text:
The lark – a small diurnal songbird – rises early and is active during the day, whereas the owl – a large nocturnal bird – is active at night.
Psychology Today has documented a recent study on chronotypes – whether a person is a morning person (up with the lark) or a late night person (to bed with the owl) and who they attract as partners.
Many studies have been previously conducted on personality traits, but there has been limited studies on chronotypes. Chronotypical behaviour is a preference for rising early or going to bed late. Morning people are called larks (and they reach peak performance early in the day) and late night people are called owls (who perform well in the afternoon or evening).
However, there is a continuum, with most people clustering around the middle – a neutral chronotype.
Sometimes work dictates whether people are early risers or late sleepers, according to shift-work or profession.
Polish psychologist Paulina Jocz and her colleagues at the University of Warsaw conducted the study on chronotypes and who they attract. They recruited 91 couples (182 people) who had been together for at least 6 months.
The study showed that there is a biological component to chronotypes, but chronotypes change with age – young children tend to be larks, and shift to become owls as adults, and back to larks in later adulthood.
The study also showed a gender difference, with more females tending to be larks and more males tending to be owls.
Overall, the study found that health outcomes were better for larks than for owls. Larks had fewer health issues, less incidences of depression, and reported higher levels of subjective well-being.
Larks, morning people, tended to marry larks, whereas owls, night people, tended to marry owls.
There were no differences in the number of happy versus unhappy couples between the participants, even if larks married owls – a happy couple is a happy couple whether their chronotypes are the same or different.
Photographer: Martina Nicolls
Martina Nicolls: SIMILAR BUT DIFFERENT IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM


text:
The Trainer Guide is a lesson plan for a specific skill set. The four skill sets that comprise the
Personal Assistant Services Curriculum include:
- Managing Crises
Each lesson plan is divided into five sections:
- Review—Skill set is introduced.
- Overview—Key information about the skill set is presented.
- Presentation—Specific skills are taught.
- Exercise—Trainees' learning is consolidated.
- Summary—Learning experience is reviewed.
The approach to skill training is Direct Skills Teaching. In a classroom setting, trainees learn how to
perform new skills from:
- The information that the trainer imparts to them about the skill.
- Observing examples of the skills being performed.
- Having opportunities to practice the skill.
In the lesson plan the knowledge presented is written as a "Tell," the examples as a "Show," and the
practice opportunities as a "Do."
Preparation is key in training. Trainers are encouraged to read relevant literature about Personal
Assistant Services as well as recovery and rehabilitation prior to the training. Trainers are
encouraged to learn about the people they will be training, their background, their experiences, and
While there is a sample schedule provided with each lesson plan, this is intended as a guide only, and
the trainer will need to give thought to the parameters of the particular training experience as they
plan their training schedule and prepare for the training session.
Training is a process and a trainer's ability to engage and respond to the trainees in the moment and
to modify the lesson plan as needed is key to a successful training experience. (Authors)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


The flag alters the validity checking behavior. The flags parameter is a bitfield with the following options:
 - 0 (default): Use usual OGC SFS (Simple Features Specification) validity semantics.
 - 1: "ESRI flag", Accepts certain self-touching rings as valid, which are considered invalid under OGC standards.
Formats:
ST_IsValidReason (A: Geometry)
ST_IsValidReason (A: Geometry, flag: Integer)
Since: v1.5.1
SQL Example for valid geometry:
SELECT ST_IsValidReason(ST_GeomFromWKT('POLYGON ((100 100, 100 300, 300 300, 300 100, 100 100))')) as validity_info
Output:
Valid Geometry
SQL Example for invalid geometries:
SELECT gid, ST_IsValidReason(geom) as validity_info
FROM Geometry_table
WHERE ST_IsValid(geom) = false
ORDER BY gid
Output:
gid | validity_info
-----+----------------------------------------------------
5330 | Self-intersection at or near point (32.0, 5.0, NaN)
5340 | Self-intersection at or near point (42.0, 5.0, NaN)
5350 | Self-intersection at or near point (52.0, 5.0, NaN)
ST_Length
Introduction: Return the perimeter of A
Format: ST_Length (A: Geometry)
Since: v1.0.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_Length(ST_GeomFromWKT('LINESTRING(38 16,38 50,65 50,66 16,38 16)'))
Output:
123.0147027033899
ST_LengthSpheroid
Introduction: Return the geodesic perimeter of A using WGS84 spheroid. Unit is meter. Works better for large geometries (country level) compared to ST_Length + ST_Transform. It is equivalent to PostGIS ST_Length(geography, use_spheroid=true) and ST_LengthSpheroid function and produces nearly identical results.
Geometry must be in EPSG:4326 (WGS84) projection and must be in lon/lat order. You can use ST_FlipCoordinates to swap lat and lon.
Note
By default, this function uses lon/lat order since v1.5.0. Before, it used lat/lon order.
Format: ST_LengthSpheroid (A: Geometry)
Since: v1.4.1
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_LengthSpheroid(ST_GeomFromWKT('Polygon ((0 0, 90 0, 0 0))'))
Output:
20037508.342789244
ST_LineFromMultiPoint
Introduction: Creates a LineString from a MultiPoint geometry.
Format: ST_LineFromMultiPoint (A: Geometry)
Since: v1.3.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_LineFromMultiPoint(ST_GeomFromText('MULTIPOINT((10 40), (40 30), (20 20), (30 10))'))
Output:
LINESTRING (10 40, 40 30, 20 20, 30 10)
ST_LineInterpolatePoint
Introduction: Returns a point interpolated along a line. First argument must be a LINESTRING. Second argument is a Double between 0 and 1 representing fraction of total linestring length the point has to be located.
Format: ST_LineInterpolatePoint (geom: Geometry, fraction: Double)
Since: v1.0.1
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_LineInterpolatePoint(ST_GeomFromWKT('LINESTRING(25 50, 100 125, 150 190)'), 0.2)
Output:
POINT (51.5974135047432 76.5974135047432)
ST_LineLocatePoint
Introduction: Returns a double between 0 and 1, representing the location of the closest point on the LineString as a fraction of its total length. The first argument must be a LINESTRING, and the second argument is a POINT geometry.
Format: ST_LineLocatePoint(linestring: Geometry, point: Geometry)
Since: v1.5.1
SQL Example:
SELECT ST_LineLocatePoint(ST_GeomFromWKT('LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 2 2)'), ST_GeomFromWKT('POINT(0 2)'))
Output:
0.5
ST_LineMerge
Introduction: Returns a LineString formed by sewing together the constituent line work of a MULTILINESTRING.
Note
Only works for MULTILINESTRING. Using other geometry will return a GEOMETRYCOLLECTION EMPTY. If the MultiLineString can't be merged, the original MULTILINESTRING is returned.
Format: ST_LineMerge (A: Geometry)
Since: v1.0.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_LineMerge(ST_GeomFromWKT('MULTILINESTRING ((-29 -27, -30 -29.7, -45 -33), (-45 -33, -46 -32))'))
Output:
LINESTRING (-29 -27, -30 -29.7, -45 -33, -46 -32)
ST_LineSubstring
Introduction: Return a linestring being a substring of the input one starting and ending at the given fractions of total 2d length. Second and third arguments are Double values between 0 and 1. This only works with LINESTRINGs.
Format:
ST_LineSubstring (geom: Geometry, startfraction: Double, endfraction: Double)
Since: v1.0.1
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_LineSubstring(ST_GeomFromWKT('LINESTRING(25 50, 100 125, 150 190)'), 0.333, 0.666)
Output:
LINESTRING (69.28469348539744 94.28469348539744, 100 125, 111.70035626068274 140.21046313888758)
ST_MakeLine
Introduction: Creates a LineString containing the points of Point, MultiPoint, or LineString geometries. Other geometry types cause an error.
Format:
ST_MakeLine(geom1: Geometry, geom2: Geometry)
ST_MakeLine(geoms: ARRAY[Geometry])
Since: v1.5.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_AsText( ST_MakeLine(ST_Point(1,2), ST_Point(3,4)) );
Output:
LINESTRING(1 2,3 4)
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_AsText( ST_MakeLine( 'LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1)', 'LINESTRING(2 2, 3 3)' ) );
Output:
 LINESTRING(0 0,1 1,2 2,3 3)
ST_MakePolygon
Introduction: Function to convert closed linestring to polygon including holes
Format: ST_MakePolygon(geom: Geometry, holes: ARRAY[Geometry])
Since: v1.1.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_MakePolygon(
 ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(7 -1, 7 6, 9 6, 9 1, 7 -1)'),
 ARRAY(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(6 2, 8 2, 8 1, 6 1, 6 2)'))
 )
Output:
POLYGON ((7 -1, 7 6, 9 6, 9 1, 7 -1), (6 2, 8 2, 8 1, 6 1, 6 2))
ST_MakeValid
Introduction: Given an invalid geometry, create a valid representation of the geometry.
Collapsed geometries are either converted to empty (keepCollapsed=true) or a valid geometry of lower dimension (keepCollapsed=false). Default is keepCollapsed=false.
Format:
ST_MakeValid (A: Geometry)
ST_MakeValid (A: Geometry, keepCollapsed: Boolean)
Since: v1.0.0
Spark SQL Example:
WITH linestring AS (
 SELECT ST_GeomFromWKT('LINESTRING(1 1, 1 1)') AS geom
) SELECT ST_MakeValid(geom), ST_MakeValid(geom, true) FROM linestring
Result:
+------------------+------------------------+
|st_makevalid(geom)|st_makevalid(geo


text:
Date of this Version
Children and Youth Services Review 34 (2012), pp. 1344–1350; doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.03.010
Though few studies exist on service utilization among homeless youth in the U.S., services are important because without them, many of these young people may resort to delinquent strategies in order to meet their daily survival needs. The current study examines frequency and correlates of service utilization (i.e., shelters, food programs, street outreach, counseling, STI and HIV testing) among a sample of 249 homeless youth ages 14 to 21. Multivariate analysis revealed significant differences in service usage by sex, age, and sexual orientation. Experiencing family physical and/or sexual abuse, being kicked out of the family home, spending more nights per week sleeping on the street, and having ever stayed in a group home facility were significant correlates of homeless youths' service usage.


