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r.mask - Creates a MASK for limiting raster operation.
raster, mask, null data, no-data
r.mask --help
r.mask [-ir] [raster=name] [maskcats=string] [vector=name] [layer=string] [cats=range] [where=sql_query] [--overwrite] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]
Create inverse mask
Remove existing mask (overrides other options)
Allow output files to overwrite existing files
Print usage summary
Verbose module output
Quiet module output
Force launching GUI dialog
Name of raster map to use as mask
Raster values to use for mask
Format: 1 2 3 thru 7 *
Default: *
Name of vector map to use as mask
Or data source for direct OGR access
Layer number or name (vector)
Default: 1
Category values (vector)
Example: 1,3,7-9,13
WHERE conditions of SQL statement without 'where' keyword (vector)
Example: income < 1000 and population >= 10000
Table of contents
r.mask - Facilitates creation of a raster "MASK" map to control raster operations.
The MASK is only applied when reading an existing GRASS raster map, for example when used in a module as an input map. The MASK will block out certain areas of a raster map from analysis and/or display, by "hiding" them from sight of other GRASS modules. Data falling within the boundaries of the MASK can be modified and operated upon by other GRASS raster modules; data falling outside the MASK is treated as if it were NULL.
Because the MASK is actually only a reclass map named "MASK", it can be copied, renamed, removed, and used in analyses, just like other GRASS raster map layers. The user should be aware that a MASK remains in place until a user renames it to something other than "MASK", or removes it using "r.mask -r" or g.remove.
Grid cells in the MASK map containing 0 or NULL will replace data with NULL, while cells containing other values will allow data to pass through unaltered.
To restore raster operations to normal (i.e., all cells of the current region), remove the MASK file by setting the -r remove MASK flag. In this case, a dummy value must also be given for the input parameter. A MASK also can be removed by using g.remove or by renaming it to any other name with g.rename.
The above method for specifying a "mask" may seem counterintuitive. Areas inside the MASK are not hidden; areas outside the MASK will be ignored until the MASK file is removed.
The MASK is read as an integer map. If MASK is actually a floating-point map, the values will be converted to integers using the map's quantisation rules (this defaults to round-to-nearest, but can be changed with r.quant).
r.mask uses r.reclass to create a reclassification of an existing raster map and name it MASK. A reclass map takes up less space, but is affected by any changes to the underlying map from which it was created. The user can select category values from the input raster to use in the MASK with the maskcats parameter; if r.mask is run from the command line, the category values listed in maskcats must be quoted (see example below).
Somewhat similar program functions to those performed by r.mask can be done using r.mapcalc, g.region, and other commands.
The examples are based on the North Carolina sample dataset.
Create a raster mask, for contraining the calculation of univariate statistics of the elevation values for "lakes":
# set computation region to lakes raster map
g.region raster=lakes -p
# use lakes as MASK
r.mask raster=lakes
# get statistics for elevation pixels of lakes:
r.univar elevation
Remove the raster mask ("MASK" map) with the -r flag:
r.mask -r
Creating a mask from selected categories in the North Carolina 'geology_30m' raster map:
g.region raster=geology_30m -p
r.category geology_30m
d.mon wx0
d.rast geology_30m
r.mask raster=geology_30m maskcats="217 thru 720"
d.mon wx0
d.rast geology_30m
g.region, r.mapcalc, r.reclass, g.remove, g.rename
Michael Barton, Arizona State University
Available at: r.mask source code (history)
© 2003-2021 GRASS Development Team, GRASS GIS Reference Manual


}
Fields
fields[]
string
One or more fields on which data should be clustered. Only top-level, non-repeated, simple-type fields are supported. The order of the fields will determine how clusters will be generated, so it is important.
ViewDefinition
JSON representation
{
 "query": string,
 "userDefinedFunctionResources": [
 {
 object (UserDefinedFunctionResource)
 }
 ],
 "useLegacySql": boolean
}
Fields
query
string
Required. A query that BigQuery executes when the view is referenced.
userDefinedFunctionResources[]
object (UserDefinedFunctionResource)
Describes user-defined function resources used in the query.
useLegacySql
boolean
Specifies whether to use BigQuery's legacy SQL for this view. The default value is true. If set to false, the view will use BigQuery's standard SQL: _URL_
Queries and views that reference this view must use the same flag value. A wrapper is used here because the default value is True.
UserDefinedFunctionResource
JSON representation
{
 "resourceUri": string,
 "inlineCode": string
}
Fields
resourceUri
string
[Pick one] A code resource to load from a Google Cloud Storage URI (gs://bucket/path).
inlineCode
string
[Pick one] An inline resource that contains code for a user-defined function (UDF). Providing a inline code resource is equivalent to providing a URI for a file containing the same code.
ExternalDataConfiguration
JSON representation
{
 "sourceUris": [
 string
 ],
 "schema": {
 object (TableSchema)
 },
 "sourceFormat": string,
 "maxBadRecords": integer,
 "autodetect": boolean,
 "ignoreUnknownValues": boolean,
 "compression": string,
 "csvOptions": {
 object (CsvOptions)
 },
 "bigtableOptions": {
 object (BigtableOptions)
 },
 "googleSheetsOptions": {
 object (GoogleSheetsOptions)
 },
 "hivePartitioningOptions": {
 object (HivePartitioningOptions)
 },
 "connectionId": string
}
Fields
sourceUris[]
string
[Required] The fully-qualified URIs that point to your data in Google Cloud. For Google Cloud Storage URIs: Each URI can contain one '*' wildcard character and it must come after the 'bucket' name. Size limits related to load jobs apply to external data sources. For Google Cloud Bigtable URIs: Exactly one URI can be specified and it has be a fully specified and valid HTTPS URL for a Google Cloud Bigtable table. For Google Cloud Datastore backups, exactly one URI can be specified. Also, the '*' wildcard character is not allowed.
schema
object (TableSchema)
[Optional] The schema for the data. Schema is required for CSV and JSON formats. Schema is disallowed for Google Cloud Bigtable, Cloud Datastore backups, and Avro formats.
sourceFormat
string
[Required] The data format. For CSV files, specify "CSV". For Google sheets, specify "GOOGLE_SHEETS". For newline-delimited JSON, specify "NEWLINE_DELIMITED_JSON". For Avro files, specify "AVRO". For Google Cloud Datastore backups, specify "DATASTORE_BACKUP". [Beta] For Google Cloud Bigtable, specify "BIGTABLE".
maxBadRecords
integer
[Optional] The maximum number of bad records that BigQuery can ignore when reading data. If the number of bad records exceeds this value, an invalid error is returned in the job result. The default value is 0, which requires that all records are valid. This setting is ignored for Google Cloud Bigtable, Google Cloud Datastore backups and Avro formats.
autodetect
boolean
Try to detect schema and format options automatically. Any option specified explicitly will be honored.
ignoreUnknownValues
boolean
[Optional] Indicates if BigQuery should allow extra values that are not represented in the table schema. If true, the extra values are ignored. If false, records with extra columns are treated as bad records, and if there are too many bad records, an invalid error is returned in the job result. The default value is false. The sourceFormat property determines what BigQuery treats as an extra value: CSV: Trailing columns JSON: Named values that don't match any column names Google Cloud Bigtable: This setting is ignored. Google Cloud Datastore backups: This setting is ignored. Avro: This setting is ignored.
compression
string
[Optional] The compression type of the data source. Possible values include GZIP and NONE. The default value is NONE. This setting is ignored for Google Cloud Bigtable, Google Cloud Datastore backups and Avro formats. An empty string is an invalid value.
csvOptions
object (CsvOptions)
Additional properties to set if sourceFormat is set to CSV.
bigtableOptions
object (BigtableOptions)
[Optional] Additional options if sourceFormat is set to BIGTABLE.
googleSheetsOptions
object (GoogleSheetsOptions)
[Optional] Additional options if sourceFormat is set to GOOGLE_SHEETS.
hivePartitioningOptions
object (HivePartitioningOptions)
[Optional, Trusted Tester] When set, configures hive partitioning support. Not all storage formats support hive partitioning -- requesting hive partitioning on an unsupported format will lead to an error, as will providing an invalid specification.
connectionId
string
[Optional][Experimental] This field is in testing and should not yet be used.
CsvOptions
JSON representation
{
 "fieldDelimiter": string,
 "skipLeadingRows": string,
 "quote": string,
 "allowQuotedNewlines": boolean,
 "allowJaggedRows": boolean,
 "encoding": string
}
Fields
fieldDelimiter
string
[Optional] The separator for fields in a CSV file. BigQuery converts the string to ISO-8859-1 encoding, and then uses the first byte of the encoded string to split the data in its raw, binary state. BigQuery also supports the escape sequence "\t" to specify a tab separator. The default value is a comma (',').
skipLeadingRows
string (Int64Value format)
[Optional] The number of rows at the top of a CSV file that BigQuery will skip when reading the data. The default value is 0. This property is useful if you have header rows in the file that should be skipped. When autodetect is on, the behavior is the following:
 - skipLeadingRows unspecified - Autodetect tries to detect headers in the first row. If they are not detected, the row is read as data. Otherwise data is read starting from the second row.
 - skipLeadingRows is 0 - Instructs autodetect that there are no headers and data should be read starting from the first row.
 - skipLeadingRows = N > 0 - Autodetect skips N-1 rows and tries to detect headers in row N. If headers are not detected, row N is just skipped. Otherwise row N is used to extract column names for the detected schema.
quote
string
[Optional] The value that is used to quote data sections in a CSV file. BigQuery converts the string to ISO-8859-1 encoding, and then uses the first byte of the encoded string to split the data in its raw, binary state. The default value is a double-quote ("). If your data does not contain quoted sections, set the property value to an empty string. If your data contains quoted newline characters, you must also set the allowQuotedNewlines property to true.
allowQuotedNewlines
boolean
[Optional] Indicates if BigQuery should allow quoted data sections that contain newline characters in a CSV file. The default value is false.
allowJaggedRows
boolean
[Optional] Indicates if BigQuery should accept rows that are missing trailing optional columns. If true, BigQuery treats missing trailing columns as null values. If false, records with missing trailing columns are treated as bad records, and if there are too many bad records, an invalid error is returned in the job result. The default value is false.
encoding
string
[Optional] The character encoding of the data. The supported values are UTF-8 or ISO-8859-1. The default value is UTF-8. BigQuery decodes the data after the raw, binary data has been split using the values of the quote and fieldDelimiter properties.
BigtableOptions
JSON representation
{
 "columnFamilies": [
 {
 object (BigtableColumnFamily)
 }
 ],
 "ignoreUnspecifiedColumnFamilies": boolean,
 "readRowkeyAsString": boolean
}
Fields
columnFamilies[]
object (BigtableColumnFamily)


