Unemployment benefits in Austria
Austria provides a comprehensive system of social security and welfare schemes. Unemployment insurance is managed by the public employment service (AMS), which is also responsible for measures of active labor market policy. In this article, you will learn when you have a right to receive unemployment benefits, how much you are receiving and how long as well as some other details about unemployment benefits in Austria.
When I can get unemployment benefits in Austria and what are the requirements?
In the event of losing a job or becoming jobless, you may be eligible for unemployment benefits (Arbeitslosengeld). The main requirement is that you have completed a minimum period of insurance which means that you were employed in Austria for at least 52 weeks during the last 24 months, or 26 weeks within the last 12 months if you are below the age of 25 years. If you are entitled to unemployment benefits, you must be unemployed, able and willing to work (to accept suitable employment), be at the disposal of the public employment service (AMS), and not have exhausted your entitlement.
The purpose of unemployment benefits is to secure your livelihood while you are seeking employment. After you exhaust your entitlement to unemployment benefits, you may be eligible for unemployment assistance if your disposable family income is not sufficient to meet your essential needs.
How much is the unemployment benefit in Austria, how can I get it and what is the duration?
Unemployment benefit in Austria equals 55% of your daily net income (it could theoretically go up to 80% in case of your entitlement to family allowances). Daily net income is calculated based on your average past earnings.
The duration of getting unemployment benefits in Austria is at least 20 weeks. The exact duration depends on the period of your previous employment (paid unemployment insurance) and your age. The duration of unemployment benefit increases to longer than 20 weeks according to the following rules:
Unemployment benefit durationThe period of being previously insured (employed) and person's age
30 weeks3 years within the last 5 years
39 weeks6 years within the last 10 years and has reached the age of 40
52 weeks9 years within the last 15 years and had reached the age of 50
Once you become unemployed, you have to register with the Labour Market Service (AMS) and claim unemployment benefits. While you are receiving the benefit, you are required to report to the Labour Market Service (AMS) at the agreed times to discuss your search for employment with your personal officer.
You must also immediately inform the Labour Market Service, without being asked, of any changes in your personal circumstances or those of your family members which may affect your entitlement to a benefit. These include taking up employment or other changes in your income situation.
Unemployment benefit is paid from the date of application. However, if you have resigned from your job without good reason, benefit is suspended for four weeks.
While you are unemployed, the Labour Market Service pays sickness and pension insurance contributions on your behalf. In addition, you are insured against certain accidents.
Unemployment assistance amounts to 92% of your most recent unemployment benefit payment. If the unemployment benefit (without family supplements) is below the compensatory supplement reference level for single persons, unemployment allowance amounts to 95% of unemployment benefit. Moreover, the age and family situation of the unemployed person as well as their financial circumstances (their income or that of the spouse, cohabiting or registered partner living in their household) are taken into account when calculating the amount of unemployment assistance. Under certain conditions, various expenses (e.g. those incurred through an illness, purchase of property etc.) will also be taken into account.
In case of short-term entitlement to unemployment benefit, there might be a certain reduction after six months. Unemployment assistance is granted for an unlimited period of time, but only for one year at a time.
You must claim unemployment assistance in person from the competent Labour Market Service (AMS). It is recommended that you apply before your entitlement to unemployment benefit expires. If you have an eAMS account, you can also submit your application online.
Whenever you have to fulfil certain conditions before being able to claim an Austrian social security benefit, the authorities will also take into account any insurance periods you have completed in other countries. This applies to EU Member States and to Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Iceland. No insurance period you have completed in Austria will be affected if you work or are insured in one of these countries.
Can I earn something in addition to the employment benefit?
It is possible to earn unemployment benefits in addition to this. The additional earnings limit is the insignificance limit of 405.98 euros (as of 2015).
All employment must be reported to the AMS. If you are found doing an unregistered job, it is assumed that your earnings are above the marginal earnings threshold and you lose your unemployment benefit for the duration of this unreported employment and you must expect a refund of the unemployment benefit of at least 4 weeks.
For third country nationals
There are only five countries where bilateral agreements on social security include unemployment benefits: Bosnia & Herzegovina, Israel, Republic of Macedonia, North Montenegro and Serbia. Please note that in most cases the agreement only settles addition of insurance periods to determine the qualifying periods. Details at the Main Association of Social Security Institutions (Hauptverband der österreichischen Sozialversicherungsträger): _URL_ (in German).
Guaranteed Minimum Resources
Guaranteed minimum benefits (Mindestsicherung) are provided for persons who have no reasonable funds to pay for their living costs or those of their family members. Guaranteed minimum benefits are intended to support individuals who can no longer pay for their living costs on their own. An amount stipulated every year corresponds to costs for covering the required costs of food, clothing, body care, heating and electricity, furnishings and other personal needs such as appropriate social and cultural involvement as well as housing needs. Guaranteed minimum resources benefits are only available when no other sufficient financial means (such as income, social security benefits, etc.) or assets are available.
