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Crashed UFOs: The Bolivian Affair
Regardless of whether or not UFOs really have crashed to Earth, there can be no doubt that mentioning the words "crashed" and "UFO" in the same sentence inevitably brings the controversial Roswell, New Mexico affair of July 1947 to mind. But, there are numerous other cases on file that could, perhaps, be termed the "little brothers" of Roswell. And even though, as people may know from my Body Snatchers in the Desert book, I'm not a particularly big fan of crashed UFO cases, there are some that even I still find very intriguing, including the following…
The genesis of the affair in question appeared to come from a U.S. Department of State telegram transmitted from the American Embassy in La Paz, Bolivia, to the U.S. Secretary of State, Washington, D.C., on 15 May 1978. Captioned Report of Fallen Space Object, it detailed strange events then afoot in Bolivia.
It began: "The Bolivian newspapers carried this morning an article concerning an unidentified object that apparently recently fell from the sky. The object was discovered near the Bolivian city of Bermejo and was described as egg-shaped, metal and about four meters in diameter. The Bolivian Air Force plans to investigate to determine what the object might be and from where it came. I have expressed our interest and willingness to help. They will advise."
The author of the report added, with some significance: "Request the department check with appropriate agencies to see if they can shed some light on what this object might be. The general region has had more than its share of reports of UFOs the past week. Request a reply ASAP."
The Department of State was not the only branch of government that took an interest in the case, as a CIA report – also of 15 May 1978 – makes abundantly clear:
"Many people in this part of the country claim they saw an object which resembled a soccer ball falling behind the mountains on the Argentine-Bolivian border, causing an explosion that shook the earth. This took place on May 6. Around that time some people in San Luis and Mendoza provinces reported seeing a flying saucer squadron flying in formation."
The CIA continued: "The news from Salta confirms that the artificial satellite fell on Taire Mountain in Bolivia, where it has already been located by authorities. The same sources said that the area where the artificial satellite fell has been declared an emergency zone by the Bolivian Government."
Dated 16 May 1978 and titled Reports Conflict on Details of Fallen Object, a second CIA document reads thus:
"We have received another phone call from our audience requesting confirmation of reports that an unidentified object fell on Bolivian territory near the Argentine border. We can only say that the Argentine and Uruguayan radio stations are reporting on this even more frequently, saying that Bolivian authorities have urgently requested assistance from the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration in order to determine the nature of that which crashed on a hill in Bolivian territory."
And the story progressed like this, said the CIA: "Just a few minutes ago Radio El Espectador of Montevideo announced that there was uncertainty as to the truth of these reports. Argentine sources indicated that the border with Bolivia had been closed but that it might soon be reopened. They also reported that an unidentified object had fallen on Bolivian soil near the Argentine border and that local Bolivian authorities had requested aid from the central government, which, in turn, had sought assistance from the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration to investigate the case."
Then things got even more curious, as the CIA made very clear: "A La Paz newspaper said today that there is great interest in learning about the nature of the fallen object, adding that local authorities for security reasons had cordoned off 200 km around the spot where the object fell. The object is said to be a mechanical device with a diameter of almost 4 meters which has already been brought to Tarija. There is interest in determining the accuracy of these reports which have spread quickly throughout the continent, particularly in Bolivia and its neighboring countries. Is it a satellite, a meteorite, or a false alarm?"
A perusal of the files of both the CIA and the Department of State reveals that on 18 May 1978 the U.S. Embassy in La Paz again forwarded a telegram to the Secretary of State, Washington, DC. Classified Secret, the telegram disclosed the following:
"Preliminary information provided has been checked with appropriate government agencies. No direct correlation with known space objects that may have re-entered the Earth's atmosphere near May 6 can be made; however, we are continuing to examine any possibilities. Your attention is invited to State Airgram A-6343, July 26, 1973 which provides background information and guidance for dealing with space objects that have been found. In particular any information pertaining to the pre-impact observations, direction of trajectory, number of objects observed, time of impact and a detailed description including any markings would be helpful."
Six days later a communication was transmitted from the U.S. Defense Attaché Office in La Paz to a variety of U.S. military and government agencies, including NORAD, the U.S. Air Force, and the Department of State. Its contents make for intriguing reading:
"This office has tried to verify the stories put forth in the local press. The Chief of Staff of the Bolivian Air Force told DATT/AIRA this date that planes from the BAF have flown over the area where the object was supposed to have landed and in their search they drew a blank. Additionally, DATT/AIRA talked this date with the Commander of the Bolivian army and he informed DATT that the army's search party directed to go into the area to find the object had found nothing. The army has concluded that there may or not be an object [sic], but to date nothing has been found."
So what exactly did occur on that fateful day back in May 1978? While the available U.S. Government records certainly point towards the probability that something out of the ordinary occurred, they also raise more questions.
The CIA's report of 15 May 1978 clearly stated that the object had fallen to earth on Taire Mountain, Bolivia, and had "already been located by authorities." Furthermore, on the following day, the CIA learned that the object had "been brought to Tarija." In contrast, the Bolivian Army and Air Force advised the U.S. Defense Attaché Office that their search for the mystery object had drawn a blank and nothing was found. Was the CIA misinformed, or were the Bolivians keeping the Department of State in the dark? Regardless, of the answers to those questions, the story does not end there.
Tantalizing information sand rumors suggest that the object may have recovered by U.S. authorities, and that both the CIA and NASA played key roles in the case. In June 1979 the crashed UFO researcher/author Leonard Stringfield was contacted by an Argentinean investigator, Nicholas Ojeda, who had some interesting data to impart with regard to the crash. According to Ojeda: "There is a report of a group of investigators who vanished mysteriously in the area. I really think something big happened in Salta. NASA investigated, but there was no news of it. I have to tell you that in La Paz, Bolivia, a huge Hercules C-130 carried 'something' from the area where the UFO crashed."
In addition, Stringfield's research led to a disclosure that a CIA source known to the researcher Bob Barry confirmed that the C-130 flight took place and that he was aboard the aircraft. "No comment" was the reply that Barry received when the issue of the aircraft's cargo was raised.
Unfortunately, the available evidence still does not answer that crucial question: What was it that crashed at Bermejo, Bolivia in May 1978? It seems unlikely that the object was a meteorite, primarily because of the description given in the Department of State's telegram of 15 May: "The object was…egg-shaped, metal and about four meters in diameter."
What of the possibility that the object had been a man-made satellite or rocket-booster? Again, that theory was thrown into doubt by the Department of State's Secret telegram of 18 May, which clearly stated that, "No direct correlation with known space objects that may have entered the Earth's atmosphere near May 6 can be made."
Moreover, what of the statement of the CIA that, "people in San Luis and Mendoza provinces reported seeing a flying saucer squadron flying in formation;" and the Department of State's revelation that, "the general region has had more than its share of reports of UFOs the past week?"
Faced with this overwhelming body of official evidence, we might be wise to give serious thought to this odd-but-intriguing affair. UFO, satellite, rocket-booster, or something else? Time may one day tell. Or, as with Roswell, the story may become just another ufological Jack the Ripper – a decades-old saga filled with countless theories, but – due to the long passage of time – one with no hard evidence to support any of those same theories. We'll see…maybe…


