * Math.sin(rad);
//constrain
leftThrottle = constrain(leftThrottle, -100, 100);
rightThrottle = constrain(rightThrottle, -100, 100);
//helper function
var constrain = function(num,min,max){
return Math.min(Math.max(num, min), max);
};
Step 3: Method Method » Simple
Next up we have a very simple equation which I first picked up from one of Shawn Hymel's Adventures in Science SparkFun videos where he happened to be working a very similar project to the one I was working on.
This equation does let you get to full speed when going forward but much like the rotate method, it disregards the corner areas of the grid. This is because in some cases the maximum is 100 and in some cases the maximum is 200. So the you would use a constrain function to disregard anything after 100.
And by the way I don't call this simple derogatorily... there is a beauty in simplicity.
Arduino Example:
int leftThrottle = joystick_y + joystick_x;
int rightThrottle = joystick_y - joystick_x;
//constrain
leftThrottle = constrain(leftThrottle, -100, 100 );
rightThrottle = constrain(rightThrottle, -100, 100 );
JavaScript Example:
var leftChannel = joystick_y + joystick_x;
var rightChannel = joystick_y - joystick_x;
//constrain leftChannel = constrain(leftChannel, -100, 100); rightChannel = constrain(rightChannel, -100, 100); //helper function
var constrain = function(num,min,max){ return Math.min(Math.max(num, min), max); };
Step 4: Method Method » Proportional
I spring-boarded off of the simple method hoping make a best of both worlds equation. The idea here is to be fully proportional in all directions even diagonally despite the fact though you are moving a greater distance it has the same range as when you move vertically which is a smaller distance.
You end up with a scale of -200 to +200 in all directions in my examples I map that to ±100 because it represents the percentage of power going to each channel - however you will want to map it to whatever works in your use-case for your motor controller. For example if you are sending a PWM signal you might map that to 1000 to 2000 or if you are sending an analog signal you might map it to 0-255 and set the direction as boolean etc.
Arduino Example:
int leftThrottle = joystick_y + joystick_x;
int rightThrottle = joystick_y - joystick_x;
// in some cases the max is 100, in some cases it is 200
// let's factor in the difference so the max is always 200
int diff = abs( abs(joystick_y) - abs(joystick_x) );
leftThrottle = leftThrottle < 0 ? leftThrottle - diff : leftThrottle + diff;
rightThrottle = rightThrottle < 0 ? rightThrottle - diff : rightThrottle + diff;
//Map from ±200 to ± 100 or whatever range you need
leftThrottle = map( leftThrottle, 0, 200, -100, 100);
rightThrottle = map( rightThrottle, 0, 200, -100, 100); //constrain
leftThrottle = constrain(leftThrottle, -100, 100);
rightThrottle = constrain(rightThrottle, -100, 100);
JavaScript Example:
var leftThrottle = joystick_y + joystick_x;
var rightThrottle = joystick_y - joystick_x;
// in some cases the max is 100, in some cases it is 200,
// let's factor in the difference so the max is always 200
var diff = Math.abs( Math.abs(joystick_y) - Math.abs(joystick_x) );
leftThrottle = leftThrottle < 0 ? leftThrottle - diff : leftThrottle + diff;
rightThrottle = rightThrot


[UPDATE] Composition Exercise Book - The Write Book
full name / name of organization:
Russ Brickey
contact email:
NOTE: We have extended the deadline for submissions to July 1.
The Write Book
FORM: Composition exercise book (not a reader!) tentatively titled The Write Book. We are putting together a collection of exercises to be used as an aid to instructors in the high school or college composition classroom.
7. Any potential problems.
Also Looking for Assignment Sheets
We will also include a section with examples of different assignments and prompts, so feel free to send us your best assignment sheets also. In addition to assignment sheets, please include:
1. a brief write-up that explains where it comes in the semester,
2. what assignments proceed and follow,
3. what are its strengths and weaknesses,
4. why is it a useful assignment for the comp classroom, and
5. any practical tips for making the assignment work in and out of the classroom.
Send exercises, assignment sheets, and/or questions to Russ Brickey at _EMAIL_, Laura Beadling at _EMAIL_, or Kory Wein at _EMAIL_ by July 1.
cfp categories:


