text:
October 31, 1956
[Photo courtesy of McDonnell Douglas.]
The first-ever aircraft landing at the South Pole took place as a key part of Operation Deep Freeze II, the codename for a series of U.S. missions to Antarctica during 1956-57. The U.S. Navy plane used for this touching down at Earth's southernmost point was a ski-equipped R4D-5L Skytrain commanded by Rear Admiral George J. Dufek; the aircraft was nicknamed "Que Sera Sera" after a popular song that had been introduced earlier that year in the Alfred Hitchcock movie The Man Who Knew Too Much. The purpose of the flight was to survey the South Pole for the construction of a scientific research station there.
Dufek and his all-Navy crew took off in their plane from what was then a naval air facility at McMurdo Sound on Ross Island near Antarctica. Those on the flight with Dufek were Lieutenant Commander Conrad S. "Gus" Shinn, pilot; Captain William M. Hawkes, co-pilot; Lieutenant John R. Swadener, navigator; John P. Strider, AD2 (aviation machinist's mate petty officer 2nd class), crew chief; William A. Cumbie, Jr., AT2 (aviation electronics technician petty officer 2nd class), radioman; and Captain Douglas L. Cordiner, observer.
The aircraft reached the South Pole after an 800-mile (1,288-kilometer) journey. Dufek and his crew spent a total of 49 minutes at the South Pole, installing navigational aids to facilitate the future arrival and delivery of equipment and supplies for building the scientific research station.
Along with being the first plane to land at the South Pole rather than just fly over it, Que Sera Sera transported what was only the third group of people to stand at the bottom of the world. The previous parties to accomplish that – Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his men in December 1911 and those men in the ill-fated expedition led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott of the British Royal Navy the following month – had reached the South Pole via sleds.
The success of Que Sera Sera's mission in that region of Antarctica made possible the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station that still stands there today. The aircraft is now on display at the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida.
Additional information on the first aircraft landing at the South Pole is available at _URL_ and _URL_
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Reference: Blueprint Form Fields
Available Form Fields for Use in the Admin
Admin-side forms can be created with a variety of fields. This document provides a complete reference of the properties of each field, and provides usage examples.
In addition to the fields listed below, reserved for usage in the Admin, you can also use all the fields available in the frontend forms described in the Frontend Forms Fields Reference.
Special Form Fields Available Exclusively in the Admin
Field Description
Array used to create key-value arrays
Colorpicker show a color picker
Columns used to break the form into multiple columns
Column used to show a single column (used with the Columns field)
Dateformat a special select that renders the current date/time in the passed formats
Datetime a date and time selection field
Editor show a markdown editor
Fieldset group a set of fields inside a collapsible accordion
File in Admin, File is specialized to be used in plugin and theme configurations (blueprints). Handles uploading a file to a location and deleting it, and removing it from the theme / plugin configuration
Filepicker Filepicker allows to choose files from a location in the web server filesystem.
Ignore used to remove unused fields when extending from another blueprint
List used to create collections of fields
PageMediaSelect shows a select with all the page media. Used in Pages blueprints to let the user choose a media file to be assigned to a field.
Pages shows a list of the site pages
Section used to divide a setting page into sections; each section comes with a title
Selectize a hybrid of a text box and a select box. Mostly useful for tagging and other element picking fields.
Tabs divides the settings in a list of tabs
Tab used by the Tabs field to render a tab
Taxonomy a special select preconfigured to select one or more taxonomies
Toggle a on/off kind of input, with configurable labels
Common Fields Attributes
Every field accepts a list of attributes you can use. Each field could share these common attributes, but particular fields might ignore them. The best way to check which attributes are allowed on a field is to check the field description in this page, and see which attributes are mentioned.
This list provides a common ground so there's no need to repeat the description of a common field.
Attribute Description
autocomplete accepts on or off
autofocus if enabled, autofocus on that field
classes accepts a string with one or more CSS classes to add
default sets the field default value
disabled sets the field disabled state
help Adds a tooltip to the field
id sets the field id as well as the for attribute on the label
label sets the field label
name sets the field name
novalidate sets the field novalidate state
placeholder sets the field placeholder value
readonly sets the field read-only state
size sets the field size, which in turn adds a class to its container. Valid values are large, x-small, medium, long, small. You can of course add more in the template you see, when used in the frontend
style sets the field style. If set to vertical, the field is able to appear full width. This is an easy way to clean up the form.
title sets the field title value
toggleable add a checkbox that will toggle the enabled/disabled attribute of the field
validate.required if set to a positive value, sets the field as required
validate.pattern sets a validation pattern
validate.message sets the message shown if the validation fails
validate.type sets the field type used during validation
Know more about fields
You can read how the fields are built from the source: Fields added by the Form Plugin and Fields only available in Admin.
Validation
Most of the fields allow validation.
validate:
 required: true
will cause the field to be marked as required.
validate:
 message: 'Some message'
will show the defined message when the field is not correctly filled.
validate:
 pattern: 'Some pattern'
will validate the field value against the passed regex pattern. Examples: pattern: "[1-9][0-9]*", pattern: '[A-Za-z0-9-]+', pattern: '[a-z0-9-]+', pattern: '^[a-z0-9_-]{3,16}$', pattern: '(?=.*\d)(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z]).{8,}'
validate.type
validate.type indicates which type should it validate against.
Some examples:
An editor will result in a textarea:
content:
 type: editor
 validate:
 type: textarea
A selectize will be a commalist:
taxonomies:
 type: selectize
 size: large
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.TAXONOMY_TYPES
 classes: fancy
 help: PLUGIN_ADMIN.TAXONOMY_TYPES_HELP
 validate:
 type: commalist
filters.category:
 type: selectize
 label: Category filter
 help: Comma separated list of category names
 validate:
 type: commalist
Validate an email address:
author.email:
 type: text
 size: large
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.DEFAULT_EMAIL
 help: PLUGIN_ADMIN.DEFAULT_EMAIL_HELP
 validate:
 type: email
Make sure a value is a bool:
summary.enabled:
 type: toggle
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.ENABLED
 highlight: 1
 help: PLUGIN_ADMIN.ENABLED_HELP
 options:
 1: PLUGIN_ADMIN.YES
 0: PLUGIN_ADMIN.NO
 validate:
 type: bool
Make sure a value is an integer between 0 and 65536:
summary.size:
 type: text
 size: x-small
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.SUMMARY_SIZE
 help: PLUGIN_ADMIN.SUMMARY_SIZE_HELP
 validate:
 type: int
 min: 0
 max: 65536
Make sure a value is a number > 1:
pages.list.count:
 type: text
 size: x-small
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.DEFAULT_PAGE_COUNT
 help: PLUGIN_ADMIN.DEFAULT_PAGE_COUNT_HELP
 validate:
 type: number
 min: 1
Validate a taxonomy type as an array:
header.taxonomy:
 type: taxonomy
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.TAXONOMY
 multiple: true
 validate:
 type: array
Validate a text field as a slug:
folder:
 type: text
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.FOLDER_NAME
 validate:
 type: slug
The Array Field
Array
The array field type is used to create a simple list of key - values objects.
Example:
metadata:
 type: array
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.METADATA
 help: PLUGIN_ADMIN.METADATA_HELP
 placeholder_key: PLUGIN_ADMIN.METADATA_KEY
 placeholder_value: PLUGIN_ADMIN.METADATA_VALUE
 required: true
Attribute Description
placeholder_key
placeholder_value
value_only
Common Attributes Allowed
default
help
label
name
style
toggleable
validate.required
validate.type
The Colorpicker Field
Colorpicker
The colorpicker field type is used to display a color picker field
Example:
color:
 type: colorpicker
 label: Choose a color
Common Attributes Allowed
autocomplete
autofocus
classes
default
disabled
help
id
label
name
placeholder
style
title
toggleable
validate.message
validate.required
validate.type
The Columns / column Fields
Columns
The columns and column field types are used to divide the contained form fields in columns
Example:
columns:
 type: columns
 fields:
 column1:
 type: column
 fields:
 # .... subfields
 column2:
 type: column
 fields:
 # .... other subfields
Attribute Description
fields The columns / column subfields
The Dateformat Field
DateFormat
The dateformat field type is used to
Example:
pages.dateformat.short:
 type: dateformat
 size: medium
 classes: fancy
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.SHORT_DATE_FORMAT
 help: PLUGIN_ADMIN.SHORT_DATE_FORMAT_HELP
 default: "jS M Y"
 options:
 "F jS \\a\\t g:ia": Date1
 "l jS \\of F g:i A": Date2
 "D, d M Y G:i:s": Date3
 "d-m-y G:i": Date4
 "jS M Y": Date5
Attribute Description
options The field available key-value options
multiple boolean. If positive, the field accepts multiple values
selectize
Common Attributes Allowed
autofocus
classes
default
disabled
help
label
name
novalidate
size
style
toggleable
validate.required
validate.type
The Datetime Field
DateTime
The datetime field type is used to store and present a date and time field.
Example:
header.date:
 type: datetime
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.DATE
 toggleable: true
 help: PLUGIN_ADMIN.DATE_HELP
Attribute Description
validate.min A minimum valid value
validate.max A maximum valid value
Common Attributes Allowed
default
help
label
name
size
style
toggleable
validate.required
validate.type
The Editor Field
Editor Field
The editor field type is used to present the Codemirror editor
Example:
frontmatter:
 classes: frontmatter
 type: editor
 label: PLUGIN_ADMIN.FRONTMATTER
 autofocus: true
 codemirror:
 mode: 'yaml'
 indentUnit: 4
 autofocus


Differences
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Previous revision
litespeed_wiki:lsmcd:new_sasl [2018/06/18 12:50]
Robert Perper
litespeed_wiki:lsmcd:new_sasl [2019/03/28 17:59] (current)
Robert Perper [Configure for PHP]
Line 3: Line 3:
 SASL (Simple Application and Security Layer) is the method used to secure data in LSMCD and Memcached. There are various subtle differences in configuration between the two. This section describes the configuration you need to perform to allow LSMCD to operate in a SASL environment. SASL (Simple Application and Security Layer) is the method used to secure data in LSMCD and Memcached. There are various subtle differences in configuration between the two. This section describes the configuration you need to perform to allow LSMCD to operate in a SASL environment.