EU and EEA (European Economic Area) nationals, respectively, are only unrestrictedly entitled to guaranteed minimum resources if they are in Austria as employees or have lived here for more than five years. Nationals of third countries are only eligible to receive guaranteed minimum resources if they have been legally residing in Austria for more than five years. The amount of the guaranteed minimum resources will be determined individually by each federal province.
Important terms and explanations:
You are willing to work if you are prepared to take up suitable employment.
Work foundation is a special employment training scheme, organised together with one or more companies concerned, which provides skills training at an early stage of unemployment or in situations where a large group of people are likely to become unemployed because of staff reductions.
Your eAMS account is your personal access point to the Austrian Labour Market Service (AMS). An eAMS account allows you to access your personal AMS data and to use AMS's online services.
Maximum assessment base is a calculated maximum value which can be used as the basis for calculation of unemployment benefit.
Habitual residence – The term 'habitual residence' is defined under EU law (please see the EU Regulation on the coordination of social security systems). In practice, it means the place where you have your centre of interests.
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"By expats for expats"


System Center Updates Publisher
Applies to: System Center Updates Publisher
System Center Updates Publisher (Updates Publisher) is a stand-alone tool that enables independent software vendors or line-of-business application developers to manage custom updates. This custom updates management includes updates that have dependencies, like drivers and update bundles.
Using Updates Publisher, you can:
 - Import updates from external catalogs (non-Microsoft update catalogs).
 - Modify update definitions including applicability, and deployment metadata.
 - Export updates to external catalogs.
 - Publish updates to an update server.
After you publish updates to an update server, you can then use System Center Configuration Manager to detect and deploy those updates to your managed devices.
Workspaces
When you open Updates Publisher, it defaults to the Overview node of the Updates Workspace.
Updates Publisher console
Updates Publisher has four workspaces to help organize it.
Updates Workspace: Use this workspace to create and manage software updates and update bundles. This workspace includes assigning updates and bundles to a publication, publishing, and exporting to another Updates Publisher repository.
Publications Workspace: This workspace is where you manage publications. A publication is group of updates you create to simplify the export and publishing of the updates.
Managing publications includes publishing updates to a server so your clients can find and install them, exporting updates and bundles for use by other Updates Publisher installations, or modifying the contents of or details of a publication.
Rules Workspace: Here is where you manage applicability rules that can be saved and then used with updates you deploy. There are two types of rules:
 - Installable rules – These rules help determine if a client should install an update.
 - Installed rules – These rules verify if an update is already installed.
Catalogs Workspace: Use this workspace to add and manage software update catalogs. This workspace includes the import of software updates from those catalogs to the Updates Publisher repository.
What's new in System Center Updates Publisher
Note
The latest version of System Center Updates Publisher was released on November 6, 2019. For more information, see the Release history section.
There's a new authoring mode System Center Updates Publisher to help you author your updates. When you enable authoring mode, a Categories Workspace is added to the start screen. A new Detectoid button is also added to the Updates Workspace when authoring mode is enabled.
To enable authoring mode
 1. In upper left corner of the console, click on the Updates Publisher Properties tab, and then choose Options.
 2. Go to the Authoring options.
 3. Check the box for Enable authoring mode.
Enable authoring mode for Updates Publisher
About the categories workspace
The categories workspace enables update authors to organize updates that belong together. For instance, if you're an OEM, you might wish to organize your updates based on models or product lines. You can define multiple categories and child categories but not grand child categories as you're limited to two levels.
Screenshot of Categories Workspace
Assign an update to a category
Once you've authored your update, you can assign it to a category by selecting the update then clicking the Categorize button. You can also right-click the update and select Categorize.
Screenshot of categorizing an update
About detectoids
Once authoring mode is enabled, you can create detectoids for updates. Detectoids are useful when you have multiple updates that use the same rule (or a set of rules) to determine applicability. In those instances, you would create a detectoid and assign it as a prerequisite for an update. You can assign multiple detectoids to an authored update.
Create a detectoid
 1. Open the Updates Workspace.
 2. In the ribbon, click the Detectoid button.
 3. Follow the prompts in the wizard to create your detectoid.
Update prerequisites using a detectoid
Release history
Next steps
To get started, first install, and then configure options for Updates Publisher.