An Introduction To Infrared (IR) Photography
without comments
Infrared (IR) photography allows you to turn a simple shot into an other-worldly scene. Plants and trees turn bright white, while skies and water darken considerably.
summertime blues infrared image
summertime blues by mugley on flickr (licensed CC-BY-SA)
The sun puts out a lot of infrared light, as well as visible light. By using a camera that is sensitive to infrared and a filter that blocks the visible light, we end up with an infrared photo.
We are not talking about taking photos with cameras that are sensitive to infrared heat radiation, like police helicopters use to find people hiding at night. But rather, photos taken using what is technically termed as near infrared light. This infrared light is reflected from objects, just like visible light, but we can't see it.
Since we can't see infrared light, the world in infrared looks very different. Most plants and trees reflect a lot of infrared light, which is why they look so bright in infrared photos. Water and the sky does not reflect much infrared light, and so they appear much darker.
To take an infrared photo, you'll need a camera that is sensitive to infrared light, and a filter that passes infrared light while blocking visible light.
Cameras suitable for infrared photography
Nearly all digital cameras come with a built-in infrared blocking filter. However, on some older models, this filter was not very strong, and so still let through some infrared light.
You can test if your camera is sensitive to infrared light by taking a photo while pointing a TV remote at the camera lens. TV remotes use an infrared LED to send an infrared signal to the TV. So by pressing a button on the remote while pointing it at the camera, the remote will emit infrared light.
Take the photo in a dark spot, so it will be clear if the camera is picking up infrared light from the TV remote.
Photo of a TV remote with a button on the remote pressed and pointed at the camera
The camera that took this photo is clearly sensitive to IR light as it has picked up the light from the TV remote's infrared LED
If your camera is not sensitive to infrared light, you can purchase infrared cameras, or have an existing camera modified to shoot infrared. A well known company that converts existing cameras to infrared is Life Pixel. The cost of conversion is around $250.
You can find cameras already converted to infrared for sale on eBay, for example from the seller Digital Landscapes. Alternatively, you can purchase an old camera that has not been converted, but is still sensitive to infrared light. Popular cameras are the Nikon D70 and some of the old Sony Cybershot models.
Sigma DSLRs are particularly suitable for infrared photography, as they feature a user removable infrared cut filter. The camera can easily be converted back to a normal camera by just putting the infrared cut filter back again.
Converted IR vs. Full spectrum vs. IR sensitive
There are some differences between a camera that is sensitive to infrared light, one that has been converted specially for infrared photography, and one that is a full spectrum camera.
Full spectrum cameras
A full spectrum camera is one that has no blocking filters installed, and so captures ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. This means it can be used for ultraviolet photography, normal (visible light) photography, and infrared photography when used with the appropriate filter.
Black plastic wrapped haybales in infrared
Black plastic wrapped haybales in infrared by David Kennard Photography
But you need to fit the correct filter to the front of the camera's lens to block the wavelengths of light you don't want to capture, while passing the wavelengths of light you do want to capture. So for capturing infrared photographs, you would need to purchase an infrared filter, and mount it in front of the camera's lens.
The main problem with this is that there is an additional expense of the infrared filter. If the camera uses a through the lens optical viewfinder (most DSLRs), then you won't be able to see anything through the viewfinder with an infrared filter attached.
Converted infrared cameras
With a converted infrared camera, the infrared cut filter which is normally attached in front of the sensor, is removed. In its place is put a visible light cut and infrared pass filter.
Color infrared photo taken with a infrared converted digital camera.
Iridescent. by digitalpimp. on flickr (licensed CC-BY-ND)
The benefit of this is that you don't need to use any additional infrared filters in front of the camera's lens, as the filter is already installed in the camera. For cameras with through the lens optical viewfinders, it means the viewfinder is not affected at all. So you can still see through the viewfinder as you did before.
The disadvantage is that you can't change the filter. (We'll come on to different strengths of infrared filter a bit later). The camera becomes a permanent infrared camera, and can't be used for anything else.
Infrared sensitive cameras
Infrared sensitive cameras are those that have an infrared cut filter installed, but the filter isn't very strong and still lets some infrared light through. They are not modified in any way.
The disadvantage of these cameras is that because they have the infrared cut filter still installed, they are not as sensitive to infrared light as a full spectrum or converted infrared camera. You will need to use longer shutter speeds to gather enough light, and probably require a tripod.
Photo taken with a camera sensitive to infrared light and an infrared filter
The other problem is the same as with full spectrum cameras - you need to attach an infrared filter to the front of the lens to record infrared photos. This means that you can't see through the viewfinder with an IR filter attached when using a camera with a through the lens optical viewfinder.
The good point is that the camera can be used as a normal camera with no extra filters needed. If you already have a camera that is sensitive to infrared light, this is the cheapest way to get into infrared photography since it only requires an infrared filter.
Infrared filter types
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation, and is measured by its wavelength in nanometers. Visible light is around 400 nm (purple) to 750 nm (red). Cameras sensitive to infrared light are normally sensitive to light up to around a wavelength of 1000 nm.
For capturing infrared photographs, there are filters that have various cut-off points. Some filters capture only infrared light (above 750 nm), while others capture some visible and infrared light. Those that pass infrared light only cannot capture any color (since we can't see infrared), so are used to produce black and white images.
Infrared filters that let through some visible red light as well can be used to produce false color infrared photos. This is usually done by swapping the red and blue channels of a photo using photo editing software.
Probably the most popular filters for infrared photography are those that cut visible light below 720 nm. This produces a photo captured with a portion of visible red light, but mostly infrared light. An example of an infrared filter that cuts visible light below 720 nm is the Hoya R72 filter.
Photo taken with a Hitech Infrared filter, blocking light with a wavelength below 720 nm
A red 25A filter cuts light with a wavelength shorter than 580 nm. This produces images with more visible red color, which allows for stronger colors in the captured image.
Photo taken with 25A Red filter, blocking light with a wavelength below 580 nm
A pure infrared filter, like the B+W 093 blocks all visible light. These filters typically only transmit light with a wavelength longer than 800-900 nm. Because they capture no color information, they are good for strong black and white infrared photos.
Photo taken with a Lee infrared filter, blocking light with a wavelength below approx 780 nm
What makes a good infrared photograph?
The same guidelines that apply to standard photography also apply to infrared photography. Look for a good composition, and make sure your subject is clear.
There are some differences though. The contrast between subjects can be quite different in infrared. Plants by water can create a strong contrast (white foliage against dark water). Clouds also really pop out against the dark sky in infrared photos.
For this reason, shots of rivers and lakes can work very well in infrared. Sunny days where fluffy clouds float across the sky are also very good for infrared photography.
Fluffy clouds against a blue sky, great for infrared photography
Reach by Kyle May on flickr (licensed CC-BY)
Unlike normal photography, sunrise and sunset are not particularly special (they're not bad either though). Shooting during the harsh light of the middle of the day is fine for infrared photography.
Infrared photos of people can also be quite interesting. Skin takes on a much paler tone, with very little color.
Group IR portrait!
Group IR portrait! by Mad Wraith on flickr (licensed CC-BY)
How to process a false color infrared photo
An infrared photo that includes some color information will normally appear quite red. To create a false color infrared photo, with a blue sky, you can switch the blue and red channels. This process is described in the video below:
Switching the color channels relies on the Channel Mixer tool. This is included with most image editing software, but is missing from Photoshop Elements. If you use Photoshop Elements, you will need to download and install the Channel Mixer as an add-on. It can be downloaded for free as part of Grant's Tools from the Photoshop Elements and more website.
Infrared photography may not be to everyone's taste, but it does give you a chance to show the world in a different light (literally). If you want to give it a try without spending on a converted camera, I would suggest


text:
Published on 16th May 2013
Cheltenham Borough Council's environmental health team have started their annual egg oiling programme in order to help control the urban gull population.
Many Cheltenham businesses and residents are affected by urban gulls and although the council has no statutory duty to provide this service they are fortunate to have an annual budget of £5,000 to spend on an egg oiling programme.
This method is the most effective use of the budget and is a tried and tested method of preventing gull eggs from hatching. Eggs are treated over a period of the laying season, but they are left in situ in the nest. Adult birds will continue to sit on the eggs, but due to the treatment, they will not hatch. The egg oiling usually begins in May or June, depending on how the weather affects the mating, nesting and laying. The team visit the properties of people who have complained about problems with gulls throughout the year such as noise, aggression, faeces or damage to property.
This year the egg oiling started on 15 May and will take three weeks.
Sarah Clark, public and environmental health team leader, says: "We do our best to control the urban gull population with the budget that we have. The only long term and sustainable solution is for residents and businesses to unite in their own action by gull proofing their own properties, reducing the amount of food litter and raising awareness. With that in mind, we have started an urban gull focus group and are keen to hear from anybody who would like to join us."
Councillor Peter Jeffries, cabinet member for housing, safety and communities, added: "The main advantage of egg oiling is a reduction in the number of hatchlings. Nesting gull parents become aggressive and have often been known to attack nearby members of the public. With egg oiling the problem of aggressive parent gulls is abolished, due to the eggs not hatching, and no young being raised. However, there is nothing we can do about live birds; we can only intervene with the eggs. Controlling gulls is extremely challenging and relies on us all doing our bit to help control the urban gull population."
Further information about urban gull control and the urban gull focus group can be found on our website (pages should be published this week). If you would like to join the urban gull focus group, please email the environmental health team on: [email protected] or call 01242 775178.
For press enquiries contact: Laura Carter, communications officer, telephone 01242 264154 or email [email protected]
Part of the £5,000 budget is spent on hiring truck mounted elevated platforms that can reach heights of 52m and are capable of navigating narrow streets and complex roof architecture.
All owners/occupiers of buildings which have or may attract roof nesting gulls are urged to install gull deterrent measures suitable to their individual building.


text:
Governors association announces infrastructure initiative
Utah – The National Governors Association (NGA) has a new mission after incoming chairman Maryland Gov. Larry Hogan issued a call to action to upgrade the country's aging or vulnerable infrastructure.
Hogan presented his "Infrastructure: Foundation for Success" initiative to association members at the NGA Summer Meeting on July 26 in Salt Lake City.
The yearlong initiative pushes for the repair, enhancement, and modernization of the U.S. infrastructure by innovating solutions to obstacles, creating partnerships with the private sector, and improving project review processes. It also encourages utilizing smart technologies and enhancing cyber-defenses.
Built upon four pillars of reducing congestion, expediting critical projects, protecting infrastructure, and increasing investments in infrastructure by exploring new revenue options and supporting public-private partnerships, the initiative will help governors and other state leaders solve challenges with their roads, bridges, airports, railways, transit, energy, water, broadband internet systems, and other infrastructure.
Founded in 1908, the National Governors Association is the nonpartisan organization of the nation's 55 governors.


