text:
1. If you don't have a FO account yet, please click "create account"
2. After you click in, fill in your account name and password. (Account name should be 12 characters long consisting of lower-case letters and of numbers 1 to 5) You can check whether the account is registered using the FIBOS ROCKS blockchain browser:_URL_
3. The wallet will automatically generate a private key. Please be sure that this private key is backed up. (FO Wallet will not save your private key for you, and it is not recoverable if lost.)
4. If you already have an FO account, you can choose to import it. To do so, the private key is required and you will also need to set up a password while importing.
You can transfer specific amounts EOS to FIBOS from another wallet.
Please take note that this is a cross-chain transfer operation:
1.The receiving account will be the FIBOS official account: fiboscouncil
2.The memo note must be your FIBOS account name that you have already registered.
Important Notes: To prevent cross-chain transfer failures.
1.Please do not transfer from exchanges directly. (Using the EOS wallet is recommended). If you are transferring from an exchange and filled in the wrong memo, your assets will return to the exchange, and please contact the exchange!
2.Please be sure that your memo is filled in correctly. (The memo message must be the FIBOS account you have already registered)
a）If the memo you filled in is an account that does not exist, the system will return the assets back to the original withdrawal account.
b）1. If the memo you filled in is accidentally of someone else's account, the assets will be lost permanently.
Here is an example, using TokenPocket:
1. Open the wallet home page and check if the cross-chain transfer of EOS has arrived.
2. Click on EOS and fill in the amount of EOS that you want to exchange for FO. Click the Exchange button on the bottom to exchange EOS for FO.
3.After operating the EOS to FO exchange, go back to the Home page, and check if the amount of FO in the account has increased successfully.
Select FO in the Home page, and click on the Exchange button on the bottom to exchange for EOS.
1. Select EOS token in the Home page and click the Withdrawal button.
2. While cross chain transferring, the default account name that does not need to be changed is the FIBOS official account: fiboscouncil. You only need to fill in the amount you want to withdraw, and the receiving EOS main net account.
Important Notes: In case of cross-chain transfer failure, be sure the EOS account is correct.
a.If the EOS account you filled in does not exist, the system will return the assets back to your original sending account.
b.If the EOS account you filled in with is accidentally someone else's account, the assets will be lost permanently.
3. Please check if the tokens have arrived in the corresponding receiving account.
There are 2 possibilities that may cause the failure of network requests: either the account name is already taken or there are issues with the network.
a.Account name is already taken: Retry with a different account name; You can check if the name is available using the FIBOS ROCKS blockchain browser: _URL_
b.Network Issue: Disconnect from WiFi and use cellular data to try again. If that doesn't work either, retry after turning on and off Airplane Mode, or with Airplane Mode on while connected to WiFi.
There are several situations that may cause the failure of EOS transfers: Insufficient RAM, Insufficient CPU resource, wrong FIBOS account in memo or assertion failure.
a.Insufficient RAM: Buy RAM in wallet resource management DAPP.
b.Insufficient CPU: Mortgage EOS in in of wallet resource management DAPP.
c.Wrong FIBOS account in memo: system will return the tokens automatically if the memo account does not exist. Please check again if the account is registered using the browser:_URL_ and retry FIBOS registration steps.
d.Assertion failure: assertion failure is a result given by the EOS main net. It may be caused by multiple different reasons, please try your transfer again.
Please check the contents below:
a.Is the FIBOS account correct?
b.Is the FIBOS private key entered correct?
c.Is the exchange amount greater than what is currently available in FIBOS?


text:
Some operations are difficult or even impossible to obtain with an expression, or the operation could become too complex to achieve. The alternative is to create a function that would take care of performing the operation and supplying the result to the table. Of course, as you may know already, a function is its own object. This means that, after creating it, to use its result in a table, you must call it. For example, you can create a function that returns a value, then call that function and assign its returned value to a column. You can create your own function and use it, or you can use one of the built-in functions of Transact-SQL.
In order to involve a function with your data entry, you must have one. You can create your own function using the techniques we learned already. To make the function easily accessible, you should create it as part of the database that would use it. Here is an example:
-- ============================================= -- Author: FunctionX -- Create date: Saturday 22 December 2007 -- Description: Used to calculate the greatest common divisor -- ============================================= CREATE FUNCTION GCD ( _USER_ int, _USER_ int ) RETURNS int AS BEGIN DECLARE _USER_ int; WHILE _USER_ <> 0 BEGIN SET _USER_ = _USER_ % _USER_; SET _USER_ = _USER_; SET _USER_ = _USER_; } RETURN _USER_ }
When calling the function, follow the normal rules. Here are examples:
INSERT INTO Calculations VALUES(345, 135, dbo.GCD(345, 135)); GO INSERT INTO Calculations VALUES(40, 6, dbo.GCD(40, 6)); GO INSERT INTO Calculations VALUES(16, 28, dbo.GCD(16, 28)); GO
You can use one of the built-in functions of Transact-SQL. Probably the best way to be familiar with the built-in functions is to check the online documentation to find out if the assignment you want to perform is already created. Using a built-in functions would spare you the trouble of creating your own function. For example, imagine you have a database named AutoRepairShop and imagine it has a table used to create repair orders for customers:
CREATE TABLE RepairOrders ( RepairID int Identity(1,1) NOT NULL, CustomerName varchar(50), CustomerPhone varchar(20), RepairDate DateTime ); GO
When performing data entry for this table, you can let the user enter the customer name and phone number. On the other hand, you can assist the user by programmatically entering the current date. To do this, you would call the GETDATE() function. Here are examples:
INSERT INTO RepairOrders(CustomerName, CustomerPhone, RepairDate) VALUES('Annette Berceau', '_PHONE_', GETDATE()); GO INSERT INTO RepairOrders(CustomerPhone, CustomerName, RepairDate) VALUES('_PHONE_', 'Paulino Santiago', GETDATE()); GO INSERT INTO RepairOrders(CustomerName, RepairDate, CustomerPhone) VALUES('Alicia Katts', GETDATE(), '_PHONE_'); GO INSERT INTO RepairOrders(RepairDate, CustomerPhone, CustomerName) VALUES(GETDATE(), '_PHONE_', 'Bertrand Nguyen'); GO
You can also involve the function in an operation, then use the result as the value to assign to a field. You can also call a function that takes one or more arguments; make sure you respect the rules of passing an argument to a function when calling it.
If none of the Transact-SQL built-in functions satisfies your requirements, you can create your own.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Should students be allowed to decorate their graduation caps?
Lily Tran and Kylie Yamada
Lily Tran: pro
For seniors, graduation is a symbolic ceremony that celebrates a personal milestone: finishing high school. So it only seems fair to allow graduating students the opportunity to personalize their grad caps to reflect their personal interests and personality.
The only decoration seniors are currently allowed to wear are badges of extraneous academic performances — sashes for being a part of leadership, honor cords for tutoring, or a stole for completing 30+ volunteer hours for NHS. Aside from that, everyone looks plain and ordinary and uniform … too uniform.
Graduation ceremonies are inherently generic as an endless list of names is read to a smattering of applause or loud cheering. Students find themselves herded like cattle through the procession — their reward for slaving away in high school for years only to be denied the opportunity to express themselves and their happiness in graduating.
When a graduate's name is called, they only get a few seconds and a tiny moment to savor their success. Then the next name is called and that's it. Decorated caps would give graduates a way to celebrate their personal success throughout the entire ceremony rather than just having a short walk across a stage.
Decorating caps gives students the opportunity to showcase their creativity, their individuality and their personal success. Some seniors like to put their future college on their caps to show that they're really graduating and moving on to bigger things.
Students should be free to express themselves during their graduation. The First Amendment ensures freedom of speech, and denying students the right to decorate their caps is a violation of that right. They should be able to use that right and say or express what they want on their grad caps, as long as the decoration does not violate the school dress code.
The possibility of students inappropriately decorating their caps with insensitive, vulgar or ignorant content is fairly low. They aren't going to risk giving up graduation for a joke. Administration could just take away the inappropriately decorated caps or not allow them to walk.
Besides, graduation is supposed to be about each individual, and not just the class. Allowing students to decorate their caps gives them that opportunity to bask in their impending future and success.
Kylie Yamada: Con
The graduation ceremony is one of the most memorable and iconic parts of American high school culture. In the last few weeks of the school term, social media is filled with tweets and pictures of students celebrating their newfound freedom, including some students wearing graduation caps elaborately decorated with pictures, glitter and paint.
Here at Bear Creek, however, graduates have been restricted from decorating their caps for years. For the more artistically inclined of Bear Creek's population, this restriction is an outrage and violates students' rights to self-expression.
However, decorating graduation caps can force the ceremony to become a competition between students. A moment which should be about achievement and community could turn into an event which only highlights certain students — and not necessarily for academic reasons.
Decorated graduation caps can include anything from pop culture references to showcasing students' pride to political statements. Caps which are designed to go viral may conflict with other students' hopes for their own graduation. If you've waited 18 years to finally graduate from high school and there's a guy a row in front of you with memes on his cap, it might ruin the moment.
Maybe it seems humorless, but graduation carries so much meaning for each person in the auditorium. A high school graduation means just as much to a graduate's parents as it does to the graduate. Should we really allow for one impulsive teenager to ruin such an important time?
In addition, a high school graduation provides a sense of unity for all seniors which teenagers rarely find elsewhere. Despite all of the drama and all of the fights students go through, graduation is a time where a senior class of hundreds can look at each other and realize that this is a day which they will all share together. Let's make sure the experience stays just as enjoyable for every graduate.