-Enabling SASL is database wide. Once SASL is enabled, all non-SASL databases will need to be regenerated. You will also need to regenerate your databases (the files stored in the ''Cached.ShmDir'' parameter of your node.conf file) if you wish to remove SASL.+Enabling SASL is database wide. Once SASL is enabled, all non-SASL databases will need to be regenerated. This is only necessary if you ran LSMCD without SASL. Regeneration is done by deleting the files stored in the ''Cached.ShmDir'' parameter of your node.conf file (defaults /dev/shm/lsmcdand allow them to be recreated. You will also need to regenerate your databases if you wish to remove SASL.

-You can also secure data by user using SASL. See _URL_ for details.+You can also secure data by user using SASL. See [[litespeed_wiki:lsmcd:sasl_secure_user_data|LSMCD Secure User Data Using SASL]] for details.

-As for memcached, if you enable SASL, text telnet commands will no longer work as there is no security mechanism in telnet.+As for Memcached, if you enable SASL, text telnet commands will no longer work as there is no security mechanism in telnet. The client program ''memcapable'' will fail all tests as it does not properly handle SASL. If you wish to use this program to validate functionality, a customized version of the program is available in the distribution and can be built using instructions specified in the README.

 ===== Configuring SASL ===== ===== Configuring SASL =====

 There are a number steps to configuring LSMCD to operate with SASL: There are a number steps to configuring LSMCD to operate with SASL:
- * Enable SASL in your ''lsmcd.conf'' file.+ * Enable SASL in your ''node.conf'' file.
 * Create and configure a user database. * Create and configure a user database.
 * Configure any additional settings needed for PHP. * Configure any additional settings needed for PHP.
Line 22: Line 22:
 In particular you need to specify in your ''node.conf'' file: In particular you need to specify in your ''node.conf'' file:
 CACHED.USESASL=TRUE CACHED.USESASL=TRUE
 +
 +Note that once SASL is enabled, all failed accesses to Memcached functions are going to result in an error being written to the lsmcd log (defaults to ''/tmp/lsmcd.log''). As mentioned above, ASCII and telnet commands are also going to fail as well.
 +
 +When you change this value, accesses to the existing LSMCD database will fail as the system will detect a mismatch between your prior SASL configuration and your current one. You will need to delete your LSMCD data files: rm -rf /dev/shm/lsmcd

 ==== Create and Configure a User Database ==== ==== Create and Configure a User Database ====
Line 32: Line 36:

 To create a user named ''user1'' enter ''saslpasswd2 user1''. You will be prompted for the password twice for that user. That information will then need to be coded in your memcached program. Details on the use of saslpasswd2 can be found in numerous places on the internet including [[_URL_ To create a user named ''user1'' enter ''saslpasswd2 user1''. You will be prompted for the password twice for that user. That information will then need to be coded in your memcached program. Details on the use of saslpasswd2 can be found in numerous places on the internet including [[_URL_
 +
 +You can use either the simple user name or the realm qualified name visible in ''sasldblistusers2'' (the name with the ''@hostname'' appended to it). Note that for user managed data it will use the name specified (which means the realm qualified and unqualified names will be separate).

 === Option #2: MEMCACHED_SASL_PWDB Environment Variable === === Option #2: MEMCACHED_SASL_PWDB Environment Variable ===
Line 61: Line 67:
 Some notes for all programming environments: Some notes for all programming environments:
 * You must instantiate an instance of the Memcached object (Memcache no longer works). * You must instantiate an instance of the Memcached object (Memcache no longer works).
- * You must use the binary protocol.+ * You must use the binary protocol (must be the first Memcached method).
 + * You must turn off compression.
 * You must make the call to set the SASL authentication information (user/password) before you add the server. * You must make the call to set the SASL authentication information (user/password) before you add the server.
- * Once you add the server successfully, you can perform all standard Memcached operations (get, put, etc.).+ * Once you add the server successfully, you can perform all standard Memcached operations (get, put, getStats, etc.).

 <?php <?php
 $mem_var = new Memcached(); $mem_var = new Memcached();
-$mem_var->setSaslAuthData('user', 'password');
 $mem_var->setOption(Memcached::OPT_BINARY_PROTOCOL, true); $mem_var->setOption(Memcached::OPT_BINARY_PROTOCOL, true);
 $mem_var->setOption(Memcached::OPT_COMPRESSION, false); $mem_var->setOption(Memcached::OPT_COMPRESSION, false);
 +$mem_var->setSaslAuthData('user', 'password');
 $mem_var->addServer("127.0.0.1", 11211); $mem_var->addServer("127.0.0.1", 11211);
 $response = $mem_var->get("SampleKey"); $response = $mem_var->get("SampleKey");
 - Admin
 - Last modified: 2018/06/18 12:50
 - by Robert Perper


HOẠT ĐỘNG TRONG TUẦN
Floer homology
Báo cáo viên: Trần Quang Tuệ (Đại học Phenikaa)
Thời gian: 15h, thứ 5, 14/10
Địa điểm: Phòng 304, A5.
Tóm tắt: Floer homology is a tool for studying symplectic geometry and low-dimensional topology. Floer homology is an invariant that arises as an infinite-dimensional analogue of finite-dimensional Morse homology induced by Andreas Floer to proveÂ the Arnold conjecture in symplectic geometry. In this talk we will introduce the definition of such homology.
Â
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Công bố khoa học mới


How to Hook Up a CB Linear Amp
by Pamela Gardapee
Learning how to hook up a CB linear amp (kicker box) is easy. You do want to be careful not to hook up one that is too powerful, or you could have problems with the FCC. The CB comes with 4 watts of power as regulated by the FCC. Hooking up a linear amp can boost that wattage to 10 or even 12 watts. The linear amps help the output of the transmission. Some CB radios are just weak as far as the signal is concerned. If you live or drive in secluded areas, you may need an amp to boost your transmission signal so that people farther away can hear you. If there are homes near you when you are using a linear amp, you could bleed over onto telephones, TV and radios.
Hook up the CB to a car or as a home base. Hook up the CB antenna, and make sure that the standing wave is correct. Do not hook up a linear amp if your SWR (standing wave ratio) is bad. This can only damage your radio.
Place the linear amp in a position close to the unit. In a car, you can place the amp on the floor or mount it to the bottom of the CB radio using the side mount brackets. In a home, you can set it up on a table next to the unit.
Unhook the CB antenna coaxial cable from the CF, and plug it into the input on the amp. Then hook up the jumper coaxial cable that comes with the amp to the output on the amp. Run the other end of the jumper cable to the back of the CB, and plug into the input for the antenna.
Hook up the standing wave ratio meter to the linear amp as per the directions on the meter. Run a SWR check again to make sure that it did not change. In most cases, it will stay the same, but if it changes, you will have to correct the problem.
Tip
 - If you get caught using a linear amp, you can be fined. People do use these amps, but they use them responsibly and have no problems with the FCC.
Warning
 - Never intentionally use a linear amp (kicker) to bleed over on someone else, or you will have problems.
About the Author
Pamela Gardapee is a writer with more than seven years experience writing Web content. Being functional in finances, home projects and computers has allowed Gardapee to give her readers valuable information. She studied accounting, computers and writing before offering her tax, computer and writing services to others.
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Increasing Your Share Voice
One of the ways brands measure their social media presence and gauge their visibility online is Share of Voice. It's one of the most important metrics in social media marketing. It helps businesses understand how well they are performing in comparison with their competitors. If you want to know how you can use Share of Voice so that you never miss out on any important insights, we'll be sharing with you the social metrics you should be focusing on, ways to measure them and tell you how your business can use it effectively.
Measuring Share of Voice
If you do a quick search on Google on how brands can measure their Share of Voice, you will see a lot of articles telling you how to do it. Some will recommend tracking the brand mentions manually on all social media channels while some will even give you a formula on how you can calculate to measure the effectiveness of your campaigns. In reality, neither of these options are the best way to do it.
When it comes to measuring your social media metrics online, it should be something that you and your dedicated team can sustain for a long time. For instance, you can invest in social media management tools that can track mentions of your brand across multiple platforms. Doing that will be far more efficient in the long run. Not only it will help you see all your brand mentions in one place, but you can also compare your data with the data of your other competitors.
Using Share of Voice
Share of Voice, or SOV for short, can show how large or small the impact you're making in the social media scene. Here's how you make use of this metric:
 - You can evaluate brand awareness and brand recognition.
 - You can calculate Share of Voice for competitive research.
 - You can measure how effective your campaigns are and will be.
Growing Your Share of Voice
The goal of every social media marketer is to get brands noticed by the right people online. Having a strong social media presence is critical for increasing your Share of Voice. Here are few strategies that will help you to achieve just that:
1. Stay Active and Be Consistent
If your social media content is lackluster or inconsistent, it can sabotage the growth of your business. So, if you want to people to notice and keep talking about your brand online, you need to be active and consistent with your output. But how do you get the right people to hear you and how often should you post on social media channels to stay relevant?
We know that it's hard to find the right posting frequency because not all social media platforms are the same. To strike a balance, you must learn about your audience demographics (of your chosen platform, of course) to avoid getting blocked and unfollowed.
Let's say you plan to post Facebook once a week. It's likely that those updates will not get as much engagement or worse, will get overlooked by your followers. This happens if a social media marketer planning the scheduled posts does not have any idea about their audience and online behavior. There are millions of active users sharing and uploading content to Facebook. If you allow something like that to happen, your post will just drown in the sea of information. Make sure to do your research to maximize your social media efforts.
To give you some direction, here's an example of a good social sharing frequency:
Sharing Frequency
Source: WebGen
2. Produce Shareable Content
It's a challenge for many to continuously produce interesting, meaningful content for their audience. Social media marketers have to know the ideas that will work for their target market and what will not. They also have to ensure that the content they put out on their channels out is something that their audience would want to consume and share to other people.
To determine whether a content is good and share-worthy, here are five questions to ask before hitting that publish button according to Altitude Marketing:
 - Who is your content intended for? It's imperative to learn what your prospects are looking for so you can offer them solutions and tailor the content to their needs.
 - Does it offer a solution? Addressing the issues your prospects have not yet encountered will keep you ahead of the game. You need to provide your prospects solutions to possible problems they might have with your product or service.
 - Is it timely? Keeping your content timely and relevant will make people look to you as a trusted source. This puts your brand in a good position to become a leader in your industry. That's exactly how you increase your Share of Voice on social media.
 - Is it engaging? For a content to be engaging, it needs to be thought-provoking, human and relatable. No one wants to read a piece of article that looks like it was produced by an automated software.
 - Is it customer-focused? Content published should not only benefit you but also your customers. You can try producing an infographic, article or even a video that would help educate your audience online.
3. Delight Your Customers
When you deliver excellent customer service through social media, not only do you convert your clients to loyal customers, but you also make them happy enough to create satisfaction-driven content. They are usually in the form of online ratings and product reviews. It's essentially free marketing for your business. This is because smart buyers nowadays look up customer reviews online to hear what other people have to say before buying that product. In fact, 77% of them spend their time online doing just that.
You can also delight your customers by engaging with them in helpful ways. Tune in to their conversations on social media channels. A social media monitoring tool will allow you to check and track all brand mention across networks. From there, you will be able to see discussions and exchanges among your fans and followers, know what they say about your brand and make improvements if necessary.
How does this relate to Share of Voice?
It translates to positive conversations for your brand. When people are happy with your service, there's a good chance they'll be sharing their experience on their social media channels improving your likability as a brand and have a better Share of Voice online.
4. Respond to Feedback
Make sure that you let your customers know that you are listening to them by responding to their feedback. You can simply do this by acknowledging their concerns or praises online. Thank your fans for their kind words when they recommend you. Lend an ear when they voice out their negative opinions or criticisms about your brand. It's as simple as that.
If you don't know how to respond to negative feedback on your social media pages, you can learn from social media marketer Mandi Gould on how to react and deal with them properly.
How to Respond to Negative Reviews Example
Source: LinkedIn
You can keep track of all the conversations about your brand by building complex monitors using a social media management platform. This tracks the hashtags and phrases for your brand globally or your network specifically. You can do so many things, especially with the configuration options because it gives the users complete control of how searches will be conducted.
5. Build an Online Community
Last but not the least, focus on having your own community online. When strengthening your Share of Voice, it's important to join in existing conversations. However, if you really want to be regarded as a leader in your industry, you have to take the lead. and start the conversations. Find topics that are relevant to your audience. Find new updates and spark a discussion among your fans and followers. Look for something that will surely pique their interests otherwise they won't be compelled enough to join in the talk.
How to Build an Online Community
Source: IntNetworkPlus
If you want to know more how you can build your own online community, here are tips from experts you can follow to strengthen your Share of Voice.