Soldier's Heart Short Answer Test - Answer Key
Buy the Soldier's Heart Lesson Plans
1. How old is Charley, the main character in the story?
2. In what state does Charley live?
3. What is Charley's last name?
4. In what war does Charley want to fight?
Civil War
5. What is the date when the novel begins?
June, 1861
6. What is the name of the town where Charley lives?
7. How much would Charley earn as a soldier?
$11 a month
8. What is the name of Charley's brother?
9. What prevents Charley from enlisting in the army?
He is too young
10. Which of the following is not an appeal for Charley?
Marching in the heat
(read all 180 Short Answer Questions and Answers)
This section contains 3,347 words
(approx. 12 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Soldier's Heart Lesson Plans
Soldier's Heart from BookRags. (c)2014 BookRags, Inc. All rights reserved.
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text: Precipitation kinetics were investigated in select Fe, Ni, and Al alloys using a CALPHAD based precipitation model based on Langer-Schwartz theory. Thermodynamic and kinetic data are taken from commercially available CALPHAD software, but reliable interfacial energy data for precipitates needed for the calculations is often lacking. While models exist to approximate these interfacial energies, this study has focused on deriving more reliable estimates by comparison with experimental data. By performing simulations with thermal histories, nucleation sites, and precipitate morphologies that closely replicate experimental data found in literature, the interfacial energies were optimized until volume fraction and mean radius values closely matched the published data. Using this technique, interfacial energy values have been determined for carbides in Grade 22 low alloy steels, delta phase in Ni 625 and 718, SPhase in Al 2024, and Q' and β'' in Al 6111, and can be used for future predictive precipitation simulations.


text:
University of Arizona
The University of Arizona (UA) Campus Health Service (CHS) and the Southwest institute for Research on Women (SIROW), propose Project Lifeline, a comprehensive suicide prevention strategy to reduce the incidence of suicide, suicide attempts, and their related risk factors such as alcohol and other drug (AOD) misuse/abuse among students at the UA with a special emphasis on high-risk student populations, such as LGBTQ students and veterans. Located in Tucson, UA is a large public institution (over 43,000 students) with over 45% of its student population from an ethnic/racial minority and 52% female. Approximately 5-6% of the population identifies as LGBQ and over 1,000 students are veterans receiving GI Bill benefits. On a 2017 survey 63% of UA students reported having consumed alcohol, 28% reported having used marijuana, 2% reported having used pain pills, and 6% reported having used sedatives not prescribed to them in the past 30 days. Seventeen percent had been diagnosed with depression and 19% with anxiety. Forty five percent had felt hopeless, 81% had felt overwhelmed, 30% felt so depressed it was difficult to function at least once during the past year. Seventeen percent reported at least mild suicidality, 1.4 reported attempting suicide, and 3 committed suicide in the past school year. These risk factors indicate the strong need for comprehensive suicide prevention on campus.
In collaboration with a wide variety of campus and community partners, CHS and SIROW's Project Lifeline will address the following objectives:
- Increase collaboration among campus departments and the Tucson community to address student mental and behavioral health needs;
- Increase knowledge and willingness of students and campus personnel (gatekeepers) to respond effectively to students with mental health (MH) and behavioral health (BH) problems that can lead to school failure, such as depression, substance abuse, and suicidal thoughts and attempts;
- Increase students who are screened and assessed for MH and substance use disorders;
- Increase awareness of campus and community resources that can identify, assess, and treat MH and MH problems;
- Increase help seeking for MH and BH problems;
- Decrease suicide attempts and related risk factors;
- Institutionalize effective program components and disseminate information at local, state, and national levels.
To address these project objectives, the project team will utilize gatekeeper training to 400 individuals/year, educational presentations and curriculum infusion to a minimum of 400 individuals/year and campus-wide efforts such as student driven activities and media (videos, posters, pamphlets, articles) with the potential to be seen by most students (43,000), as well as local, state and national dissemination (presentations, technical assistance and publications).


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Some fruits such as pumpkins can grow to be 100 lbs. Under different conditions, the same variety of pumpkin can produce a 15 lb. fruit. Both plants are healthy, and look the same except for their size difference. If I took two red apple trees and planted them in extreme opposite conditions, the fruit size would be nearly the same. The fruit quantity would be lowered in the tree grown under poor conditions. Why do fruits have such a variable range of acceptable sizes?
share|improve this question
Very interesting question, but this can be likened to asking "why are there more than one different animal species?". I hope someone can come up with a nice and specific answer, other than "evolution". – CHM Apr 3 '12 at 2:35
_USER_ maybe a good answer could address "R vs K selected species" – David Apr 3 '12 at 5:54
Some kinds of apples also have wide range of fruit size. The tree in my grandparents garden have fruits varying from 3 to 12 cm in diameter (when they are ripe). – Marta Cz-C Apr 3 '12 at 18:46
This is also essentially two questions in one. We could be asking "What can explain the size difference in pumpkins", and "Why are all apples of similar size". – LanceLafontaine Apr 6 '12 at 16:16
It's fine as one question. Each aspect of jmusser poses here informs the other. It's all related. – Larry_Parnell Apr 6 '12 at 17:25
3 Answers 3
up vote 8 down vote accepted
Pumpkins, squashes in general, grow on vines, while apples grow on trees. Vines are fast growing and trees are not. Zucchini can be quite large; cucumbers, too. Pears, plums, peaches and other tree fruits do have a reduced variation in fruit size. While I do not know the answer to your question, my background in plant biology tells me that this is an important part of the reason. For example, a watermelon or pumpkin rests on the earth, but a tree fruit hangs. If that fruit is too heavy it falls from the ground before it is ripe - before the seeds are fully differentiated that is. So, while "evolution" might be an answer, it is important to discuss what aspects are at play.
I think it has to do with vine vs tree, and how the fruit is attached and hangs/lays.
share|improve this answer
If you grow a melon on a trellis, it will grow and fall off under its own weight. – J. Musser Apr 4 '12 at 13:30
grapes grow on vines, but they are closer to apples in acceptable fruit sizes. – J. Musser Apr 18 '12 at 1:16
but grape bunches come in a wide variety of sizes. – futurebird Jun 21 '13 at 17:26
Does that mean if some external support is provided to say an apple, will it grow to a bigger size? Has there any such experiment done? – san1646 Oct 2 '14 at 21:25
Bigger pumpkins have more seeds than smaller pumpkins. When they get ideal nutrition the plant tries to make as many seeds as it can to take advantage of the windfall. Many of these vines with big fruit potential grow in compost and rotting material. So they are more opportunistic a pumpkin seed "in the wild" could land in a barren area or in a heap of rotting material-- if it hits the jackpot it meeds to quickly use those nutrients to make more seeds.
PLants with more consistent fruit sizes don't respond as well to "jack pot" levels of rotting material-- they like more consistent nourishment. I think this is another difference.
Also one large pumpkin is a more efficient way to enclose seeds than lots of little pumpkins.
share|improve this answer
I suspect the answer to this, is that in looking at agricultural fruits you are looking at plants that have been the subject of artificial selection, and the tree vs vine thing is a practical limit, but not the driving factor... for instance a jack fruit grows on tree and is watermelon sized...
I think if you look at something like a pumpkin, you will likely see that pumpkins have 3 traits:
 1. Indeterminate growth... they will produce as many fruit as the season will let them.
 2. Individual fruit will try to complete growth and ripen before winter
 3. Vines with fewer fruit can devote more resources per fruit, and therefor larger fruit.
Even in apples; if all of the blooms go to fruit the apples will be smaller (commercially apples are thinned to make market acceptable sized fruit): _URL_
So I think the real issue is less tree vs vine, and more about growth patterns... it may be possible to have a watermelon sized apple, but the tree will have to be sturdy enough to support the fruit: so it isn't a non-issue, but support is a limiting factor.
share|improve this answer
Well... If I support an apple, it will still mature at the same size. – J. Musser Jul 23 '14 at 2:00
that is a non sequitur... if an apple were to grow very much larger it would require more support. – Grady Player Jul 23 '14 at 3:52
Yes, but is that the only restriction on size variability within a species? – J. Musser Jul 23 '14 at 3:53
No it is only a limiting factor... apples are highly variable, there is a good segment on them on "The Botany of Desire" (TV show, probably book)... I think you can sort of generalize it as a distance = Rate * Time problem (it really isn't linear, I assume)... Rate is made up of how the plant responds to the level of growth hormones that it produces with the amount of nutrients it can provide, and the time is the time that it is in the part of the growth cycle that it is actually growing. – Grady Player Jul 23 '14 at 14:21
Your Answer