text:
Many scientists and civil engineers are mistaking alkali activation for geopolymers, fueling confusion, using them as synonyms without understanding what they really are.
To sum-up: Alkali-Activated Materials (AAM) are NOT Polymers, so they cannot be called Geo-Polymers. Geopolymers are NOT a subset of AAM because they are not a calcium hydrate alternative, the chemistry is radically different. Those who claim that both terms are synonyms are promoting a misleading scientific belief. Learn why by watching these three videos.
In his three recent keynotes at the Geopolymer Camp 2014, Geopolymer Camp 2015, and Geopolymer Camp 2016, Prof. J. Davidovits explained why Alkali-Activated-Materials are not Geopolymers, or why alkali-activation is not geopolymerization. We have selected all the sequences that had been dedicated to this issue in the GPCamp-2014, 2015 and 2016 keynotes. These new videos are titled: Why Alkali-Activated Materials are NOT Geopolymers. You will finally understand why they are two different systems.
Part 3 (new, 2016): AAM are not polymers, so they cannot be called "geopolymers"
Prof. Joseph Davidovits emphasizes the fact that Alkali Activated Materials (AAM) are not polymers, so they cannot be called "geopolymers". He presents what scientists are now writing about this issue. They now agree with proven facts that it is a big scientific mistake to use AAM and geopolymer as synonyms, and people shall stop doing so. Geopolymer cement is not a CSH derivative; therefore, scientists are now stating that applying the CSH terminology from Portland cement is not only inappropriate, but also calling them NASH and KASH is totally wrong. Those who purposefully use and propagate these misleading languages delude the understanding of the true chemical reactions that really occur (never a hydrate or a gel, but a polymer), resulting in confused interpretations.
This video lasts 27 min, a 62 MB file. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.
Part 1 (2014): AAM are not geopolymers, two different chemistries
Prof. J. Davidovits explains the main differences between AAC (Alkali-Activated Cement or Concrete), AAS (Alkali-Activated Slag), AAF (Alkali-Activated Fly Ash) and Slag-based Geopolymer cement, in terms of chemistry, molecular structure, long-term durability. In a second part, on hand of the industrialization of Slag/fly ash-based geopolymer cement/concrete implemented by the company Wagners, Australia, he focuses on the results provided by the carbonation testing data obtained for ordinary Portland cement, AAS and EFC (Slag/fly ash-based geopolymer). The tests were carried out at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT in Australia. Geopolymer behaves like regular Portland cement, whereas AAS gets very bad carbonation results.
This video lasts 20 min, a 46 MB file. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.
Part 2 (2015): Clarifying statement about all the false ideas and assertions
Prof. J. Davidovits makes a clarifying statement about all the false ideas and assertions written by several alkali activated materials scientists (incorrectly using the word "geopolymer" for marketing purpose in place of AAM) and blindly imitated by others. He explains why it is a true polymer with a well-known and understood chemistry (as opposed to those who claim it is a "gel" of unknown character), mentions the historicity and discovery of geopolymer chemistry, the real contributions of Glukhovsky and what he really wrote about geopolymers. He develops the range of actual industrial applications that goes far beyond cement made out of wastes…
This video lasts 29 min, a 67 MB file. Click on the icon on the right to watch it fullscreen.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
There are some, and they are important:
In this paper we report our study on the user experience of robot vacuum cleaner behavior. How do people want to experience this new type of cleaning appliance? Interviews were conducted to elicit a desired robot vacuum cleaner personality. With this knowledge in mind, behavior was designed for a future robot vacuum cleaner. A video prototype was used to evaluate how people experienced the behavior of this robot vacuum cleaner. The results indicate that people recognized the intended personality in the robot behavior. We recommend using a personality model as a tool for developing robot behavior.
A summary discussion is here, interesting throughout. From this paper you can surmise a bit about the origins of religion, the seen and the unseen, and the demand for conspiracy theories, in addition to robot vacuum cleaners.


text: Governor and UNC Founder William Davie Died November 5, 2016 On November 5, 1820, soldier, politician, and founder of the University of North Carolina, William R. Davie died at the age of 64. Davie graduated from the College of New Jersey (later Princeton) in 1776 and moved to Salisbury, N.C., to study law. Davie had a brief military career in _PHONE_, but was wounded. Later, he organized cavalry, and mounted infantry and embarked on a campaign of partisan attacks in the Carolina backcountry. Around 1786, Davie built a house in Halifax that still bears his name. He would represent Halifax in the General Assembly off and on for the next ten years. Davie was selected to be one of North Carolina's five delegates to the Confederation Congress of 1787, and he campaigned for the Constitution's ratification. At the 1789 convention in Fayetteville that ratified the Constitution, Davie introduced a bill to charter a state university. As founder, he guided the university through its formative years. Elected governor of North Carolina in 1798, Davie went on to represent the United States in treaty negotiations, eventually retiring to his plantation in South Carolina where he died. Other related resources: The Davie Popular on NCpedia Events at Historic Halifax UNC-Chapel Hill on NCpedia William Daive on NCpedia For more about North Carolina's history, arts and culture, visit Cultural Resources online. To receive these updates automatically each day, make sure you subscribe by email using the box on the right, and follow us on Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
A Japanese man who says he invented the technology behind the context-based conversion of a sentence written solely in kana into one in both kanji and kana, as well as another related technology, filed suit against Toshiba on December 7, seeking some US$2.3 million in compensation from his former employer.
Shinya Amano, a professor at Shonan Institute of Technology, said in a written complaint that although the firm received patents for the technologies in conjunction with him and three others and paid him tens of thousands of yen annually in remuneration, he actually developed the technologies alone.
Amano is claiming 10 percent of an estimated ¥2.6 billion in profit Toshiba made in 1996 and 1997 — much higher than the roughly ¥230,000 he was actually awarded for the work over the two-year span.
His claim is believed valid, taking into account the statute of limitations and the terms of the patents.
"This is not about the sum of the money — I filed the suit for my honor," Amano said in a press conference after bringing the case to the Tokyo District Court.
"Japan is a technology-oriented country, but engineers are treated too lightly here," he said.
Toshiba said through its public relations office that it believes it paid Amano fair compensation in line with company policy. The company declined to comment on the lawsuit before receiving the complaint in writing.
Amano claims that he invented the technology that converts a sentence composed of kana alone into a sentence composed of both kanji and kana by assessing its context, and another technology needed to prioritize kanji previously used in such conversions.
Using theories of artificial intelligence, the two technologies developed in 1977 and 1978 are still used today in most Japanese word-processing software, he said.
source: Word-processor inventor sues Toshiba over redress, Kyodo News, via Japan Times, December 9, 2007

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Why is my D5/D5s/D5s Pro robot not connecting to WIFI?
1) Make sure you are using the correct password for your 2.4GHz network. Verify that the password was entered properly, with no typos.
Modern routers typically use two frequency bands, 2.4GHz and 5GHz. Ultenic robots can only connect to 2.4GHz networks. They do NOT work with 5GHz networks.
How to find out if your router is dual-band:
Look up the model on the manufacturer's website.
Check the SSID name. If 2 networks are being broadcast from the router, it is most likely a dualband router.
If there are duplicate SSIDs, confirm that the MAC address associated with the SSID corresponds to the Wi-Fi Access Point. The instructions for finding the MAC address will be in the Administration section of the Wi-Fi Access Point user manual.
An issue known as band steering occurs when both the 2.4GHz and 5GHz networks have the same SSID. This can cause connectivity issues when setting up connected devices.
We recommended giving the networks separate names to prevent band steering problems.
2) Firewall settings may block certain ports. Check your home connection technology such as router settings. T
he following ports should be open or whitelisted:
- 80 (http) • 443 (https)• 53, 55055 and 55056
Please check the user manual for your router to verify the instructions on configuring firewalls.
3) Router placement makes a big impact on robot connectivity. Try placing the router centrally, so coverage is uniform throughout the house.


