text:
Introduction: The Unique DSLR Intervalometer!
Have you ever felt like creating one of those city street time lapses that you see on the internet or recording the blooming of a flower through a time lapse or maybe create a night sky panorama of the milky way drifting in the background? Well, now you can do so with your own custom made and designed intervalometer.
Some DSLR's have an intervalometer inbuilt but they usually limit you to a few photograph per shooting session. Separate intervalometers are available online but they also have their own limitations like a limited function set. Building your own intervalometer can solve these problems and it also enables you to learn a lot about electronics at the same time.
In my intervalometer, I have added the following features:
1. A FULL FEATURED LCD MENU WITH A USER-FRIENDLY INTERFACE FOR EASY NAVIGATION THROUGH THE OPTIONS.
2. A UNIQUE POTENTIOMETER CONTROL DIAL TO CHANGE SETTINGS AND NAVIGATE THROUGH THE MENUS.
3. ONE OKAY BUTTON AND ONE BACK BUTTON FOR EASY NAVIGATION
4. Setting the interval between photographs up to a maximum of 24 hrs 60 min and 60 sec.
5. Setting the exposure time (if you have bulb mode enabled on your DSLR).
6. Setting the total number of Photographs that you want to take.
7. Setting the Auto Focus on or off.
8. Setting the onboard buzzer on or off.
9. Viewing all Settings after you have customised all the options.
10. Resetting all the settings back to their default values
11. An experimental section to do more with the hardware of the intervalometer which includes a convenient keyboard using the interface on board, a custom frequency tone generator using the onboard buzzer, and many other options.
These are just the features that I have added, the possibilities are endless and you can customise the whole thing as you like!
Though in this tutorial, for the sake of simplicity, we are going to build the intervalometer the way I did.
Step 1: The Materials
This is a list of all the materials that you are going to need to build this project:
- An Arduino board(I used an Arduino pro mini to make the project compact. You may use any other board if you don't have an Arduino pro mini at hand)
- A 16x2 Arduino compatible Lcd screen.
- A piezoelectric buzzer.
- A multimeter/Continuity Tester.
- Two Push buttons.
- Two transistors.
- 10 1k Resistors
- A 10k ohm potentiometer(and a knob for it to make it look fancy).
- Two Slide switches.
- Two different colored LEDs.
- One 3.5 mm audio jack port(female).
- One 3.5mm audio aux cable(male to male cable).
- One 3.5 mm to 2.5 mm adapter(for the DSLR).
- Perfboard(or you may create your own pcb if you can).
- Wires for the connections.
- Basic soldering equipment.
- Some kind of adhesive(I used hot glue).
- And an enclosure or a project box to fit it all.
This is the list of materials if you want to build it in a proper permanent way but if you don't have the time or the resources, you may just build the whole thing on a breadboard.
Step 2: The Concept
A dslr camera communicates with an intervalometer or a remote shutter using a 2.5 mm audio jack. The 2.5 mm audio jack has 3 terminals
- The base terminal (Gnd)
- The middle terminal (focus)
- the top terminal (shoot)
Through an audio jack cable, we can only control two of the camera's features, namely, focus and shoot.
In order to do that, we need to ground the middle terminal for focusing and top terminal for shooting, to the base pin of the 2.5 mm audio jack. As we know, an Arduino can only make its pins high or low, so we require the use of some transistors in order to make or break the connections between Gnd and focus, and Gnd and shoot. We also connect two LED's at both the shoot and focus transistors, letting us know when the intervalometer is sending a shoot command or a focus command.
The Lcd connects to Arduino as usual but instead of connecting the lcd contrast pin to a potentiometer, we just connect it to +5v through a 1k ohm resistor. Also we add a switch on the lcd's backlight so that we can conserve some battery power when are not using the lcd.
The potentiometer and the buttons are for navigating through the menu of the potentiometer. The buttons connect to the arduino digital pins in a special manner, one of the terminals of the buttons connect directly to the +5v rail while other terminal of the buttons gets connected to the Gnd rail through a 1k ohm resistor and the other terminal also gets connected to the respective digital pins of the buttons.
The potentiometer's viper connects to one of the analog pins of arduino and the other two terminals go to the +5v rail and the Gnd rail.
The buzzer is included fo the audio feedback while navigating the menu or while taking photographs. The buzzer's connections are simple, The positive terminal goes to the Arduino digital pin and the negative terminal goes to the Gnd rail.
All the connections are given in detail on the next page.
Step 3: The Circuit
While making the Final build, I worked on mainly 2 perfboard pieces:
1. The power rails:
These are straight conductive paths that I made with solder on a piece of perfboard on which I then soldered all the connections for +5v and Gnd.
2. The board having the transistors and their base resistors and the resistors for the pushbuttons.
This board also has connections for the 2 leds. One led indicates focusing and the other indicates shooting.
The connections of all the hardware components:
- Arduino pin 2 - Lcd D7 (pin14)
- Arduino pin 3 - Lcd D6 (pin13)
- Arduino pin 4 - Lcd D5 (pin12)
- Arduino pin 5 - Lcd D4 (pin11)
- Arduino pin 6 - Pushbutton 1 terminal 2
- Arduino pin 7 - Pushbutton 2 terminal 2
- Arduino pin 8 - Led1+
- Arduino pin 9 - Led2+
- Arduino pin 10 - Buzzer+
- Arduino pin 11 - Lcd E (pin6)
- Arduino pin 12 - Lcd RS (pin4)
- Arduino Vin - Battery +terminal
- Lcd RW pin (pin5) - Gnd rail
- Lcd Vcc pin (pin2) - +5v rail
- Lcd Gnd pin (pin1) - Gnd rail
- Lcd Led+ pin (pin16) - +5v rail through slide switch 1
- Lcd Led- pin (pin15) - Gnd rail
- Lcd VO pin (pin3) - Lcd Vss pin through 1k ohm resistor.
- Potentiometer viper - Arduino analog pin 2
- Potentiometer other two terminals - Gnd rail and +5v rail
- Buzzer Gnd - Gnd rail
- Led1- Transistor 1 base through 1k ohm resistor.
- Led2- Transistor 2 base through 1k ohm resistor.
- Pushbutton 1 - terminal 1 to +5v rail, terminal 2 - Gnd rail through 1k ohm resistor.
- Pushbutton 2 - terminal 1 to +5v rail, terminal 2 - Gnd rail through 1k ohm resistor.
- Audio port Base - Gnd Rail
- Audio port middle - Transistor 1 collector
- Audio port top - Transistor 2 collector
- Battery- terminal - Gnd rail through slide switch 2.
I have posted a breadboard diagram on this page and you can build your project according to them but you may also build it according to you, you just need to make the connections as mentioned above.
I'd recommend you to first build everything on a breadboard, and test the project by uploading the code.
Detailed soldering instructions on the next page.
Step 4: Soldering Everything Together
Now that we know the basic structure of the circuit, we can start building it.
Soldering will be done in several steps:
- Prepare your power rails by using a copper wire and some solder on straight lines of perboard holes, on a piece of perfboard.
- Then, Make all the connections between the lcd and the Arduino.
- Then, Make the Gnd and +5v connections between the lcd and the power rails and the Arduino and the power rails. Also make the connections for the Lcd Led backlight (connect the switch using wires).
- Then, prepare the transistor, resistor and LED setup on a perfboard and connect the two LED anodes to their respective digital pins on the Arduino(connect the LED's using wires and dont solder them on the board because we need to fix the LED's somewhere else in our project enclosure to indicate shooting or focusing of the camera).
- After, that Make the connections between the Transistors and the Audio jack port(to determine the the base terminal, the middle terminal and the top terminal of the audio port you can insert a 3.5


text:
'Hairy Ball Theorem' (Topology)
1. "You can't comb the hairs on a coconut."
2. "There exists a calm point on earth where there is no wind."
Both 1 & 2 are 'Hairy Ball Theorem'.
If we have a ball with hairs sticking out from each point on it, then impossible to comb the hairs flat with a continuous movement without leaving at least one hair sticking up vertically (typically, at the center of a swirl). Not applicable to doughnut.
=> Wind pattern:
Ball = Earth
Combed down hairs = wind
Length of hairs = wind's force
=> there must be a place on Earth where there is no wind at all.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


a five-point U-turn
Discussion in 'French-English Vocabulary / Vocabulaire Français-Anglais' started by elmingo, Sep 1, 2011.
 1. elmingo Senior Member
 France, French
 It's about someone doing a U-turn with his car. Does it mean it is like three-moves, drawing a five-point star from above? Or something else?
 Thanks for your help
 2. jann
 jann co-mod'
 English - USA
 This is a three-point turn, named for the three lines of motion involved (forward, reverse, forward).
 If space is very limited, or if the driver is incompetent, you can imagine that it might take a little extra maneuvering to turn around... forcing the driver to make "five point" turn instead (forward, reverse, forward, reverse, forward). Neither of these turns are technically "U-turns," but the point is that they all reverse the direction of travel by 180°.
 3. elmingo Senior Member
 France, French
 Thanks a lot for the explanation, jann.
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text:
Nucleic acid content in brain, liver, kidney and gonads of the freshwater fish Notopterus notopterus collected from different aquatic bodies were studied during pre-spawning phase of the reproductive cycle. The three different aquatic bodies selected were Saradgi nala, Bennithora River and Bheema River and their physiochemical parameters also studied. The present study of nucleic acid content in brain, liver, kidney and gonads of the fish Notopterus notopterus collected from aquatic body Bennithora River shows normal levels of the nucleic acid as compared to that of fish from other two aquatic bodies. The normal content of nucleic acid content of N.notoptuers in the aquatic body Bennithora may be due to favorable environmental condition for survival, growth, distribution and reproductive activity.
International Letters of Natural Sciences (Volume 28)
K. Ravikiran and R.S. Kulkarni, "Nucleic Acid Content in Tissue of the Fish N. notopterus Collected from Different Aquatic Bodies", International Letters of Natural Sciences, Vol. 28, pp. 17-26, 2015