text:
Advanced Communications Technology Satellite Adaptive Rain Fade Compensation Protocol Performance
C. B. Cox, T. A. Coney
Abstract | Full Paper (PDF, 47 KB)
Communication satellite operation at the Ka Band or higher frequencies, and the resultant signal fades caused by rain, have a significant impact on satellite system design. The NASA Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS), launched in September 1993, provided an opportunity to test and evaluate an adaptive rain fade compensation protocol for a communication system operating at the Ka Band.
To date the ACTS protocol has performed exceptionally well in responding to and compensating for fades which without the compensation would have adversely impacted a network ground stationÕs communication channel bit error rate (BER) performance. Other studies have addressed the statistical performance of the protocol over a period of 2 to 3 years. This paper characterizes the performance of the protocol as a function of fade rate, response time, signal filtering and the ACT S Time Division Multiple Access framing structure.
NASA's Advanced Communications Technology Satellite (ACTS)


gen_rpc.awk [plain text]
#
# $Id: gen_rpc.awk,v 12.13 2007/05/23 15:07:29 bostic Exp $
# Awk script for generating client/server RPC code.
#
# This awk script generates most of the RPC routines for DB client/server
# use. It also generates a template for server and client procedures. These
# functions must still be edited, but are highly stylized and the initial
# template gets you a fair way along the path).
#
# This awk script requires that these variables be set when it is called:
#
# major -- Major version number
# minor -- Minor version number
# xidsize -- size of GIDs
# client_file -- the C source file being created for client code
# ctmpl_file -- the C template file being created for client code
# server_file -- the C source file being created for server code
# stmpl_file -- the C template file being created for server code
# xdr_file -- the XDR message file created
#
# And stdin must be the input file that defines the RPC setup.
BEGIN {
 if (major == "" || minor == "" || xidsize == "" ||
 client_file == "" || ctmpl_file == "" ||
 server_file == "" || stmpl_file == "" || xdr_file == "") {
 print "Usage: gen_rpc.awk requires these variables be set:"
 print "\tmajor\t-- Major version number"
 print "\tminor\t-- Minor version number"
 print "\txidsize\t-- GID size"
 print "\tclient_file\t-- the client C source file being created"
 print "\tctmpl_file\t-- the client template file being created"
 print "\tserver_file\t-- the server C source file being created"
 print "\tstmpl_file\t-- the server template file being created"
 print "\txdr_file\t-- the XDR message file being created"
 error = 1; exit
 }
 FS="\t\t*"
 CFILE=client_file
 printf("/* Do not edit: automatically built by gen_rpc.awk. */\n") \
 > CFILE
 TFILE = ctmpl_file
 printf("/* Do not edit: automatically built by gen_rpc.awk. */\n") \
 > TFILE
 SFILE = server_file
 printf("/* Do not edit: automatically built by gen_rpc.awk. */\n") \
 > SFILE
 # Server procedure template.
 PFILE = stmpl_file
 XFILE = xdr_file
 printf("/* Do not edit: automatically built by gen_rpc.awk. */\n") \
 > XFILE
 nendlist = 1;
 # Output headers
 general_headers()
 # Put out the actual illegal and no-server functions.
 illegal_functions(CFILE)
}
END {
 if (error == 0) {
 printf("program DB_RPC_SERVERPROG {\n") >> XFILE
 printf("\tversion DB_RPC_SERVERVERS {\n") >> XFILE
 for (i = 1; i < nendlist; ++i)
 printf("\t\t%s;\n", endlist[i]) >> XFILE
 printf("\t} = %d%03d;\n", major, minor) >> XFILE
 printf("} = 351457;\n") >> XFILE
 obj_init("DB", "dbp", obj_db, CFILE)
 obj_init("DBC", "dbc", obj_dbc, CFILE)
 obj_init("DB_ENV", "dbenv", obj_dbenv, CFILE)
 obj_init("DB_TXN", "txn", obj_txn, CFILE)
 }
}
/^[ ]*LOCAL/ {
 # LOCAL methods are ones where we don't override the handle
 # method for RPC, nor is it illegal -- it's just satisfied
 # locally.
 next;
}
/^[ ]*NOFUNC/ {
 ++obj_indx;
 # NOFUNC methods are illegal on the RPC client.
 if ($2 ~ "^db_")
 obj_illegal(obj_db, "dbp", $2, $3)
 else if ($2 ~ "^dbc_")
 obj_illegal(obj_dbc, "dbc", $2, $3)
 else if ($2 ~ "^env_")
 obj_illegal(obj_dbenv, "dbenv", $2, $3)
 else if ($2 ~ "^txn_")
 obj_illegal(obj_txn, "txn", $2, $3)
 else {
 print "unexpected handle prefix: " $2
 error = 1; exit
 }
 next;
}
/^[ ]*BEGIN/ {
 ++obj_indx;
 name = $2;
 link_only = ret_code = 0
 if ($3 == "LINKONLY")
 link_only = 1
 else if ($3 == "RETCODE")
 ret_code = 1
 funcvars = 0;
 newvars = 0;
 nvars = 0;
 rvars = 0;
 xdr_free = 0;
 db_handle = 0;
 dbc_handle = 0;
 dbt_handle = 0;
 env_handle = 0;
 mp_handle = 0;
 txn_handle = 0;
}
/^[ ]*ARG/ {
 rpc_type[nvars] = $2;
 c_type[nvars] = $3;
 pr_type[nvars] = $3;
 args[nvars] = $4;
 func_arg[nvars] = 0;
 if (rpc_type[nvars] == "LIST") {
 list_type[nvars] = $5;
 } else
 list_type[nvars] = 0;
 if (c_type[nvars] == "DBT *")
 dbt_handle = 1;
 else if (c_type[nvars] == "DB_ENV *") {
 ctp_type[nvars] = "CT_ENV";
 env_handle = 1;
 env_idx = nvars;
 if (nvars == 0)
 obj_func("dbenv", obj_dbenv);
 } else if (c_type[nvars] == "DB *") {
 ctp_type[nvars] = "CT_DB";
 if (db_handle != 1) {
 db_handle = 1;
 db_idx = nvars;
 }
 if (nvars == 0)
 obj_func("dbp", obj_db);
 } else if (c_type[nvars] == "DBC *") {
 ctp_type[nvars] = "CT_CURSOR";
 dbc_handle = 1;
 dbc_idx = nvars;
 if (nvars == 0)
 obj_func("dbc", obj_dbc);
 } else if (c_type[nvars] == "DB_TXN *") {
 ctp_type[nvars] = "CT_TXN";
 txn_handle = 1;
 txn_idx = nvars;
 if (nvars == 0)
 obj_func("txn", obj_txn);
 }
 ++nvars;
}
/^[ ]*FUNCPROT/ {
 pr_type[nvars] = $2;
}
/^[ ]*FUNCARG/ {
 rpc_type[nvars] = "IGNORE";
 c_type[nvars] = $2;
 args[nvars] = sprintf("func%d", funcvars);
 func_arg[nvars] = 1;
 ++funcvars;
 ++nvars;
}
/^[ ]*RET/ {
 ret_type[rvars] = $2;
 retc_type[rvars] = $3;
 retargs[rvars] = $4;
 if (ret_type[rvars] == "LIST" || ret_type[rvars] ==