graciously provided by Leaky Nun. It matches (-:) whether or not the input is sorted (/:~) using a monadic hook. ((f g) y = y f (g y)) This returns a one or a zero accordingly. The left hand side of the agenda is a gerund of two verbs: on the right is the identity verb ], and on the left is where the recursion takes place. The agenda selects either the identity verb at position 1 if the list is sorted, and the longer verb at position 0 if the list isn't sorted.
$:@({~?~@#) calls $: (the longest verb it is contained in) atop the result of {~?~@# on y. This shuffles the list, as ?~@# takes the permutations of the length of y, being randomly-sorted indices of y. {~, in a monadic hook, returns a list from y whose indices are the right arg. This shuffled list is then called again with the agenda, and repeats until it is sorted.
\$\endgroup\$
1
\$\begingroup\$
Jelly, 6 bytes, language postdates challenge
ẊŒ¿'$¿
Try it online!
Explanation
ẊŒ¿'$¿
 ¿ While
 Œ¿'$ the input is not in its earliest possible permutation (i.e. sorted)
Ẋ shuffle it
Œ¿ assigns a number to each permutation of a list; 1 is sorted, 2 has the last two elements exchanged, etc., up to the factorial of the list length (which is the list in reverse order). So for a sorted list, this has the value 1, and we can decrement it using in order to produce a "not sorted" test that's usable as a Boolean in a while loop condition. The $ is to cause the condition to parse as a group.
\$\endgroup\$
1
\$\begingroup\$
C++, 166 bytes
Meh.
#import<algorithm>
#import<random>
#define r b.begin(),b.end()
template<class v>
v f(v b){auto a=std::mt19937();while(!std::is_sorted(r))std::shuffle(r,a);return b;}
This should work on all STL containers that have begin() and end().
Ungolfed:
#include <algorithm>
#include <random>
template <class v>
v f(v b) {
 auto a = std::mt19937();
 while (!std::is_sorted(b.begin(),b.end()))
 std::shuffle(b.begin(),b.end(),a);
 return b;
}
\$\endgroup\$
1
\$\begingroup\$
APL (Dyalog Extended), 15 bytes
(?⍨∘≢⊇⊢)⍣{⍺≡∧⍺}
Try it online!
\$\endgroup\$
1
1
\$\begingroup\$
Brachylog, 5 bytes
∈&ṣ≤₁
Try it online!
When I first saw ais523's Brachylog answer (as opposed to his Jelly answer, because if I'm not mistaken user62131 was also him), I wondered, what if it used backtracking instead of recursion? So at first, I tried ṣ≤₁. Turns out, since choosing something at random doesn't produce multiple outputs so much as it just produces one output nondeterministically, the shuffle predicate can't be backtracked to, so running that will simply fail unless you're lucky enough to shuffle it right on the first try. After that, I tried pṣ≤₁, which worked most of the time, but since a finitely long list has finitely many permutations, it still failed at random sometimes. After having abandoned the goal of achieving length reduction, I finally came up with this:
 The input
∈ is an element of
 an unused implicit variable,
 & and the input
 ṣ shuffled randomly
 ≤₁ which is increasing
 is the output.
(Demonstration of randomness)
Although it actually can be a bit shorter if we take some liberties with I/O...
Brachylog, 4 bytes
⊆ṣ≤₁
Try it online!
In order for the output to be useful, the input must not contain any duplicate elements, because in addition to sorting the input, this bogosort predicate adds in a random number of duplicate elements and zeroes. (Hypothetically, it could add in anything, but it just kind of doesn't.) Ordinarily I wouldn't bother mentioning something so far from correctly functioning, but I feel it's in the spirit of the challenge.
⊆ An ordered superset of the input
 ṣ shuffled randomly
 ≤₁ which is increasing
 is the output.
\$\endgroup\$
1
\$\begingroup\$
Perl 6, 28 bytes
{({.pick(*)}...~.sort).tail}
Try it online!
Anonymous code block that shuffles the list until it is sorted. Note that it sorts the list at least once, which is allowed. And no, the {.pick(*)} can't be replaced with *.pick(*)
\$\endgroup\$
1
\$\begingroup\$
Pyth, 11 bytes
Wn=Q.SQSQ;Q
Pretty happy with this, probably can be golfed a bit more
Explanation
Wn=Q.SQSQ;Q
W While
 =Q.SQ Variable Q (input variable) shuffled
 n Does not equal
 SQ Variable Q sorted
 ; Do nothing (loop ends)
 Q And output variable Q
Try it online!
\$\endgroup\$
1
 - \$\begingroup\$ You can shorten =Q.SQ to =.SQ for -1 byte (works with other operators too, like =QhQ-> =hQ) \$\endgroup\$
 – ar4093
 Commented Dec 3, 2019 at 8:39
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text:
SS-2015-008: SiteTree Creation Permission Vulnerability
- High (?)
- Versions Affected:
- 3.1.0 - 3.1.10, 3.1.11-rc1, 3.0.11 and below
- Versions Fixed:
- 3.0.12, 3.1.11
- Release Date:
A vulnerability exists in the permission validation for SiteTree object creation. By default user permissions are not validated by the SiteTree::canCreate method, unless overridden by user code or via the configuration system.
This vulnerability will allow users, or unauthenticated guests, to create new SiteTree objects in the database. This vulnerability is present when such users are given CMS access via other means, or if there is another mechanism (such as RestfulServer module) which allows model editing and relies on model-level permission checks.
This vulnerability is restricted to the creation of draft or live pages, and does not allow users to edit, publish, or unpublish existing pages.
All users should upgrade as soon as possible.


JCL COND
JCL - CLASS JCL - DSENQSHR
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Condition parameter is used to decide execution of the JOB based on the return code.
And also COND parameter used to specify the return code validation the system uses to determine whether a job will continue processing or not.
COND parameter can be coded at JOB level and Step level.
COND parameter is optional parameter.
Maximum 8 conditions can be coded in single COND.
More than one condition is separated by comma (,).
If COND coded at job level and the coded condition is false, system executes the job.
If COND coded at job level and the coded conditioned is true, system bypass the job execution and terminates the job.
COND parameter is used to override the system default sequence of execution.
Bypassing the job based on the return code is not equal to terminating a job abnormally.
The COND parameter cannot have a null value.
Syntax:
COND=(return-code/RC,operator/RO)
COND=((return-code/RC,operator/RO)[,(return-code/RC,operator/RO)]...)
RC/Return-code: In the above syntax, RC is the Return code of precious step.
The valid RC values are from 0 to 4095.
RO/Operator: RO is the relational operator used to validate the return code.
The valid Relational Operator is like below
OperatorMeaning
GTGreater than
GEGreater than or equal to
EQEqual to
LTLess than
LELess than or equal to
NENot equal to
COND= (RC, RO) is used to execute the step with COND parameter based on the condition code returned by previous step.
If COND= (RC, RO) is true then the step with COND parameter execution will get bypassed.
If COND= (RC, RO) is false then the step with COND parameter will get executed.
COND ParameterContinue jobTerminate job
COND=(code,GT)Code <= RCCode > RC
COND=(code,GE)Code < RCCode >= RC
COND=(code,EQ)Code ¬= RCCode = RC
COND=(code,LT)Code >= RCCode < RC
COND=(code,LE)Code > RCCode <= RC
COND=(code,NE)Code = RCCode ¬= RC
Example:
//JOB CARD
//S1 EXEC PGM=P1
//S2 EXEC PGM=P2
//S3 EXEC PGM=P3, COND=(12,NE)
//S4 EXEC PGM=P4
S2 Return codeS3 Status
RC=12Should Execute
RC <> 12Will not Execute
JCL - CLASS JCL - DSENQSHR
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A Comparative Study of Logic Programs with Preference: Preliminary Report
Torsten Schaub and Kewen Wang
We are interested in semantical underpinnings for existing approaches to preference handling in extended logic programming (within the framework of answer set programming). As a starting point, we explore three different approaches that have been recently proposed in the literature. Because these approaches use rather different formal means, we furnish a series of uniform characterizations that allow us to gain insights into the relationships among these approaches. To be more precise, we provide different characterizations in terms of (i) fixpoints, (ii) order preservation, and (iii) translations into standard logic programs. While the two former provide semantics for logic programming with preference information, the latter furnishes implementation techniques for these approaches.


text:
Damage occurred during power outage at the station
Water supply to Karachi was suspended Monday morning after a pipeline burst at the Dhabeji Pumping Station.
According to the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board, the pipe burst because of pressure that built up after the power supply to the station was suspended. The backlog of water damaged the pipe.
The water supply to the city has therefore been suspended. KWSB spokesperson said that the areas most affected by the pipe burst are Gulshan-e-Hadid, Pipri, Quaidabad, Malir, Shah Latif Town, Landhi, and Korangi.
The repair work of the line has yet to begin. It is expected that the repairs will take between 24 and 36 hours. People have been advised to use water sparingly.
Water is supplied to Karachi from two different sources; River Indus and Hub River. These are the two major contributors to Karachi's water supply for providing approximately 650MGD water to the city.
The water from Kinjhar Lake flows through an open canal to Dhabeji pumping station from where it is pumped up to a point called Forebay from where water flows by gravity to Pipri filter plant, the North East Karachi pumping station, COD filter plant and the old NEK filter plant.
The Hub River is supplying around 100MGD water to Karachi's West and Central districts.
The water from Indus, on the other hand, is supplied through the Keti Bandar Feeder, which acts as a reservoir for irrigation water. The Kinjhar Lake, which is filled by the waters of the River Indus, is where Karachi gets its water from.
Of the total 650MGD, Karachi gets around 430MGD, as around 220MGD water is wasted in leakages and water theft.


text:
Harbin Institute of Technology Professor Li Hui team developed a lightweight and extremely durable ceramic airgel
Recently, the Harbin Institute of Technology School of Civil Engineering Professor Li Hui Research Group Professor Xu Xiangfu first author who published a report entitled in the internationally renowned journal \"Science\" (Science, 2018 Influence factor of 41.058) \"double negative ceramic airgel super-insulation materials \"(Double-negative-index ceramicaerogels for thermal superinsulation) scientific papers, Professor Li Hui and the University of California, Los Angeles insert front section, Professor Huang Yu three are co-corresponding author, the team developed a lightweight and extremely durable ceramic airgel, new materials can withstand extremely high temperatures and can withstand drastic temperature changes, it is expected for future spacecraft thermal protection and so on. HIT developed new ceramic airgel insulation spacecraft is expected for this research is Professor of the University of Cambridge and the University of Pennsylvania Manish Chhowalla Deep Jariwala professor in the same period of the \"scientific\" outlook to the author, \"based on two-dimensional hyperbolic ceramics three-dimensional structure \"(Hyperbolic 3D architectures with 2D ceramics) gave high comments. The research results of basic research on graphene airgel five years, and took two years to complete. Harbin Institute of Technology associate professor Xu Xiang said that the study has not been easy, the researchers broke through many difficulties. CVD preparation of ceramic airgel is a key study, in order to endow the ceramic airgel flexibility, control the wall thickness of the wall of the hole, to improve the crystallinity of the ceramic aerogels, and to achieve the structural design, the researchers repeated the experiment after nearly a thousand times. The ceramic aerogels having ultra-light characteristics such that the system can not measure the commercial test its thermal conductivity. To this end, the research team set up a special measuring device, and the reliability of the feasibility studies. HIT development of new ceramic airgel insulation spacecraft is expected to provide the ceramic airgel study idea to solve the brittleness of ceramic ultra-light configuration, and the crystallization heat problem, greatly facilitate the ceramic aerogels application of glue insulation, catalysis, energy, environmental management, aerospace and other fields. Research and development team, said the study is only a start, the next team will continue to develop more flexible, able to adapt to higher operating temperatures, has a lower thermal conductivity of the ceramic ultra-light airgel structure, furtherTo promote the widespread use of ceramic airgel in many fields.


text:
Environmental Protection Plans
Environmental protection planning was the primary mechanism for implementing mitigation measures for all maintenance activities on the Maritime Link system. These practices were determined through the EA process and were required by applicable agencies through the permitting process.
ENL developed Environmental Protection Plan (EPP) minimum requirements that described responsibilities, expectations and methods for environmental protection associated with Maritime Link maintenance activities. These indicate the minimum environmental measures ENL requires from all consultants and contractors working on the Maritime Link, from which they develop an activity-specific contractor EPP for their scope of work. Contractors were responsible for providing all specifics of environmental protection to their scope of work and geographic region and for installing, maintaining and monitoring control measures in place for the length of their contract. ENL will maintain oversight of contractors and consultants to ensure that all aspects of the EPP are implemented as required.