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
ADVISOR TO PUBLIC TASK FORCE
Opinion No. 86 (1986)
QUESTION: May judges serve in an advisory capacity to a public board
or task force, where in all probability they will later preside over cases arising out of
the crisis or problem for which the board or task force was created to solve?
ANSWER: Judges should regulate their activities to minimize the risk of conflict with the proper performance of their judicial duties. Canon 4 applies this admonition to judges' activities to improve the law, the legal system, and the administration of justice. Canons 5A, 5B, and 5D apply this same admonition to judges' extra-judicial activities. Canon 3 states, "The judicial duties of a judge take precedence over all his other activities."
A majority of the Committee is of the opinion that it would be a violation of the Code
of Judicial Conduct for judges knowingly to agree to serve on or to continue to serve on
such a board or task force, if in serving, a conflict with the proper performance of their
judicial duties probably would arise or does arise. One judge dissented.


text:
Inversion of Control Framework for Python
Epoxy is an inversion of control framework for Python applications packaged with a set of adapters that can be used with a number of existing technologies. Epoxy allows you to clearly separate out the concern of mapping dependencies to components from defining those components.
Epoxy is probably overkill for small apps (like the example below) but shows its true value on larger projects where a higher degree of flexibility and lower degree of coupling is desirable.
This library is available under the terms of the MPL. Please see the LICENSE file for details.
Here's an example of an epoxy component:
from epoxy.component import Component, Dependency class PrinterComponent(Component): prefix = StringSetting(required=False, default="PRINTING") def print(self, stuff): print ("[%s] %%s" % self.prefix) % stuff def start(self): print self.print("Warming up printer") class ScreenRenderer(Component): printer = Dependency() def render_screen(self): self.printer.print("My Stuff") def start(self): self.printer.print("Screen Renderer Initialized")
In this example, ScreenRenderer does not need to know the precise printer which will be used as a dependency at runtime, it just needs to declare the dependency and use it (there is an assumed interface, as with much in python we just use duck typing).
To wire, these components up at runtime, we would write a yaml file that would have something like this:
components: printer: class: my.module:PrinterComponent settings: prefix: PREFIX screen_renderer: class: my.module:ScreenRenderer dependencies: printer: printer entry-point: screen_renderer:render_screen
Finally, to load in our configuration and run the application, we would write something like the following:
from epoxy.configuration import YamlConfigurationLoader from epoxy.core import ComponentManager loader = YamlConfigurationLoader("myapp.yml") config = loader.load_configuration() component_mgr = ComponentManager() component_mgr.launch_configuration(config)
This would run our entry point and print the following to the screen:
[PREFIX] Warming up printer [PREFIX] Screen Renderer Initialized [PREFIX] my stuff
Writing a Component
Any Component that is written should follow these basic rules in order to play nicely:
No-args constructor: Components should have a no-args constructor in order to be instantiated by the framework. To initialize a Component in your own code (maybe from a unit test) you can use the "from_dependencies" classmethod available on any component and pass in any relevant dependencies/settings as keyword arguments.
For instance, instantiating our previous object graph would look like the following:
printer = PrinterComponent.from_dependencies(prefix="FROM_DEPS") renderer = ScreenRenderer.from_dependencies(printer=printer)
When __init__ is executed it is guaranteed that all dependencies will be present and initialized (but not started).
Implement start() method: After all objects in the graph are instantiated, they will be started. Like with __init__, dependencies will be present and will have had start() called. Calls to start() should not block. For long-running tasks, using an entry-point is more appropriate.
Avoid Dependency Cycles: If the object graph has dependencies, you will get errors when trying to build the dependency graph and you will not be able to run your application. There are many different strategies for breaking these cycles. If you run into this issue and are ticked off, just know that fixing this issue is making your application better.


text:
What OP Stands for?
What Does OP Mean: "OP" means "Original Poster" or "Original Post". While these two terms are widely used on message boards and Internet forums, they have different meanings. The original poster is the person who initiates the discussion thread, forum topic, or Reddit post.
They often start conversations or ask questions. If they are seeking advice about a specific situation, they reply to comments or messages in that thread. When others refer to the person who started the thread, they type "OP" instead of their username.
The "original post" first appears when you open the thread created by the original poster. This is a less common use of both. It is used when the post contains a lot of information, such as "megatrends," or guides that contain many important links, updates, and images.
What does OP stand for in gaming?
OP – OP means Over Powered or more power. This phrase is commonly used when a player defeats an enemy with relative ease. GG – GG stands for Good Game and is usually said after completing a match, showing gratitude to teammates, and thanking them.
What does OP stand for in Minecraft?
OP stands for Operator. The term is commonly used only in LANs or multiplayer servers. When using a plug-in or mod, you can normally rank the player; However, in vanilla Minecraft, it means "being allowed to use the command"
What is op on Instagram?
"OP means 'original poster', which means the person who started and is responsible for the particular conversation, not just on Instagram, it is very much used everywhere on the Internet. Just to clarify things." For, on Instagram, OP would be the person who posted the image/video that people are commenting on. "


text: Abstract Reactions at the interface between Ta and GaAs have been studied at 850–950 °C with thick film Ta/GaAs diffusion couples in the region of unlimited material supply. The development of a reaction layer is observed, the layer being composed of phases that can be identified in the ternary TaGa-As phase diagram. The growth kinetics of this layer are parabolic with different reaction mechanisms at 850 and 900 °C. The different reactions can be understood from the experimentally determined ternary phase diagram and from the thermodynamic driving forces for the various competing phases in the reaction layer. Data on reactions in thin film Ta/GaAs contacts can be interpreted on the same basis. The thermodynamic stability of intermetallic phases in this system for use as contact materials on GaAs is also discussed, and TaAs is identified as the most appropriate phase.


text:
Genetically-encoded Reporter System for Remote Sensing
Cell-based biosensors can detect chemical signals important for environmental applications. Extracting information from deployed biosensors remains a challenge with existing readout technologies including fluorescence. Here, we develop cell-based biosensors that can be read out remotely, at scale, with hyperspectral imaging (HSI). We predicted the absorbance spectra of all metabolic database metabolites using density functional theory and scored their "uniqueness". We quantified how many enzymes must be engineered into various organisms to produce each of the metabolites. We are engineering bacteria to inducibly produce the most unique metabolites that require fewest enzymes and characterizing detection with HSI.


text:
This paper aimed to investigate conditions for pit initiation on type 304 stainless steel under MgCl2 solution layer in atmospheric environment using a CCD camera system and a surface potential measurement equipment. A droplet of dilute MgCl2 solution was put on the specimen. The specimen was set in the chamber with a relative humidity of 33% in order to make the droplet dry into the layer. The CCD camera system was employed to observe the change in the shape of the droplet and in the specimen surface during the drying process. In addition, the surface potential measurement equipment was applied for monitoring the surface potential of the specimen with the layer. When the droplet of dilute solution became thin and saturated, pitting corrosion occurred and the surface potential rapidly lowered. By contrast, thick and saturated layer did not induce pitting corrosion and the surface potential indicated the relatively low and steady. Therefore, it was revealed that the atmospheric corrosion occurred on the steel under saturated MgCl2 solution layer whose thickness less than 0.2 mm.
|ジャーナル||Nippon Kinzoku Gakkaishi/Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals|
|出版ステータス||Published - 2017|
ASJC Scopus subject areas


text:
First name origin & meaning:
First name variations: Veamalohi, Veatama
Last name origins & meanings:
- Spanish and Galician: habitational name, principally from Vea
in Soria province, but in some cases from any of four places with the
same name in Pontevedra province, Galicia.
- Catalan: habitational name from any of the places named Bea or Vea in the
- Norwegian: habitational name from any
of four farmsteads so named, from the plural of Old Norse
viðr 'wood', 'tree'.
Comments for Vea


text:
solar tubular skylights illuminates the underground space
Solar Tubular Skylights can extend all tubular views over the length and depth of the underground space, allowing gas stations, factories and workshops to offer natural lighting and underground lighting. For flammable and explosive sites and power supply sites, Solar Tubular Skylights could also offer a security lighting option.
All above are the characteristics of solar Tubular Skylights and tubular applications. In underground building space, especially over special building sites, solar Tubular Skylights plays a very important role. The overall lighting system has no glare and long service life, compared with traditional lighting systems, It CAN REALIZE ONCE INVESTMENT, INFINITE USE, ZERO MAINTENANCE AND SO ON MANY CHARACTERISTICS, PLAY AN INDISPENSABLE ROLE IN OUR UNDERGROUND space lighting.
solar tubular skylights of the lighting system technology is
mature, has been widely used in all kinds of construction of underground space,
with optical technology lighting device to collect using natural sunlight, the
daylighting of the lighting equipment of high efficiency, whether sunny or
rainy day, early in the morning or evening can guarantee the daylighting
effect, overall light lighting system is of beautiful appearance, convenient
construction, It can be perfectly combined with underground building
space and green engineering，It
helps to improve the quality of underground buildings, and the energy saving
score of green buildings is one of the synthetic plus points.