text:
Posters are characteristic of Shell's advertising during the 1920s and 1930s. Young talented artists were commissioned to convey simple messages for Shell's poster advertising. Many of these artists went on to become famous names in 20th century British art.
The posters, known as Lorry Bills, were displayed on the side of the delivery lorries transporting cans of fuel to customers across the country. They were large in size and made to fit boards that were 30 by 45 inches.
In 1925 Shell began a series of posters featuring the slogan 'See Britain First – On Shell'. The campaign encouraged the nation to explore the British countryside in their cars using Shell petrol. The posters showed romantic landscapes with traffic free roads. Shell tapped into the longing for a rural escape from the city and reassured motorists of the reliability of their products with the strap line 'You can be sure of Shell'.
Shell continued the campaign to promote motor tourism throughout the British Isles with press advertising, TV advertising and the popular Shell Guide series until the mid 1980s.
The number of private cars on British roads reached a million for the first time in 1930 and there was a growing concern that motoring was harming the countryside. Protests against poster hoardings and signs along country roads led to Shell removing all their placards and enamelled signs. Lorry Bills however, remained the focal point for Shell's advertising.
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Finger Puppet Valentine Hearts
17 Feb
It's been a crazy start to the month in our house, and Valentine's Day crept up on me. I had wanted to make Valentines with both girls for their classes, but hadn't really looked at ideas. I had seen a few variations of heart finger puppets on Pinterest, and decided that would be what we would make.
So, I got out a few cutting tools that I have, a Fiskars Portable Scrapbooking Paper Trimmer, a heart template, and a Fiskars Circle cutter.
Tools to make finger puppet valentines
Here are the steps I followed:
 1. Use the template to trace the big heart on the left onto colored cardstock, and cut each out by hand.
 2. Use the circle cutter to cut two 1″ holes towards the bottom of the heart for the finger holes to make the "legs" with. Keep the circles.
 3. Cut a different color cardstock into 1″ thick strips that are 4″ long. These are folded accordion style for the "arms".
 4. Use the 1″ circles that were cut out for the finger holes to glue on the ends of the "arms" to create "hands".
 5. Write message on back side of heart, such as "From Your Friend, Jenny".
 6. Glue "arms" onto back side of heart.
 7. Glue googly eyes on front side of heart, or draw eyes. Also draw a smile and cheeks.
Here are how they all turned out:
Finished Finger Puppet Valentines
I did all the cutting, but my 4-year-old wrote her name on all of them, drew on the faces, and helped with the gluing. She loved making them, and was so excited to show them to all of her friends. And, her friends all had fun with them too!
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text:
What is the difference? With VHDs, it is a classification of virtual drive. The other two types have already been covered and now it is time to briefly cover what makes the difference VHD disk interesting.
Why does it exist? Perhaps the most obvious answer is that it could save space. The difference disk is actually linked to a parent disk. The parent disk represents a read-only copy of a VM. Technically it does not need to be a full copy but let's assume that it is to make it easy. Once the parent and child (difference disk) are bound, the parent VHD is no longer allowed to change. The child VHD has pointers to the parent VHD by using various name markers (relative/absolute, UNICODE/UTF-8). The link is not guaranteed and obviously it is possible for an admin/user to break the connection. It would be an easy mistake to make. The difference file could be moved to another system which has no access to the parent file.
What lives in the child disk? Only the written changes are kept in the virtual disk. Also, the changes are marked on a sector bitmap which shows which sectors are coming from the child and which ones are coming from the parent. From the operating system point of view, this is transparent. However, the VM player is responsible for splitting up the requests between the two virtual disks (parent and child). This also means that the two disks need to be opened when the VM is running.
The sector bitmap is actually at the front of the blocks in the VHD. In a dynamic disk, the sector bitmap shows which sectors have been written. For a difference disk, it shows the ownership of the sectors between child and parent.
I have been playing with difference disks over the last couple of weeks and now understand the nature of how this fits together. One key point is that this is happening at the sector level which would make it very hard to figure out which files had changed.
An annoying aspect of the sector bitmap is that it does not align with clusters. Because the first volume sector happens at 0x3F, the first eight sector cluster happens from 0x3F to 0×46. So, cluster zero maps to bits in three different bytes of the sector bitmap. Life would have been a bit easier if the clusters aligned with the sector bitmap bytes. Nevermind, this is really only annoying for people trying to correspond volume clusters to low-level sectors.
It is worth noting that the difference VHD disk has no intelligence about what is being written. In other words, it is highly likely that data written which happens to be the same as before will still trigger usage in the difference disk. Also of interest is that all VHD disks have no sense of what has been freed. This means that even if written data is freed by the file system, it will still be retained in the VHD. And finally, all data is treated equally so this means that even if the data is not worth keeping (temporary content) the VHD will do its best to hold onto it blindly. It appears that the pagefile fails into this category.
The greatest value of the difference disk would come from a template model. An admin could create a dynamic VHD disk for the work environment and then use the difference disk to create user copies. The benefit would be space savings and potentially faster transfer for remote use (assuming the template is already there). The missing piece is being able to update the template and have it take affect on the user difference disks. By the current definitions/standards, this will not work. The simple reason why is that it would be nearly impossible to merge the two together based on blocks changing on both the child and the parent. Since the VHD format has no knowledge of files and directories, it has no way of knowing what to merge.
The difference disk seems similar to linked clone technology. However, linked clone uses versioning which allows for the parent to move forward. Unfortunately, even linked clones have no knowledge of how to merge with an updated parent.


hagioscope, also called squint, in architecture, any opening, usually oblique, cut through a wall or a pier in the chancel of a church to enable the congregation—in transepts or chapels, from which the altar would not otherwise be visible—to witness the elevation of the host (the eucharistic bread) during mass. Similar openings are sometimes furnished to enable an attendant to see the altar in order to ring a small bell at the appropriate intervals of the elevation of the Eucharist in preparation for communion or to permit someone in a vestry to notify the bell ringer. Hagioscopes are more common in England than in continental Europe.


text:
Definition of asci
n. pl. - See Ascus. 2
The word "asci" uses 4 letters: A C I S.
No direct anagrams for asci found in this word list.
Words formed by adding one letter before or after asci (in bold), or to acis in any order:
b - basic d - acids asdic cadis caids e - saice h - chias l - laics salic m - micas n - cains p - aspic picas spica
List shorter words within asci, sorted by length
All words formed from asci by changing one letter
Browse words starting with asci by next letter