Best April deals - hours only!Up to 80% off on all courses and bundles.-Close
Introduction
Side-effects in functions
Invoking functions
Instruction
Great! The regular SELECT query does not work in a function body. Let's see an example:
CREATE FUNCTION get_most_active_user()
RETURNS void AS $$
BEGIN
 SELECT u.*
 FROM user_account AS u
 JOIN post AS p
 ON u.id = p.user_id
 GROUP BY 1
 ORDER BY COUNT(1) DESC
 LIMIT 1;
END;
$$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
SELECT get_most_active_user();
The body of this function simply runs a SELECT query. However, when you try to invoke the function you'll, get an error.
Exercise
Run the template query. Observe that PostgreSQL does not allow you to invoke a SELECT query without storing its value in a variable.


WordPress.org
WordPress Developer Blog
How to create an animated timeline plugin
How to create an animated timeline plugin
Have you ever seen an animated timeline of events? As the visitor scrolls down and new events enter the viewport, the timeline animates any additional events into view. A linear visual, like a timeline, can tell a story. The events may represent critical milestones in a person or company's history. Similarly, animation can help reinforce storytelling and appeal to a visitor's creative interest.
I want to walk you through creating a unique timeline experience. You will learn to build it with blocks, register some custom CSS for animation, and use JavaScript to observe intersecting elements in the viewport. Of course, not everybody wants to experience elements moving on a page, so we will show you how you can opt to turn off animations.
Below is a video that captures the final timeline appearance that you'll create:
Create the timeline with blocks
First, you'll build the timeline layout and appearance with blocks. I ended up using the following blocks:
 - A Group block with a custom timeline CSS class assigned.
 - A Columns block with three nested columns.
 1. The first Column block represents the date of the event. Example: "2024, April 2"
 2. The second Column block represents a visual timeline divider. Iused block locking to prevent the editor from accidentally removing or moving this block.
 3. The third Column block is where the content will live for each event on the timeline.
Below is a visual, breaking down the blocks that make up the final Vertical Timeline pattern:
Next, consider modifying the pattern's inner content to assign critical animation classes, which we will accomplish within your plugin.
Animated timeline plugin setup
Let's create a plugin to package everything. This will also allow you to reuse it and drop it into any project.
You'll start by registering your plugin and setting up the file structure. Create a new animated-timeline directory in your wp-content/plugins, and add all of the files you'll need:
 - animated-timeline/: your plugin folder
 - /assets/scripts/core-blocks/group–animated-timeline.js: where you will use JavaScript to watch for intersecting elements in the viewport.
 - /assets/styles/core-blocks/group–animated-timeline.css: where you will use CSS to transition, delay, and animate critical elements.
 - animated-timeline.php: the main plugin file and where you will place most of the hooks.
Now, add your WordPress plugin's header in the animated-timeline.php file:
<?php
/**
* Plugin Name: Animated Timeline
* Description: Extends the Group block for an animating timeline effect.
* Requires at least: 6.5
* Requires PHP: 7.4
* Version: 1.0.0
* License: GPL-2.0-or-later
* License URI: _URL_
* Text Domain: animated-timeline
*/
if ( ! defined( 'ABSPATH' ) ) {
 exit; // Exit if accessed directly.
}
Go ahead and activate your new plugin.
HTML Tag Processor and block filters
One critical piece you need to accomplish is filtering the Group block's inner content. You need to check if any Group blocks have a custom class assigned, ensure it is .animated-timeline, and then process its inner block content.
You could utilize either of these handy filters to modify the block's output: render_block and render_block_{$this->name}. However, as the aim is to target customizations to the Group block, you can use the dynamic render_block_core/group variation.
Below is the code to add to your plugin's animated-timeline.php file:
/**
* Modify the core Group block.
*
* @param string $block_content The block content about to be rendered.
*
* @return string The maybe modified block content.
*/
function animated_timeline_filter_group_content( $block_content ) {
 $processor = new WP_HTML_Tag_Processor( $block_content );
 $counter = 0;
 // Check for the presence of the animated-timeline class.
 if ( ! $processor->next_tag( array( 'class_name' => 'animated-timeline' ) ) ) {
 return $block_content;
 }
 // Loop through each child block with the class name 'wp-block-column'.
 while ( $processor->next_tag( array( 'class_name' => 'wp-block-column' ) ) ) {
 $processor->add_class( 'animated__item' );
 ++$counter;
 switch ( $counter ) {
 case 1:
 $processor->add_class( 'animated__item--first' );
 break;
 case 2:
 $processor->add_class( 'animated__item--line' );
 break;
 case 3:
 $processor->add_class( 'animated__item--last' );
 $counter = 0;
 break;
 }
 }
 $block_content = $processor->get_updated_html();
 // Enqueue the custom script and style.
 wp_enqueue_script( 'animated-timeline-script' );
 wp_enqueue_style( 'animated-timeline-style' );
 // Return the maybe modified block content.
 return $block_content;
}
add_filter( 'render_block_core/group', 'animated_timeline_filter_group_content', 10 );
The HTML Tag Processor is a powerful tool that helps cycle through the nested block content and assign classes to each Column block. You may also notice that the code uses wp_enqueue_script() and wp_enqueue_style() to enqueue custom CSS and JavaScript files, but only if the Group block with the .timeline class is on the front end of the site. This ensures that the assets are only loaded when a Group block with the .animated-timeline class is output on the page.
Register custom CSS and JavaScript files
In the previous step, you called wp_enqueue_script( 'animated-timeline-script' ) and wp_enqueue_style( 'animated-timeline-style' ). You need to register these JavaScript and CSS files so that WordPress knows what to load. Add the following code to your animated-timeline.php to register the group--animated-timeline.js and group--animated-timeline.css files:
/**
* Registers the custom script and style for the timeline plugin.
*/
function animated_timeline_register_scripts() {
 // Register the custom script to be used later.
 wp_register_script(
 'animated-timeline-script',
 plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ ) . '/assets/scripts/core-blocks/group--animated-timeline.js',
 array(),
 '1.0.0',
 true
 );
 // Register the custom style to be used later.
 wp_register_style(
 'animated-timeline-style',
 plugin_dir_url( __FILE__ ) . '/assets/styles/core-blocks/group--animated-timeline.css',
 array(),
 '1.0.0',
 );
}
add_action( 'wp_enqueue_scripts', 'animated_timeline_register_scripts' );
Add the animation styles
Now add the custom CSS to the /assets/styles/core-blocks/group--animated-timeline.css file to handle animations:
/* Establish the positioning context for the timeline. */
.animated-timeline > div {
 position: relative;
}
.animated__item {
 visibility: hidden;
}
.animated__item.loaded {
 visibility: visible;
}
/* First column - initial state */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--first {
 opacity: 0;
 transform: translateY(25px);
 transition: transform 0.5s, opacity 0.5s;
 transition-delay: 0.3s;
}
/* Last column - initial state */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--last {
 opacity: 0;
 transform: translateY(45px);
 transition: transform 0.7s, opacity 0.8s;
 transition-delay: 0.5s;
}
/* First and last column - loaded state */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--first.loaded,
.animated-timeline .animated__item--last.loaded {
 opacity: 1;
 transform: translateY(0);
}
/**
 * Vertical line animation
 * The vertical line is a pseudo-element of the middle column.
 */
/* Establish positioning context */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--line {
 position: relative;
 visibility: hidden;
}
/* Vertical line - initial state */
.animated-timeline .animated__item--line::before {
 background-color: inherit;
 content: "";
 display: block;
 height: 1px;
 inset: 0;
 opacity: 0;
 over