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QUIZ: Can You Identify These Paintings? (Part 2)
A few weeks ago we presented you with an art challenge: A quiz asking you to identify masterpieces! Well, today we have the second part of this test, to see if you can identify 10 more masterpieces!
Quiz: Can You Identify a Painting By Its Part?
Do you enjoy art? Do you like to gaze upon the masterpieces of this world, appreciating the skill, patience, and vision that went into them? Then this fun art quiz is perfect for you.
A Masterpiece With Glue In 1 Minute - Incredible!
A Masterpiece With Glue In 1 Minute - Incredible! amazing, art, beautiful, paintings, incredible Have you ever seen anything like this? This amazing artist, Michael Raivard, not only draws a perfect image with glue, but he does it in just about a minute! Watch till the end to see what he drew!
This 18th-Century Automaton Is a True Art Masterpiece!
We were always under the impression that automatons are mysterious mechanical creations dancing on the verge of science and art. David Roentgen, an 18th-century German artisan, was one of the greatest and most famous masters of this fascinating art form.
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Spice?
Content QUIZ: Can You Identify the Spice? quiz We're going to show you photos of spices and you'll need to tell us - which spice is it?
QUIZ: Identify the Country By a Single Photo!
Content Quiz: Can You Identify the Country By the Photo? (Part 2) quiz Can you pick the correct countries where these photos were taken?
Artist Turns Old Pocket Watches to Art Masterpieces
Gifted Greek artist Gregory Grozos (say THAT 3 times fast) is going to prove to you that throwing an old pocket watch away is a serious crime against the art world. Instead, Grozos turns them into miniature worlds, with little masterpieces inside them.
Quiz: Can You Identify the Language?
Can you identify the following languages from just one sentence? Give it a try! Choose the language you think the sentence is in. Polish German Finnish Swedish Choose the language you think the sentence is in. French Spanish Portuguese Italian Choose the language you think the sentence is in.
Test Yourself: Can You Identify These Famous Works of Art?
You don't need to be an art student to have picked up some knowledge about the big artists and painters who have shaped the world. Lets see how much you've learned!
QUIZ: Will You Identify the Species of Animal?
Content Animal Trivia: Can You Identify the Species? quiz Can you identify the animals just by the partial photos we have?
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Color?
Content QUIZ: Can You Identify the Color? quiz We've circled some of the colored areas in these photos, and all you need to do is choose the correct shade and color of that area in the circle.
Breakfast Art: Edible Masterpieces Made Out of WHAT?
Artists rely on a wide variety of tools to create their masterpieces, but would you ever picture a toaster being one of them.You won't believe the length these talented artists went through to capture each precise detail, right down to the very last crumb. 1) The Mona Lisa source When Da Vinci created
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Country?
Content QUIZ: Can You Identify the Country? quiz Once again, we will ask you to decide which country is it, based on a single photo!
QUIZ: Identify These Languages Just By Looking!
How Many Languages Can You Identify at a Glance? fun, quiz, game, test, world, baba recommends, languages, identify, foreign, recognize Only 3% of the population can identify at least 12 out of these 15 world languages. Are you one of them?
QUIZ: Can You Identify These Dog Breeds?
QUIZ: Can You Identify These Dog Breeds? animals, dogs, interactive, quiz, test, trivia Before you are 10 dog breeds, can you guess which ones are which?
QUIZ: Can You Identify These Animals By Their Skulls?
QUIZ: Identify These Animals Posthumously! quiz, test, trivia, animal skulls, identify the animal by its skull Can you identify these 19 animals purely by their skulls?
QUIZ: Can You Find the Forged Masterpiece?
Content QUIZ: Can You Find the Forged Masterpiece? quiz Can you help us find the forged painting? It should be different from the other 3, but beats us if we know how!
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Historical Figure?
In this quiz we ask you to work out your historical knowledge, your memory, and your eyes! Are you able to correctly identify the person in each of these photos and paintings? Prove it! Who is this dachshund lover?
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Movie by the Plot?
Content QUIZ: Can You Identify the Movie by the Plot? Classic Movie quiz, movie quiz, movie trivia, guess the movie quiz, name the movie quiz All you have to do is read the description and choose the right movie title...
Take Our Quiz: Can You Identify These Famous Statues?
Challenge: Identify the Statue! interactive, quiz, riddles Can you identify these world famous works of art from just looking at a little piece of them?
Quiz: Can You Identify the Animal From the Image?
Content Quiz: Can You Identify the Animal From the Image? quiz Can you use your experience from watching animals to recognize these animals from just a partial photo? Take the challenge!
Geometry Quiz: Can You Identify All These Shapes?
Can you identify some of the basic (to advanced) shapes that we use in geometry? Let's put you to the test! Quiz: Can You Identify All These Shapes? science, math, quiz, test, shapes, trivia, geometry To ace this quiz, you must identify all the shapes we present you with.
QUIZ: Can You Identify the Correct Author?
Can you identify the following famous authors with just a few clues? This horror book author made the whole world afraid of clowns and has written at least 97 books. Stephen King Dean Koontz H.P. Lovecraft Clive Barker This author was hailed as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era.
English Quiz: Can You Identify the Correct Plurals?
Content Quiz: Can You Identify the Correct Plurals? English grammar quiz, vocabulary quiz, plural quiz, find the plural, what is the plural Can you pick the right plural 15 times?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


A Straight Dope Classic from Cecil's Storehouse of Human Knowledge
Do you "go down three times" before drowning?
May 25, 1984
Dear Cecil:
Several times I've heard people say that a drowning victim actually drowned when he "went down for the third time." I know I've seen this same situation depicted in animated cartoons, too. Is there any truth to the belief that people drown once they've gone down for the third time? And how could scientists study something like this without letting people drown?
Cecil replies:
Scientists study drowning the same way they study everything else--by administering slow death to kitty cats, guinea pigs, and whatever else is handy. (They do not, incidentally, watch the cartoons, which are not normally regarded as a source of reliable medical insight.) At any rate, it's not true that you go down three times before drowning. In fact, in some cases, notably those involving alcohol (thought to play a role in 25 percent or more of adult drownings), the victim does not struggle at all, and consequently goes down just once. However, it's true that in most cases of drowning there is a fairly predictable predeath scenario, to wit: (1) panic, violent struggle; (2) attempts at swimming; (3) apnea, or breath-holding, during which time the victim often swallows large amounts of water; (4) vomiting, gasping, and inhaling (as opposed to swallowing) of water; (5) convulsions; and finally (6) death. To the extent that "going down three times" is a crude folk attempt to describe the preceding process, there's a germ of truth in it. But it's not literally accurate.
Interestingly, there are several distinct ways of drowning. In perhaps 10 percent of all cases, the victim does not actually breathe in any water, but instead dies of asphyxiation due to laryngospasm, or reflex closing of the vocal cords. (This may be what causes drunks to drown, although others suggest the cause is actually sudden heart stoppage). There's also a big difference between drowning in fresh water and drowning in salt water. In a freshwater drowning, the inhaled water is quickly absorbed out of the lungs and into the bloodstream. Unfortunately, the water washes away the wetting agent (the surfactant) in the lung air sacs (the alveoli) that helps keeps the sacs inflated. As a consequence, the air sacs collapse, oxygen can't get into the bloodstream, and the victim expires. In a saltwater drowning, on the other hand, the inhaled salt water draws blood plasma out of the bloodstream and into the lungs. The subsequent fluid buildup in the air sacs prevents oxygen from reaching the blood, resulting in death.
A couple other points while we're on the subject. Hypoxia, or tissue oxygen starvation, can persist long after you get a near-drowning victim out of the water--in some cases for days or weeks. So don't assume the danger is over just because the victim looks like he's recovering. Second, hypoxia is worse with salt water than with fresh. Saltwater near-drowning victims are more resistant to certain forms of treatment than freshwater victims.
In short, if you're going to get in trouble in the water, have the sense to do it in the fresh stuff, not the ocean.
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What is it? The DQ Tubric 2.0 helps you practice writing Driving Questions by framing initial words, person or entity, action or challenge, and audience/purpose.
Why do we like it? The Tubric is a fun, hands-on way to practice the often-challenging task of writing a Driving Question for a project.
How can you use it? Use the Tubric in professional development or collaborative planning time to help you and your colleagues design effective projects.