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A polo shirt, also known as a golf shirt and tennis shirt, is a form of shirt with a collar, a placket with typically two or three buttons, and an optional pocket.
All three terms may be used interchangeably. Polo shirts are usually made of knitted cloth (rather than woven cloth), usually piqué cotton or, less commonly, interlock cotton, silk, merino wool, or synthetic fibers. A dress-length version of the shirt is called a polo dress.
History of the tennis shirt
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, tennis players ordinarily wore "tennis whites" consisting of long-sleeved white button-up shirts (worn with the sleeves rolled up), flannel trousers, and ties. This attire presented problems for ease of play and comfort.
René Lacoste, the French seven-time Grand Slam tennis champion, felt that the stiff tennis attire was too cumbersome and uncomfortable. He designed a white, short-sleeved, loosely-knit piqué cotton (he called the cotton weave jersey petit piqué) shirt with an unstarched, flat, protruding collar, a buttoned placket, and a shirt-tail longer in back than in front (known today as a "tennis tail"; see below), which he first wore at the 1926 U.S. Open championship. Beginning in 1927, Lacoste placed a crocodile emblem on the left breast of his shirts, as the American press had begun to refer to him as "The Crocodile", a nickname which he embraced.
- the short, cuffed sleeves solved the tendency of long sleeves to roll down
- the soft collar could be loosened easily by unbuttoning the placket
- the piqué collar could be worn upturned to protect the neck from the sun
- the jersey knit piqué cotton breathed and was more durable.
- the "tennis tail" prevented the shirt from pulling out of the wearer's trousers or shorts
In 1933, after retiring from professional tennis, Lacoste teamed up with André Gillier, a friend who was a clothing merchandiser, to market that shirt in Europe and North America. Together, they formed the company Chemise Lacoste, and began selling their shirts, which included the small embroidered crocodile logo on the left breast.
Application to polo and other sports
Before Lacoste's 1933 mass-marketing of his tennis shirt, polo players wore thick long-sleeve shirts made of Oxford-cloth cotton. This shirt was the first to have a buttoned-down collar, which polo players invented in the late 19th century to keep their collars from flapping in the wind (Brooks Brothers's early president, John Brooks, noticed this while at a polo match in England and began producing such a shirt in 1896). Brooks Brothers still produces this style of button-down "polo shirt". Still, like early tennis clothing, those clothes presented a discomfort on the field, and when polo players became aware of Lacoste's invention in the 1930s they readily adopted it for use in polo.
In 1920, Lewis Lacey, a Canadian born of English parents in Montreal, Quebec in 1887, haberdasher and polo player, began producing a shirt that was embroidered with the logo of a polo player, a design originated at the Hurlingham Polo Club near Buenos Aires. The term polo shirt, which previously had referred only to the long-sleeved buttoned-down shirts traditionally used in polo, soon became a universal moniker for the tennis shirt; no later than the 1950s, it was in common usage in the U.S. to describe the shirt most commonly thought of as part of formal tennis attire. Indeed, tennis players often would refer to their shirt as a "polo shirt," notwithstanding the fact that their sport had used it before polo did.
In 1972, Ralph Lauren included his "polo shirt" as a prominent part of his original line called Polo, thereby helping furthering its already widespread popularity. While not specifically geared for use by polo players, Lauren's shirt imitated what by that time had become the normal attire for polo players. As he desired to exude a certain "WASPishness" in his clothes, initially adopting the style of clothiers like Brooks Brothers, J. Press, and "Savile Row"–style English clothing, he prominently included this attire from the "sport of kings" in his line, replete with a logo reminiscent of Lacoste's crocodile emblem, depicting a polo player and pony. This worked well as a marketing tool, for subsequently, due to the immense popularity of Lauren's clothing, a majority of English-speaking westerners began to refer to Lacoste's tennis shirt as a "polo shirt". Still, "tennis shirt" remains a viable term for all uses of Lacoste's basic design.
Over the latter half of the 20th century, as standard clothing in golf became more casual, the tennis shirt was adopted nearly universally as standard golf attire. Many golf courses and country clubs require players to wear golf shirts as a part of their dress code. Moreover, producing Lacoste's "tennis shirt" in various golf cuts has resulted in specific designs of the tennis shirt for golf, resulting in the moniker "golf shirt". Golf shirts are commonly made out of polyester, cotton and polyester blends, or mercerized cotton. The placket typically holds three or four buttons, and consequently extends lower than the typical polo neckline. The collar is typically fabricated using a stitched double-layer of the same fabric used to make the shirt, in contrast to a polo shirt collar, which is usually one-ply ribbed knit cotton. Golf shirts often have a pocket on the left side, to hold a scorepad and pencil, and may not bear a logo there.
- Brooks Brothers
- Polo Ralph Lauren
- Tommy Hilfiger
- Calvin Klein
- U.S. Polo Assn.
- Greg Norman
- PGA Tour
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Polo shirts.|
- McKean, Erin (2013). The Hundred Dresses: The Most Iconic Styles of Our Time. USA: A & C Black. p. 71. ISBN 978-1-4725-3585-6.
- "Lacoste Sportswear – Fashion Designer Encyclopedia".
- The Story of Lacoste. Retrieved from _URL_
- Style & Design: Lacoste. Time Magazine, Winter 2004. Retrieved from _URL_
- The Brand Channel, Lacoste profile.
- The Crocodile
- The Birth of the Crocodile
- Butterworth, Helen. "The History of the Polo Shirt". Retrieved 22 November 2012.
- "Brooks Brothers – About Us".
- Fashion Encyclopedia, "Brooks Brothers".
- Monday, Sept. 01, 1986 (1986-09-01). "A Popular Shirt Tale". TIME. Retrieved 2012-07-09.
- Official Ralph Lauren history website: "1972".
- Official Ralph Lauren history website: "1967".
- "Dress Code", BURLEIGH HEADS GOLF CLUB
- "Dress Code: Proper Golf Attire", Long Island National Golf Club

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Train timetabling with dynamic and random passenger demand: A stochastic optimization method
place - asia, place - urban, mode - subway/metro, mode - rail, operations - scheduling, ridership - demand, planning - methods
Urban rail transit, Train timetable, Stochastic optimization, Variable neighborhood search algorithm
Considering the dynamics and randomness of passenger demand, this paper investigates a train timetabling problem in the stochastic environment for an urban rail transit system. With the scenario-based representation of passenger distribution, an integer nonlinear programming (INLP) model is first formulated to simultaneously optimize the total number of train services, headway settings and speed profile selection decision during the planning time horizon, in which the expected total service cost is treated as the objective function. Through an analysis of the features of the nonlinear constraints, a reformulation method is proposed to develop an equivalent integer linear programming (ILP) model that can be easily solved by commercial software. Moreover, a variable neighborhood search algorithm is developed to find the approximate optimal solutions for large-scale problems within the tolerable computing time. Finally, two sets of numerical experiments, with the operation environments of a simple urban rail transit line and Fuzhou Metro Line 1, are implemented to verify the solution quality and effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Permission to publish the abstract has been given by Elsevier, copyright remains with them.
Gong, C., Shi, J., Wang, Y., Zhou, H., Yang, L., Chen, D., & Pan, H. (2021). Train timetabling with dynamic and random passenger demand: A stochastic optimization method. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Vol. 123, 102963.


What Is Cheese Slang For?
Is there a mac and cheese emoji?
Never again will you have to spell out the words "macaroni and cheese" or "cinnamon roll." And when your friend shows up late to brunch there's a sticker to tell them exactly how you feel (cough, hangry, cough).
The Delish Eatmojis app is available now for download on Android and iPhone..
What is Cheddar slang?
Cheddar is slang for money because slang term for money. Derived from the fact Americans on welfare used to receive cheese as a part of their benefits.
What are the 3 foods to never eat?
AVOID: Refined GrainsWhite flour.Bread.Pasta.Rice.Baked goods.Snack goods.Breakfast cereals.Jan 24, 2020
What 3 foods cardiologists say to avoid?
What does going Cheese mean?
cheese Add to list Share. … An old fashioned meaning of cheese is "stop" — you might say, "Cheese it!" This comes from 1800s thieves' slang, while the instruction a photographer gives, "Say cheese!" dates from the early 20th century.
What is a cheese girl?
Mzansi Taal · Cheese Boy Girl. It is a phrase used to refer to someone who is spoiled by their parents/guardians.
What does cheese do to your body?
What is a synonym for cheese?
Synonyms for Cheese:emmenthaler,Fleur de Lait,aged cheddar,swiss,Saga Blue,Smearcase,brick,gloucester,More items…
Is it OK to eat cheese every day?
Researchers suggest that eating around 40 grams (or 1.41 ounces) of cheese every day could help to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. Share on Pinterest Researchers suggest that eating a small amount of cheese every day may benefit heart health.
What does the cheese emoji mean?
🧀 Meaning – Cheese Wedge Emoji The image of a cheese wedge is the emoji representing dairy products in general or simply a piece of cheese. Depending on context, Cheese Wedge Emoji can mean "I simply love eating cheese!" or "I can't imagine living without dairy products!".
What does Cheesing mean in text?
Cheese is also a type of weed, if someone says that they are 'cheesing' it would mean that they are getting high, or stoned.
Why do we say cheesy?
cheesy (adj.) Meaning "cheap, inferior" is attested from 1896, in U.S. student slang, along with cheese (n.) "an ignorant, stupid person." In late 19c. British slang, cheesy was "fine, showy" (1858), probably from cheese (n. 2) and some suggest the modern derogatory use is an "ironic reversal" of this.
What does 🚚 mean?
🚚 Meaning – Delivery Truck Emoji 🚚 The image of a delivery truck is the emoji that symbolizes a means of transportation used to deliver items. It can refer to the vehicle itself or to the act of driving such a vehicle.