(INIS)
 Kim, Daeyoung; Yoo, Jun Hyeon; Lee, Jeong-Bong
 2016-01-01
 Conventional ultraviolet (UV) lithography typically uses a photomask made of a fused silica plate covered with a layer of UV opaque material such as chromium. The photomask has passive binary patterns of UV opaque and UV transparent regions and the pattern is unalterable. We report a novel real-time dynamically reconfigurable photomask technology using a liquid metal (as a UV opaque material) filled in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, as a UV transparent material) microfluidic channels. We found that the gallium-based liquid metal (e.g. Galinstan ® ) is opaque in broad spectrum of light in the wavelength from 325 nm to 850 nm while the PDMS is highly transparent in this wide range of spectrum. We made both bright field and dark field microfluidic photomasks and transferred various patterns onto a positive photoresist. A 7-segment display microfluidic channel photomask was also fabricated and decimal numerals (from '0' to '9') were patterned with one photomask by dynamically reconfiguring decimal numeral shapes with on-demand injection and withdrawal of the liquid metal in specific segment microfluidic channels in the photomask. In addition, utilizing mechanical flexibility of the PDMS and the liquid metal, reconfiguration of the patterns in a microfluidic photomask under stretching was successfully tested. (paper)
 19. Magnetic properties of fcc Ni-based transition metal alloy
 Czech Academy of Sciences Publication Activity Database
 Kudrnovský, Josef; Drchal, Václav
 2009-01-01
 Roč. 100, č. 9 (2009), s. _PHONE_ ISSN _PHONE_ R&D Projects: GA MŠk OC 150; GA AV ČR IAA100100616 Institutional research plan: CEZ:AV0Z10100520 Keywords : transition metal alloys * Ni-based * pair exchange interactions * Curie temperatures * renormalized RPA Subject RIV: BM - Solid Matter Physics ; Magnetism Impact factor: 0.862, year: 2009
 20. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer/Metal Organic Framework Based Chemical Sensors
 Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
 Zhenzhong Guo
 2016-10-01
 Full Text Available The present review describes recent advances in the concept of molecular imprinting using metal organic frameworks (MOF for development of chemical sensors. Two main strategies regarding the fabrication, performance and applications of recent sensors based on molecularly imprinted polymers associated with MOF are presented: molecularly imprinted MOF films and molecularly imprinted core-shell nanoparticles using MOF as core. The associated transduction modes are also discussed. A brief conclusion and future expectations are described herein.
 1. Development of a thermodynamic data base for selected heavy metals
 International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
 Hageman, Sven; Scharge, Tina; Willms, Thomas
 2015-07-01
 The report on the development of a thermodynamic data base for selected heavy metals covers the description of experimental methods, the thermodynamic model for chromate, the thermodynamic model for dichromate, the thermodynamic model for manganese (II), the thermodynamic model for cobalt, the thermodynamic model for nickel, the thermodynamic model for copper (I), the thermodynamic model for copper(II), the thermodynamic model for mercury (0) and mercury (I), the thermodynamic model for mercury (III), the thermodynamic model for arsenate.
 2. GRAPHENE BASED METAL AND METAL OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITES: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
 KAUST Repository
 Khan, Mujeeb
 2015-06-11
 Graphene, an atomically thin two-dimensional carbonaceous material, has attracted tremendous attention in the scientific community, due to its exceptional electronic, electrical, and mechanical properties. Indeed, with the recent explosion of methods for a large-scale synthesis of graphene, the number of publications related to graphene and other graphene based materials have increased exponentially. Particularly the easy preparation of graphene like materials, such as, highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG) via reduction of graphite oxide (GO), offers a wide range of possibilities for the preparation of graphene based inorganic nanocomposites by the incorporation of various functional nanomaterials for a variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the current development of graphene based metal and metal oxide nanocomposites, with a detailed account of their synthesis and properties. Specifically, much attention has been given to their wide range of applications in various fields, including, electronics, electrochemical and electrical fields. Overall, by the inclusion of various references, this review covers in detail aspects of the graphene-based inorganic nanocomposites.
 3. GRAPHENE BASED METAL AND METAL OXIDE NANOCOMPOSITES: SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
 KAUST Repository
 Khan, Mujeeb; Tahir, Muhammad Nawaz; Adil, Syed F; Khan, Hadayat Ullah; Siddiqui, Rafiq H; Al-Warthan, Abdulrahman Abdullah; Tremel, Wolfgang
 2015-01-01
 Graphene, an atomically thin two-dimensional carbonaceous material, has attracted tremendous attention in the scientific community, due to its exceptional electronic, electrical, and mechanical properties. Indeed, with the recent explosion of methods for a large-scale synthesis of graphene, the number of publications related to graphene and other graphene based materials have increased exponentially. Particularly the easy preparation of graphene like materials, such as, highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG) via reduction of graphite oxide (GO), offers a wide range of possibilities for the preparation of graphene based inorganic nanocomposites by the incorporation of various functional nanomaterials for a variety of applications. In this review, we discuss the current development of graphene based metal and metal oxide nanocomposites, with a detailed account of their synthesis and properties. Specifically, much attention has been given to their wide range of applications in various fields, including, electronics, electrochemical and electrical fields. Overall, by the inclusion of various references, this review covers in detail aspects of the graphene-based inorganic nanocomposites.
 4. Hydrogen storage evaluation based on investigations of the catalytic properties of metal/metal oxides in electrospun carbon fibers
 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
 Im, Ji Sun; Lee, Young-Seak [Department of Fine Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764 (Korea); Park, Soo-Jin [Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon 402-751 (Korea); Kim, Taejin [Core Technology Research Center for Fuel Cell, Jeollabuk-do 561-844 (Korea)
 2009-05-15
 In order to investigate the catalytic capacity of metals and metal oxides based on electrospun carbon fibers for improving hydrogen storage, electrospinning and heat treatments were carried out to obtain metal/metal oxide-embedded carbon fibers. Although the fibers were treated with the same activation procedure, they had different pore structures, due to the nature of the metal oxide. When comparing the catalytic capacity of metal and metal oxide, metal exhibits better performance as a catalyst for the improvement of hydrogen storage, when considering the hydrogen storage system. When a metal oxide with an m.p. lower than the temperature of heat treatment was used, the metal oxide was changed to metal during the heat treatment, developing a micropore structure. The activation process produced a high specific surface area of up to 2900 m{sup 2}/g and a pore volume of up to 2.5 cc/g. The amount of hydrogen adsorption reached approximately 3 wt% at 100 bar and room temperature. (author)
 5. Brazing of Cu with Pd-based metallic glass filler
 Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
 Terajima, Takeshi [Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka _PHONE_ (Japan)], E-mail: _EMAIL_-u.ac.jp; Nakata, Kazuhiro [Joining and Welding Research Institute, Osaka University, 11-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka _PHONE_ (Japan); Matsumoto, Yuji [Materials and Structures Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan); Zhang, Wei; Kimura, Hisamichi; Inoue, Akihisa [Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University (Japan)
 2008-02-25
 Metallic glass has several unique properties, including high mechanical strength, small solidification shrinkage, small elastic modulus and supercooling state, all of which are well suited as a residual stress buffer for metal and ceramic joining. In the present preliminary study, we demonstrated brazing of Cu rods with Pd{sub 40}Cu{sub 30}Ni{sub 10}P{sub 20} metallic glass filler. The brazing was carried out at 873 K for 1 min in a vacuum atmosphere (1 x 10{sup -3} Pa), and then the specimens were quenched at the rate of 30 K/s by blowing


text:
.95 0.067 0.188 Turnips 0.93 0.034 0.130 Watermelons 0.94 0.034 0.110
Although a bushel of apples weighs about 45 pounds, we will assume a weight of 50 pounds to take into account the weight of the container, which must also be cooled. The amount of field heat that must be removed is:
0.87 Btu/lb X (80 F - 32 F) X 200 bu X 50 lb/bu = 417,600 Btu
Since the apples are to be cooled to 32 F in one day, the hourly field heat load is 417,600 Btu divided by 24 hours, or 17,400 Btu per hour.
On the last day of harvest, the storage facility will contain 1,800 bushels of cool apples and 200 bushels of fieldwarm apples. At this time the respiration heat load generated by the stored crop will be the largest. Table 5 shows that field-warm summer apples pro-duce about 0.340 Btu per pound per hour, whereas properly cooled summer apples produce only 0.018 Btu per pound per hour. Thus field-warm apples pro-duce nearly 19 times as much heat by respiration as do cool apples. Since the freshly harvested (warm) apples will be cooled to their proper storage temperature within one day, the heat of respiration used in the calculation will be the average of the values. The average is:
0.340 + 0.018 ------------- = 0.179 Btu/lb/hr 2
The weight, W, of the 1,800 bushels of cool apples is approximately:
W = 1,800 bu X 50 lb/bu = 90,000 lb
The heat of respiration of the cool apples, HRc, is:
HRc = 90,000 lb X 0.018 Btu/lb/hr = 1,620 Btu/hr
The weight, W, of the 200 bushels of warm apples is approximately:
W = 200 bu X 50 lb/bu = 10,000 lb
The average respiration rate, as given previously, is 0.179 Btu per pound per hour. Therefore the heat of respiration for the warm apples, HRw, is:
HRw = 10,000 lb X 0.179 Btu/hr = 1,790 Btu/hr
To obtain the total heat of respiration, HRt, we add the value for cool and warm apples:
HRt = 1,620 Btu/hr + 1,790 Btu/hr = 3,410 Btu/hr
SL = 0.10 X (6,504 + 17,400 + 3,410 Btu/hr) = 2,731 Btu/hr
The total heat load is the sum from all four sources, as shown in Table 6.
Table 6. Total Heat Load for Example Cooling Facility
1. Heat conductance Walls 3,864 Ceiling 1,534 Floor 1,106 6,504 Btu/hr 2. Field heat 200 bushels per day at 80 F 17,400 Btu/hr 3. Heat of respiration 200 bushels warm apples 1,790 1,800 bushels cold apples 1,620 3,410 Btu/hr Subtotal 27,314 Btu/hr 4. Service load 10% of subtotal 2,731 Btu/hr Total heat load 30,045 Btu/hr
The approximate proportion of the total heat load contributed by each of the four sources is:
Heat conduction.... 21.6 percent Field heat....... 57.9 percent Heat of respiration.. 11.3 percent Service load...... 9.1 percent
As discussed previously, refrigeration systems are rated by how much heat they will move or displace in a given length of time. The standard unit of rating is the ton. Since 1 ton of refrigeration equals 288,000 Btu per 24 hours, or 12,000 Btu per hour, the refrigeration capacity, RC, for a unit that would just handle the heat load in the previous example under the conditions described would be:
30,061 Btu/hr RC = ----------------- 12,000 Btu/hr ton = 2.51 tons
A 2.51-ton refrigeration unit would need to run continuously to keep the temperature in this storage facility at 32 F under the conditions listed above. If the conditions used in this calculation were changed, a 2.51-ton unit could be either too large or too small to maintain the desired storage temperature. The capacity needed to maintain a temperature of 32 F would increase if:
For example, if harvesting were increased to 400 bushels of apples per day, the total heat load would increase to nearly 51,000 Btu per hour. A 4 1/4-ton unit running continuously would be required to maintain a storage temperature of 32 F under these conditions.
In practice, it is advisable in selecting a refrigeration system to add reserve capacity to the calculated rating as a protection against overloads. Of particular interest is the fact that refrigeration systems, for reasons to be discussed later, are operated for a total of only 16 to 20 hours per day. The total capacity of the system must be increased, therefore, to compensate for the "off time." For example, if the system described in the example were to operate for only 16 hours per day, it would need to be 24/16, or 1.5 times as large--that is, 3.77 tons instead of 2.51 tons.
Furthermore, it is good practice to increase the capacity of the system by a chilling rate factor. The rate at which heat is removed from the produce is not constant during the cycle but is greatest at the beginning. If the capacity of the system is not sufficient to overcome the thermal inertia of the produce, cooling time may increase above the specified limits for the product. To compensate, a chilling rate factor of 1.5 is applied to most fresh fruits and vegetables. This factor is applied in addition to the on-time factor. Thus the actual refrigeration system capacity, RC, required for the example facility would be:
RC = 2.51 X 1.5 X 1.5 = 5.65 tons
In the example, field heat accounts for 58.9 percent of the total heat load. Once field heat has been removed from the crop, much less refrigeration capacity is required to maintain the storage temperature. While 5.65 tons of refrigeration are needed to cool the apples in the example, about 2 1/2 tons are needed to maintain a constant temperature after they have reached 32 F. Therefore, anything that can be done to lower the temperature of the crop brought into the storage facility will significantly reduce the initial heat load, thus reducing the cost of the refrigeration equipment needed and the electrical energy to operate it.
Harvesting early or late in the day or even at night helps reduce refrigeration cost. Some large growers of highly perishable crops have started harvesting "under the lights" to reduce cooling costs and preserve quality. Although not usable for all crops, hydrocooling is an effective way to remove the first 20 to 30 degrees of heat quickly, lessening the load on the system. Even cooling with well water is a very energy efficient method of precooling produce before it is placed in the cooling room. Note, however, that some types of produce are sensitive to wetting, which encourages the growth of microorganisms.
If the 200 bushels of apples in the example facility were cooled just 20 F before entering the cooling room, the total heat load would be reduced to about 22,080 Btu per hour, or 26 percent. In this case, only 4.14 tons of refrigeration would be required instead of 5.65. Table 7 shows the calculations involved.
Table 7. Total Heat Load at a Field Temperature of 60 F
1. Heat conductance6,504 Btu/hr 2. Field heat 10,158 Btu/hr 3. Heat of respiration 3,410 Btu/hr ------------- Subtotal 20,072 Btu/hr 4. Service load 2,007 Btu/hr ------------- Total heat load 22,079 Btu/hr
Although doubling the insulation value in the walls, ceiling, and floor would reduce the heat conductance by one-half from 6,504 to 3,252 Btu per hour, the percentage reduction of the total heat load would be small. The only way to reduce the heat load substantially is to start the refrigeration cooling process with fruit as cool as possible.
Condensation and Humidity. The cooling coils of the refrigeration system (Figure 4) must be colder than the air in the room if the air is to be cooled. The larger the temperature difference, the greater the rate of heat transfer and the smaller (and less expensive) the cooling coils. However, the colder the coil surface, the more water vapor from the air will condense on the coils, either as a liquid or as ice. Evaporator coil condensation represents wasted refrigeration capacity and should be minimized. Allowing hot, humid air to enter the cooling room is particularly costly because the refrigeration system must not only cool the air but also condense the additional water