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Create List of Stopwords and Typing Error by TF-IDF Weight Value
EasyChair Preprint no. 1410
4 pagesDate: August 24, 2019
On these days, development of SNS generate huge text data. It is most important things to remove the meaningless words, stopwords and typing error to analyse text data. In English, it grew rapidly to create stopwords dictionary. However, there are few researchs in Korea for Korean language. In this research, we suggest way to firter stopwords and typing errors out by words importance with TF-IDF algorithm. First, calculate TF-IDF value from collected data. Second, decide criteria to separate to two groups by TF-IDF value and transform to n*2 matrix. Third, calculate accumulative frequency of TF-IDF weight. In this way, new accumulative frequency is gotten without stopwords and typing error. Furthermore, this method can be used in both language : Korean and English. without creating stopwords dictionary.
Keyphrases: Preprocessing, Stopwords, text mining, TF-IDF
BibTeX entry
 author = {Woo-Seok Choi and Ki-Cheol Yoo and Sang-Hyun Choi},
 title = {Create List of Stopwords and Typing Error by TF-IDF Weight Value},
 howpublished = {EasyChair Preprint no. 1410},
 year = {EasyChair, 2019}}
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Main Content
setsdruip
Set IP address for USRP radio
Description
example
info = setsdruip(currentIP,newIP) sets the IP address of a USRP™ X3xx series radio. The current IP address, CurrentIP, is replaced with new IP address, NewIP. The function calls the UHD™ application usrp_burn_mb_eeprom, provided by Ettus Research™, as a system command and returns the command output in I. You must power-cycle the radio for the IP address change to take effect. This function does not support N3xx series radios.
Note
For X3xx radios, the setsdruip function supports small form-factor pluggable port 0 (SFP+ port 0) only.
[info,status] = setsdruip(currentIP,newIP) returns the status of the system command execution as output. A nonzero S value indicates an error.
Examples
collapse all
Set the IP address of a USRP radio at IP address 192.168.30.22 to 192.168.30.20. This example assumes that you have a USRP radio at IP address 192.168.30.22.
I = setsdruip('192.168.30.22','192.168.30.20')
I =
'192.168.30.20'
Input Arguments
collapse all
Current IP address of a USRP X3xx series radio, specified as dotted-quad character vector or a dotted-quad string scalar.
Data Types: char | string
New IP address to be assigned to the USRP X3xx series radio, specified as dotted-quad character vector or a dotted-quad string scalar. The current IP address of the radio, CurrentIP, is replaced with new IP address, NewIP.
Note
If you change the subnet address of the radio (the subnet address is the third number in the IP character vector), you must reconfigure the Ethernet port of your host computer with the same subnet address of the radio so that the host computer can communicate with the radio.
Data Types: char | string
Output Arguments
collapse all
New IP address of the USRP radio, returned as a character vector or string scalar.
Data Types: char | string
Status of the system command execution, returned as a nonnegative integer. A nonzero value indicates an error.
Version History
Introduced in R2013a
expand all


and Q:
>
> weaker P => Q
> stronger Q => P
>
> The formal rationale is that if you have a proof
>
> P1 => P2 => P3
>
> Then weakening P1 to P1' => P1 and strengthening P3 => P3' keeps it:
>
> P1' => P2 => P3'
You have it backwards ; if P1' implies P1 then P1' is stronger
than P1 .
Spiros Bousbouras
unread,
Apr 11, 2023, 11:37:37 PM4/11/23
to
Apologies ; it was me who got it backwards.
Niklas Holsti
unread,
Apr 12, 2023, 2:49:40 AM4/12/23
to
Speaking of logic in general, rather than Ada contracts in particular, I
would say that you got it right, and Dmitry did not.
Suppose we have a theorem about geometrical figures F, and at first we
can prove the theorem only if we assume (precondition) that the figure F
is a square. Later we manage to improve the proof so that it holds also
for rectangles. I would say, and I think mathematicians would say, that
we /weakened/ the assumptions from "F is a square" to "F is a
rectangle", and indeed the former (stronger) implies the latter
(weaker), which is not as Dmitry defined "stronger".
G.B.
unread,
Apr 12, 2023, 3:30:58 AM4/12/23
to
Thanks for pointing out the issue: When P_n or Q_m don't
mention the thing to which they "belong",
then how does just mentioning names of predicates clarify
to what end of the substitution the comparatives "weaker"
or "stronger" will apply? It's variance of meaning.
"The LSP paper" uses "weak" more generally.
OK, condition P is generally considered stronger than Q
if P implies Q, right? I.e., Q not without P.
Is there a commonly accepted definition of the words "weak"
and "strong", in mathematics perhaps, that justifies the
usual contextual _omissions_ from speech?
LSP uses "pre" and "post" for an object's value in a state.
There are phrases such as "stronger requirements that constrain".
Consider a different choice of adjectives:
Given a primitive operation f of a type T,
then a precondition of any overridden f of
a type D descended from T must be sexier.
Does "sexy" carry more or less meaning than "weak" WRT assertions?
Ben Bacarisse
unread,
Apr 12, 2023, 8:29:54 AM4/12/23
to
No, you are correct. If P1' => P1 then P1' /is/ stronger (or at least
no weaker) than P1.
Using upper and lower case to suggest stronger and weaker then if we
have a proof p |- Q, then we can also assert that P |- q for all
stronger premises P and weaker conclusions q. Formally
{p, P=>p, Q=>q} |- q
Or, written out using the deduction theorem, if we have p=>Q then we can
assert P=>q for any stronger P (so P=>p) and any weaker q (so Q=>q).
In Floyd-Hoare logic, this is embodied in the consequence rule:
P=>p, {p}S{Q}, Q=>q
-------------------
{P}S{q}
which says that we can always strengthen a pre-condition and weaken a
post-condition.
However (if I've got the context right), in terms of substitution and/or
inheritance, Dmitry-Kazakov was correct to say that "The general
principle of substitutability is that the preconditions can be weakened,
the postoconditions can be strengthened". It's just the definition that
was backwards.
--
Ben.
Dmitry A. Kazakov
unread,
Apr 13, 2023, 2:27:33 AM4/13/23
to
Yes, you are right. Inclusion is an inverse of implication.
A weaker predicate is true on a set that contains the set where the
stronger predicate is.
0 new messages


text:
Datazilla is a system for managing and visualizing test data. It's designed to be able to manage different subsets of test data, such as performance data. This project includes database template schemas, a model layer, web service, and web based user interface.
At a top level, performance test data is submitted as a JSON data structure to the webservice via HTTP POST, an example data structure can be found here. It's stored in a dedicated database schema as an object. The objects in this schema are then translated into a relational database schema where individual fields in the JSON structure are indexed for queries. The indexed data is used for applying statistical analysis to identify performance regressions. Both the indexed data and un-processed objects are available through the web service.
New JSON objects and schema definitions can be added to support different types of data. It's also possible to utilize the fields already available in the JSON structure to represent different information.
All of the datasets contained in datazilla are described with three classifiers: project, content type, and dataset. Each project classifier can have its own dedicated user interface associated with it. These classifiers are described in detail in the Architecture section.


text:
The availability of suitable building material was of great importance to Nebraska's pioneer settlers. Here in Jefferson County, native limestone was used for building and the stone was burned in kilns to produce lime for mortar and whitewash. The U.S. Army reportedly operated the first kiln in this area during the 1848 construction of Fort Kearny on the Platte. During the 1870's and 1880's, the limestone industry flourished in Jefferson County and numerous kilns and quarries were located near here.
The limekiln which survives on this site was built in 1874 by Woral C. Smith who had settled in the county the previous year. Much of the limestone from Smith's quarries was used locally, but after the St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad built a siding to the kiln, limestone products were shipped throughout the region. In 1876, Smith constructed the nearby house with limestone from his quarters.
Today, commercial limestone production continues in several areas of Nebraska. Although the old limekilns have largely disappeared, the Smith kiln and limestone house remain as examples of this important pioneer industry.
Jefferson County Historical Society
Nebraska State Historical Society
US 136 west of Fairbury

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


What We Do
Eleventh Century
The Household portray knights and soldiers from the army of William the Conqueror as well as a military encampment during the period surrounding the Norman Conquest.
Twelfth Century
The Household portray a unit of professional soldiers in the employ of a noble person during the twelfth century and regularly portray the defenders of castles under siege.
Thirteenth Century
The Household portray knights and their retinues during the early thirteenth-century conflicts surrounding Magna Carta, known as the First Barons' War.
Historical Characters
The Household provide medieval characters such as kings, castellans, monks and musicians from the period _PHONE_.
The Household has a large authentic encampment bringing the sights and smells of the Anglo-Norman period to life.
The Household demonstrate a number of medieval crafts including fletching, maille-working, embroidery, cooking and many more.


The Banana aroma is a scent that everyone knows well, but that few are able to identify in a blind smell test. If this aroma is weak, and it is part of a complex aromatic bouquet, it is more difficult to identify, but it gives a pleasant and important aromatic personality to the product being tasted.
In Beer, banana is a scent that is associated with the high fermentation process. It is a positive attribute in certain styles of beer (for example Weiss beer), but can also be considered a defect due to poor control methods in the fermentation process of other beer styles.
In Chocolate, it is one of the most typical fruit aromas found in cocoa beans. It is usually a more green scentthat of the unripe banana. It is frequently present in Nacional cocoa from Ecuador and Trinitario cocoa from Venezuela.
In Extra Virgin Olive Oil, the banana aroma is typical of many high-quality oils made from ripe olives. For example, it is often very evident in the Arbosana cultivar.
Click here to discover Chocolate Aromas, here for Extra Virgin Olive Oil Aromas.
Beer Aromas, coming soon!


text:
WISE OWL EXERCISES
ADVANCED VBA EXERCISES
Advanced VBA | Linking to data exercise | Listing Beatles - ADO
This exercise is provided to allow potential course delegates to choose the correct Wise Owl Microsoft training course, and may not be reproduced in whole or in part in any format without the prior written consent of Wise Owl.
You can learn how to do this exercise if you attend one of more of the courses listed below!
You need a minimum screen resolution of about 700 pixels width to see our exercises. This is because they contain diagrams and tables which would not be viewable easily on a mobile phone or small laptop. Please use a larger tablet, notebook or desktop computer, or change your screen resolution settings.
The database in the above folder contains a single table called tblBeatles, listing for each Beatle the following fields (the database is in Access 2007/2010 format, so you won't be able to open it in Access 2003):
- Dob (the Beatle's date of birth)
- Verdict (what you think about them)
Create a macro and assign it to the ADD THIS BEATLE button so that when you click on the button, Excel adds a record to the Beatles database:
You'll need to create a connection string and open a recordset
If you get this working, create a macro and assign it to the LIST BEATLES button so that the macro reads the Beatles' names into an array from the database, then loops over this array to build up a message which it then displays:
The result of running your macro to list the Beatles
Save this workbook as Beatles input form, then close it down.


text:
Waterfield Family History
14-Day Free Trial
Waterfield Name Meaning
English (of Norman origin): habitational name from Vatierville in Seine-Maritime, France, so named from the personal name Walter + Old French ville 'settlement'.
Source: Dictionary of American Family Names ©2013, Oxford University Press
Similar surnames: Dangerfield, Wakefield, Canfield, Haverfield, Battenfield, Sherfield


1. Authorities have differed regarding the optimum degree of moisture associated with the presence of Collembola. Experiments have, therefore, been carried out to ascertain the influence of variation in relative humidity on the death-rate of certain species of these insects.
2. At a uniform temperature of 25° C. it was found that saturated conditions of the environment are necessary for the survival of all species of Collembola used in the experiments.
3. It has been found that, with the exception of the genus Entomobrya, Collembola devoid of a tracheal system are very susceptible to dry conditions. Sminthurus viridis, which possesses a tracheal system and well-developed ventral tube, is much less susceptible to atmospheric dryness.
4. An experiment carried out with Sminthurus mridis suggests that the ventral tube is used for conveying droplets of water from the hairs of the body to the mouth. It also serves as a "cleaning" organ.
5. The results of the above experiments have had direct practical application in methods of control of Collembola.
Now Adviser in Agricultural Zoology, University College of N. Wales.