Every Brain Matters is a unifying alliance of professionals, organizations, and individual that educate about the danger of marijuana and the drug culture expansion.
Support/Recovery Group
Every Brain Matters Support Group is an online group for people harmed by marijuana and seeking healing/recovery. This includes people harmed by using marijuana themselves and are in recovery and the families/friends of people who've been harmed or lost their lives as a direct or indirect result of marijuana use. This can include addiction, psychosis, suicide, homicide, DUI's, Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome, and other incidents of injury or trauma resulting in harms or death, overdoses, and where marijuana was a gateway, companion, and/or relapse drug.
Advocacy Group
The Every Brain Matters Advocacy group has been created for those who want to advocate against full-scale legalization of marijuana, and for strict regulation and preventative measures in areas where this drug is already legal. The goal of this group is to work together as a team to make action-based short and long term goals regarding marijuana policies, education, public and political awareness, regulatory practices, and other actions that will help curtail the widespread acceptance, commercialization, and normalization of marijuana.
Survivors Group
Every Brain Matters celebrates recovery and honor those who are willing to share their experience, strength and hope.
Memorial Group
We remember and honor those who were harmed by the effects of marijuana.
Calendar of Meetings
-Support/Recovery meetings
-Advocacy meetings,
-Mar-Anon meetings
-Important Events


text:
Tomatillo Green Organic Physalis Philadelphica is an open pollinated tomatillo. Organic Tomatillo Green seeds can be started indoors six weeks before the last spring frost. The seeds can be planted in individual 3" pots, and after four weeks, the plant can be transplanted into larger pots. In one week after the last spring frost, transplant plants outdoors, spacing the plants 2 feet apart in rows 3 feet apart.
Organic Tomatillo Green produces round, 2-3 inches in diameter fruits that change their color from green to yellow-green. Tomatillo fruits can be eaten freshly, and they are excellent for making a wonderful salsa. Physalis Philadelphica seeds germinate in 15-20 days, and Tomatillo is grown like tomatoes. The small, green to yellow-gold Green Tomatillo fruits are surrounded by a papery husk that turns from green to brown as they ripen and splits open when they are ready to harvest.
SEED GERMINATION: 15-20 Days
PLANT MATURITY: 70 Days


text:
Should you visit Cuenca or Temuco?
Which city should you visit? Read on to compare the prices of travel for Cuenca and Temuco. We'll break down costs for accommodation, food, transportation and more to help you learn more about these two destinations. Then, you can figure out if either of these two places are accessible based on your travel budget. So, let's dig into it.
Cuenca is a vibrant colonial city in southern Ecuador, the third largest in the country, and the capital of Azuay Province. Cuenca is considered as Ecuador's most important and beautiful colonial city after Quito. Dating from the 16th century, Cuenca's historic center, a Unesco World Heritage Site with its trademark skyline of massive rotundas and soaring steeples, is a magical sight in which you will feel like you are moving back in time. Cuenca is the center of many craft traditions, including ceramics, metalwork and the internationally famous panama hat. The nearby villages also offer many other handicrafts. Tourists enjoy wandering the ancient streets discovering picturesque alleys and hidden corners, where nuns march along cobblestone streets and kids in Catholic-school uniforms skip past historic churches. Fascinating historic monuments and fabulous views are found at every turn. Cuenca also has outstanding art museums and festivals. For a rewarding cultural experience, visit during Easter to attend the Festival of Religious Music.
Temuco is a large and modern city found 680 km south of Santiago. While the city is dynamic, it does not have any particular charm with the exception of being a great point of departure for many excursions around the lake region and the many national parks found in the surrounding area. Temuco is also well known for its Mapuche culture, a proud and rebellious community of around 20 000 in the area today, who has fought continuously against every invaders in the past.
Which city is cheaper, Temuco or Cuenca?
These are the overall average travel costs for the two destinations.
The average daily cost (per person) in Cuenca is $34, while the average daily cost in Temuco is $81. These costs include accommodation (assuming double occupancy, so the traveler is sharing the room), food, transportation, and entertainment. While every person is different, these costs are an average of past travelers in each city. Below is a breakdown of travel costs for Cuenca and Temuco in more detail.
Accommodation prices vary by location and style, but travelers pay on average about $20 for a double occupancy room in Cuenca.
For a normal double-occupancy room in Temuco, $90 is the average cost for a hotel room. Also in Temuco, the typical price for a place to stay for one person is $45, such as in a hostel.
Food in Cuenca costs travelers about $12 per day on average. Restaurants can vary significantly in price, so choose wisely if you're trying to save money. Fast food and street stalls are typically your cheapest options, which sit down restaurants can be significantly more expensive.
The price of a meal in Temuco can vary widely. However, the average price for food per day is $23 per person, and a typical meal will cost around $9.20 based on the spending of previous visitors. Less expensive dining options can be found by eating street food or at fast food restaurants.
Meals for one day
Typical Food prices in Cuenca
Below are a few samples from actual travelers for food and meal costs in Cuenca:
Food Tours and Cooking Classes in Cuenca
Also, here are some specific examples of food and dining related activities in Cuenca.
Cooking Class & Market Tour in Cuenca:
Cuenca City Tour & Cooking Class (PRIVATE Tour):
The average price of local transportation around Cuenca is $8.60 per person, per day. As this average includes both taxis and public transport, keep in mind that the prices of private drivers and taxis are significantly more expensive than public transportation.
Temuco's transportation costs can vary by the type of transport chosen by visitors. Naturally, taxis and private drivers cost much more than public transportation options. On average, visitors spend $24 per person, per day on transportation in Temuco.
Typical Local Transportation prices in Cuenca
Below are a few samples from actual travelers for transportation costs in Cuenca:
Hired Cars and Shuttles in Cuenca
Some specific examples of transportation prices in Cuenca:
Private Transfer from Cuenca City Center to Madrid City Center:
Private Transfer from Cuenca to Guayaquil.:
Arrival Private Transfer: Cuenca Airport CUE to Cuenca City by Minivan:
Departure Private Transfer: Cuenca City to Cuenca Airport CUE by Minivan:
Cuenca to Guayaquil Transfer in Fantasy Bus:
Cuenca to Alausi Transfer in Fantasy Bus:
Transfer In Cuenca Airport - Hotel:
Cuenca Airport Shuttle Transfer:
Cuenca Arrival Transfer:
Cuenca Departure Transfer:
Hired Cars and Shuttles in Temuco
Also for Temuco, here are a few examples of actual transportation services:
Transfer from Temuco Airport to Huilo Huilo:
Transfer from Temuco Airport to Pucon:
Cuenca's costs for entertainment, tickets, attractions, and tours will often cost around $13 per person, per day. This cost can vary widely by the type of activity, however, as this includes admission tickets, day tours, museums, and other things to do.
Sightseeing, admission tickets, things to do, and other entertainment expenses in Temuco can vary widely by price. On average, visitors spend around $8.01 per person, per day on entertainment and sightseeing here.
Tours and Activities in Cuenca
Here are a few actual costs in Cuenca for available activities, ticket prices, and tours:
4-Day Magic Tour Cuenca, Alausi town, Baños, Quilotoa, Cotopaxi and Quito:
5-Day Rock Climbing Tour in Cojitambo, Paute, Girón, Cajas and Sayausi:
5-Day Trekking Rock, Climbing, Canyoning and Paragliding Tour:
BIKE TOUR "Descent of The Andes":
Baños Private Guided 4-day tour from Cuenca:
Biking Cuenca City Tour:
Biking and Walking City Tour Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Cajas National Park from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Cajas National Park from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Giron and Yunguilla Jocotoco Reserve from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Tamarindo Tropical Forest area from Cuenca:
Birdwatching Tour in Via Sigsig,Chiguinda from Cuenca:
While the amount that someone spends on alcohol while visiting Cuenca may vary from person to person, on average a person spends $11 per day on alcoholic beverages.
Alcoholic beverages can often be a significant portion of a traveler's budget, and the costs can vary greatly from person to person. In Temuco, the average amount that a visitor spends on alcoholic beverages per day is $5.24.
When we compare the travel costs of actual travelers between Cuenca and Temuco, we can see that Temuco is more expensive. And not only is Cuenca much less expensive, but it is actually a significantly cheaper destination. So, traveling to Cuenca would let you spend less money overall. Or, you could decide to spend more money in Cuenca and be able to afford a more luxurious travel style by staying in nicer hotels, eating at more expensive restaurants, taking tours, and experiencing more activities. The same level of travel in Temuco would naturally cost you much more money, so you would probably want to keep your budget a little tighter in Temuco than you might in Cuenca.
Related Articles for Cuenca
Related Articles for Temuco