How does billing work?
We automatically charge the card you put on file when you complete your quote. And we'll charge the card that same day of each following month.
If you get insurance with a future effective date, your first payment will be the day you purchased your policy (for example, June 20th), but your following payments will be due on the effective date (for example, July 1).
Your monthly price with HiRoad can go down based on the discounts and rewards you earn, and it will never be more than the max base rate in your quote.
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Figure 5.
Chromaticity diagrams of lungfish cone photoreceptor colour space. Calculations were made for juvenile (A, B) and adult (C, D) lungfish, both with (A, C) and without (B, D) the filtering effects of the yellow ellipsoidal and red oil droplet spectral filters in the MWS and LWS cones. The black star in each diagram is the achromatic point. Large spheres/circles are the body colours (brown, orange, red), rocks and sand substrate (grey) and macrophytes (green) shown in Figs. 4B, C. Small circles represent monochromatic loci at 5nm intervals across the lungfish-visible spectrum. Note the increased separation of the object reflectance spectra and the displacement of the monochromatic loci towards the vertices in both juveniles (B) and adults (D) with spectral filters, relative to the situation without the effects of spectral filters. See Fig. 2 for explanation of abbreviations.
Hart et al. BMC Ecology 2008 8:21 doi:10.1186/_PHONE_-8-21
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Difference Between Talent and Skill (With Table)
There are so many people having different talents and skillsets. And talent is something that is inborn, but skills are developed by a person later. Talent can be improved later by taking classes and guidance, but talent is something that develops within it just only need to be smoothened.
Talent can be developed, but mostly it is an inborn ability. Skills are gained by hard work and dedication with proper guidance. For example, a talented person born gifted with a good voice can become a singer, but a person who does not have a good voice but wants to become a singer needs to develop skills in cantando.
Talent vs Skill
The difference between Talent and Skill is that talent is inborn, or we can say that a person is born with a talent they do not need to learn from outside. And Skill is what a person needs to develop, by hard work and dedication one can develop good skill in any topic they want.
Talent is the ability or potential that is given by God to some people, or we can say that it is a congenital ability of a person that can be improved with time. Talent development does not take much time and hard work because it is a built-in potential of a person. Only a few people have this ability. The rest need to develop it.
Skill is expertise in something, or it is an ability to do something expertly and with perfection. Anyone in the world can develop skills by learning and taking guidance from experts. Skill development needs hard work and strong efforts. Then, only one can gain achievement in a particular topic.
Comparison Table Between Talent and Skill
Parâmetros de comparaçãoTalentHabilidade
DefiniçãoTalent is the built-in ability of a person which can be improved with time, and it does not need much effort.Skill is developed by people. It needs hard work and effort.
Propriedade deOwned by only a few people because it is god gifted.It can be developed by anyone with the help of proper guidance and hard work.
Development processSelf-acknowledgment is best for finding out your hidden talent.Skill development needs hard work and dedication with proper guidance from experts.
NecessidadeSelf-Realization is needed. Development is needed to gain a specific skill set.
Instructions It only requires improvement from the right person.Proper guidance and training are required.
What is Talent?
Talent does not need much hard work and effort for its development; instead, it only needs improvement or clearness for development. It is gifted by God to only a few peoples, and for finding it out, people need self-acknowledgment and self-realization.
Talent in a person can be recognized at an early age only, and further, it just needs to be improved. For example, some people are inborn singers they only need is guidance, people who have very good sketch making talent, etc. Talent should be recognized and should be praised because only a few people have this.
Talent is unknown until it is recognized or acknowledged. It needs proper guidance from the right people to make it uncovered and developed. And people who have particular talent are considered to be lucky because of their inborn ability.
O que é habilidade?
Skill is acquired by those who do hard work, and it can be achieved by anyone in the world with proper training from certified institutions. A person is said to be an expert if he or she has mastered in their skills and they can train other people too with their knowledge.
Skill is not hidden like talent. Rather, it is known because one chooses to develop a specific skill set, and for that, they take proper training. For example, a person develops the coding skills they are not inborn with it, Communication in the proper way needs to be developed it is not natural, etc.
People make money by developing other people's skills with their knowledge and expertise. Skill development requires more time than developing talent because people start from the ground level. People develop a specific skill for getting a job and for becoming an expert in a particular topic.
Main Differences Between Talent and Skill
 1. Talent is the built-in ability of a person which can be improved with time, whereas Skill needs to be developed with proper training and guidance by an expert.
 2. Talent does not require much time and effort for its development, but Skill development needs hard work, more time, and dedication.
 3. Skill can be gained by anyone out there, But on the other hand, Talent is god-gifted and is owned by very few peoples who need to be recognized.
 4. Talents need recognition because it is covered within people's personality While, Skills are known, and the person who wants to develop their skill knows that in which topic he or she needs training.
 5. A person who is talented in a particular thing can teach others for developing others skills, While a person who is not talented needs to develop their skills for gaining expertise in a particular topic.
A person with talent should be praised because it is gifted by God to them, and only a few people have this. But people who do not have any inborn talent can develop their knowledge in a particular topic, and that is called gaining skills. Skills are very important if you want a good job and want to impress others. Talent does not require much time because it just needs to be improved.
Skill development takes more time than Talent development, and more hard work is needed for developing a particular skill set. One can develop several types of Skills, but as Talent is god-gifted, it is unique. Talent needs self-realization for its acknowledgment. But a person who wants to develop skills already knows that in what topic he or she wants to get expertise. There are so many institutions or training centers from where a person can gain skills and can achieve success in their life.
 1. _URL_
 2. _URL_


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Maori men and women from different homelands
Engraving of Maori man and woman
"A New Zealand Warrior and his Wife", an engraving from the journal of Captain James Cook's visit on Endeavour (Pic: State Library of NSW)
The male and female ancestors of today's Maori people of New Zealand originated from different parts of the world, molecular biologists have said.
Their claims, made by Masters student Adele Whyte, the Tuapapa Putaiao Maori Fellow at Victoria University in Wellington, and her supervisor Professor Geoff Chambers, will be aired on ABC-TV's science program Catalyst tonight.
By comparing the DNA of people from Asia, across the Pacific Ocean and New Zealand, Whyte and Chambers have revealed a 'living genetic map' of ancient Maori migration routes.
The findings confirm archaeological evidence that the ancestors of today's Maori originally set out from mainland south-east Asia 6,000 years ago, hopped from island to island, starting with Taiwan, and arrived in New Zealand 800 to 1,000 years ago.
However the research also brings startlingly new evidence that as Maori ancestors migrated one group of islands to the next, men from Melanesian communities joined the boats. This changed the genetic mix, and lead to the differences observed in the genetic make-up of today's Maori men and women.
The research involved two separate genetic mapping processes. The Southeast Asian homeland was confirmed by Chambers' research into the frequency of two different genes that influence the body's reaction to alcohol. He found that while Asian people have both gene types, Maori and Pacific Islanders have inherited only one.
He looked back along the trail of migration to try and work out where the gene was lost. The indigenous people from Taiwan have both genes, but a lower frequency of one - the very gene that the Maori now lack.
"We think this one was lost at the first step of migration, when people left what is now Taiwan," Chambers told ABC Science Online.
The second mapping process involved Whyte's examination of sex-linked genetic markers, namely mitochondrial DNA in women, and Y-chromosomes in men. The research found that in addition to the alcohol genes, female Maori have other genetic markers which confirm their ancient Asian origin. To her surprise, however, the men have genetic markers that show a Melanesian ancestry.
"As a result of intermarriage along the migration trail, the signatures of the mitochondrial DNA from women have stayed more 'island south-east Asian', and the Y-chromosomes are more Melanesian," Whyte told ABC Science Online.
"We think both men and women set off together, and recruited local guides who were probably men. Women stayed with the south-east Asian populations, and Melanesian men were recruited along the way."
Genetic bottlenecks
Whyte also analysed the 'haplotypes' (groups of closely linked genes) carried on mitochondrial DNA, which is inherited only through the female line. Each population has a unique range of haplotypes. While Europeans have over 100 haplotypes in a particular region of DNA, studies so far have only found four different Maori haplotypes in the same region.
"The reason for this difference is what we call a genetic bottleneck. When people leave an island to go to the next island, obviously not everybody gets on the boat, so some of the genetic diversity is being lost," she said. "Some of the maternal lineages may not have got on the boat, so they're not carried on to the next place."
Whyte has now identified 10 haplotypes in New Zealand Maori. "From that we have worked out that 56 women came to New Zealand to create the diversity of today's population," she added.
Whyte said these findings were consistent with Maori legend.
"The story I was told when I was growing up is that there was a fleet of seven great waka (canoes) that came to New Zealand," she said. "Every tribe knows which waka their ancestors arrived in. My ancestors were in a waka called Takitimu."
"There might have been 20 people travelling in a canoe the size of a waka. Seven waka, that's about 140 people. And if, as we think, about half or 56 of these people happen to be women, it does seem to tie in."
Tags: archaeology, geography, cloning-and-dna


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Objective: The present study aimed to explore client-therapist congruence in helpfulness evaluations session-by-session and its association with therapy outcomes. As suggested by West and Kenny's truth and bias model, we constructed congruence as both temporal congruence (i.e., the correlation between therapists' and clients' helpfulness judgments over time) and directional discrepancy (i.e., the average difference between therapists' and clients' helpfulness judgments). Method: Seventy-eight clients were treated by 22 experienced therapists within a 12-session course of integrative psychotherapy. At the end of each session, clients and therapists rated their perceptions of session helpfulness and, at the beginning of the next session, clients rated their own psychological functioning. Results: Therapists' and clients' helpfulness judgments were temporally congruent across treatment, and therapists' judgments were lower than those of their clients. Moreover, we found that therapists' negative directional discrepancy, but not temporal congruence, was associated with improvement in clients' psychological functioning as well as with clients' global treatment evaluations. Conclusion: Our results highlight the importance of therapists' vigilant assessment of session helpfulness in a course of brief integrative psychotherapy. As such, they strengthen the importance of further research regarding client-therapist congruence (in different aspects of the therapeutic process) and its association with therapy outcomes. Clinical or methodological significance of this article In this study, we found that therapists' tendency to provide lower session-helpfulness assessments than did their clients was associated with better therapeutic outcomes. These results may highlight the importance of therapists' cautious and humble stance when assessing their perception of session helpfulness across treatment.
- process-outcome research
- truth and bias model


