adjective, warmer, warmest.
having or giving out a moderate degree of heat, as perceived by the senses: a warm bath.
of or at a moderately high temperature; characterized by comparatively high temperature: a warm oven; a warm climate; a warm summer.
having a sensation of bodily heat: to be warm from fast walking.
conserving or maintaining warmth or heat: warm clothes.
(of colors) suggestive of warmth; inclining toward red or orange rather than toward green or blue.
characterized by or showing lively feelings, passions, emotions, sympathies, etc.: a warm heart; warm interest.
strongly attached; intimate: warm friends.
cordial or hearty: a warm welcome.
heated, irritated, or angry: to become warm when contradicted.
animated, lively, brisk, or vigorous: a warm debate.
strong or fresh: a warm scent.
close to something sought, as in a game.
uncomfortable or unpleasant: His opponents made things so warm that he decided to quit.
British Informal. well off; in easy circumstances.
verb (used with object)
to make warm; heat (often followed by up ): to warm one's hands; to warm up a room.
to heat or cook (something) for reuse, as leftovers (usually followed by over or up ): to warm up yesterday's stew.
to excite enthusiasm, ardor, cheerfulness, or vitality in (someone): The wine soon warmed the company.
to inspire with kindly feeling; affect with lively pleasure: It warms my soul to hear you say that.
to fill (a person, crowd, etc.) with strong feelings, as hatred, anger, or zeal: Restrictions had warmed the crew to the point of mutiny.
verb (used without object)
to become warm or warmer (often followed by up ): The room will warm up when the fire gets going.
to become ardent, enthusiastic, animated, etc. (often followed by up or to ): The speaker quickly warmed to her subject.
to grow kindly, friendly, or sympathetically disposed (often followed by to or toward ): My heart warms toward him.
Informal. a warming: Sit by the fire and have a nice warm.
Verb phrases
warm down, to conclude or follow a period of strenuous physical exercise by walking or gentle stretching.
warm up,
to prepare for a game, sports contest, dance, etc., by moderate exercise or practice beforehand.
to increase in excitement, intensity, violence, etc.: The racial situation was warming up.
to become friendlier or more receptive: No matter how hard I tried, I just couldn't warm up to that proposal.
Radio and Television. to entertain (an audience) prior to a broadcast to increase receptiveness.
warm the bench, Sports. to serve as a substitute who rarely plays in a game: The young outfielder warmed the bench for the Yankees last season.
before 900; (adj.) Middle English werm, warm, Old English wearm; cognate with German warm, Old Norse varmr; (v.) Middle English warmen, wermen, Old English werman, wirman (transitive), wearmian (intransitive), both akin to the adj.; (noun) derivative of the v.
warmer, noun
warmish, adjective
warmly, adverb
warmness, noun
overwarmed, adjective
prewarm, verb (used with object)
rewarm, verb
unwarmed, adjective
unwarming, adjective
well-warmed, adjective
1. lukewarm, tepid, heated. 6. hearty, enthusiastic, fervent, fervid, emotional, ardent. 7. friendly, close. 8. fervent. 9. annoyed, vexed, irate, furious. 10. vehement. 17. animate, excite, waken, stir, rouse, arouse.
1–3, 5, 8. cool.
Dictionary.com Unabridged
Cite This Source Link To warming
World English Dictionary
warm (wɔːm)
1. characterized by or having a moderate degree of heat; moderately hot
2. maintaining or imparting heat: a warm coat
3. having or showing ready affection, kindliness, etc: a warm personality
4. lively, vigorous, or passionate: a warm debate
5. cordial or enthusiastic; ardent: warm support
6. quickly or easily aroused: a warm temper
7. (of colours) predominantly red or yellow in tone
8. (of a scent, trail, etc) recently made; strong
9. near to finding a hidden object or discovering or guessing facts, as in children's games
10. informal uncomfortable or disagreeable, esp because of the proximity of danger
vb (when intr, often foll by to) (often foll by to)
11. (sometimes foll by up) to raise or be raised in temperature; make or become warm or warmer
12. to make or become excited, enthusiastic, etc (about): he warmed to the idea of buying a new car
13. to feel affection, kindness, etc (for someone): I warmed to her mother from the start
14. (Brit) (tr) to give a caning to: I'll warm you in a minute
15. informal a warm place or area: come into the warm
16. informal the act or an instance of warming or being warmed
[Old English wearm; related to Old Frisian, Old Saxon warm, Old Norse varmr]
Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition
Cite This Source
Word Origin & History
O.E. wearm, from P.Gmc. *warmaz (cf. O.S., O.Fris., M.Du., O.H.G., Ger. warm, O.N. varmr, Goth. warmjan "to warm"), from PIE *gwher- (cf. Skt. gharmah "heat;" O.Pers. Garmapada-, name of the fourth month, corresponding to June/July, from garma- "heat;" Arm. jerm "warm;" Gk. thermos "warm;" L. formus
"warm," fornax "oven;" O.Ir. fogeir "heated;" Hitt. war- "to burn"). The root also may be connected to that of O.C.S. goriti "to burn," varu "heat," variti "to cook, boil;" and Lith. verdu "to seethe." The distinction, based on degree of heat, between "warm" and "hot" is general in Balto-Slavic and Gmc., but in other languages one word often covers both (cf. L. calidus, Gk. thermos, Fr. chaud, Sp. caliente). In reference to feelings, etc., attested from c.1480. Sense in guessing games first recorded 1860, from earlier hunting use in reference to scent or trail (1713). Warm-blooded in ref. to mammals is recorded from 1793. Warm-hearted first recorded c.1500.
O.E. wyrman "make warm" and wearmian "become warm;" from the root of warm (adj.). Phrase warm the bench is sports jargon first recorded 1907. Warm up (v.) "exercise before an activity" is attested from 1868. In ref. to appliances, motors, etc., attested from 1947. Noun phrase
warm-up "act or practice of warming up" is recorded from 1915.
Online Etymology Dictionary, © 2010 Douglas Harper
Cite This Source
Example sentences for warming
Clouds clouds are another source of albedo that play into the global warming equation.
At times it seems he is warming to bec however his sister always talks him round.
A severe threat to the tundras, specifically to the permafrost, is global warming.
The underlying motivation for funding both companies is to help combat global warming.
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is not set to EXTRACT.
Valid setting is a distinguished name.
The distinguished name of the Exchange mailbox store in which user mailbox stores are to be created.
Example:
CN=New Mailbox Store,CN=My Storage Group,CN=InformationStore,CN=MYSERVER,CN=Servers,CN=First Administrative Group,CN=Administrative Groups,CN=FirstAdminGroup,CN=Microsoft Exchange,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=MyDomain,DC=microsoft,DC=com
Container
No default
Required when Function is not set to EXTRACT.
Valid Setting:
Must be formatted as follows:
OU=New Users,DC=MyDomain, DC=microsoft,DC=com New Users is a subcontainer of MyDomain.
The distinguished name of the organizational unit (container) in which new Microsoft Windows® accounts are to be created. You can get the full distinguished name from an Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) viewer such as Ldp.exe or Adsivw.exe.
NTAcconts
Default: RANDOM
Optional; ignored unless Mailbox is set to TRUE.
Valid Settings:
RANDOM creates Windows accounts and generate random passwords.
ALIAS creates Windows accounts and uses the Exchange e-mail alias as the initial password.
Whether to create Microsoft Windows NT® accounts for new users and which value to use as the Windows NT account password.
Postoffice
No default
Required if Mode is set to MSMAILPC, CCMAIL, GRPWISE, ADSI, or IMAP.
Valid setting is a universal naming convention (UNC) path or a mapped drive location. However, if you are migrating Exchange mailboxes, the valid setting is the name of the Exchange server.
The full path to the post office.
GWDomain
No default
Required if Mode is set to GRPWISE5.
Valid setting is either a UNC path or a mapped drive location.
The path to the GroupWise 5.x domain.
POName
No default
Required if Mode is set to CCMAIL, NOTES, or GRPWISE5.
The full name of a cc:Mail, Notes, or a GroupWise 5.x post office. The Notes post office should be in the form Notes Server/Domain. The GroupWise post office is in the domain stated in the GWDomain value.
DefFldPerms
Default: NONE
Optional if Public is set to TRUE.
Valid options are None, Author, and PubEditor.
Used to assign default access permissions to all users for migrated shared information.
FldOwner
No default
Required if Public is set to TRUE.
Distinguished name of the account that will own the public folder. You should use the Exchange 5.5 version distinguished name rather than the Microsoft Active Directory® directory service distinguished name.
Example:
/o=Microsoft/ou=London/cn=Recipients/cn=TheOwner.
ImportDestination
Default: SERVER
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to FILE, MSMAILPC, EXCHANGE, CCMAIL, NOTES, GRPWISE, GRPWISE5, or IMAP.
Valid Settings:
SERVER migrates information to the Microsoft Exchange Information Store service.
PST migrates information to personal folder (.pst) files and personal address book (.pab) files.
Specifies the destination store for migrated data.
noteNote:
Public folder data does not migrate to .pst files.
PSTPath
noteNote:
If you use the keyword ImportDestination, you can select the location where the PST file will be placed. If you don't specify the location, the PST file will be placed in the root directory of the drive where Exchange is installed.
Required if ImportDestination is set to PST.
Valid setting is path name.
The fully qualified path to the directory where personal folder (.pst) files are created.
GWUserGRPName
No default
Required if Mode is set to GRPWISE.
The name of the Novell GroupWise group whose members are to be migrated.
SchdStart
Default: Jan 01, 1601
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to NOTES, GRPWISE, or GRPWISE5.
Valid settings are in the following date and time format: YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
The earliest (start) date for filtering which calendar data is moved. Information without dates is always migrated.
SchdEnd
Default: Current date
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to NOTES, GRPWISE, or GRPWISE5.
Valid settings are in the following date and time format: YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
The end date for filtering the calendar data that is moved. Messages without dates are always migrated.
Phone
Default: TRUE
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to GRPWISE or GRPWISE5.
TRUE | FALSE
Whether to migrate phone messages.
Appointments
Default: TRUE
Optional; ignored unless Mode is set to NOTES, GRPWISE, or GRPWISE5.
TRUE | FALSE
Whether to migrate appointments.
Notes
Default: TRUE
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to GRPWISE or GRPWISE5.
TRUE | FALSE
Whether to migrate notes.
Tasks
Default: TRUE
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to GRPWISE or GRPWISE5.
TRUE | FALSE
Whether to migrate tasks.
GWRTF
Default: TRUE
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to GRPWISE.
Valid Settings:
TRUE means messages are migrated in Rich Text Format (RTF).
FALSE means messages are migrated in American National Standards Institute (ANSI) format.
Indicates whether messages are migrated in RTF.
IniFile
Depends on the version of Lotus Notes installed.
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to NOTES.
The path to the Notes.ini file.
DocLinkConversion
Default: RTF
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to NOTES.
Valid Settings:
URL to convert document links to URL shortcuts within the message.
OLE to convert document links to OLE attachments within the message.
RTF to convert document links to RTF attachments within the message.
How Notes document links are converted within the messages being migrated.
Secure
Default: FALSE
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to ADSI.
Whether to use Secure authentication.
Encryption
Default: FALSE
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to ADSI or IMAP.
Whether messages are encrypted. If set to TRUE, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is used to migrate the contents of the mailboxes. In this case, make sure you select the correct value for Port.
Port
Default:
 - 389 for Mode ADSI
 - 143 for Mode IMAP
Optional
Ignored unless Mode is set to ADSI or IMAP or EXCHANGE.
The port number.
!
Optional
A comment delimiter. Must be the first value in the line.
TargetDC
Optional
Ignored if mode is not Exchange
Common name (CN) or fully qualified domain name (FQDN) of the target domain controller acting as global catalog server to which Migration Wizard should bind.
SourceDomain
Optional
Ignored if Mode is EXCHANGE and Exch55 equal True and if Mode is not EXCHANGE.
CN or FQDN of the source Active Directory domain to which Migration wizard should bind.
InetOrgPerson
Default: FALSE
Optional
If InetOrgPerson equals TRUE, Migration Wizard creates an Active Directory object with an object class that equals InetOrgPerson.
By default, object class is OrganizationalPerson.
ExchStore
No default
Required if ExchStoreDN is not specified.
Valid setting is a mailbox database name.
The common name of the Exchange mailbox database that will contain the new migrated mailboxes.
You can use the following sample control files with the /C switch of the migration command-line utility.
noteNote:
This is a sample control file for MS Mail migrations.
Mode,MSMAILPC
Function,import
File,\\Server1\MSMail\CompanyPO.csv
Public,False
PostOffice,\\Server1\MSMail\CompanyPO\MailData
Container,OU=MailMig,DC=London,DC=Domain,DC=com
ExchStoreDN,CN=MyPrivateInfoStore,CN=InformationStore,CN=Server1,CN=Servers,CN=First Administrative Group,CN=Administrative Groups,CN=MyVeryFirstOrg,CN=Microsoft Exchange,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=Domain,DC=com
NTAccounts,Alias
Email,true
Schedule,true
PAB,true
noteNote:
This is a sample control file for Exchange 5.5 mailbox migrations.
Mode,exchange
Accounts,c:\ntstemp\accounts.txt
PostOffice,mig55
Exch55,True
ExchStoreDN,CN=Mailbox Store (MIG-SOURCE-EN),CN=First Storage Group,CN=InformationStore,CN=MIG-SOURCE-EN,CN=Servers,CN=First Administrative Group, CN=Administrative Groups, CN=First Organization,CN=Microsoft Exchange,CN=Services,CN=Configuration,DC=mig-source,DC=extest,DC=contoso,DC=com
Container,OU=Test,DC=mig-source,DC=extest,DC=contoso,DC=com
TargetDC,migDC
noteNote:
This is a sample control file for Exchange 2000 or Exchange 2003 mailbox migrations.
Mode,exchange
Exch55,False
SourceDomain,migSourceDomain
PostOffice,mig2000
Accounts,c:\ntstemp\accounts.txt
ExchStoreDN,CN=Mailbox Store (MIG-SOURCE-EN),CN=First Storage Group,CN=InformationStore,CN=MIG-SOURCE