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We report on measurements of both the critical power for self-focusing of a Ti: Sapphire 800 nm femtosecond laser and the peak intensity clamped inside a single filament in an ethanol-air flame on an alcohol burner array. By observing the shift of focal position of femtosecond laser pulses, we determine the critical power in the flame to be 2.2 ± 0.3 GW, which is 4-5 times smaller than the usually quoted one in air. The clamped laser intensity inside the filament is measured to be roughly half of that in air. Our results provide insights into the understanding of femtosecond laser filamentation in flames for practical application of combustion diagnostics.
© 2016 Optical Society of America
Combustion diagnostics is of great importance for rationalizing the combustion process and thrusting the innovative design of the combustion system for high combustion efficiency with low detrimental products . Recently, it was demonstrated that femtosecond laser filament-induced nonlinear spectroscopy (FINS) possesses high potential for combustion diagnostics [2–5 ]. Clean optical emissions from multiple combustion intermediates including free radicals C2, CH, OH and CN and atomic species C and H were simultaneously observed when a filament was formed in an ethanol-air flame by using a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser . The fingerprint nonlinear photoemissions were ascribed to multiphoton excitation of the combustion intermediates due to the high clamped intensity inside the filament, which was implicitly assumed to have the same value as that in air .
In air, femtosecond laser filamentation originates from Kerr self-focusing and defocusing of the plasma generated from the ionization of air molecules . Because both the critical power that decides the formation of filamentation and the clamped intensity that are crucial for the nonlinear light-matter interaction are significant for a broad spectrum of applications of femtosecond laser filamentation in areas such as light frequency conversion, pulse compression, remote sensing and so forth, extensive investigations have been performed to measure the two parameters in air [7–11 ]. The critical power for the Kerr self-focusing of a Ti: Sapphire laser pulse at 800 nm was determined to be 5-10 GW depending on the pulse duration . The intensity inside the filament during free propagation is clamped to a constant value by the dynamical balance between the self-focusing and defocusing, which was previously evaluated to be ∼5 × 1013 W/cm2 from the measured cut-off frequency of high-order harmonic generation or from the assumption of a steady state balance between self-focusing and multiphoton ionization [13, 14 ] and from ionization measurement . More recently, the clamped intensity was directly measured to be ∼1.4 × 1014 W/cm2 by recording the laser energy transmitted through a pinhole drilled by the filament itself on a thin metallic foil . However, both the critical power and clamped intensity of a filament are sensitive to the gas species, which gives different Kerr nonlinear index of refraction. For example, the critical power of helium was estimated to be ~268 GW at atmospheric pressure and the clamped intensity inside an argon filament was measured to be ~3 times larger than that in air under the same focal condition [17, 18 ].
However, femtosecond laser filamentation occurring in a combustion flame is rarely investigated, and, to our best knowledge, the determinations of the two fundamental physical parameters, i.e., the critical power and the clamped intensity of femtosecond laser filament in flames have not been reported yet. In order to better understand the fluorescence mechanisms of combustion intermediates induced by the interaction of femtosecond laser pulse with flames, we experimentally measure in the present study the critical power and clamped intensity of femtosecond laser filaments in an ethanol-air flame on an alcohol burner array. We determine these two parameters respectively by measuring the shift of the focal position of femtosecond laser pulses based on the technique described in and by comparing the difference of the laser energy transmitted through a pinhole drilled by the filament itself on a thin metallic foil placed both in flame and in air. It is found that both of the determined critical power and clamped intensity in flame are much smaller than those in air [12–16 ].
2. Experimental setup
The experiments were performed with a Ti: Sapphire laser system (Spectra physics, Spitfire ACE), which produces laser pulses characterized by a central wavelength of 800 nm, a transform-limited pulse duration of 35fs, a pulse energy of up to 5 mJ and a repetition rate of 1 kHz. The output energies of the laser beam have an uncertainty of ∼2%. The laser pulses were chirped slightly to compensate the dispersion from the laser propagation, and the pulse duration after the lens was measured to be ∼35 fs with an uncertainty of ∼5%. A half-wave- plate and a Brewster window were inserted into the laser beam to modify the pulse energy. In the measurement of the critical power [Fig. 1(a) ], the laser pulses were focused by a fused silica lens (f = 50 cm) into the ethanol-air flame on an alcohol burner array a continuous length of about 5 cm (no gaps between two adjacent flames) to generate a single filament located totally in the flame. The fluorescing filament was imaged by using a periscope and a fused silica lens (50.8mm in diameter, f = 6 cm) onto the entrance slit of a spectrometer coupled with a gated intensified charge coupled device (ICCD, Andor iStar). The fluorescence was then dispersed by a grating of 1200 grooves/mm (blazed wavelength at 500 nm) and recorded by the gated ICCD camera. The ICCD gate was opened 10 ns before the laser pulse arrived and the gate width was set to Δt = 210 ns for all the measurements of the focal positions.
In the measurement of the clamped intensity [see Fig. 1(b)], the laser beam was loosely focused by a fused silica lens with a focal length of 1 m. The reason that different focal length lenses was chosen in the two measurements is as follows. Because different external focal conditions can lead to a significant change of the filament plasma density, but only a relatively small change of the clamping intensity inside filament core . Therefore, the use of the short 50-cm focal length lens in the critical power measurement can give rise to a relatively higher plasma density, and thus a stronger fluorescence signal to enable the critical power measurement at low input energies. Whereas in the clamping intensity measurement, the use of the long 100-cm focal length lens can decrease the power density of the photon bath (or background reservoir), and thus reduce the influence of the power density of the photon bath on the measurement. In addition, as shown in , when the focal length of the lens is 100 cm, the clamping intensity inside the filament core is comparable to the case of free propagation.
The repetition rate of the laser pulses in the clamping intensity measurement was changed to 100 Hz to allow a mechanical shutter with an opening/closing time precision of 1-2 ms to precisely control the number of the laser pulses irradiating the surface of a piece of 50-μm-thick copper foil, which was inserted into the flame with the surface being roughly perpendicular to the laser propagation direction. The shutter was placed before the 1-m focal length lens. The laser energy was fixed at 0.8 mJ. The laser beam was loosely focused by a fused silica lens with a focal length of 1 m to keep the clamped intensity comparable to the free propagation . The transmitted laser energy through the pinhole drilled by the filament on the copper foil was recorded by a laser power meter placed several tens of centimeters behind the foil. The distance between the filament and the burner wick was about 9 mm. The temperature in this flame zone is about 400 ~500 °C , which is much lower than the melting point (~1000 °C) of the copper foil. The fabricated pinholes were measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (JEOL JSM-7500F). For comparison, a similar experiment in air was also performed.
3. Results and discussions
Figure 1(c) shows a typical filament-induced fluorescence spectrum of the laminar ethanol-air flame in the ambient atmosphere in the UV-Vis range of 300-600 nm. The laser pulse energy was about 500 μJ measured after L1, and the distance between the filament and the burner wick was about 9 mm. The data were accumulated over 3.4 × 104 laser shots. As shown in Fig. 1(c), the signals are assigned to molecular bands of CH, CN, N2, NH, OH, and C2, which are consistent with our previous observation . In order to avoid the influence of the optical emissions from the flame itself on the measurements, we select the band of N2 at 337 nm for measuring the shift of the self-focal position. This is because when the laser energy is decreased, the signal intensities of the laser-induced optical emissions from free radicals such as CH, OH, and C2 would become comparable to those from the spontaneous emission from the flame itself.
As an example, the intensity distributions (dots) of the fluorescence at 337 nm along the laser propagation are plotted for three input energies of Fig. 2(a) 60 μJ, Fig. 2(b) 215 μJ, and

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Fascinating languages such as the Hebrew, Ladino and Yiddish are written with the help of free Hebrew fonts. The Hebrew language has rich history and is used as font for writing the Aramaic language which is extinct.
The Hebrew font is different and written from right to left. The letters of the Hebrew is represented as the consonants. Three or more letters such as the YOD, VAV and ALEF, are used for representing long vowels. But the short vowels are never marked but they are allowed to be marked by using the small didactic marks known as the points. 'Cantillation marks' which is more small diacritic marks are used for liturgical Hebrew texts in order to indicate musical motif and stress.
It is not necessary to pay more than hundred dollars to buy a Hebrew word processor because the world's best processor may exist already in your computer!
Want to download free Hebrew Fonts? Here are the installation instructions for fonts:
- Download the Hebrew font file to your PC.
- Unzip the compressed font ZIP file with your preferred zip utility.
- Go to the "Start" button, choose "Settings -> Control Panel".
- Click the "Fonts" icon. Drag the font that you unzipped into the Fonts folder on your computer. If necessary, restart your computer. That's it your font is ready to use!
Here are some Free Hebrew Fonts for download:
BibleWorks Fonts by BibleWorks LLC (download)
Ezra SIL by SIL International (download)
Baznat by David Kerkhoff (download)
HABBAKUK by Dry Heaves (download)
Lost City by Dry Heaves (download)


text: Marsyas Painter, (flourished c. 350–325 bc), Greek painter of the late Classical period, known for a pelike (wine container), now in the British Museum, of "Peleus Taming Thetis," and for a "Nuptial Lebes" (the bringing of gifts to the newly wed bride), now in the Hermitage at St. Petersburg. Both vases date from 340–330 bc, and both are in the so-called Kerch style, of which the Marsyas Painter is a key representative. (Kerch refers to the area north of the Black Sea where many of the vessels were excavated.) The Kerch style is recognized by slender, mannered forms; elaborate decoration; and polychrome effects, achieved through the heavy use of white paint and sometimes gilding. It is thought to be the last major style of Attic red-figure painting.