text:
The RPG-HC4 is a high performance gas regulator specifically developed for high capacity required by offshore firewater systems.
The RPG-HC4 controls a downstream gas pressure and is capable of supplying a large volume of gas in order to sustain a set pressure level in the recipient.
The regulator is used in active hydrophore systems for fire water offshore. The RPG-HC4 will maintain the given set pressure in the system while the hydrophore tank discharging water into the deluge system in the critical seconds before the firewater pumps is up running. This secures positive pressure in the entire pipenet and prevents pressure surges.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Carpentry and joinery learners from colleges across Grŵp Llandrillo Menai were given a look behind the scenes into life on a construction site as part of a virtual event to mark National Apprenticeship Week.
In total, 41 level 1 learners from the college sites took part, putting their questions to two apprentices working on Wynne Construction sites alongside Alison Hourihane, business and community development manager.
While Wynne would usually provide chances for students to visit their construction sites, the company has worked together with Grŵp Llandrillo Menai to provide innovative and interactive sessions to bring students closer to construction.
Attendees quizzed Callum Cunningham, an apprentice for Wynne Construction, and Adam Boggs, an apprentice at Ogwen Joinery.
Questions covered how sites have changed during the pandemic, how to apply for apprenticeships, and what sort of working culture they can expect on-site if they are successful.
Callum said: "It's a big leap into the world of work from school, I remember when I was in their position I had so many questions, so it was really good to be able to answer some of them."
Alison Hourihane said: "It's always a pleasure to speak to those looking to get into construction and I hope this event with the learners will help do just that. Making construction accessible to a wider range of people is why we set up Wynne Futures, and talking to those making their first steps towards working on a site is one of the best ways to do so. As well as speaking to the two apprentices, those attending the virtual event were shown a short video, introducing them to work on a Wynne Construction site.
Salah Berdouk, assistant principal computing and media, construction and engineering, Coleg Llandrillo, said: "We are delighted to be working with Wynne Construction to develop a programme of virtual visits and interactive sessions with a leader in the construction industry. The learners have been working online through unprecedented times and having such a generous contribution from Wynne Construction, has come as a very welcome opportunity for all of them. They were able to ask experts questions about the knowledge and skills they gained in college. They were able to interact with professionals that have literally shaped the urbanisation of the UK. This invaluable experience gave them such a great insight into the world of construction and will set them on the path to success."


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A New Power: Photography in Britain 1800–1850
The announcement of photography's invention in January 1839, first in Paris and then in London, introduced a 'new power' into British life. This new power – derived from photography's capacity to automatically capture the images created in a camera – was soon being used for every conceivable purpose.
A New Power: Photography and Britain _PHONE_ explores the early history of photography, starting with the invention of the medium and the earliest dissemination of photographic images in Britain and ending with the famous Great Exhibition of 1851. It examines the broad range of uses that photography would quickly come to fill, from documenting the invention of celebrity to the very first 'travel photography' and how this helped to shore up colonial sensibilities.
By showing how photography intersected with all aspects of a nascent modernity, A New Power reveals photography's crucial role in making Britain the society it is today.


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Bira dam was constructed in Bati district in 1986 through the aid of International Red Cross Association for food security purpose. The study was conducted from January to September 2013. The objective of the study was to assess physico-chemical parameters of Bira dam. Current total area, average depth of the reservoir were measured using GPS and rope respectively, physico-chemical parameters were taken monthly from January to September 2013 from three sites. Digital Multimetres were used to measure pH, Temperature, conductivity and Turbidity value. SPSS Version 16 was used to analyze the collected data. Univarate test was used to test the physico-chemical parameters difference among sites and months. The mean value of pH, Temperature, Turbidity and conductivity 7.02, 24.11°C, 24.60 NTU and 399.00 µS/cm respectively. There was no significant difference in all physico-chemical parameters among sites (P>0.05). There was significant difference in water Temperature, Turbidity and conductivity by month (P<0.05). The current total area of the dam is 18 hectare which was 42 hectare when the dam was constructed; the depth also reduces from 20 to 4.33 m. Since the watershed of the dam is highly degraded, the dam will be totally dried if the situation continues. The turbidity value of Bira dam was higher than most studied dams in Ethiopia, therefore watershed of the dam should be properly managed though full participation of dam users.
Mohammed A, T. A. (2014). Assessment of Physico-chemical Water Quality of Bira Dam, Bati Wereda, Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Journal of Aquaculture Research & Development, 05(06). _URL_


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British and Commonwealth Warship Camouflage of WWII
Volume II: Battleships & Aircraft Carriers
During World War II, navies developed camouflage for their ships. Applying it to both vertical and horizontal surfaces, they reduced visibility and confused the identities of their ships to the enemy. Maritime artist Malcolm Wright continues his depictions of the official and unofficial paint schemes that adorned the capital ships of the Royal Navy and Commonwealth. Many schemes included in this volume are difficult to find without intensive research, making this a unique and valuable resource.


How Far Can You Shoot With a 200mm Lens?
The 200mm is a telephoto lens that makes subjects appear more prominent in the frame. When you can't adjust the lens barrel, how far can you shoot with a 200mm lens? We're looking into how magnification works on 200mm lenses and how it can reach and photograph faraway subjects.
How Far Can You Shoot With a 200mm Lens?
A 200mm lens lets you shoot subjects about 60 feet away from you to fill the frame. Since lenses can focus at infinity, you can use a 200mm lens to capture subjects beyond 500 feet. However, the effect depends on the subject's size, your shooting position, background, and foreground.
A telephoto lens may not necessarily be a zoom lens, just like in the case of a 200mm lens. However, it still can let you 'reach' subjects in a magnified way. That's why we're going to look at the variable factors that may influence your shooting distance.
Determining the 200mm Lens Reach
The 200mm focal length controls the field of view, which means this lens has a narrow angle of view at long distances. When using a 200mm lens, the subject can easily fill the frame when it's about 60 feet away from you.
A close up shot of a 200mm lens
Hence, if you want to include background and foreground elements, you need to move back until the camera sensor captures the actual size of the subject.
When talking about how far you can take photos with a 200mm lens, this refers to the ability to narrow your field, giving you a close-up perspective of the subject. You can zoom in on anything as long as it's within the closest focus of a 200mm lens.
200mm Magnification Ratio
When it comes to 200mm lenses, the distance of how far you can take pictures refers to the magnification ratio. While the magnification ratio varies depending on the brand, a 200mm lens typically has a 2.85x magnification rate. Thus, a 200mm would make subjects appear 4 to 5 times closer.
Shooting Distance Depending On the Desired Framing
Picture this— even if a tree is 1 foot away from you, it can quickly fill the frame because of the magnification ratio. In contrast, if you're about 40 feet away from it, there would be less subject detail yet more background elements.
Furthermore, any telephoto lens can photograph the sky. However, you would need a narrower field of view if you want the moon or the stars to fill the frame.
As you can see, the question of how far you can shoot with a 200m lens also relies on how you want to frame the subject.
Zooming Distance of a 200mm Lens
A 200mm lens cannot zoom in and out because of its fixed focal length. A telephoto lens like the 200mm produces a pull-in effect, which draws faraway subjects to make them appear closer than they are in reality.
What also gives the impression of a zoomed-in appearance is its perspective compression. This draw-in effect makes far-off subjects near a background look closer together and bigger to the camera.
Photography Scenarios Using a 200mm Lens
Even if the minimum reach of a 200mm lens is 60 feet, it can infinitely focus on distant scenes and objects. However, the actual appearance of the subject on the photo depends on the focal length, the subject's physical size, and the subject's distance to the sensor size.
There's an expected 1.1% growth in the telephoto zoom lens market within 2021-2026. With developing technologies, trends, and features, there are many ways for you to experiment with how far you can shoot using a 200mm lens.
A 70-200mm lens on display
 - Portraits: Despite a person being 100 feet away from you, a 200mm would let you take portraits with some background and foreground elements. However, don't expect to get an ultra close-up shot.
 - Landscapes: A 200mm enables you to make subjects look more dominant than other parts of the frame. For example, when you're 60 feet away from boulders, the mountains in the background look too shallow. Meanwhile, standing father at 150 feet would make the mountains smaller and the boulders mightier.
 - Wildlife: When birdwatching, you can still see the birds flying in the sky even if you're on the ground and the birds are 150 feet away from you. While you can't zoom in on the bird's details, you can capture a portion of the sky and the outline of the birds.
 - Sports: Imagine yourself watching a basketball game, and you're 20 feet away from the sidelines. Even if there are 3 rows of bleachers in front of you, you can get a half-body shot of a player.
Determining how far you can shoot with a 200mm lens depends on some factors, including the subject's size and environmental elements. However, a 200mm lens typically ensures focus within 60 to 520 feet. Make sure to adjust your shooting position to achieve your desired framing and depth of field.


