want to find.
 - Database is the name of database where this object exists.
 - Schema is the name of schema where this object exists.
 - Name is the object name.
The file to import should have the following format:
 - Object;Database;Schema;Name – This format is mandatory for the Microsoft SQL Server, SQL Data Warehouse, and Netezza dialects of SQL.
 - Object;Schema;Name – Use this format for other SQL dialects.
To import a file list for the tree filter
 1. Open an existing AWS SCT project, connect to the database you want to apply the tree filter to, and then choose the filter icon.

 The filter icon for the schema tree
 2. Choose the Import File List tab.
 3. Choose Import File.
 4. Choose a file to import, and then choose Open.
 5. Choose Apply, and then choose Close.
Hiding schemas in the AWS SCT tree view
By using tree view settings, you specify what schemas and databases you want to see in the AWS SCT tree view. You can hide empty schemas, empty databases, system databases, and user-defined databases and schemas.
To hide databases and schemas in tree view
 1. Open an AWS SCT project.
 2. Connect to the data store that you want to show in tree view.
 3. Choose Settings, Global Settings, Tree View.

 The Tree View Settings section of the Global Settings dialog
 box
 4. In the Tree View Settings section, do the following:
 - For Hide System Databases/Schemas, choose system databases and schemas by name to hide them.
 - For Hide User Defined Databases/Schemas, type the names of user-defined schemas and databases that you want to hide, and then choose Add. The names are case insensitive.
 - Choose Reset to Default to reset the tree view to default settings.
 5. Choose OK.
Keyboard shortcuts for the AWS SCT
The following are the keyboard shortcuts that you can use with the AWS SCT.
Keyboard shortcut Description
Ctrl+N
Create a new project.
Ctrl+O
Open an existing project.
Ctrl+S
Save an open project.
Ctrl+W
Create a new project by using the wizard.
Ctrl+L
Connect to the source database.
Ctrl+R
Connect to the target database.
Creating and reviewing the database migration assessment report
The database migration assessment report summarizes all of the action items for schema that can't be converted automatically to the engine of your target Amazon RDS DB instance. The report also includes estimates of the amount of effort that it will take to write the equivalent code for your target DB instance.
You can create (or update) a database migration assessment report in your project at any time by using the following procedure.
To create and view the database migration assessment report
 1. In the left panel that displays the schema from your source database, choose a schema object to create an assessment report for. Open the context (right-click) menu for the object, and then choose Create Report.

 Create database migration assessment report
 The assessment report view opens.
 2. Choose the Action Items tab.
 The Action Items tab displays a list of items that describe the schema that can't be converted automatically. Select one of the action items from the list. AWS SCT highlights the item from your schema that the action item applies to, as shown following.

 Action items tab
 3. Choose the Summary tab.
 The Summary tab displays the summary information from the database migration assessment report. It shows the number of items that were converted automatically, and the number of items that were not converted automatically. The summary also includes an estimate of the time that it will take to create schema in your target DB instance that are equivalent to those in your source database.
 The section License Evaluation and Cloud Support contains information about moving your existing on-premises database schema to an Amazon RDS DB instance running the same engine. For example, if you want to change license types, this section of the report tells you which features from your current database should be removed.
 An example of an assessment report summary is shown following.

 Assessment report summary
 4. Choose the Summary tab, and then choose Save to PDF. The database migration assessment report is saved as a PDF file. The PDF file contains both the summary and action item information.
 You can also choose Save to CSV to save the report as a comma-separated values (CSV) file. The CSV file contains only action item information.

 Database migration assessment report
Starting the AWS SCT
To start the AWS Schema Conversion Tool, use the instructions for your operating system shown following.
Operating system Instructions
Fedora Linux
Run the following command:
/opt/AWSSchemaConversionTool/AWSSchemaConversionTool
Microsoft Windows
Double-click the icon for the application.
Ubuntu Linux
Run the following command:
/opt/AWSSchemaConversionTool/AWSSchemaConversionTool
Creating an AWS SCT project
The following procedure shows you how to create an AWS Schema Conversion Tool project.
To create your project
 1. Start the AWS Schema Conversion Tool.
 2. Choose New Project from the File menu. The New Project dialog box appears.

 New Project dialog box
 3. Add the following preliminary project information.
 For this parameter Do this
 Project Name
 Type a name for your project, which is stored locally on your computer.
 Location
 Enter the location for your local project file.
 Choose Transactional Database (OLTP) or Data Warehouse (OLAP).
 Source DB Engine
 (OLTP) Choose Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, or PostgreSQL.
 (OLAP) Choose Amazon Redshift, Greenplum, Microsoft SQL Server DW, Netezza, Oracle DW, Teradata, or Vertica.
 Target DB Engine
 (OLTP) Choose Amazon Aurora (MySQL compatible), Amazon Aurora (PostgreSQL compatible), Amazon RDS for Microsoft SQL Server, Amazon RDS for MySQL, Amazon RDS for Oracle, or Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL.
 (OLAP) Choose Amazon Redshift.
 4. Choose OK to create your AWS SCT project.
Converting your schema
Use the following procedure to convert schema.
To convert your schema
 1. Choose View, and then choose Main View.

 Select main view
 2. In the left panel that displays the schema from your source database, choose a schema object to convert. Open the context (right-click) menu for the object, and then choose Convert schema.

 Convert schema
 3. When AWS SCT finishes converting the schema, you can view the proposed schema in the panel on the right of your project.
 At this point, no schema is applied to your target Amazon RDS DB instance. The planned schema is part of your project. If you select a converted schema item, you can see the planned schema command in the panel at lower center for your target Amazon RDS DB instance.
 You can edit the schema in this window. The edited schema is stored as part of your project and is written to the target DB instance when you choose to apply your converted schema.

 View the converted schema
Applying the converted schema to your target DB instance
You can apply the converted database schema to your target Amazon RDS DB instance. After the schema has been applied to your target DB instance, you can update the schema based on the action items in the database migration assessment report.
Warning
This procedure overwrites the existing target schema. Be careful not to overwrite schema unintentionally. Be careful not to overwrite schema in your target DB instance that you have already modified, or you will overwrite those changes.
To apply the converted database schema to your target Amazon RDS DB instance
 1. Choose the schema element in the right panel of your project that displays the planned schema for your target DB instance.
 2. Open the context (right-click) menu for the schema element, and then choose Apply to database.

 Apply to database
 The converted schema is applied to the target DB instance.


Pin Me
Photo Rendering Tutorial
Photo rendering allows you to manipulate your photo and change the background. And, it's not as hard as you think. Learn more here.
 - slide 1 of 3
 Fixing Up Your Photo
 Photo rendering allows you to take raw images and add effects to them. This rendering is done via computer software programs like Adobe Photoshop or Corel VideoStudio. There are also some free programs like Photobucket and Google Picasa, but they will only give you limited editing capabilities.
 When you start rendering a photo, you will usually start looking at the obvious things like how it's framed, fixing the colors and adjusting any issues that may have occurred when taking the picture. Many programs allow you to add overlays, including different filters like polarizing filters or even a warm (orange) or cold (blue) filter.
 - slide 2 of 3
 Erasing Your Background
 Basically, the first step to everything is cleaning up the picture. Once the picture is the way that you want it to look, you will be really getting into the main part of the photo rendering process. The main goal of photo rendering is to remove the background from your main object. This way, you can use your foreground image in other images or simply leave it with a transparent background.
 Depending on your program, the actually process of photo rendering will vary. You can manually erase the background using the eraser tool. If you are planning on doing it this way, start erasing the areas as far away from the main object as possible. Once most of this is gone, zoom into your object, and reduce the size of the eraser so that it's as small as possible.
 You don't want to erase your main object, but you want to make sure that the entire background is gone. Keep zooming until you get to point where you can also erase the pixels individually. If you do happen to erase a section of the foreground image simply undo it. Once complete, you can create a cutting path to manually remove the object from the now clear background.
 - slide 3 of 3
 Creating a Cutting Path
 The only problem with erasing the background is that you are still going to have a little bit of the white left if your cutting path is not really close to the foreground image. So, you may want to start with the cutting path first.
 Start drawing your cutting path generally, and make your first cut. You will still have some of the background left, but most of it will be gone. Now, start zooming into the photo until you are really close to the foreground object. Plot each dot as close to the image as possible.
 Once the cutting path is complete, make your next cut. The image may still look a little boxy in some places. You can apply a feather eraser to the edges to blur them a bit to make them look more natural. You should also zoom in as close as possible to ensure that you are not erasing too much.