Inleiding
This guide requires removal of 2x5mm screws attaching the speakers to the frame of the laptop.
 1. The yellow circle represents the rubber covering that protects the screw. And the red circle represents the screws.
 - The yellow circle represents the rubber covering that protects the screw. And the red circle represents the screws.
 - Flip the laptop such that the base of the laptop should face you. Remove the rubber covering with help of any sharp pointed object and then unscrew the screw.
 Voeg opmerking toe
 2. Using a plastic opening tool or the spudger to separate the keyboard from the frame of the laptop.
 - Using a plastic opening tool or the spudger to separate the keyboard from the frame of the laptop.
 - Gently lower the keyboard towards you to expose the wires attached beneath.
 Voeg opmerking toe
 - Lift the black flap in the left black rectangle and pull the blue ribbon gently towards you until it is disconnected.
 - Lift the white flap in the right black rectangle and pull the blue ribbon towards you until it is disconnected.
 Voeg opmerking toe
 - Lift keyboard slightly and remove the strip gently so is not damaging any parts . The tape has no function other than to keep the wire tucked away.
 Voeg opmerking toe
 - Keyboard is now detached from the laptop and can be placed to the side.
 Voeg opmerking toe
 - Remove the two screws indicated by the red circles.
 - Using fingers or the spudger, slide out the black connector indicated by the orange rectangle on the left.
 - Undo the black tape indicated by the middle orange rectangle from the frame of the laptop
 Voeg opmerking toe
 - Gently remove speakers.
 Voeg opmerking toe
Conclusie
To reassemble your device, follow these instructions in reverse order.
2 andere personen hebben deze handleiding voltooid.
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Lid sinds: 28-01-15
1.769 Reputatie
1 Handleiding geschreven
Team
USF Tampa, Team 17-2, Watkins Winter 2015 Lid van USF Tampa, Team 17-2, Watkins Winter 2015
USFT-WATKINS-W15S17G2
4 Leden
8 handleidingen geschreven
Voeg opmerking toe
Weergavestatistieken:
Afgelopen 24 Uren: 0
Afgelopen 7 Dagen: 2
Afgelopen 30 Dagen: 9
Altijd: 775


piano keyboard sheets – Propuesta Indecente
Latin pop music made easy with letter notes.
The last couple of years have shown a significant rise of Latin music. Remember Enrique Iglesias or Ricky Martin? It's amazing how history comes full circle even in music! Today we'll get to meet Mr. Romeo Santos, who has been musically active since 1997. His song "Propuesta Indecente" is a hit song from 2013 and carries the Latin vibe very beautifully. If you want to learn playing this song on and keyboard instrument, just follow our letter notes.
"Propuesta Indecente" is a beautiful pop song, which has something uncommon. It has a lot of live instruments instead of synthesizers and synthetic drum beat. The composition is very good but also quite tricky. However, if you are motivated enough, you will learn it in a blink of an eye. With Easy Letter Notes, you'll be able to speed up your learning process.
Easy tutorial for beginner keyboard and piano players.
F# F# F#
F# F# D C# C# B B F# F# G G G
F# F# G F#
F# F# D C# C# B B F# F# G A
E E F# G G G B B B D D D F# F# F# F# E
A A D F# E D D B D F# E D D A A D F# E D E E
Now you can pick up some songs for free
for two hands, with recordings and tips
Try it for free
Order Piano Letter Notes Set
with recordings, chord chart, guide and bonuses
see special offer
Thanks to the learning methods we've developed, you should not have any difficulties. First of all, grab a set of our stickers and put them on your keys for faster reaction while playing. Then try to playing the right letter notes from the letter note sheet we've prepared. Remember to play in correct octaves. Different colors indicate different octaves but that's something you will get in a second. Last but not least is an instructional video we provide for every lesson. It shows you how to perform the song and master the rhythm. You can practice along to it and slow it down if it's too hard.


text:
Low carbon vehicle scheme receives Government boost
A £23m demonstration programme to encourage UK transport operators to buy and use low carbon commercial vehicles is set to receive over £11m in Government support.
The Government funding will help operators establish and run fleets of alternative and dual-fuel heavy-goods vehicles by meeting part of the difference in capital cost between traditional vehicles and their low carbon equivalents.
Thirteen major companies, including Tesco, the John Lewis partnership, Robert Wiseman Dairies and the BOC Group are leading trials in the programme, while more than 300 low-carbon commercial vehicles will be involved.
Iain Gray, Chief Executive of the Technology Strategy Board, who are managing the programme, said: "This trial will enable commercial vehicle operators to showcase alternative-fuel commercial vehicles. It will help to accelerate a wider understanding and acceptance of low carbon vehicle technologies, while enabling the development of alternative fuel infrastructures."
The funding will also help meet the cost of the refuelling points for use by the trial fleets, including the provision of eleven new public access refuelling stations around the country, which will be available for use by other operators.
Freight Minister Mike Penning said: "These trials will reduce CO2 emissions from freight and provide important information from a range of real-life situations that will increase industry confidence in low carbon trucks in the long term.
"For example, operators often cite lack of gas refuelling infrastructure as a barrier to the take up of alternatives to diesel. These trials include £2.4m funding for publicly accessible gas stations which will encourage investment in low carbon trucks, and other vehicles, delivering long term benefits for the environment and reduced costs for operators."


text:
Trinity River Basin
Trinity River Watershed Trivia
- The Trinity River begins near the Texas-Oklahoma border in Clay, Archer, and Montague counties and from the DFW confluence, flows 512 miles to Galveston Bay, near Houston.
- There are 1,983 miles of major tributaries that drain to the river. The West, Clear, Elm and East Forks form the headwaters of the Trinity River.
- The Trinity River watershed encompasses 18,000 square miles (11.5 Million plus acres), 7% of state's land area and includes all or parts of 38 Texas counties.
- Annual precipitation ranges from 36 inches at the headwaters up to 52 inches near its terminus at the Gulf of Mexico.
- Many human activities affect the Trinity River, including 22 reservoirs on the river that provide drinking water and flood control. Differing land uses also affect the Trinity River, such as urbanization, commercial/industrial development, row-crop farming, livestock production, timber production and outdoor recreation.
- Home to terrestrial wildlife and aquatic species, there are various habitats within the Trinity River watershed, including native grasslands, bottomland hardwood forests, and wetlands. The extent of these diverse habitats has been reduced as a result of human activities.


Saturday, 12 August 2017
Difference between Isnull and Coalesce in SQL Server
Difference between Isnull and Coalesce
Both Isnull and Coalesce functions are work similarly in SQL Server as both functions used to work on Null values.
Difference-between-Isnull-and-Coalesce-in-SQL-Server
Now we will discuss about both isnull and coalesce functions individually.
What is Isnull function in SQL Server?
Isnull function is used to replace the Null values with some specified value.
Syntax of Isnull function in SQL Server:
ISNULL(expression, specified_value)
Get more details @ Isnull function with example in sql server
What is Coalesce function in SQL Server?
Coalesce function is used to get first not Null value among its arguments.
Syntax of Coalesce function in SQL Server:
COALESCE (expression1,expressions2, ...)
Get more details @ Coalesce function with example in sql server
I hope, now you understood how Isnull and Coalesce functions will work in sql server.
Now we discuss about what is the difference between Isnull and Coalesce in SQL Server
1st difference between Isnull and Coalesce in SQL Server:
Isnull function is used to replace the Null values with some specified value and Coalesce function is used to get first not Null value among its arguments
2nd difference between Isnull and Coalesce in SQL Server:
Isnull function is a specific to the sql server and Coalesce function is a ANSI standard
3rd difference between Isnull and Coalesce in SQL Server:
Isnull function returns the same data type as of first argument and coalesce function returns the data type as of its first argument
Example: We have table named as Employee_Contact_Number in sql server as below
Eid
Ename
Mobile_Number
101
Mahesh
_PHONE_
102
Pawan
NULL
103
Venkat
NULL
104
Vasu
123467890
105
Khadar
90767433893
Now we want to display 'Not Available' wherever the Mobile_Number value is null.
In this scenario, we will use isnull function, right?
Yes, we should use isnull function only. Ok let's use isnull function as below
SELECT [Eid]
 ,[Ename]
 ,isnull([Mobile_Number], 'Not Available')
 FROM [Employee_Contact_Number]
As of Isnull function definition, the above query should replace the null value as 'Not Available'. But if you ran the above query, it will give error as "Error converting data type varchar to bigint".
Cause of Error: Isnull function returns the same data type as of first argument
So to resolve the above error you have to write the query as
SELECT [Eid]
 ,[Ename]
 ,isnull(cast([Mobile_Number] as varchar(50)), 'Not Available') as [Mobile_Number]
 FROM [Employee_Contact_Number]
4th difference between Isnull and Coalesce in SQL Server:
By observing the syntax of both Isnull and coalesce function, we can say that Isnull function will only two arguments whereas coalesce function will use 'n' number of arguments
That's all, differences between Isnull and coalesce functions are got over.
Which is faster?
In the query performance point of view, we should know which function is faster. In both of Isnull and Coalesce functions Isnull is faster than coalesce function because of isnull function is specific built in function in sql server and coalesce translates to case statement
Note: If you know any more information about difference between Isnull and coalesce function is sql server then please comment here. That will help others.
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text:
Economic Impact Case Study Tool for Transit
economics - appraisal/evaluation, land use - impacts, economics - finance
database, transit investment, economic impacts, land development impacts, multi-modal planning
This report presents the results of a project aimed at creating the prototype for a searchable (web-based) database of transit investment projects and their associated (transit driven) economic and land development impacts. The web tool that was developed for this study, the database that it accesses, and the case study design intentionally parallel a previously developed system for highway projects, with adaptation as necessary to be applicable for transit projects. The purpose of this system is to provide transportation planners with a consistent base of data on actual, documented economic and land development impacts of completed transit-related investments, along with a narrative describing the form of impact and factors that affected it. This information is intended to inform future planning efforts for transit-related projects, and to support better multi-modal planning. The report examines issues concerning: (a) the types of transit projects that are most applicable for case studies, (b) how economic impacts of transit projects can be measured and reported, and (c) how findings on transit project may be interpreted. Seven prototype case studies were completed, to illustrate how a more complete national database and web tool might be implemented and used.
Permission to publish the abstract has been given by Transportation Research Board, Washington, copyright remains with them.
Economic Development Research Group, Inc. and Compass Transportation & Technology, Inc. (2016). Economic Impact Case Study Tool for Transit. Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 186, pp. 115. Published by Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, DC.