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Ordering of Branches Important When Visualizing Git Changesets
Fisheye 2.6 introduced the repository commit graph. The commit graph allows you to visualize changesets in their branches by showing them in configurable branch "swimlanes". One of the ways in which you can configure the commit graph is by reordering the swimlanes. Reordering swimlanes is useful for non-Git repositories, if you want to show branches in a certain order. However, ordering swimlanes is vital for Git repositories, as it is the only way of determining which branch a commit is displayed in, when a commit belongs to multiple branches.
Git Branches and Changesets in Fisheye
Before considering how Git repositories are visualized in the commit graph, it is important to understand how Fisheye relates Git changesets to branches.
In Fisheye 2.6 and later, Fisheye considers the ancestry of a Git changeset when determining which branch it is a part of. Branches can effectively be considered as pointers to changesets. Hence, merging and branching can change the branches that a changeset is considered part of.
For example, if a branch 'fisheye-2.6' is merged back to the'master' branch, then all changesets that were seen as part of the 'fisheye-2.6' branch only will also be considered to be part of the'master' (e.g. the changeset will be seen as part of'master' and 'fisheye-2.6' in the activity stream).
Viewing Git Changesets and Branches in the Commit Graph
The previous section describes how a changeset can be associated with multiple branches, due to its ancestry. Instead of showing the changeset in every branch swimlane on the commit graph, Fisheye represents these changesets as described below.
When you view the commit graph for a Git repository, Fisheye works from the leftmost swimlane to the right doing the following:
- For each swimlane, Fisheye checks if the commit is in that branch. If the commit is in the branch, a dot is shown representing the commit.
- If the commit is not in the branch, the dot for the commit is moved to the next column on the right.
For example, if the'master' swimlane is to the left of another swimlane, e.g. 'fisheye-2.6' branch, there will be no changesets shown in the 'fisheye-2.6' swimlane, as all the commits will be picked up in the'master' swimlane. However, if you move the 'fisheye-2.6' swimlane to the left of the'master' swimlane, it will pick up all of the Fisheye 2.6 commits.
This allows you to visually isolate changesets in the desired branches by reordering the swimlanes. For example, if you want to see the lineage of a branch, 'fisheye-2.6', but not 'fisheye-2.5' after both branches have previously been merged to'master', you could arrange your swimlanes to 'fisheye-2.6','master', 'fisheye-2.5' from left to right. You will be able to see the 'fisheye-2.6' changesets and where the merge back to'master' was made. The 'fisheye-2.5' changesets will just be seen as part of the'master' branch.
Screenshots below: Example of how ordering swimlanes affects the branches that changesets are displayed on (click to view full-size images)


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Why Do Onions Burn Your Eyes
Why Do Onions Burn Your Eyes?
Onions are a staple ingredient in various cuisines around the world. They add flavor, texture, and aroma to a wide range of dishes. However, working with onions can be quite a challenge due to the irritating effect they have on our eyes. Many of us have experienced the uncomfortable burning sensation, tears streaming down our faces, and the struggle to finish chopping onions without resorting to wearing goggles. But why exactly do onions have this effect on our eyes?
The answer lies in the chemical compounds present in onions. When we cut, slice, or chop an onion, it releases a volatile gas called syn-propanethial-S-oxide. This gas reacts with the moisture in our eyes, forming a mild sulfuric acid. This acid irritates the nerve endings in our eyes, causing the familiar burning sensation and triggering our tear glands to produce tears in an attempt to wash away the irritant.
Onions contain a compound called alliin, which when cut or crushed, converts into other compounds that react with the syn-propanethial-S-oxide gas. The reaction produces a combination of sulfuric acid and other compounds that further intensify the irritation. Additionally, onions also release enzymes called lachrymatory factors when cut, which further contribute to the burning sensation.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):
1. Can I prevent onions from making me cry?
Unfortunately, there is no foolproof method to completely prevent onions from making you cry. However, there are a few strategies that may help minimize the irritation. These include chilling the onions before cutting, cutting the onion under running water, or wearing goggles to protect your eyes.
2. Does the type of onion affect how much it makes you cry?
Different varieties of onions contain varying levels of sulfur compounds, which can influence the intensity of eye irritation. Generally, stronger-flavored onions, such as yellow onions, tend to cause more tears compared to milder varieties like sweet onions.
3. Can wearing contact lenses protect my eyes from onion fumes?
Wearing contact lenses may provide some barrier between your eyes and the onion fumes, but it is not a guaranteed solution. The gas can still reach your eyes, causing irritation and tearing.
4. Are there any health risks associated with cutting onions?
While cutting onions may cause temporary discomfort, there are no long-term health risks associated with it. The tears and irritation are merely a natural reaction to the compounds released by the onion.
5. Is it possible to eliminate the irritant gas from onions?
There are some genetically modified onions available that have reduced levels of the enzyme responsible for producing the irritant gas. However, these onions are not widely available and may not have the same flavor profile as traditional onions.
6. Does cooking onions reduce the eye irritation?
Cooking onions can lessen the eye irritation to some extent as heat breaks down the compounds responsible for the irritation. However, it is important to note that cooking onions for an extended period or at high temperatures can also cause eye irritation.
7. Are there any remedies to soothe irritated eyes after cutting onions?
Rinsing your eyes with cold water, applying a cold compress, or using over-the-counter eye drops can help soothe the irritation caused by cutting onions.
8. Can wearing goggles prevent onion-induced tears?
Yes, wearing goggles can create a barrier between your eyes and the onion fumes, preventing tears. However, it may not be a practical solution for everyone, especially when cooking in a professional kitchen.
9. Can people with sensitive eyes handle onions without tearing up?
People with sensitive eyes may find it more challenging to handle onions without tearing up. They can try the strategies mentioned earlier, such as chilling the onions or using goggles, to minimize the irritation.
10. Are there any alternative methods for cutting onions that don't cause tearing?
Some alternative methods include using a sharp knife to minimize crushing and releasing the irritant compounds, cutting onions near a running fan to disperse the gas, or using a food processor with a closed lid.
11. Why do some people seem less affected by cutting onions?
Individual differences in tear production and sensitivity to the irritant compounds in onions can influence how much someone is affected by cutting onions. Some people may naturally produce fewer tears or have a higher tolerance for the irritation.
12. Can onions have any positive effects on health despite their irritating nature?
Yes, despite their tendency to make us cry, onions offer numerous health benefits. They are rich in antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, and have been linked to various health benefits, including improved heart health, reduced inflammation, and enhanced immune function.
In conclusion, the burning sensation and tears caused by cutting onions result from the release of syn-propanethial-S-oxide gas and the subsequent reaction with moisture in our eyes. While there is no guaranteed way to prevent this irritation, various techniques and strategies can help minimize its impact. Ultimately, the flavorful addition that onions bring to our meals makes enduring this temporary discomfort worthwhile.


Scripture Reference – Luke 8:51
People do a lot of social activities during the holiday season. There are so many opportunities to fellowship with others. In addition to fellowshipping with others, social fitness is also about setting and maintaining boundaries. Boundaries are important in any relationship such as marriage, family, friendship, neighbors, co-workers, classmates, church members, etc. Boundaries let us know exactly where we stand in each relationship as well as what is acceptable and what is unacceptable in various social settings.
Jarius, a ruler of the Jews, came to Jesus Christ requesting him to heal his daughter. Jesus Christ went to Jarius' house and set boundaries so that the healing could take place. He put people out of the house. Only her parents and certain disciples were able to be in the operating room. The parents held the original idea of their daughters' perfection. Each of the disciples present represented a particular spiritual faculty that was a necessary part of the healing process: Peter (faith), James (order), John (love).
Consciousness is our awareness of God and the good in each situation. Each person has an individual consciousness and each group has a collective consciousness. Jesus Christ desired for the collective consciousness of the group to be one of healing. Any individual who did not hold the vision of the young lady's wholeness had to leave the room. Only those who were on one accord with the Christ consciousness could stay in the room.
Jesus Christ manifested social fitness by setting boundaries in the house. He was not afraid to say who could stay and who had to go. Like Jesus Christ, it is important for us to know when to put people out of the room of our lives. Releasing people and letting them go is essential to our success at being socially fit. Some people are not able to be with us in certain places or at certain times due to their consciousness.
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The results of the study suggest that the bactericidal action attributed to …
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Biology Articles » Microbiology » Bactericidal action of positive and negative ions in air
Abstract
- Bactericidal action of positive and negative ions in air
Bactericidal action of positive and negative ions in air
Louise A Fletcher1, Lindsey F Gaunt2, Clive B Beggs3, Simon J Shepherd3, P Andrew Sleigh1, Catherine J Noakes1 and Kevin G Kerr4
1School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
2Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
3School of Engineering, Design and Technology, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
4Harrogate Health Care Trust, Harrogate District Hospital, Lancaster Park Road, Harrogate HG2 7SX, UK
Background
In recent years there has been renewed interest in the use of air ionisers to control of the spread of airborne infection. One characteristic of air ions which has been widely reported is their apparent biocidal action. However, whilst the body of evidence suggests a biocidal effect in the presence of air ions the physical and biological mechanisms involved remain unclear. In particular, it is not clear which of several possible mechanisms of electrical origin (i.e. the action of the ions, the production of ozone, or the action of the electric field) are responsible for cell death. A study was therefore undertaken to clarify this issue and to determine the physical mechanisms associated with microbial cell death.
Results
In the study seven bacterial species (Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium parafortuitum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Bacillus subtilis and Serratia marcescens) were exposed to both positive and negative ions in the presence of air. In order to distinguish between effects arising from: (i) the action of the air ions; (ii) the action of the electric field, and (iii) the action of ozone, two interventions were made. The first intervention involved placing a thin mica sheet between the ionisation source and the bacteria, directly over the agar plates. This intervention, while leaving the electric field unaltered, prevented the air ions from reaching the microbial samples. In addition, the mica plate prevented ozone produced from reaching the bacteria. The second intervention involved placing an earthed wire mesh directly above the agar plates. This prevented both the electric field and the air ions from impacting on the bacteria, while allowing any ozone present to reach the agar plate. With the exception of Mycobacterium parafortuitum, the principal cause of cell death amongst the bacteria studied was exposure to ozone, with electroporation playing a secondary role. However in the case of Mycobacterium parafortuitum, electroporation resulting from exposure to the electric field appears to have been the principal cause of cell inactivation.
Conclusion
The results of the study suggest that the bactericidal action attributed to negative air ions by previous researchers may have been overestimated.