text:
The Gemara in Nedarim (50a) lists six sources of wealth from which Rabbi Akiva became exceedingly wealthy, including half of Ben Kalba Savua's money (Kesuvos, 63a). Rashi on Bechoros (58a) maintains that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Karcha was Rabbi Akiva's son (though Rabbeinu Tam and the Ran disagree). The Gemara in Shabbos (152a) relates that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Karcha was walking without shoes (and one can infer from the context that he had no shoes). The Gemara in Shabbos (129a) states that a person should even sell beams from his house to purchase shoes to wear: אמר רב יהודה אמר רב לעולם ימכור אדם קורות ביתו ויקח מנעלים לרגליו. It would seem that Rabbi Yehoshua ben Karcha was quite poor.
If Rabbi Yehoshua ben Karcha was Rabbi Akiva's son, what happened to Rabbi Akiva's wealth?
- Could it be that the Roman authorities confiscated Rabbi Akiva's estate when they executed him (B'rachos, 61b), leaving his son with no wealth?
- The estate of Nakdimon ben Gurion, who was one of the wealthiest men of Jerusalem (Gittin, 56a; Ta'anis 19b), fell to ruin and his daughter became impoverished (Kesuvos, 66b), either because he sometimes gave charity with extravagant flair for his own honor or that his great wealth obligated him to give even more charity than he did (ibid, 67a). Rabbi Akiva's humility and his tremendous efforts for charity seem to discount the possibility that he lost his fortune for any such reason. However:
- There is a concept that a person should not give a massive, unsustainable portion of one's wealth to charity and thereby bankrupt oneself. Did Rabbi Akiva do this? Could the needs of the time have been so imperative that this guideline was suspended?
- Might Rabbi Yehoshua ben Karcha merely have refused to accept any money from Rabbi Akiva?
Sources would be appreciated.
Edit: It's likely that no sources explicitly address this question. Unsourced suggestions are fine as answers, too, but please justify them if possible. For example, if you suggest that R' Akiva's money was confiscated by the Romans, you might support this with a Jewish or historical source that the Romans of that era would sometimes/typically confiscate the estates of people they would execute.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Store Table (ST)
Command title
Store Table
Description
The ST command stores the table — table data and table definition — to a tableBASE library.
COBOL syntax
MOVE 'ST' TO xxxx-COMMAND.
CALL 'TBLBASE' USING TB-PARM
 xxxx-COMMAND-AREA.
C syntax
memcpy( tbCommArea.tbCommand, "ST", 2 );
TBLBASE( &tbParm, &tbCommArea );
Parameters
None
Explanation
The ST command does not close the table. If an ST command addresses an Alternate Index, a new generation of the Data Table is actually stored instead; there is no effect on the Alternate Index itself.
Return value
ERROR 0018 occurs if there is insufficient space in the library.
ERROR 0019 occurs if the table is newly defined using DT or CN and a table with the same name is found in the library during the store.
Notes
tableBASE stores a new generation of a table before it deletes the oldest generation, if appropriate. Even if only one generation is to be kept, the new version of the table will be stored before the old space is released.
When stored, newly defined tables are automatically stored on the first library in the LIB-LIST (as set by the ML command) at the time of definition.
tableBASE does not permit a store of a newly defined table if the library contains a table with the same name. This prevents the inadvertent replacement of a previously defined table.
A table that has been read from a library will be stored into the library from which it was obtained, unless intentionally diverted by a DV or DW command.
Exceptions
None
See also
Divert (Non-existing) Table (DV)
Divert (Existing) Table (DW)


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 - Adding an Assistant or Game Manager for Extra Help
Adding an Assistant or Game Manager for Extra Help
By Dr. David Hoch, CMAA on October 03, 2017 hst Print
With all of the responsibilities and the extensive time it takes to accomplish everything, an athletic administrator has an extremely hectic and perhaps, at times, overwhelming position. Without some extra help, some individuals may face extreme frustration and possible burnout.
While game management is only one of the hundreds of these responsibilities, it does consume many evenings, particularly in the fall and winter seasons and makes for extremely long days. Help covering these contests represent a good starting point to provide some relief. And there are basically two possibilities – adding an assistant athletic director or game managers for individual contests.
What is the difference between the two options? An assistant, for example, should have some knowledge, experience and ability involving a full-range of tasks and duties and not just providing coverage of contests. This individual would be assigned to help with specific aspects of athletic management, some of which would be handling occasional game management responsibilities in place of the athletic administrator.
A game manager, as the title implies, has a very specific responsibility and that is to be the supervisor at an assigned contest. An out-of-season coach, a teacher or an assistant principal could easily fill this part-time position with a little training. With written step-by-step guidelines and one evening "shadowing" the athletic director while he is managing a game, an individual with a basic understanding of athletics should be able to handle the responsibilities.
However, the difference goes beyond the actual scope or duties of each position. It will probably cost more to fund an assistant athletic director's position than paying for game managers for individual contests. The undetermined variable, however, is the number of games that would be covered by someone other than the athletic director.
While adding an administrative assistant could also provide help, the following suggestions should be considered specifically with regard to assisting with coverage of games.
 - Prepare a proposal detailing the hours and responsibilities involved in game management requirements for a season. Hard data can go a long way in an effort to substantiate the reasons for additional personnel.
 - Invite your principal or superintendent to join you in the step-by-step procedures to set up, manage and close up after a typical contest. Show this individual the detail and effort involved. And then explain that this process is repeated several times a week, week-after-week during a season.
 - Create a job description for both assistant and game manager positions. These documents should include the basic responsibilities and should be shared with your supervisor – the principal or superintendent – so that this individual can get a clearer picture of what is involved. Also, a job description for both alternatives is necessary in order to draw a fair comparison between these two alternatives.
 - Take a look at a typical seasonal schedule and try to determine how many evenings should be covered in an ideal situation and what amount would be the bare minimum in order for you to meet personal and family needs. With this information, you can develop a cost analysis of adding an assistant or utilizing game managers.
 - Come up with a creative way to fund game management personnel if inclusion in the budget is not possible. One option is to use gate revenue to pay the individuals filling this position. First, you would need approval from your supervisor and follow the proper payment procedures that are used in your district. This would probably involve depositing funds in your school account and writing checks for each person filling this occasional position.
 - Schedule a meeting with your principal or superintendent to present your data, share possible solutions and ask what help they think is ultimately possible. With insight and feedback from this conversation, prepare your formal proposal.
If your proposal is approved, you will still want to monitor your game management responsibilities. As schedules expand or additional sports are added, you may need to tweak your coverage plan. Of course, if your suggestion for providing help isn't approved, you will want to continue to document your time and efforts. It also means that you should network and keep looking for creative solutions.
There should be little doubt that adding an additional individual, or several, to provide help is a key ingredient in order to survive both during a season and for a long, successful career.


text:
1. Product: magic mirror skin analyzer
2. Technology: Intelligent skin analyzer system
3. Measurement items: Pore, Sebum, Wrinkle, Pigmentation, Moisture, Elasticity
4. Advantages 1: Automatic recognition of eyes, nose, mouth and eyebrows
5. Advantages 2: Auto-separating analysis of U zone and T zone
6. Computer & Monitor: OS: Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows 8 or Windows 10
7. Output power: 145VA
8. Input Voltage: 50 HZ / 60 HZ
The Magic mirror skin analyzer SA2 is a super tri-spectrum skin diagnosis system not only has the unique RGB white light, the PL polarized light and the UV light, but also has moisture detection, smart localization. The special 'Program control X-lens changer system can be got no less RGB high-definition image. PL high-definition imaging and UV high-definition images.
Magic mirror skin analyzer SA2 diagnoses a lot of face problems: Like spot, pore, pigment, wrinkle, acne, ultraviolet ray ,roughness sunshine etc. To bring the damage with different degree to skin, hurting skin accurately the circumstance present at the front of client, and offer one set of medical suggestion for the client; Also can compare client face images before and after skin care.
1. Easily demonstrate actual skin condition and develop more targeted treatment programs.
2. Quickly to show the improvements effects both before and after skin treatment, track treatment progress and outcomes effectively over time.
3. Directly to test the quality of cosmetics of SPF and PA++ by UV progress.
Q: Treated area?
Q: What's the package?
A: Export standard package, wooden case with foams inside.
Q: What if any quality problems during guarantee period?
A: We can provide free technical support.
Q:What should I do if I don't know how to use the machine?
A: We have operation video and user manual for your reference.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Yushu climate belongs to the typical plateau alpine climate. Annual average temperature is 2.9 ℃, average temperature of January is minus 7.5 ℃, and average temperature of July is 12.5 ℃. Annual precipitation is 487 mm.
The average temperature in spring in Yushu is -7℃ ~ 8℃. During the day, it is recommended to wear suits, windbreakers, casual wear, jackets, thin sweaters and other warm clothes. The average temperature at night is -7℃, it is recommended to wear cotton-padded coat, leather jacket, thick tweed coat, felt hat, gloves, down jacket and other warm clothes.
The average temperature in summer in Yushu is 4 ℃~ 18℃. During the day, it is recommended to wear short single layer of cotton and linen fabric suits, T-shirt, thin jeans, casual wear and other comfortable clothes. At night, it is recommended to wear windbreakers, overcoats, sweaters, wool suits, cold protective clothes and other warm clothes. Autumn's temperature, which is almost the same as summer's, is 3℃ ~ 16℃.
The average temperature in winter in Yushu is -13℃ ~ 4℃. At daytime, the average temperature is 4℃, and at night -13℃.
The Best Time to Visit
Summer is the best season to travel Yushu because the temperature in summer is high, and it often rains at night, therefore it is humid. Although locating in the northwest, the climate is relatively stable. It is a natural summer resort because it is cool in summer.


Can You Solve "The Hardest Logic Puzzle In The World"?
Posted by Michael Avery in Puzzle On 10th February 2017
Logic Puzzles are always so frustrating and confusing, you try to solve them and you fail multiple times, but for some odd reason, you just can't stop trying until you solve it, or smash every single thing around you.
The Green-Eyed Logic Puzzle
A lot of logic puzzles might seem not logical at all, but the
"The Green-Eyed Logic Puzzle" is perfectly logical. It's basically an
island of perfectly logical people or in some cases Dragons, who have both blue
or green eyes, and these people have been detained on an island since birth.
This island has rules, only green-eyed people are allowed to
leave, and only when something dangerous occurs. The whole process is : green
eyed people have to go alone when the sun goes down to a guard booth, and then
the guards will proceed to examine them to check if they truly are green-eyed,
or throw them in a volcano in case they're not. But the twist is : no one
actually knows their own eye color, and discussing that subject is forbidden,
they are only allowed to leave at night, and the only hints they get is from
outsiders who visit the island.
There are no tricks at all, everything is logical and clear.
How did you do?


text: The openwork malu boards of the Sawos people of New Guinea are perhaps the ultimate expression of the curvilinear style that characterizes the carving of the Middle Sepik River. Although created by the Sawos, malu are traded to the neighboring Iatmul people who use them in the context of the initiation ceremonies that mark the transition of boys to manhood. If a boy dies during the initiation process, the malu are displayed to the village women to indicate that a death has occurred. The complex imagery of these objects incorporates bird, mammal, and insect forms, many of which represent totemic species. The central face of this object depicts the heart of the sago beetle, a large insect. Four hornbills, important totemic birds, are incorporated into the openwork carving. The pig, an animal of great social and ritual significance throughout New Guinea, appears at the base.