text:
- The Symbols
- Peh, mouth; Yr or Irr, to err; Mars.
- The Image
- The Tower symbolizes an arrogant technology that constantly desires more and bigger monuments to its conquest of nature. Inside of it is darkness and fire. It is a modern image of the Tower of Babel. The sunrise and blue sky suggest hope.
The Haindl Tarot weaves a tapestry of haunting beauty from the traditions of Native America, the Holy Grail, the I Ching, Kabbalah and the Norse Runes, and is the deck of choice for mystics and those seeking enlightenment. If you would like your own copy of the Haindl Tarot, you can buy it now!


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am not completely green to Python, but I am interested in learning/keeping good practices while I develop my skills.
I want to remove the high and low values from a list of numbers, which I know how to do, but am curious if there is a better/preferred way to do this.
mylist = [1, 4, 0, 3, 2]
mylist.sort() #[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
trimmed = mylist[1:-1] #[1, 2, 3]
I get the desired answer, but did I get the right answer appropriately?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Here's another way to do it if you don't want to change the order of the items:
Assumes that the high/low don't have any duplicates in the list, or if there are, that it's OK to remove only one of them.
This will need to do 2-4 passes through the list: two to find the max and min values, and up to 2 to find the values to remove (if they both happen to be at the end of the list). You could reduce this to one by writing a Python loop to find the max and min in a single pass (and remember the index of each so you can delete the items by index after the loop). However, min() and max() are implemented in C, so replacing them with Python code would probably result in lower performance even if it allowed you to reduce the number of passes.
share|improve this answer
Note that doing 4 passes is still probably faster than sorting the list, but if you want mylist to remain and have the trimmed version in trimmed, you should copy it first. – sverre Apr 13 '11 at 23:03
Yep. trimmed = mylist[:] and then do the manipulations on trimmed. – kindall Apr 13 '11 at 23:08
Your Answer


text:
Read this article to learn about the nine advantages of canal lining.
1. Canal lining controls seepage:
The seepage losses in unlined canal system may amount to 40% of the discharge. Obviously if all the seepage losses could be prevented then it is possible to irrigate 40 more hectares per every 60 hectares now under irrigation. It is needless to say that this additional command is free of cost so far as cost of the water is concerned.
2. Canal linings increase capacity of canals:
When the canal is lined the bed and sides and rendered smooth. Obviously resistance to flow is less and consequently velocity of water is more. The general formula for velocity of flow in channels V = C√RS makes it more clear. Value of C in the Chezy formula is given by Kutter's formula.
From the study of formula it is clear that C is inversely proportional to N (coefficient of rugosity). Obviously when N is small the value C will be more. For unlined canal average value of N is 0.0225 whereas for concrete lined canal N is 0.014. As a result higher velocities are maintained in lined canals. Thus water discharging capacity of the canal is also increased.
3. Canal lining is an important anti-water-logging measure:
When canals are lined excessive seepage is prevented and in turn it prevents addition of water to the underground reservoir. Thus it avoids deterioration of cultivable land by water-logging.
4. Canal linings improve command:
Lining makes it possible to maintain high velocity in the canal. Generally lined canals are designed with normal value of silt factor (f= 1.2) and maximum permissible velocity (from 1.8 m/sec to 2 5 m/sec). For these values of f and V steepest practicable longitudinal slope may be adopted. Even then this slope will be flatter than the slope of unlined canal.
Thus this flat slope raises the FSL in general and brings the high patches of land under command which have not been irrigated before. Another advantage of maintaining high velocities can be recognized from the fact that lined canals require smaller sections to convey same amount of water as that carried by unlined canals.
5. Canal linings increase available head for power generation:
When the power canals are lined the slope adopted is very flat. Then it prevents loss of head due to excess slope. As a result available head at power house is increased.
6. Canal linings make the canal section stable:
When the sides and the bed of a canal are protected with sufficiently strong material a canal may be said to be m permanent regime. It protects the canal section against the forces which may try to change the regime conditions.
7. Canal linings prevent bank erosion and breaches:
For unlined canals occurrence of breaches and bank erosion are problems of much concern. But in lined canals they Crete no problems as the sides are protected.
8. Canal linings assure economical water distribution:
When canals and field channels are lined the water available may be distributed easily and economically to the cultivators as planned. Experience has shown that lining and constructing permanent turnouts may reduce labour requirement for water distribution by about 50 percent.
9. Canal linings reduce maintenance costs:
As weed growth is totally prevented in lined canals a major portion of this class of maintenance is eliminated. Since the canal is lined erosion of bed and sides is totally checked. Moreover velocity is so designed that silting does not occur. This eliminates considerably the annual maintenance expenditure necessary in unlined canals for removal of silt.
The lining is generally designed to resist the water pressure behind the lining. Backfill is also sufficiently compacted to avoid settlement. Thus maintenance required for minor repairs is also substantially reduced. Experience has shown that maintenance cost of a lined canal is about 25 per cent that of a similar unlined canal.


Intraoperative ultrasound-guided retrieval of an extraluminal pharyngoesophageal foreign body
Janet W. Lee, Derrick R. Randall, Maggie Kuhn
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
1 Scopus citations
Abstract
Pharyngoesophageal foreign bodies (FBs) are common otolaryngologic problems, but challenging cases cause significant patient and surgeon frustration. Extraluminal migration of an FB from the pharynx or esophagus is rare and usually necessitates external neck exploration. Approaching these complicated FBs endoscopically may avoid undue surgical morbidity. We present a case using real-time, intraoperative ultrasound (US) guidance for safe retrieval of a migrated submucosal FB. Intraoperative US is a widely available, powerful technology that can aid in the retrieval of difficult pharyngoesophageal FBs. In appropriate cases, this strategy may circumvent transcervical approaches and their associated risks.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)202-207
Number of pages6
JournalEar, Nose and Throat Journal
Volume97
Issue number7
StatePublished - Jul 1 2018
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Otorhinolaryngology
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Intraoperative ultrasound-guided retrieval of an extraluminal pharyngoesophageal foreign body'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this


text:
Project 2: the Story of Stuff Inspired Infographics
Here is a series of information design posters based on improving the environment. The students had to go to the Story of Stuff website, select a topic like "how plastic water bottles are poisoning our environment".
Project 1 – The Roswell Incident Inforgraphic
Objective: The idea is to tell a story without using words.
Process: This is the first project that the students are assigned. They are given the synopsis of the of the alleged flying saucer crash in Roswell, NM in 1949. They must research the story and develop an infographic in order to tell the story without words.


text:
UPDATED 14:30 p.m. GMT with Tetley Tea's statement.
LONDON — The Great British cuppa could be in decline, according to new figures published by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra).
Information collected from around 150,000 UK households from _PHONE_ for the National Food Survey was made available to the public Thursday, showing the changing food habits through the generations.
The figures suggest that the dearly loved British cup of tea has fallen into decline since the 1970s, with tea consumption dropping from 68g per person per week to 25g. With tea bags weighing on average 3g, these figures suggest that Brits are drinking on average eight cups of tea per week, down from 23 cuppas per week in 1974.
Bill Gorman, the chairman of UK Tea and Infusions Association, isn't convinced by the figures, however.
"In 1974, Brits were actually drinking 28 cups of tea per week, which equated to four cups per day," Gorman told Mashable.
"In 2015, that figure has dropped to 21 cups per week, and on average we are drinking three cups of tea a day. In 1974, tea accounted for 50% of the nation's daily intake of fluids. That figure has since dropped to 37% of the national intake of fluid, so it is still a significant amount.
"And, according to 2015 figures, 84% of the nation will have a cup of tea each day," he continued.
According to Gorman, the reason for what he describes as a "marginal decrease" in tea consumption stems from the wider range of beverages on offer, such as carbonated, pro-biotic and yoghurt-based drinks, fruit and herbal infusions and speciality teas.
"Tea is still the nation's number one choice of hot beverage and has a genuine place in our daily lives. It makes up for one in three drinks," A spokesperson for tea manufacturer Tetley told Mashable. "Everyday black tea still dominates the market, but as consumers continue to look for healthy lifestyle choices, we are seeing strong growth in Green Tea and Fruit and Herbal teas with natural benefits," they continued.
The National Food Survey also revealed a significant shift in food habits in the UK. Britons have cut down on the amount of bread they eat by 40% since 1974, falling from 25 to 15 slices a week, the figures revealed.
Brits' consumption of white bread has also decreased by 75% since 1974, and consumption of brown and wholemeal has risen by 85%.
Nonetheless, sales of junk food, including crisps, chips and frozen pizza have skyrocketed, and the number of ready meal purchases more than doubled since 1989. Adults in the UK now consume an average of 75g of pizza each week, whereas data from 1974 suggests that Brits didn't eat any pizza at all.
The consumption of baked beans has plummeted by a fifth over the past four decades; which could spell the end of yet another British favourite.
"Food is the heart and soul of our society and this data not only shows what we were eating 40 years ago, but how a change in culture has led to a food revolution," said Environment Secretary Elizabeth Truss in an official statement.
"Shoppers are more plugged in to where their food comes from than ever before, the Internet has brought quality produce to our doorsteps at the click of a button, pop up restaurants are showcasing the latest trends and exciting global cuisines are now as common as fish and chips," she continued.