What is leasehold ownership of a property
Owning a leasehold property means you only own the property itself and not the rest of the building around it or the land it sits on. The building and the land are owned by the landlord. Leases are also usually only for a limited amount of time, for example 99 years, and you will likely have restrictions on what you can do with your property during that time.


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Mocking
Introduction
When testing Laravel applications, you may wish to "mock" certain aspects of your application so they are not actually executed during a given test. For example, when testing a controller that dispatches an event, you may wish to mock the event listeners so they are not actually executed during the test. This allows you to only test the controller's HTTP response without worrying about the execution of the event listeners since the event listeners can be tested in their own test case.
Laravel provides helpful methods for mocking events, jobs, and other facades out of the box. These helpers primarily provide a convenience layer over Mockery so you do not have to manually make complicated Mockery method calls.
Mocking Objects
When mocking an object that is going to be injected into your application via Laravel's service container, you will need to bind your mocked instance into the container as an instance binding. This will instruct the container to use your mocked instance of the object instead of constructing the object itself:
use App\Service;
use Mockery;
use Mockery\MockInterface;
public function test_something_can_be_mocked()
{
 $this->instance(
 Service::class,
 Mockery::mock(Service::class, function (MockInterface $mock) {
 $mock->shouldReceive('process')->once();
 })
 );
}
In order to make this more convenient, you may use the mock method that is provided by Laravel's base test case class. For example, the following example is equivalent to the example above:
use App\Service;
use Mockery\MockInterface;
$mock = $this->mock(Service::class, function (MockInterface $mock) {
 $mock->shouldReceive('process')->once();
});
You may use the partialMock method when you only need to mock a few methods of an object. The methods that are not mocked will be executed normally when called:
use App\Service;
use Mockery\MockInterface;
$mock = $this->partialMock(Service::class, function (MockInterface $mock) {
 $mock->shouldReceive('process')->once();
});
Similarly, if you want to spy on an object, Laravel's base test case class offers a spy method as a convenient wrapper around the Mockery::spy method. Spies are similar to mocks; however, spies record any interaction between the spy and the code being tested, allowing you to make assertions after the code is executed:
use App\Service;
$spy = $this->spy(Service::class);
// ...
$spy->shouldHaveReceived('process');
Mocking Facades
Unlike traditional static method calls, facades (including real-time facades) may be mocked. This provides a great advantage over traditional static methods and grants you the same testability that you would have if you were using traditional dependency injection. When testing, you may often want to mock a call to a Laravel facade that occurs in one of your controllers. For example, consider the following controller action:
<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
class UserController extends Controller
{
 /**
 * Retrieve a list of all users of the application.
 *
 * @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
 */
 public function index()
 {
 $value = Cache::get('key');
 //
 }
}
We can mock the call to the Cache facade by using the shouldReceive method, which will return an instance of a Mockery mock. Since facades are actually resolved and managed by the Laravel service container, they have much more testability than a typical static class. For example, let's mock our call to the Cache facade's get method:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\WithoutMiddleware;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
use Tests\TestCase;
class UserControllerTest extends TestCase
{
 public function testGetIndex()
 {
 Cache::shouldReceive('get')
 ->once()
 ->with('key')
 ->andReturn('value');
 $response = $this->get('/users');
 // ...
 }
}
{note} You should not mock the Request facade. Instead, pass the input you desire into the HTTP testing methods such as get and post when running your test. Likewise, instead of mocking the Config facade, call the Config::set method in your tests.
Facade Spies
If you would like to spy on a facade, you may call the spy method on the corresponding facade. Spies are similar to mocks; however, spies record any interaction between the spy and the code being tested, allowing you to make assertions after the code is executed:
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
public function test_values_are_be_stored_in_cache()
{
 Cache::spy();
 $response = $this->get('/');
 $response->assertStatus(200);
 Cache::shouldHaveReceived('put')->once()->with('name', 'Taylor', 10);
}
Bus Fake
When testing code that dispatches jobs, you typically want to assert that a given job was dispatched but not actually queue or execute the job. This is because the job's execution can normally be tested in a separate test class.
You may use the Bus facade's fake method to prevent jobs from being dispatched to the queue. Then, after executing the code under test, you may inspect which jobs the application attempted to dispatch using the assertDispatched and assertNotDispatched methods:
<?php
namespace Tests\Feature;
use App\Jobs\ShipOrder;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\RefreshDatabase;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Testing\WithoutMiddleware;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Bus;
use Tests\TestCase;
class ExampleTest extends TestCase
{
 public function test_orders_can_be_shipped()
 {
 Bus::fake();
 // Perform order shipping...
 // Assert that a job was dispatched...
 Bus::assertDispatched(ShipOrder::class);
 // Assert a job was not dispatched...
 Bus::assertNotDispatched(AnotherJob::class);
 // Assert no jobs were dispatched...
 Bus::assertNothingDispatched();
 }
}
You may pass a closure to the assertDispatched or assertNotDispatched methods in order to assert that a job was dispatched that passes a given "truth test". If at least one job was dispatched that passes the given truth test then the assertion will be successful. For example, you may wish to assert that a job was dispatched for a specific order:
Bus::assertDispatched(function (ShipOrder $job) use ($order) {
 return $job->order->id === $order->id;
});
Job Chains
The Bus facade's assertChained method may be used to assert that a chain of jobs was dispatched. The assertChained method accepts an array of chained jobs as its first argument:
use App\Jobs\RecordShipment;
use App\Jobs\ShipOrder;
use App\Jobs\UpdateInventory;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Bus;
Bus::assertChained([
 ShipOrder::class,
 RecordShipment::class,
 UpdateInventory::class
]);
As you can see in the example above, the array of chained jobs may be an array of the job's class names. However, you may also provide an array of actual job instances. When doing so, Laravel will ensure that the job instances are of the same class and have the same property values of the chained jobs dispatched by your application:
Bus::assertChained([
 new ShipOrder,
 new RecordShipment,
 new UpdateInventory,
]);
Job Batches
The Bus facade's assertBatched method may be used to assert that a batch of jobs was dispatched. The closure given to the assertBatched method receives an instance of Illuminate\Bus\PendingBatch, which may be used to inspect the jobs within the batch:
use Illuminate\Bus\PendingBatch;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Bus;
Bus::assertBatched(function (PendingBatch $batch) {
 return $batch->name == 'import-csv' &&
 $batch->jobs->count() === 10;
});
Event Fake
When testing code that dispatches events, you may wish to instruct Laravel to not actually execute the event's listeners. Using the Event facade's fake method, you may prevent listeners from executing, execute the code under test, and then assert which events were dispatched by your application using the assertDispatched, assertNotDispatched, and assertNothingDispatched methods:
<?php
namespace