text:
Busy Trains (Shape Book) takes your kids to a train journey where they explore different concepts and locations, from farms to lands to busy train stations. Go on this journey with the help of these 3D-effect books, where every page is designed in the shape of the scene, as a hardcover. A perfect children's book for your young ones between the age of 0-2. It will allow them to explore various locations and understand different concepts.
They will visit the farms full of animals or the train stations full of colourful trains and passengers. It will allow them to learn and identify, count, spot, and learn various objects, colours as well as figures. It is a book full of fun as well as providing sufficient knowledge to the young little minds. They will get to experience a busy train ride for a day and will not even get tired by the end of this journey. Every page is a different scene and is designed in bright and attractive colours and graphics. Therefore, come along on this train journey and enjoy this exciting tour day with this Busy Trains (Shape Book)! Also available in the Busy Farm edition (shape book). You can buy yours here.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


10 Facts About 1950s Singapore That Only Your Ah Ma Will Remember
Singapore In The 50s
Articles about '90s kids' are far too many online. Today, we're going to throw all the way back to a time when our grandparents were young -- the 50s.
Shirtless children running around kampungs defined the spirit of the 50s. It was a decade when people had no care about the paper chase or the 5Cs. The children played bare-foot in the fields while adults crouched at the steps of their attap houses and work was just for feeding the mouths under the same zinc roof.
The 50s also saw the rise of cultural icons that eventually shaped Singapore. Show your grandparents this list and you might be wowed by their memories from pre-independence Singapore.
1. We had privately-owned zoos with 50 cent entrance fees
1950s singapore
1950s singapore
The owner Mr Tong, taking care of his rhino.
1950s singapore
The west of Singapore has been always the go-to place for wildlife sanctuaries. Long before the Singapore Zoo was the Singapore Miniature Zoo at Pasir Panjang. You might not think much of wildlife preservation in post-war Singapore but the Singapore Miniature Zoo had not only sun bears and lions -- they even had penguins!
Ticketing fees were also cheaper in the past with adults paying 50 cents and children a mere 20 cents.
2. Magnolia's iconic pyramid-shaped milk packets
1950s singapore
This ought to be the fondest memory any child in the 50s had. Free milk was given out in the schools in the quirky shape of a pyramid, unlike the usual rectangular cartons that we now see everywhere. This unique and iconic packaging is one everyone soon started associating with Magnolia.
3. A swimming pool that becomes women-only on Tuesdays
1950s singapore
At least 120 Singaporeans visited the pool every day in the 50s. Source
1950s singapore
Being the second public swimming pool in Singapore, it is no wonder that Yan Kit Swimming Pool was always crowded with locals escaping the heat. It was often so jam-packed that there wasn't any room to swim laps and visitors were limited to spending just two hours there.
On Tuesdays, the pool was only opened for ladies who found it immodest to be in their swimsuits among strangers.
4. A scheme for children to save money
1950s singapore
10-cents = one plate of mee rebus. Source
1950s children were taught to save money by buying stamps for 10 cents each, and sticking them on a School Savings Scheme card. Once they've stuck 20 stamps onto the card (for $2 in total), they could trade the card in at the post office and their bank account would be credited with the money. If students had at least $5 in their account at the end of the year, they'd even get an extra $5 from the government.
This was to encourage the habit of saving in small doses!
5. There was a legit reason to squat on chairs in coffee shops
1950s singapore
There's no better reason to squat on a chair than this. Source
Back when spitting phlegm and chewing tobaccos were everyday habits of the Singaporean uncle, avoiding goops of saliva was easier said than done.
1950s singapore
A floor flooded with spit is not a good sight. Source
By placing vases-like containers called spittoons under coffee tables, it wasn't long before people realised that they should start crossing their legs or squatting on the chairs to keep the floor clean.
Maybe this was how we mastered the Asian squat.
6. The Magnolia Ice-Cream man
1950s singapore
No child can withstand the bell of the ice cream man. Source
The ice cream man is a familiar sight for us even till today. As Singaporeans, our love for ice-cream in bread is one that has endeared through the generations and through the decades.
In the days of your ah ma, it took on the form of a peddler on his motorcycle with a yellow "ship" connected to it. In the "ship" was the answer to surviving Singapore's weather: rectangular blocks of Magnolia's classic ice-cream. Yasss.
7. Mass weddings were really common
1950s singaproe
Imagine getting married together with your clique. Source
In those days, being married alongside other couples was a common occasion. In the different dialect guilds and clubs, over 10 couples could get married all on a single day. This trend lasted till the 70s and there were even instances where they'd all go on their honeymoon together!
1950s singapore
8. The "OG" of TCM - the "Koh Yok" man
1950s singapore
They're literally 'doctors' on the street corner. Source
If you ever got a bruise and your ah ma asks you to rub some strange-smelling liquid on it, chances are that she learnt that technique from the koh yok man -- the poor man's doctor.
The koh yok man's medical knowledge was not acknowledged by Western medicine but has a long tradition stemming from legit TCM. They struck out a living on the streets by providing medical attention for those who can't afford private doctors. With thwacks here and there, they could even relieve sprains or even joint dislocations.
9. $1 circus shows with wild animals
1950s singapore
Being in a cage filled with wild cats must've been nerve-wrecking.
1950s singapore
The tightrope has been a classic act ever since the first circuses. Source
Wild animals in circuses might have been banned in Singapore for more than 10 years but in the 50s, it was all the rage. The Big Tops can be found setting up in any vacant plot of land with the performing animals kept in cages outside them and there'd be 2 shows running every day.
Tigers jumping through hoops, tightrope walkers and gymnasts -- there was entertainment for everyone even in those turbulent times.
10. "Burning the midnight oil" was literal
1950s singapore
A common sight in families of the 50s. Source
This was probably the one thing from their past that hardworking students and busy adults would remember of their sleepless nights. By burning the kerosene-soaked wicks, everyone in the family would be able to work through the night in an otherwise dark home.
The scarcity of electricity in those days meant that every night of 'burning midnight oil' ran the risk of being a fire hazard.
The 1950s Singapore we will never see
Long gone are the circuses and fear of kicking over spittoons but these are nostalgic elements of our grandparents' past that you can talk about to see their eyes sparkle. Talking about the 50s would awaken the same nostalgia in our grandparents as it does for us when someone talks about waking up at 9am to catch our favourite cartoon programmes.
Collect exclusive Magnolia's 80th anniversary memorabilia
1950s singapore
A household name in Singapore since the introduction of the pyramid-shaped pack in the 1950s, Magnolia's been the brand that comes to mind whenever a generation of Singaporeans wanted to buy fresh milk.
With its iconic packaging and involvement in the School Milk Programme, it is no wonder that till today, our ah gong and ah ma remember the classic brand as a major part of their childhood. It was, after all, on a daily basis, that Magnolia brought the nutrition game for the children up a notch.
1950s singapore
Through the years, Magnolia has embedded itself in Singapore's history with its influence, stretching from the ice cream uncles in the streets to being a complement to our breakfasts.
1950s singapore
As Magnolia commemorates its 80th year of being Singapore's trusted milk brand, Singaporeans can look forward to redeeming one of four available Magnolia vintage mugs with every purchase of two 1 litre packs of MAGNOLIA Pasteurised Milk or a 2 litre bottle of MAGNOLIA Pasteurised Milk, or 2 bottles of 800ml MAGNOLIA Yoghurt Smoothie.
Available at supermarkets and hypermarket, the limited edition mugs are up for grabs till 31 March 2017, only while stocks last.
1950s singapore
An exclusive MAGNOLIA Bean Bag Chair in the shape of its old-school pyramid-shaped packaging is also up for grabs as a part of the celebration! To stand a chance to win it, check out the terms before heading over to take part in MAGNOLIA's Facebook quiz.
Find out more about Magnolia's 80th anniversary celebrations here!
This post was brought to you by Magnolia.
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text:
Enterprise, Butte County, California
|Elevation||902 ft (275 m)|
Enterprise (formerly, Mountain Spring) is a former settlement in Butte County, California. It was located 5 miles (8.0 km) west-northwest of Forbestown on the South Fork of the Feather River, at an elevation of 902 feet (275 m). In 1968, it was inundated by Lake Oroville.
A post office operated at Enterprise from 1878 to 1926, with a brief closure in 1903. The town was founded in 1852 as Mountain Spring and used as a construction camp. Its later economy was based on being a supply center for the mining operations nearby, especially near Bidwell's Bar. The mining town of Yankee Flat was located 5 miles (8.0 km) southeast of Enterprise.
- U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Enterprise, Butte County, California
- Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 232. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
- Miller, Donald C. (1978). Ghost Towns of California. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing Company. p. 62. ISBN _PHONE_.
|This Butte County, California-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


text:
WASHINGTON — Flying Dog Brewery, Maryland's largest craft brewer, has partnered with the University of Maryland's College of Agriculture and Natural Resources on a project to find out which hops varieties do the best when grown in Maryland.
Flying Dog is providing equipment and funding a major portion of the research project.
The experiments are part of a larger, long-term partnership between the school and Flying Dog working on the future of beer-centric agriculture in the region.
"As craft beer has become more popular there has been a lot of research into new hops varieties that give us a broader range of flavors and aromas, but most of that work is being done in the Pacific Northwest and in Germany," said Flying Dog COO Matt Brophy.
"What we've found here in Maryland with the few established growers that there are, we're seeing that certain varieties do very well. What we're doing with the University of Maryland is to see what other varieties might work well and in the long-term what the sustainability of these crops looks like," he said.
The university has established a variety trial using 24 varieties of hops at the Western Maryland Research and Education Center in Keedysville, Maryland, and will collect information on how Maryland's unique climate affects harvest dates, levels of acids and oils in the hops and any special aspects of profile.
The hops project will be a three- to five-year process, so researchers can get a few growing seasons' worth of results. The ultimate goal is to print a guide for Maryland growers and to get growers to interact with brewers to provide what they want.
Beer drinkers will get a chance to judge the results of the research as well.
"We're looking to partner with farms in Maryland primarily and maybe in New York, and do some collaborative brews and basically come out with a variety pack (of beers) next spring with at least three different beers that tell the story of some of these re-emerging hops farmers on the East Coast," Brophy said.
The post Flying Dog Brewery partners with U.Md. to find the best hops appeared first on WTOP.