BMC Microbiology 2007, 7:32. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.
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Shaft Lead A.K.A "Twist"
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Shaft Lead A.K.A "Twist"
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EXPERT LEVEL:
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LENGTH:
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INSTRUCTOR:
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SUMMARY
For optimum performance of seals, the shaft surface texture must be optimal. A rough surface texture will cause the seal to wear out quickly, while a smooth texture will cause the seal to bed incorrectly. The shaft lead, also called twist, is formed during the manufacture of shafts and has to be ideally zero.
Andrew Rommann explains the different types of shaft lead, what it does to a sealing system, and methods to measure.
Click on the image to open in a New Tab.

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT
Shaft lead also known as twist. Shaft lead, if not well understood and defined on your specifications, can have a detrimental impact to the performance of a dynamic sealing system.
Typical rotary applications have an elastomeric sealing element interfacing with a rotating shaft. On the shaft surface, the characteristics are very important and critical to the proper operation of the sealing system. One of those characteristics is shaft lead.

Macro Shaft Lead
A typical manufacturing process may be the use of a single point tool against a rotating shaft where the tools actually traversing the surface of the shaft. This operation will result in a spiraling groove pattern around the circumference of the shaft. In this type of pattern, we refer to it as macro lead – has a continuous thread-like structure.

Micro Shaft Lead
An alternative process maybe traverse grinding.
In this case, we don't have a single point tool rather a stone with multiple points that contact the rotating shaft. The stone is still traversing along the surface of the shaft and it does result in micro lead. The threadlike structures are not continuous, but they do have a deviation from the circumferential direction of the surface of the shaft resulting in shaft lead.

Two Orientations of Shaft Lead
Shaft lead can have two orientations. It can be a right-hand orientation. Where it's shown here on the moving from the bottom right to the top left corner of the image and left-hand lead where you're actually the threadlike pattern is from the bottom left to the top right.

Results In A Sealing System
So what does this do in a sealing system?
Again, in a rotary sealing system, we have an elastomeric sealing element that is interfacing with a rotating shaft.
If we look closer at the surface of the shaft and in this illustration, I actually have drawn a right-hand lead type structure. We can see where the oil is in contact with the shaft surface and the sealing lip.
As the shaft rotates depending on the direction of rotation, it will actually transport oil from left to right or right to left. Because this is right-hand twist if we have a right-hand rotation – so the top of the shaft moving towards the bore – we will actually end up with movement of the oil from left to right. So in this case out of the sealed system resulting in leakage.
If we have left-hand rotation, so in this case, the top of the shaft moving out away from the bore you will result in movement from right to left. So left-hand transport. This will help retain the oil in the system.
However, if it's aggressive enough transportation of the oil it will actually result in a lack of proper lubrication at the interface between the sealing lip and the shaft surface could lead to premature wear of the sealing lip.

Twist, Rotation, Transport
 So again right-hand twist right-hand rotation – the transport is to the right. A right-hand twist with a left-hand rotation – the transportation is to the left.

String Method & Optical Method
So how can we measure and hopefully quantify shaft lead on an actual physical component? There are two major categories out there. There are a lot of different methods developed over the years, but the oldest and most well-known method is referred to as the string method or the thread method.
In this method, you mount a shaft in a rotating device. You drape a thread with a weight attached to it over the shaft. From the side view as you slowly rotate the shaft you may observe movement to the left or to the right from its original position.
If you do observe movement, you are observing that the shaft likely has lead. You cannot easily and precisely quantify accurately the amount of lead that exists in the shaft, but you can get a qualitative sense of whether or not you have left-hand or right-hand shaft lead.
A more precise and accurate method of measurement is using an optical method. In an optical method, you are creating a 3D mapping or 3D profiling of the entire surface of the shaft.
Software can then collect the data and process it to produce a representation of the effective shaft lead of the system.
The image on the left you can see as you move in the circumferential direction from 0 to 360 Degrees. You actually have axial movement along the shaft. In the one on the right-hand side you can see as you move from 0 to 360 Degrees, you actually have zero movement along the axial position of the shaft. This one we would refer to as having right hand lead this one having zero lead.
Using the optical methods, you can get a precise and accurate quantification of the lead angle, which can be useful when you are inspecting or qualifying components for a new product.

Industry Specifications
Some of the specifications that exist and are used in the industry that you may see include ISO 6194 – 1 and DIN 3760. Both of which specify zero lead. RMA OS-1-1 actually does tolerate lead to a very small level.
There are other specifications out there. There are also specifications that exist for most major OEMs where they have expanded on the information that's available in the industry standard specifications.

Conclusion

The main thing to remember is that if you are not aware of what your tolerances for shaft lead in your sealing system, or you're not aware of what your actual lead is, you could end up with performance issues that are not easy to identify the root cause.
And in many cases we find that in a situation where you're not able to identify the root cause of a sealing system failure in a rotating system – if it's not a tribute attributable to the elastomeric seal or to other obvious installation design issues – in some cases it's actually result of the presence of lead that is hard to detect and again not very well understood.
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Formally identified with the legendary ''Mountain of the moon" as depicted in the ancient times as the source of the Nile, Mount Rwenzori is the perfect place that should be visited by all travelers.
The Rwenzori Mountains reach heights of roughly 5,109 meters with its highest peaks permanently snow-capped. This range covers both Rwenzori Mountains National Park and Virunga; it is important to note that Rwenzori's highest peak known as Margherita peak is found on Mount Stanley.
Mountain Rwenzori is believed to have been formed approximately three million years ago in the late Pliocene epoch as a result of an uplifted block of crystalline rocks including gneiss, amphibolites, granite, and quartzite. An action that led to the split of paleolake Obweruka creating three of the present-day African Great Lakes namely; Lake Albert, Lake George, and Lake Edward.
In the past, during the late 19th and early 20th century, a Photographer Vittorio Sella took several photographs of the Rwenzori Mountains, going ahead to develop documentaries of his retreat on the range's glaciers. Up to now, Vittoria's work is conserved at the Istituto Di Fotografia Alpine Vittorio Sella in Biella and in Museo Nazionale Della Montagna in Turin both in Italy. Some pieces can also be traced at galleries of Makerere University in Uganda.
Rwenzori Mountain comprises of six massifs divided by deep gorges, namely; Mount Stanley 5,109 meters , Mount Gessi 4,715 meters, Mount Speke 4,890 meters, Mount Emin 4,798 metres, Mount Baker 4,843 meters and Mount Luigi di Savoia 4,627 metres, with Mount Stanley possessing several subsidiary summits, of which Margherita Peak is the highest point.
Interestingly, it was on 27 January 1975, which saw the polish climbers; Janusz Chalecki, Stanislaw Cholewa and Leszek make History by being the first hikers to traverse all the six Massifs of the Rwenzori Mountain from January 27 to February 13. Their friend Mirosław Kuras joined them on the last half of the navigation
This Mountain is also famous for its evergreen eye-catching vegetation, ranging from tropical rainforest through alpine meadows to snow. Variety of giant groundsel and giant lobelia tall heather covered in moss that lives on one of its peaks, most of the range is now a World Heritage Site jointly managed by the Rwenzori Mountains National Park in south-western Uganda and the Virunga National Park in the eastern DRC.
Mountain Rwenzori has five overlapping vegetation zones in the Rwenzori Mountains such as the evergreen forest zone; the bamboo zone; the heather zone; the alpine zone; and the nival zone. The Mountains vegetation is unique to the equatorial alpine Africa
Fortunately, there is no water shortage in the Rwenzori; however, several members of the afro-alpine family bear resemblance to species that normally flourish in desert climates it being that the is not always readily available to the afro-alpine plants when it needs it, additionally, the night frosts usually affect the sap transport in the plants and the absorption of water by its roots.
The Rwenzori national park, which is the conservation area for the mountain, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and covers almost 1000 sq2 km and traversing Kabarole, Bundibugyo and Kasese districts. This area absorbs a large section of the eastern half of the mountain, known for its beautiful plant life, coupled with waterfalls, glaciers and magnificent rare mountainous vegetation. The Rwenzori national park has amazing glaciers, snowfields waterfalls making it a very attractive Alpine area around the world offering chances of engaging in numerous activities;
Though not yet discovered by many, Mount Rwenzori offers all hikers unforgettable ultimate experience, the landscape on the mountain has been named as one of the most beautiful on the planet! It is covered with different types of vegetation and climate which will leave you with amazing memories as you hike its heights. Climbing this haven takes 7 days to reach the peak as catch the sight the farmland with crops such as coffee which is a very important cash crop in the country, you will behold beautiful land terrain and plant life of sub-montane vegetation in the Afro-montane zone covered by luxurious tropical evergreen forest with a high richness in color and species and finally to the top, where will come close to the majestic snowcapped peaks that will leave you breathless.
With over 217 species of bird species with 17 of them can unique to the area, Rwenzori national park is a perfect destination for birding. The different bird species leave you fascinated because of the smile there color and sound, some of those species include, the Handsome Francolin, Rwenzori Turaco, Long-eared Owl, Barred Long-tailed Cuckoo, Cinnamon-chested Bee-eater, Strange Weaver, Archers' Robin-chat, Rwenzori Batis, White-starred Robin, Montane Sooty Boubou, Slender-billed Starling, LApalises, Crimson wings and Flycatchers among others.
The Rwenzori national park can be accessed from Kampala; it takes roughly five hours' drive to reach the Kasese when using a public means, for example, a bus. However, you can also opt for an aircraft that will only about an hour and a half.
Though uncovered by many Travelled, Rwenzori mountains offer a variety of amazing breathtaking activities, all you need is to add it to your bucket list as the next destination.