Manually placing text characters
Hi, I would like to create different parts of words separately so as to give them different colours, and then place them together so that they look natural. Unfortunately, when I try this, things are a little off.
local fontSize = 16
local abcd = display.newText{text = "abcd", fontSize = fontSize}
abcd.x, abcd.y = display.screenOriginX + abcd.width, display.screenOriginY + abcd.height
local a = display.newText{text = "a", fontSize = fontSize}
a.x, a.y = abcd.x - abcd.width*0.5 + a.width*0.5, abcd.y + abcd.height*0.7
local bcd = display.newText{text = "bcd", fontSize = fontSize}
bcd.x, bcd.y = a.x + a.width*0.5 + bcd.width*0.5, a.y
As you can see, there is a couple of extra pixels between the bottom a and the red bcd.
Could anyone please explain what's going on, or suggest a solution?
Your code is hard to read. As I can see you are trying to find the X position based on the width of "a", "bcd" or "abcd". But the width is always different, see width prints in my example.
So it's better to use one standard number, like the height, because it's the same. See height prints in my example.
Also try to make your code clean and easy to read otherwise you will be making mistakes that are hard to find.
I'm not sure if my example is the best, but this worked for me. Just play with the numbers and use prints to see output of the values.
local left = display.screenOriginX + 100
local top = display.screenOriginY + 100
local font = "Arial"
local fontSize = 60
local abcd = display.newText("abcd", left, top, font, fontSize )
local a = display.newText("a", 0, 0, font, fontSize)
 a.x = abcd.x - (abcd.height * 0.7)
 a.y = abcd.y + (abcd.height * 0.7)
local bcd = display.newText("bcd", 0, 0, font, fontSize)
 bcd.x = abcd.x + (abcd.height * 0.25)
 bcd.y = abcd.y + (abcd.height * 0.7)
print("abcd.width", abcd.width)
print("a.width", a.width)
print("bcd.width", bcd.width)
print("abcd.height", abcd.height)
print("a.height", a.height)
print("bcd.height", bcd.height)
Using a fixed width font will also make it easier. That is what I use for my word search app. There are plenty to choose from:
1 Like
Thanks for the replies. Sorry about the sloppy code, my brain was running out of steam when I posted and I wasn't thinking at my best (which isn't great at the best of times…).
I'm not sure I understand the problem with positioning things by width. If I place one object on top of another, and then move it left or right by half of each of their widths, they should be flush. I've done this lots of times with other display objects without problem.
I've tried it with a fixed-width font and it's the same problem.
Some investigation seems to suggest the issue only occurs when the first part of "conjoined" text objects is made from a single character:
local left = display.screenOriginX
local top = display.screenOriginY
local fontSize = 16
local function make(firstString, secondString, y)
 local whole = display.newText{text = firstString..secondString, y = y, fontSize = fontSize}; whole:setFillColor(1,0,0)
 local firstPart = display.newText{text = firstString, fontSize = fontSize}
 local secondPart = display.newText{text = secondString, fontSize = fontSize}
 whole.x = left + whole.width/2
 firstPart.x = left + firstPart.width/2
 secondPart.x = firstPart.x + firstPart.width/2 + secondPart.width/2
 firstPart.y = whole.y + whole.height*0.7
 secondPart.y = firstPart.y
 local combinedWidth = firstPart.width + secondPart.width
 print(whole.width, combinedWidth)
make("a", "b", top + fontSize/2)
make("a", "bb", top + 50)
make("aa", "b", top + 100)
make("aa", "bb", top + 150)
A quick test suggests I can resolve this by checking that the first part of a conjoined pair is a single character, and if it is, place the second part as normal, but move it back by an amount equal to half the difference between the width of the whole and the sum of the widths of the two parts. Sorry if that's confusing. Hopefully you can figure out what I mean.
I'll let you know how it goes.
I jumped the gun when I concluded that the problem only arises when the first part is a single character. Moreover, the particular letters involved make a difference. For example:
make("ab", "b", top + fontSize/2) -- fine
make("fb", "b", top + 50) -- not fine
I'll keep at it and see if I can make any sense of it, but most likely it's down to really nitty-gritty source code stuff that is way beyond me.
I don't think that you can accomplish what you are trying to accomplish via display.newText API. You'll need to use bitmap fonts.
Yeah, I was just looking into ponyFont as you said that. :slight_smile:


text:
Meteorological Fall starts September 1st for weather and climate purposes, calendar or astronomical Autumn begins in 5 days September 22, 2021 at 3:20 pm EDT.
No big heat in sight. Probably have seen our last 90. The last one was back on August 25th.
Humidity will be up and down the rest of the month into October.
The TEMPERATURE OUTLOOK for OCTOBER is for temperatures to average a little warmer than normal for the month as a whole on average. The OUTLOOK FOR NOVEMBER is for temperatures near-normal on average.
The average first FROST of the season in Metro Atlanta typically occurs in mid to late October, a few weeks later downtown/Hartsfield. Remember, under the right conditions a frost can occur with morning lows of 36-39ºF. A frost is not the same as a freeze which is of course a low of at least 32ºF, while a HARD FREEZE is a low of 27ºF or lower.
Using the Hartsfield climate station the "official" AVERAGE FIRST FREEZE for ATLANTA is 58 days away, November 13th.
But it can occur weeks earlier in the outlying suburban and rural Metro Atlanta areas.
For more follow me on Twitter @MellishMeterWSB.
©2021 Cox Media Group


text:
Help > Getting Started with Commander
To get started quickly with Commander, you should perform the following primary tasks
For release notes and installation information, see Setup.
- Configure Active Directory Integration and/or Configure LDAP Integration
Integrate with directory services for Commander user accounts and for assignment of owners to specific resources.
- Configure Email Integration (SMTP)
Allow email notification for scheduled reports, service request policy alerts, and application lifecycle management alerts.
- Create Organizations
Create distinct organizations for your users. This allows you to segregate data for different consumer groups, set up distinct cloud automation configurations, and delegate administrative tasks.
- Add Cloud Accounts to Commander
Add a cloud account. This can be an AWS, GCP, Kubernetes, Azure, Microsoft SCVMM, or VMware vCenter cloud account. You can also add a Terraform workspace to Commander.
- Set Resource Ownership with Policies
Assign resource ownership to organizations and users, so that costs are properly allocated.
- Retrieve Public Cloud Billing Data or vCenter Historical Events
Retrieve additional information from your public and private clouds for use in reporting, trending, and cloud expense management.
- Sync Public Cloud Tags and Commander Custom Attributes
Sync tags and attributes for Tag Compliance Policy enforcement, reporting, and power schedule recommendations.
- Repeat steps 4-7 for each cloud account.
After going through the above steps for each cloud account, consider doing the following:
- Learn about Commander role-base access control and determine what access to give administrators and service users. See Commander Access Control
- Go through the basic cloud automation steps to configure a user self-service request process. See Getting Started with Cloud Automation.
- Learn about the configuration steps required to begin managing cloud expenses through Commander. See Get started with cloud expense management.