Create a bcrypt hash on commandline
Its easy to create a bcrypt hash on commandline with this command:
Just replace the Placeholder USER and PASSWORD with the corresponding values.
The Result should be something like that:
The part before ":" is the username. The rest is the bcrypt password hash. The -C parameter specifies the computing time for the bcrypt algorithm. The higher the value the better is the security but also the runtime.
More information about "Create bcrypt hash "
To get an explanation about all parameters and further information, just type htpasswd -h into the shell and hit enter.
One thought on "Create a bcrypt hash on commandline
 1. Immer wieder nett bei der Suche auf deinem Blog zu landen. 😉 Viele Grüße!
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text:
Canada Chemical Management Plan – Canada Challenge
About The Canada Chemical Management Plan
Canada's Chemicals Management Plan aka the "Challenge" regulates chemicals that are harmful to human health or the environment. The Prime Minister, along with the Ministers of the Environment and Health put the "Challenge" into effect on December 8, 2006. The Chemicals Management Plan is the collection of information on the properties and uses of approximately 200 chemical substances identified through the categorization process as high priorities for action. Under the "Challenge", approximately 200 substances of the highest priority were divided up into a number of smaller groups of substances. The Government is using the mandatory information gathering provisions of section 71 of the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA, 1999) to gather information that is deemed required for improved decision-making. Industries are being invited to submit additional information that may be used to inform risk assessment and to develop and benchmark best practices for risk management and product stewardship.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Path length
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Pathlength)
Jump to: navigation, search
Path length can mean one of several related concepts:
In physics, there are two definitions for "path length." The first is defined as the total distance an object travels. Unlike displacement, which is the total distance an object travels from a starting point, path length is the total distance travelled, regardless of where it travelled. The second is synonymous with wavelength and is used in calculating constructive and destructive interference of waves.
In chemistry, the path length is defined as the distance that light (UV/VIS) travels through a sample in an analytical cell. Typically, a sample cell is made of quartz, glass, or a plastic rhombic cuvette with a volume typically ranging from 0.1 mL to 10 mL or larger used in a spectrophotometer. For the purposes of spectrophotometry (i.e. when making calculations using the Beer-Lambert law) the path length is measured in centimeters (rather than in meters).
In a computer network, the path length is one of many possible router metrics used by a router to help determine the best route among multiple routes to a destination. It consists of the end-to-end hop count from a source to a destination over the network.
More simply, in general computer terminology, it can mean simply the total number of instructions executed from point A to point B in a program - Instruction path length.


text:
Community Transportation Pilot Grant Program Application Guidelines and Requirements 2014-15
The Ministry of Transportation (MTO) has established the Community Transportation Pilot Grant Program (the "CT Program"), a $2 million, 2-year pilot grant program, to provide financial assistance to Ontario municipalities for the development and implementation of community transportation initiatives.
The application period is now closed.
Application Guidelines (PDF - 141 KB)
Projects that will be considered for funding are those related to the development of community transportation solutions to address local transportation needs, including ways to better utilize existing transportation resources through coordination of service and the sharing of resources, such as vehicles, staff and drivers.
Community Transportation Resources
- Towards Coordinated Rural Community Transportation: A Resource Document, August 2014 is a document that provides practical guidance on developing a coordinated community transportation service. This document is published by the Rural Ontario Institute.
- The National Centre for Mobility Management (NCMM) website is also a good resource for municipalities seeking specific or technical guidance on transportation coordination technologies, on community engagement and other community transportation practices.
The following NCMM publications may be useful to municipalities:
- Transportation Coordination Enabled Technology and Innovative Design (PDF - 503 KB)
- One-Call, One Click Toolkit is a practical guide on how to plan and implement one central access to the multiple transportation services available in a community.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


One Year After Sandy, Fires Plague Boardwalks and Homes That Flooded
Wiring corroded by saltwater remains a hazard, experts say.
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Firefighters work to extinguish the fire that destroyed the Seaside Heights boardwalk. Corroded wiring could have been a factor in the fire's outbreak.
When a massive fire destroyed six blocks of boardwalk in Seaside Park and neighboring Seaside Heights in northern New Jersey last month, blame was placed on an event that had happened 11 months earlier: Superstorm Sandy.
How could last year's storm spark a fire that burned whole blocks of boardwalk and destroyed more than 50 businesses?
The answer lies in the invisible damage that floods can wreak on electrical wiring, experts say.
Even pinhole-size damage to an electrical wire's insulation can lead to the wire heating up over 200 degrees. This can spark a fire that can burn down homes, businesses, or, in this case, a beloved boardwalk that had just gotten back in business.
Using an electrical wire with damaged insulation under a boardwalk or in a home is "like driving a car on bald tires. It doesn't mean the car is going to fail, but it could," said Dave Brender, national program manager of electrical applications for the Copper Development Association, a trade group for the electrical industry. "You're asking for trouble."
Anatomy of a Wire
A typical electrical wire is made up of two components: The first is the metal that carries the electricity, which is commonly copper but can also be copper wound around an aluminum core. The second is the insulation, which is usually made out of polyvinyl chloride, also known as PVC.
PVC is a common insulator, but it's not perfect, said John Destasio, a machinery technician in Seaside Park.
"Because we need wiring to be flexible, we must make it out of a flexible material," he said. But that means it's "vulnerable to breakdown through time, erosion, and heat."
Windblown sand can cut tiny holes in the wiring's insulation, Destasio said. That allows water to seep in and come in contact with the metal of the wire's core.
Freshwater alone can corrode the metal (think about an old car rusting in the rain), but saltwater residue acts as an enhancer and speeds up the process (as does water tainted by gasoline from a flooded gas station, oil from a flooded car, or sewage from a burst sewer main).
That situation can create a dangerous feedback loop, Destasio said. Corrosion of the wire creates resistance to the electricity moving through it, which then generates more heat. Heat quickens corrosion on the wire, which further increases resistance, which generates even more heat.
Eventually, the hot wire reaches a temperature at which it breaks down more of the insulation. At that point, arcs of electricity can pass through the air from one wire to another, like little bolts of lightning.
"If that arc were hot enough, and [if it] comes into contact with something flammable, you get fire," said Destasio.
Salty Trouble
After a storm like Sandy, it can be hard to tell which wires inside structures were affected by water, and even harder to tell if insulation suffered small-scale damage.
The same problem emerged after the major flooding in Colorado in September and in North Dakota in April.
Even if the lights still work, there could be wire damage that leads to fires months or even years later, Brender said.
Technicians use ohmmeters to measure how much resistance is in a wire, Destasio said. If they find a great deal, it can suggest a wire is compromised, but wires with minimal damage often check out fine but can have problems later.
Much of the wiring used up and down the East Coast is decades old and may not be up to current codes. Some storm-damaged wiring may have had worn or substandard insulation to begin with.
Much of the wire used on boardwalks or in seaside structures was never intended to be flooded by seawater, because large storm events like Sandy have been relatively rare until recently.
Fires Spread
The Seaside fire was a big, visible example, but post-Sandy fires have been affecting homes and businesses along the Jersey Shore for months.
In March, the town of Strathmere—which has a year-round population of 158 people and is about 70 miles (113 kilometers) south of Seaside Park—saw two fires within 18 hours of each other. One was in an office and the other was in a home; both were determined to be linked to Sandy's flooding of internal wiring.
The official cause of the Seaside fire was the failure of electrical wiring that ran under the boardwalk. Officials attributed it to both the age of the wiring, some of which dated back to the 1970s, and to exposure to saltwater during Superstorm Sandy.
The danger doesn't stop with boardwalk wiring, though. Anything with a motor that was flooded by saltwater—like a garage refrigerator that started working again when the power came back on—poses a risk, said Brender.
The safest thing to do is replace any wiring that might have been affected by floodwater.
"That light bulb might light, but it's like a ticking time bomb, and you don't know it," Brender said.
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text:
Distribution Line Fires
Burning utility poles may cause downed power lines. Follow these precautions:
- If possible, de-energize lines before extinguishing a pole fire. Only apply extinguishing agents to an energized pole under your incident commander's direction. These agents may include dry chemical or water fog spray using the 30/30/100 rule.
- Do not use water around a utility pole unless the incident commander directs you to do so.
- If transformers are burning, be alert for explosions, smoke hazards and oil releases. Even when the fire is put out, there may still be oil present and power lines may still be energized.
- Create a safety perimeter, and keep bystanders at least 50 feet away. Maintain this perimeter until utility personnel confirms that the lines are de-energized and oil cleanup is complete.