Eder single or multiclass
graz dating app
The mind itself, and eder single or multiclass state of consciousness humans find themselves in, is integral to mental health and wellbeing, therefore, there is a focus on the mind and consciousness as it relates to psychology, psychotherapy, and the pursuit of happiness. There is much that is unseen or still unknown in our world, yet as time progresses, more is being discovered in the field of science, so this has formed another part of the singles hannover kostenlos pursued by the website.
The universe has fascinated man for eons, so astronomy, cosmology and UFO's are included in the categories.
eder single or multiclass
It was felt that a place was eder single or multiclass that brought together divergent interests such as politics and government, economics and banking, technology, and the impact this has had on the Earth's climate and ecosystems. The founders believe in objectivity, supported by research and reference material where appropriate, and as a result, information shared on the website strives to be balanced and unbiased, but informative.
It is hoped the reader will leave the website having gained further knowledge about a subject of their interest.
eder single or multiclass dating magdeburg
Nützlich themen.


text:
A-6. Portfolio Review
Target Group: Basic BSN and RN-BSN Students
Policy Type: Revision
To establish a mechanism for assessing, validating and evaluating prior learning in order to award course credit or exemption for undergraduate nursing courses. The portfolio provides evidence that students have acquired the content and skills through prior learning and/or practice experiences.
- Students may validate prior learning (academic work or professional experience) by preparing a portfolio to demonstrate acquisition of content and skills commensurate with outcomes, competencies or objectives of a specific course.
- The portfolio option may be used for a course(s) as long as it does not interfere with other university or school course/credit hour policies related to progression or graduation.
- Portfolio courses are graded as satisfactory (S) or Failure (F). Students who are successful in the portfolio process will be awarded "special credit" for the course in question through the Indiana University Special Credit process.
- To receive portfolio credit, students must be in good academic standing and demonstrate satisfactory progression toward degree requirements.
- Undergraduate students must complete a minimum of 30 credit hours on the campus awarding the degree. Courses/credits which are reviewed for portfolio credit do not count toward undergraduate residency requirements.
- Faculty reserve the right to determine if the student is eligible for the Portfolio alternative. This option will not be entertained when, in the faculty's expert judgment, student learning might be compromised.
- The success of the portfolio depends on the students' ability to present sufficient related materials that meet course objectives/competencies and critical learning experiences.
- The student is responsible for discussing the portfolio option with the nursing advisor prior to contacting the faculty teaching the course for which they are seeking portfolio review. The advisor will assist the student to identify the appropriate instructor.
- Complete the portfolio review form that can be obtained from the Academic Advisor.
- Students pursuing the portfolio option must register for the one credit hour NURS-Z480 BSN Portfolio Review for Course Substitution the semester before the course is required to be taken.
- During Z 480 the faculty and student will determine the feasibility of pursuing the portfolio option. Students will be informed of:
- the portfolio process, the required outcomes, portfolio content.
- the faculty role in assisting the student through the portfolio review process.
- the time frame for completing the portfolio, conducting the review, and making the decision to accept or deny the portfolio.
- Students are required to submit a completed portfolio to the assigned faculty in a three-ring binder and clearly labeled. If more than one course is involved; the documentation for each course should be bound separately.
- Specific documentation materials are required for portfolio validation. Additional supporting data may be provided as appropriate to the course. Required documentation includes:
- A cover page indicating the course for which the portfolio is prepared.
- Content from prior course(s), work experience and professional experience used for validation. If previous academic work is used, the following should be included: course objectives/outcomes, course content outline, assignments (including required readings), number of didactic and clinical hours and performance evaluations if course grade was pass/fail. Dates of experiences must be included.
- If previous work and/or professional experience is used as part, indicate how information on the vitae relates to validation of specific course objectives. Date(s) of experiences must be included. Possible experiences to consider include:
- Level of participation in committees (unit/department, professional, and community); level of participation in professional organizations and other activity which reflects the course outcomes.
- Professional development activities; e.g., workshops attended for CE credit, staff development offerings, professional organization conferences, independent study.
- Professional presentations, e.g., keynote, panelist, poster, etc. Indicate if data based and selection was referred.
- Level of participation in projects including role, specific responsibilities and funding source if applicable.
- Publications including information regarding data based and refereed articles.
- Certifications and other honors.
- Copies of documents that relate to philosophy, goals, objectives, job descriptions, policies, etc., may be submitted as evidence. Date(s) of experiences must be included.
- Letters from colleagues, administrators, supervisors and faculty documenting experiences. Date(s) of experiences must be included.
- A written narrative describing how all materials submitted support the achievement of the course objectives.
NOTE: The list above does not represent an exhaustive list of acceptable documents. Students may submit other supporting evidence.
- The portfolio will be reviewed by content experts associated with the designated course. The individual(s) reviewing portfolio materials may request a personal interview or more materials to gather additional information.
- Portfolio decisions will be formally documented in the student's record. Students who are successful in the portfolio process will be awarded "special credit" for the course in question through the Indiana University Special Credit process.
- The portfolio will be reviewed by faculty with teaching expertise in the practice area(s) to be validated. The faculty will make a recommendation for approval to the Admission, Progression, Graduation (APG) committee. The process should be completed in a timely fashion.
- The APG committee may:
- Award special credit for the course petitioned based on the evidence provided.
- Request that the course be approved with minor additional requirements.
- Deny special credit because the evidence presented was not strong enough to validate course objectives/outcomes. The student will then be informed that he/she must register for and successfully complete the designated course.
- Require the student to register for the course or for independent credit and complete, with the assistance of the faculty, outcomes/objectives not met in the portfolio.
- The portfolio review decision is forwarded to the Dean of the School of Nursing.
- The Academic advisor will facilitate the awarding of special credit on the student's transcript.
Effective Date: Spring 1987
Approved by: Admission, Progression, Graduation Committee: February 8, 2010
Approved by: Council of Nursing Faculty: March 15, 2010
- A-1 Academic Standing for Students Enrolled in the Nursing Major
- A-2 Baccalaureate Admission Policy
- A-3 Calculating Grade Point Averages for Students Applying to the BSN Program
- A-4 Academically At-Risk Students
- A-5 Admission and Readmission Practices
- A-6 Portfolio Review
- A-7 Special Credit / Advanced Standing

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Weight class (boxing)
In boxing, a weight class is a standardized weight range for boxers. The lower limit of a weight class is equal to the upper weight limit of the class below it. The top class, with no upper limit, is called heavyweight in professional boxing and super heavyweight in amateur boxing. A boxing match is usually scheduled for a fixed weight class, and each boxer's weight must not exceed the upper limit. An amateur boxer's weight must in addition not fall below the lower limit, although pro boxers may fight above their weight class. A nonstandard weight limit is called a catch weight.
The weigh-in
A professional boxer typically weighs more between fights than at the time of a fight. Part of the process of training for a bout is "getting down to fighting weight". The weigh-in takes place the day before the fight. Boxers typically stand on the scales barefoot and without gloves. The weigh-in is often a photo opportunity and boxers or their entourage may trash talk each other. This element is such a valued part of the build-up that heavyweight boxers go through the ritual of being weighed even though there is no limit to be measured against, even where there appears to be genuine animosity between boxers.
A boxer who is over the weight limit may strip naked to make the weight if the excess is minimal; otherwise, in a professional bout, one can try again later, typically after losing weight in the interim through dehydration by vigorous exercise in a steam room. If the excess weight is too great, the effort expended trying to "make weight" will make the boxer unfit for the fight itself. In such cases, the fight may be cancelled, with the over weight boxer sanctioned; or the fight may proceed as a catch weight non-title fight.
An amateur boxer must make the weight at the initial weigh-in; there is no opportunity to try again later. There is a "general weigh-in" before the start of the tournament and a "daily weigh-in" on the morning of each of a fighter's bouts. At the general weigh-in, the fighter must be between the weight class's upper and lower limits; at the daily weigh-in only the upper limit is enforced. A fighter outside the limit at the initial weigh-in may be allowed to fight in a different class if there is space in the tournament. At major events such as boxing at the Olympics, there is a limit of one boxer per country per weight class.
A boxer may fight different bouts at different weight classes. The trend for professionals is to move up to a higher class as they age. Winning titles at multiple weight classes to become a "multiple champion" is considered a major achievement. In amateur boxing, bouts are much shorter and much more frequent, and boxers fight at their "natural" weight.
One boxer is said to be better "pound for pound" than another if he is considered superior with due regard for their difference in weight. Theoretical comparisons of the merits of boxers in different weight classes are a popular topic for boxing fans, with a similar speculative appeal to comparing sports figures from different eras; in both cases, the competitors could never face each other in reality.
In the early nineteenth century, there were no standard weight classes. In 1823, the Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue said the limit for a "light weight" was 12 stone (168 lb) while Sportsman's Slang the same year gave 11 stone (154 lb) as the limit. Size mismatches were dangerous for the smaller boxer and unsatisfying for the spectators. National and world titles could only become recognised if standard weight classes were agreed upon. Important sets of weight classes were those specified in 1909 by the National Sporting Club of London, and those contained in the 1920 Walker Law which established the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC).
After the split in the 1960s between the WBC and the WBA, the divisions were narrowed, creating more champions simultaneously, and making it easier for fighters to move between different weight divisions. Among the professional bodies, the names of the new divisions are not standardized between different sanctioning bodies, although the cutoff weights are. These weights are specified in pounds, reflecting the historic dominance of America (and, earlier, Britain) in the sport.
Catch weight
A nonstandard weight limit is called a catch weight. A catch weight may be agreed for an individual bout—sometimes even for a championship bout—but championships are awarded only at the standard weight classes. For example, when Manny Pacquiao fought Miguel Cotto at a catch-weight of 145 pounds, the World Boxing Organization sanctioned this as a title fight for welterweight, whose limit is 147 pounds.
Professional boxing
The date is that since which a continuous world title has been recognised by a major sanctioning body; some classes had earlier champions recognised intermittently or by minor bodies. One current weight class with only minor recognition is "super-cruiserweight"; widely used as an informal descriptor, it is a formal weight class of the lightly regarded (professional) International Boxing Association at a limit of 210 lb; the IBA's cruiserweight limit is 190 lb.
(lb / kg / stone)
|200 / 90.7 / 14 st 4||1980[t 1]||Cruiserweight||Cruiserweight||Cruiserweight||Junior heavyweight||Cruiserweight|
|175 / 79.4 / 12½ st||1913||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight||Light heavyweight|
|168 / 76.2 / 12 st||1984||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight||Super middleweight|
|160 / 72.5 / 11 st 6||1884||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight||Middleweight|
|154 / 69.9 / 11 st||1962||Super welterweight||Super welterweight||Junior middleweight||Junior middleweight||Light middleweight|
|147 / 66.7 / 10½ st||1914||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight||Welterweight|
|140 / 63.5 / 10 st||1959||Super lightweight||Super lightweight||Junior welterweight||Junior welterweight||Light welterweight|
|135 / 61.2 / 9 st 9||1886||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight||Lightweight|
|130 / 59.0 / 9 st 4||1959||Super featherweight||Super featherweight||Junior lightweight||Junior lightweight||Super featherweight|
|126 / 57.2 / 9 st||1889||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight||Featherweight|
|122 / 55.3 / 8 st 10||1976||Super bantamweight||Super bantamweight||Junior featherweight||Junior featherweight||Super bantamweight|
|118 / 53.5 / 8 st 6||1894||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight||Bantamweight|
|115 / 52.2 / 8 st 3||1980||Super flyweight||Super flyweight||Junior bantamweight||Junior bantamweight||Super flyweight|
|112 / 50.8 / 8 st||1911||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight||Flyweight|
|108 / 49.0 / 7 st 10||1975||Light flyweight||Light flyweight||Junior flyweight||Junior flyweight||Light flyweight|
|105 / 47.6 / 7½ st||1987||Minimumweight||Strawweight||Mini flyweight||Mini flyweight||Minimumweight|
- Original limit 190 lb; raised to 200 lb in 2003
Amateur boxing
When the (amateur) International Boxing Association (AIBA) was founded in 1946 to govern amateur boxing, it metricated the weight class limits by rounding them to the nearest kilogram. Subsequent alterations as outlined in the boxing at the Summer Olympics article; these have introduced further discrepancies between amateur and professional class limits and names. The lower weight classes are to be adjusted in September 2010, to establish an absolute minimum weight for adult boxers.
Amateur weight classes also specify the minimum weight (which the same as the maximum weight of the next highest class). For safety reasons, fighters cannot fight at a higher weight. This also meant that even the heaviest weight class has a limit, albeit a lower bound. The lower limit for "heavyweight" was established in 1948 at 81 kg. When a new limit of 91+ kg was established in 1984, the name "heavyweight" was kept by the 81+ kg class, and the 91+ kg class was named "super heavyweight", a name not currently used in professional boxing.
Classes are as follows:
|Class name||Weight class limit (kg)|
At the Olympics, each weight-class is a separate single-elimination tournament. The competition begins with the first round of the lightest weight class and proceeds with the first round of each higher weight class; then the next round of the lightest class, and so on, with the finals of each class held over the final two days, and the super-heavyweight final last of all.
- AIBA, Technical & Competition Rules, §1.2 & Appendix K
- AIBA,