text:
The Blueye Smart Connector
Since the beginning with the Blueye Pioneer underwater drone, we have used custom connectors to connect thrusters, pressure sensors, tethers, and charging cables to the Blueye electronics in a waterproof manner. On the X3, we took our connector design one step further and created what we have called the Blueye Smart Connector.
The three guest ports on the Blueye X3 mini ROV offer eight different communication protocols and three different power levels to support a variety of external peripherals. The connector consists of a mechanical housing and a small circuit board connecting with spring-loaded pins on the drone side. The configuration of the circuit board is selected based on which protocols and power levels a particular piece of equipment uses.
Metadata stored on the connector
We have added a small memory chip to the connector circuit board containing metadata about the peripheral, such as device id, depth rating, and serial number. The metadata allows the Blunux operating system to automatically detect which equipment is connected. The Blunux operating system will start the necessary software modules needed to support a particular peripheral based on the connector information, without any configuration required by the end-user. On other systems, ROV operators would typically have to manually configure COM-ports, set static IP-addresses, and install system drivers to enable a new third-party peripheral.
The Blueye App will automatically enable or disable functionality based on the connected equipment, such as changing the controller layout to accompany the use of grippers if connected or adding new menu items to set the intensity of external lights when present. The Blueye App will warn the user if approaching the depth rating of a connected peripheral with a shallower depth rating than the Blueye X3 itself (305 m / 1000 ft).
Even the blind plugs used to seal the X3 when no external equipment is attached use Blueye Smart Connectors. If you forget to add a blind plug after disconnecting a device from the drone, the Blueye App will warn you that you need to seal the drone.
Having serial number information for any connected peripheral easily accessible in the app will also help with the efficiency of a support ticket, as we can quickly identify exactly which specific device is connected.
User-friendly underwater technology
At Blueye, our vision is to empower people and organizations with user-friendly underwater technology. Something as small as a connector can play an important role in achieving this. We believe the Blueye Smart Connector is yet another example of how our approach to underwater technology is different from the status quo in the mini ROV world.
Benefits of the Blueye Smart Connector
- Plug-and-play connection of third-party peripherals with no manual configuration
- The Blueye App and Blunux operating system intelligently adapt to take advantage of connected equipment
- The system can intelligently warn you when approaching the depth rating of external equipment or if a blind plug is missing


text:
There are oftentimes some source systems in a business intelligence solution that are less than critical for your reporting. It is possible to configure the Jet Data Manager so that the entire execution does not stop because the software cannot reach any of these non-critical systems. Instead, the organization can choose to keep the newest data from the failing data source until fresh data can be retrieved. This ensures that the rest of the solution will continue to be updated if an Excel file used as a data source is moved, for example.
Follow the steps below to allow a data source to fail.
On the Data tab, right-click on the data source to be allowed to fail and select "Data Source Settings"
In the When transfer fails list, click on the option to use if the transfer should fail. The available options are:
- Fail stop execution : Stops execution and reports the execution as failed.
- Continue without data : Continues the execution, pretending that the source contains no data.
- Continue with existing data : Continues execution, retaining the existing data from the source.
If using Replicate Data Sources you need to configure this setting on the additional data source as well as the template data source.


Tokyo - Activities | Fill the gap answer
Last modified:
Activities with "Fill the gap answers" allow students to complete texts filling blank fields.
This type of activity is divided in three areas:
B. Answer area. This field is used to write a text including gaps for words that students must insert to complete them.
C. Feedback. It is possible to configure some positive feedback and negative feedback related to questions. Apart from text, feedback can also include an image.
Setup process
 - Step 1. Set up activity properties
 - Step 2. Set up the wording
 - Step 3. Set up the answer area
 - Step 4. Advanced layout design: how to add columns
 - Step 5. Configure feedback
Step 1. Set up activity properties
Activity title.
The following formula is used to calculate scores for Fill the gap activities: number of correct options / total number of options.
For example, if an activity has 5 options or gaps and students choose 3 correct options: 3/5= 0,6 = 60%.
Distinguish upper case/lower case
This property allows us to determine if students should distinguish between upper case and lower case when writing. The options are:
 - No: With this option, it does not matter whether students use upper case or lower case. So, they can write "house", "HOUSE", hOUSE", "House", etc. For example, for proper names these types of spellings are accepted: "New York", "new york", "new York", "NEW YORK"... This makes completing activities easier for students, as they do not need to pay attention to spelling rules.
 - Yes: With this option, students must write words with an exact spelling (the same spelling used when editing). For example, if we want students to write "New York", they should spell it that way; no variations will be admitted ("new york", "new York", etc). This option is useful when spelling accuracy is important for student assessment.
Distinguish accents
This property allows choosing if it is required to write word(s) using correct accent marks.
 - No: With this option, presence or absence of accent marks will not be penalised. So, the word "canción" (which means "song" in Spanish) will also be admitted without its accent mark "cancion".
 - Yes: With this option, students must write words exactly as described in wordings. So, the word "canción" will only be admitted if written with accent mark.
Ignore special characters
This field allows us to indicate the special characters that are not considered when marking an answer as valid. So, we could ignore full stops, commas and similar characters.
If students wrote "I want this, but can't have it.", we could consider that there is no need to include a full stop or a comma. So, the option "I want this but can't have it" would be admitted.
Step 2. Set up the wording
1. Write a text for the wording of the question (see here setup options available for texts).
2. Optionally, you can add more components within the wording. Make sure you select the wording (you will easily find it with the breadcrumb trail) before going to the "Add" tab and include the components you need.
Step 3. Set up the answer area
3. There is a text field below the wording. You should write the phrase or content that we want to include. Then, put the cursor over the text area where you want to add a gap. Go to the text editor, click on the "Components" menu and add an "Option". A gap is automatically added inside the text.
4. We can configure options clicking on each gap and going to the "Properties" tab to adjust the following fields:
We should use this property to indicate the right word that students must use to fill the gap. It is important to say that students must write exactly what is written inside this field; otherwise, their answer will not be marked as correct. However, this rule will not be applied if we have decided the lack of accent marks is not penalised.
If we want to offer more than one correct option, we should write options separated by two characters || (key combination for this is Ctrl+Alt+1). For example:
By default, all blank spaces appear with a "Normal" view, that is, each gap has the same size of the word replaced by it. If we want to edit this size, we select the "Editable width" view.
So, if we leave gaps as they are shown by default ("Normal" view), we will be giving hints about the size of word(s) that students need to use. However, we could avoid this using the "Editable width" view to leave the same blank space for every gap.
Size (number of letters)
This property is enabled if we choose the "Editable width" "View". We will adjust the gap size. This is measured according to the number of letters. So, for the word "team", its minimum width would be 4.
Step 4. Advanced layout design: how to add columns
Normally wordings and texts are enough to configure activities correctly, but sometimes we want to add especial elements (images, audios, etc.) and create more complex layout designs. We can add "Columns" to create these layouts.Columns can be inserted anywhere: after wordings, after answer options, etc.
Within a column, we can add different elements: images audios, videos, texts, etc. From the "Properties" tab, we can configure properties like "Size", "Offset" and "It's the last column".
It's the last column
Use of columns allows creating complex layouts. For example, we could add various audios and texts to complete. The example below shows two columns. Each column occupies 5 spaces and includes an audio file and a text where students need to fill the blanks. Furthermore, offset for the second column is "1", which allows leaving some space between both columns.
Step 5. Configure feedback
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text:
At Commonwealth Bank, it's easy to get your bank statement in several different ways, as detailed below.
You can choose the method that best fits your lifestyle and situation, and save yourself the time of having to go into the branch every month to pick up your statement or making the effort to go online every few days to check your balance via online banking.
So let's take a look at how you can get your Commonwealth Bank statements conveniently in just minutes.
Things required getting Commbank Statement
- PDF readers Such As Adobe reader
- Net banking User Name & Password
- Mobile Banking Login Passcode
What Information is Included in a CBA Bank Statement?
The Commonwealth Bank Statement is a report of transactions for the previous month. It contains information about your account balances, interest earned, and fees charged. You should receive this document at least once a month so that you can keep track of your financial status.
The commbank statement usually includes the following items:
1. Balance your checking account at the end of the previous month
2. Number of transactions that occurred during the last calendar day of the month
3. Amount withdrawn from your checking account (if any such as money withdrawn from ATMs)
4. Amount deposited into your checking account by check or draft (if any)
5. Total interest earned on all check or draft deposits made during the previous month
6. Check overdrafts
Ways to get CommBank Statement
There are several ways to get your Commonwealth Bank Statement. You can either view it online, through the mobile app, or by requesting a physical copy.
To view your statement online, simply follow the Below Steps.
If you want a physical copy of your statement, you can request one at any time by calling customer service or visiting your local branch.
The mobile app also offers the ability to view and download statements.
Get Commonwealth Bank Statement through Net Banking
Step 1: Login to Commbank NetBank.
Step 2: Choose the view accounts & Select Statements option
Step 3: Select the account and statement period you want to review.
Step 4: You may choose to download or send a statement by Email.
Get Commonwealth Bank Statement through Commbank App – CBA
Step 1: Open the CommBank mobile app.
Step 2: Select View accounts.
Step 3: Select an account, and then tap the account name on the following screen to view your statement.
Step 4: Select the statement date after tapping View statement.
Step 5: Click the Share button if you wish to share or print.
How to get 90 day bank statement
Step 1: Login to Commbank NetBank.
Step 2: Choose view accounts Statements
Step 3: Select the account
Step 4: Select the statement period as 30 Days.
Step 5: You may choose to download or send a statement by Email.
Why You Might Need a Commonwealth Bank Statement
Bank statements are a useful tool for checking the balance of your account. They can help you to:
1. Identify any suspicious activity or unauthorized transactions.
2. To prove that you have sufficient funds in your checking account to cover any checks you write. If you don't have enough money in your account to cover checks, you could be charged overdraft fees or bounced checks if they're not paid promptly.
3. Check how much money is in your account. You can then compare this with your monthly income and expenditure. If there has been a large deposit or withdrawal, this may indicate an error in the way that your account was set up.
4. Check whether you are paying too much interest on the debt (such as payday loans). If so, you could contact the lender and ask them to refund some of the interest charged back to you.
How to Read Your Commonwealth Bank Statement
Here are some useful tips when reading a bank statement:
1. Look at all the transactions in detail. What is being paid? What has been paid? Compare one month against another to see if there are any payments or charges that have changed.
2. Check for any new charges or fees attached to your account (for example, for direct debits).
3. Read over each line carefully and check for details such as bank name (Commbank), branch name and account number.
4. Make sure you don't have any outstanding bills that are due in the next few days, as these will be listed on your statement, and you may incur late payment fees if they aren't paid.
5. Be sure to check for any fees or charges that may have been charged by the bank in addition to the interest rate that was paid on the loan (if applicable).
6. Look for transactions that occur at irregular times. For example, if you get paid on Friday each week, but your bank statement shows a transaction on Wednesday, there's probably something fishy going on.
7. Look at all of the transactions within each category and make sure they match up with what you expect to see for each type of transaction (debit card purchases, etc.)
If you're a customer of Commonwealth Bank, you can easily view and download your bank statements through the online banking portal. Simply follow the above steps.
If you have any trouble, don't hesitate to contact customer service for assistance.
As always, please keep in mind that if you see something suspicious on your statement or notice anything unusual, it's important to call them right away so we can investigate it.