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Given a finite set of points $P$, we can think of two meanings for the term "convex hull of $P$:"
 1. The set of convex combinations of points from $P$, $\sum \alpha_i p_i$ s.t. $\sum \alpha_i = 1 \wedge \forall \alpha_i \geq 0$.
 2. The points $P' \subseteq P$ which are "active" in the convex hull; that is, the removal of which changes the set of points from (1).
Question: Is there a standard way to refer specifically to (1) or (2)?
share|improve this question
I have never heard of convex hull as in 2, only as in 1. The points in 2 I would call the extreme points of the convex hull of $P$. – Harald Hanche-Olsen Sep 28 '12 at 14:38
This confusion in terminology is also a peeve of mine. The word "hull" means an exterior, and there's a perfectly good phrase "convex closure" for (1). Nonetheless the use of convex hull to mean (1) predominates except when discussion turns to algorithms for finding the extreme points (2) as a "representation" of the convex hull. – hardmath Sep 28 '12 at 14:43
Indeed, I come from CS, where (2) dominates "convex hull". Funny it's unheard-of in Math :) _USER_ turn your comment into an answer to be accepted. "convex closure" is what I was looking for, which appears to be a known synonym for CH. – user1071136 Sep 28 '12 at 14:55
Same here - research background in computer graphics and computational geometry, only ever heard of it in terms of (2) – fluffy Sep 28 '12 at 15:24
Intrigueing. With interpretation (2) you seem to require the convex hull to be a hull in some everyday sense, but you don't require it to be convex any more :) – Hagen von Eitzen Sep 28 '12 at 15:24
1 Answer 1
up vote 3 down vote accepted
I prefer "convex closure" for the collection of all convex combinations (1). The phrase convex hull is slightly more concise, but the etymology of "hull" carries a meaning of the outer covering (as in the hull of a boat or husk of a seed), so it seems a pity to me not to reserve this for what mathematicians instead like to call the "extremal boundary points". It's an important enough algorithmic (computational geometry) topic to deserve a shorter name.
share|improve this answer
If there is a topology involved, too, mathematicians may speak of the "convex hull" and the "closed convex hull". Of course they use these terms even if $P$ is infinite. If they saw "convex closure" they may not know which is would mean. – GEdgar Sep 28 '12 at 15:33
Your Answer


text:
This chapter explores the profound impact of farming on North Atlantic vertebrate biota, reviewing evidence for the introduction of domesticated faunas and of the irrevocable changes to the island landscapes and environments effected in particular by pastoralism and the exploitation of marine resources. The North Atlantic islands have different settlement histories. There is a continuous record of farming communities in Orkney and Shetland from the mid third millennium BCE onwards. The chapter discusses that some of the ways people have exploited the seas around the North Atlantic islands from the arrival of the Vikings onwards, thus focusing on the centuries in which humans have had a long-lasting and sustained impact on the fauna of the sea. The distinctive treeless landscapes of the North Atlantic islands are largely a product of the farming practices associated with the management of the imported domestic livestock.
|Title of host publication
|Biogeography in the Sub‐Arctic
|Subtitle of host publication
|The Past and Future of North Atlantic Biota
|Eva Panagiotakopulu, Jon Sadler
|Place of Publication
|John Wiley & Sons Inc.
|Number of pages
|Published - 20 Apr 2021


text:
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Theory and PracticeAuthor: Dennis J. Paustenbach (Editor)
Publisher: Wiley Publishing, Inc.
Publish date: October 2007
Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: Theory and Practice assembles the expertise of more than fifty authorities from fifteen different fields, forming a comprehensive reference and textbook on risk assessment. Containing two dozen case studies of environmental or human health risk assessments, the text not only presents the theoretical underpinnings of the discipline, but also serves as a complete handbook and "how-to" guide for individuals conducting or interpreting risk assessments. In addition, more than 4,000 published papers and books in the field are cited. Editor Dennis Paustenbach has assembled chapters that present the most current methods for conducting hazard identification, dose-response and exposure assessment, and risk characterization components for risk assessments of any chemical hazard to humans or wildlife (fish, birds, and terrestrials). Topics addressed include hazards posed by: -Air emissions -Radiological hazards -Contaminated soil and foods -Agricultural hazards -Occupational hazards -Consumer products and water -Hazardous waste sites -Contaminated air and water The bringing together of so many of the world's authorities on these topics, plus the comprehensive nature of the text, promises to make Human and Ecological Risk Assessment the text against which others will be measured in the coming years.


text:
Inida NOGA, Edmond ÇERA, Teuta MUSARAJ
Abstract Governments finance their budget deficit, import-export gap, and "feed" growth using debt. There are many reasons why to study debt, but the most important question addressed here is what we know about debt and what is the current situation related to the Albanian debt. Debt has multi-links through macroeconomic components of an economy. Albania seems that will have difficulties in the near future because its debt-to-GDP ratio has already exceeded the 60% level. This emphasises the need to observe the debt. We focus in literature review trying to sort out some answers. There are many questions refer to debt and many ways how researchers try to get the answers. Few studies for Albanian case are found.
Keywords government debt, Albanian debt, literature review
JEL classification F34, H64
PDF format below


text:
This is because the text variable has a While scope, so it's being kept from iteration to iteration. That means when it is not set with the file text value, because of the Read Text File exception (e.g. 5.txt), then it keeps the previous value (e.g. the 4.txt text).
So when we change the scope to
Process one file, variable
text is a null value after the
append operation? How does it rid itself of the previous value?
I think this might require a technical answer related to
try catch blocks but unsure.
I tried the debugger and watched the value of text which still retains the current value until
Process one file is closed and the While loop boolean condition executes at which point it is delisted from the table of variables so I think this is something unique to try catch blocks in that this happens.