Coding with SPIP 2.1
SPIP 2.1 Technical Documentation
> > > > sql_serveur
The sql_serveur() function is used to both connect to the database server if that has not yet already been done, and to obtain the real name of the function that will be executed for a requested transaction. This function is called transparently by means of aliases. It is therefore normally not a useful operation to employ it directly.
sql_serveur() accepts three parameters, with only the first being critical:
 1. $ins_sql is the name of the function requested from amongst the list of functions that the API understands, such as "select", "update", "updateq"... When left deliberately empty, it is then simply requesting that a connection be made to the database server if such has not already been done.
 2. $serveur,
 3. $continue defines what should happen whenever the SQL API instruction is not found by the requested database manager. Set by default to false, the system returns a fatal error, but it is possible to continue programme execution by setting this parameter's value to be true.
This function is typically used as below:
 1. // calculate the function name
 2. $f = sql_serveur('select');
 3. // execution of the function as per the determined API
 4. $f($arg1, $arg2,... );
If you are requesting the select instruction in the instruction set determined for MySQL and existing in the ecrire/req/mysql.php file, then the $f variable will equal spip_mysql_select. Correlation between the instructions and the function is defined in that same file with a global variable: spip_mysql_functions_1 (MySQL is the type of server, 1 is the version of the instruction set).
Using aliases to make things simple
Practically all of the sql_* API functions are aliases which that calculate a function using sql_serveur and then execute it. In this way, calling the sql_select function performs (more or less) exactly the same operation as the previous code. It is these instructions that ought to be used:
 1. sql_select($arg1, $arg2,...);
 - Author :
 - Published :
 - Updated : 02/06/10
 - Translations : English, français


=cat
 food=pizza
 Because the value of parameter 'mx.params.method.source' is 'test' we will have only "test" layer parameters.
 3. If the test parameters were 'mx.params.source=user-suite-test-project', 'mx.params.method=intersection' and 'mx.params.method.source=suite' the result would have parameters:
 4. fruit=cherry
 Because the value of parameter 'mx.params.method.source' is 'suite' we will have only "suite" layer parameters.
 5. If the test parameters were 'mx.params.source=user-suite-test-project', 'mx.params.method=union' and 'mx.params.method.source=user the result would have parameters:
fruit=cherry
animal=cat
seasons=summer
food=pizza
Because the value of parameter 'mx.params.method' is union', parameter 'mx.params.method.source' is ignored and result contains union of parameters from all the layers that are mentioned in "mx.params.source" parameter.
Examples:
layers

user
suite
test
project
system
fruit=cherry
fruit=banana
fruit=apple
fruit=pear

animal=cat
animal=dog

vegetables=carrot
vegetables=pepper

seasons=summer

seasons=winter

drink=beer
drink=water

food=pizza

color=green
color=red

color=pink

sport=basketball
sport=
sport=tennis

instrument=guitar

 1. All 3 parameters have default value and they are not defined in any layer (we can do that in test parameters)
 2. mx.params.source=user-suite-test-project
 mx.params.method=intersection
 mx.params.method.source=test
 The result would be:
 fruit=cherry
 animal=cat
 vegetables=carrot
 food=pizza
 sport=basketball or tennis
 - The result has only parameters that "test" layer has, because parameter "mx.params.method" has value "intersection", which means that the intersection of the layer will be made in relation to "test" layer that we see from parameter "mx.params.method.source=test"
 - The value for fruit is "cherry" because parameter "mx.params.source" has a "user" layer, then "suite", then "test" and, in the end, "project" layer. When the same parameter exists in multiple layers the one with highest priority compared to the "test" layer will be used (mx.params.method.source=test), and in this case that's "user" layer.
 - The value for animal is "cat" because that parameter is not defined in any layer with higher priority ("user" and "suite") compared to "test" layer (mx.params.method.source=test). It is however defined in a layer with lower priority but will not be applied because the parameter has value in the "test" layer.
 - The value for food is "pizza" because that parameter is not defined in layer with higher priority ("user" and "suite") compared to "test" layer (mx.params.method.source=test)
 - The value for sport depends if the test is run inside the suite or on it's own. If it's run inside a suite, the value will be "basketball" because the "suite" layer has higher priority than the "test" layer. If it's run on its own, the "suite" doesn't exist and the parameter sport exists in two places: in the "test" layer and in the "project" layer. In that case the "test" layer has higher priorities, but because parameter sport in the "test" layer doesn't have value, the value will be looked in layers that have lower priority and if it exists it will be used. In this case, parameter sport exists in the "project" layer and has value "tennis" so that value will be used.
 3. If we use "union" instead of "intersection" for mx.params.method and we define these 3 parameters somewhere in "user", "suite", "test" or "project":
 4. mx.params.source=user-suite-test-project
 mx.params.method=union
 mx.params.method.source=test
 The result would be:
 fruit=cherry
 animal=cat
 seasons=summer
 drink=beer
 food=pizza
 color=green
 sport=basketball or tennis
 Parameter 'mx.params.method.source' is ignored because the value of the parameter 'mx.params.method' is 'union'.
 Because the value of the parameter "mx.params.method" is "union", the result contains all parameters that are defined in layers which are specified in "mx.params.source". In our case that's "user", "suite", "test" and "project" layers. Parameters from the "system" layer are not included in the utmost result because that layer is not defined in parameter "mx.params.source", therefore we don't have parameter "instrument". That's good because "system" layer parameters should be avoided in "mx.params.source".
 - The value for fruit is "cherry" because parameter 'mx.params.source' has a 'user layer, then 'suite', then 'test and in the end, 'project as the last layer. When the same parameter exists in multiple layers, the one with the higher priority will be used, and in this case that's the "user" layer.
 - The value for animal is "cat" because the layer with the highest priority is 'test' layer.
 - The value for seasons is "summer" because parameter 'mx.params.source' has a 'user layer, then 'suite', then 'test and in the end 'project as the last layer. When the same parameter exists in multiple layers, the one with the higher priority will be used, and in this case that's the "user" layer.
 - Value for food is "pizza" because the layer with the highest priority is "project" layer.
 - The value for color is "green" because parameter 'mx.params.source' has a 'user layer, then 'suite', then 'test and in the end, 'project as the last layer. When the same parameter exists in multiple layers, the one with the higher priority will be used, and in this case that's the "user" layer.
 - The value for sport depends if the test is run inside a suite or on it's own. If it's run inside suite, the value will be "basketball", because "suite" layer has bigger priority than "test" layer, but if it's run on its own, then "suite" layer doesn't exist and parameter sport exists in two places: in "test" layer and in "project" layer. In that case the "test" layer has higher priority, but because parameter sport doesn't have value in the "test" layer, it will be searched for in layers that have smaller priority, and it will be used if it exists. In this case parameter sport exists in the "project" layer and has value "tennis" so that the value will be used.
 5. If the parameters are defined inside suite parameter:
 6. mx.params.source=test-suite
 mx.params.method=intersection
 mx.params.method.source=suite
 Then the result would be:
 fruit=apple
 vegetables=pepper
 color=red
 sport=basketball
 This makes sense only for suite runs, so we will cover that case only.
 - The result has only parameters that "suite" layer has, because parameter "mx.params.method" has value "intersection", which means that intersection will be applied to layer in relation to "suite" layer, based on parameter "mx.params.method.source=suite".
 - The value for fruit is "apple", not "banana", because in parameter "mx.params.source" we specified that the "test" layer parameter has higher priority than "suite" layer. Also because the value "mx.params.source" doesn't contain a "user" nor "project" layer, their parameters will be ignored, so the value can't be taken from them.
 - The value of vegetable is "pepper" because in parameter "mx.params.source", we specified which layer will be looked at and which priority the layers have. There is no layer with higher priority that has that parameter. Other layers that have it aren't included because we didn't specify them in "mx.params.source".
 - Value of parameter color is "red" because in parameter "mx.params.source" we specified which layer will be looked at and which priority the layers have. There is no layer with higher priority that has that parameter. Other layers that have it aren't included because we didn't specify them in "mx.params.source".
 - Value for sport is basketball though the 'test' layer has higher priorities, but because parameter sport in 'test' layer doesn't have value, it will be looked for in a layer that has lower priority and if exists, will be used. In our case, parameter sport exists in the "suite" layer and has the value "basketball", so that the value will be used.
Default value
mx.time_to_