3D Particles Overview
Parcles use a large number of small objects, controlled by emitter or scripts, to simulate phenomena such as water, fire, smoke and smoke, etc. To use 3D particles, do the following:
1 Create a 3D particle
Drag and drop a 3D particle from 3D Objects to Scene.
image
2 Modify objects' properties
Modify basic properties, or move and dynamically adjust a particle's states with mouse, such as its position, scale and rotation, etc. You can use Particle Universe to create more particle effects and import the files into Cocos Studio.
3 Import particle resources
Import particle resources to a project, and then drag and drop them to scene.
 image
 image
image
To use particle resources, just drag and drop them to the Scene.
image
Drag and drop particle files to Particle widget to replace previous resources.


text:
National Scientist Cites DDT Conference in Article
Suzanne Snedecker, a scientist at Cornell University, has written an
article about her participation in the Eugene Kenaga International DDT
Conference at Alma College last March.
The article, titled "View from the Pine River and Beyond: The Legacy of DDT Use and Health Effects," appears in The Ribbon, the newsletter of the Sprecher Institute for Comparative Cancer Research at Cornell University, Spring 2008 (Vol. 13, No. 2).
Click here to access the article.
Dr. Snedeker writes, "The conference allowed me not only to interact with scientists in other disciplines who are investigating and interpreting new data on health risks associated with DDT, but also to talk with members of the Pine River Superfund Citizen Task Force and hear the stories of their dedication, accomplishments and frustrations. The conference they and Alma College organized was excellent. Speakers included historians, federal agency personal, and academics in various human and wildlife health areas from the U.S. and South Africa."
Snedecker is associate director for translational research for the Program on Breast Cancer and Environmental Risk Factors at the Sprecher Institute.
The March 14 conference attracted international experts in the areas of public health and the environment. The scholars are drafting a consensus statement urging global policymakers to reconsider the future use of the synthetic pesticide DDT.
Posted: Wed, July 2nd, 2008 at 8:40AM


text:
New Study Examines Alcoholism Among Women Living With HIV
November 3, 2011
A new study will investigate whether the prescription drug naltrexone can help women living with HIV reduce their alcohol consumption and improve their overall health. The study will be run by University of Florida researchers, who received a $2.7 million grant from the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
"Alcohol consumption can be harmful in persons with HIV infection if it affects the ability to take medications on schedule, causes people to make poor decisions, or has direct harmful effects on the immune system or other parts of the body," said the study's lead investigator Robert Cook, M.D., M.P.H., an associate professor of epidemiology and medicine at the UF College of Public Health and Health Professions and the College of Medicine. "It is the same with any chronic disease, such as diabetes. Our goals are to identify simple and acceptable treatment options that can help reduce these harmful effects."...
... In an earlier long-term study of alcohol consumption in women with HIV, Cook and colleagues found that 14 percent to 24 percent of the women reported hazardous drinking in the past year. Hazardous alcohol consumption is defined as having four or more drinks daily or seven or more drinks in a week. Previous studies have shown elevated risk for adverse health effects in people with HIV who consume hazardous amounts of alcohol, including higher levels of HIV virus, lower medication adherence, increased risky sexual behavior and more rapid disease progression.
UF researchers, with colleagues from Florida International University and the University of Miami, will study whether the prescription medication naltrexone can reduce hazardous drinking in women with HIV and improve their health outcomes. Naltrexone has been found to decrease alcohol use in previous studies of men with severe drinking problems, but has not been tested exclusively in women or in people with HIV infection, Cook said. Researchers also will assess important clinical measures, such as adherence to HIV medications, white blood cell counts, levels of HIV virus present in the body and risky sexual behavior.
According to the Kaiser Family Foundation, more than 290,000 women are living with HIV/AIDS in the United States, with Florida ranking second among U.S. states. Most of the study participants will be recruited from the Miami and Fort Lauderdale areas. Given Florida's racial and ethnic diversity, researchers hope the study will provide a better understanding of how cultural issues and differences impact HIV-positive women and their relationships with alcohol and how treatment and interventions can be applied throughout the rest of the country. This study is just one of three involving Florida universities studying alcohol use among women living with HIV.
Warren Tong is the research editor for TheBody.com and TheBodyPRO.com.
Follow Warren on Twitter: _USER_.
Copyright © 2011 The HealthCentral Network, Inc. All rights reserved.
Media Coverage of Potential Link Between Hormonal Contraception, HIV Risk Needed More "Critical Thinking"
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Internet search results. Be careful when providing personal information! Before
adding your comment, please read TheBody.com's Comment Policy.)
Copyright © 2007-2013 Remedy Health Media, LLC. All rights reserved.


text:
- 11 July 2014
- WORKING PAPER SERIES - No. 1689Details
- This paper takes a financial market perspective in examining the relationship between oil prices, the US dollar and asset prices, and it exploits the heteroskedasticity for the identification of causality in a multifactor model. It finds a bidirectional causality between the US dollar and oil prices since the early 2000s. Moreover, both oil prices and the US dollar are significantly affected by changes in equity market returns and risk. By contrast, oil prices did not react to changes in these financial assets before 2001. The paper provides evidence that this may be explained by the increased use of oil as a financial asset over the past decade, which intensified the link between oil and other assets. The model can account well for the strong and rising negative correlation between oil prices and the US dollar since the early 2000s, with risk shocks and the financialisation process of oil prices explaining most of the strengthening of this correlation.
- JEL Code
- F30 : International Economics→International Finance→General
G15 : Financial Economics→General Financial Markets→International Financial Markets


text:
The authors analyzed commercially available data from five New Jersey communities to categorize food outlets based on the North American Industry Classification Codes. The authors integrated information from the databases with Internet searches and phone calls to refine the categorization of food outlets listed in the databases.
- There were substantial differences between the commercial food outlet database classifications and the researchers' revised database classifications.
- The reclassification found that there were three times as many convenience stores than indicated in the commercial database; one-seventh the number of supermarkets and grocery stores; and twice as many limited-service restaurants.
This research suggests that commercial food outlet databases provide a substantially healthier picture of community food sources than actually exists. The methodologies described may create a replicable approach to tailoring information from commercial databases for public health purposes.


text:
'Back to school:' Words of joy, or words of pain?
BY VICTORIA CIRESI AND STACIE ZUCKER
KIDSDAY REPORTERS, AGES 9, KINGS PARK
Are you happy about going back to school?
Some kids like school but others do not. We asked 126 kids, ages 9 and 10,
if they like school. The results were almost even: 64 kids said yes, and 62
We like school. One reason is that we can make new friends there.
We also think it's fun to do school projects and we like learning new
things. Competing in school sports can be fun, too.
We talked to kids who are not glad that their summer vacation will soon end.
Some said the reason they don't like school is because they don't like
Some said they don't like sitting through boring school lessons. And some
said the schoolwork is too difficult.
School can be a little challenging, but we don't think it's a waste of time.
If kids don't go to school, they probably will have a difficult time
getting a job when they grow up.
The U.S. Open
BY SHANNON SPRING
KIDSDAY REPORTER, AGE 9, SOUTHAMPTON
The 2004 U.S. Open begins Saturday at 9 a.m. with the Arthur Ashe Kids' Day
event at the USTA National Tennis Center in Flushing. Test your tennis
knowledge by matching the following tennis terms with their definitions:
2. Grand slam
3. Cannonball serve
A. A stroke that hits the ball high into the air.
B. A score of "zero" in tennis
C. A serve that is too fast or out of reach, winning the server a point
D. The honor of winning the four major professional tennis tournaments
(Australian Open, French Open, Wimbledon and U.S. Open) in a year
E. An extremely fast serve of 100 mph or more
F. A ground stroke hit while the back of the hand is turned toward the ball
I roach you a letter, but you didn't write me back.
Rhoda horse today.
Wren are you going to be home?
- KAYLA OLNOWICH, KIDSDAY REPORTER, AGE 10, KINGS PARK
We have a winner!
Congratulations to Kidsday's newest contest winner, Michael Pearl, age


text:
- Julia Bevacqua
- Feb 27, 2020
On February 18th, the Centre for Building Sustainable Value hosted "Saving the Soil," a discussion that brought together over 70 members of the agriculture community, including farmers, government, academics, and activists, to experience the Ivey case-based experience.
The participants shared their reactions to a new case study method and provide their insights on a new case study on "Saving the Soil", written by Ivey professors Wren Montgomery and Tima Bansal.
The case study follows Blake Vince, a fifth-generation farmer who adheres to 'no till' farming techniques. It is widely known that this method is more environmentally sustainable, yet not everyone has adopted it. He wants to convince 'tillers' to stop tilling.
Dr. Tima Bansal led the case discussion and facilitated a passionate debate that explored the environmental impacts of farming strategies and the trade-offs between short-term financial pressures and the long-term value of investing in natural assets – especially the soil.
Special thanks to those who helped in bringing this event together: Bob Kerr, Colin Little, and Blake Vince.