Quantifying three years of a long distance relationship
I read two really useful guides to processing text data recently; an analysis of Trump's tweets to work out whether it's him or an intern sending them, and a sentiment analysis of Pride and Prejudice. Three years of a long distance relationship means that I have a nice big corpus of Whatsapp messages between my girlfriend and me, so I did the romantic thing and quantified some of our interactions in R. Also, this required quite a bit of text munging in Excel first, which turned out to be far quicker and easier than using regex in this case.
First of all, let's look at when we text each other throughout the day. We're in different time zones, but only by an hour, and since texts are inherently dependent – one text is overwhelmingly likely to lead to another pretty soon after – I haven't adjusted the times.
text no by hour of day.png
Our texting activity represents our general activity pretty well; nothing much going on until about 7am, then a slow start to the day, a bit of a post-lunch dip, and then an evening peak when we're more likely to be out and about doing things.
We can also have a look at how many messages we send each other, and how that's changed over time:
text no by date.png
We've sent each other a fairly similar number of texts per day throughout the long distance period, but it looks pretty bad on me that I have consistently sent fewer texts than her…
…or does it? When I plot the length of each text sent, I consistently write longer messages:
text length by date.png
So, there's two distinct texting styles here; I write longer messages less frequently, she writes shorter messages more frequently. The other thing I like about the text length graph is that you can see the times when we've been together and not texted each other that much; three weeks in November 2014 when I was running experiments in London, three weeks around Christmas 2015, and a load of long weekends throughout. It's not that we don't text each other at all then, it's more that those texts tend to be stuff like "have we got milk?", or simply "pub?".
Plotting log likelihood ratios of how much each of us uses each word in comparison to the other also captures our texting styles:
top 20 words each (no names).png
For example, we both use the word /ha/ to express laughter, but I spell it "ha" and she spells it "hah". Likewise, "til" and "till" as abbreviations for "until", and I seem to use "somebody" while she uses "someone".
If we filter out equivalent words and proper names (like the pubs, supermarkets, and stations we go to most often), another difference in dialogue style appears:
top 10 words each (no proper names).png
I am apparently a lot more conversational; I write out interjections (hmm, oooh, hey, ohhh) and reactions (fuck's comes from for fuck's sake, hoera comes from the Dutch phrase hiep hiep hoera, and boourns comes from, erm, The Simpsons). Apart from hhmmm, she doesn't write interjections or contextual replies at all. Apart from the interjections and replies, my main thing is adjectives; she tends towards nouns and verbs.
The next step is sentiment analysis. If I plot log likelihood bars for each sentiment, I seem to be an atrociously negative person:
sentiment error bars.png
…but this, I think, is more a problem with the way sentiment analysis works in the syuzhet and tidytext packages using NRC sentiment data. Each word in the NRC corpus has a given value, 0 or 1, for a range of sentiments, and this sentiment analysis style simply adds it up for each word in a given set.
Because of that, it doesn't really capture the actual sentiment behind the way we're using these words. Let's look at the main words driving the differences in each sentiment:
sentiment log likelihood words.pngFor me, a lot of my disgust and anger is coming from the word damn. If I was texting damn! every time I stubbed my toe or something, perhaps that would be accurate; but in this case, a lot of the time I write damn is in sympathy, as in exchanges like:
"My computer crashed this afternoon and I lost all the work I'd done today"
"Damn, that's horrible"
Meanwhile, the word coop is actually me talking about the coöp / co-op, where I get my groceries. I'm not talking about being trapped, either physically or mentally.
The same goes for my girlfriend being more positive. With words like engagement and ceremony, she's not joyous or anticipatory about her own upcoming nuptials or anything; rather, several of her colleagues have got engaged and married recently, and most of her uses of the words engagement and ceremony are her complaining about how that's the only topic of conversation at the office. As for assessment, council, and teacher, she works in education. These are generally neutral descriptions of what's happened that day.
So, I was hoping to be able to plot some sentiment analyses to show our relationship over time, but either it doesn't work for text messages, or we're really fucking obtuse. I think it might be the former.
Instead, I'll settle for showing how much we both swear over time:
expletives per month.png
Each dot represents the number of occurrences per month of a particular expletive. I'm clearly the more profane here, although I do waver a bit while she's fairly consistent.
More importantly is how we talk about beer a similar amount:
beer per month.png
Since couples who drink together stay together (or in the words of this study, "concordant drinking couples reported decreased negative marital quality over time"), I think this bodes pretty well for us.


text:
Family therapy in Inverness, Highlands
Family therapy is about helping families and 'family like groups' find ways to improve things as a family unit using constructive methods. At our Inverness centre, our experienced family therapists will work with all members of the family – young and old – helping you explore ways to move forward as a family unit and providing support as you make changes.
Can family therapy help my family?
There are a number of common issues that can have a huge impact on family relationships. Our family therapists are particularly experienced at supporting families experiencing the following issues:
- Family life / relationship changes
- Parenting issues
- Emotional difficulties after bereavement
- Eating disorders
- Couple relationship problems
- Separation / divorce
- Adolescent or child behaviours, e.g. attention issues and over-activity
- Adolescent / child mental health
- Adult mental health
- Adoption and fostering
- Social policy, such as child protection
- Domestic violence
- Post-trauma problems
- Drugs and alcohol abuse
Sometimes if an individual or couple within the family is experiencing particular difficulties, we may suggest individual or couples therapy for them in addition to attending family therapy. We are able to offer a range of therapy options at our Inverness centre including therapy for children or young people.


user_guide:tutorials:release:4.10:apps_group
This tutorial is probably also available as a Jupyter notebook in the demo folder in the polymake source and on github.
Different versions of this tutorial: latest release, release 4.12, release 4.11, release 4.10, release 4.9, release 4.8, release 4.7, release 4.6, release 4.5, release 4.4, release 4.3, release 4.2, release 4.1, release 4.0, release 3.6, nightly master
Groups in polymake
polymake can deal with symmetry groups acting on polytopes, point/vector configurations and simplicial complexes. This can take the guise of permutation or matrix groups acting on the set of vertices (points), facets, or coordinates of realizations of polytopes or point/vector configurations, or abstract permutation groups acting on the set of vertices or facets of a simplicial complex.
Some functionality builds on PermLib, a C++-library for permutation computations written by Thomas Rehn, but much functionality is built in natively into polymake. For example, you can natively calculate conjugation classes of permutation or matrix groups, projectors to the isotypic components of representations, or the invariant polynomials of a matrix representation.
We start with the description of permutation groups in polymake. An object of type Group records the abstract properties of the groups that do not depend on any particular representation, which essentially are just the ORDER, CHARACTER_TABLE, and CONJUGACY_CLASS_SIZES. Moreover, a Group object can contain several subobjects that encode actions (representations) of the group, most notably a PERMUTATION_ACTION that encodes permutations of indices. If the Group object is contained inside a Cone, Polytope, PointConfiguration, or VectorConfiguration, it may be encoded more specifically as a RAY_ACTION, FACET_ACTION, etc. See the documentation for more information on the action types.
In order to access the complete set of functions dealing with groups, you should switch to the corresponding
> application "group";
As we mentioned before, the only properties that are stored directly in the Group object are the order, the sizes of the conjugacy classes, and sometimes the character table. Other properties, such as representatives for the conjugacy classes themselves, depend on the action chosen, and are thus stored inside the corresponding *_ACTION object.
For the symmetric groups, we currently include the CHARACTER_TABLE up to degree 7; for the group::dihedral_group we provide the conjugacy classes in full generality, and the CHARACTER_TABLE in an exact form for the dihedral groups of order 10, 16, 20, and 24 (where it can be expressed using a single quadratic extension of the rationals). For the other dihedral groups, we provide AccurateFloat representations of the entries of the character table, as polymake currently cannot work with arbitrary cyclotomic integers.
> print dihedral_group(20)->CHARACTER_TABLE;
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
2 1/2+1/2r5 -1/2+1/2r5 1/2-1/2r5 -1/2-1/2r5 -2 0 0
2 -1/2+1/2r5 -1/2-1/2r5 -1/2-1/2r5 -1/2+1/2r5 2 0 0
2 1/2-1/2r5 -1/2-1/2r5 1/2+1/2r5 -1/2+1/2r5 -2 0 0
2 -1/2-1/2r5 -1/2+1/2r5 -1/2+1/2r5 -1/2-1/2r5 2 0 0
> print dihedral_group(22)->CHARACTER_TABLE;
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 -1
2 3788669096982621/2251799813685248 3741725795518811/4503599627370496 -2563716210467435/9007199254740992 -2949230557375555/2251799813685248 -8642344396869719/4503599627370496 0
2 3741725795518811/4503599627370496 -2949230557375555/2251799813685248 -1080293049608715/562949953421312 -2563716210467439/9007199254740992 3788669096982621/2251799813685248 0
2 -2563716210467435/9007199254740992 -1080293049608715/562949953421312 7483451591037615/9007199254740992 3788669096982621/2251799813685248 -2949230557375555/2251799813685248 0
2 -2949230557375555/2251799813685248 -2563716210467439/9007199254740992 3788669096982621/2251799813685248 -8642344396869719/4503599627370496 7483451591037615/9007199254740992 0
2 -8642344396869719/4503599627370496 3788669096982621/2251799813685248 -2949230557375555/2251799813685248 7483451591037615/9007199254740992 -2563716210467435/9007199254740992 0
For internal consistency, it is crucial that the GROUP->*_ACTION->CONJUGACY_CLASS_REPRESENTATIVES (and thus the ->CONJUGACY_CLASSES themselves) be ordered in accordance with the columns of the GROUP->CHARACTER_TABLE. This is guaranteed to be the case for the character tables provided natively by polymake, but if you import character tables from GAP or other sources, correctly ordering the conjugacy classes is up to you.
An instance of a group action is created by specifying its property GENERATORS, a set of permutations or matrices that generates the group. The Group object itself is then constructed by passing the action. In the following example we create a symmetric group of degree 3, and then compute its order.
> $p = new PermutationAction(GENERATORS => [[1,0,2],[0,2,1]]);
> $g = new Group(PERMUTATION_ACTION => $p);
> print $g->ORDER;
6
Of course, there is a user function for creating symmetric groups given the degree, as well as for several other standard constructions. See the docs for a comprehensive list.
> $h = symmetric_group(3);
> print $h->PERMUTATION_ACTION->GENERATORS;
1 0 2
0 2 1
We can compute some interesting properties of a PermutationAction:
> $p = new PermutationAction(GENERATORS => [[1,0,2],[0,2,1]]);
> print all_group_elements($p);
0 1 2
0 2 1
1 0 2
1 2 0
2 0 1
2 1 0
There also exist basic functions to compute orbits and stabilizers, for instance:
> $p = new PermutationAction(GENERATORS => [[1,0,2],[0,2,1]]);
> $s = stabilizer_of_set($p,new Set<Int>(1,2));
> print $s->PERMUTATION_ACTION->GENERATORS;
0 2 1
> print $s->PERMUTATION_ACTION->ORBITS;
{0}
{1 2}
polymake natively uses index notation for permutations: a permutation g ∈ Sn is an 'Array of length n with entries 0, . . . , n − 1 which corresponds to the second row of the common permutation notation. For instance, the permutation
0 1 2
1 0