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Even if professors chose to go back to in person classes after Oct. 5, the majority of professors still offer an online option for students who are uncomfortable with attending in-person classes. With online learning, cheating has become a concern and this is where the Canvas Activity Log comes into play.
With the help of Juhong Christie Liu, the head of online learning, and Andrea Adams, the assistant dean for learning innovation & design, the log's main goal to prevent students from cheating was established this past week.
"This feature is intended to help investigate technical problems during the process of quiz taking," Liu said. "For instance, an internet interruption. It may help measure the time focusing on taking the quiz, with the condition of a smooth network and computer capacity."
The Canvas Activity Log will show what a student is doing within each minute of the quiz or exam. For example, if during the fifth minute of the exam a student answers numerous questions, the Canvas Activity log would pick up that information and label it all under the fifth minute of the exam. However, the log can mark students as "inactive" during the exam.
"The 'inactive' or 'stop viewing' status occurs when a student navigates away from the quiz (closes the browser tab, opens a new browser tab, or navigates to a different program)," Liu said.
However, there have been students from all different universities who have run into issues with what the "inactive" marking really means. On a Canvas community forum entitled "Quiz Log Interpretation" there are several people who claim they had issues with the Canvas Activity Log.
"I did some testing in a sandbox course and here's what I found: It seems like there are three times the 'Stopped viewing the Canvas quiz-taking page' message occurs; when you're inactive within Canvas (after 30 seconds), when your mouse is inactive in a window outside of Canvas (after 15 seconds) and when you actually click outside of Canvas. The 'Resumes' message occurs when you move your mouse after being inactive or when you click back within Canvas after being active in another window."
Sophomore Eric Hayes said he believes this is what happened to him during an exam he took during the month of the second week of October. After his professor told him that they would be using the Canvas Activity Log to determine if students were cheating on that particular exam, he had concerns.
"I had heard from my roommate that the Canvas Activity Log was not an accurate way to determine if a student was cheating or not, so I did a bunch of research on it before I took the exam," Hayes said. "I found the Canvas forum about it being inaccurate but I thought I'd just give it a try and see what happened."
After completing his exam, several days later Hayes received an email from his professor claiming that the Canvas Activity Log said he left the exam page 99 times.
"I was really mad because I didn't leave the exam screen once. I got 25 points taken off of my score when I didn't even cheat," Hayes said. "I emailed my professor back and sent them all of the information I found online about the inaccuracy of the Canvas Log, I was told that they were going to look into it, but I haven't heard anything in a week."
Concerns like these beg the question: Is the Canvas Activity Log a reliable way to determine if a student is cheating on an assignment?
"Reviewing the activity log for students may prompt an opportunity to talk more between a professor and a student about the quiz, such as if a student stops viewing the quiz page because of in need of more time to understand the question or because of technical access," Liu said. "However, it's important to note that quiz actions may occur for a number of reasons that are permissible and do not infer cheating," Liu said.
The Canvas Activity Log, by definition, can be used to help students and professors communicate about any issues that may arise during a quiz or exam. Students who are already put under stress about online learning now may also have to deal with the possibility of being falsely accused of cheating.
Contact Mackenzie Munn at _EMAIL_. For more coverage of JMU and Harrisonburg news, follow the news desk on Twitter _USER_.


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In general when a factory method returns an instance of the created object, in C++, it is a pointer to a dynamically created memory or a resource.
Resource* factory(); // allocates dynamically
Factory method pattern does not talk about the lifetime of the object it creates. It depends upon the caller of the factory to release the resource. It can do better here. A factory method can act smarter by returing the dynamically allocated pointer by wrapping it in an automatic pointer (auto_ptr).
auto_ptr factory(); // allocates dynamically
Returning an automatic pointer strongly indicates ownership transfer as well as
takes care of releasing the resource.
auto_ptr rtemp;
rtemp = factory();
} // rtemp freed here automatically even in the face of exceptions!!
SRC: Scott Meyers

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Denton and Harlaxton - long and short
Enjoy a circular walk in and around these two pretty rural villages that lie at the edge of the Trent and Belvoir Vales and close to the border with Leicestershire. The walks use village and field paths to visit Denton Reservoir, the Grantham Canal, and Denton and Harlaxton villages. The walks start at Denton which lies approximately three miles (five kilometres) south west of Grantham.
Shorter route
3.5 miles (5.5 kilometres)
1.75 hours
Longer route
four miles (6.5 kilometres)
two hours
Starting point
St Andrew's Church
NG32 1LG
Grid reference SK 865 325.
 1. From the church follow the road around to the right and past the school. Go straight on at the first junction and at the second turn left onto Casthorpe Road.
 2. Approximately 100m after the cottages, cross the stream and turn right onto the public footpath and follow it along a track and across the field to the far right hand corner up a bank. Cross a track (the old mineral railway line) and carry straight on beside the the feeder stream to the reservoir. Walk 3/4 of the
 way around the reservoir (approximately0.5 miles or 800m).
 3. Turn left onto a public footpath which goes down some steps and across a bridge. Carry on in the same direction between two hedges and then along a field edge/track. At the field corner go over the bridge ahead and follow the footpath across/around the field to the far corner. Go through the gap in the hedge. The Grantham Canal is now on your left.
 4. For the shorter walk turn right following the restricted byway. Go through a field gate to join a track which will lead you uphill to the road. Cross the road (take care crossing this busy road) and walk down Rectory Lane to the corner and turn right onto West End. Rejoin the walk directions at point 7.
 For the longer walk carry straight on alongside the canal to the road and turn right.
 5. At the crossroads, with the A607, go straight on (take care crossing this busy road) onto Harlaxton High Street.
 6. Walk past the shop and turn right up some steps onto a footpath opposite the telephone box and village cross, to the church. Follow the path to the left hand side of the church and out of the churchyard. Continue on in the same direction along the field edge, through a yard and across another field, bearing slightly to the left, to a gate onto a road.
 7. Cross the road and walk along West End and continue straight on through a gate to a field. Bear diagonally right across the field aiming to the right of the line of trees in the hedge, to the main road. Cross the road with care and take the footpath opposite diagonally left across the field. At the old railway line turn right then almost immediately left and continue in the same direction over a footbridge. Bear right across the field to the far right hand corner. Follow this path back to Denton Main Street.
 8. Cross the road and follow the public footpath between two cottages almost immediately opposite. Cross the bridge and continue straight on under the horse chestnut trees to a gate. Turn right down the road and follow the public footpath on the left behind the school, to return to the church.
Download map
The walks use village footpaths and field paths to visit Denton reservoir, the Grantham Canal and two pretty villages. Mostly easy level walking with one gentle incline, it may be muddy in places. There are stiles on both routes and you are likely to encounter livestock.
Facilities available on this walk
 - refreshments
 - village/town
Features of this walk
 - historical interest
 - wildlife interest
Map of starting point


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Bridge of Allan is a small town situated in the Stirling council area in Scotland. It is located in the northern part of Stirling. It lies on the banks of the Allan Water, a tributary of the River Forth. The administration formerly was under the control of the Central Regional Council.
The local people here are known as the Maeatae and the religion followed here is Christianity. Bridge of Allan is a very densely populated residential town with a population of about 4800. Hundreds of visitors often visit Bridge of Allan, to enjoy the sheltered climate. The climate here is often good with mild drizzles in afternoons and early evenings.
The town receives low to moderate rainfall in the month of September and October. The Bridge of Allan Spa received 1,000 gallons of mineral water daily in around 1820 that accommodated 30,000 visitors a year. It is thus a good place for agriculture because of the availability of water.
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One of the council area of Scotland is a peninsula called as Fife. It is bordered by the Firth of Forth towards the south, by the North Sea towards the east and by the Firth of Tay...
On the east coast of Scotland in Fife, Kirkcaldy is a town. It is bounded by Glenrothes towards the north, Edinburgh towards the south, Leven towards the east and Dunfermline...


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History of Brock
Opened in 1964, Brock University is named for Maj.-General Sir Isaac Brock, who died at nearby Queenston Heights in the War of 1812. His last words — "Surgite! Push on!" — have become the University's motto.
But the seeds of the University were sown long before the doors first opened. Brock's story is about a community that rose up and built the institution it wanted for its future.
A grassroots effort
In the late 1950s, there was growing public discussion about how Niagara should have its own university. Its founders wanted young people to get a good education without having to leave the area.
The grassroots sentiment became a movement when, in November 1957, the Allanburg Women's Institute asked the Ontario government to "favourably consider the placing of a university in the Niagara Peninsula."
Momentum spread. By fall 1962, the Brock Founders Committee was incorporated. They received approval to create a new university, then developed an administrative and academic plan. Then they began raising money.
Onward and upward
After years of meetings and fundraising, Brock opened in September 1964. It had 127 students in a refurbished refrigeration factory at the foot of the Niagara Escarpment in St. Catharines. In 1966 the landmark Brock Tower was completed, and faculties began moving "up the hill" to the University's permanent home atop the escarpment.
For the next 30 years, Brock sent thousands of graduates on to successful careers. It built a name for its personal quality of teaching afforded by attentive faculty and controlled class sizes. As the new millennium dawned, enrolment soared. Brock transformed from an undergraduate institute to a comprehensive University with flourishing research, graduate and doctoral programs.
The campus steadily expanded to keep pace with the demand for a Brock education. It's a pattern that continues with the construction of world-class research labs, a landmark fine arts complex and an international students' centre.
Today the University also operates a campus in Hamilton, Ont., primarily for teacher education.
Brock serves its community as a cultural, academic and recreational centre, bringing excellent facilities to the people who created the University all those years ago. We are committed to building our community and to fostering an environment that serves our students and our neighbours.