text:
Authors: M.I. Kilani, P.G. Galambos, Y. Haik and C.J. Chen
Affilation: Florida State University, United States
Pages: 210 - 213
Keywords: pump, spiral
This paper introduces a new viscous micropump produced using surface micromachining technology. The pump consists of a disk with a spiral protrusion that rotates at a close proximity over a stationary plate. Fluid contained in the spiral channel created by this geometry is subject to a net tangential viscous stress and a positive pressure gradient is established in the direction of flow. The paper describes the design and fluid modeling of the micro spiral pump.


text:
Cargo ships account for a massive amount of carbon emissions each year, so reducing emissions is a global priority. One of the easiest ways to do that is to reduce the weight of said cargo ships. A group of EU researchers have developed a new material that is tough, lighter than water and could cut ships' weight by as much as 30 to 50 percent while maintaining the payload capability. That would take the equivalent of 55 to 60 trucks' worth of CO2 out of the equation per ship.
The material developed by the researchers is a lightweight aluminum foam that expands like a sponge when exposed to high heat. The material is sandwiched between two sheets of steel and sealed with heat, resulting in a very lightweight and tough building material. Under stress, the material bends but doesn't break, making it ideal for traveling even through dangerous ice-packed waters.


How to Stretch Watercolor Paper
Watercolor artist in studio
Frank Whitney/Photographer's Choice/Getty Images
It's generally recommended that watercolor paper less than 356 gsm (260 lb) is stretched before use, otherwise, it'll warp. It's a simple process.
Difficulty: Average
Time Required: On-going
Here's How
 1. Cut four strips of gummed brown tape, one for each side (edge) of the piece of watercolor paper. Cut these slightly longer than the sides. Put them aside for the moment.
 2. Soak a sheet of watercolor paper in cold water for a couple of minutes. This is to allow the fibers in the paper to expand.
 3. Lift the sheet of watercolor paper, and gently shake off the excess water. Place it on a drawing board, which must be lying flat.
 4. Smooth the watercolor paper out with a clean sponge (preferably) or your fingers (but wash them first to get any grease off them). If the sheet of watercolor paper is not perfectly smooth at this stage, it won't dry smooth.
 5. Moisten a strip of gummed tape, and stick it down firmly along one side so that one-third of the tape is on the paper and two-thirds on the board. This will stop the watercolor paper pulling off the board when it dries.
 6. Tape down the other sides of the sheet of watercolor paper in the same way.
 7. Leave to dry for several hours, away from direct heat. As the water evaporates, the fibers in the paper contract, leaving the sheet of watercolor paper flat.
 8. Keep the board flat while the watercolor paper dries, otherwise, the water will drain to one edge and the paper will drive unevenly.
 9. When you paint on the watercolor paper, it'll stay flat because you won't ever soak the whole piece as much as you did in step one.
 1. Don't use hot water to soak your watercolor paper as this could remove the sizing from the paper, and don't soak it for too long for the same reason. Sizing is added to watercolor paper to reduce its absorbency.
 2. Use different color sponges for smoothing a piece of paper and moistening gummed tape, so you never run the risk of getting gum on your sheet of watercolor paper.
 3. If you don't get on with gummed brown tape, an alternative method is to staple the paper down onto the board instead.
 4. You may be able to peel off some of the tape, but be careful not to tear the paper. Rather, just trim off the edges of the paper or hide them under a mount.
What You Need
 - Watercolor paper
 - Drawing board
 - Gummed brown tape
 - Two sponges
Watch Now: Discover Your Inner Artist with Watercolors


text:
Most anthelmintics have withholding periods if milk or meat from treated animals is intended for human consumption; the specific requirements for each must be observed. Of the benzimidazoles, thiabendazole is absorbed and excreted most quickly; fenbendazole, oxfendazole, and albendazole are absorbed and excreted over a longer period, which necessitates withholding periods of 8–14 days before slaughtering for meat and 3–5 days before milking for human consumption. Other members of the group have withholding periods between these extremes, but withholding periods are longer for bolus formulations.
A similar relationship between the rate of metabolism and activity against immature parasites also exists with certain fasciolicides. Closantel, rafoxanide, and nitroxynil bind more strongly to blood proteins than does oxyclozanide, and therefore remain in the blood for longer periods. While this greater persistence is associated with greater activity against immature liver flukes, the withholding period for slaughter is also longer: 21–77 days for closantel, rafoxanide, and nitroxynil, compared with 3–14 days for oxyclozanide. The low plasma-protein binding of diamfenetide, coupled with the rapid excretion of its active metabolite, necessitates only a short withdrawal time. Similarly, withholding periods for milk vary widely. Closantel and nitroxynil cannot be used in lactating animals when milk is intended for human consumption, whereas oxyclozanide has a withdrawal time of only 60 hr.
Levamisole and morantel are rapidly excreted; thus, withholding periods for meat are short, and frequently there is no, or only a short, withholding period for milk. However, in some countries, levamisole cannot be used in lactating animals when milk is intended for human consumption.
Ivermectin and doramectin are excreted in milk and are not recommended when milk is intended for human consumption. Commensurate with the long period of activity of macrocyclic lactones, ivermectin, abamectin, doramectin, and moxidectin have significant withholding periods before slaughter (eg, 35 days), which vary with the formulations and local regulations. Residual concentrations of moxidectin in milk after topical administration are below threshold limits, resulting in no milk withholding period in many countries. The chemical structure of the macrocyclic lactone molecule has been manipulated to change the milk partitioning coefficients in lactating dairy animals. For example, only 0.1% of the total dose of eprinomectin is eliminated in the milk, resulting in no withholding period for milk worldwide.
Monepantel has a withdrawal period of 7–14 days for meat and is not approved for use in lactating animals producing milk for human consumption.
In combination with abamectin, derquantel has a withholding period of 14 days for meat and is not approved for use in lactating animals producing milk for human consumption.


text:
RAILROAD GRADE CROSSING PASSIVE SIGNING STUDY
More than three-fourths of the 219,000 public railroad grade crossings nationwide are equipped with passive warning signs only. A two-phase study is now underway to develop improved passive signing for use at these grade crossings. This study is a pool-funded effort involving 25 states, the Federal Railroad Administration and the Federal Highway Administration. This report describes seven signing configurations (at-crossing sign and advance warning signs) tested in two states during Phase I of the study, the test sites, the types of data collected, the experimental variables, the analysis procedure, and the results of Phase I. Upon completion of Phase II, which involves nationwide testing, a final report will be written making recommendations on what signs should be adopted for driver warning at railroad grade crossings.
- Sponsored in part by Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C., Office of Research. A version of the report, with Janet Coleman (FHWA) as an additional author, is published in Public Roads, v60 n 4 (March 1977), pp 141-144.
Transportation Systems Center55 Broadway, Kendall Square
Cambridge, MA United States 02142
Washington, DC United States 20590
- KOZIOL, J S
- Mengert, P H
- Publication Date: 1977-1
- Pagination: 137 p.
- TRT Terms: Data collection; Field tests; Grade crossing protection systems; Highway safety; Highway traffic control; Highways; Intersections; Measures of effectiveness; Project management; Railroad grade crossings; Railroads; Rural areas; Safety; Traffic control; Traffic safety; Traffic signs; Warning signs; Warning systems
- Uncontrolled Terms: Effectiveness
- Old TRIS Terms: Grade crossing protection; Visual warning systems
- Subject Areas: Administration and Management; Highways; Operations and Traffic Management; Railroads; Safety and Human Factors;
- Accession Number: 00153966
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: National Technical Information Service
- Report/Paper Numbers: DOT-TSC-FHWA-76-1 Intrm Rpt.
- Files: NTIS, TRIS, USDOT
- Created Date: Jun 17 1977 12:00AM


text:
I already seem to hear cries from geometers that this isn't at all a weird word, but one with a specific and useful technical meaning of a triangle having unequal sides.
Mathematically inclined or not, we all have three of them, since the word is also applied to each of a set of three muscles that enable us to bend our necks — they're called that because of their irregular triangular shapes; another name for them is scaleni, singly a scalenus, which is the Latin word from which scalene derives.
But the origin is further back, in the Greek skalinos, uneven or unequal.
One of its rare appearances outside technical contexts is this:
Mr. Minns found himself opposite a yellow brick house... with 'a garden' in front, that is to say, a small loose bit of gravelled ground, with one round and two scalene triangular beds, containing a fir-tree, twenty or thirty bulbs, and an unlimited number of marigolds".
Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens, 1836.