text:
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Education has many benefits and has positive impact in our life in this article, we have made an attempt to discuss the need and importance of education in our life, for the development of a nation, and for the overall benefits of humanity. To find a good theme is a serious but important task an argumentative essay is education argumentative essay topics argument essay writing is a.
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Regression intelligence practical guideRegression intelligence practical guide
Regression Intelligence practical guide for advanced users (Part 1)
June 7, 2022
 by
Shinji KanaiShinji Kanai
Shinji Kanai
HeadSpin's Regression Intelligence is a fully automated solution and provides a set of capabilities to help you discover regression early and improve quality assurance. This article is the first part of the two series. The goal is to give you a practical idea of how Regression Intelligence works by guiding you through creating custom KPIs and setting regression alerts. This knowledge is the foundation for understanding the more advanced topics covered in Part 2, where we dive into statistics and the more profound product realm. Through this series, you will understand all concepts necessary to utilise Regression Intelligence where applicable and help you maximise your investment. For those looking for basics, please refer to the product page and the following materials:
In this article, we will cover:
 1. What is a custom KPI?
 2. Creating a custom KPI?
 3. What options are available for regression detection and alerting?
 4. Regression monitoring with Grafana
 5. Regression monitoring with Watcher
 6. Conclusion
What is a custom KPI?
A Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a quantifiable indicator of performance that you have identified as important to measure the success of your application. HeadSpin supports data collection from more than 120 data points. You choose one or more KPIs from the standard set that HeadSpin supports out of the box, or create your own KPI if the KPI you need is not found in the default setting.
HeadSpin Data Collection
See how beautifully the data collected is plotted. The "Max Current" values collected from multiple sessions from the selected "Samsung SM-j610G" device are highlighted in the orange line. Looking at the trend, you can easily find spikes in the data set where the anomaly occurred and correlate them with over 100 KPIs at a glance. You can also jump to an individual session to open the detail page or switch highlights by selecting another device or region. For more details about Performance UI, see Performance Monitoring UI.
This is just an introductory feature of Regression Intelligence. In the following, I will cover how to create this "Max Current" KPI and automatically receive notifications when an anomaly or regression is detected.
Creating a custom KPI
Here, you will create a custom KPI called "Max Current". Let's start a session and collect data from the remote control. Here is the instruction. After the session is recorded, for this exercise, you will use summary statistics to get the max current by adding a "time-series-request" label as shown below.
Adding a time-series-request (stats) label via Web UI
Adding a time-series-request
The label capability enables you to annotate the collected data and aid your analysis. There are multiple ways to create labels: by calling Session Label API or LOG functions, so labels can be created while the app or automated test is running. You can also use the COPY method to duplicate labels across sessions.
Once the label is added successfully, you will see the result below.
Adding session label
The following API will create the "time-series-request" label via Web UI:
Adding a time-series-request (stats) label via API
curl --request POST '_URL_ \
--data-raw '{
 "label_type": "time-series-request",
 "name": "max current",
 "start_time": 0,
 "end_time": 38.252 ,
 "data":
 { "method": "stats",
 "time_series_key": "battery_current",
 "parameters": {
 "metrics": ["max","mean", "percentile 10", "percentile 97.5"]
 }
 }
}'
To obtain the MAX calculation result, the Session Analysis API below must be called separately. The result cannot be obtained from the Web UI as of this writing. Specify the Label Group ID, which you noted earlier, as a parameter.
curl --request GET '_URL_
The following API is returned. In this case, the maximum value observed in the electric current in this session is 176.116mA.
{"summary_statistics": [{"time_series_key": "battery_current", "label_group_id": "b1150db6-cba9-4607-a1fd-25f08a43598f", "session_id": "c9cc7333-dd5c-11ec-96bb-025b84ee4231", "metric": "max", "value": 176.116, "time_intervals_ms": [[0, 38252]]}, {"time_series_key": "battery_current", "label_group_id": "b1150db6-cba9-4607-a1fd-25f08a43598f", "session_id": "c9cc7333-dd5c-11ec-96bb-025b84ee4231", "metric": "mean", "value": 162.61328571428572, "time_intervals_ms": [[0, 38252]]}, {"time_series_key": "battery_current", "label_group_id": "b1150db6-cba9-4607-a1fd-25f08a43598f", "session_id": "c9cc7333-dd5c-11ec-96bb-025b84ee4231", "metric": "percentile 10.0", "value": 157.734, "time_intervals_ms": [[0, 38252]]}, {"time_series_key": "battery_current", "label_group_id": "b1150db6-cba9-4607-a1fd-25f08a43598f", "session_id": "c9cc7333-dd5c-11ec-96bb-025b84ee4231", "metric": "percentile 97.5", "value": 168.668, "time_intervals_ms": [[0, 38252]]}]}
Next, you will use the Performance Monitoring API and add the retrieved value (i.e. 176.116) to a user flow. A user flow is a data repository for storing session data originating from the same user action. Typically, you will create a flow for each critical user operation (e.g. cold startup, shopping cart, payment transaction) where any failure triggers user frustration.
Adding a custom KPI "Max Current" to a user flow via API
curl --request POST '_URL_ \
--data-raw '{
 "test_name": "{{user flow name}}",
 "session_id": "{{session_id}}",
 "status" : "passed",
 "data": [
 {"key": "My Measurement", "value":{{any value}}},
 {"key": "Max Current", "value": 176.116}]
}'
If the data collected through a session is not valid, set the "status" to either "failed" or "excluded" to filter out the session from the analysis.
That's it. Here, we learnt how to create a "Max Current" KPI. Next, we will set up regression detection and alerts for this KPI.
What options are available for regression detection and alerting?
There are two approaches available; one uses Grafana, and the other uses Regression Intelligence. Depending on your use case, you will need to know when to use which depending on your use case. See below are some guidelines:
Grafana
 - Supports various charts and alert options (e.g. email, webhook and more) that work on any KPIs, whether aggregated or not.
 - Excellent choice to visualise the relationship between different KPIs and discover hidden insights in the population.
 - Knowledge of SQL and data representation skill are required.
 - Fundamentally makes the detection of an anomaly session easier.
Regression Intelligence
 - Supports the trend line view and email alert that works on network-based or duration-based KPIs (aggregated only).
 - The goal is to predict the overall failure rates from the collected samples if the product were shipped as-is.
 - Knowledge of statistics is required.
 - Fundamentally makes comparisons of 2 data sets easier.
Not intuitively understandable? In the following, I will walk you through two use cases to understand these differences visually.
Regression monitoring with Grafana
Here, you will learn how to trigger an alert when the electric current observed during a session exceeds 800mA. For this exercise, you will use the "Max Current" KPI mentioned earlier. Grafana is the right choice for this task as neither statistical processing nor data aggregation is required. It monitors all sessions and notifies when an anomaly with the "Max Current" KPI is detected.
The steps below