Current Projects: Americana Engine (Game Engine Development)
Tuesday, January 5, 2016
Superhuman, Chess Pieces, and Binary Code
The first performance of the Jan 4 premiere of Superhuman has Zoe Wheeler reciting from memory the sequence of 60 chess pieces (30 white, 30 black). Only there are two types of pieces to memorize: a King (White) and Queen (Black). A 0 or a 1. Binary Code.
Although there are over 1 trillion combinations (more like 118 quadrillion) that figure need not apply here.
Memorizing 60 1's and 0's might be a difficult task, but there are ways to cut down on the memorization significantly.
There are various methods of memorizing groups of binary code, including hexadecimal (grouping four 1/0s together to get 0-9, a-f), and base64 (grouping six 1/0s together to produce a letter or a number). I use the latter since I can memorize a string of 10 letters/numbers easier than other options.
Base 64 Summary:
A set of six 0 and 1's (64 possible combinations) are grouped together to form a single letter or number (A-Z, a-z, 0-9). Two more characters are used for the binary values of 63 and 64 since the total number of letters and numbers = 26+26+10 = 62. There aren't a string of seven black/white pieces in a row, so they can be skipped for the purposes of memorizing this.
The order the pieces are laid out are as follows (Treating a white piece as a 1, with the piece closest to her as the first):
100101 001001 010010 001001 010100 111010 110110 001010 111001 101101
This can be encoded to base 64 as follows:
37 9 18 9 24 58 54 10 57 45
kIRIT 51J4s
Now it's a matter of memorizing this string, converting it back to binary, and reciting it... in front of a live audience.


%0 Journal Article %T The Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on Quality of Life Among Patients with Hepatitis B %G en %J Mod Care J %V 15 %N 3 %9 Research Article %I Neoscriber Demo Publisher %U _URL_ %@ 2423-7876 %X Background and Objectives: Hepatitis B is associated with different physical and psychological complications. This study sought to evaluate the effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on the quality of life among patients with hepatitis B. %X Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 60 patients with hepatitis B were conveniently recruited from a private infectious disease clinic in Birjand, Iran. The patients were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 30) or an intervention (n = 30) group. Patients in the intervention group received cognitive behavioral therapy in eight 45-minute sessions while their counterparts received no cognitive behavioral therapy. All patients completed the 36-item Short Form Survey both before and after the intervention. The SPSS software (v. 15.0) was used to analyze the data by running the paired-sample t, independent-sample t, Wilcoxon signed-rank, and Mann-Whitney U test at a significance level of less than 0.05. %X Results: In the intervention group, the scores of the social functioning and general health domains of quality of life significantly decreased while the score of the emotional well-being domain significantly increased after the intervention (P < 0.05). However, the mean scores of the other domains did not change significantly (P > 0.05). Moreover, in the control group, the scores of quality of life and its social functioning and general health domains significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the scores of the other dimensions did not change significantly (P > 0.05). The groups did not significantly differ from each other respecting the pretest-posttest mean scores of the quality of life and its domains (P > 0.05). %X Conclusions: This study suggests that cognitive behavioral therapy has no significant effect on the quality of life but significantly improves emotional well-being among patients with hepatitis B. %K Hepatitis B %K Quality of Life %K Cognitive Behavioral Therapy %A Riyahi, N. %A Ziaee, M. %A Dastjerdi, R. %R 10.5812/modernc.82748 %D 2018 %7 2018-08-01 %> _URL_ %P e82748


text:
Features and Benefits
EMU was developed to provide an intuitive interface to manage, modify and import large numbers of users. Originally developed as a tool to import and modify users for schools, universities and colleges, EMU is more than just a series of batch files or individual utilities. EMU has evolved into a fully-fledged application that eases the administrative burden for all eDirectory, NetWare, GroupWise, and NetMail administrators who deal with large numbers of accounts.
- Easy to use, intuitive workstation application
- Bulk create/modify NetMail attributes (includes automatically creating and setting Sent Folder values and Message Store Settings)
- Bulk modify maximum concurrent connections
- Significant speed improvement with dealing with groups of more than 5,000 users.
- Select/modify/delete accounts based on last login time. Selectable parameters for number of days since last login time, never logged in, not used in X days, etc.
- Supports extended eDirectory schemas and changing extended schema values from a text file.
- Bulk change eDirectory values for existing users from text file
- Scan for duplicate eDirectory/GroupWise accounts or Home Directories entries when creating accounts. Rename duplicates on the fly and have them automatically verified.
- Automatically append a number to accounts that would otherwise conflict. Ability to change the duplicate accounts to a name of your choice.
- Save new, non-conflicting user names to a text file for future reference.
- Ability to bulk modify NDS and/or GroupWise passwords based on the contents of a text file.
- Ability to select and bulk modify accounts and account information based on the contents of a text file.
- Support for managing Novell NetMail user preference settings
- Create and copy files to "Secondary" home directories (directories in another location with "home directory" Trustee Assignments and file ownership)
- Set Trustee Assignments for Home Directories (and Secondary Home Directories) - at creation and during mass modification
- Ability to mass copy files or directories into home directories
- Move user home directories to other volumes - keeps Trustee Assignments, File Ownership and Disk Restriction information
- Check for duplicate user names in specific containers (or the entire tree) before creating user IDs
- Enhanced ability to modify users based on the contents of a text file
- Bulk modify user properties based on Group Membership
- Add and delete Group Membership at the same time
- Bulk modify GroupWise visibility
- Bulk modify GroupWise and NDS passwords
- Create GroupWise users for existing NDS users
- Ability to save all create information to an EMU profile - a powerful improvement on the concept of user templates. Allows you to re-use the field links for multiple import sessions.
EMU drives value to the bottom line by freeing up your advanced network administrators to carry more critical tasks than managing user accounts. By using EMU to carry out identity management bulk changes, network administrators from schools, school districts, colleges, universities and large enterprise networks are able to focus on the more pressing tasks of increasing the Return On Investment and offering additional and improved services to their users.
Short turn-arounds between semesters and bulk account creation or deletion have never been easier than with EMU.
EMU helps your company save time, energy and effort. It allows your administrators to focus on upper level tasks rather than user creation and modification tasks.
Better and faster user creation and management - better results!


text:
Humanistic Spirit and Scholarship Value of Ancient Chinese Scholars
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The humanistic spirit of ancient Chinese scholars can also be understood as the spirit of learning. It is said in "The Note of Learning" that " If jade is not polished, it cannot become a thing of use. If a man does not learn, he cannot know his duty." It shows that what ancient people advocated in the underdeveloped natural science and social science was still a learning spirit of reading changes life. There are very few serious scholars. Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism and Mohism all embodied the idea of "people-centered", they think of man as the center of the universe or take man as a small universe. To a certain extent, this kind of philosophy has influenced ancient Chinese scholars to pursue the maximization of human value, and has also beautified the energy of human being as the center of the universe. It has also played an important role in the formation of humanistic spirit, such as "The Theory of Zhouyi", "Analects of Confucius", "The Book of History" and "Filial Piety", thereby embodying this humanistic spirit into scholarship value. This paper discusses the origin of humanities, the formation of humanistic spirit and the embodiment of the value of ancient scholarship.
Ancient chinese scholars; Humanistic spirit; Scholarship value