text:
A Brief History of Robot Birds
Our recent post on the history of the cuckoo clock inspired some research into other examples of early, non-timekeeping robot birds. For centuries, birds–pigeons and canaries in particular–have been a popular subject for inventors and engineers experimenting with early mechanical systems and robotics. Take, for example, Bubo, the ancient clockwork owl seen in the 1981 film Clash of The Titans. Bubo was forged by Hephaestus to aid Perseus in his quest and Bubo was, of course, purely fictional. There were however, actual avian automatons in actual ancient Greece.
The earliest example dates to 350 B.C.E. when the mathematician Archytas of Tarentum, who some credit with inventing the science of mechanics, is said to have created a mechanical wooden dove capable of flapping its wings and flying up to 200 meters, powered by some sort of compressed air or internal steam engine. Archytas' invention is often cited as the first robot, and, in light of recent technological advancements, perhaps we could even consider it to be the first drone; the very first machine capable of autonomous flight. Very few details are actually known about the ancient mechanical dove, but it seems likely that it was connected to a cable and flew with the help of a pulley and counterweight. This early wind-up bird was chronicled a few hundred years later in the pages of a scientific text by a mathematician, Hero of Alexandria. - Continue reading at Smithsonian.com.
Image: Bubo the robotic owl from the 1981 film Clash of the Titans.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Ala kachuu (Kyrgyz ала качуу) is a form of bride kidnapping still practised in Kyrgyzstan. The term can apply to a variety of actions, ranging from a consensual elopement to a non-consensual kidnapping, and to what extent it actually happens is controversial. Some sources suggest that currently at least a third of Kyrgyzstan's brides are taken against their will.
Kyz ala kachuu (кыз ала качуу) means "to take a young woman and run away". The typical non-consensual variety involves the young man abducting a woman either by force or by guile, often accompanied by friends or male relatives. They take her to his family home, where she is kept in a room until the man's female relatives convince her to put on the scarf of a married woman as a sign of acceptance. Sometimes, if the woman resists the persuasion and maintains her wish to return home, her relatives try to convince her to agree to the marriage.
The practice was allegedly suppressed during the Soviet period, but, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, ala kachuu began to resurface. There are conflicting reports on whether it continues in the original way or not. Some sources state that the practice was originally a form of elopement, not a bride theft. Sometimes the kidnapping may be just a wedding formality, where the woman comes along willingly. Some people even consider it an honour to be kidnapped because it demonstrates that the woman is worthy of being a wife.
The history of bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan is under dispute. Russian and later USSR colonizing powers made the ancient practice of the nomads illegal, and so with the fall of the Soviet Union and the subsequent independence of the Central Asian nations, many have revived old customs as a way of asserting cultural identity. Rejecting a kidnapping is often culturally unacceptable for women, and perceived as a rejection of the Kyrgyz cultural identity. The practice is also associated with asserting masculinity. Recent studies challenge the claims that bride kidnapping used to be prevalent. According to Kyrgyz historians, and Fulbright scholar Russell Kleinbach, whereas kidnappings were rare until Soviet times, the bride kidnapping tradition has dramatically increased in the 20th century. The rise in bride kidnappings may be connected with difficulty in paying the required bride price (kalym).
According to the United States Embassy, two American women were bride-kidnapped in rural Kyrgyzstan in 2007.
According to a 1992 study, the bride-money for Dungan brides fluctuated between 240 and 400 rubles. Poor Dungans find Kirghiz brides, or marry Tatar or Sart women. Dungans also secretly abduct Kirghiz girls as brides.
Despite its illegality, in many primarily rural areas, bride kidnapping, known as ala kachuu (to take and flee), is an accepted and common way of taking a wife. Studies by researcher Russell Kleinbach have found that approximately half of all Kyrgyz marriages include bride kidnapping; of those kidnappings, two thirds are non-consensual.
The matter is somewhat confused by the local use of the term "bride kidnap" to reflect practices along a continuum, from forcible abduction and rape (and then, almost unavoidably, marriage), to something akin to an elopement arranged between the two young people, to which both sets of parents have to consent after the fact.
Although the practice is illegal in Kyrgyzstan, bride kidnappers are rarely prosecuted. This reluctance to enforce the code is in part caused by the pluralistic legal system in Kyrgyszstan where many villages are de facto ruled by councils of elders and aqsaqal courts following customary law, away from the eyes of the state legal system. Aqsaqal courts, tasked with adjudicating family law, property and torts, often fail to take bride kidnapping seriously. In many cases, aqsaqal members are invited to the kidnapped bride's wedding and encourages the family of the bride to accept the marriage.
In one model of bride kidnapping present in Kyrgyzstan, the young man decides he wishes to marry and asks his parents to pick him out a suitable bride, or is told by his parents that it is time he settled down and that they have found someone of the right background and attributes. (In this sense, it may be similar to an arranged marriage, although the arranging is all on one side.) The prospective groom and his male relatives or friends or both abduct the girl (in the old nomadic days, on horseback; now often by car) and take her to the family home. Once there, the man's relatives may attempt to convince the woman to accept the marriage, and to place a white wedding scarf (jooluk) on her head to symbolize her agreement. They may do this by pointing out the advantages of the union, such as the wealth of their smallholding, to show her what she would gain by joining their family. Families may use force or threaten to curse the woman if she leaves, an effective threat in a superstitious country. Some families will keep the girl hostage for several days to break her will. Others will let her go if she remains defiant; she may, for example, refuse to sit down or to eat, as a sign that she is refusing the proffered hospitality. During this period, the groom typically does not see the bride until she has agreed to marry or at least has agreed to stay. The kidnapped woman's family may also become involved, either urging the woman to stay (particularly if the marriage is believed socially acceptable or advantageous for the prospective bride and her family), or opposing the marriage on various grounds and helping to liberate the woman.
In other models of bride kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan and other areas of Central Asia, the woman may be a complete stranger to the man prior to the abduction. Sometimes the groom and his family, rather than selecting a particular young woman to kidnap, decide on a household; that way they can still kidnap one of the sisters if the woman they desire is not home. As in other societies, often the men who resort to bride kidnapping are socially undesirable for a variety of reasons; they may be more likely to be violent, have a criminal history, or to be substance abusers.
The bride kidnapping process sometimes includes rape. Even when sex does not take place, once a woman has been kept overnight, even for a single night, her virginity is put in doubt. With her honor disgraced, she will have very few other options for marriage. Thus, after one night of capture, the woman is culturally compelled to marry the man. Such immense social stigma is attached to a refusal to marry after a kidnap that the kidnapped woman usually feels that she has no choice but to agree, and some of those who refuse even commit suicide after the kidnapping.
See also
- Raptus, for a comparison of how the Catholic Church handled bride capture
- Smith, Craig S. (April 30, 2005). "Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite". The New York Times.
- Human Rights Watch, Reconciled to Violence: State Failure to Stop Domestic Abuse and Abduction of Women in Kyrgyzstan, pp. 87-88, _URL_ Handrahan, pp. 212-213.
- Hanrahan, p. 222.
- International Human Rights Law and Bride Kidnapping in Kyrgyzstan, _URL_ Handrahan, p. 222.
- Russ Kleinbach & Lilly Salimjanova, Kyz ala kachuu and adat: Non-consensual bride kidnapping and tradition in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asian Survey, (June 2007) 26:2, 217 - 233, at 230, available at _URL_
- Aijan Rakhimdinova, Kyrgyz Bride Price Controversy, Institute of War and Peace Reporting, Dec. 22, 2005, _URL_
- Warden Message, United States Embassy, Kyrgyzstan, _URL_
- Asian Folklore Institute, Society for Asian Folklore, Nanzan Daigaku. Jinruigaku Kenkyūjo, Nanzan Shūkyō Bunka Kenkyūjo (1992). Asian folklore studies, Volume 51. Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology. p. 256. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- Bride kidnapping is criminalized in Article 155 of the Criminal code. See Russ Kleinbach & Lilly Salimjanova, Kyz ala kachuu and adat: Non-consensual bride kidnapping and tradition in Kyrgyzstan, Central Asian Survey, (June 2007) 26:2, 217 - 233, available at _URL_
- United States State Department, Kyrgyz Republic: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2007, March 11, 2008, _URL_
- Kleinbach & Salimjanova, Kyz ala kachuu and ad


Economics & Finance
The Poverty of Clio: Resurrecting Economic History
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Jul 25, 2011
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Buy This
The Poverty of Clio challenges the hold that cliometrics — an approach to economic history that employs the analytical tools of economists — has exerted on the study of our economic past. In this provocative book, Francesco Boldizzoni calls for the reconstruction of economic history, one in which history and the social sciences are brought to bear on economics, and not the other way around.
Boldizzoni questions the appeal of economics over history — which he identifies as a distinctly American attitude — exposing its errors and hidden ideologies, and revealing how it fails to explain economic behavior itself. He shows how the misguided reliance on economic reasoning to interpret history has come at the expense of insights from the humanities and has led to a rejection of valuable past historical research. Developing a better alternative to new institutional economics and the rational choice approach, Boldizzoni builds on the extraordinary accomplishments of twentieth-century European historians and social thinkers to offer fresh ideas for the renewal of the field.
Economic history needs to rediscover the true relationship between economy and culture, and promote an authentic alliance with the social sciences, starting with sociology and anthropology. It must resume its dialogue with the humanities, but without shrinking away from theory when constructing its models. The Poverty of Clio demonstrates why history must exert its own creative power on economics.