Inversion of seismic-type Radon transforms on the plane
Hiroyuki Chihara College of Education, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa _PHONE_, Japan
Abstract.
We study integral transforms mapping a function on the Euclidean plane to the family of its integration on plane curves, that is, a function of plane curves. The plane curves are given by the graphs of functions with a fixed axis of the independent variable, and are imposed some symmetry with respect to the axes. These transforms contain the parabolic Radon transform and the hyperbolic Radon transforms arising from seismology. We prove the inversion formulas for these transforms under some vanishing conditions of functions.
Key words and phrases:
Radon transform, X-ray transform, Seismology
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification:
Primary 44A12; Secondary 65R10, 86A15, 86A22
Supported by the JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research #19K03569.
1. Introduction
Fix arbitrary and . Let be variables of functions. We study three types of integral transforms , and of a function . These are the integration of on the graph of functions of the fixed axis . Their precise definitions are the following.
Firstly, is defined by
is the integration of on a curve
and slightly different from the standard contour integral on because the integration does not contain the line element. In particular with and is the translation of the graph of monomial . Moreover is called the parabolic Radon transform of in seismology. Note that
and can be splitted into
The second term of the right hand side of the above does not contribute to . So we have only to consider functions satisfying for .
Secondly, is defined by
is the integration of on a curve
and slightly different from the standard contour integral on . In particular with and is a translation of the graph of . Unfortunately, however, does not seem to be used in science and technology.
Finally, is defined by
It is natural to impose on in order to resolve the singularities at . Note that
Moreover, if satisfies the symmetry
can be regarded as the integration of on a curve
and slightly different from the standard contour integral on . In particular with is a hyperbola, and is called the hyperbolic Radon transform of in seismology.
Here we recall the mathematical background of our transforms. In the early 1980s, Cormack introduced the Radon transform of a family of plane curves and studied the basic properties in his pioneering works [2] and [3]. More than a decade later, Denecker, van Overloop and Sommen in [4] studied the parabolic Radon transform without fixed axis, in particular, the support theorem, higher dimensional generalization and etc. More than a decade later, Jollivet, Nguyen and Truong in [7] studied some properties of the parabolic Radon transform with fixed axis, which is the exact contour integration. Recently, Moon established the inversion of the parabolic Radon transform and the inversion of the hyperbolic Radon transform respectively in his interesting paper [9]. He introduced some change of variables in so that the Radon transform of a family of plane curves became the X-ray transform, that is, the Radon transform of a family of lines. More recently, replacing by some function in the parabolic Radon transform, Ustaogle developed Moon's idea to study the inversion of more general Radon transforms on the plane in [10]. The author believes that this is an very interesting challenge. Unfortunately, however, his inversion formulas are not complete and contain some values of due to some difficulties coming from the generalization. More precisely, the reduction to the X-ray transforms does not work well due to the lack symmetry of plane curves. Here we say that the inversion formula is complete if can be reconstructed only from the transformation of corresponding to the data of observation in case of CT-scan.
Now we also recall the scientific background of the parabolic Radon transform and the hyperbolic transform . These are used for processing of the data of observation of seismic waves. In our notation means the distance of the source and means the travel time of the wave. In an early stage, the hyperbolic Radon transform seemed to have been used in seismology. In 1986, Hampton proposed to replace hyperbolas by parabolas and introduced the parabolic Radon transform in [5]. See also expository papers due to seismologists [8] for the parabolic Radon transform and [1] for the hyperbolic Radon transform respectively.
The purpose of the present paper is to establish the complete inversion formulas for , and , which are the generalization of the parabolic Radon transform and the hyperbolic Radon transform with some symmetry of curves. Here we introduce some function spaces to state our results. These function spaces consists of Schwartz functions on satisfying some symmetries and vanishing conditions. The symmetries are natural for our transforms, and the vanishing conditions are used for justifying the change of variables for the reduction to the X-ray transform. For the sake of simplicity, all the definitions, lemmas and theorems are stated in the order for , and . We denote the set of all Schwartz functions on by .
Definition 1.
Fix . Let be a nonnegative integer. We define functions spaces , and by
Recall and . Throughout the present paper, we here assume that the vanishing order at satisfies . This condition guarantees the existence of finite boundary value at after the reduction to X-ray transform. Our main results are the following.
Theorem 2.
Let and let . Suppose that is a nonnegative integer satisfying .
 - For any ,
 (1)
 - For any ,
 (2)
 - For any ,
 (3)
Here and denotes the Cauchy principal value for improper integrals.
The proof of Theorem 2 depends on Moon's idea of the reduction to X-ray transform in [9]. We prepare some lemmas in Section 2, and prove Theorem 2 in Section 3.
2. Preliminaries
We begin with the X-ray transform on .
Definition 3.
The X-ray transform of is defined by
for . Note that .
The inversion formula of the X-ray transform is well-known as follows.
Theorem 4.
For ,
It is very important in the present paper that the X-ray transform and its inversion formula are valid also for a smooth function satisfying with some , compactly supported distributions, rapidly decaying Lebesgue measurable functions and etc. See, e.g., Chapter 1 of Helgason's textbook [6] for the detail.
Secondly, we give a lemma to make full use of the vanishing conditions.
Lemma 5.
 - For ,
 (4)
 - For ,
 (5)
 (6)
Proof.
Let . Then for . Taylor's formula in gives
which is (4).
Let . Then (4) holds since . Recall . Then for . Applying the mean value theorem to in , we have
which is (5). Applying this with to (4), we obtain (6). This completes the proof. ∎
We make use of the change of variable for in order to reduce our transforms to the X-ray transform. Since , we have for and in particular for . For this purpose, we introduce new functions of defined by as follows:
We consider the properties of these new functions. To avoid the confusion, we split our statements into three lemmas.
Firstly, the properties for are the following.
Lemma 6.
For , satisfies
(7)
and for any , there exists a constant such that
(8)
Moreover, when ,
(9)
Proof.
Suppose that . We can check (7) since and . The decay estimate (8) is obvious for since . By using (4), we have for
By using this, we have uniformly in for any . Thus we proved (8). Using the above again, we have
This implies (9) immediately. ∎
Secondly, the properties for are the following.
Lemma 7.
For , satisfies
(10)
and for any , there exists a constant such that
(11)
Moreover, when , , and when ,
(12)
Proof.
We can prove Lemma 7 in the same way as the proof of Lemma 6. Here we omit the detail. ∎
Finally, the properties for are the following.
Lemma 8.
For , satisfies
(13)
and for any , there exists a constant such that
(14)
Moreover, when , , and when ,
(15)
Proof.
Suppose . By using the symmetries, we have
which proves (13). To complete the proof of Lemma 8, it suffices to show (14) for and , and (15) for .
It is easy to see (14) for and . So we show (14) for or . When and , (5) with implies
By using this, we obtain for any uniformly in .
When and , (4) implies
By using this, we obtain for any uniformly in .
When and , (6) implies
Combining the above estimates, we obtain (14).
If , then and as . Note that if , then near . By using (6) again, we have for
By using this, we obtain (15) for . This completes the proof. ∎
3. Proof of Main Theorems
We begin with computing , and .
Lemma 9.
 - For ,
 (16)
 (17)
 - For ,
 (18)
 (19)
 - For ,
 (20)
 (21)
Proof.
Firstly, we show (i). Suppose that . Recall the definition of :
We want to make use of the change of variable for . For this reason, we regard the


text:
Creating a nickname for a favorite asset
You can give nicknames to assets in the Favorites list. The nickname is displayed instead of the assets filename or value. For example, if you have a color named #999900, you might use a more descriptive nickname, such as PageBackgroundColor or ImportantTextColor.
You can give nicknames to assets in the Favorites list in the Assets panel. In the Site list, the assets are listed by their real filenames (or values, in the case of colors and URLs).
To give a nickname to a favorite asset:
- In the Assets panel (Window > Assets), select the category on the left side of the panel that contains your asset.
- Select the Favorites option at the top of the panel to display the Favorites list.
- Do one of the following:
- Right-click (Windows) or Control-click (Macintosh) the assets name or icon in the Assets panel, then select Edit Nickname.
- Click the assets name once, pause, then click it again.
- Type a nickname for the asset, then press Enter (Windows) or Return (Macintosh).
The nickname appears in the Nickname column.
- Viewing assets in the Assets panel
- Adding assets to and removing assets from the Favorites list
- Grouping assets in a Favorites folder


text:
Inspired by spy novels and the radical possibilities of radio for experimental story telling, The Silent Key is a long-form project creating a complex meta-fiction over time.
At its heart The Silent Key will produce a relay of broadcasts featuring artists, communities and individuals, forming an 'exquisite corpse'-style narrative arc. These playful global broadcasts will be accompanied by a series of terrestrial and online clues, performances, publications, and other interventions.
The project, in its very early stages of development at Adhocracy, will eventually connect operators and listeners across the world – there are about three million amateur radio operators worldwide and hundreds of shortwave stations broadcasting daily around the clock – in a mysterious constellation of artifacts, actions and broadcasts.
Julia Drouhin and Phillipa Stafford (TAS)


text:
This paper examines the current educational discourse on work and learning and explores conceptualisations of work-connected learning; in particular, work-based, work-related and workplace learning. It is argued that varying definitions of work-associated learning has led to conceptual confusion in the literature. Through a conceptual analysis of the three terms, current usage is problematized. The term work learning is introduced in the paper as an overarching term that refers to any and all of these three forms of learning. Indeed, it is proposed as an umbrella term for any learning that is connected with some form of work in order to aid discussion. Within this remit, many learning forms can be identified; however, it is argued that there is a need for clarification as current conceptualisations are often conflicting.
|Journal||Work Based Learning e-Journal International|
|Early online date||1 Dec 2015|
|Publication status||E-pub ahead of print - 1 Dec 2015|
- Typology of learning
- conceptual analysis
- work learning
- educational discourse.


text:
Proximate and Ultimate Perspectives on the Maintenance of a Unisexual-Bisexual Mating Complex: Importance of Behavioral Syndromes and Stress Hormones
MetadataShow full metadata
The persistence of gynogenetic organisms is an evolutionary paradox. An ideal system for examining the persistence of gynogens is the unisexual-bisexual mating complex of the unisexual Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa), and the bisexual, host species, the sailfin molly (P. latipinna) and the Atlantic molly (P. mexicana). Insight into the maintenance of this mating complex might be enhanced by taking a more holistic view of male and female behavior through a behavioral syndrome framework. Studies of behavioral syndromes examine individual consistency and repeatability through time in suites of correlated behavioral traits. In this study, I examined whether male sailfin mollies (n=50) exhibited behavioral syndromes (BS) and if there was a relationship between BS and male mate preference as well as stress hormone production. Additionally, I examined whether female sailfin mollies and Amazon mollies (n=40 of each species) exhibited behavioral syndromes. Furthermore, I examined whether there were differences in BS across species, whether there was a relationship between BS and stress hormone production, and whether there was a difference in stress hormone production across species. Male sailfin mollies exhibited a BS, with multiple correlations among activity, boldness and exploration traits, as well as correlations among activity and social traits. I did not find a significant relationship between BS in males and male mate preference; however, there was a relationship between boldness and baseline cortisol production. I did not detect a significant difference in BS between female sailfin mollies or Amazon mollies, although I found a relationship between the stress response and boldness and explorative behaviors, as well as a difference in stress hormone production between species. Taken together, these results suggest that there is a proximate link between BS and stress hormones; however, the ultimate relationship between BS and the maintenance of the unisexual-bisexual mating complex is less clear.


Durum Flour 100g to g diet. fibre converter for culinary teaching and diet.
durum flour conversion
Breadcrumbs: main Flours menudurum flour menu- 100 gram portions
Amount: 1 - 100 grams portion (100g) of durum flour mass portion
Equals: 3.33 grams of dietary fibers (g diet. fibre) in durum flour mass
durum flour from - 100 grams portion to gram of dietary fiber Conversion Results:
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Work out grams of dietary fibers of durum flour per 1 - 100 grams portion unit. The durum flour converter for chefs and bakers, culinary arts classes, students and for home use.
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Conversion calculator for webmasters.
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Convert durum flour culinary measuring units between - 100 grams portion (100g) and grams of dietary fibers (g diet. fibre) of durum flour but in the other direction from grams of dietary fibers into - 100 gram portions.
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One - 100 grams portion of durum flour converted to gram of dietary fiber equals to 3.33 g diet. fibre
How many grams of dietary fibers of durum flour are in 1 - 100 grams portion? The answer is: The change of 1 100g ( - 100 grams portion ) unit in a durum flour measure equals = into 3.33 g diet. fibre ( gram of dietary fiber ) as per the equivalent measure and for the same durum flour type.
Professional people always ensure, and their success in fine cooking depends on, they get the most precise units conversion results in measuring their ingredients. In speciality cooking a measure of durum flour can be crucial. If there is an exact measure in 100g - - 100 gram portions for durum flour, it's the rule in culinary career, that the - 100 grams portion portion number gets converted into g diet. fibre - grams of dietary fibers of durum flour absolutely exactly. It's like an insurance for the master chef for having always all the meals created perfectly.
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The link to this tool will appear as: Culinary durum flour from - 100 grams portion (100g) into grams of dietary fibers (g diet. fibre) conversion.