Balaram Varma II
10 May 2019 Fri
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma also known as Bala Ram Varma II had ruled the princely state Travancore from 1912 CE to 1991 CE. He was the last ruling Maharaja of Princely State Travancore. He became the Maharaja of Travancore at the age of 12, after the death of his uncle. The reign of Balaram Varma II had witnessed much progress in Travancore. During his reign, he had passed the famous Temple Entry Proclamation in the year 1936 CE. He had also established the University of Travancore (now the University of Kerala) in 1937 CE. According to the one of the journal 'Samyukta' it had recorded that during this reign 40% of the revenue was set apart for education.
After Independence of India in 1947 CE, Bala Ram Varma II chose his domain as an independent country. As this was unacceptable to the Government of India, so some negotiation was held between Indian representative and Maharaja Bala Ram Varma II. In the year 1949, a final agreement was made where Bala Ram Varma agreed to merge Travancore as a part of Union of India.
Image Courtesy: Todywalla Auction
Knowledge Base


text:
don't. In the end, many educators believe that an MBA can be too flexible or too fast to meet the educational needs of students.
In fact, many educators disagree about just how fast an MBA can be delivered before its quality is compromised. Although some argue that the optimum duration is the traditional 24 months, others assert that, under the right circumstances and for students with the right experience already in hand, a full-time equivalent MBA can be offered in an accelerated format of 12 months or even less. Students often flock to accelerated MBA programs, intrigued by the prospect of earning their degrees in less time. But while these programs are becoming increasingly popular, many educators worry that some providers could take the concept too far.
"The competition for students has become so intense that some providers may design programs that short-circuit the value of an MBA education," says Danko of Villanova. "When I see ads that say, 'Get an MBA in 12 months, part-time,' I worry whether those programs have enough content to be effective."
Many institutions are testing the accelerated concept to find how—and whether—a form of the accelerated model might fit into their curricula. Some schools have tried it and just as quickly decided to phase it out. The University of Denver's Daniels College of Business in Colorado, for example, began its one-year accelerated MBA program in 2000 and stopped accepting applications to the program in 2002. Stephen Haag, associate dean of graduate programs at Daniels College, explains that the format simply required too many compromises.
"We felt the program helped students develop solid knowledge in the classroom, but its one-year format required us to set aside many opportunities for experiential learning, such as our three-day outdoor leadership experience, dinners, case competitions, and internships," he says. "We could have made it successful from a numbers standpoint, but it just wasn't consistent with our philosophy."
On the other hand, some schools have designed accelerated programs that they find strikes the right balance between benefiting students and maintaining their educational standards. For Babson College in Babson Park, Massachusetts, the speed limit for its part-time Fast Track MBA program is 24 months, instead of the four to five years it takes to complete its part-time evening program. Babson faculty wanted to design a program that allows working adults to complete a part-time MBA more quickly but that still maintains the rigor and requirements of the school's other MBA options, says Stephen Laster, director of curriculum innovation and technology at Babson College.
"When we designed the two-year, part-time Fast Track, we started with our learning objectives and expectations for our students. We then worked back to the 24-month time frame," says Laster. "All students at the master's level receive a Babson MBA, no matter which program they complete. We make certain that all our MBA programs are of the same quality."
And then there are schools that are holding fast to the traditional full-time, two-year format. This places them, somewhat ironically, into a niche market, serving those students who want to focus their full attention on their education, without the demands of a day job. For example, Dartmouth College's Tuck School of Business in Hanover, New Hampshire, as well as Harvard Business School and MIT's Sloan School of Business, both in Cambridge, Massachusetts, offer only the traditional MBA, offering no EMBA or part-time options.
Others, like IESE Business School at the University of Navarra in Barcelona, Spain, offer part-time executive MBA programs, but only through a series of two-week, full-time modules that require students to leave their jobs for two weeks at a time. And its MBA is delivered only one way—two-year, full-time. "We think it's a better educational process for our students. Full-time programs work at a slower pace and are more comprehensive," says Jordi Canals, dean of IESE. "They offer students the chance to reflect more on what they learn."
Canals admits that part-time MBAs and EMBAs do offer students advantages. "Part-time evening and weekend programs can have lower opportunity costs. In addition, they allow students to implement what they learn more readily at their jobs," says Canals. "But full-time programs offer students more time to process the information. There will always be a tradeoff."
Innovations, Not Compromises
The tradeoffs between alternative MBA formats and their traditionally delivered counterparts may be unavoidable, but they are providing business schools with fertile ground to cultivate new approaches to MBA education. New MBA formats of all types, educators predict, will be more technology-enabled and less defined by a strict timetable. "With the executive MBA program, we moved from a time-bound format to a largely time-free format," says Hall of the Lubin School. "Students have more control over when and where their learning happens."
Most educators agree with Hall that the MBA itself is not a constant—it must respond to the changing dynamics of the marketplace. "I don't think that anyone has proven beyond a reasonable doubt that you need exactly 60 credits for an MBA, or that you must earn them in this sequence or within this period of time," says Danko of Villanova. "We don't have to be locked into that model."
Baczko of the Lubin School agrees. "The two-year program is here to stay," he says. "But it's not the only way to deliver an MBA."
Although debate will continue over where nontraditional MBA formats will eventually lead, most agree on two points: Their popularity will continue to grow, and business schools will continue to offer new options. Still, as students decide on the level of flexibility that best suits their objectives, so too will business schools decide on the level of quality, rigor, and interaction they want to offer. That scenario could present an exciting challenge to business educators, as they work to create more innovative programs to meet students' constantly changing needs without sacrificing quality, or reputation, in the process.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Help: server
The "server" command:
Usage: fossil server?OPTIONS??REPOSITORY?
or: fossil ui?OPTIONS??REPOSITORY?
Open a socket and begin listening and responding to HTTP requests on TCP port 8080, or on any other TCP port defined by the -P or --port option. The optional argument is the name of the repository. The repository argument may be omitted if the working directory is within an open checkout.
The "ui" command automatically starts a web browser after initializing the web server. The "ui" command also binds to and so will only process HTTP traffic from the local machine.
The REPOSITORY can be a directory (aka folder) that contains one or more repositories with names ending in ".fossil". In this case, a prefix of the URL pathname is used to search the directory for an appropriate repository. To thwart mischief, the pathname in the URL must contain only alphanumerics, "_", "/", "-", and ".", and no "-" may occur after "/", and every "." must be surrounded on both sides by alphanumerics. Any pathname that does not satisfy these constraints results in a 404 error. Files in REPOSITORY that match the comma-separated list of glob patterns given by --files and that have known suffixes such as ".txt" or ".html" or ".jpeg" and do not match the pattern "*.fossil*" will be served as static content. With the "ui" command, the REPOSITORY can only be a directory if the --notfound option is also present.
For the special case REPOSITORY name of "/", the list global configuration database is consulted for a list of all known repositories. The --repolist option is implied by this special case. See also the "fossil all ui" command.
By default, the "ui" command provides full administrative access without having to log in. This can be disabled by turning off the "localauth" setting. Automatic login for the "server" command is available if the --localauth option is present and the "localauth" setting is off and the connection is from localhost. The "ui" command also enables --repolist by default.
--baseurl URL
Use URL as the base (useful for reverse proxies)
Create a new REPOSITORY if it does not already exist
--extroot DIR
Document root for the /ext extension mechanism
--files GLOBLIST
Comma-separated list of glob patterns for static files
enable automatic login for requests from localhost
listen on only (always true for "ui")
Indicates that the input is coming through a reverse proxy that has already translated HTTPS into HTTP.
--jsmode MODE
Determine how JavaScript is delivered with pages. Mode can be one of:
All JavaScript is inserted inline at the end of the HTML file.
Separate HTTP requests are made for each JavaScript file.
One single separate HTTP fetches all JavaScript concatenated together.
Depending on the needs of any given page, inline and bundled modes might result in a single amalgamated script or several, but both approaches result in fewer HTTP requests than the separate mode.
--max-latency N
Do not let any single HTTP request run for more than N seconds (only works on unix)
Do not compress HTTP replies
Drop root privileges but do not enter the chroot jail
signal that no SSL connections are available (Always set by default for the "ui" command)
--notfound URL
--page PAGE
Start "ui" on PAGE. ex: --page "timeline?y=ci"
-P|--port TCPPORT
listen to request on port TCPPORT
trace TH1 execution (for debugging purposes)
If REPOSITORY is dir, URL "/" lists repos.
Accept SCGI rather than HTTP
--skin LABEL
Use override skin LABEL
Use saved encryption key from parent process. This is only necessary when using SEE on Windows.
See also: cgi, http, winsrv