that the minimal value of the transformation of each set, say \(A=\{e,i,o\}\) and \(B=\{a,e\}\), according to a new orderding, \(\pi_X\), is equal to the Jackard Coefficient. In this case we can compute the Jackard Coefficient exactly and it is:
$$\frac{|\{e,i,o\}\cap\{a,e\}|}{|\{e,i,o\}\cup\{a,e\}|} =\frac{|\{e\}|}{|\{a,e,i,o\}|} = \frac{1}{4} $$
This number means that whenever we pick a transformation \(\pi\) from the set of all possible transformations \(\Pi\) the probability that the smaller number is the same in both sets is equal to 0.25. Think that we are talking here about a probability and that it is not a rule. If the permutation choosen at random was the previously defined function \(\pi_X\) then we would have, \(\min\pi_X(A)=\min\{2,3,1\}=1\) that is not the same value as \(\min\pi_X(B)=\min\{5,2\}=2\).
Hashing functions
Defining a random ordering for all the elements of a universe is costly. We have to maintain in memory the tables we saw for the vowels and that can not be practical when the universe of objects is large. So instead of maintaining the explicit random permutation we use the implicit permutation that hashing functions with good properties give us. The good properties we need is that the probability of collision in the universe is low because a random permutation is a 1 to 1 relationship between elements and positions and thus collisions in the hashing function would break this property.
From now on, I'm going to assume that every universe we need to work with is smaller than the range of integers and thus restrict all the derivations to integer since every set and ordering could be mapped to the natural integer ordering (\([0..2^{32}]\)).
Possible hashing functions for integers could be:
 - Use the FNV-1 hashing function of the string representation of your integer. This has the advantage that naturally deals with hashing sets of integers by means of concatenating their string representations.
 - Use a pseudo-random number generator by picking a large prime number, say \(p=_PHONE_\) and a set of coefficients \(\{a_i,b_i\}\) such our hashing functions are defined as \(\pi_i = (a_i x + b_i) \% p \)
In this post we will use the second kind of functions expresed in this Haskell code:
p :: Int
coefs :: [Int]
coefs = unfoldr (Just. randomR (0,p)) $ mkStdGen 0
hashFuncs :: [Int->Int]
hashFuncs = go coefs
 go theCoefs = let (a:b:[],rest) = splitAt 2 theCoefs
 in (\x -> (a*x+b) 'mod' p) : go rest
So, given a hashing function, which is the minimum hash over a given set? This code gives you that result
minHash :: (Int->Int) -> [Int] -> Int
minHash f = foldl' hashAndMin maxBound
 hashAndMin a b = min a (f b)
OK, now you want to compare two sets, A and B to see how similar they are. The similarity measure here will be the number of items they both share, the Jackard coefficient. The time complexity of the set intersection is \(O(n+m)\) if you first build a Hash Map and then query it with the second set for existence. If both sets are already sorted you can compare them in \(O(n)\) \(O(m+n\log n+ m\log m)\).
Can you compare them faster? Yes, but only if you want to trade accuracy. The property in the probability formula at the beginning of the post states that with probability the Jackard coefficient the min hashes of the two sets will be equal. That means that if we take r different hashing functions (permutations) and we name s the Jackard coefficient between the tow sets, the probability that all k hashes of each set are equal is \(s^r\). Since this is a collection of Bernoulli trials, the distribution of having k min hashes equal in both sets follows a Binomial distribution with density probability function equal to:
$$f(k;r,s)= {r \choose k}s^k(1-s)^{r-k}$$
It is known that a random variable distributed according to the binomial distribution, \(X \sim B(r,s)\) has \(E[X]=rs\), so a good estimator of \(s\) would be to divide the number of matches by the number of hashing functions. This would give you the estimated value of the Jackard coefficient. But before comparing two fingerprints we have to compute them:
shingle :: Int -> [Int] -> [Int]
shingle c nums = [minHash f nums | f <- take c hashFuncs]
The shingle function gives us a set of c fingerprints of our original big set of numbers.
So let's see it in action. Imagine that we want to compute the Jackard coefficient between the bag of letters in the phrase Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall and Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. First let's compute the Jackard coefficient according to the definition
import Data.List
import System.Random
import Data.Char
import Data.List
phrase1="Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall"
phrase2="Humpty Dumpty had a great fall"
mkSet = nub. filter isAlpha. map toLower
-- Set 1 is the collection of letters in the first phrase
-- "humptydsaonw"
set1 = map ord $ mkSet phrase1 -- "humptydsaonwl"
-- Set 2 is the collection of letters in the second phrase
-- "humptydagrefl"
set2 = map ord $ mkSet phrase2 -- "humptydagrefl"
jackard = a/b
 a = fromIntegral $ length (set1 'intersect' set2) ::Double
 b = fromIntegral $ length (set1 'union' set2) ::Double
p :: Int
coefs :: [Int]
hashFuncs :: [Int->Int]
hashFuncs = go coefs
minHash f = foldl' hashAndMin maxBound
 hashAndMin a b = min a (f b)
shingles1 = map (\x -> shingle x set1) [1..]
shingles2 = map (\x -> shingle x set2) [1..]
jackard2 = map approxJackard shingles
 shingles = zip shingles1 shingles2
 approxJackard :: ([Int],[Int]) -> Double
 approxJackard (as,bs) = let pairs = zip as bs
 matches = filter (\(a,b) -> a == b) pairs
 num = fromIntegral $length matches :: Double
 den = fromIntegral $ length as :: Double
 in num/den
If we plot jackard2 we have an approximation based on the number of shingles:
Approximating Jackard Coefficient
OK, let me summarize a little bit.
 1. You came here because you have a problem of comparing and object against N different objects and N is very large.
 2. The comparison you want to perform is by computing intersections between the attributes of objects and compute how many are equal.
 3. You want a cheap procedure for computing 2)
So the solution is to transform each object into a set of different values, and then perform the Jackard coefficient on the reduced set of values. For instance, each object could be the set of friends in a social network, and the value c could be for instance just 10. Here we reduce the computation of the intersection from the hundreds to just 10 values. Your friends got summarized in a set of 10 values.
Can we do better? Yes. Here we reduced the number of comparison from the cardinality of the number of features of the object to the small number c. But we still have to perform N comparisons against the N individuals in the population. Wouldn't it be nice to just pick the individuals we think are more likely to have a high Jackard Coefficient? That's possible with the use of bands but since this post is already very long, I'll leave that for another post.
 1. Minwise independent permutations The paper with the math that demonstrates the link between the Jackard Coefficient and the probability.
 2. Chapter 3 of the excellent book "Minning massive datasets"
Categories: Data Mining Tags:,
Training Gradient Boosting Trees with Python
November 5th, 2012 6 comments
I've been doing some data mining lately and specially looking into Gradient Boosting Trees since it is claimed that this is one of the techniques with best performance out of the box. In order to have a better understanding of the technique I've reproduced the example of section 10.14.1 California Housing in the book The Elements of Statistical Learning. Each point of this dataset represents the house value of a property with some attributes of that house. You can get the data and the description of those attributes from here.
I know that the whole exercise here


text:
The Chandrasekhar H-function plays an important role in a wide class of problems of analytical radiative transfer theory. The H-function is the solution of well-known integral equations, both non-linear and linear. The physics of a particular problem under consideration determines the form of the so-called characteristic and dispersion functions, Ψ(μ) and T(μ), respectively. They appear in H-equations and determine their solutions. We show that Ψ(μ) and T(μ) can be restructured in such a way that the solutions of H-equations transforms from H(μ) to Hn(μ),n=2,3,4,… provided Ψ(μ) and T(μ) are replaced with Ψn(μ) and Tn(μ). The structure of the non-linear and linear H-equations does not change under this transformation. The basis of this restructuring is a recursion relation that gives Ψn(μ) and Tn(μ) in terms of Ψ(μ) and T(μ).
|Журнал||Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer|
|Состояние||Опубликовано - мая 2020|
Предметные области Scopus
- Атомная и молекулярная физика и оптика

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
By Christian Haefke and Michael Reiter
In this paper we use information on the cyclical variation of labor market participation to learn about the aggregate labor supply elasticity. For this purpose, we extend the standard labor market matching model to allow for endogenous participation. A model that is calibrated to replicate the variability of unemployment and participation, and the negative correlation of unemployment and GDP, implies an aggregate labor supply elasticity along the extensive margin of around 0.3 for men and 0.5 for women. This is in line with recent micro-econometric estimates.
Another paper that tries to reconcile macro and micro estimates of the labor supply elasticity. The novel approach here is to exploit information about the participation rate.


Classic Car Appraisal Services in Highlands, Texas
Serving Highlands
Highlands United States
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Facts about Highlands
The community was named Highlands because the east bank of the San Jacinto River, where Highlands is located, has a higher elevation than the west bank of the river. By 1908 Highlands became a station on the Beaumont, Sour Lake and Western Railway. A post office opened in 1929. Highlands incorporated in 1930, but its charter was voided, leaving Highlands as unincorporated again. In the 1930s Highlands had 20 businesses and its population decreased from 350 to 200. The 1936 Harris County highway map indicated two churches, a factory, a school, and a sawmill in Highlands. Highlands housed military members and war plant personnel during World War II. By 1948 Highlands had 3,000 residents and 75 businesses. In the 1950s local business decreased and the population decreased to 2,723. A 1956 attempt for Highlands to incorporate did not pass. In the 1960s Highlands had a canning sales company and an industrial chemical company. In the early 1960s Highlands had 4,336 residents and 82 businesses. In 1965 W. O. Hutson built the Double Trouble Youth Rodeo Arena. In the early 1970s Highlands had 3,462 residents and 66 businesses. By 1977 Highlands had 5,000 residents; in 1989 Highlands reported the same population. In 1990 Highlands had an estimated population of 6,632.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 6.5 square miles (16.9 km2), of which 4.9 square miles (12.6 km2) is land and 1.7 square miles (4.3 km2), or 25.18%, is water. Highlands is located on the banks of the San Jacinto River and the Houston Ship Channel. The majority of the land in Highlands is on a high river bank. The historic Lynchburg Ferry is nearby.
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Classic Car Appraisal Services in Highlands, Texas


Scope Of Insurance
Scope Of Insurance,
Definition of Scope Of Insurance:
List of risks insured in the insurance contract.
Literal Meanings of Scope Of Insurance
Meanings of Scope:
 1. Evaluation or investigation (some)
 2. Watch the scan carefully.
 3. Scope of fields or topics related to something.
 4. Opportunity or ability to do or handle something.
 5. Binoculars, microscopes or other devices whose names end up in binocular vision.
 6. The length of the cable increases when the ship is docked.
 7. Scope of operator, such as B. quantity
Sentences of Scope
 1. We expanded the scope of our research
 2. The scope of great change is always limited by political realities
 3. Operators (as usual) do not like more scope in the relative clauses than the operators outside the relative clauses.
Synonyms of Scope
spread, elbow room, purview, extent, range, freedom, liberty, horizon, leeway, room to manoeuvre, width, room, sweep, reach, opportunity, play, span, breadth, latitude, stretch, capacity
Meanings of Of:
 1. It shows the relationship between the part and the whole.
 2. Indicates the relationship between scale or size and value.
 3. Refers to the relationship between two organizations, usually the organization of the association.
 4. It shows the relationship between the address and the reference point.
 5. It represents the relationship between a general type or type and a particular object belonging to that category.
 6. After a noun that comes from or is related to a verb.
 7. Identify the component or substance that makes the difference.
 8. Express the hour for the next hour.
Sentences of Of
 1. 5% increase
 2. North of Chicago
 3. Nice to meet you
 4. In New York, only a quarter to three
Synonyms of Of
caused by, done by, from, of, in, by, carried out by, made by
Meanings of Insurance:
 1. The process or arrangement in which a company or government agency guarantees compensation for some loss, injury, illness or death in exchange for premium payments.
 2. Anything that provides protection against possible emergencies.
Sentences of Insurance
 1. Meeting a high standard of personal conduct is the best protection against personal problems.
Synonyms of Insurance
safeguard, protection, provision, defence, immunity, shelter, cover, surety, precaution, security, financial protection, indemnity, safety measure, indemnification, preventive measure