Science project
Rainbow in a Jar
In both cases, you need two things: a source of light, and a transparent substance like glass or water.
But wouldn't it be spectacular to hold a rainbow in a jar?
How can we use chemicals to make a rainbow in a jar?
 - 1 jar
 - 1/2 cup blue dishwashing liquid
 - 1/2 cup olive oil
 - 1/2 cup rubbing alcohol
 - 1/2 cup light corn syrup
 - Food coloring
 - 5 spoons
 - 5 bowls for mixing
 1. Make your purple layer by mixing 1/2 cup of the light corn syrup with 1 drop of blue and 1 drop of red food coloring.
 2. Carefully pour it into the bottom of your jar.
 3. Carefully pour the blue dish soap down the side of the jar.
 4. Mix 1/2 cup of water with 2 drops of green food coloring.
 5. Carefully pour in your green water down the side of the jar.
 6. Gently pour 1/2 cup olive oil down the side of your jar.
 7. Mix 1/2 cup of rubbing alcohol with 2 drops of red food coloring.
 8. Carefully pour the red rubbing alcohol down the inside of your jar.
 9. Being careful not to disturb your liquids, set your jar down on the table and enjoy your rainbow!
You should have produced a beautifully layered rainbow in a jar with distinct lines that separate each layer of liquid without them mixing.
So what keeps all these layers all separated from each other? It's how dense, or heavy, each liquid is. The corn syrup is heaviest, and sits nicely on the bottom. The dishwashing soap is not quite as heavy as the corn syrup, but it's heavier than the olive oil, and so on.
Layering them from heaviest to lightest from the bottom up ensures that the rainbow maintains its distinct lines.
What if you had added the layers in the reverse order? Would you still see a rainbow? Try it. What if you changed the colors around but added each liquid in the original order? Go for it. What happens if you mix your rainbow with a spoon? No matter which new experiments you attempt, be sure to record your results to learn even more about density.
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How many meganewton-meter in 1 newton-metre?
The answer is 1.0E-6.
We assume you are converting between meganewton meter and newton-metre.
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
meganewton-meter or newton-metre
The SI derived unit for torque is the newton meter.
1 newton meter is equal to 1.0E-6 meganewton-meter, or 1 newton-metre.
Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results.
Use this page to learn how to convert between meganewton meters and newton metres.
Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units!
Newton metre is the unit of moment in the SI system. Its symbol is N m or N·m. It is a compound unit of torque corresponding to the torque from a force of 1 newton applied over a distance arm of 1 metre.
ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!
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A Handheld CNC Machine Sounds Awesome But Tiring
If you're to believe traditional craftsmen, computer-aided design and manufacturing removes the romance from making things. Well soon there'll be a half-way house: a hand-held CNC milling machine.
The device, called FreeD, is a hand-held, digitally controlled, milling device developed by MIT. Basically, it uses data from a computer to guide and monitor the milling bit of the machine, providing the rough shape of the object that is being created, but allows the user some freedom. According to the designers:
That means that no two items made using FreeD are ever the same — maybe not something to use for precision applications, then — but it brings some of the artisan skill back into making. It allows some of the pre-mediated computer design that everyone's so fond of these days, with the ability to actually engage with the process of making stuff — and I think that's pretty neat. The device is still in development, but you can see it in action in the video to the left. [FreeD via MAKE]


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By Michael Oche
The African Regional Organisation of the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC-Africa) has commended the recent decision by the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) to lift, with immediate effect, a large part of the sanctions imposed on Burkina Faso, Niger, Mali, and Guinea on account of military takeover of power.
The West African regional bloc last Saturday announced it is lifting most sanctions imposed on Niger over last year's coup, in a new push for dialogue following a series of political crises that have rocked the region in recent months.
In a statement on Tuesday by Akhator Joel Odigie the ITUC-AFRICA General Secretary, the organisation representing the interest of African workers, said with the lifting of sanctions on these countries, there is the need for intensification of diplomatic efforts and negotiations to address the underlying governance issues that contribute to the military takeover in the region.
"ECOWAS should actively facilitate, through diplomatic means, the restoration of democratic principles and the rule of law in the affected countries. This process should involve legitimate and procedures and inclusive consultations with all critical stakeholders such as workers and their trade union organisations, in alignment with the sub-regional bodies' standards," Odigie noted in his statement from the Lomé headquarters of the organisation.
He said for workers, businesses, economic sectors and people who have suffered from the effects of the sanctions, ECOWAS should seek and deploy bilateral and multilateral cooperation and assistance mechanisms to aid and speed up recovery.
The ITUC-Africa scribe, however, said the organisation is nevertheless deeply concerned about the prospective withdrawal of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso from ECOWAS, recognising the potential adverse effects on regional unity, socioeconomic development, and the overall wellbeing of citizens.
He said, "Recognising the significance of the unity of ECOWAS and, by extension, Africa's unity for the continent's integration and development, prosperity, and global relevance, ITUC-Africa wish to underscore the critical need for the concerned member states to reconsider their withdrawal. We advocate for a constructive dialogue within the 12-month deadline outlined in the ECOWAS treaty to resolve this impasse.
"Importantly, we urge ECOWAS to urgently reassess its efficiency, liberate itself from external influences, and prioritise the welfare of West Africa's and Africa's populace. It is critical that the organisation fundamentally fit into the logic of its 2020 vision of moving from the ECOWAS of States to the ECOWAS of the people.
"As African workers, we reiterate our conviction and preference for a people-driven, people-centred, and people-minded democracy that should be "the only game in town".
"Democracy must serve the people by guaranteeing their welfare and well-being. Also, we reaffirm that for real and enabling democracy to be achieved and thrive, strong institutions must be built, and the sanctity of the rule of the rule of law must be vigilantly and eternally upheld. As organised workers, we reiterate our commitment to contributing to attaining these ideals."
He said African workers will actively prosecute the Global Campaign for Democracy that the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) will launch on the 4th of March 2024.
He urged ECOWAS to find the courage and political will to discourage constitutional manipulation and manoeuvring, especially by civilian actors, saying it is one of the actions diminishing trust and confidence in national democratic projects and processes.
"ITUC-Africa calls upon all stakeholders to prioritise dialogue, diplomacy, unity, cooperation, collaboration, and solidarity to overcome the current impasse while steadfastly upholding democracy, human rights, and regional integration in the ECOWAS region," he said.


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Thanks to the sBot Speed safety system from SICK robots slow down when approached, and start working again on their own when the person has left the working range: it provides more safety, flexibility and productivity
In cooperative robot applications, the sBot Speed safety system from SICK guarantees safety, flexibility and productivity. It is a complete solution ready for integration consisting of an S300 mini safety laser scanner, and a FlexiSoft safety controller. In addition to pre-configured and tested automation and safety functions, it offers a complete wiring diagram which enables quick and trouble-free system integration into robot controls.
The sBot Speed-UR system variant is optimally aligned to various robot models from Universal Robots (UR), and other variants with other robot manufacturers are available.
Safe access to the hazardous area
Cooperative robot applications, in which man and machine share the same working space at different times support mounting processes, for example. In addition, they enable flexible adjustment to changing work or ambient conditions. Safety systems must ensure safe access to the hazardous area of the robot at all times. At the same time, they should support the process efficiency and productivity of the human-machine interaction, for example with adaptive perception capabilities, which make it possible to automatically adjust the operating conditions of the robot to the position of the person in the surroundings. This prevents the risk of accidents occurring and simultaneously improves productivity by reducing downtimes and optimizing work processes.
The working range is monitored by a laser scanner
An S300 mini safety laser scanner monitors the working range of the robot. It uses two field sets dependent on the robot speed, each consisting of a warning and a protective field. If a person enters the warning field of field set 1 during an on-going process, the robot safety reduces its speed. Since the robot is now moving more slowly and therefore would have a shorter run-down time in the event of an emergency stop, the safety system activates field set 2 with a smaller protective field. If this field is entered, the robot makes a safety stop. If the person leaves the working range, the robot automatically starts moving again, at first with safely-reduced speed and monitored by field set 2 so it can then resume the original work speed with protection by field set 1. The safety monitored reduction in speed means more productivity and availability with optimized human-robot interaction compared to a complete stop and production standstill.
Ideal for models from Universal Robots
The sBot Speed-UR system variant is therefore specially aligned for use in the UR3, UR5 and UR10 robot models in essential respects. For example, this concerns the UR-specific wiring diagram or the specification and connection of additional safety components, which are required to fulfill relevant safety standards. In addition, the wiring diagram, the safety logistics program, the UR-related parameter settings and the Sistema file are contained in the detailed documentation. The targeted alignment to UR robots also concerns the selected "Active operation" and "Programming" operating modes. l


surcoat, also spelled surcoteA man (left) wearing a surcoat with hanging sleeves and a woman (right) wearing a loose surcoat that reveals the sleeves of the garment underneath.Archives Photographiques, Parissleeved or sleeveless outer garment worn by European men and women during the 13th and 14th centuries. The surcoat for men was usually a tunic, or simple piece of material with a hole for the head, often worn over armour. For women, the surcoat was a more significant and characteristic garment, which originated in the 13th century as a voluminous outer cloak.
At the beginning of the 14th century, the armhole became a long vertical slit open to the hips, and the neck was cut low to create a narrow strip over the shoulders. The neck and armholes were frequently edged with fur or embroidery, sometimes elaborately. The skirt fell in loose folds from the hips. The sideless surcoat, popular for more than 90 years and often decorated with a row of buttons or jewels, offered an attractive contrast to the garment showing underneath.


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Seven Ages Of Britain - Age Of Revolution
Seven Ages Of Britain, Episode 04 - Age Of Revolution
In this seven-part series British commentator and presenter David Dimbleby tells the story of Britain through its art and treasure.
Episode 04 - Age Of Revolution
In the 17th century the British people learnt to question everything. The result was the Civil War which spawned a re-invented monarchy, a scientific revolution and the great Cathedral of St Paul's.