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Environmental Volunteers promotes understanding of and responsibility for the environment through hands-on science education. We train volunteers to teach natural science to children in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties through classroom lessons, day camps, nature walks and field trips that nurture a connection to nature and spark interest in lifelong discovery and learning. Our programs help schools meet state-mandated education standards and provide unique science education resources for teachers and parents.
The information above can be found on the official website of Environmental Volunteers. For more details about the organization and to find out how you can volunteer, please visit their website: _URL_


Setting up Unit Tests
The Unit Test runs a unit testing framework that produces a JUnit XML file with the results of the tests at a location stored in the $CG_JUNIT_XML_LOCATION environment variable.
The resulting score of this test is the fraction of successful tests divided by the total number of tests that were run, multiplied by the weight of the test.
 1. Press the " Unit Test" button to add a new Unit Test test to your Test Category.
 2. Enter the command that will run your test suite. The command should write a JUnit XML file to the location given in the $CG_JUNIT_XML_LOCATION environment variable.
Compatibility scripts
For most unit testing frameworks it is necessary to install additional software and to figure out how to make the framework output its results to the correct location. We provide wrapper scripts for a growing list of frameworks that handle all of this for you. Check out the Unit Test documentation for a list of frameworks that are already supported, or contact us at if your preferred framework is not listed there so we can discuss the possibilities!
All wrapper scripts share a similar interface and procedure for running tests, which we describe below.
Installing dependencies
If extra software needs to be installed to run the testing framework the wrapper script provides an install command that will install all required dependencies. This should be run in the "Global setup script" section of your AutoTest configuration.
For example, to install JUnit 4 and its dependencies you would run
cg-junit4 install
Compiling code and tests
For compiled languages it can be tricky to get the compiler to find all libraries and other dependencies needed to compile the students' code and your tests. For these languages the wrapper scripts provide a compile command that configures the compiler to be able to find the required libraries. The compile command takes file names as arguments and compiles those files.
For example, to compile all.java files in the current directory, including a JUnit version 4 test class, you would run
cg-junit4 compile *.java
Running tests
Running the tests can be similarly tricky when a language needs to know about certain locations of libraries it depends on, but also because you need to figure out how you can make the framework output its results in the correct format, or in the correct location. The wrapper scripts handle this in their run command.
The scripts extract the output location from $CG_JUNIT_XML_LOCATION and then unset it before running the tests. The testing framework is then configured to output its results at that location and the tests are executed.
For example, to run a JUnit 4 test class named MyTestClass you would run
cg-junit4 run MyTestClass
The exact arguments to the run command of each script may differ between scripts.


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It's essential for any company, in any industry, to choose a web content management (WCM) solution that both meets immediate requirements and supports longer-term, strategic business needs for change and growth.
Some organizations instinctively opt to use Microsoft® SharePoint®, a family of software products for collaboration, file sharing and web publishing, to manage their web content. But while SharePoint is well suited for document-oriented enterprise content management (ECM), can it grow to deliver the advanced digital marketing capabilities you need?
You will learn the strategic impact of choosing a full-fledged, "future-proof" WCM solution such as Sitecore, in comparison to pressing an ECM application, such as SharePoint, into duty for web content management. See a feature-by-feature comparison, and examine the downstream impact of this choice on the IT organization, in the context of two critical business issues:
- What is the true total cost of ownership (TCO) of using SharePoint, compared to Sitecore, to manage web content?
- What is the opportunity cost of choosing SharePoint over a marketing-oriented WCM solution such as Sitecore, which is designed to grow with future needs?
This paper also discusses optimal scenarios for SharePoint, and how Sitecore and SharePoint can co-exist, helping companies to extract maximum value from their investments in both providers' solutions.


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CPN Vision and Goals
The CPN overall vision is to develop the Capital Region's capacity to more effectively attract, welcome and integrate newcomers into our community, workplaces, organizations and institutions.
The following goals have been identified:
- Raise awareness among community leaders and business managers of the need to create more welcoming and inclusive communities and workplaces in the Greater Victoria region. To help people to recognize and understand that 'inclusion' is their concern and to reach out and build pods of advocates within organizations and across sectors.
- Strengthen the collective knowledge and skill-set of partnering organizations and develop an ongoing professional learning network and learning opportunities.
- Identify and apply solutions to known barriers to inclusion. Ask leaders, employers, service and learning agents, policy/program decision makers, front-line staff and others what types of organizational and educational needs will enable them to facilitate immigrant integration. Facilitate opportunities, provide useful tools and establish new relationships.
- Create a Local Immigration Partnership (LIP). A community based initiative to coordinate and create a strategic plan for the settlement and integration of immigrants in the community.
"Greater Victoria is a community where old neighbours and newcomers alike can build trusting relationships through respectful curiosity and openness to learning about themselves and others. It is a place with transparent local governance processes and public services that dignify all members, and support their efforts to make valuable contributions in our community. – CPN Member"


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Cement powder particles of micronic size tend to form agglomerates due to the influence of interparticle forces (Van der Waals forces). The formation of agglomerates results in an increased air-void in the solid structure (aerated powder) requiring an increase in water demand to sustain the feasibility of the structure. Consequently, if the compound formed is not stabilized, it would have low mechanical strength that may result in cracking of hardened cement. In this study, the results of cement powder consolidation and its flow properties show that its behaviour is controlled by internal forces (Van der Waals) and external forces (elastic and plastic). These forces have a direct influence on the powder structure, leading to a variable packing behaviour (void reduction). Consolidated cement powder shows a decrease in the void structure leading to a more efficient material. This study intends to determine the impact of interaction forces between cement particles during consolidation.
- consolidated cement powder
- interaction forces
- cement particles
FingerprintDive into the research topics of 'The impact of consolidation and interparticle forces on cohesive cement powder'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
- Clean Growth and Future Mobility Management and Support - Associate Director of Research and Engagement
Person: Teaching and Research


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ESA Career Day is an event organized by the Ministry of Education and Science in cooperation with the Investment and Development Agency of Latvia and ESA. The event aims to inspire Latvian citizens to apply for ESA permanent vacancies and student program vacancies.
Space Entrepreneurship Institute, Kozminski University and Polish Space Agency organise a conference on the topic of "Standards and best practises as a tool for risk prevention in the space sector", divided into two sessions: "Space Programme Management from Administrative and Business Perspective. How to define a favourable industrial policy for space? " and "The role of standards and good practises in space law".


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African vineyard's duck parade doubles as pest control
Stellenbosch, South Africa — The quacking is soft at first amid the vineyards that roll for miles in this South African wine-making town.
But then the duck handlers whistle and wave their white flags, and the noise reaches a crescendo. All 1,071 ducks huddle at the gate that separates them from the vineyards.
It's time to go to work, and the daily duck parade is about to start.
This wine farm is winning praise from environmentalists for using Indian runner ducks instead of chemicals to eradicate pests like snails and bugs from its vineyards.
The duck parade is also a colorful affair that attracts tourists.
John Faure, whose family had owned the Vergenoegd wine estate since 1820, imported six Indian runner ducks in 1984 to control pests in his garden. He then started breeding them and, as the workforce grew, so did their job description.
The estate, which was recently sold to a German owner, continues to use the ducks for pest control although it is much more expensive than pesticides, said the vineyard's social media manager David Badenhorst. The ducks cost an average of $2,300, while more conventional methods would cost that amount per year, he said. Using the ducks is more sustainable, Badenhorst said.
"If you use conventional pest control, those chemicals are absorbed into the soil, which affects the growth of the vines and kills insects," he said. "Our ducks go into the vineyards and they eat the snails and snail eggs while fertilizing the soil."
Duck handler Denzil Matthys has worked with the ducks for the past three years and says he has grown to love the creatures.
"When I started here, I used to eat ducks," he said, "But since I have started working with them, duck is not my favorite thing to eat anymore."