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Accessing licenses and extensions in Python
Whenever a tool is executed in a script, an ArcGIS license is required. Tools from ArcGIS extensions, such as the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension, require an additional license for that extension. If the necessary licenses are not available, a tool fails and returns error messages. For example, if you install with a Desktop Basic license, and you attempt to execute a tool that requires a Desktop Standard or Desktop Advanced license, the tool fails.
Every tool checks to ensure it has the appropriate license. If it doesn't have what's required, it fails. To guard against the situation of executing partially through and failing, you can perform a check at the top of your script and fail immediately. The CheckExtension function can be used to evaluate if you are licensed for a particular extension, and the CheckProduct function can be used to evaluate if you are licensed for a particular product level.
The ArcGIS Pro application is part of ArcGIS Desktop, which has three levels—Desktop Basic, Desktop Standard, and Desktop Advanced—with each level providing additional functionality. Only ArcGIS Pro uses licensing through the organization. Other ArcGIS Desktop applications—ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcGlobe, and ArcScene—use the local ArcGIS Administrator application to set levels and extensions.
For more information on licensing in ArcGIS Pro, see Licensing ArcGIS Pro.
License:
When ArcGIS Pro uses licensing through the organization, the available product level and extensions are set by your account and available automatically from arcpy. With a Concurrent Use license in ArcGIS Pro and with other ArcGIS Desktop applications, specific functions (including CheckOutExtension and CheckInExtension) are required to access certain tools; with other types of licenses in ArcGIS Pro, these functions have no effect.
For more information, see CheckInExtension and CheckOutExtension functions.
Related topics


Note: We've updated our pricing and packaging. This feature is available from Blossom plan for customers who signed up before Nov 2nd 2020.
What is a Webhook?
A Webhook is a "callback" to an application or web service that is triggered when a specific event occurs. When certain update, change or action occurs, Webhooks can be used to push data to an external application
The Workflow Automator can be used to create workflows to trigger a Webhook when a specific Event occurs.
What can you do with a webhooks call?
Using Automator you can create workflows, that fires certain actions when a specific event occurs on a ticket. Using the Automator, you can update, modify, send notifications and run actions within Freshservice. For example, you could update ticket priorities, send out escalation emails, etc.
Webhooks come handy when you want to trigger an action in an external application or tool. Here are some example scenarios when you might want to use Webhooks:
What you want to do
Conditions to look for
What the Webhook should call
Send out a SMS/ text message when customer replies to ticket
Customer replies to ticket (or adds comment)
Send comment content to 3rd party SMS tool
Update inventory when a Product Return request is updated
Ticket category (a custom field) is updated to "Product Return"
Update product info in store inventory
Sync status for Feature Requests with internal Product Management tool
Status is Updated for Tickets of type "Feature Request"
Update product management tool with ticket information
Sound alarm bells and sirens when Bad Customer Satisfaction rating is received
Customer Feedback is Received, and Rating is "Not Good"
Customize a Smart Bulb (like this or this) and a siren sound board to fire up triggered by this Webhook
How to set up a webhook request with the Automator:
Let's consider the following use case:
Create a change automatically whenever a ticket is a change request.
 - Create a new Workflow using the Workflow Automator. Drag and drop the Events and Conditions that should trigger the webhook.
 - Under Actions, select the "Trigger Webhook" option from the drop-down.
 - Choose the Callback Request Type.
 - While each 3rd party app may use a request type in a different way, most applications follow standard methods:
 - GET Requests are typically used to retrieve one or all resources.
 - POST Requests usually create new resources.
 - PUT and PATCH requests are used to update a resource.
 - DELETE Requests are usually used to delete a resource.
In this example, we create a POST request as we have to create a new change in the change module.
 - Specify the callback URL (configured for webhook) of the application you want to hit. You can make the URLs dynamic using placeholders.
 - For example, if you want to pass along a callback URL of the form:[user email], you can substitute the user email part with the {{}} placeholder.
Testing Webhooks
When you have large workflows with complex webhook calls, testing them becomes mandatory. Activating workflows to test the webhooks isn't the most optimal way of testing them. Instead, you can test your webhooks right within the Workflow Automator.
For example, when you set up a webhook to create a change ticket in the change module and hit the Test webhook button, a test ticket is created in the change module if the test is successful.
API requests that result in errors will return an appropriate HTTP status code to help you identify the type of error. You can use this table to understand what each code means.
Note: Placeholders are not supported to Test Webhooks.
 - If you require authentication, you can enable Requires Authentication check box. You can use either a Username/Password or an API key for authentication. We use the API key of the Freshservice account being configured in this use case.
 - Pick the encoding of your request that the resource application supports (JSON, XML or XML-Encoded).
 - To simply send a list of ticket properties that you want in this webhook, select the Simple content option.
 - If you would like to customize the content that is being sent, select Advanced.
 - The advanced option lets you write custom API requests. These requests have to be encoded in the format you chose in the previous step.
 - You can use or postman - REST client (a google chrome extension) for testing out APIs.
 - The {{Triggered event}} placeholder is available only in Webhooks and returns the name of the event that triggered the rule.
 - Webhook Callback Request Limits: The number of webhook requests you can use in 1 hour is limited to 1000 calls. If the status codes are between 200 and 299, the callback is a success and status codes between 300-399 will be taken as callback redirects.
 When a callback fails (status codes other than 2xx and 3xx), or doesn't receive a response in 15s, the webhook will be automatically retried a maximum of 4 times at 3, 5, 9,17-minute intervals
Once the above automation is enabled, any ticket coming in with a type "Change request" will automatically create a change in the change module.


text:
Budget Box: Storm Drains
If you drive to Skull Creek Boathouse in Hilton Head, South Carolina, then you have traveled only three miles farther than the length of storm drains that are owned and maintained by The Landings Association. The storm drains and pipes are beneath the surfaces that we use to travel on every day. These hidden assets are crucial to help prevent flooding by diverting rainwater off streets and other paved surfaces to a nearby water body.
The phased nature in the community development of The Landings resulted in the use of different materials over time for storm drain construction, including corrugated metal, concrete, and plastic. Most of this infrastructure is original to the development, some of which is now 51 years old.
Each year, sections of storm drains are inspected with a video camera that the Association purchased in 2021 to identify areas in need of repair and/or replacement. Those sections are cleared of debris, root intrusions, and nature's obstructions. When possible, sections requiring repair are "slip-lined" through a cured-in-place pipe, a trenchless rehabilitation method that produces a jointless, seamless pipe lining within an existing pipe.
The 2023 budget includes funding of $733,600 for storm drain repair and maintenance. This includes storm drains located in the Romerly Road and Landings Way North/Nathaniel Lane areas.
This article was originally published by The Landings Association on their website. Visit landings.org to read the original article. _URL_

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Exploring challenges and opportunities with market heat maps
This paper uses survey data from six countries in order to shed further light on one aspect of the economic lives of the poor: their access to markets. It develops a framework that could be used to map market inclusiveness, and then applies this to a number of markets that are critical to reducing poverty and achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). These "market heat maps" help to illustrate the extent of the challenges and in some cases reveals potential opportunities in growing more inclusive markets in water and financial services.
What Are Market Heat Maps?
Market heat maps are simple illustrations of the extent to which the poor engage with markets: how inclusive of the poor the markets are. They provide a graphic representation of access to goods and services in selected sectors - education, water, microfinance, etc. - by the poor, along with information on how these goods and services are being provided. A greater share of poor consumers being reached is analogous to more "heat" (more color in the figure). Less heat (lack of color) indicates that a larger share of the poor are excluded. When focused on the demand side, these market heat maps show the nature and extent of consumer access to key goods and services that are important for human development across spatial dimensions in a particular country as well as the presence (or lack thereof) of various agents on the supply-side. When considering the production side, they also illustrate how inclusive markets are for the poor as producers (as entrepreneurs or as providers of labor inputs).
What do they Add?
There is already a rich literature and extensive practice in poverty mapping. So far, geographic poverty mapping has mostly been used by actors from the public and not-forprofit sphere who leverage it to highlight the geographic variations in poverty, to design and target their interventions, to pinpoint and coordinate priority areas of their operational programs and activities, to determine where to best allocate their budget, to monitor and evaluate their operations, and to increase transparency and social accountability. Amongst others, geographic poverty mapping is applied in the areas of poverty reduction operations, infrastructure provision and coordination in humanitarian crises. While poverty mapping is often used by many actors to amend the coordination of their own activities, it can also help improve the visualization of the spatial dimension of current development issues amongst external actors, including a broader public audience.
Acknowledgements: The complete published article can be found in Journal of World Business:
Pablo Acosta, Illana Melzer, Ronald U. Mendoza, Namsuk Kim, and Nina Thelen. "Business and Human Development in the Base of the Pyramid: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities with Market Heat Maps". Journal of World Business, 2011, 46 (1), 50-60.