Definition of Achromat. Meaning of Achromat. Synonyms of Achromat
Definition of Achromat. Meaning of Achromat. Synonyms of Achromat
Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word Achromat. Also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word Achromat and, of course, Achromat synonyms and on the right images related to the word Achromat.
Definition of Achromat
No result for Achromat. Showing similar results...
Achromatically
Achromatically Ach'ro*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. In an achromatic manner.
Achromaticity
Achromaticity Ach'ro*ma*tic"i*ty, n. Achromatism.
Achromatin
Achromatin A*chro"ma*tin, n. (Biol.) Tissue which is not stained by fluid dyes. --W. Flemming.
Achromatism
Achromatism A*chro"ma*tism, n. [Cf. F. achromatisme.] The state or quality of being achromatic; as, the achromatism of a lens; achromaticity. --Nichol.
Achromatization
Achromatization A*chro'ma*ti*za"tion, n. [Cf. F. achromatisation.] The act or process of achromatizing.
Achromatous
Achromatous A*chro"ma*tous, a. [See Ahromatic.] Lacking, or deficient in, color; as, achromatous blood.
Meaning of Achromat from wikipedia
- An achromatic lens or achromat is a lens that is designed to limit the effects of chromatic and spherical aberration. Achromatic lenses are corrected to...
- wavelengths are), and an achromat made with sufficiently low dispersion gl**** can yield significantly better correction than an achromat made with more conventional...
- costly fluorite gl****es and to very tight tolerances. Photographic lens Achromat Apochromat Herzberger, M., and N. McClure, The design of superachromatic...
- correction of chromatic and spherical aberration than the much more common achromat lenses. Chromatic aberration is the phenomenon of different colors focusing...
- frequency sound reproduction Chasman–Green lattice, common name double bend achromat De Bellis Antiquitatis, a tabletop wargame Dalbandin Airport IATA code...
- 61 cm (24″) achromat Arizona, USA 1896 Halstead Observatory 58.4 cm (23″) achromat Princeton, USA 1881 Chamberlin Observatory 50 cm (20″) achromat Colorado...
- noted as having made the first twin color corrected lens in 1730. Dollond achromats were quite po****r in the 18th century. A major appeal was they could...
- the achromat section, two quadrupole triplets for the adjustment of beam sizes in the long straight sections, and four ****tupoles in the achromat section...
- that the object-gl****es of telescopes must forever remain imperfect, achromatism and refraction being incompatible. This inference was proved by Dollond...
- and 28×. In order to achieve a 28× magnification, five elements in three groups are required: Two cemented achromat doublets and one plano-convex lens...
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text:
Negative Temperature Programming using Microwave Gas Chromatography
MetadataShow full item record
The microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum lies between the infrared radiation and radio frequency region and corresponds to wavelengths of 1 cm to 1 m (frequencies of 30 GHz to 300 MHz respectively). Gaisford and Walters developed the microwave GC oven in 2000, which operated at 919 MHz. The microwave GC oven has been engineered to generate a uniform microwave field around an open tubular capillary column with elimination of cold spots which are common in a domestic microwave oven. Only the column is heated in a microwave GC oven. In microwave GC, ramp rates in excess of 6 degree/sec, isotherms as high as 450 degree, and 1 min cool-down times from 300 to 50 degree can be achieved. In conventional GC, only positive temperature programming is used because the oven cools down slowly due to the great thermal mass of the oven. Short cool-down time in microwave-heating GC makes it possible to employ negative temperature programming for the separation of compounds during the process. The theory and feasibility of negative temperature programming in microwave GC were investigated in this research. Negative temperature programming was employed to analyze and quantitate four different critical pairs of non-volatile and volatile compounds. The influence of cooling rate, holding time, and reheating rate in negative temperature programs for enhanced resolution were investigated. The results obtained from negative temperature programming were compared to those from positive temperature programming. Negative temperature programming afforded greater resolution of critical pairs of analytes.
- Masters Theses


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DataTable.Load Method
Fills a DataTable with values from a data source using the supplied IDataReader. If the DataTable already contains rows, the incoming data from the data source is merged with the existing rows.
This member is overloaded. For complete information about this member, including syntax, usage, and examples, click a name in the overload list.
 Name Description
Public method Supported by the XNA Framework Load(IDataReader) Fills a DataTable with values from a data source using the supplied IDataReader. If the DataTable already contains rows, the incoming data from the data source is merged with the existing rows.
Public method Supported by the XNA Framework Load(IDataReader, LoadOption) Fills a DataTable with values from a data source using the supplied IDataReader. If the DataTable already contains rows, the incoming data from the data source is merged with the existing rows according to the value of the loadOption parameter.
Public method Supported by the XNA Framework Load(IDataReader, LoadOption, FillErrorEventHandler) Fills a DataTable with values from a data source using the supplied IDataReader using an error-handling delegate.
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The Load method can be used in several common scenarios, all centered around getting data from a specified data source and adding it to the current data container (in this case, a DataTable). These scenarios describe standard usage for a DataTable, describing its update and merge behavior.
A DataTable synchronizes or updates with a single primary data source. The DataTable tracks changes, allowing synchronization with the primary data source. In addition, a DataTable can accept incremental data from one or more secondary data sources. The DataTable isn't responsible for tracking changes in order to allow synchronization with the secondary data source.
Given these two hypothetical data sources, a user is likely to require one of the following behaviors:
 - Initialize DataTable from a primary data source. In this scenario, the user wants to initialize an empty DataTable with values from the primary data source. Later the user intends to propagate changes back to the primary data source.
 - Preserve changes and re-synchronize from the primary data source. In this scenario, the user wants to take the DataTable filled in the previous scenario and perform an incremental synchronization with the primary data source, preserving modifications made in the DataTable.
 - Incremental data feed from secondary data sources. In this scenario, the user wants to merge changes from one or more secondary data sources, and propagate those changes back to the primary data source.
The Load method makes all these scenarios possible. All but one of the overloads for this method allows you to specify a load option parameter, indicating how rows already in a DataTable combine with rows being loaded. (The overload that doesn't allow you to specify the behavior uses the default load option.) The following table describes the three load options provided by the LoadOption enumeration. In each case, the description indicates the behavior when the primary key of a row in the incoming data matches the primary key of an existing row.
Load Option
Description
PreserveChanges (default)
Updates the original version of the row with the value of the incoming row.
OverwriteChanges
Updates the current and original versions of the row with the value of the incoming row.
Upsert
Updates the current version of the row with the value of the incoming row.
In general, the PreserveChanges and OverwriteChanges options are intended for scenarios in which the user needs to synchronize the DataSet and its changes with the primary data source. The Upsert option facilitates aggregating changes from one or more secondary data sources.
The following example demonstrates several of the issues involved with calling the Load method. First, the example focuses on schema issues, including inferring a schema from the loaded IDataReader, and then handling incompatible schemas, and schemas with missing or additional columns. The example then focuses on data issues, including handling the various loading options.
Note Note
This example shows how to use one of the overloaded versions of Load. For other examples that might be available, see the individual overload topics.
Sub Main()
 Dim table As New DataTable()
 ' This example examines a number of scenarios involving the
 ' DataTable.Load method.
 Console.WriteLine("Load a DataTable and infer its schema:")
 ' Retrieve a data reader, based on the Customers data. In
 ' an application, this data might be coming from a middle-tier
 ' business object:
 Dim reader As New DataTableReader(GetCustomers())
 ' The table has no schema. The Load method will infer the
 ' schema from the IDataReader:
 table.Load(reader)
 PrintColumns(table)
 Console.WriteLine(" ============================= ")
 Console.WriteLine("Load a DataTable from an incompatible IDataReader:")
 ' Create a table with a single integer column. Attempt
 ' to load data from a reader with a schema that is
 ' incompatible. Note the exception, determined
 ' by the particular incompatibility:
 table = GetIntegerTable()
 reader = New DataTableReader(GetStringTable())
 Try
 table.Load(reader)
 Catch ex As Exception
 Console.WriteLine(ex.GetType.Name & ":" & ex.Message())
 End Try
 Console.WriteLine(" ============================= ")
 Console.WriteLine( _
 "Load a DataTable with an IDataReader that has extra columns:")
 ' Note that loading a reader with extra columns adds
 ' the columns to the existing table, if possible:
 table = GetIntegerTable()
 reader = New DataTableReader(GetCustomers())
 table.Load(reader)
 PrintColumns(table)
 Console.WriteLine(" ============================= ")
 Console.WriteLine( _
 "Load a DataTable with an IDataReader that has missing columns:")
 ' Note that loading a reader with missing columns causes
 ' the columns to be filled with null data, if possible:
 table = GetCustomers()
 reader = New DataTableReader(GetIntegerTable())
 table.Load(reader)
 PrintColumns(table)
 ' Demonstrate the various possibilites when loading data into
 ' a DataTable that already contains data.
 Console.WriteLine(" ============================= ")
 Console.WriteLine("Demonstrate data considerations:")
 Console.WriteLine("Current value, Original value, (RowState)")
 Console.WriteLine(" ============================= ")
 Console.WriteLine("Original table:")
 table = SetupModifiedRows()
 DisplayRowState(table)
 Console.WriteLine(" ============================= ")
 Console.WriteLine("Data in IDataReader to be loaded:")
 DisplayRowState(GetChangedCustomers())
 PerformDemo(LoadOption.OverwriteChanges)
 PerformDemo(LoadOption.PreserveChanges)
 PerformDemo(LoadOption.Upsert)
 Console.WriteLine("Press any key to continue.")
 Console.ReadKey()
End Sub
Private Sub DisplayRowState(ByVal table As DataTable)
 For i As Integer = 0 To table.Rows.Count - 1
 Dim current As Object = "--"
 Dim original As Object = "--"
 Dim rowState As DataRowState = table.Rows(i).RowState
 ' Attempt to retrieve the current value, which doesn't exist
 ' for deleted rows:
 If rowState <> DataRowState.Deleted Then
 current = table.Rows(i)("Name", DataRowVersion.Current)
 End If
 ' Attempt to retrieve the original value, which doesn't exist
 ' for added rows:
 If rowState <> DataRowState.Added Then
 original = table.Rows(i)("Name", DataRowVersion.Original)
 End If
 Console.WriteLine("{0}: {1}, {2} ({3})", i, current, original, rowState)
 Next
End Sub
Private Function GetChangedCustomers() As DataTable
 ' Create sample Customers table.
 Dim table As New DataTable
 ' Create two columns, ID and Name.
 Dim idColumn As DataColumn = table.Columns.Add("ID", GetType(Integer))
 table.Columns.Add("Name",