key with Shift held down.
CJL The minimal example of this mildly unexpected behaviour is to switch Caps Lock on, then in a Wish console (I'm talking Windoze here) type something, highlight it and press Ctrl-C. Now try to paste your text somewhere else (e.g. Notepad) using Ctrl-V - you'll discover that the copy didn't happen, but even though Caps Lock is still on, Notepad will quite happily obey the paste request (by pasting whatever was already in the clipboard). To me 'Ctrl-C' means "the physical key labelled with a 'C' was pressed while ctrl was down", and should have nothing to do with the state of Caps Lock, only the combination of keys pressed.
WHD: On both Windows and Mac OS X, normal apps accept both and ( and ) as the Paste key. For Tk, it appears that you need to bind both. On the other hand, if you bind both you'll find that all of the following combinations will paste:
 -
 -
 -
 -
If you want to support Shift-Control sequences in your keyset, you need to bind both and . Here's a simple solution that results in CapsLock-independent letter key bindings:
proc bindletterkey {tag modifier letter binding} {
 set upper [string toupper $letter]
 set lower [string tolower $letter]
 bind $tag <$modifier-$upper> $binding
 bind $tag <$modifier-$lower> $binding
bindletterkey.text Control F {puts Control-F}
bindletterkey.text Shift-Control F {puts Shift-Control-F}
Case Insensitive Binding edit
MG 2005-06-06: And, where the bindings already exist (ie, for the Text widget) and you want to make them case-insensitive, something like this will help.
proc mirror {class {dir 1}} {
 if {$dir eq {1}} {
 set range a-z
 set case toupper
 } else {
 set range A-Z
 set case tolower
 foreach x [bind $class] {
 if {[regexp "^<(.+-)?\[$range]>$" $x]} {
 set y [string range $x end-1 end-1]
 set y [string range $x 0 end-2][string $case $y]>
 if {[bind $class $y] ne {}} {
 bind $class $y [bind $class $x]
};# mirror
Then run, for instance:
mirror Text 1; # copy all lower-class bindings for the Text widget to upper-class versions
mirror Text 0; # copy all upper-class bindings for the Text widget to lower-class versions
mirror Entry 1; # copy all lower-class bindings for the Entry widget to upper-class versions
It's also careful not to overwrite bindings - if you have an and an binding for the Text widget, and run mirror Text 1, will be left as it is, rather than being overwritten with 's binding.
This raises one question for me, though - what's better practice? Should you bind to
bind Text [bind Text ]
and copy the binding, or use something like
bind Text {event generate %W }
to mirror 's state at the time the event happens?
Unbound bind edit
Some of the best bind coding doesn't involve bind at all. DKF, for example, astutely remarked that
event add <>
bind $class [bind $type <>]
bind $class [bind $type <>]
... [Correct; elaborate]
bind to a plain keystroke only (not modified by Ctrl or Alt) edit
proc bind'plainkey {tag key script} {
 bind $tag {}
 bind $tag {}
 bind $tag $key $script
bind'plainkey all x {puts Hello}
RUJ: If bind leave command to main window it is not (bindings) grabbing to its associated widgets. e.g.:
toplevel $wa -bd 1 -relief ridge
wm geometry $wa 600x40+$mousex+$mousey
wm resizable $wa 0 0
wm overrideredirect $wa yes
wm iconname $wa "menu"
wm group $wa.
focus $wa
grab set $wa
entry $wa.ent01 -width 6 -background white
bind $wa <1> [list after cancel destroy.base]
bind $wa [list destroy.base]
But it is destroying base if cursor goes near to entry. Can anybody solve the problem.
Disable Pasting edit
2008-03-17: How can I disable pasting into a text widget? I tried the following:
bind $theText <> {tk_messageBox -message {Paste Attempt}}
bind $theText {tk_messageBox -message {Paste Attempt}}
bind $theText {tk_messageBox -message {Paste Attempt}}
bind $theText {tk_messageBox -message {Paste Attempt}}
The message boxes are shown, so the event handling works. But after the message box has been clicked away, the pasting takes place anyway - at least for Shift-Insert.
Answer: You are adding bindings to the widget but aren't addressing the bindings associated with the widget class. Read up on bindtags. One solution is to add ;break to each binding to prevent the class bindings from firing:
bind $theText <> {tk_messageBox -message "Paste Attempt"; break}
Of course, you can also just set the -state option to "disabled".
Class binding, do they work?
[Janic]: 2009-07-01T09:48:17:
I tried to set a class binding but it never works. For example:
checkbutton.a -text test
pack.a
bind.a break
works fine (the widget is still active but you can't check it anymore), but if write
bind Checkbutton break
it doesn't work. Did I miss something in the class binding behavior?
MG: Many different bindings are checked for a widget, based on its bindtags. The default order for a widget is: bindings on the widget itself, bindings on its class, its toplevel, and then on all. Also, bindings are checked from most specific match to least specific (so if you press the 'a' key, it checks for KeyPress-a before a more generic KeyPress, etc).
That's why you're seeing what you see; first the widget's own bindings are checked, and the generic binding matches and is run; break stops further bindings being checked.
When you bind that on the Checkbutton class, though, the default binding is more specific, and gets used instead of your binding. (You can see all the default bindings with bind Checkbutton, then see what a specific one does with bind Checkbutton $binding.) So, to override the default binding, you'd need to either replace the Button-1 binding, or add something higher up the bindtags chain.
DKF: You are advised to be very careful with changing bindings of widget classes, as that affects all widgets of that type in the application. (It's most useful if you're adding more editing keys to the text widget, or are making your own megawidget class.) It's far better to adjust the bindtags for the specific widgets in question as the results are a lot more predictable.
wdb: Here an example: button.b has new binding tag, Button1 instead of Button. Bindings are copied from Button to lButton1, then binding of <1> is modified:
% package require Tk
% pack [button.b -text Howdy]
% # button appears
% bindtags.b
.b Button. all
% bindtags.b {.b Button1. all}
% apply {{old new} {
 foreach p [bind $old] {
 bind $new $p [bind $old $p]
}} Button Button1
% bind Button1 <1> "+puts yep!"
% # now clicking on.b:
% yep!
From now on, you can change arbitrary buttons without side-effects to "normal" buttons.
[telgo] 2010-07-29 15:22:47:
On a Mac [OSX 10.6.4] I have a program with a text widget, and the binding
bind. {
I also have a menu item that calls Find
$Test add command -label Find -accel Command-F -command Find
Find puts up a dialox box, but involves some sorting. However, it still takes less than a second to generate the data. Here it is:
proc Find {} {
 global body dict t
 set t1 [clock clicks -milliseconds]
 set f.dictdisplay
 _TAG_ if we want to restrict display
 set target {}
 if {[$t tag ranges sel] ne {}}


text:
0.25 degree x 0.25 degree (Surface only) - From 2001 to Present - Monthly mean
Sea surface temperature is the temperature of the water close to the sea surface. SST is a standard product from satellite-based thermal infra-red sensors, and optical sensors complemented with infrared bands. The gradients are processed from Monthly mean sea surface temperature (in degree-C at 4km resolution) derived from the MODIS-TERRA sensor (Satellite remote sensing Ocean color data).
Sea surface foundation temperature (kelvin)


text:
Implementing Siebel eBusiness Applications on DB2 UDB for z/OS and OS/390 > Preparing for Implementation on the DB2 Host >
Estimating the Storage Space Required
The space needed by DB2 varies primarily based on the total number and types of users supported. Consult the IBM DB2 UDB for z/OS and OS/390 technical documentation for more information on these requirements.
The space required for Siebel data and indexes varies depending on what Siebel functionality you implement and the amount and nature of data supporting it. The process for making accurate database size calculations is a complex one involving many variables. The following guidelines will assist you in the process:
- Determine the total number, and types, of users of Siebel eBusiness Applications (for example, 500 sales representatives and 75 sales managers).
- Determine the Siebel functionality that you will implement and the entities required to support them. Typically, the largest entities are:
- Service Requests
- Estimate the average number of entities per user (for example, 100 accounts per sales representative) and calculate an estimated total number of records per entity for your total user base.
- Calculate the average record size per entity and multiply by the total number of records using standard sizing procedures for your specific database and the Siebel Schema definition. Typically, these entities span multiple physical tables, all of which must be included in the row size calculation. This calculation determines the estimated data sizes for the largest entities.
- Add extra space for the storage of other Siebel data. A rough guideline for this amount is one-half the storage required.
- Allow for a margin of error in your total size calculation.
- Factor growth rates into your total size calculation.


text:
Is meniscal allograft transplantation chondroprotective? A systematic review of radiological outcomes.
Smith NA., Parkinson B., Hutchinson CE., Costa ML., Spalding T.
PURPOSE: The primary aim of this systematic review was to examine the hypothesis that meniscal allograft transplantation is chondroprotective by identifying and appraising studies that have assessed the progression of osteoarthritis following meniscal allograft transplantation. The secondary aim was to identify and appraise radiological measures of meniscal allograft integrity following surgery. METHODS: Clinical studies on human participants undergoing meniscal allograft transplantation with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were included. The primary outcome measure was any radiological osteoarthritis progression measure. Secondary outcomes included magnetic resonance measures of meniscal integrity including meniscal size, shape, healing, extrusion and signal intensity. RESULTS: Thirty-eight studies with 1056 allografts were included. The weighted mean joint space loss was 0.032 mm at 4.5 years across 11 studies. Other radiological classification systems were reported in small numbers and with variable progression rates. Meniscal extrusion was present in nearly all cases, but was not associated with clinical or other radiological outcomes. Meniscal healing rates were high, although the size, shape and signal intensity were commonly altered from that of the native meniscus. The quality of the included studies was low, with a high risk of bias. CONCLUSION: There is some evidence to support the hypothesis that meniscal allograft transplantation reduces the progression of osteoarthritis, although it is unlikely to be as effective as the native meniscus. If this is proven, there may be a role for prophylactic meniscal allograft transplantation in selected patients. Well-designed randomised controlled trials are needed to further test this hypothesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Systematic review of studies, Level IV.


text:
Superficial foreign body in the ankle is caused by the penetration of an object such as a nail, splinter, or needle into the skin.
The diagnosis of a superficial foreign body in the ankle is typically made based on the patient's history and physical examination. The physical exam may reveal a puncture wound, swelling, redness, and pain in the affected area.
The differential diagnosis for a superficial foreign body in the ankle includes cellulitis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and gout.
Treatment of a superficial foreign body in the ankle typically involves removing the object, cleaning the area, and providing appropriate wound care. In some cases, antibiotics may be prescribed to prevent infection.
With proper treatment, the prognosis for a superficial foreign body in the ankle is usually good. In some cases, the area may be left with a scar.