text:
Deciphering the World of Modern Dating
Modern dating can often feel like navigating a labyrinth. The advent of digital technology and dating apps has brought new dimensions to human interactions, turning the once straightforward process into an intricate puzzle of signals, emojis, and read receipts. This complexity is exacerbated when you're left in a perplexing situation: 'he unmatched me but is still texting.' This scenario can evoke a cascade of questions, and justifiably so. What does it mean? Is it a common phenomenon, or is it an isolated incident? What is the appropriate reaction?
In the light of such queries, understanding the core dynamics of modern dating is crucial. One essential aspect of this is the shift in power dynamics enabled by the anonymity and distance of digital platforms. The traditional script of dating has been transformed, allowing for diverse narratives and complexities. This has, undoubtedly, blurred the lines of communication and behavior, culminating in the perplexing situation of being unmatched, yet still receiving texts.
The realm of online dating is replete with mixed signals. He might unmatch you on the dating app, eliminating the visual reminder of your existence in his digital dating sphere, yet he still finds a way to keep the conversation alive through texts. This paradoxical situation begs a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that drive such behaviors.
The anonymity and convenience of online dating can lead individuals to adopt unconventional behaviors, often driven by complex emotions, changing desires, or even an underlying fear of commitment. Unmatching while continuing to text might be one such manifestation, reflecting a certain ambiguity in his intentions or feelings.
This scenario is often seen as a red flag by many relationship experts who perceive it as a sign of indecisiveness, non-commitment, or, worse, manipulation. However, the world of emotions and relationships is seldom black and white, and it is vital to understand the diverse reasons behind such actions.
Unmasking Mixed Signals: 5 Revealing Signs in the 'He Unmatched Me but Is Still Texting' Scenario
1. The Fear of Commitment: send mixed signals when they're scared of getting too involved or committing. Unmatching you on the app could be his way of maintaining a safe distance while texting keeps you within his comfort zone. He might want to continue the conversation without the added pressure that the dating app implies.
2. The Balancing Act: be juggling multiple interests at the same time. Unmatching you could be an attempt to manage his digital dating space while texting ensures he keeps his options open. In such cases, he might view you as a potential interest but is not ready to give up exploring other possibilities.
3. The Desire for Control: continuing to text can also be about maintaining control over the situation. He can decide when and how to interact with you, putting him in a dominant position. This power dynamic can make you feel uncertain and anxious, furthering his control.
4. The Pursuit of Ego Gratification: seek validation and gratification by keeping others in their sphere of influence. This can be achieved by sending mixed signals like unmatching yet continuing to text. The perplexity it creates often leads to more attention given to him, fulfilling his ego needs
5. The Buffer Zone: to unmatch could be about creating a buffer zone that separates his online dating life from his personal life. By moving the conversation to text, he can manage his digital persona while keeping you in the loop.
These five signs provide a roadmap to decipher the actions of your digital suitor. However, it is essential to remember that everyone's motivations may differ, and these signs may not always apply universally. It is always important to trust your intuition and prioritize open, honest communication to understand the person better.
Understanding Your Worth: Emotional Turmoil
Being unmatched but still receiving texts can stir a whirlwind of emotions, leading to self-doubt and confusion. It is critical to remember that you are not alone in this situation, and many others have experienced the same perplexity. The digital dating world is complex, and situations like these often reflect more on the person who unmatched you than on you.
It is essential not to take such actions personally. The decision to unmatch could be driven by a multitude of factors, many of which have nothing to do with your worth or attractiveness. Instead, they often reflect the individual's indecisiveness or fear of commitment.
When confronted with such a situation, your emotional well-being should be the priority. Engage in self-care, reach out to supportive friends, or seek professional guidance. Set boundaries and decide what you are willing to tolerate. It is okay to communicate your discomfort and ask for clarity.
You are deserving of a relationship that is clear and unambiguous, where mixed signals don't leave you guessing. Don't let the perplexity of the modern dating world compromise your self-worth. Stay strong, and you are more than the sum of your texts.


text:
The Abbey Library of Saint Gall was founded by Saint Othmar, the founder of the Abbey of St. Gall. The library collection is the oldest in Switzerland, and is one of earliest and most important monastic libraries in the world. It holds 2,100 manuscripts dating back to the 8th through the 15th centuries, 1,650 incunabula (printed before 1500), and old printed books. The library holds almost 160,000 volumes. The manuscript B of the Nibelungenlied is kept here.
Photo and description found at TwistedSifter(dot)com.


text:
This is another daft claim. It is daft for the same reason as Cassidy's explanation for glim is daft. When people borrow between languages, they tend to borrow individual words. Occasionally they borrow well-known and often-used phrases. However they never borrow random bits of sentences and they borrow the most basic form of the word. Cassidy claims that 'beef' as in 'to have a beef with someone' comes from the Irish phrase b'aifirt which means (if it means anything) 'was a reproach'. On its own and out of any context like this, it really means nothing and it would be pronounced baffirch, which doesn't sound much like beef.
The origins of the slang term 'beef' (complaint) are not known. There are various suggestions involving disputes between sheep-herders and cow-punchers in the old west or soldiers complaining about their rations in the Civil War. However, 'beef' doesn't come from b'aifirt and that's a fact.


Wanted: Effectively-Once Processing in Azure
This experimental post is a question. The question is too broad for StackOverflow, so I'm posting it here. Please engage in the comments section, or forward the link to subject experts.
TL;DR: Are there any known patterns / tools / frameworks to provide scalable, stateful, effectively-once, end-to-end processing of messages, to be hosted in Azure, preferably on PaaS-level of service?
Motivational Example
Let's say we are making a TODO app. There is a constant flow of requests to create a TODO in the system. Each request contains just two fields: a title and a project ID which TODO should belong to. Here is the definition:
type TodoRequest = {
 ProjectId: int
 Title: string
Now, we want to process the request and assign each TODO an identifier, which should be an auto-incremented integer. Numeration is unique per project, so each TODO must have its own combination of ProjectId and Id:
type Todo = {
 ProjectId: int
 Id: int
 Title: string
Now, instead of relying on some database sequences, I want to describe this transformation as a function. The function has the type (TodoRequest, int) -> (Todo, int), i.e. it transforms a tuple of a request and current per-project state (last generated ID) to a tuple of a TODO and post-processing state:
let create (request: TodoRequest, state: int) =
 let nextId = state + 1
 let todo = {
 ProjectId = request.ProjectId
 Id = nextId
 Title = request.Title
 todo, nextId
This is an extremely simple function, and I can use it to great success to process local, non-durable data.
But if I need to make a reliable distributed application out of it, I need to take care of lots of things:
 1. No request should be lost. I need to persist all the requests into a durable storage in case of processor crash.
 2. Similarly, I need to persist TODO's too. Presumably, some downstream logic will use the persisted data later on in TODO's lifecycle.
 3. The state (the counter) must be durable too. In case of crash of processing function, I want to be able to restart processing after recovery.
 4. Processing of the requests should be sequential per project ID. Otherwise I might get a clash of ID's in case two requests belonging to the same project are processed concurrently.
 5. I still want requests to different projects to be processed in parallel, to make sure the system scales up with the growth of project count.
 6. There must be no holes or duplicates in TODO numbering per project, even in face of system failures. In worst case, I agree to tolerate a duplicated entry in the output log, but it must be exactly the same entry (i.e. two entries with same project id, id and title).
 7. The system should tolerate a permanent failure of any single hardware dependency and automatically fail-over within reasonable time.
It's not feasible to meet all of those requirements without relying on some battle-tested distributed services or frameworks.
Which options do I know of?
Traditionally, this kind of requirements were solved by using transactions in something like SQL Server. If I store requests, TODO's and current ID per project in the same relational database, I can make each processing step a single atomic transaction.
This addresses all the concerns, as long as we can stay inside the single database. That's probably a viable option for the TODO app, but less of so if I convert my toy example to some real applications like IoT data processing.
Can we do the same for distributed systems at scale?
Azure Event Hubs
Since I touched IoT space, the logical choice would be to store our entries in Azure Event Hubs. That works for many criteria, but I don't see any available approach to make such processing consistent in the face of failures.
When processing is done, we need to store 3 pieces: generated TODO event, current processing offset and current ID. Event goes to another event hub, processing offset is stored in Blob Storage and ID can be saved to something like Table Storage.
But there's no way to store those 3 pieces atomically. Whichever order we choose, we are bound to get anomalies in some specific failure modes.
Azure Functions
Azure Functions don't solve those problems. But I want to mention this Function-as-a-Service offering because they provide an ideal programming model for my use case.
I need to take just one step from my domain function to Azure Function: to define bindings for e.g. Event Hubs and Table Storage.
However, reliability guarantees will stay poor. I won't get neither sequential processing per Event Hub partition key, nor atomic state commit.
Azure Service Fabric
Service Fabric sounds like a good candidate service for reliable processing. Unfortunately, I don't have much experience with it to judge.
Please leave a comment if you do.
JVM World
There are products in JVM world which claim to solve my problem perfectly.
Apache Kafka was the inspiration for Event Hubs log-based messaging. The recent Kafka release provides effectively-once processing semantics as long as data stay inside Kafka. Kafka does that with atomic publishing to multiple topics, and state storage based on compacted topics.
Apache Flink has similar guarantees for its stream processing APIs.
Great, but how do I get such awesomeness in.NET code, and without installing expensive ZooKeeper-managed clusters?
Call for Feedback
Do you know a solution, product or service?
Have you developed effectively-once processing on.NET / Azure stack?
Are you in touch with somebody who works on such framework?
Please leave a comment, or ping me on Twitter.
Cloud developer and researcher.
Software engineer at Pulumi. Microsoft Azure MVP.
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text:
Addition Definition: If A and B are any two matrices of the same size, then the sum A+B is the matrix obtained by adding together the corresponding entries in the two matrices. Matrices of different sizes cannot be added.
Product Definition I: If A is any matrix and c is any scalar, then the product cA is the matrix obtained by multiplying each entry of A by c.
Product Definition II: If A is an m x r matrix and B is an r x n matrix, then the product AB is the m x n matrix whose entries are determined as follows. To find the entry in row i and column j of AB, single out row i from the matrix A and column j from the matrix B. Multiply the corresponding entries from the row and column together and then add up the resulting products.


text:
A Multilayer perspective for the analysis of urban transportation systems
- Publisher: Nature Publishing Group
(issn: 2045-2322, eissn: 2045-2322)
Physics - Physics and Society | Condensed Matter - Statistical Mechanics | Article
Public urban mobility systems are composed by several transportation modes connected together. Most studies in urban mobility and planning often ignore the multi-layer nature of transportation systems considering only aggregated versions of this complex scenario. In this work we present a model for the representation of the transportation system of an entire city as a multiplex network. Using two different perspectives, one in which each line is a layer and one in which lines of the same transportation mode are grouped together, we study the interconnected structure of 9 different cities in Europe raging from small towns to mega-cities like London and Berlin highlighting their vulnerabilities and possible improvements. Finally, for the city of Zaragoza in Spain, we also consider data about service schedule and waiting times, which allow us to create a simple yet realistic model for urban mobility able to reproduce real-world facts and to test for network improvements.