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In this exercise, various calculations of the electronic band structure of a one-dimensional crystal are performed with the Kronig-Penney (KP) model. This model has an analytical solution and therefore allows for simple calculations. More realistic models always require extensive numeric calculations, often on the fastest computers available. The electronic band structure is directly related to many macroscopic properties of the material and therefore of large interest. Nowadays, hypothetical (nonexistent) materials are often investigated by band structure calculations – and if they show attractive properties, researchers try to prepare these materials experimentally. The KP model is a strongly simplified one-dimensional quantum mechanical model of a crystal. Despite of the simplifications, the electronic band structure obtained from this model shares many features with band structures that result from more sophisticated models.
The exercise will enable you to learn the following:
1. Understand the concept of energy bands and energy gaps, their variations as a function of the size of the periodic potentials and energy
Cite this work
Researchers should cite this work as follows:


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Maritime Cyber Security – Cyber safety, security and autonomous shipping addressed with new Bureau Veritas notations and guidelines
Paris – La Défense, France, March 13 2018 – Bureau Veritas has developed a comprehensive approach to support shipowners in addressing maritime cyber risks. A new series of classification notations, guidelines and services enable owners to comply with regulatory requirements, safeguard their crews and protect their assets from both malfunction and malicious attack.
Maritime Cyber Security
Bureau Veritas now offers two cyber notations:
The first, SW-Registry, focuses on software change management ensuring that installations of tested new software versions are properly tracked. It requires the creation and maintenance of a certified register of software used in the ship's onboard systems. SW-Registry is compulsory for newbuild ships using digital systems and enables owners to comply with IACS UR E22, applicable from 1 July 2017. Existing ships may choose to create their own register and would benefit from the additional class notation to help indicate their cyber safety level.
- SW-Registry notation meets requirements of IACS revised Unified
- Requirement (UR E22)
- SYS-COM notation covers requirements for ship-shore data security
- Guidelines for Autonomous Shipping now available
A second new notation, SYS-COM, addresses cyber security, and is directed at preventing malicious cyber attacks. SYS-COM is a voluntary notation covering the exchange of data between ship and shore. Bureau Veritas is now the only classification society to offer a notation for this specific risk, identified as a key cyber security threat to digital ship data and systems. The experience from projects with shipowners and providers of ship equipment and technology systems has been vital in developing and testing the Bureau Veritas approach. Recent announcements of projects with Bourbon and Kongsberg are examples.


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Ultrahigh velocity resolution imaging of the microcirculation in vivo using color Doppler optical coherence tomography
Color Doppler optical coherence tomography (CDOCT) is a method for noninvasive cross-sectional imaging of blood flow in vivo. In previous implementations, velocity estimates were obtained by measuring the frequency shift of discrete depth-resolved backscatter spectra, resulting in a velocity resolution on the order of 1 mm/s. We present a novel processing method that detects Doppler shifts calculated across sequential axial scans, enabling ultrahigh velocity resolution (∼1 micron/s) flow measurement in scattering media. This method of sequential scan processing was calibrated with a moving mirror mounted on a precision motorized translator. Latex microspheres suspended in deuterium oxide were used as a highly scattering test phantom. Laminar flow profiles down to ∼15 micron/s centerline velocity (0.02 cc/hr) were observed with a sensitivity of 1.2 micron/s. Finally, vessels on the order of 10 microns in diameter were imaged in living human skin, with a relative frequency sensitivity less than 4 × 10-5. To our knowledge, these results are the lowest velocities ever measured with CDOCT.
Yazdanfar, S; Rollins, AM; Izatt, JA
Volume / Issue
Start / End Page
International Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)


text: This article models a dielectrophoresis based approach for achieving 3D focusing, of micro-scale objects, in microfluidic devices. The microfluidic device employs four planar electrodes; two electrodes each on the top and bottom surface of the microchannel and each slightly protrude into the microchannel. Each electrode establishes electric field with the neighboring electrode on the same and opposite surfaces. The dielectrophoretic force pushes the micro-scale objects both the directions transverse to the flow direction to achieve the desired 3D focusing. The developed model accounts for various forces such as that associated with inertia, sedimentation, drag, and dielectrophoresis. Finite difference method is used for calculating the electric field and dielectrophoretic force as well as the displacements of micro-scale objects in the microchannel. Several geometric and operating parameters influence the trajectory of micro-scale objects. There exists a threshold voltage beyond which there is no increase in levitation height.


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Textile fibres are estimated to be the single largest contributor of greenhouse gas emissions in the fashion industry. Spinnova is at the forefront of helping brands significantly reduce their emissions and has now verified its climate impact with an expert assessment with the help of an external climate business consultancy. Their assessment shows that Spinnova's carbon footprint is 1.28 kg CO2e/kg fibre which is 72% lower compared to conventional cotton (4.6 kgCO2e/kg fibre).
The only by-product of Spinnova's first commercial factory is carbon neutral surplus heat, which will be reused in a local district heating network, reducing 3.2 kg CO2e/kg of emissions that would otherwise be produced in generating district heat. Taking this into account, Spinnova's production actually saves more CO2 emissions than it emits. The emission savings of Spinnova's annual production correspond to driving almost 14 million kilometres, or 350 times around the globe.
"The results confirm what we have expected: that SPINNOVA® is an extremely climate positive textile fibre. It supports our brand partners' exceptionally sustainable products, achieving their carbon neutrality targets and a winning competitive advantage for both them and Spinnova", comments Spinnova's Chief Technology Officer and co-founder Juha Salmela.
When replacing conventional cotton with SPINNOVA®, fashion brands can save 6.5 kg CO2e/kg of fibre produced. This positive climate impact is called the carbon handprint, and it compares the climate impact of two products intended for the same use. In this case, SPINNOVA® fibre produced at the first commercial factory in Jyväskylä was compared to the average climate impact of conventional cotton production from cradle-to-gate – so from farming the raw material, wood or cotton, to the end of the fibre production process. The calculation methodology has been developed by the Finnish Technical Research Centre VTT and LUT University.
"The carbon handprint methodology was developed to holistically evaluate and communicate positive climate impacts of solutions tackling climate change. Spinnova is setting an example with their impressive result and transparent reporting", says Sari Siitonen, CEO and founder of climate business consultancy Clonet, who calculated Spinnova's carbon handprint.
Low-emission technology and surplus heat as main drivers of positive climate impact
Spinnova's low-emission technology includes use of CO2-free energy and smart energy systems. The factory only uses wind power and heat recovered from its own process as its energy sources. The surplus energy recovered from Spinnova's process with heat pumps is recycled into the local district heating network, reducing the local energy provider Alva's emissions by replacing energy sources such as peat. The heat pump facility recovering and reusing energy from Spinnova's process is being built by energy systems supplier Calefa. Valmet, the supplier of fibre drying technology for the factory, has also been involved in planning and supplying technology for the energy solutions.
Because we use wind power, the carbon footprint of Spinnova's process is already very small, but we've wanted to push our technology even further. The energy solutions we have developed together with our partners further improve this process from both a sustainability and efficiency viewpoint. We are very proud of this and our climate impact overall, Salmela adds.
Important milestone on Spinnova's commercialisation journey
The calculations are based on the emissions of Spinnova's technology and production process used at the company's first commercial-scale factory in Jyväskylä, expected to be completed at the end of this year. The calculations are based on known quantities and, as the factory is not yet operational, some assumptions. The opening of the factory is a major milestone on Spinnova's commercialisation journey and important part of Spinnova and its joint venture partner Suzano's scaling target of producing one million tonnes of SPINNOVA® fibre annually within the next 10-12 years.
By scaling its fibre production using low-emission technology, Spinnova helps its brand partners to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in their value chains. The other key environmental benefits of SPINNOVA® include minimal water use, zero microplastics, biodegradability, and that no harmful chemicals are used in the manufacturing process.
Carbon handprint calculation
The carbon handprint calculations were made according to the carbon handprint methodology developed by the Finnish Technical Research Centre VTT and LUT University, and they are based on the ISO 14067:2018 standard. Clonet made the calculation on their OpenCO2.net platform with widely used methodologies and emissions databases.