text:
XML-Funneling pattern as answer for dealing with complex SAP data structures
In the blogpost 'Architecture Pattern XML-Funneling of complex SAP structures for Duet Enterprise interoperability', I introduced the XML-Funneling pattern as pragmatic approach to handle the Duet Enterprise limitation regarding complex SAP data structures. This Duet Enterprise limitation has 2 origins:
- The SAP NetWeaver Gateway generator tools are not capable of preservering hierarchical structure; their simple execution model is to flatten the SAP structure in the Gateway DataModel.
- The SharePoint BCS UI-controls are not capable of rendering hierarchical structure; their default rendering model is list/row based.
An often-heard misunderstanding is that Duet Enterprise itself, via the foundational layers SAP NetWeaver Gateway and SharePoint BCS, cannot be used to exchange complex data structures between SAP and SharePoint. This is not true. Gateway can expose complex data structures, but currently then requires you to model the interface and data signatures in ESR Builder, and next manually develop the Gateway Mappers. Although in FP1 less cumbersone as in Duet Enterprise 1.0, it is by far not the preferred approach to expose SAP building blocks as Gateway services. SharePoint BCS as integration layer can consume complex external data structures, but the rendering via standard controls is limited to the root level. In case the child levels also must be visualized, you need to develop a custom view that interoperates with the BCS API. This is doable, although a painpoint is that the SharePoint BCS API is weakly typed, and therefore programming against the API is laborsome and error prone.
I invented the XML-Funneling approach to simplify the development process at the SAP side. By mapping the SAP hierarchical structure to an XML string, the Gateway generator tools can be applied: a string is namely a 'simple' type.
On the SharePoint side the XML-Funneling approach does not really make developer life easier. A marked disadvantage is that it requires custom development to deserialize the received XML-structure into a strongtyped data object, before you can next use and visualize the received complex SAP data structure in a SharePoint view.
Trade-off decision whether or not to apply XML-Funneling
A trade-off decision is then whether in the total SAP + SharePoint system architecture and development effort, this front-end side /.NET disadvantage outweights the advantage on SAP side? Is it sensible to abandon the XML-Funneling approach in case of complex SAP data structure? My advice is to still apply the XML-Funneling pattern. Justification herefore are the following considerations.
- SharePoint is the target front-end platform
- Favour out-of-the-box SharePoint above custom development.
- Application of SharePoint BCS; i) for the connectivity handling to external data administrations, ii) for the out-of-the-box UI controls to render external data, iii) and for integration within SharePoint Enterprise Search and FAST.
- Complex data structure is common within SAP data entities
Consequences for dealing with complex external data on SharePoint side
- SharePoint BCS can import complex external data structure
- The out-of-the-box UI controls (ExternalList, BusinessData webparts) do not support visualization of complex data structure
- A dedicated custom webpart can visualize the via BCS consumed complex data structure; by programming against the weakly typed BCS API.
Are there sensible alternatives for XML-Funneling approach?
WCF + DataContracts as alternative for Duet Enterprise to consume SAP data
First, Duet Enterprise is itself a WCF variant: the SAP data is consumed in SharePoint BCS as WCF service endpoint.
Second, on SharePoint side BCS is the limitating factor wrt complex structures, not Duet Enterprise. What if you bypass BCS and directly consume the Gateway Services as WCF endpoints? The result is that you not only loose the added interoperability value of Duet Enterprise: Single Sign-On, Authorization, Logging and Monitoring. But in addition also all of the native values of SharePoint BCS: standard UI-controls to visualize data (not all exposed SAP data is of hierarchical / complex structure), exposal to offline usage, use in SharePoint Search or FAST context.
Conclusion: this alternative is not sensible; it does not comply with the starting-points.
Expose complex SAP data structures via Duet Enterprise into SharePoint BCS
SharePoint BCS is a generic integration layer, usable for arbitrary external administrations: SAP, Siebel, Oracle, SQL-databases, … This transparant interoperability capability is supported through a script-like, weakly typed BCS programming model. Whenever you can operate with BCS imported external data through any of the available standard UI controls, this doesn't impose a problem. The controls abstract the weakly typed BCS programming model. But the standard controls are not able to visualize complex external data structures. For them also in this alternative you are required to custom build a view. Due the weakly typed programming model of the BCS API this is laborsome and error-prone.
Conclusion: this alternative is on SharePoint side an hardly better, programmer-friendly approach for consuming complex BCS consumed data; merely different. At SAP side, the consequence is that you cannot use the Gateway Generator tools/pipeline.
Expose complex SAP data structures as multiple associated simple structures
SharePoint BCS supports the concept of associations between two external content types. As parent-child is a relation, you can use this concept to expose complex SAP data structures through Duet Enterprise into SharePoint BCS.
BCS associations certainly has value, e.g. for master-child data model and UI-formats. But it also suffers from limitations that make it less applicable in other scenarios. For one: the net effect is that to retrieve a single complex SAP structure, multiple invocations from SharePoint to SAP must be done to retrieve the entire structure. And the responsibility for retrieving the entire structure is placed on the front-end side; instead of the data provider side. Another, the standard SharePoint UI controls all operate on a single BCS entity. If in the User Interface Design the 'child' data is directly mingled with(in) the 'parent' data, the standard controls cannot be used.
A Duet Enterprise design time issue is that the SAP Duet Enterprise generators are focussed on a single Gateway datamodel, and have no support for defining associations between 2 datamodels. Usage of BCS associations requires you to afterwards modify the BDC Model that is generated by BDC Publisher to add the associations. Either via SharePoint Designer, but in my experience you will more often than not need to resort to manual modification of the BDC Model. Which is time consuming, and error prone.
Conclusion: associations suffers from limitations and software architecture + performance drawbacks.
Given that you want to benefit from the interoperability values of Duet Enterprise, and that within the exposed SAP business package there are entities with complex structure; XML-Funneling is a feasible approach. Consistent application of the pattern results in recognizable code setups for multiple Duet Enterprise scenarios, on SAP and SharePoint side. And in our experience, it is also possible to develop reusable building blocks for SAP and SharePoint to ease in the application of the pattern.


text:
Traffic Signal Warrants
Traffic signals are valuable devices for the control of vehicle and pedestrian traffic. However, because they assign the right-of-way to the various traffic movements, signals exert a profound influence on traffic flow. Properly located and operated control signals may provide for the orderly movement of traffic, increase the traffic-handling capacity of an intersection, and reduce the frequency of certain types of accidents. After extensive study and analysis, the Federal Highway Administration developed the 8 traffic signal warrants contained within the Manual On Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD).
Eight Warrants from the Manual On Uniform Traffic Control Devices.
These 8 warrants define minimum conditions under which signal installations may be justified. The Manual suggests that traffic control signals should not be installed unless one or more of the signal warrants are met. However, the satisfaction of a warrant or warrants is not in itself justification for a signal. Every situation is unique and warrant guidelines must be supplemented by the effects of specific site conditions and the application of good engineering judgment. Installation of a traffic signal should improve the overall safety and/or operation of an intersection and should be considered only when deemed necessary by careful traffic analysis and after less restrictive solutions have been attempted.
Warrant 1 - Eight-hour vehicular volume - at a location where a large volume of intersecting traffic exist for each of any 8 hours of an average day, is the principal reason to consider installing a traffic control signal.
Warrant 2 - Four-hour vehicular volume - at a location where traffic conditions are such that for a minimum of 1 hour of an average day, the minor street suffers undue delay when entering a major street.
Warrant 3 - Peak hour vehicular volume - at a location where traffic conditions are such that for a minimum of 1 hour of an average day, the minor street traffic suffers undue delay when entering or crossing the major street.
Warrant 4 - Pedestrian volume - at a location where the traffic volume on a major street is so heavy that pedestrians experience excessive delay in crossing the major street.
Warrant 5 - School crossing - at a location where school children cross the major street, is the principal reason to consider installing a traffic control signal.
Warrant 6 - Coordinated signal system - progressive movement in a coordinated signal system sometimes necessitates installing traffic control signals at intersections where they would not otherwise be needed in order to maintain proper platooning of vehicles.
Warrant 7 - Crash experience - at location where the severity and frequency of crashes are the principal reasons to consider installing a traffic signal.
Warrant 8 - Roadway network - at location where it might be justified to encourage concentration and organization of traffic flow on a roadway network.
Listed below are general characteristics of traffic signals:
Traffic control signals that are properly located, operated and maintained may have one or more of the following advantages:
- Signals may provide for the orderly movement of traffic by assigning right-of-way to conflicting movements of traffic.
- Signals may increase the traffic-handling capacity of an intersection by permitting conflicting streams of traffic to share the same intersection.
- Signals may reduce the frequency of certain types of accidents, especially right-angle (broadside) collisions.
- Signals may provide for continuous movement and progression of traffic through coordination with surrounding traffic signals.
- Signals may interrupt heavy traffic to allow both vehicular and pedestrian traffic to cross.
Traffic control signals may have one or more of the following disadvantages:
- Signals may increase delay - both overall intersection delay and/or specific movement delay.
- Signals may encourage the use of alternate and/or less adequate routes by drivers wishing to avoid the signal.
- Signals may encourage increased volumes of traffic on the minor street by drivers wishing to use the signal.
- Signals may encourage disobedience and disregard of traffic control devices. (During periods of lesser volume on the main street, drivers on the minor street may have sufficient gaps to cross and/or enter traffic, but be prohibited from doing so by the signal.)
- Signals may cause an increase in the frequency of certain types of accidents, especially rear-end collisions.