text: 1,3-Propane sultone is the organosulfur compound with the formula (CH2)3SO3. It is a cyclic sulfonate ester, a class of compounds called sultones. It is a readily melting colorless solid. Typical of activated esters, 1,3-propane sultone is an alkylating agent. It readily hydrolyzes to the hydroxysulfonic acid. 1,3-Propane sultone is toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


American Crested
American Crested Breed Profile
Fur Short, smooth, close, thick
Rosettes None
Characteristics White crown
Lifespan 4-6 years
Suitable for Beginners
Breed Characteristics
The American Crested is completely one color - apart from its characteristic white crest on its head! This is like a little white crown created by the whorl. This makes it easy to tell this animal apart from other guinea pigs, especially for beginners. The crown sometimes makes these little pets look angry or indignant. But they're just as peaceful and funny as the rest of them. The rest of the American Crested's short, soft fur is usually golden brown, red or black. It doesn't have any markings or patterns to its fur.
Guinea Pigs for First-Timers
American Crested guinea pigs are among the easiest guinea pigs to keep. You could even call them "beginner guinea pigs". Still, inexperienced pet owners should get plenty of information and get hold of a guinea pig guide. Just like all guinea pigs, the American Crested is on the shy side.
How can you tell the American Crested and the English Crested apart?
Both have a crest on their heads but only the American Crested's is always white. In the English Crested, this is always the same color as the rest of its coat. If they didn't have this tuft, they'd just be completely normal American guinea pigs.
American Crested Guinea Pig American Crested Guinea Pig - Photo: Kirill Kurashov/Shutterstock
The white crest isn't easy to breed, as the babies of two American Crested guinea pigs won't always have the same markings, e.g. they might have additional white patches.
Fur Care
Short-haired guinea pigs can mostly keep themselves clean as they wash themselves with their little feet. Their fur should therefore only be cleaned when the American Crested doesn't keep up its hygiene duties. You should use a plastic brush for this. Knots can't always be prevented, and should be carefully cut out with scissors. It's also important to regularly check their ears, eyes and nails - just like with any guinea pig.
Just like all guinea pigs, the American Crested needs a combination of fresh hay, grasses, herbs, vegetables, fruit, seeds and twigs. They also need fresh water daily.
Did You Know?
A "crest" is a crown or tuft.
American Crested Guinea Pig American Crested Guinea Pig - Photo: Kurashova/Shutterstock


Progressive Broadening
From Eclipsepedia
Jump to: navigation, search
How it works
How long it takes
 - telling: 10 minutes
 - asking: 20 minutes
 - discussion: 30 minutes
A facilitator can have an idea of what stories each participant can tell and what ones would be most interesting. Some ordering decisions can be made on the fly with the help of the audience. A facilitator might ask, "do people think it would be better to explore A or B now considering that we have only 45 minutes until lunch?"
Planning an event
Plan an event by chooing an event duration, from a few hours to a few days, suitable for the subject of interest. Solicit participants by asking for position statements relevant to the subject. Use these statements, which could be as simple as a pragraph, to select participants and order conversations.
This format has been adapted from the conference style pioneered by the Los Altos Workshop on Software Testing.


text:
In true African spirit, we honour the Magnificent Seven elephant bulls in the Kruger Park and other iconic elephants by naming our streets after them.
The main road was named Oupoot, after the elephant bull featured in Dalene Matthee's Kringe in die Bos.
The Magnificent Seven
More than thirty years ago seven impressive elephant bulls, all with tusks weighing more than 50 kg each, were found in the Kruger National Park. The Chief Warden at the time, Dr U de V Pienaar, named these bulls, the Magnificent Seven, based on the 1960 Hollywood film.
- Dzombo Street, as well as the elephant, was named for the Dzombo stream which traversed the Mopani Flats between the Shawu and Shingwedzi Rivers. Here, Dzombo (_PHONE_) frequented the grassy vlei of the Shawu valley. Of the Magnificent Seven, only Dzombo was killed by poachers at the age of fifty. They left behind his tusks when they were disturbed by a ranger.
- João Street was named after an elephant who frequented an area south of the Shingwedzi River. João, in turn, was named after Prester John, a legendary priest-king from ancient Africa. João is Portuguese for John. A very large bull, João was wounded by poachers in 1982 but managed to survive the wounds. João was the biggest ivory carrier of the Magnificent Seven, until, in 1984, both his tusks were broken - possibly in battle with another bull - close to his lip line.
- Kambaku Street was named for an elephant that traversed vast tracts of land. A very recognisable bull, Kambaku (_PHONE_) had a perfectly round hole in his left ear, and he lost his tail hairs with age. The prominent markings on his trunk also made him recognisable. He was shot when he crossed into sugarcane fields, and the would left him in obvious pain. To end his suffering, Regional Ranger Lynn van Rooyen shot him.