text:
Temporary structures encourage experimentation and have, over the years, resulted in both ground-breaking designs and less worthy architectural conceits. But what will the legacy be of the recently opened Serpentine Gallery Pavilion in London?
Gavin Stamp, Sunday, 1st July 2012
Great architecture should be built for eternity, or at least for a long life, but there is nevertheless a place for the temporary, the ephemeral. Structures designed for a short life can allow an architect to indulge in experiments or in fantasy without having to worry about the inexorable effect of weather and time. And sometimes it is a mercy that architectural conceits are not with us for long, although it is cheering that remarkable temporary buildings can sometimes become permanent – the Cenotaph in London, for instance, was originally constructed of wood and plaster for the 1919 peace celebrations.
Temporary buildings – pavilions, kiosks, follies, and so on – have a long history. There were the classical triumphal arches erected in cities for royal processions or marriages. As the architectural historian Howard Colvin explained: 'It was precisely the ephemeral character of festive displays of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that made them important vehicles for new architectural ideas. Being constructed only of insubstantial materials such as timber and canvas, these temporary structures could represent accurately sophisticated architectural designs that could not easily be got through to an unlettered and untravelled mason or bricklayer.' In 1814, John Nash designed a Temple
of Concord in London's Green Park, and a Chinese pagoda on a bridge in nearby St James's Park, for a 'display of joy' to celebrate both the defeat of Napoleon and the Hanoverian dynasty. Unfortunately, the latter had an even shorter life than intended as fireworks caused it to burst into flames.
The national and international exhibitions and world fairs held periodically in more recent times encouraged interesting ephemeral architecture. The receptacle for the first and greatest of them, the Crystal Palace erected in London's Hyde Park in 1851, was intended to be temporary, although its prefabricated iron and glass structure was subseq-uently re-erected at Sydenham. Later exhibitions – Paris in 1900, Glasgow 1901, for instance – were the setting for individual pavilions designed to express national character; these often eccentric essays in National Romanticism or in the art nouveau were frequently designed by leading architects in their own countries. Sometimes these temporary structures were experiments in a new style: the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in 1893 introduced grand Beaux-Arts Classicism to America in plaster over steel, while the 1925 Paris Exposition des Arts Décoratifs gave the name 'Art Deco' to the new non-historical styles adopted for many of the pavilions.
Famously, Paris in 1925 also saw experiments in the austere modern style that would eventually triumph. There was Le Corbusier's Pavillon de l'Esprit Nouveau, but perhaps even more remarkable was the pavilion representing Soviet Russia designed by the Constructivist Konstantin Melnikov, described by one architect visitor as expressing 'the aspirations of the revolution in an exciting and spontaneous manner' (Fig. 1). Then there was the international exposition held in Barcelona in 1929 at which, in retrospect, the most important building was the German pavilion. Intended to represent the progressive character of the Weimar Republic, it introduced the planar manner of Mies van der Rohe to a wider public (Fig. 2). An essay in the use of a steel frame to define and merge both exterior and interior space with planes of rich materials, it contained little but two Barcelona Chairs (for the King and Queen of Spain): the pavilion itself was the exhibit. It existed for only a few months, but its influence was so profound that it was recreated half a century later exactly where it originally stood (with a thicker and more practical roof).
London's opportunity to suggest the future through temporary buildings came with the Festival of Britain, held on the South Bank in 1951 (Fig. 3). Some of the structures, like the gravity-defying Skylon, were there to entertain and astonish; others were intended to show what could be done with new materials and methods of construction. Hugh Casson, the Festival's director of architecture, commented in the film Brief City (1951–52): 'In an exhibition which is temporary and perhaps experimental...there was a blueprint for new towns, light-hearted, sensible, not too dear and never boring.' The temporary architecture on the South Bank was torn down with indecent haste by an incoming Conservative government, denying the possibility of re-erecting some of the buildings – such as the remarkable Dome of Discovery – elsewhere, but the influence of the Festival could not be extinguished.
Half a century on, London again has an exhibition of temporary architecture – one that is continuous. Every summer, a new and different pavilion is erected in front of the Serpentine Gallery in Kensington Gardens. The first, exhibited in 2000, was the work of Zaha Hadid; subsequent designers have included Daniel Libeskind, Rem Koolhaas and Frank Gehry – all architects who can be relied on to produce something unusual and irrational. The results have been very enjoyable, but it would be difficult to argue that any of these functionless conceits have advanced the art of architecture.
This year's pavilion, which was unveiled to the public on 1 June and is open until 14 October, was designed by Herzog & de Meuron (Fig. 4). It is the least impressive of them all architecturally, although arguably the most pretentious. I am not, I confess, an admirer of this Swiss firm's work: its alterations to Bankside Power Station to turn it into Tate Modern seem to me both arrogant and insensitive to the quality of Giles Gilbert Scott's great brick 'cathedral of power' (although I do like its Central Signal Box at Basel Station). At the Serpentine, Herzog & de Meuron's pavilion consists of a circular hole in the ground covered by a free-standing, flat circular roof; this horizontal disc holds a film of water and is supported on differently shaped piers. Underneath, there is a complex arrangement of steps and shelves, all covered in cork, created in collaboration with the artist Ai Weiwei. To make any sense of this, the visitor is obliged to read the text, for it is based on a pattern created by overlaying the shape of earlier pavilions on the site: 'Like a team of archaeologists, we identify these physical fragments as remains of the eleven Pavilions built between 2000 and 2011...A distinctive landscape emerges which is unlike anything we could have invented...'.
Whether this is actually interesting must be a matter of opinion. The most endearing feature is the design of the movable seats made of cork, which are shaped like the stoppers of giant champagne bottles (prototypes for garden furniture?). At least the pavilion establishes a relationship with the Serpentine Gallery itself, for it is placed on its axis, and the upper part of that former tea house built in 1934 in the neo-Georgian manner of Lutyens can be seen reflected in the plane of shallow water. And here is an idea: why not ask one of our modern classical architects to design a pavilion which actually responds to that handsome, if conservative building? That, I fear, would be far too avant-garde a concept for those who give London this annual temporary experiment in architectural fancy.
LATEST NEWS & COMMMENT
Brussels plays host to a trio of outstanding fairs at the Place du Grand Sablon in early June, and the ever popular Carré Rive Gauche – now in its 36th year – returns to the Left Bank in Paris.
The work of John Nash has often been overshadowed by that of his contemporary, John Soane. But his pragmatism, as well as his experiments with the picturesque, make him one of the most significant of all British architects.
Apollo is published in London, one of the world's great art capitals and home to extraordinary, thrilling exhibitions such as last year's 'Bronze' at the Royal Academy


_SFT_FILE_OPEN_FLAG_CREAT, if the file already exists it is an error and the open will fail.
enum SshSftFileType
File types.
Different file types are used in SFT operations.
Enumeration values:
SSH_SFT_FILE_TYPE_REGULAR File is a regular file.
SSH_SFT_FILE_TYPE_DIRECTORY File is a directory.
SSH_SFT_FILE_TYPE_SYMLINK File is a symbolic link.
SSH_SFT_FILE_TYPE_SPECIAL File is a special file.
SSH_SFT_FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN The type of the file is unknown.
enum SshSftInteract
Return values for user interaction.
These values are used when user interaction is needed to perform some operation. Interaction callback function is called from the library and the function must return the value for the library.
Enumeration values:
SSH_SFT_INTERACT_NO User answered 'no'.
SSH_SFT_INTERACT_YES User answered 'yes'.
SSH_SFT_INTERACT_ABORT User answered 'abort'.
SSH_SFT_INTERACT_ASCII_CONV_DOS User was asked about ASCII conversion and he/she answered 'dos'.
SSH_SFT_INTERACT_ASCII_CONV_UNIX User was asked about ASCII conversion and he/she answered 'unix'.
SSH_SFT_INTERACT_ASCII_CONV_MAC User was asked about ASCII conversion and he/she answered 'mac'.
enum SshSftOperation
SFT operation code.
Operation codes are used in directory operations to tell the user what kind of operation is going on. The user can then decide whether the operation can continue or not.
Enumeration values:
SSH_SFT_OPERATION_FILE_COPY File copy is in progress.
SSH_SFT_OPERATION_FILE_MOVE File move is in progress.
SSH_SFT_OPERATION_DIR_STAT Directory STAT is in progress.
SSH_SFT_OPERATION_DIR_SETSTAT Directory SETSTAT is in progress.
SSH_SFT_OPERATION_DIR_COPY Directory copy is in progress.
SSH_SFT_OPERATION_DIR_MOVE Directory move is in progress.
SSH_SFT_OPERATION_DIR_REMOVE Directory remove is in progress.
enum SshSftSetstatMode
SETSTAT permissions modes.
Enumeration values:
SSH_SFT_SETSTAT_MODE_OCTAL The permissions are set explicitely.
SSH_SFT_SETSTAT_MODE_ADD The permissions are added to the existing values.
SSH_SFT_SETSTAT_MODE_SUB The permissions is subtracted from the existing values.
enum SshSftSignal
Signal type.
Signal types are used for transfering signals between the library and the application. SFT library calls periodically signal callback function with different signal types to see whether application has received signal. Signal callback must return TRUE, if signal has been received. Also, signal callback is used by the library to signal that it has lost the connection (SSH_SFT_SIGNAL_KILL) and the application must tear done the corresponding contexts.
Enumeration values:
SSH_SFT_SIGNAL_SUSPEND Application has suspended file operation.
SSH_SFT_SIGNAL_RESUME Application has resumed file operation.
SSH_SFT_SIGNAL_ABORT Application has aborted file operation.
SSH_SFT_SIGNAL_KILL Library has lost connection.
enum SshSftStreaming
Streaming types.
SFT can use two file transfer methods: traditional SFTP protocol and streaming. Traditional SFTP file transfer uses SFTP READ and WRITE messages to transfer file data. Streaming does not use SFTP protocol, but transfers the file data over a dedicated SSH channel without protocol overhead. There is a small overhead on setting up streaming channel, so it is not used for small files that can be sent using just one READ and WRITE messages.
Enumeration values:
SSH_SFT_STREAMING_YES Streaming is used in file transfer. Streaming is not used for files that are smaller than the size of one data packet in SFTP protocol.
SSH_SFT_STREAMING_NO Streaming is not used in file transfer. Traditional SFTP READ and WRITE messages are used in file transfer.
SSH_SFT_STREAMING_FORCE Streaming is used for all files in file transfer.
enum SshSftTransferMode
File transfer mode.
File can be transferred either in binary or ASCII mode. In ASCII mode newlines are converted from source convention to destination convention.
Enumeration values:
SSH_SFT_TRANSFER_MODE_BINARY Binary transfer mode.
SSH_SFT_TRANSFER_MODE_ASCII Ascii transfer mode.
SSH_SFT_TRANSFER_MODE_AUTO Tranfer mode is selected automatically from the file extensions.
Function Documentation
SshSftError ssh_sft_abort ( SshSft handle,
char ** error_msg_ret
)
Abort operation.
The ongoing file operations can be aborted with this function. 'handle' specifies the session that is aborted.
Parameters:
handle Handle to SFT session.
error_msg_ret Returned error message.
Returns:
SshSftError.
SshSftError ssh_sft_close ( SshSft handle,
char ** error_msg_ret
)
Close SFT session.
This function closes the session given in 'handle'.
Parameters:
handle Handle to SFT session.
error_msg_ret Returned error message.
Returns:
SshSftError.
SshSftError ssh_sft_config ( SshSft handle,
SshSftParam param,
char ** error_msg_ret
)
Configure SFT session.
This function re-configures the session given in 'handle' using the parameters in 'param'.
Parameters:
handle Handle to SFT session.
param SFT parameters.
error_msg_ret Returned error message.
Returns:
SshSftError.
SshSftError ssh_sft_config_get ( SshSft handle,
SshSftParam param,
char ** error_msg_ret
)
Get SFT configuration.
This function gets the configuration of the session given in 'handle'.
Parameters:
handle Handle to SFT session.
param SFT parameters.
error_msg_ret Returned error message.
Returns:
SshSftError.
SshSftError ssh_sft_copy ( SshSft src_handle,
char * src_file,
SshSft dst_handle,
char * dst_file,
SshSftProgressCB progress_cb,
void * progress_cb_ctx,
SshSftMessageCB message_cb,
void * message_cb_ctx,
SshSftOffset copy_offset,
char ** error_msg_ret
)
Copy file.
Source file name with path is given in 'src_file'. Destination file name with path is given in 'dst_file'. File is copied from remote or local host specified by 'src_handle' to remote or local host specified by 'dst_handle'. 'handles' must be successfully opened before they are used.
'progress_cb' and 'progress_cb_ctx' are used for informing the caller about the progress of the file transfer.
'message_cb' and 'message_cb_ctx' are used for informing the caller about different actions during file transfer. For example, if destination file already exists and the user must be asked, whether the file can be overwritten, 'message_cb' function is called.
With 'copy_offset' it is possible to give the starting offsets of the source and destination files. If 'copy_offset' is NULL, no offsets are used.
Parameters:
src_handle Handle to source SFT session.
src_file Absolute path of the source file.
dst_handle Handle to destination SFT session.
dst_file Absolute path of the destination file.
progress_cb Progress callback function pointer.
progress_cb_ctx Progress callback context.
message_cb Message callback function pointer.
message_cb_ctx Message callback context.
copy_offset Offsets to be used.
error_msg_ret Returned error message.
Returns:
SshSftError.
SshSftError ssh_sft_copy_dir ( SshSft src_handle,
char * src_dir,
SshSft dst_handle,
char * dst_dir,
SshSftGlob glob,
int max_depth,
SshSftProgressCB progress_cb,
void * progress_cb_ctx,
SshSftProgressCtxCreateCB progress_ctx_create_cb,
SshSftProgressCtxDestroyCB progress_ctx_destroy_cb,
SshSftMessageCB message_cb,
void * message_cb_ctx,
char ** error_msg_ret
)
Copy directory.
Source directory name with path is given in 'src_dir'. Destination