SQLite
Get it at Path:/cookbook/sqlite.txt
This is a new PageStore class for PmWiki. It stores the wiki pages in a SQLite database. Requires PHP 5.1 or newer with PDO_SQLITE (either compiled in, or shared).
This wiki here is using the recipe for some weeks now.
See full documentation at pmwiki.org: Cookbook:SQLite.
Additional features
 - Done. Possibility to search through all the revision history, by Author or IP address (params user=, days=, ip= in the searchbox or in a pagelist). Maybe: This could possibly change how RecentChanges pages currently work.
 - Done. Optimized handling of the page history: it is now possible to have thousands of page revisions per page without hitting the PHP memory limit. The page history is paginated. See SQLite?action=diff.
 - Done. Even shorter urls than the Short urls, like in tinyurl: _URL_ (this will be a recipe based on a unique page-id in the database).
 - Done. Different approach to page deletions and restauration - instead of deleting the page, it is renamed and then locked: an admin can still review it, edit it or restore it from within the wiki (no need for FTP).
 - Done Ability to call user defined functions at several points of the processing (while writing a page). In the $SQLiteWriteFunctions array you add functions to be called at some point of the processing. (Docs to be written.)
Todo (ASAP)
 - Ability to export a page/the whole wiki in pmWiki's format, possibly into "$WorkD/SQLite-export/" directory.
 - Check the PmWiki import recipes to see if they work.
Other feasable possibilities (MAYBE)
 - It is very easy to extend the database to store and index PageTextVariables and Links and make PageList searches times faster than the built-in ones. Currently, the recipe creates these two additionnal tables but is not filling them or browsing them. (This will be user defined recipes wih the SQLiteWriteFunctions array)
 - It will be possible to further extend the database by creating custom tables gathering specified wiki-page data, and to search and retrieve this data even faster. (This will be user defined recipes wih the SQLiteWriteFunctions array)
Sandbox
* {*$page_id} {*$ShortName}
* [[{*$ShortPage}]] [[r.a]] [[r.2]] [[r.z]] [[r.zzz]]
* {*$ShortURL}
See also Site.LocalTemplates for the new fmt=# templates.
List of deleted pages with links to view/edit and see their history, and to undelete them.
(:pagelist list=deleted fmt=#deletedpages order=-time count=-2:)
List of all pages, and number of their revisions (only pages inside the database; we have days=99999 which is more than the oldest edit, so all get shown).
(:pagelist days=99999 fmt=#diffsearch count=10 group=Cookbook,Thumblist2:)
List of pages edited by others (not me) in groups other than Thumblist*. (:zmarkup:)(:pagelist user=-Petko group=-Thumblist* fmt=#diffsearch count=6:)
Pages (at least once) edited by "simon". (:zmarkup:)(:pagelist user=simon fmt=#diffsearch:)
Pages (at least once) edited by any of these IP ranges. (:zmarkup:)(:pagelist ip=202.37.*,203.97* fmt=#diffsearch:)
{=$LastModifiedMajor} and {=$LastModified} are sometimes not the same. You could need to use a {=$LastModifiedMajor} timestamp while publishing an article or a blog entry; subsequent "minor" edits will not change the "major" timestamp.
(:pagelist group=Cookbook fmt=#timemajor order=-time list=normal count=-5:)
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text:
PRO-MELTER RS mark F (formate basis)
Liquid de-icing reagent PRO-MELTER RS mark F – is an effective deicing reagent for runways and aprons. It meets all the strict environmental requirements as well as the requirements for corrosion resistance. PRO-MELTER RS-F can be effectively used on airfield pavements at temperatures up to -34 ° C. In some cases, it is possible to use it at the lower temperatures increasing the application rate.
Having a weather forecast of a possible ice formation or during the beginning of ice formation process PRO-MELTER RS-F is applied on the surface cleaned from snow and ice. Ice formation preventing mode involves regular repetition of the reagent application, corrected by the weather conditions and the state of the band.
Information about corrosive action
Specially developed corrosion inhibitors guarantee the safety of materials used in the aircraft industry and airport constructing industry. Tests are carried out in accordance with SAE AMS 1435.
Information about the environmental impact
PRO-MELTER RS F is fully biodegradable within 14 days
Biodegradation - 97%
Biochemical oxygen demand in 5 days - 0.008 kg / kg
Chemical oxygen demand - 0.112 kg / kg.


What is Heartbeat Monitoring and How Does it Work?
Introduction to Heartbeat (Cron-job) Monitoring – Definition
Heartbeat (Cron-job) monitoring is a process used to track system availability and performance. It is typically used to detect, monitor and diagnose system-level issues such as server uptime, process availability, and resource utilization. It sends periodic "heartbeats" or "pings" to verify the health and availability of a system or application, which can help ensure the integrity of a user experience.
By leveraging automated system tests and performance data, cron-job monitoring allows IT teams to identify and fix potential problems before they occur. This type of monitoring is precious for organizations that rely on applications, websites, and services.
Benefits of Heartbeat Monitoring
Heartbeat monitoring is essential for any organization that utilizes the internet, applications, websites, and services. There are several benefits associated with using it, including:
 - Improved Service Availability and Performance: By monitoring the heartbeats of active server services, organizations can get meaningful information about their service-level performance. This allows them to detect any problems and address them immediately and quickly.
 - Early Warning System: Automated heartbeat monitoring is like having an early warning system in place. With it, organizations can detect potential problems before they become serious, enabling them to respond quickly and accurately.
 - Improves System Response Time: It can provide organizations with real-time feedback on the system's performance. This insight can help organizations improve their system response times, ensuring customers can get the fast and reliable service they expect.
 - Enhances User Experience: Heartbeat monitoring can help organizations improve their user experience by detecting problems quickly and accurately. It can also help organizations proactively identify and fix potential bugs or glitches before they become an issue.
Heartbeat, Ping, TCP, and Web monitoring – Comparison
When it comes to monitoring the health and performance of a system, there are four main techniques at an organization's disposal: Heartbeat monitoring, Ping monitoring, TCP monitoring, and Web monitoring. Here is a comparison of each of them and when to use each one:
 - Heartbeat Monitoring: It measures system availability, process availability, and response time. It is typically used to check whether or not a server or application is online and working as expected.
 - Ping Monitoring: This technique sends a series of "pings" to an application or service. If the ping responds, the application or service is seen as reachable and working as expected.
 - TCP Monitoring: This type of monitoring uses the TCP protocol to verify TCP port availability and the connection reliability of a system or application. It typically detects potential issues with a system's networking infrastructure.
 - Web Monitoring: Web monitoring checks a system's response time to ensure it meets its goals. It also looks for potential issues related to website downtime or slow page loading times. It is an excellent way to track user experience and ensure your website or application performs as expected.
Conclusion
Heartbeat monitoring is a powerful tool for any organization that relies on applications, websites, and services. By leveraging automated system tests and performance data, organizations can detect potential problems before they become issues and maintain a high-quality user experience. In addition, heartbeat monitoring helps improve system availability and response times, ensuring customers get the perfect service they deserve.
TCP monitoring – Everything you need to know
Are you looking to improve your network performance and reliability? Then, TCP monitoring is the solution you need! It provides visibility into the connection process, helps diagnose and address problems quickly, and allows you to prioritize different applications and services. Read on to find out everything you need to know about it!
TCP Monitoring – What is it, and why is it important?
TCP monitoring is an advanced network monitoring solution that allows network administrators to monitor the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) operation closely. The advantage of this technique is that it provides visibility into the steps that ensure connection reliability between two devices in different networks. This includes inspecting packet headers and sequencing acknowledgment messages, which can help identify problems such as traffic congestion or network segments with slow connection speeds. In addition, proactively monitoring and recording the status of all TCP connections within the network allows administrators to detect and address any issues quickly before they can cause further disruption or service degradation.
Benefits of TCP Monitoring
One of the critical benefits of Transmission Control Protocol monitoring is that it offers improved overall network performance. By monitoring the connection process and implementation of all the TCP connections in a network, administrators can gain valuable insights into network congestion, packet loss, and packet delay. This helps identify slow connections or networking problems and makes diagnosing and fixing them easier.
Transmission Control Protocol monitoring also provides valuable data on how different applications are utilizing the network. This helps administrators detect applications hogging too much bandwidth or eating away QoS resources, which can lead to performance issues. With Transmission Control Protocol monitoring, administrators can prioritize different applications and services, allowing business-critical applications to get the needed help.
Finally, it increases the available data for troubleshooting and hazard detection. By monitoring and recording Transmission Control Protocol connections over time, administrators can spot and proactively address upcoming problems before they take down any systems or applications. This helps maintain network reliability, reduce downtime, and ensure networks function optimally.
How to take advantage of it?
Implementing automation is one of the best ways to take advantage of TCP monitoring. Automated TCP monitoring solutions can provide real-time monitoring and alerting to identify any abnormal activity, such as high throughput or latency. Automated solutions can also provide detailed reports on network performance and application traffic, helping administrators spot any unusual patterns or suspicious connections. With automation, administrators can ensure an accurate and up-to-date view of their network performance, allowing them to identify and address any issues that arise quickly.
TCP Monitoring vs DNS Monitoring vs Ping Monitoring
TCP monitoring, DNS monitoring, and Ping monitoring are all types of network monitoring used for the same purpose: to measure and analyze the performance of a network. The key difference between each of these solutions is the protocol they are designed to monitor. For example, TCP monitoring monitors the Transmission Control Protocol, DNS monitoring monitors the Domain Name System, and ping monitoring monitors the Internet Control Message Protocol. Each solution has its own strengths and weaknesses, so network administrators should assess their specific needs to decide which solution is best for them.
Conclusion
TCP monitoring provides a powerful solution for improving the performance and reliability of a network. Monitoring Transmission Control Protocol connections and providing administrators with data on network congestion, packet loss, and packet delay ensures that any issues can be quickly identified and fixed to maintain optimal service levels. If you want to take advantage of the benefits of Transmission Control Protocol monitoring, implement automation for real-time monitoring, alerting, and detailed reporting.
Ping monitoring – Ensure uptime for your website
Being sure that your website is available on the Internet is an essential task you shouldn't neglect. To check it 24/7 sounds complicated for a human, but not for Ping monitoring. Let's find out more about it!
What is a Ping?
Ping or Packet Inter-Network Groper is a basic software utility often used by administrators of computing networks to test if a computer is reachable on an IP network. A ping is a tool that works on pretty much all operating systems (OS) with networking capability.
Shortly explained, Ping sends an echo request message to the IP of the computer that is being checked. It uses the ICMP or Internet Control Message Protocol. Then, it waits for an echo reply.
Check out an amazing Ping Monitoring service!
What does Ping monitoring mean?
Ping monitoring means a method of tracking network computer systems or domain names through the use of the Ping utility. In practical terms, Ping monitoring means an automated option to check if a network device (IP) or domain address responds, the quality of the connection, and the overall health of a system.
Downtime is a big concern for website owners because, during this time, their business is unavailable for users. As a result, the sales and business image are at risk! In this sense, Ping monitoring also means an effective and automated way to detect if your website stops responding or is inaccessible due to an outage. It detects the issue and alerts you to take fast action.
How does Ping monitoring work?
Ping monitoring works by sending automated ICMP echo requests to the destination you want to check. Then, it waits for echo replies, and based on them, it informs you about incidents or just continues monitoring.
You only have to point out the device or website (IP) to be checked and decide the frequency for the checking.
There are many types of websites. For some, operating with 100% uptime is essential. The big advantage of automated monitoring is that it can work constantly. Choose what is best for your business. Some administrators program these checkings every 30 seconds, others every 10 or more minutes.
Getting a reply, without packet loss, for the requests Ping monitoring sends is the best health signal you can get. It means everything is fine, so the monitor can keep working. However, if there is packet loss, the monitor will report this data. That is very useful for diagnosing or improving.
Now you know the device (computer, laptop, smartphone, etc) or website is online. Additionally, the monitor will test the strength or quality of the connection. It does this based on the response time that the Ping took.
If the Ping doesn't get a reply, the monitor will begin a downtime incident. So it will alert the people you previously defined as responsible in such situations.
Suggested article: How to use Monitoring services to improve your business?
Conclusion
Ping monitoring is a very useful tool to ensure uptime for your website! Let it be in charge of