text:
Material designers Henna Burney and Kalijn Sibbel of Atelier Luma have used ancient salt marshes in southern France to create thousands of glass-like panels and installed them as cladding inside Frank Gehry's Arles tower.
Over 4,000 of the panels, which are all made from salt crystals, line the lift lobbies on nine floors of the tower, designed by Gehry for the Luma Arles arts centre.
The panels were created by Sibbel and Burney, who are designers at the art centre's design lab Atelier Luma, as part of a four-year-long project in the Camargue salt flats.
The project was carried out to explore the natural crystallisation of salt that occurs there, and develop new applications for the material in the fields of design and architecture.
The salt cladding is being exhibited today by Burney as part of her guest editorship for Dezeen 15 – a digital festival celebrating Dezeen's 15th birthday.
Later today, Burney will also speak to Dezeen's editor-in-chief Marcus Fairs in a live interview and explain the studio's manifesto for the use of salt as "a material of the future".
"The wall of salt is a way to prove that it is possible to design with salt and it is possible to take it from its usual applications," Burney told Dezeen.
"It is also a way to prove that materials can also be grown and that maybe not every aspect of its production needs to be fully controlled."
Burney and Sibbel's study of salt forms part of a wider project at Atelier Luma involving the development of new materials from local resources in the Camargue region.
The ancient salt marshes, named the Salins du Midi, were chosen because the site has been little used in recent years and the designers believed it could be utilised more effectively.
"The salt marshes called Les Salins du Midi situated in the city of Salins de Giraud have been producing salt since the 20th century," added Burney.
"During the fifties, the economy of the region was based on the production of derived salt products as soda and sodium carbonate," she continued. "Nowadays the use of salt is notoriously reduced, making salt an abundant material to be explored."
To carry out the work, Atelier Luma set up the Crystallization Plant at the site to work in collaboration with saltmakers at the Salins du Midi and learn about the crystallisation process.
Each cladding panel is made by designers Sibbel and Burney using a custom metal mesh frame. The metal meshes are submerged underwater in the salt marshes, where salt crystals grow all over their surface.
This natural crystallisation process takes approximately two weeks and relies solely on the sun and wind.
The result is a series of cladding panels with a glass-like quality. The size and colour of the crystals depend on the weather conditions. According to Atelier Luma, they are also naturally fire-proof, meaning they are safe for use in public space.
By using a natural process of crystallisation, the process of crafting the panels has a low environmental impact and means it can be regularly carried out at the site.
As salt is not a common material to be used inside public buildings, Atelier Luma required certification through the Scientific and Technical Centre for Building (CSTB) in France to use the panels inside Gehry's tower.
To achieve this, the studio studied the performance of the panels in terms of their strength and durability. Crystallised salt is now certified for use.
"This process was an excellent example to prove how the certification organisations are able to adapt their limits in order to accept new and natural materials," Burney said.
Atelier Luma is a research platform and circular design lab that was established in 2016 by Luma Arles – an arts centre in Arles. It is currently led under the direction of Jan Boelen.
The salt panels were not the only interior finishes the studio designed and approved for use in the Luma Arles tower from natural materials.
The toilets are finished in multicoloured tiles made from algae harvested in the salt flats, while thin acoustic material for the building has been made from sunflower waste. The sunflower's seeds are also pressed and used to make biofuel that powers the building.


Sentence for discourage | Use discourage in a sentence
Discourage sentence examples. ESL students, professors, & those learning a new language might especially enjoy this webpage. The lines of text below use discourage in a sentence, and provide visitors a sentence for discourage.
 - Doria to interdict, or at least discourage, his visits, for the appearance of the man was that of an embodied sigh and groan. (10)
 - It is surely my duty to discourage such romantic nonsense. (4)
 - It would not discourage me. (9)
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- Why do impurities broaden melting point?
- What is the relationship between melting point and boiling point?
- How does branching affect melting point?
- Does recrystallization increase melting point?
- How does shape affect melting point?
- Do impurities increase or decrease boiling point?
- How does the melting point determine purity?
- What is effect of pressure on melting point?
- What factors affect boiling point?
- What if melting point is higher than expected?
- Do insoluble impurities affect melting point?
- What is the effect of impurities on melting point and boiling point?
- Do impurities decrease boiling point?
- Does melting point increase with pressure?
- What does higher melting point mean?
- How does impurity affect melting point?
- What factors affect the melting point?
- How does the presence of impurities affect the boiling point?
Why do impurities broaden melting point?
The presence of even a small amount of impurity will lower a compound's melting point by a few degrees and broaden the melting point temperature range.
Because the impurity causes defects in the crystalline lattice, it is easier to overcome the intermolecular interactions between the molecules..
What is the relationship between melting point and boiling point?
The main difference between boiling point and melting point is that the melting point is defined as the temperature at which solid and liquid phases are in equilibrium, whereas the boiling point is the temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid is equal to the external pressure.
How does branching affect melting point?
It's a nice story: branching decreases melting point and boiling point. … Starting with the simplest branched compound, as you increase branching, you will increase the melting point, but decrease the boiling point.
Does recrystallization increase melting point?
So if the recrystallization product is done well, then the melting point range will be very small indication that the desired product is near pure and vice versa. … Does impurity have to do something with changing the desire product's intermolecular forces thus leading to a larger melting point range.
How does shape affect melting point?
Molecular symmetry has a pronounced effect on the melting properties and solubility of organic compounds. As a general rule, symmetrical molecules in crystalline form have higher melting temperatures and exhibit lower solubilities compared with molecules of similar structure but with lower symmetry.
Do impurities increase or decrease boiling point?
Answer and Explanation: In general, impurities that are present in a solution will increase its boiling point. This is because a solution with impurities in it has less…
How does the melting point determine purity?
Impurities, even when present in small amounts, usually lower the melting point and broaden the melting point range. A wide melting point range (more than 5°C) usually indicates that the substance is impure; a narrow melting point range (O. 5-2°C) usually indicates that the substance is fairly pure.
What is effect of pressure on melting point?
Since they expand upon melting, an increase in pressure tends to prevent it from melting, therefore raising their melting point. With water, it contracts upon melting, so an increase in pressure is encouraging melting, and so, its melting point decreases.
What factors affect boiling point?
The boiling point of a liquid depends on temperature, atmospheric pressure, and the vapor pressure of the liquid. When the atmospheric pressure is equal to the vapor pressure of the liquid, boiling will begin.
What if melting point is higher than expected?
Melting range broadening (the range simply increases. Often the low end drops a lot, the high end less so or sometimes not much at all.) A melting range of 5º or more indicates that a compound is impure.
Do insoluble impurities affect melting point?
Besides melting over a wide range, impure solids also melt at a temperature lower than that for the pure compound. … It should be noted that "insoluble" impurities such as bits of filter paper or dust have no effect on the MP of a substance. To affect the MP the impurity must be soluble in the solid.
What is the effect of impurities on melting point and boiling point?
It increases the temperature of melting and boiling due to impurities if occupying the interstitial space of molecules thus require more energy to separate the molecules due to less intermolecular distance. If it is a substitutional impurity melting and boiling will depend on size of substituted atoms.
Do impurities decrease boiling point?
Adding impurities to a solution, in most cases, increases the boiling point of the solution. This occurs because the presence of impurities decreases the number of water molecules available to become vaporized during boiling.
Does melting point increase with pressure?
If, as observed in most cases, a substance is more dense in the solid than in the liquid state, the melting point will increase with increases in pressure.
What does higher melting point mean?
The melting point of a substance is the temperature at which it transforms from a solid to a liquid state. Metals show a high melting point as they exist in a crystalline solid form. High melting point metals have strong intermolecular forces between atoms.
How does impurity affect melting point?
The presence of impurities in a substance results in a lower melting point due to a process called melting point depression. Melting point depression is the reason why adding salt to frozen streets helps to melt the ice. Melting point depression occurs due to the nature of a material's solid state.
What factors affect the melting point?
Molecular composition, force of attraction and the presence of impurities can all affect the melting point of substances.
How does the presence of impurities affect the boiling point?
When an impurity is added to substance, its Boiling point is elevated. … If we add salt, its vapor pressure decreases and Boiling point increases. EFFECT OF IMPURITIES ON FREEZING POINT: When impurity is added , Its freezing point decreases.