text:
Luomala, Harri (2004) Exploring origin of food as a source of meanings for Finnish consumers: A qualitative comparison of meanings in Swedish, German and French food. In: Report from NJF seminar 366, Nordic Association of Agricultural Scientists, pp. 53-55.
The findings show that Finnish consumers attach partly overlapping partly distinct cognitive, affective, and normative meanings to Swedish, German, and French food. Swedish and French foods are perceived healthier than German food. Finnish consumers also think that Swedish and French food is of high quality, safe and pure while in the case of German food consumers were more doubtful.
|EPrint Type:||Conference paper, poster, etc.|
|Type of presentation:||Paper|
|Keywords:||origin, food, consumers|
|Deposited By:||Koistinen, Riitta|
|Deposited On:||02 Sep 2009 10:26|
|Last Modified:||12 Apr 2010 07:39|
Repository Staff Only: item control page


text:
The facing heaven pepper (Capsicum annuum var. conoides; Chinese name: 朝天椒; pinyin: cháotiānjiāo, also known as 指天椒; pinyin: zhǐtiānjiāo meaning'skyward-pointing chili pepper'), is a cone-shaped, medium-hot chili pepper, between 3 and 6 cm in length, 1 to 2 cm in diameter at the base, and with very thin skin.
A cultivar commonly used in Sichuan cuisine, it is called the facing heaven pepper because the pepper grows with the fruit pointing upwards, rather than downwards, as is normal in other pepper plants. The plant's upright growing habit is typical of "ornamental" peppers.
Because of its attractive appearance, the dried chili is often added to dishes whole. Although the chilli is often too hot to be consumed raw, it can be lightly cooked in oil to produce a milder equivalent.
This dried chili pepper is described as a "pantry staple" in the Sichuan province of China by Fuchsia Dunlop in her cookbook Land of Plenty. She describes it as very fragrant and moderately hot (much less hot than tiny Thai chilies).


text:
Platelet Ionized Magnesium, Cyclic AMP, and Cyclic GMP Levels in Migraine and Tension-Type Headache
Article first published online: 19 JAN 2002
Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain
Volume 37, Issue 9, pages 561–564, October, 1997
How to Cite
Mishima, K., Takeshima, T., Shimomura, T., Okada, H., Kitano, A., Takahashi, K. and Nakashima, K. (1997), Platelet Ionized Magnesium, Cyclic AMP, and Cyclic GMP Levels in Migraine and Tension-Type Headache. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain, 37: 561–564. doi: 10.1046/j._PHONE_._PHONE_.x
- Issue published online: 19 JAN 2002
- Article first published online: 19 JAN 2002
- Accepted for publication February 2, 1997.
- migraine, tension-type headach
Decreased serum and intracellular levels of magnesium have been reported in patients with migraine. It has been suggested that magnesium may play an important role in the attacks and pathogenesis of headaches. We measured ionized magnesium cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate), and cyclic GMP (guanosine monophosphate) in platelets of patients with migraine in patients with tension-type headache, and in healthy controls. The platelet level of ionized magnesium from patients with tension-type headache was significantly lower than the levels from the other two groups. The platelet level of cyclic AMP from patients with migraine was higher than those from the other groups. We found no significant differences in the platelet cyclic GMP levels among the three groups. It is suggested that reduced platelet ionized magnesium in patients with tension-type headache is related to abnormal platelet function, and that increased platelet cyclic AMP in patients with migraine is related to alteration of neurotransmitters in the platelet.


'sub-ghosting', likely due to internal lens reflections. RIGHT: Secondary return stroke during the daytime.
Stage 5: Channel decay and bead-out
Immediately after a return stroke (first or secondary) discharges down the lightning channel, it begins a decaying stage in which the luminosity of the channel steadily decreases in intensity. In the latter part of this decaying stage, the luminous channel will break up into glowing 'beads' before dissipating altogether. Video cameras are usually able to capture this process, especially in the case of close strikes where more detail is afforded by the proximity of the channel. The bead-out or decay process can occupy one to three or more individual video frames.
Fig. 8: Video images of decaying or 'beading out' lightning channels. LEFT and CENTER: A secondary return stroke and its channel decay. RIGHT: A heavily beaded lightning channel in the latter stages of decay.
Upward leader or ghost artifact?
It is possible for a video camera to record a genuine 'upward leader' or 'streamer' extending from an object on the ground. (Pictured at right is a genuine upward streamer off of a television tower's antenna.) If this should happen to occur, a genuine leader should:
 - Show up on either the first return stroke frame, the frame just prior to the first return stroke, or both.

 - Be positioned in the correct location on-screen (attached to or traveling down a ground-based object).
Some tests you can perform to identify a 'ghost channel' artifact include the following:
 - Compare its shape to that of the first return stroke and the portion of the stepped leader that will become the main channel once it reaches the ground. If the shape of the two channels match, the image is a 'ghost channel'.

 - Scrutinize the probability of a bolt striking where it looks like it hit. Does the location of the channel appear suspect?

 - Listen closely to the accompanying audio track. A very close lightning strike or 'leader' will produce an instantaneous click, hiss, or bang sound.
Analyzing your lightning video, interlacing issues
The best way to closely examine video of lightning is digitally on a computer, using video editing software. The slow-motion and freeze-frame capabilities of most VCRs and video cameras will not allow you to see every single frame, which will cause you to miss frames containing important features.
After capturing your raw video, you'll need to extract full-screen still frames that you can view easily. Most editing software will allow you to do this to varying degrees. If you use a digital video camera that records interlaced frames, each of your still frames will actually contain two images. In order to retrieve both images from the single frame, you will need to use editing software such as Adobe Premiere Pro that exports raw interlaced frames. Pinnacle Studio, for instance, only exports one half of an interlaced frame, which once again will cause you to miss important details that might be visible in the other half. After exporting the still frames, you will need to de-interlace them into their two component images using image editing software such as Paint Shop Pro or Adobe Photoshop.
When going through your video using editing software, export one or two frames before and after the frames that contain a visible lightning feature. Examine these closely, you may be surprised at what you find!
Case Studies: Ghost artifacts from close strikes
Some lightning discharges contain only one return stroke, resulting in only one or two video frames recording an image of the channel. In most such cases, the only image captured is a 'ghost channel'. Even if your camera captures a 'ghost image', the true position of the bolt can still be found by closely examining the image with the aid of graphics software.
Case 1: Ghost channel from strike to tree 700 feet away
In Case #1, we'll examine images of a very close cloud-to-ground lightning discharge that struck a tree at a distance of approximately 700 feet. Two cameras were rolling and both caught the strike. Unfortunately, the lightning strike consisted of only a single return stroke, which meant that the cameras caught a ghost image of the bolt, but little else. Here is the view from camera #1, showing the ghost channel from the bolt:
We can see that the channel on this image is an obvious ghost, as its top comes to an abrupt end below the treeline. Camera #1 did not capture any other images of this strike on the frames before and after this one. We know the strike was very close, because the thunder on the video arrives exactly 2/3 of a second after the flash. So how do we find out where the bolt actually hit?
Since we know a video 'ghost' lightning channel is merely an image of the lightning shifted downward on the screen, the 'real' position of the 'ghost' channel can usually be obtained by shifting it upward, so that the top of the ghost channel is at the top of the video frame. Using graphics software, we can do a simple cut-and-paste of the ghost channel to move it up to its correct position:
As you can see, the ghost lightning channel is longer than the portion of the sky in view directly above it, showing that this bolt hit in front of the treeline horizon, as we suspected. Not as close as the ghost channel first makes it appear, but still very close.
Fortunately for this case, we can validate our analysis, and this technique, by looking closely at the video from camera #2. Camera #2 managed to capture one frame of the dissipating strike, immediately after the ghost channel image.
This frame shows the true position of our lightning strike. You can see the fiery orange color where the lightning channel travels down the tree, partially hidden by other trees in front of it.
Case 2: Hybrid ghost/actual channel from close strike
The 'degree of vertical displacement' of a ghost channel varies with each lightning bolt captured on tape. Some are shifted more than halfway down the screen, while others are only shifted slightly. In Case #2, we'll examine an image of a close strike in which the main channel is partly a 'ghost' and partly 'true'.
As with Case #1, this lightning discharge only consisted of one return stroke, with only one frame of video containing an image of the bolt. In this frame, the stepped leader can be seen at the top of the image, with the main channel extending downward to the ground.
By taking a close look at the lightning channel and stepped leader at the top of the frame, we can see that the main channel matches up in shape with a branch of the stepped leader. This gives us the 'degree of displacement' of the ghost channel vertically down the video frame.
Unlike Case #1, the displacement of the ghost channel on this image is small enough that it is actually closer to being a true representation of the correct position of the channel. So, we can take the same 'degree of displacement' measurement from the top of the frame and apply it to the bottom of the frame where the lightning hits the ground:
As a result, we can see that the lightning came down just behind the row of trees in the foreground, but was still in front of the second row of trees in the background (not in front of the first treeline as the ghosting would suggest).
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text:
Korea Rich in Underground Resources
Korean Central News Agency of DPRK via Korea News Service (KNS)
Pyongyang, April 9 (KCNA) -- Korea is abundant in underground resources.
Kim Hung Ju, a department director of the State Resources Development Guidance Bureau, told KCNA that useful minerals were found in nearly 80 percent of the territory.
There are billions of tons of iron ores, including magnetite and limonite. It is easy to mine them as they are deposited near the crust of the earth.
The country has also large deposits of gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, cyanite, sillimanite, titanium, manganese, nickel, chrome and rutile.
Rare metallic minerals such as molybdenum, monazite, wolframite, beryl, zirconium and uranium are spread in different parts of the country.
In particular, rare earth minerals including fluorocarbonic cerium are inexhaustible in the country.
The country is also endowed with limestone, apatite, alunite, barite and other minerals used as raw materials in chemical and building materials industry, granite, marble, dolomite, phyllite and other natural stone resources and mica, asbestos, talc, diatomite, kaolin, bentonite and other nonmetallic minerals.
Deposits of magnesite and graphite are as large as billions of tons respectively.
High-caloric coal resources are distributed in different areas of the country to provide favorable conditions for the economic development.
Up to now hundreds of kinds of minerals have been discovered in the country.
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