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We explore the benefits of three different non-contact safety switches
Safety switches are indispensable in any application where safety is required for people and machinery. Commonly used to monitor doors, gates, and other moveable physical guards, safety switches of all varieties are used to separate personnel from a potential hazard. It sends a signal to the machine's controls system if the guard has been opened, removed, or is out of alignment.
Non-contact safety switches are ideal in applications where precise guidance of guards may be difficult. These devices are typically long lasting, require minimal maintenance, and are resistant to shock and vibrations. By design, a non-contact safety switch generally consists of two pieces, a sensor and an actuator. Both never actually contact one another. SICK offers a large selection of non-contact safety switches, safety locking devices as well as traditional electromechanical safety switches and safety command devices.
When using a non-contact safety switch, it is a requirement for the machine to have the ability to stop fast enough because this type of switch will not prevent someone from opening a door. Small to medium machines typically have a faster stopping time. Machines with longer stopping times require a safe-locking device to ensure no one can open the door until the machine comes to a safe stop or speed. SICK offers three types of non-contact safety switches perfect for safe door monitoring applications.
Magnetic Non-Contact Safety Switches
With magnetic non-contact safety switches, there is up to a 7mm sensing range, which provides a fair amount of tolerance to account for many different situations. For example, if a door is sagging or slightly out of alignment, it is more accommodating to misalignment than a mechanical interlock. It is also tends to result in significantly less wear and tear because it has no contact with the actuator.
Magnetic safety switches from SICK, like the RE switches, can get up to performance level E, as long as you are using safety controls that have test pulses. The test pulses connect to the potential free contacts of the switch to reliably detect short circuits, either by using Flexi Soft or with ReLy safety relays.
However, if magnetic safety switches are wired in series, it could result in fault masking. This can be prevented by wiring the switches in series with Flexi Loop and the Flexi Soft programmable safety controller or by using an RFID non-contact safety switch with OSSD outputs. You can learn more about fault masking in our previous blog post.
RFID Non-Contact Safety Switches
RFID non-contact safety switches, like the STR1 from SICK, prevent manipulation of the guard. With magnetic non-contact safety switches like the RE series mentioned above, any actuator works with any sensor. That means someone could potentially carry a spare actuator with them to keep the door open while running the machine.
With high-coded versions of the STR1, the sensor will only work with the taught in actuator. A low-coded RFID safety switch operates similarly to the magnetic safety switch and is more easily manipulated. High-coded vs low-coded safety switches are discussed in Safety of machinery – Interlocking devices associated with guards – Principles for design and selection (ISO 14119:2013).
In addition, the STR1 RFID non-contact safety switches include OSSD outputs to detect short circuits. Rather than running test pulses from safe controls, OSSD outputs do that automatically. This allows you to cascade or wire the STR1 directly in series of up to 30 switches and not have to worry about fault masking.
However, the diagnostics are limited because the STR1 does not have communication over a BUS system like Flexi Loop does, but it can be connected to a Flexi Loop system to get that level of diagnostics. The advantage of the STR1 is that you can still cascade up to 30 different switches, even without using Flexi Loop.
RFID safety switches achieve performance level e and an IP69K rating with a 14mm sensing range, providing it a higher tolerance. With this higher tolerance, you can even gain accurate detection with, for example, a door that has a gap between the door and frame where it closes. The larger the sensing range, the lower the chances are for false trips to make sure machinery does not stop unexpectedly.
Lastly, the STR1 offers flexibility in mounting and operation due to three sensing areas from both sides and front. The RE magnetic safety switches only have one sensing surface. There are also four different actuator options: standard, flat, compact, and mini.
Magnetic Locking RFID Non-Contact Safety Switches
The last type of non-contact safety switch is used for the same type of applications, but primarily fixes issues with people opening doors and stopping machines mid-process to create unwanted downtime and material waste. Magnetic locking RFID non-contact safety switches provide the benefits of RFID non-contact safety switches with the added benefit of an energized magnet to keep a door closed.
The MLP1 safety switch can help to prevent all of this from happening with a magnet that reaches 500N if energized or 25N if de-energized. A level of 25N will keep the door closed, even if the magnet isn't energized. This switch provides enough force for process protection, but does not guarantee people cannot open the door so it should not be used for people protection.
It has a high tolerance against misalignment, with a 5mm range in any direction. There is also a version with two pigtails for easy series connection that can be done without T-connectors. This is a unique feature to SICK's MLP1 safety switch.
The MLP1 offers standard and integrated mounted options. The standard mounting option is simply surface mounting. An integrated mounting option can be mounted into the machine frame to keep it low profile. This is another unique feature exclusive to the MLP1.
In addition, the MLP1 has OSSD outputs that are monitored for short circuits and it is a performance level e device, regardless of safety controls. It can also easily be wired in series with Flexi Loop more comprehensive diagnostics.
Learn more about non-contact safety switches
Talk to someone at SICK today to learn more about what non-contact safety switch may be the best one for your application. Email us today at _EMAIL_!


NoConnectionException class Null safety
Class signaling that a No Connection exception has been triggered due to invalid connection state with a remote peer.
Implemented types
Constructors
NoConnectionException([String _message = 'Connection error'])
Creates a NoConnectionException object.
Properties
hashCode int
The hash code for this object.
read-onlyinherited
runtimeType Type
A representation of the runtime type of the object.
read-onlyinherited
Methods
noSuchMethod(Invocation invocation) → dynamic
Invoked when a non-existent method or property is accessed.
inherited
toString() String
A string representation of this object.
override
Operators
operator ==(Object other) bool
The equality operator.
inherited


text:
Propalock is a vital solution for construction projects, especially those involving temporary support structures where safety is a concern. These structures often rely on adjustable telescopic steel props, a common practice that has raised safety issues identified by health and safety organizations.
Propalock addresses these safety concerns effectively. It is engineered using high-quality Polyamide 6 with 30 percent glass fiber filler, maintaining strength while reducing manufacturing costs, making it an attractive option for cost-conscious construction projects.
The use of Propalock not only saves costs but also enhances safety by preventing unauthorized tampering with steel props. It's a locking system that can only be operated by a designated site supervisor, ensuring consistency in management and significantly reducing the risk of accidents.
The goal of Propalock is to translate the extensive paperwork and safety recommendations regarding temporary support structures into practical action. By doing so, it promotes better health and safety practices on construction sites globally, ultimately improving workplace safety in temporary work situations.


text:
Document Type : Special Issue Manuscripts
Saveetha Engineering College
University College of Engineering
The exciting coolants have reached their limitations of heat dissipating capacity. It is studied from the literature review that nanofluids are the novel and alternate heat transfer medium with significant temperature-dependent thermal conductivity even at very low particle concentrations than the conventional heat transfer fluids. In this experimental investigation, the multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) water is used as a coolant in four stroke single cylinder diesel engine to assess the performance of the engine. The MWCNT/ water nanofluid is prepared with surfactant to get the stable suspension of nanofluid. Tests are performed by constant the mass flow rate 330 LPH of coolant nanofluids and by changing the load and by keeping the speed constant. It is found that the brake thermal efficiency increases by 10 to 15%, exhaust temperature decreases by 8 to 10% decreases and the specific fuel consumption decreases when compared to water as a coolant at the same testing condition.


text:
Part of Speech: Noun
Meaning: 1. The metaphorical technique of naming a specific part when referring to the whole. 2. Naming the whole to indicate a part.
Notes: Today's Good Word is the proper literary term for a habit that is ubiquitous in common speech. The adjective for it is synecdochic(al) and you may use the adverb when you speak synecdochically. The practice of using synecdoches is synecdochism.
In Play: You avail yourself of synecdoche every time you say a neighbor lives two doors down the street, meaning houses. When your teenaged son whose English grades are low says, "I can't go out tonight, the'rents have the wheels," he is saying "car" with one of the major rhetorical devices of English. The reverse situation, using a whole to refer to a part, is also synecdoche: "I think Ghana is going to beat Brazil in the World Cup," besides being wishful thinking, is a synecdoche in which wholes (Ghana, Brazil) refer to only parts of themselves (the Ghanaian and Brazilian soccer teams).
Word History: Today's Good Word was taken whole from Greek synekdoche, the noun of the verb syn-ek-dechesthai "to take a part of". This verb comprises a prefix syn- "with, together" + a stem ek "out of" + dechomai "to take, receive." Ekdechomai alone means "take" in the sense of "understand", the opposite of the meaning of mistake. The doche is cousin to Latin doc-ere "to teach", found in English words such as doctor and dogma. (Saying 'Thank you' to Katy Brezger for suggesting today's Good Word in the Agora is almost synecdoche, since it expresses only a part of our gratitude.)
Come visit our website at for more Good Words and other language resources!