YALCOM – Yet Another LCOM Metric
This article is a spin-off piece from the paper "Do We Need Improved Code Quality Metrics?" by myself and Prof. Diomidis Spinellis.
Earlier, I wrote an article about issues with code quality metrics; in another article I presented how all the variants of LCOM metric misrepresent simple cases of class cohesion. In this article, I first summarize the deficiencies in the present set of LCOM variants (LCOM1, LCOM2, LCOM3, LCOM4, LCOM5) and then I present YALCOM that addresses the issues of existing LCOM variants.
Deficiencies in existing LCOM variants
 - LCOM1-4 take into account only the instance attributes of a class, ignoring any static attributes. Although the dynamic properties of a static attribute differ from the instance attributes (for instance, static attributes can be accessed without creating an object), these attributes are part of the class they reside in. In the context of a metric that measures the similarity among class members, their dynamic property is irrelevant. Therefore, ignoring static attributes while assessing cohesion is inappropriate.
 - The existing LCOM algorithms fail to distinguish the cases where the metric cannot be measured, from the perfectly cohesive cases, by always emitting the lowest metric value in the former cases. For instance, LCOM2 reports 0 not only when the type under measurement is completely cohesive, but also when the type is an interface and a utility class, i.e., a class with no attributes. Such an approach produces the illusion to the user that all cases with a metric value of zero are cohesive, while in reality, the algorithm was not provided with enough information to measure the metric and the algorithm fails to communicate this to the user.
 - Method invocations within a class show that methods are working together to achieve a goal and thus must be considered while computing LCOM. However, LCOM1-3 and LCOM5 do not consider method invocations to compute the metric.
 - Furthermore, the existing LCOM implementations focus on the common attribute access among methods within a class; however, they ignore common attribute access where the attribute is defined in a superclass. Classes are extensions of their superclasses, and it is very common to elevate data and method members to superclasses to avoid duplication among siblings. Hence, two methods that share attribute access or method invocation that is defined in a superclass contribute to cohesion and thus must be considered while computing the metric.
 - Lastly, Fenton and Pfleeger stated that a metric may follow a suitable measurement scale (such as nominal, ratio, and absolute) depending on the aspect being measured. LCOM1–4 measure cohesion on an absolute scale that may emit an arbitrary large number as the metric value making it almost impossible for the user to gain any insight from it. For instance, given that m is the number of methods of a class, the maximum value that LCOM2 may produce is (m * (m-1))/2, which could be a considerable number for large classes. To facilitate metric interpretation and comparison, bounded concept such as cohesion must be better represented by a normalized value.
The algorithm takes a type i.e., a class or an interface as an input. The algorithm returns -1 when the algorithm finds that the metric is not computable otherwise it returns a LCOM metric value [0, 1]. The metric is not computable when the number of methods is zero, or when the analyzed type is an interface. The algorithm creates a graph where the methods and attributes of the class are treated as vertices. Here, attributes from superclasses that are accessible from the class are also included. Relationships, i.e., field accesses and method invocations, among the methods and attributes, make the edges. For example, if a method m1 accesses attributes a1 and a2 as well as calls method m2, then the node corresponding to method m1 will have edges to nodes representing attributes a1 and a2 as well as to method m2. Once the graph is constructed for the input class, the algorithm finds the disconnected subgraphs of methods. If the number of disconnected subgraphs is one, then all the attributes and methods are connected to each other and hence the class is perfectly cohesive (and thus assigned as 0 as the metric value). If the number of disconnected subgraphs is more than one, it implies that there are many islands of functionality within the class and hence the class is not cohesive. Here, the higher number of such subgraphs implies poorer cohesion. We compute the metric by dividing the number of disconnected subgraphs by the number of methods in the class. Since the number of disconnected subgraphs cannot be more than the number of methods (when none of the methods is associated with rest of the methods in the class), the maximum value that the algorithm can produce is 1.
Validation and comparison
In order to establish whether the commonly used set of LCOM metrics sufficiently capture the cohesion aspect of abstractions, we handcrafted eight classes/interfaces representing different cases. They are designed to cover various common cases involving interplay of method calls, fields-their type (a class or an interface) and their accesses, and inheritance that impact class cohesion and may potentially reveal the deficiencies of the existing algorithms to compute LCOM.
The details of each of these cases as well as the performance of all the existing LCOM metrics and the proposed metric is presented in our paper. The source code that implement the considered variants of LCOM and YALCOM can be found on GitHub.
Author: Tushar
Tushar Sharma is a software engineering researcher, developer, and author. He is currently a Research Scientist at Siemens Corporate Technology, Charlotte, USA. The topics related to software design and architecture, refactoring, software quality (specifically code and design quality), and technical debt define his career interests. He earned PhD from Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece with specialization in software engineering in May 2019. Earlier, he obtained an MS in Computer Science from the Indian Institute of Technology-Madras, Chennai, India. His professional experience includes working with Siemens Research and Technology Center, Bangalore, India for more than seven years (2008-2015). He co-authored the book Refactoring for Software Design Smells: Managing Technical Debt and two Oracle Java certification books. He has founded and developed Designite which is a software design quality assessment tool used by many practitioners and researchers worldwide. He is an IEEE Senior Member.


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Child Custody Laws in Thailand. Child custody matters are among the most sensitive and significant legal issues that families may face. In Thailand, child custody laws are designed to prioritize the best interests of the child while considering the rights and responsibilities of parents. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of child custody laws in Thailand, shedding light on the legal framework, factors considered, and steps involved in child custody cases.
I. Legal Framework for Child Custody in Thailand
Thailand's legal framework for child custody is primarily outlined in the Thai Civil and Commercial Code, specifically in Sections 1515 to 1537. These laws establish the principles and guidelines that govern child custody decisions.
II. Types of Child Custody Arrangements
A. Sole Custody
Sole custody grants one parent exclusive rights and responsibilities for the child's upbringing. The non-custodial parent may still have visitation rights, but major decisions regarding the child's education, healthcare, and general welfare are entrusted to the custodial parent.
B. Joint Custody
Joint custody allows both parents to share the rights and responsibilities of raising the child. This arrangement requires open communication and cooperation between parents to ensure the child's well-being.
III. Factors Considered in Child Custody Decisions
A. Best Interests of the Child
Thai courts prioritize the best interests of the child above all else. Factors such as the child's age, physical and emotional well-being, and relationship with each parent are carefully evaluated.
B. Parental Fitness
The court assesses the physical, mental, and emotional fitness of each parent to determine their capacity to provide a stable and nurturing environment for the child.
C. Child's Preference
If the child is of a suitable age and maturity, their preference may be taken into consideration, although it is not the sole determining factor.
D. Parental Roles and Involvement
The court evaluates each parent's history of involvement in the child's life, including responsibilities related to education, healthcare, and extracurricular activities.
IV. Custody Disputes and Legal Procedures
In cases of custody disputes, mediation is often the first step. A trained mediator facilitates discussions between parents, aiming to reach an amicable resolution that serves the child's best interests.
B. Court Proceedings
If mediation is unsuccessful, the matter may proceed to court. Both parents present their cases, and the court makes a final determination based on the evidence presented.
V. Modifying Child Custody Arrangements
Child custody arrangements are not set in stone. If circumstances change significantly, such as a parent's relocation, remarriage, or a change in the child's needs, it is possible to petition the court for a modification of custody arrangements.
Navigating child custody laws in Thailand requires a deep understanding of the legal framework and a commitment to prioritizing the best interests of the child. With the right legal guidance and a focus on open communication, parents can work towards establishing a stable and nurturing environment that promotes the child's growth and well-being. By putting the child first, families can overcome challenges and lay the foundation for a brighter future.


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Introducing XNA Game Studio Express : Page 5
Counting Hazards Passed
The XNA Framework provides a nice way to display text in a game. To begin the process, you need to add a new item to your project. So right-click on your project and choose Add New Item from the context menu. In the Add New Item dialog box (see Figure 8), select the SpriteFont object. Name it myFont and click Add.
Figure 8: Adding the sprite font to the game project.
Figure 9: Modifying the sprite font XML file.
That adds a new SpriteFont object to your project, which is basically an XML file that provides some information about a system font that you want to use in your game. You'll need to edit that information to indicate which font to use as well as the size and style of the font. Edit the SpriteFont XML file as shown in Figure 9.
To show the count (score) onscreen, add two new objects to the top of the Game1.cs class:
 private int mHazardsPassed;
 private SpriteFont mFont;
The mHazardsPassed integer keeps track of how many hazards a player has passed successfully. The SpriteFont object lets you to load a font into the game, which you can use to write text to the screen.
The code snippet below initializes the number of hazards passed in the StartGame method. That way, every time the user starts or restarts the game, the number of hazards passed resets to 0. Add the following line of code to the StartGame method:
 mHazardsPassed = 0;
Next, load the font into the SpriteFont object in the LoadGraphicsContent method using this code:
 mFont = content.Load("myFont");
Every time a hazard scrolls off-screen (meaning the player successfully passed it), you need to increment the mHazardsPassed counter. To do that you'll enhance the UpdateHazard method. You'll also increase the velocity every time the player successfully passes a hazard just to add an extra level of complexity to the game.
Add the following code to the UpdateHazard method within the if block that checks to see if the hazard has exited the viewing area:
 mHazardsPassed += 1;
 mVelocityY += 0.1F;
Finally, this snippet displays the number of hazards the player has passed. Add the following code to the Draw method:
 "Hazards: " + mHazardsPassed.ToString(),
 new Vector2(5, 25), Color.White, 0, new
 Vector2(0, 0),
 1.0f, SpriteEffects.None, 0);
Figure 10: Drawing the text to the screen.
Build the game and check your handiwork. As the hazards scroll off the screen, you should see the number in the upper left of the window display the number of hazards (and increase) as shown in Figure 10.
You're almost ready to start making it a little harder to run right over the hazards, but first there's one more concept to add to the game. When working on a game, you reach a point where you realize that—depending on what's going on—you need to display certain things at certain times, but not at others. This brings me to the topic of game state.
Game State
Game state, in its simplest form, is just a way of keeping track of what state your game is in. Complex games may have many states, but this game has only two states: Running and Crash. You'll create an enum to define the various states the game can be in, and an object to indicate which state the game currently is in at the top of the Game1.cs class.
 private enum State
 private State mCurrentState;
When the game starts you initialize the current state to Running in the StartGame method.
 mCurrentState = State.Running;
Next, enhance the Update method to respond to the various states. Using the state information, you'll update certain things only when the game is running:
 KeyboardState aCurrentKeyboardState =
 GamePadState aCurrentGamePadState =
 if (aCurrentKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Escape)
 == true ||
 aCurrentGamePadState.Buttons.Back ==
 switch (mCurrentState)
 case State.Running:
 If ((aCurrentKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space) == true &&
 mPreviousKeyboardState.IsKeyDown(Keys.Space) == false) ||
 (aCurrentGamePadState.Buttons.X == ButtonState.Pressed &&
 mPreviousGamePadState.Buttons.X == ButtonState.Released))
 mCarPosition.X += mMoveCarX;
 mMoveCarX *= -1;
 case State.Crash:
 mPreviousKeyboardState = aCurrentKeyboardState;
 mPreviousGamePadState = aCurrentGamePadState;
Basically, the preceding code wraps the existing code in the Update method in a switch block when the current state is Running. The Keyboard state remains outside of the block, but was shown for context.
Currently, the game doesn't do anything when a crash occurs; in fact, there is no way to detect a crash. You'll change that in the next section, but first, quickly build the game just to make sure everything still runs as it should with the newly added game state code.
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