text:
Demonstration of Rapid Waste Reduction from Ships Using Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Compaction
Agency / Branch:
DOD / NAVY
Waste management on ships is an important yet difficult task because as waste is generated by day to day processes, it accumulates and occupies valuable space aboard vessels. The waste consists of a wide variety of organic and inorganic constituents, some of which are high in water content such as food waste. A process that is capable of rapidly converting all of the waste into a dense media for efficient storage or capable of completely eliminate some of the waste is ideal. We propose to develop a process consisting of a hydrothermal liquefaction reactor and a waste compactor. The hydrothermal liquefaction reactor will convert organic materials into an energy dense fuel, while the compactor will condense the inorganic waste. Hydrothermal liquefaction is a unique technology that can depolymerize wet or dry biomass into fuel. This fuel can be then be burned to heat the reactor, essentially eliminating waste from the boat. In Phase I, a batch reactor will be used to demonstrate the feasibility of rapidly reducing the volume of solid waste aboard ships while producing fuel from this waste. In Phase II, the batch reactor will be converted to a pilot-scale continuous reactor to achieve more efficient waste processing.
Small Business Information at Submission:
Mainstream Engineering Corporation
200 Yellow Place Pines Industrial Center Rockledge, FL 32955
Number of Employees:

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Baroque Flute Handbook/Care
Breaking In a Flute
Baroque flutes are made of wood. When played, moisture condenses out of the breath to settle on the flute's inner bore. The wood inside the bore absorbs this moisture and expands. Wood on the exterior of the flute stays relatively dry and does not expand. That difference of expansion produces stress that (in the worst case) is relieved by cracks. Most at risk are new instruments and instruments that have dried out because of infrequent playing. (It can take as little as a week or two between playing sessions for a flute to return to its original dried-out condition.)
To make a new or unplayed flute's transition from dry to damp as stress-free as possible, the player must follow a break-in routine that gradually increases the amount of moisture absorbed (and retained) by the flute. The key idea is to minimize moisture by playing the flute for only a small amount of time at first, and then gradually increase that time, and thus also the amount of moisture absorbed by the wood, until the instrument reaches a point of equilibrium at which it can be played for extended periods (within reason). There are various schedules recommended for this process, but all follow the same pattern: a gradual increase of moisture to which the instrument is exposed. The following sections outline several representative schedules.
- Day 1: 10 min
- Day 2: 20 min
- Day 3: 30 min
- Day 4: 40 min
- Day 5: 50 min
- Day 6: 60 min
- Day 7: 80 min
- Day 8: 120 min
- Day 1: 10 min
- Day 2: 15 min
- Day 3: 20 min
- Day 4: 25 min
- Day 5: 30 min
- Day 6: 35 min
- Day 7: 40 min
- Day 8: 45 min
- Day 9: 50 min
- Day 10+: 60 min
Folkers & Powell
- Week 1–2: 10 min twice a day
- Week 3–4: 30 min/day
- Week 5 and after: 60 min/day
The inner bore of a flute must be oiled periodically. The thin layer of oil acts as a buffer. It allows some moisture to pass from the breath into the wood, but not too much or too quickly. Some authorities claim that oil alters the sound and playability of the flute for the better, but they provide few specifics as to either the mechanisms or the effects. Oil could make the interior more smooth by filling in between ridges left during the boring process. That could, plausibly, alter sound and playability. In the absence of solid, quantified research, suffice it to say that oil does provide a measure of protection for the instrument and it may even improve sound and playability. Even if the improvements were to be found largely placebo effects, they would be improvements nonetheless. In the final analysis, you should oil your flute. Certainly for the protection. Perhaps for sound and playability. And last, but not least, because it is a regular checkup that turns up unnoticed issues and shines your instruments back to their peak.
What oil to use?
Two kinds of oils are used on wooden flutes: hardening and non-hardening.
- Hardening oils (also known as drying oils) dry to a finish and leave a semi-permanent layer on the wood. Linseed oil is a hardening oil.
- Non-hardening oils (also known as non-drying oils) do not dry.
Most vegetable oils (almond oil, olive oil, peanut oil, etc.) are said to be non-hardening, though in reality they simply are slower to harden. There are many reasons to select a particular oil, including whether or not the oil is prone to going rancid, or even preferences as to the taste of an oil.
When shopping for oils, it's important to know that they are not always sold under the same name commonly used in the traverso world. Linseed oil is often sold as flaxseed oil, while rapeseed oil has been renamed (for marketing reasons) canola oil.
Almond oil is popular, but some people have problems with it going rancid. Mixing vitamin E with the oil is sometimes advised as a way to prevent this. About one capsule of vitamin E per 8 to 10 oz. is a recommended mix. It's still a good idea to store almond oil in a cool place. Even with the use of vitamin E, some people have reported problems with the oil applied to an instrument later becoming sticky and rancid. One theory (not confirmed to this author's knowledge) is that there are two grades of almond oil, food and pharmaceutical, and that pharmaceutical grade should be used to avoid problems.
Linseed oil (raw, unboiled) is a hardening oil. It's also a controversial oil. Some swear by it. Others reject its use entirely. It's not entirely clear why this is so. Perhaps it's because some early authors, especially Tromlitz, discouraged its use, saying it left a crust inside the instrument that alters the bore. On the other hand, many players of that time believed almost superstitiously in the ability of oil to improve the playing characteristics of an instrument and were prone to use more than liberal quantities. Were linseed oil to be used in this way, it's not surprising that it might get a bad reputation. However, when used properly, it has much to recommend it because of its hardening qualities. One must simply not use it too often, in too large a quantity, or let the unabsorbed oil sit for too long unswabbed.
While not "historically authentic," some people do use non-vegetable oils containing petroleum distillates or other chemicals. These are the sorts of bore oils you are likely to find in music stores. Lacking evidence to the contrary, it seems the vegetable oils do just as good a job (and they won't make you sick or kill you if ingested).
Another opinion: vegetable oils all tend to rancidity (which is not good to consume even in very small doses) and become gummy (harden) and (as Tromlitz observed) build up on the surface of the wood after a time. The vegetable oils sold as tung oil and "boiled" linseed oil (which some flute makers do use) also often have additives that can be quite toxic. On the other hand, mineral oil which is intended to be taken internally as a laxative is sold in pharmacies: the small amounts one might ingest from playing a mineral-oiled flute are unlikely to have any effect at all on the ingestee. Mineral oil is chemically close to inert, and does not oxidize or harden, yet it soaks into the cells of wood and limits the amount of moisture that can be absorbed. In other words, mineral oil seems to provide all the benefits sought from oiling without the drawbacks of rancidity, hardening and surface buildup that are inherent with vegetable oils.
How often to oil?
Opionions on this topic seem to depend on whether a hardening or non-hardening oil is being advocated, though about once a month is the median point for both camps. For non-hardening oils on instruments played frequently, it may be necessary to oil more often. For hardening oils on instruments played infrequently, oiling less often may be a good idea to minimize any problems with accumulation in the bore.
How to oil?
Carnauba wax mixed half-and-half with Vaseline makes a good polish for the outside of the flute. It is also found in car polishes, but they don't say in what proportions. Carnauba wax can be purchased in hard-flake, pure form from wood finishing suppliers. After melting it with Vaseline, rub it on the wood and polish with a soft cloth especially good around the mouth-hole.
A simpler approach: rub some of the bore oil on the outside of the instrument, allow to soak in, then polish with a soft cloth or chamois.
Reaming and Reboring
Reaming and reboring are the process of sending a flute back to its maker on occasion to have its inner profile restored what it was when it first left the shop and had not yet been altered through the ravages of moisture and playing. There are two schools of thought with regard to this process: most believe it is an essential part of wooden flute maintenance; a few find it to be a highly questionable practice.
Reaming and Reboring: The Majority Opinion
Most makers hold that the inner bore of a traverso may need to be reamed back to its original profile on occasion. Wood changes shape, especially when it goes through the wet and dry cycles of playing. The inner bore may distort a bit. This can change the pitch of the instrument and the octave spacing between some notes. The distortion may be slight, but it can still alter the instrument's performance. To the player, it can feel like a stiffness or inflexibility in the instrument, either it cannot be pushed to play louder, or it may feel "wooden," with a somewhat coarse tone is difficult to play softly. Because the traverso allows for playing with great variations in pitch, one may not notice the small pitch shifts that have made the instrument inherently out of tune, but will instead find it simply uncomfortable to play. This can be hard to notice since the changes are usually gradual.
Instrument makers all have their own procedures to deal with this. It's usually a matter of


text:
A typical density for a kerosene jet aircraft fuel would be 780 kg nr3 or 50°API. Of course, there is a large difference between the temperature at which an aircraft on the ground receives fuel and that at which the aircraft cruises. At a cruising height of = 10000 metres the temperature will be about -50°C (223 K).
The calculation performed in section 2.3 for crude oil is repeated below for kerosene. Symbols are as previously and the temperature at which the aircraft is refuelled is taken to be 15°C (288 K). It can be seen from the calculation that at cruising altitude the kerosene is 11 degrees lower on the API scale than on the ground, that is, its density has significantly increased as a result of ascent.
This figure is closely matched by a graph of density against temperature for a particular jet fuel. The units of density in are lb per US gallon and these have had to be converted to kg m-3 for this discussion. The fuel under consideration has a density of 760 kg m-3 at + 20°C and a density of 808 kg nr3 at -40°C. The interested reader can easily confirm that this corresponds to a β value of 0.0010 K-1.