text:
Have you ever wondered why rooms with thick curtains tend to stay warmer in the winter? If you're interested in reducing your family's carbon footprint or simply want to help your folks save a little money, then knowing how to insulate your windows is really important! Which type of window covering will keep a room the warmest?
Which model window solution will keep a room the warmest?
- Four small square cardboard boxes of the same size
- Four 1-liter bottles of water
- Four inexpensive thermometers
- Plastic wrap
- Thin curtain material
- Heavy, insulated curtain material
- Small funnel
- Double-sided sticky tape
- Duct tape or packing tape
- Cooking pot
- Notebook and pen
- Cut a large "window" into the same side of each of three of the cardboard boxes. Each window should be the same size, so you'll want to use the ruler to measure and mark with a pencil before cutting. Do not cut a window in the fourth box—this box will model a room that has no windows.
- Cover the inside of your windows with plastic wrap, taping it into place on the inside of the box.
- Cut curtains from the two types of curtain material that will completely cover your plastic wrap window. Secure the thinner curtain material in place with double-sided sticky tape over the inward-facing surface of one of the box's windows. On the next box's window, secure the heavier insulated curtain material in the same way. For the third box, leave the plastic wrap window unadorned.
- Pour the bottles of water from the plastic bottles into the pot and ask a parent to bring the pot to a boil. Allow the water to cool slightly so it won't scald if it splashes on you.
- With your parents' help, use the funnel to pour the hot water back into each of the bottles so that about the same amount of water is in each bottle. Some water may have evaporated when you boiled it, so the bottles will not be completely full.
- Insert a thermometer into each bottle and record the temperature reading in your notebook.
- Remove the thermometers from the bottles.
- Place each bottle into a box and seal each box closed with duct tape. Leave the boxes outside in the evening, preferably at a time when the sun is setting. Remember, we're trying to determine how much heat each box loses, so we don't want the boxes to cook in the sun.
- After three hours, open the boxes and take a temperature reading for each of the bottles. Remember to record the results each time you take a reading.
- What do you notice about how long the bottles stay warm? Which boxes are more efficient than others at keeping the heat inside the bottle?
Any type of window allows heat to escape, so the box without any window at all should have retained the most heat. However, for the boxes with windows, a heavier fabric helps retain heat better than a thinner one. The box with no curtain should have lost the most heat.
Insulated curtains are more energy efficient than curtains made of regular material. Why? One of the ways heat travels is through conduction, when heat moves from a warmer area to a cooler one. However, thicker materials are better insulators—that is, they tend to prevent conduction from occurring as rapidly. Interestingly enough, the best insulator is nothing at all, because heat can't travel by thermal conduction through a vacuum! That's why manufacturers of insulated food and beverage containers often nest two flasks together and suck all of the air out of the space in between. Heat is only able to effectively leave via conduction through the top of the container, and only a little is lost through the sides due to minimal conduction and some thermal radiation.
So how much less energy might the average household use by adding thermal curtains to heated rooms? Is the cost of insulated curtains worth it if you weigh it against the money you might save? Thermal curtain manufacturers estimate that homeowners can save up to 25% on their home's energy bill, and the US Department of Energy recommends that homeowners use insulated curtains to save money. Can you find any other methods to help save some money on your family's energy bill? Use your creativity, and apply what you've learned about heat and heat conduction!


text:
Dr. Peter M. Schweizer
Owner and CEO
Peter's extensive process-related know-how and know-why in coating and drying technology qualifies him to be a consultant for interested partners from industry and academia.
After having spent 16 years in the photographic industry, Peter changed from the user side to the supplier side of converting technology where he was partner of a die manufacturer for 3 years, and worked 15 years for a manufacturer of coating machines. His main focus has been on pre-metered coating methods including fluid conditioning and delivery systems as well as die design. In addition, he has gathered much experience in other coating methods and drying processes.
In parallel, Peter has taught in various short courses in coating and drying technology all over the world, published his knowledge in scientific and trade-related journals, presented his knowledge various times at conferences in Europe, Asia and America, acted as Board Member of the International Society of Coating Science and Technology (ISCST) and the European Coating Society (ECS), organized the ISCST Conference in Orlando as well as the ECS Conference in Fribourg (2003, 2017), and obtained several patents.
Together with Stefan Kistler he edited the book Liquid Film Coating, which appeared in 1997, and which is often referred to as the Bible of coating technology.
In 2006, Peter was honored with the John A. Talmadge Award from the International Society for Coating Science and Technology for his continued public engagement in this field.
In 2022, Peter published a book entitled Premetered Coating Methods


From Bright Pattern Documentation
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This page contains changes which are not marked for translation.
- 5.8
Using the Password Reset Feature
External Validation Script Specification
Overview
The Password Reset Module includes functionality to support scripts that are defined by system administrators to provide an additional layer of security. The contents of the JSON body received by the API service are passed to STDIN, and the results are read by the service on STDOUT. In this way, the validation script is able to take user-specific information and compare it with results from another data source. This ensures that the API service is being used from a trusted source that has accurately identified the user to receive a new password.
Example
The following is a PowerShell script that verifies a ServiceNow user during password reset. The user is validated in the scenario and their phone number and employee number are passed to the external validation tool through the JSON body of the request. If the values match the external check to ServiceNow, the script returns success. Specifically, it passes a JSON valid string where the field name and result name match the specified values from the configuration tool. In this example, those are "result" and "ok" respectively (i.e., anything other than this is considered "failed").
$user = "sn_user"
$pass = "sn_password"

$table = "sys_user"

$instance = "_URL_"

$input_obj = $input | ConvertTo-Json

$username = $input_obj.request.user

$emp_num = $input_obj.emp_num

$phone = $input_obj.phone

$base64AuthInfo = [Convert]::ToBase64String([Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetBytes(("{0}:{1}" -f $user, $pass)))

$headers = New-Object "System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary[[String],[String]]"

$headers.Add('Authorization',('Basic {0}' -f $base64AuthInfo))

$headers.Add('Accept','application/json')

$uri = $instance + "/api/now/table/" + $table + "?sysparm_query=user_name=" + $username

$method = "GET"

$response = Invoke-WebRequest -Headers $headers -Method $method -Uri $uri -ContentType "application/json"

$result = ConvertFrom-Json -InputObject $response.content

if($emp_num -eq $result.result[0].employee_number -And $phone -eq $result.result[0].phone){ Write-Host '{"result":"ok"}'}

else {Write-Host '{"result":"fail"}'}
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What do liberals and conservatives look for in a date?
September 10, 2013 in Other Sciences / Social Sciences
For their study, titled "The Dating Preferences of Liberals and Conservatives," the research team randomly sampled 2,944 profiles from a popular Internet, and examined the dating preference of users who identified as either liberal of conservative. The data allowed them to compare the way each dater described themselves on a number of dimensions, including race and ethnicity, religion, and the desire to have children, to the characteristics of their ideal date. Overall, regardless of ideology, daters want a partner that shares their characteristics.
Klofstad says that the to seek out partners that are like us could contribute to the increasing political divide between liberals and conservatives. "Parents pass their on to their children. So, if we are more easily able to find someone like ourselves by'shopping' for a partner online, Internet dating could hasten this process of. Of course, this process would occur over, not overnight."
Other findings:
Few individuals were willing to express a definitive political preference. The majority of online daters, 57 percent, reported that their politics are "middle of the road" rather than liberal or conservative. When asked to describe their body type, a larger proportion of daters voluntarily described themselves either "heavy set," having "a few extra pounds" or "stocky" than listed "politics" as one of their interests.
Conservative daters are more likely to be males and are less likely to belong to a racial or ethnic minority group. Liberals are younger, less likely to have been married, and less likely to have children. While liberal daters are better-educated than conservatives, this does not translate into any detectable income disparities between the two groups.
By and large, liberals and conservatives do not differ in their tendencies to seek out a partner that shares their characteristics. There are some notable exceptions, however. Overall, conservatives appear to be somewhat less accepting of dissimilarity. For example, conservatives are more likely than liberals to desire a date who shares their current relationship status, and conservative males are more likely than liberal males to want to date a female of their own race.
Provided by University of Miami
"What do liberals and conservatives look for in a date?" September 10, 2013 _URL_


getCurrentPosition (Client API reference)
Returns the current location using the device geolocation capability.
Available for
This method is supported only for the mobile clients.
Syntax
Xrm.Device.getCurrentPosition().then(successCallback, errorCallback)
Parameters
Parameter Name Type Required Description
successCallback Function Yes A function to call when the current geolocation information is returned. A geolocation object with the following values is passed to the function.:
- coords: Contains a set of geographic coordinates along with associated accuracy as well as a set of other optional values such as altitude and speed.
- timestamp: Represents the time when the object was acquired and is represented as DOMTimeStamp.
errorCallback Function Yes A function to call when the operation fails. An object with the following properties will be passed:
- code: The error code. Number.
- message: RLocalized message describing the error details. String.
If the user location setting is not enabled on your mobile device, the error message indicates the same. If you are using an earlier version of the model-driven apps mobile client or if geolocation capability is not available on your mobile device, null is passed to the error callback.
Return Value
On success, returns a geolocation object with the values specified earlier in the successCallback function.
Exceptions
See Web service error codes
Remarks
For the getCurrentPosition method to work, the geolocation capability must be enabled on your mobile device, and the model-driven apps mobile clients must have permissions to access the device location, which isn't enabled by default.
Example
Xrm.Device.getCurrentPosition().then(
 function success(location) {
 Xrm.Navigation.openAlertDialog({
 text: "Latitude: " + location.coords.latitude +
 ", Longitude: " + location.coords.longitude
 });
 },
 function (error) {
 Xrm.Navigation.openAlertDialog({ text: error.message });
 }
);
Xrm.Device


ADS StormTech Design Tool
Drainage Handbook
CAD Drawings
Request an Estimate
Agriculture Drainage Calculator
You can calculate the number of acres that can be drained with a known pipe size by completing the three fields below and clicking "Calculate."
% Slope: Pipe Size: Single Wall N-12
GPM CFS Acre-in/24 hrs
Notes: GPM = Gallons per minute. CFS = cubic feet of water per second.
Acres Drained:
Drainage Coefficient(in/24 hours)
1" ¾" ½" ⅜" ¼" ⅛"
Note: Drainage coefficient = Rate of water removal in a 24 hour period in inches.
You can also calculate pipe size with known acres to be drained.