text:
The Really Useful Book of Learning and Earning (RUBLE) for Care Leavers
The Really Useful Book of Learning and Earning for Care Leavers is for young adults (aged 16-25) in England who have recently left care, or are in the process of leaving care. It provides useful information, advice and activities to help care leavers get used to living independently and make decisions about education and work. It includes information about taking up learning or paid work, care leavers' rights and what support they can get. There is also an accompanying staff guide.


text:
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]چکیده [English]
Sediment transport is one of the most important parameters in coastal engineering issues. It is very important to define the sediment transport rate in the sea morphology and construction of port installation, ponds and waterfronts. The issue mentioned above is so affective on anticipated design life, safety of which against sedimentation and defining the dredging period. Sediment transport in Shahid Bahonar port was evaluated in the research. First, Sediment transport was calculated using data such as wave, flow and aggregation of the region and semi – empirical methods. Then it was compared with sediment transport resulted from hydrographic maps and it is calibrated. The results demonstrated that Biker method is more accurate in the region.


text:
Travellers arriving in the EU from third countries can bring in their personal luggage only the medications which they need for:
- their personal use, or
- personal use of their family members, or on the basis of an authorisation, for personal use of a maximum of one individual who is not a member of their family,
- their animal which is not of a food-producing animal species.
The quantity of medications must be such as to imply relevant therapeutic use, as follows:
- for a maximum of three weeks for acute conditions,
- for a maximum of three weeks according to the prescribed dosage for chronic diseases or conditions which require long-term use of medications, or, exceptionally, for up to 12 months on condition that an individual furnishes proof of permitted residence in the target country in the respective period, unless the regulations regarding illicit drugs specify otherwise.
In case of medications which require a medical or a veterinary prescription, a traveller must present to a customs authority a proof of a medical or veterinary prescription for such medications, when required.
Medications with narcotic agents
It is allowed for travellers entering the territories of the contracting parties of the Schengen Agreement or moving there to carry illicit drugs which are used as medications according to special regulations and which are necessary for their medical treatment. In such cases, travellers must have a medical certificate issued or endorsed by a competent authority of the country of their permanent residence proving that they are eligible to possess illicit drugs.


Skip to content
SELECT
In Polars SQL, the SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from a table into a DataFrame. The basic syntax of a SELECT statement in Polars SQL is as follows:
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
Here, column1, column2, etc. are the columns that you want to select from the table. You can also use the wildcard * to select all columns. table_name is the name of the table or that you want to retrieve data from. In the sections below we will cover some of the more common SELECT variants
register · execute
df = pl.DataFrame(
 {
 "city": [
 "New York",
 "Los Angeles",
 "Chicago",
 "Houston",
 "Phoenix",
 "Amsterdam",
 ],
 "country": ["USA", "USA", "USA", "USA", "USA", "Netherlands"],
 "population": [_PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, _PHONE_, 900000],
 }
)
ctx = pl.SQLContext(population=df, eager_execution=True)
print(ctx.execute("SELECT * FROM population"))
shape: (6, 3)
┌─────────────┬─────────────┬────────────┐
│ city ┆ country ┆ population │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════════════╪═════════════╪════════════╡
│ New York ┆ USA ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Los Angeles ┆ USA ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Chicago ┆ USA ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Houston ┆ USA ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Phoenix ┆ USA ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Amsterdam ┆ Netherlands ┆ 900000 │
└─────────────┴─────────────┴────────────┘
GROUP BY
The GROUP BY statement is used to group rows in a table by one or more columns and compute aggregate functions on each group.
execute
result = ctx.execute(
 """
 SELECT country, AVG(population) as avg_population
 FROM population
 GROUP BY country
 """
)
print(result)
shape: (2, 2)
┌─────────────┬────────────────┐
│ country ┆ avg_population │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ f64 │
╞═════════════╪════════════════╡
│ Netherlands ┆ 900000.0 │
│ USA ┆ 3.8202e6 │
└─────────────┴────────────────┘
ORDER BY
The ORDER BY statement is used to sort the result set of a query by one or more columns in ascending or descending order.
execute
result = ctx.execute(
 """
 SELECT city, population
 FROM population
 ORDER BY population
 """
)
print(result)
shape: (6, 2)
┌─────────────┬────────────┐
│ city ┆ population │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════════════╪════════════╡
│ Amsterdam ┆ 900000 │
│ Phoenix ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Houston ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Chicago ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Los Angeles ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ New York ┆ _PHONE_ │
└─────────────┴────────────┘
JOIN
register_many · execute
income = pl.DataFrame(
 {
 "city": [
 "New York",
 "Los Angeles",
 "Chicago",
 "Houston",
 "Amsterdam",
 "Rotterdam",
 "Utrecht",
 ],
 "country": [
 "USA",
 "USA",
 "USA",
 "USA",
 "Netherlands",
 "Netherlands",
 "Netherlands",
 ],
 "income": [55000, 62000, 48000, 52000, 42000, 38000, 41000],
 }
)
ctx.register_many(income=income)
result = ctx.execute(
 """
 SELECT country, city, income, population
 FROM population
 LEFT JOIN income on population.city = income.city
 """
)
print(result)
shape: (6, 4)
┌─────────────┬─────────────┬────────┬────────────┐
│ country ┆ city ┆ income ┆ population │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ str ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
╞═════════════╪═════════════╪════════╪════════════╡
│ USA ┆ New York ┆ 55000 ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ USA ┆ Los Angeles ┆ 62000 ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ USA ┆ Chicago ┆ 48000 ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ USA ┆ Houston ┆ 52000 ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ USA ┆ Phoenix ┆ null ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Netherlands ┆ Amsterdam ┆ 42000 ┆ 900000 │
└─────────────┴─────────────┴────────┴────────────┘
Functions
Polars provides a wide range of SQL functions, including:
 - Mathematical functions: ABS, EXP, LOG, ASIN, ACOS, ATAN, etc.
 - String functions: LOWER, UPPER, LTRIM, RTRIM, STARTS_WITH,ENDS_WITH.
 - Aggregation functions: SUM, AVG, MIN, MAX, COUNT, STDDEV, FIRST etc.
 - Array functions: EXPLODE, UNNEST,ARRAY_SUM,ARRAY_REVERSE, etc.
For a full list of supported functions go the API documentation. The example below demonstrates how to use a function in a query
query
result = ctx.execute(
 """
 SELECT city, population
 FROM population
 WHERE STARTS_WITH(country,'U')
 """
)
print(result)
shape: (5, 2)
┌─────────────┬────────────┐
│ city ┆ population │
│ --- ┆ --- │
│ str ┆ i64 │
╞═════════════╪════════════╡
│ New York ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Los Angeles ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Chicago ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Houston ┆ _PHONE_ │
│ Phoenix ┆ _PHONE_ │
└─────────────┴────────────┘
Table Functions
In the examples earlier we first generated a DataFrame which we registered in the SQLContext. Polars also support directly reading from CSV, Parquet, JSON and IPC in your SQL query using table functions read_xxx.
execute
result = ctx.execute(
 """
 SELECT *
 FROM read_csv('docs/src/data/iris.csv')
 """
)
print(result)
shape: (150, 5)
┌──────────────┬─────────────┬──────────────┬─────────────┬───────────┐
│ sepal_length ┆ sepal_width ┆ petal_length ┆ petal_width ┆ species │
│ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
│ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ f64 ┆ str │
╞══════════════╪═════════════╪══════════════╪═════════════╪═══════════╡
│ 5.1 ┆ 3.5 ┆ 1.4 ┆ 0.2 ┆ Setosa │
│ 4.9 ┆ 3.0 ┆ 1.4 ┆ 0.2 ┆ Setosa │
│ 4.7 ┆ 3.2 ┆ 1.3 ┆ 0.2 ┆ Setosa │
│ 4.6 ┆ 3.1 ┆ 1.5 ┆ 0.2 ┆ Setosa │
│ … ┆ … ┆ … ┆ … ┆ … │
│ 6.3 ┆ 2.5 ┆ 5.0 ┆ 1.9 ┆ Virginica │
│ 6.5 ┆ 3.0 ┆ 5.2 ┆ 2.0 ┆ Virginica │
│ 6.2 ┆ 3.4 ┆ 5.4 ┆ 2.3 ┆ Virginica │
│ 5.9 ┆ 3.0 ┆ 5.1 ┆ 1.8 ┆ Virginica │
└──────────────┴─────────────┴──────────────┴─────────────┴───────────┘