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THE USE OF GEOSTATIONARY BASED RAINFALL ESTIMATION FOR CHARACTERIZING STORM SEVERITY
Access this Article
This research deals with the use of geostationary satellite based rainfall estimation for characterizing storm severity. The objectives of this research are to estimate storm rainfall intensity by using Multi-functional Transport Satellite (MTSAT) blended with C-band rainfall radar data and to show the severity of the identified storm rainfall intensity by representing its return period map. A regional frequency analysis (RFA) method developed by Hosking and Wallis (1997) is used to define the frequency distribution of long-term hourly maximum rainfall over Hokkaido Island. RFA indicates that Generalized Normal/Log Normal three parameters (GNO/LN3) is suitable to describe the frequency distribution of long-term hourly maximum rainfall over Hokkaido Island. Characterization of severity of 24 August 2010 storm event has been performed over Ishikari river basin, Hokkaido according to estimated rainfall using MTSAT data. Even though the return period map shows underestimation in comparison with the current situation of flood event in Ishikari river basin, this information is useful for flood control and mitigation.
- Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering)
Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. B1 (Hydraulic Engineering) 68(4), I_175-I_180, 2012
Japan Society of Civil Engineers


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A rare lizard species called the Lyon's grassland striped skink has been spotted in the Australian wilderness after 42 years. Doctor Andrew Amey, a herpetologist from the Queensland Museum, led the team that embarked on the quest to confirm whether this elusive lizard still inhabited northeast Queensland.
Once Thought To Be Extinct, Scientists Have Found A Lyon's Grassland Striped Skink Lizard In Australia
According to Yahoo! News Australia, their findings exceeded expectations. The Lyon's grassland striped skink lizard was found in Mount Surprise, 300 kilometers south of Cairns, Queensland. "Our mission was basically to see whether they were alive," Doctor Amey said. "And so we targeted the one spot it was known to occur."
However, the journey to find the lizard was challenging. The team had to navigate through high grass on a cattle farm, setting traps across a five-square-kilometer area where the skinks were last recorded. Pit traps were necessary as visual surveys were futile due to the thick grass. "You can't visually survey for them because of the grass, so you just have to set the traps and be patient," Doctor Amey added.
Natural Disasters Threatened The Rare Lizard
One reason for the initial rarity of the Lyon's grassland striped skink is that it had been confined to a very small area, making it particularly vulnerable to natural disasters such as bushfires, droughts, and disease. Despite the area experiencing fires since the last sighting, researchers believe the lizard species survived due to its habitat preference, which involves living in cracks beneath the soil.
Doctor Conrad Hoskin from James Cook University, a member of the Queensland skink expedition, expressed his excitement about the rediscovery and the possibility of finding the reptile in new locations. "I think we've worked out their habitat really well. And when you look at the imagery like on Google Earth, you can see a whole lot of similar areas," he said of the lizard.
The Skink Can Thrive In Grassy Lands
Doctor Hoskin also emphasized the importance of understanding the skink's habitat preferences and how they played a crucial role in their successful rediscovery. Their ability to thrive in specific grassy areas with deep, cracking soil was a crucial insight for future lizard conservation efforts. With high numbers of skinks found beneath the soil in the surveyed area, there's hope of saving the species.
The Expedition Found More Rare Lizard Species
Researchers plan to return to the region to search for other populations of this elusive skink, and they have received financial support from Queensland's environment department for further expeditions. Still, the Lyon's grassland striped skink remains listed as critically endangered by Queensland and the Commonwealth.
During the expedition, the researchers uncovered more good news for the scientific community. In addition to rediscovering the Lyon's grassland striped skink, they found two other rare lizard species – the limbless Mount Surprise slider and the fine-lined slider. The strange worm-like lizards have very small or no legs from adapting to their sandy environments over time.
Saving Endangered Species
In a separate instance in Melbourne, researchers have been working tirelessly to conserve the Victorian grassland earless dragon, not seen since the 1960s. Breeding colonies have been established to protect this lizard species from extinction. The rediscovery of the rare lizards is a testament to the importance of protecting and preserving the planet's fragile ecosystems.
Unfortunately, lizards face extinction due to various factors, including climate change, habitat loss, and agricultural expansion. Rising temperatures disrupt the lives of lizards, making it difficult for them to adapt physiologically to higher body temperatures, leading to extinction. Lizards also serve as prey for birds, snakes, and other animals, and are important predators of insects.


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Introduction: Removable Pocket for Your Phone
this will show you how to make a small pocket to attach to your phone, wallet etc for things like loose change and credit cards. It's very useful, very easy, and only uses household items.
Step 1: Materials Needed
Step 2: Cut the Paper
Use your scissors to cut the paper twice the size of what you want your pocket to be, and fold it in half. Mine is ripped out of a small notebook.
Step 3: The Middle Stripe
Cut a long strip of duct tape and put ii down the middle of your paper. Try to get it as straight as possible.
Step 4: The Side Stripes
Cut another long piece of duct tape of the same length. Cut it down the middle. Place them on each side of the first strip.
Step 5: Folding
fold bottom tab of duct tape up so it covers about half of the paper. Then fold the paper in half. Turn the paper over, and do the same thing again. Fold in half so it resembles a small folder.
Step 6: Taping the Sides and Attaching It.
cut small strips of tape and place them on each side of one of the sides of the folder. Fold the folder and take the sides together. Then take two longer pieces and attach them to each side. These are for attaching the pocket to your wallet, phone, etc.
Step 7: ( Optional ) Tab
if you would like a lid or flap that goes over the pocket to keep things from falling out, flip your pocket over and attach a piece of duct tape to the back so half of it is on the back of the pocket, and half hangs over. Fold the tape corners so it has a pointed triangle at the end. Fasten the tab over.
Step 8: Happy Dance!!!!!! :-)
You're done! Feel free to dance, pat yourself on the back, out just brag to all your friends.
We have a be nice policy.
Please be positive and constructive.


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Best Ways to Import and Export Musical Instruments
Musical instruments are some of the most intricately designed items that manufacturers must ship all across the world. Since musical instrument manufacturers typically produce instruments like keyboards, guitars, drums and more in Eastern countries, they must often ship them globally to get to their intended destination.
To import and export musical instruments safely and efficiently, manufacturing brands will need a freight forwarder to bring their products in for resale in the United States. Several factors come into play when manufacturers must decide how to export their musical instruments, as well as the company they choose to handle importing them into America. In this article, we'll discuss the best ways to import and export musical instruments, so they arrive at their destination in perfect condition.
What Instruments Are Commonly Imported or Exported?
Although some musical instruments are U.S.-made, many others get manufactured in Eastern countries and require shipping to the U.S. and other Western nations. This process works the other way, as well, with Western countries having to ship the musical instruments they manufacture to Eastern nations.
Whether manufacturers are importing goods to or from the United States, the following five instrument categories are the most common in global shipping.
1. Electric Musical Instruments
Electric musical instruments are the 686th most-traded product in the world, with their top exporter, China, shipping out about $764 million worth of products that fall under this category in 2017 alone. The top importer of electric musical instruments is the U.S., which brings in about $446 million in electric musical instruments each year.
Musical instruments that fall under this category include:
- Electric guitars
- Bass guitars
2. Stringed Musical Instruments
Stringed musical instruments, also typically referred to as acoustic instruments, are not quite as popular imports and exports as electric instruments, but countries still commonly trade them. This category breaks down even further to regular stringed instruments and stringed instruments played with a bow. China is the top exporter for both categories, shipping out $306 million of regular stringed instruments and $82.3 million stringed instruments played with a bow.
Regular stringed instruments that are common imports and exports include:
- Grand pianos
- Acoustic guitars
Examples of stringed instruments played with a bow are:
- Upright basses
3. Musical Instrument Parts and Accessories
As the 794th most-traded product, the musical parts and accessories industry is even more substantial than that of some of the instruments themselves. China exported $217 million worth of musical instrument parts and accessories in 2017.
A few examples of the top-exported musical instrument accessories and parts include:
- Radio receivers
4. Drum Sets and Other Percussion Equipment
Drum sets and other percussion equipment comes next in the list of top-exported musical goods, with China's 2017 total for exported percussion equipment being $145 million. The percussion category is much broader and more inclusive than some of the others, which a wide range of instruments falling under it. Some examples include:
- Drums — bass, snare, timpani, etc.
BTW, a business that helps companies find drum sets and does an awesome job at referral marketing is Drum Set Lab.
5. Wind Instruments
Despite being last on this list, the category of wind instruments — not including those made of brass — is still a significant one in terms of foreign trade. China exported a total of $110 million worth of wind instruments in 2017 alone.
Some non-brass wind instruments that are common imports and exports include:
Methods to Import and Export Musical Instruments
There are two methods of importing and exporting musical instruments from China and other Eastern countries to the United States: ocean and air. Each option has its pros and cons and is best suited for specific instruments and conditions. To decide which method you should use, consider the number of items you're sending, the size of the items, the weight of the items, how far they will be traveling and how quickly you need them to reach their destination.
1. Ocean Freight Shipping
If you are shipping a significant amount of musical instruments — and especially if they are large instruments, like a piano or upright bass — it's best to opt for ocean freight shipping. Ocean freight shipping takes a bit longer than opting to ship by air, but it is more economical if you are exporting or importing large, heavy instruments in bulk.
Heavy musical instruments would be difficult to ship via air because they would weigh down a plane and eat up a lot more of its fuel than a cargo boat designed to carry tons of equipment. No matter where you're shipping pianos or other heavy musical instruments to or from, ocean freight shipping is the best way to make sure they reach their destination safely and cost-effectively.
2. Air Freight Shipping
The second method of shipping musical instruments is via air, which is an excellent complement to the ocean freight shipping option. Air freight shipping is ideal for smaller musical instruments because they are easier for cargo planes to carry while using less fuel. Air freight shipping is also a faster method than ocean freight shipping, making it the right choice for time-sensitive shipments.
However, keep in mind that even if your shipment of heavy musical instruments like grand pianos or organs is time-sensitive, it may be worthwhile to save some money and resources by opting for ocean freight shipping. Your cost will increase significantly if you have to import or export these large items via air, as an airplane will use significantly more fuel than a cargo boat that is intended to carry loads of several tons.
Top Countries for the Music Industry
Music is one of the only industries that is alive and well in almost every country — whether that's financially speaking or culturally speaking. However, there are a few key players involved in exporting and importing musical instruments.
We've broken down the following two lists to analyze which countries have the most booming musical instrument industries based on the top five exporters of musical instruments, as well as the top five importers of musical instruments.
Top Five Exporters of Musical Instruments
The five top exporters of musical instruments are below in order.
1. China ($1.6 Billion)
As you may have noticed based on the numbers in the previous list of the top-exported musical instruments, China dominates the musical instrument export industry. China's music market is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, so it's not surprising they're also the No. 1 exporter of musical instruments by a long shot.
If you add up the 2017 numbers mentioned earlier in this article for the top five most-exported instruments, China exported somewhere around $1.6 billion in all categories of musical instruments that year.
2. Indonesia ($582 Million)
Coming in second on the list of the world's top musical instrument exporters is Indonesia. The country is responsible for manufacturing a large portion of the world's electric, stringed and wind instruments.
- Electric instruments: $422 million
- Stringed instruments: $80.7 million
- Wind instruments: $79.3 million
These numbers add up to a total of $582 million exported musical goods from Indonesia.
3. United States ($531 Million)
While most people will think of the United States as a significant importer of musical instruments, the U.S. is also home to several instrument manufacturers. The U.S. exports many types of musical instruments to other countries.
- Electric instruments: $181 million
- Stringed instruments: $119 million
- Accessories and parts: $185 million
- Percussion instruments: $46.1 million
These figures result in a total of $531 million of musical instrument products exported from the United States each year, based on the 2017 data.
4. Germany ($473 Million)
Germany is another power player in the manufacturing and export of musical instruments of all types. In 2017, the country exported the following amounts of each product type.
- Electric instruments: $124 million
- Stringed instruments: $35 million
- Accessories and parts: $199 million
- Percussion instruments: $47.6 million
- Wind instruments: $67.4 million
When you add these numbers, you'll find Germany exported a total of $473 million of the top five most exported musical instruments.
5. Japan ($170 Million)
The nation of Japan comes in fifth place for the most music-related exports in 2017. Even though they only exported two of the five most popular instruments, their numbers for those two categories are high enough to make them a top exporter.
Japan has earned a reputation for exporting musical instruments such as the following.
- Accessories and parts: $92.4 million
- Wind instruments: $77.6 million
In total, Japan exported $170 million music-related products across the globe in 2017.
Top Five Importers of Musical Instruments
On the other hand, the following five countries are the top importers of musical instruments.
1. United States ($1.1 Billion)
You might have guessed this one already based on the numbers discussed earlier in the article, but the United States takes first place for the largest importer of musical instruments in the world. That is even despite the 2.7% to 3.5% duty tax American companies must pay to import musical instruments into the country. It is also despite the United States' most recent tariff update on importing Chinese products, including musical instruments. The president's new ruling states that beginning Sept. 1, 2019, tariffs on $300 billion in Chinese imports will start at 10% and could eventually increase to 25% or more.
Of course, the following numbers are from 2017 before these new tariffs came about, so it will be interesting to see how they will affect the number of musical instruments the country imports in the future.
The United States imported the following dollar amounts for top categories of musical instruments in 2017.
- Electric instruments: $446 million
- Stringed instruments: $