Biodegradable Capsule Turns Your Body into a Tree
Biodegradable Capsule Turns Your Body into a Tree
For many, what happens to you after death is not something you think about on a regular basis, but with current advances in technology, you might be surprised to learn that there are some interesting options. Besides normal burial or cremation, there are many less expensive or even less environmentally impactful alternatives. One Kickstarter project aims as turning your ashes into a living breathing tree so you can live on and continue making an impact. The Bios Incube biodegradable urn and partnering capsule automatically will grow a tree and water the plant through its internal sensors, check out the video below.
Biodegradable urns have been around for a while now, and this product is one that accompanies the already on the market Bios Urn. Essentially, it is a capsule filled with sensors that tracks the tree's growth and tailors its treatment to what the plant needs to thrive. Now, you may be wondering why you need to purchase a several thousand dollar machine that just grows a tree, but think about it, do you want to be the one that accidentally kills your passed on loved ones tree? This product allows those who have suffered loss to grow and remember their loved ones in a healthy and beneficial manner, all the while never having to worry about not having a green thumb.
To add another level to the plant growing capsule, it will even send you notifications if the location your tree is growing in is not ideal for its health. You may have never heard of this product, but over 60,000 bios urns have been sold to date, and the market for alternative burial methods is growing rapidly. The need then shifts not to more methods, but rather how to sustain such innovative burial techniques.
The goal, claims Bios, is to turn cemeteries into living breathing forests that represent the legacy those who have passed on leave to us still here on the earth. It is very beautiful to think about a tangible living plant that is grown from someone you have lost.
bios incube tree product[Image Source: Bios Incube]
With moisture, conductivity, and temperature sensors built in to the device, it will monitor just about every variable essential to growing a healthy thriving plant. If you really want to be turned into a tree, but are worried about dying suddenly and it never taking place, they have little device called the Bios seed. Essentially, it is a small storage device that lets you select what type of tree you would like to become, where you would like to be buried, and who gets to see this information. If for some reason you die, the company can facilitate growth and burial as well as supplying loved ones with all of the necessary furnishings for DIY growth.
bios incube tree death urn[Image Source: Bios Incube]
The engineering and creativity behind this innovative burial technique makes you think, "maybe I do want to become a tree." Thats the whole point, with the eco-friendly nature of a new tree and the tangible effects to loved ones, it seems that for many, being turned into a beautiful tree is their after life destiny.
SEE ALSO: 4 High-Tech Alternatives To Death
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Effect of Magnesium on the Solid-State Nucleation and Growth of Graphite During Annealing of White Iron
It is well-established that growth of spheroidal graphite occurs in several stages such as directly in the liquid, in the liquid through a solid austenite shell during the eutectic reaction, and in the solid because of decreased carbon solubility during cooling. The various mechanisms active during these stages of cast iron solidification have been the subject of much research over the recent years. To further understand graphite growth mechanisms, irons of similar composition but with three level of Mg (low—< 0.010%, medium—0.017%, and high—0.047%) were cast in copper molds to produce small disks with white microstructure. The disks were annealed at 950 °C to promote graphite growth, and then quenched in water after various holding times. The time evolution of nucleation and growth of graphite was analyzed through characterization of the microstructure by optical and scanning electron microscopy, on polished and deep-etched specimens. Unique structural features were observed in some unusual graphite aggregates, such as hemispherical graphite and hopper-like crystals. A mechanism for the growth of graphite in solid state is offered. The theory of multi-mechanism growth of graphite spheroids is confirmed.
Autores/as:
Gorka Alonso, Ramón Suárez, Rodolfo González-Martínez, Doru M. Stefanescu (The Ohio State University and The University of Alabama).
Keywords:
white iron, annealing treatment, spheroidal graphite iron, solid state, graphite growth, graphite nucleation.
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text:
Lesser Long-nosed Bats:
Nectar-powered Bat Math!
Counting the Calories in Cactus
Contributed by Ginny Dalton, Bat Biologist
Merlin D. Tuttle,BCI
ever wonder: How much energy does it take to operate a bat? How many
flowers must a bat visit to stay alive?
Get ready to count the calories in a cactus flower! After reading this page,
you'll know everything necessary to answer these questions:
- How many
saguaro flowers does a bat have to visit to sustain it for one day?
- For how
many minutes does a bat have to forage to get the nectar it needs
- How many
saguaro plants do you think would be needed to feed a maternity colony
of 10,000 Leptos?
is the minimum number of hectares of land required to feed a bat
colony containing 10,000
Much Energy to Operate a Bat?
Let's look at how much energy is required by an adult Lepto. Here's an animal
with a big energy demand for its size! (Now, nobody has ever measured this
exactly for Leptos, but we can use information about other bats and extend
the results logically.) It takes roughly 20.2 kcal to maintain one of these
bats for a day. A Lepto uses about 100 times less energy in a day than a human
does, as you can see on the chart below. But it weighs 2,000 times less. Obviously
it takes more energy to operate an ounce of bat that an ounce of human! Why?
Well, for one thing, bats fly--and the energetic cost of flight is high.
*NOTE ABOUT CALORIES: There is confusion in the layman's literature
regarding calories. The calorie in everyday use is actually a kilocalorie (kcal,
also designated Calorie, with a capital "C"), 1000
times larger than a calorie with a lower case "c"). In
fact, the makers of labels on food boxes and cans in the grocery
store are careless in their representation of this energy unit. The
labels correctly use the upper case when stating total Calories of
the food within, but then many of them say "based on a 2,000
calorie diet." Note the lower case "c." If literally
interpreted, it is based on a 2 Cal (or kcal) diet, which doesn't
make any sense. You and I can't live on 2 Calories a day!! They actually
meant to write "Calorie;" instead they wrote "calorie."
Calories in Cactus Flowers
How much energy is available in the nectar of the flowers Leptos visit?
(Lepto is short for Leptonycteris curasoae, or lesser long-nosed bats.)
It has been calculated that the nectar in saguaro flowers is about 24% sugar.
This nectar if very sweet: For comparison, Classic Coke is 10% sugar! Each
flower holds about 1.0 ml (milliliter) nectar. A single bat only takes about
0.1 ml with each visit to a flower. A bat's stomach can hold about 4 ml of
fluid when full. Of those stomachs measured, 3 ml are sugar water and the remaining
1 ml was pollen.
There are about 4 calories (= 0.004 kcal) in a mg (milligram) of sugar. There
is 1.0 mg sugar in each microliter (.001 ml) of nectar. So how many calories
in 1.0 ml, the amount a flower holds? If a bat drains an entire flower, how
many visits would the bat have to make to the flower? And how many total calories
would it get from that single flower? (Don't forget to multiply your answer
in cal/ml by 0.24 since the nectar contains only 24% sugar.) I got 960 cal
(0.960 kcal) in a single flower that contains 1.0 ml nectar. So, since a bat
takes about 0.1 ml for each visit, a bat would have to visit about 10 flowers
to get those 960 cal.
Q. How many flowers total
does a bat have to visit to sustain it for one day (20,200 cal = 20.2
8 flowers per saguaro per night, how many saguaro plants would have
to be visited? _______
it takes about 30 seconds per visit to a flower (that includes transit
time to the flower) for one sip (0.1 ml) of nectar. That makes us wonder:
Q. For how
many minutes does a bat have to be flying to get the nectar
it needs each day (24 hours)? _____________
More Bat Math: Mama and Baby Bats
Each female gives birth to a single young each year.
Just think how much energy will be needed by the pregnant bats
after they give birth and start nursing! Not enough information
is available for calculating the exact requirements for pregnant
females, but a near-term fetus of a 22- gram female bat can weigh
as much as 8 grams. A pregnant bat carrying that heavy a load can
require about 40% more power for flight. Of all the calculations
conducted on females during the various reproductive stages, lactation
(when the young are nursing) is the most energetically demanding
on the female.
that, for the two months a female is pregnant, she requires an average
of 27 flowers per night, since pregnant females require more energy.
During pregnancy, how many flowers will one female require? ______
How many flowers will be required by 10,000 females? _______From studies
conducted around Tucson, Arizona, the average saguaro produces 295
flowers per plant per growing season. (A single plant blooms from 27
to 61 days and each plant can produce from 82 to 980 blossoms!)
Q. How many saguaro
plants do you think would be needed to feed a maternity colony
of 10,000 Leptos? _________
are 6 saguaro plants per hectare on average. Using the figure of 295
flowers per plant per nearly 2-month season, what is the minimum number
of hectares of land required to feed a bat colony containing 10,000
pregnant bats? _______________


text:
You can read the results of this crop with and without the use of soluble silicon / GEN200.
SILAMOL BRASIL POTATO crop leaf application 2012.pdf
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of silicon leaf application, in the form of stabilized silicic acid, on the disease incidence, yield, and quality of potato. Three experiments were carried out: one with the cultivar Agata and another with Atlantic, in Botucatu, SP, Brazil; and one with the cultivar Agata, in Itaí, SP. A randomized complete block design was used, with eight replicates. The treatments consisted of: a control (without Si) and Si foliar spraying at 2 L ha‑1 of a commercial product containing 0.8% of soluble Si as concentrated, stabilized silicic acid. The silicon dose was split in four applications during the crop cycle. Silicon application reduces the severity of late blight and the incidence of blackleg, besides increasing tuber
yield and tuber dry matter content. Leaf‑supplied silicon increases potato tuber yield, regardless of its effect on disease incidence.
|Author:||Rogério Peres Soratto, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Spain|