How The Clerk.io Platform Works
An overview of the Clerk.io architecture for developers or other technically interested people.
The purpose of this page is to give a simple insight into the Clerk.io platform to make it easier to understand how to work with it and how to use it for developers and others with technical flair.
Clerk.io In 60 Seconds
In the shortest form Clerk.io does the following:
 1. Takes a stores order history and current product catalog.
 2. Runs the data through the ClerkCore predictive algorithm to learn customer intent.
 3. Makes the predicted behavior available through the Clerk.io API at api.clerk.io.
Through the Clerk.io API other applications can then ask Clerk.io for answers on customer intent queries such as:
 - "Customer X is watching product Y, what would be good alternatives to Y?": _URL_
 - "Customer X just added product Y to the basket, what's most likely that X will buy next?": _URL_
 - "I want to create an offer for product X, who of my customers should I send it to?": _URL_
It's on top of these types of queries that we have build our 4 services Search, Recommendations Email and Audience.
The Clerk.io Arcitecture
When working with a platform a glimpse under the hood can greatly help you understand how to use it wisely. That what we'll try to give you in this section.
Clerk.io consists of 3 main subsystems arranged separately around the core Data Store:
 1. Clerk.io Data Sync Infrastructure: The purpose of this systems is to sync all relevant data such as products and orders to Clerk.io.
 2. Clerk.io Compute Cluster - ClerkCore: The purpose of this system is I analyze the store's data in the Data Store and pre-compute core customer intents and behaviors. These basic insights are then stored back in the Data Store to be used when the API is requested for a prediction.
 3. Clerk.io Prediction API - api.clerk.io: The purpose of this system is to answer customer intent queries on demand. The system combines the pre-computed customer intents and behaviors and combines it with the current customer's real-time behavior to answer the intent query.
_PHONE_
A simple diagram overview of the Clerk.io platform and the 3 sub-systems.
Clerk.io Data Sync Infrastructure
The purpose of the Clerk.io Data Sync Infrastructure is to make sure that Clerk.io at all times have the correct information about products, orders and customers in order to make the correct predictions. If you see a drop in prediction quality it is 99.99% of times because the wrong data has been synced to Clerk.io (we offer a Data Health dashboard to help detect data issues).
The synchronization infrastructure is two layered:
 1. A Core Importer takes data in an internally well-defined format and validates and stores it.
 2. A series of platform-specific importers loads data from the given platform into the Core Importer.
With this system Clerk.io is able to support a variety of platforms and data formats with an extremely small overhead.
Every time you start a Data Sync in the Clerk.io Backend you load an instance of your selected platform-specific importer that loads syncs data from your store into Clerk.io.
Data Syncs are also scheduled to be run automatically depending on the rate of change in the store and the time (as a metric for the load on the store) it takes to complete the import. The frequency is reported in the Data Sync backend.
On top of that, we try to make all data synchronization in real-time though it is not possible on all platforms. If real-time updates are enabled is also show under Data Sync in the backend.
Clerk.io Compute Cluster - ClerkCore
ClerkCore is the heart of Clerk.io! This is where we predict the future intent of a store's customers.
A store is periodically analyzed dependent on the amount of change made to a store and time since last analyzation.
Analyzations are also done on the fly upon changes so it should never be visible when they are run but it means that the first time you populate a store with data it might take some minutes before you see results through the API.
Clerk.io Prediction API
Insights and knowledge have no value if not used to help people and that's what the Clerk.io Prediction API is for. The API is located at api.clerk.io and the full reference can be found under API Reference.


Salary Allowances in India - Taxable & Non Taxable
Any monetary benefit offered by the employer to its employees for meeting expenditures, over and above the basic salary are known as Salary Allowances.
The employers offer various kinds of additional benefits in monetary terms to their employees over and above the basic salary, which are known as salary allowances. These salary allowances are given to meet the expenditure of particular nature. According to Income Tax Act, allowances are added to the salary of an individual and taxed under the head Income from Salaries. The salary allowances can be bifurcated into three broad categories, taxable, non-taxable and partly taxable allowances.
The taxability of various salary allowances are given below
 1. Taxable Allowances
 1. Dearness Allowance (DA): DA is provided for converse the inflationary effect from the cost of living of the people. Income Tax Act does not provide any exemption on DA.
 2. City Compensation Allowance: It is offered to the employees for meeting the highly inflated costs in the large or metro cities.
 3. Entertainment Allowance: It is an amount given to the employees for achieving the expenses incurred towards the meal, beverages, hotels, etc. for the business clients of the company. An exemption u/s 16(ii) can be claimed for entertainment allowance by the Government employees. Non-government employees are taxed entirely.
 4. Overtime Allowance: It is provided to the employees for working more than the regular working hours.
 5. Tiffin Allowance: It is provided to meet the food expenses.
 6. Cash Allowance: Any cash allowance provided by the employer becomes taxable. For instance, marriage allowance, holiday allowance, etc.
 7. Project Allowance: Allowance provided to bear the expenses relating to the project.
 8. Servant/helper Allowance: Amount provided for hiring a servant is fully taxable in the hands of an employee.
 2. Partly Taxable Allowances
 1. House Rent Allowance: HRA is offered to meet the residential rent expenses of the employee for its accommodation. It is partially exempt u/s 10(13A), and the remaining amount after deduction is taxable.
 2. Leave Travel Allowance: LTA is offered for travelling anywhere in India. Deduction on the fare cost is provided to some extent, and the balance is taxable.
 3. Conveyance Allowance: An amount of Rs. 1600 per month is offered to the employees for commuting from home to office and vice-versa. Any expense over and above that is taxable.
 4. Medical Bills Reimbursement Allowance: A token of Rs. 15000 is given by the employer for meeting the treatment costs in case the employee or its family falls ill. Any expenditure incurred above Rs. 15000 is taxable.
 6. Hostel Allowance: Per Child Rs. 300 per month for maximum two children is allowed as a deduction.
 3. Fully Exempt Allowances
 1. Allowance to Government Employees: Any amount paid as a provision for rendering services outside India by the Government Employees is exempt.
 2. Allowances to Judges of Supreme Court or High Court are not taxable.
 3. Benefits received by the people working in United Nations Organisation (UNO) are fully exempt.


text:
Horst Samulowitz, Roland Memisevic
We present a novel approach to solving Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBF) that combines a search-based QBF solver with machine learning techniques. We show how classification methods can be used to predict run-times and to choose optimal heuristics both within a portfolio-based, and within a dynamic, online approach. In the dynamic method variables are set to a truth value according to a scheme that tries to maximize the probability of successfully solving the remaining sub-problem efficiently. Since each variable assignment can drastically change the problem-structure, new heuristics are chosen dynamically, and a classifier is used online to predict the usefulness of each heuristic. Experimental results on a large corpus of example problems show the usefulness of our approach in terms of run-time as well as the ability to solve previously unsolved problem instances.
Subjects: 15.7 Search; 12. Machine Learning and Discovery
Submitted: Apr 24, 2007


There's no such thing as a free lunch
The economic theory, and also the lay opinion, that whatever goods and services are provided, they must be paid for by someone – i.e. you don't get something for nothing. The phrase is also known by the acronym of 'there ain't no such thing as a free lunch' – tanstaafl.
Before discussing the origin of 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' it would be useful to go back to the days in which lunches were free. Free lunch was a commonplace term in the USA and, to a lesser extent in Britain, from the mid 19th century onward. It wasn't used to describe handouts of food to the poor and hungry though, it denoted the free food that American saloon keepers used to attract drinkers; for example, this advertisement for a Milwaukee saloon, in The Commercial Advertiser, June 1850:
At The Crescent…
Can be found the choicest of Segars, Wines and Liquors…
N. B. – A free lunch every day at 11 o'clock will be served up.
Free lunches, often cold food but sometimes quite elaborate affairs, were provided for anyone who bought drink. This inducement wasn't popular with the temperance lobby and was also criticized for the same reason that others in the 20th century later introduced the TANSTAAFL idea to economic thinking, i.e. saloon customers always ended up paying for the food in the price of the drinks they were obliged to consume. Indeed, some saloon keepers were prosecuted for false advertising of free lunch as customers couldn't partake of it without first paying money to the saloon.
It was into this context that the economic theorists enter the fray and 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' is coined. It isn't known who coined the phrase. It certainly wasn't the economist Milton Friedman, who was much associated with the term. He was a celebrated Nobel Prize-winning economist and his monetarist theories were highly influential on the Reagan and Thatcher administrations in the 1980s and 90s. Friedman certainly believed that 'there's no such thing as a free lunch' and he published a book with that title in 1975, but wasn't, and never claimed to be, the originator of the phrase.
tanstaaflThe phrase appears to have come about in response to the libertarian views of Henry Wallace, the US Vice President between 1941 and 1945. He wrote an article which was originally published by The Atlantic Monthly in which he suggested a post-WWII worldwide economic regime offering "minimum standards of food, clothing and shelter" for people throughout the world and offering the opinion that "If we can afford tremendous sums of money to win the war, we can afford to invest whatever amount it takes to win the peace". Paul Mallon, a Washington journalist, responded to Wallace's article with a critical piece, published in several US papers, including The Lima News, January 1942:
"Mr. Wallace neglects the fact that such a thing as a 'free' lunch never existed. Until man acquires the power of creation, someone will always have to pay for a free lunch.
The first record I can find of the precise phrase there's no such thing as a free lunch, comes following year, in an editorial in The Long Beach Independent, October 1943, again referring to Wallace:
Now, our secret: Tanstaafl is mnemonic for "there ain't no such thing as a free lunch."