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Chemical Resistance
Last updated: June 18, 2019
What Does Chemical Resistance Mean?
Chemical resistance is the strength of a material to protect against chemical attack or solvent reaction. It is the opposite of chemical reactivity. It determines a material's resistivity to corrosive environments.
Chemical resistance normally describes to what extent a material can maintain its resistance to chemicals. A chemical resistance chart may be used to see the relative resistance of materials. Thermoplastics are suitable to use in many industrial process applications due to their high resistance to many chemicals.
Chemical resistance may also be known as chemical inertness.
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Corrosionpedia Explains Chemical Resistance
Chemical resistance is the ability of a material to withstand chemical attack. A material with high chemical resistance, therefore, has less chance of corrosion. Materials with high chemical resistance are generally regarded as corrosion-resistant materials due to their inertness to chemical attack.
A material with low chemical resistance generally results in swelling or softening of the material, hence the material loses serviceability. When testing a material for chemical resistance, important factors include:
 - Temperature
 - Concentration of chemicals
 - Exposure duration
 - Mechanical load
In a chemical resistance test, alumina and silicon carbide possess higher levels of resistance to chemicals, whereas stainless steel, zirconia and silicon possess lower levels of resistance to chemicals. Stainless steel is soluble in hydrochloric acid, whereas zirconia and silicon nitride are soluble in hydrofluoric acid, thereby they exhibit higher levels of solubility and lower levels of chemical resistance.
Chemically resistant products are necessary in varied applications and environmental conditions. In industry, corrosive chemicals are not only used, but also water sometimes causes corrosion to many materials. Therefore, use of products with high chemical resistance in adverse environments provides benefits in increasing industries' effectiveness and productivity while lowering the need for parts replacement. It ultimately makes the process more cost-effective.
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Chemical Inertness
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text:
Drought Weather Concerns
Posted: July 4, 2012
By: Ann Swinker, Extension Horse Specialist, PSU
During a very dry season, some plants begin to accumulate Nitrates. Slightly high nitrate concentrations can result in broodmares aborting. By the time the source of the problem is determined, the horses will have suffered severe effects. Horses avoid these types of plants under normal circumstances, but when grass is scarce or pastures are overgrazed, they will sometimes turn to them for nourishment. The best solution for ingesting these types of plants is to remove animals from affected forage.
Horses on over-grazed or
drought-stricken pastures will need to be fed hay or other alternative forage
sources to keep them from eating infected weeds or accumulator plants. Extreme weather conditions can place a heavy
strain on pastures, hay fields, and feedstuff growth, which could mean you need
to supplement your horse's diet with alternative forages.
Horses require more water during a drought because they are forced to eat more fibrous, less palatable grasses and weeds. In addition to hydration, horses require extra water to maintain normal gut function.
Drought conditions can also severely affect the water source quality. Because of evaporation, natural water sources can contain higher concentrations of minerals and/or contaminants that would be diluted under normal circumstances. Stagnant water pools are also ideal
conditions for blooms of blue-green algae, which is very toxic to horses and can even cause death. If you are concerned about water contaminants, consider having your water tested, or fence horses away from the stagnant water. You may need to apply water to dry lots. Your local extension service can help you find a lab to test your water, hay or pasture. _URL_


text:
Protecting the property rights of women and children in Mozambique
Evictions, confiscation of property and discrimination are among the experiences increasingly reported by widows and orphans in Mozambique. An FAO-commissioned report offers recommendations to secure women's and children's rights to property and inheritance.
Many women and children in sub-Saharan Africa have long experienced insecure rights to property and inheritance. But in some countries, the situation is being exacerbated by early deaths from disease and conflict, as well as the loss of the extended family support systems that once functioned as social safety nets for widows and orphaned children.
This is the case in Mozambique. Despite recent economic growth, Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in the world. This, combined with the severe impact of HIV and AIDS, has had a serious impact on food security and the socio-economic well-being of rural families. Although AIDS-related deaths in Mozambique are declining, they increased from 10.3 percent to 12.5 between 2001 and 2007.
Amid the AIDS epidemic, many widows and children have been unable to inherit, or protect their inheritance of, land, livestock, housing and agricultural tools. This has left them without access to the basic means to sustain their livelihoods and avoid extreme poverty and hunger.
Widows in Mozambique have told of being evicted from their houses or run off their land by their late husbands' relatives. They have recounted how relatives have removed cattle, bicycles and other assets of value from their households.
Orphaned children who have lost both parents have reported seeing relatives take much of their parents' property from them. Often, the families that were supposed to take care of the orphans discriminated against them, providing them with less nourishment and schooling.
The FAO-commissioned report, Children and women's rights to property and inheritance in Mozambique, is based on research conducted from 2006 to 2007 by Save the Children. While the report says revamping national laws can help to protect the property rights of women and children, it also stresses the "urgent need to look beyond legal arguments and consider the community and cultural contexts as well."
In Mozambique, for example, inheritance issues, and disputes over property, are seen by many as private, family matters. This kind of cultural information should be taken into account when dealing with property grabbing from widows or orphaned children.
Despite strong condemnation of individual cases of property grabbing from widows or orphaned children, there has been little active opposition from community members or leaders who do not want to interfere unless asked. Also, relatives tend to go unpunished when they grab property from children, as adults often do not perceive a need to account for their acts towards children.
The report advocates sensitizing and building the capacity of judges, religious leaders, traditional healers and other leaders in the community to address challenges related to women's and children's property rights.
As actors most likely to be involved in local conflict resolution, community leaders and judges are in the position to ensure recognition of both formal and customary laws, and to try to reconcile the two in mediation with family councils or in community courts, where inheritance disputes are most commonly handled.
The report was produced as a resource for government institutions, non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations, and is based on research conducted in four provinces of Mozambique in 2006-07. Its main purpose is to propose possible entry points for interventions, key messages and activities aimed at improving women's and children's property and inheritance rights and access.
In addition to capacity building, the report recommends revising national property rights and inheritance laws; encouraging families to make out wills and put legal documents like birth certificates and land deeds in order; expanding paralegal assistance for victims of property grabbing; and boosting communication and education of community members, including children.
The report recommends pointing out to community members that tradition calls for the care and protection of widows and orphaned children, and that women need access to land and property to support their livelihoods, and to take care of their children. It also recommends that family members who assume care of orphaned children also be the ones administering their inheritance, to ensure that it sustains and educates the children.
Ultimately, increasing awareness of the benefits of protecting widows' and orphans' property rights would help entire communities by boosting the potential of women and children to contribute to social and economic development.
The study which formed the basis for the report was conducted in four provinces of Mozambique – Gaza, Manica, Zambézia and Napula. The conclusions are intended primarily for government institutions, national and international NGOs and community based organizations that may be able to intervene, based on their mandates and capacities.


text: Ammonoid soft tissues are rarely preserved and such findings are of considerable interest. Extremely little is known about the structure of ammonoid siphuncle soft-parts. Until now indisputable fossilized siphuncle soft tissues were known only in a few ammonoid genera. This article describes phosphatized soft tissues inside the siphuncle tubes of the Upper Jurassic (upper Volgian) ammonite Kachpurites fulgens from Central Russia. Cross-sectional views of several Kachpurites siphuncles show a large blood vessel in the center surrounded by four smaller ones. In several specimens, the siphuncle epithelium is preserved. The size and arrangement of the blood vessels in Kachpurites is nearly identical to previously described blood vessels in the siphuncles of Recent Nautilus and the Permian prolecanitid ammonoid Akmilleria electraensis. This similarity indicates a remarkable conservatism of ammonoid siphuncles and provides grounds for the assumption that the last common ancestors of Ammonoidea and Nautilida also had the same structure of the siphuncle soft tissues.