text:
September 14th, 2011 | Caixin China's Bohai Sea Drowns in Discharged Waste
Oil from a recent spill blended with 30 years of waste dumped by cities and factories ringing the once-beautiful sea
A recent offshore oil spill has given China reason to pause for a close look at the filth floating in the Bohai Sea which, after eons of pristine beauty followed by three decades of intense pollution, is today seriously ill.
A map of polluted areas included in a 2008 Report on the Quality of the Marine Environment of the Bohai Sea, published by the State Oceanic Administration (SOA), still paints a depressing picture. It shows that the entire length of the Bohai shore, with the exception of a few sections near Hebei Province's South Qinhuangdao and Beidaihe, as well as Liaoning Province's Dalian, has been seriously polluted.
Moreover, the report described sea conditions long before last year's oil tank explosion and spill in the Dalian area, and crude oil started leaking from ConnocoPhillips drilling rigs in June.
As of 2005, according to other SOA reports, about 14 percent of Bohai's waters were polluted. The percentage had risen to 22 percent by 2010.
Tianjin, the biggest city on the sea, is both a contributor and victim of the contamination. SOA says more than 95 percent of the sea area off the city's shore are rated Grade IV – a classification given by scientists for seawater described as "generally offensive in color, smell and taste."
Recent efforts to clean up Bohai succeeded in reducing the total Grade IV section of the sea by half, after a peak of 6,120 square kilometers was reported in 2007. But the trend reversed in 2010, and the fouled area spread to 3,220 square kilometers.
The largest sections of polluted water in the Bohai Sea are in coastal areas that encompass fishing grounds, tourist areas and nature reserves, said Wang Shicheng, a former deputy director of the Shandong Province Ocean and Fisheries Department.
And 80 percent of the sea's pollution comes from land sources, including factories and city sewage plants, said Xia Qing, a researcher at the China Environmental Science Research Institute and head of the organizational group that drafted a Bohai Sea Environmental Master Plan.
It's a predicament that's closely tied to China's rapid, modern-day industrial development.
Scientists say the Bohai Sea has played the role of a "pollution sink" for a large swathe of modern China. About 45 rivers empty into the sea, and several major channels including the Haihe, Yellow and Liaohe rivers are major channels for manmade discharges including sewage.
Moreover, thousands of sewage outlets empty directly into the sea, including those for factories in industrial zones built in recent years in Shandong, Tianjin, Hebei and Liaoning. Many of these factories have been cited for high levels of pollution.
Overall, the amount of waste discharged into the sea greatly exceeds quotas set by environmental regulators. In 2008, for example, marine authorities who monitored 96 sewage outlets found 82 percent exceeded discharge standards. And in Shandong alone, they found 96 percent exceeded the standards.
Wang says environmental authorities have proposed forcing local companies to meet discharge standards. But questions about the standards themselves cloud this proposal. For example, separate discharge standards have been established for the steel, printing and papermaking industries.
"Environmental protection authorities think the pollution discharge situation is getting better and better," said Wang. "But marine authorities have found it to be getting worse and worse."
One proof of deteriorating conditions is the shrinkage of the heavily tapped Yellow River before it reaches the sea. The Yellow is the sea's most important river, but so little water winds up reaching the sea that salinity levels in the Bohai have risen to the point of seriously inhibiting fish spawning.
Another harmful consequence of sea pollution is eutrophication, which can lead to red tides. One such "micro-micro-flagellate" red tide algae bloom lasted from late May to early July in Hebei's Changli County.
This was the third consecutive year in which the county's seacoast experienced red tides, which halt development of young scallops and kill others.
By staff reporter Gong Jing


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $f, \hat{f}, g,$ and $\hat{g}$ be continuous probability densities. Define probability densities $p \propto fg$ and $\hat{p} \propto \hat{f}\hat{g}$. Is it true that \begin{align*} ||p - \hat{p}||_{1} \le || f - \hat{f}|| _{1} + ||g - \hat{g}||_1 \end{align*}
share|improve this question
Why would this inequality imply something of interest, if true? In short, what are your motivations for asking this? – Did Oct 29 '11 at 7:13
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Here is a real counterexample, as verified by mathematica: so we take the same discrete two point space as below, and let $f=(u_1,u_2), \hat{f} = (v_1,v_2), g = (a_1,a_2), \hat{g}=(b_1,b_2)$, with the relation that $x_1 + x_2 = 1$ where $x \in \{u,v,a,b\}$. So your claim becomes in this special case
$$ |\frac{u_1 a_1}{u_1 p_1 + u_2 a_2} - \frac{v_1 b_1}{v_1 b_1 + v_2 b_2}| + | \frac{u_2 a_2}{u_1 a_1 + u_2 a_2} - \frac{v_2 b_2}{v_1 b_1 + v_2 b_2}|$$ $$\le |u_1 - v_1| + |u_2 - v_2| + |a_1 - b_1| + |a_2 - b_2|$$
Now using the relation that if $x + y = 1$ and $w + z = 1$, then $|x - w| + |y - z| = 2 |x -w|$, we can simplify the above inequality to
$$ |\frac{u_1 a_1}{u_1 a_1 + u_2 a_2} - \frac{v_1 b_1}{v_1 b_1 + v_2 b_2}| \le |u_1 - v_1| + |a_1 - b_1| $$.
What I then did is to subtract the square of the right hand side from the square of the left hand side, and call the resulting function $h(u,v,a,b)$, where $x := x_1$ for $x \in \{u,v,a,b\}$. Then I did some brute force search of maximum and found the following point:
$$u=v =0.456239, a = 1/5, b = 1/2$$ If you plug it in to $h$ you should get $0.000652285 > 0$. So that means the left hand side is not always $\le$ the right hand side. Here are the mathematica code so that you can help me verify:
q[u1_, u2_, a1_, a2_, v1_, v2_, b1_, b2_] := (u1 a1/(u1 a1 + u2 a2) - v1 b1/(v1 b1 + v2 b2))^2 - ( (u1 - v1)^2 + (a1 - b1)^2 + 2 Abs[(u1 - v1) (a1 - b1)]);
h[u_, v_, a_, b_] := q[u, 1 - u, a, 1 - a, v, 1 - v, b, 1 - b];
h[0.456239, 0.456239, 2/3, 2/5]
= 0.000652285
Edit: below was my earlier false counterexample.
I believe it's false. Here is an argument. It suffices to consider discrete probability space, say the two point space $\Omega = \{ 0,1 \} $. Now let $f =(u_1,1-u_1)$ be the probability mass function, so that means $f(0) = u_1$ and $f(1) = 1-u_1$. and similarly $\hat{f} = (u_2,1-u_2)$. Also I will let $g = \hat{g} = (p, 1-p)$. Then $\|g - \hat{g}\|_1 = 0$, so your inequality amounts to
$ |\frac{p u_1}{p u_1 + (1-p)(1-u_1)} - \frac{p u_2}{pu_2 + (1-p)(1-u_2)}| \le |u_1 - u_2|$.
Now take $u_1 = 2/3$ and $u_2 = 1/3$, and let $ 1-p >> p$. Then you get a contradiction.
share|improve this answer
I don't think this counter example is true. The left hand side should be |P_1 - \hat{P}_1| + |P_2 - \hat{P}_2|, (P \propto fg not to confuse with your p) currently you are only considering the term |P_1 - \hat{P}_1|. Also the left hand side is 2|u_1 - u_2|. Moreover, when g is highly biased (p \to 0 in your example) then the right hand side of my inequality (||P - \hat{P}||_1) goes to zero so it's true. – Nima Oct 29 '11 at 3:42
Thanks for the counter example. I appreciate it. Do you think some inequality like that might be true perhaps with some prefactor? I want to somehow bound the tv distance of the product of some probability densities in terms of the individual tv distances – Nima Oct 29 '11 at 5:57
That's a good question. I have no intuitions whatsoever, just pure luck. Can you state the original problem you are trying to solve? My first impression was that the inequality does not scale appropriately on the two sides, which led to my disbelief. – John Jiang Oct 29 '11 at 6:01
I was trying to prove convergence of a low-complexity variant of belief propagation algorithm which we call it stochastic belief propagation. Belief propagation has various applications in signal and image processing, computer vision, etc. This statement or something like that would be helpful. Thanks anyway – Nima Oct 29 '11 at 21:14
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