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1451 is the date the hwacha is supposed to have been invented in Korea. Was there a precursor with a similar configuration in the Ming dynasty prior to 1451 that is not like the earlier huoche version?
I have no idea regarding the construction of the huoche used Jingnan war (_PHONE_). But jugding by the "Wubei zhi" image we can assume that Mao Yuan Yi just copied this pic from Wujing Zongyao (ashe used samples from more than 2000 old treatises). IMHO the answer is in original edition of Wujing Zongyao.
Let me quote the article from Korea (by Yang Sung-jin) regarding hwacha.
On Jan. 16, 1451, King Munjong appeared in a military exercise taking
place near the palace. A total of 700 soldiers formed a tactical lineup
composed of a mock attack and defense. The operation was orderly and fine-tuned, the Annals historiographers observed.
Meanwhile, cannons were test-fired in front of the king. Then, the soldiers performed a demonstration of hwacha (fire cartwheel) which shot through all the targets positioned 80 steps apart.
So there is no indications that the weapon was invented that time, but only the demo-firing of this weapon was mentioned.


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Children aged from 3-12 took to the stage
Last month, all the students, aged between 4 - 12 years from the Little Voices Fulham performing arts training school, put on a spectacular performance to family and friends at there mid term performance. The hall was filled with parents, friends and family who came along to see this well-known school's talented students in action.
Principal of Little Voices, Ashlea Pearson commented:
"Since September 2015 all of our pupils have been working hard towards their performance pieces. I wanted to give our pupils and parents this fabulous opportunity, allowing parents, friends and family the chance to see what the pupils have been getting up to in our lessons and to witness their remarkable improvement in both singing and drama.
Pupils; Max Moorehouse, Grace Corah, Thomas Macland, Bianca Marquis and Tessa Mette performed a 20 minute scene from the popular musical 'Hairspray' tackling the famous 'You Can't Stop The Beat' song.
Not only did our older pupils perform but our 'Mini Voices' aged 3 - 7 years all took to the stage to perform their 'Seussical The Musical' piece with each child having their own solo line.
Little Voices principal, Ashlea said:
"Everyone were flawless and appeared totally confident. It was fantastic! A huge thank you to our wonderful Little Voices Fulham team and pupils."
Little Voices offers lessons in singing and acting for children over the age of four. Its students have gone on to gain places in prestigious acting schools and television shows for Channel 4 and the BBC. The professional approach that Little Voices takes to tuition, together with small classes, helps students to improve quickly and attain high standards.
March 15, 2016


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Police vs Private Investigations: What is the Difference?
Police and private investigation services may seem similar on the surface, but there are several key differences which influence the two roles and impact their scope of delivery.
The first, most identifiable difference, is legal authority. Police officials have the legal authority to detain witnesses and compel testimony, whereas private investigators are not law enforcement professionals. Therefore, private investigators are forced to get creative in their meticulous investigative techniques in order to gather information that can offer their clients sufficient evidence to support or disprove their claims.
Scope of Services
Generally speaking, police investigation services are limited to offences that are identified as crimes in South Africa. This means that private investigators are able to work on a broader scope of services, such as:
- Domestic/matrimonial investigations
- Investigations into individual activity
- Evidence gathering for adultery/infidelity suits
- Substance abuse suspicions
The South African Police Department is limited to an annual, tax-funded budget. This unfortunately means that some cases are not given the required resources needed to solve the case. The amount of cases also plays a big role, as there is often not enough time to be dedicated to individual cases. Private investigators, however, are paid by their clients. This gives them the opportunity to dedicate much-required resources and time in order to handle and solve each and every investigation.
Look no further than D&K Investigations and Risk Consultancy for all your private investigative needs. We provide a specialised range of investigation solutions to help you get the results you need, with zero limitations.


Making The Pinhole
Cut out a piece of aluminium from the drinks can, about 15mm square. Place the aluminium onto some thick cardboard. Using the fine sewing needle or sharp pin, gently press into the centre of the aluminium. Twist the pin between your fingers while doing this so that it slowly "drills" a hole through the metal. Don't push down hard with the pin so that it goes straight through, the idea is to produce a very small hole with clean edges.
The ideal diameter of the pinhole is about 0.2mm, smaller is OK, larger and the images produced will be less sharp.
 Colour the back of the pinhole black, again this should help reduce internal light reflections in the camera
Place the aluminium onto the box so that the pinhole is exactly in the centre of the square hole in the top of the box.
Tape the aluminium onto the box, securing all four sides
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Copyright 2008


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Several coils of ribbon.
- The definition of a coil is something rounded into a spiral or a series of such spirals.
An example of a coil is a mattress spring.
- Coil means to wind around or gather into a circular form.
An example of coil is for a snake to wrap itself around a tree.
Origin of coilMiddle English coilen, to select, cull ; from Old French coillir, to gather, pick ; from Classical Latin colligere, to gather together: see collect
- to wind around and around
- to move in a winding course
- anything wound or gathered into a series of rings or a spiral
- such a series of rings or a spiral
- a single turn of a coiled figure
- a series of connected pipes in rows or coils
- a roll of postage stamps for use in a dispenser or vending machine; also, a stamp from such a roll
- Elec. a spiral or loop of wire or other conducting element used as an inductor, heating element, etc.
Origin of coilEarly Modern English ; from uncertain or unknown; perhaps
- a. A series of connected spirals or concentric rings formed by gathering or winding: a coil of rope; long coils of hair.b. An individual spiral or ring within such a series.
- A spiral pipe or series of spiral pipes, as in a radiator.
- Electricity a. A wound spiral of two or more turns of insulated wire, used to introduce inductance into a circuit.b. Any of various devices of which such a spiral is the major component.
- A roll of postage stamps prepared for use in a vending machine.
verbcoiled, coil·ing, coils
- To wind in concentric rings or spirals.
- To wind into a shape resembling a coil.
- To form concentric rings or spirals.
- To move in a spiral course: black smoke coiling up into the sky.
Origin of coilProbably from obsolete French coillir, to gather up, from Latin colligere; see collect1.
Origin of coilOrigin unknown.
(third-person singular simple present coils, present participle coiling, simple past and past participle coiled)
- To wind or reel e.g. a wire or rope into regular rings, often around a centerpiece.
- A simple transformer can be made by coiling two pieces of insulated copper wire around an iron heart.
- To wind into loops (roughly) around a common center.
- The sailor coiled the free end of the hawser on the pier.
- To wind cylindrically or spirally.
- to coil a rope when not in use
- The snake coiled itself before springing.
From Middle French coillir ("to gather, pluck, pick, cull") (French: cueillir), from Latin colligo ("to gather together"), past participle collectus, from com- ("together") + lego ("to gather"); compare legend.
- 1624, John Smith, Generall Historie, in Kupperman 1988, p. 162:
- this great Savage desired also to see him. A great coyle there was to set him forward.
- 1704, Jonathan Swift, A Tale of a Tub:
- they continued so extremely fond of gold, that if Peter sent them abroad, though it were only upon a compliment, they would roar, and spit, and belch, and piss, and f—t, and snivel out fire, and keep a perpetual coil, till you flung them a bit of gold [...].


text: The present work focuses on the fabrication of environmental friendly ZnO nanocrystals and chitosan/cellulose films hosting ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) as an attempt to produce nanocomposites with enhanced bactericidal capacity. The solution casting method was used to fabricate the chitosan/cellulose blend films. Highly monodisperse ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using Zinc acetate and Triethylene glycol (TEG) via a modified Polyol route. ZnO crystal size was controlled by the heterogeneous nucleation approach. Optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles were studied by UV–vis spectroscopy and Photoluminescence Spectroscopy (PL) techniques. The nanoparticles' size and morphology were determined by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of the size-controlled synthesis employed. The chitosan/cellulose/ZnO nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier Transform – Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. The mechanical properties of produced bare and ZnO-bearing composites were determined from stress-strain tests. The Standard Plate Count and the Halo Zone methods were used to evaluate the bactericidal properties of the ZnO nanoparticles, chitosan/cellulose blend films and chitosan/cellulose/ZnO nanocomposites against Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218).