- Mafunyane Street is named after an irritable elephant bull who loved to eat and roamed the Shangoni region of the Kruger Park. The most famous of the Magnificent Seven, Mafunyane had fairly straight tusks with worn tips. However, he steered clear of the roads. In 1983, the bull was immobilized to make plaster cases of his ivory and to fit a radio collar. There were complications when he was given the antidote, as his big tusks got in the way of him standing up. Eventually, a front loader had to be used to scoop him up. In November 1983, his remains were found near Tari River, where he died of natural causes.
- Ndlulamithi Street was named after an elephant who carried the same name, meaning "taller than the trees" in Tsonga. He had handsomely curved tusks, and stood approximately 345 cm high at the shoulder. Although he was an aggressive elephant, he was seldom seen. His remains were found near the Nkokodzi Spruit in 1985, where he died of natural causes.
- Shawu Street was named after an elephant which frequented the Shawu valley in his travels across the plans between Shingwedzi and Letaba and from the Lebombo Hills to the main road. Shawu had the longest tusks on record in the KNP and one of the sixth longest in Africa. He was quite approachable and not shy or distrustful of vehicles. When he became sick and to monitor him due to the poaching threat, he was fitted with a collar in 1981. He finally died of old age in October 1982 at nearly sixty years of age.
- Shingwedzi Street was named after an elephant who spent his last few years in the Shingwedzi rest camp. He had one large and one smaller tusk. In 1981, Shingwedzi was found dead from natural causes under a Sycamore Fig near the Shingwedzi camp.
You can find more information and photos of these amazing elephants here.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


The Fresh Loaf
News & Information for Amateur Bakers and Artisan Bread Enthusiasts
How to calculate the percentage of protein in #50 of grain?
 - Pin It
curvesarein's picture
I have seen organic companies that say 14% protein content, others 12%, but how do you figure that? I currently found an organic wheat with no pesticide use or genetically altered, but it says 6 grams of protein for 1/4 cup.
mrfrost's picture
Different types of wheat have different protein levels, usually. Hard red spring wheat is usually said to have the highest protein. There are several types of wheat, red, white, hard, soft, spring, winter; all with varying protein levels.
So you have to know the wheat. Take flourgirl, for instance. She grows her own wheat, so she knows her hard red spring wheat(for example) should have a certain protein level. Even so, the accurate, precise levels have to be determined by taking samples of each crop, and having it scientifically tested.
Hope this is what you are asking. If you are speaking of reading a product nutrition label to determine a precise protein %, you usually can't.
BakerBen's picture
You know one of the two things to calculate Protein % - there are 6 grams of protein in 1/4 cup of this organic flour. If you knew the exact weight of a 1/4 cup of this flour in grams then you could calculate the Protein % for this particular flour. It would be
Protein % = (6g * 100) / (number of grams in 1/4 cup flour)
for example, if a cup of this flour weighed 120 grams then 1/4 cup = 30 g and the formula would yield
Protein % = (6g * 100) / 30g
 = 600g / 30g
 = 20 %
This is the math for this one EXAMPLE.
We know the flour most likely does not have a Protein % = 20 %, so what do you really need to know:
- again what does 1/4 cup of this flour weigh in grams, and
- what is the EXACT - or at least a much more precise - number of grams of protein in 1/4 cup of this flour (e.g. protein in grams to 4 decimal places).
hope this helps.
Chuck's picture
What you really care about is the gluten content. It's quite often true that nearly all the protein in wheat is the two components of gluten ...but not exactly and not always. My personal suggestion is to always ask about "gluten", but be willing to accept "protein" numbers instead if that's all you can get.
The federally mandated "nutrition label" usually will not work, because it's "serving size" is too small so the gluten differences you care about get lost in the roundoff errors. The law apparently wasn't really intended for flour, and isn't very useful to home bakers; it's nice that you can always find that "nutrition label", but in fact it isn't worth very much to you.
Hopefully the miller knows the gluten content (to the nearest tenth of a percent) and will tell you when asked. Otherwise your options are to i) ask other customers (less likely with a local miller) or ii) have a lab analyse it (expensive) or iii) ask the miller for the results of their lab analysis (but they'll probably just tell you to shove it if you're not a large quantity customer like a bakery) or iv) figure out some way to measure the gluten yourself at home (messy, troublesome, and not very accurate).
An alternative is to just buy it anyway, and take it home and see how long it takes for a dough to feel like a rubber ball - you'll figure it out pretty quickly.
Beware that you want a particular value, not just "more is better". It's fairly easy to get too much gluten, which makes great bagels and pizza dough but will probably result in bread that's too "chewy".
Chuck's picture
it says 6 grams of protein for 1/4 cup
This sounds to me like the equivalent of a "nutrition label", so inexact as to be pretty much useless. A "cup" can be anywhere from 105 to 150 grams. And the amount of "protein" can be anywhere from 5.5 to 6.5, all of which will be legitimately rounded off to 6.
Depending on which values I choose, protein content could be anywhere from 14% to 21%. That's a huge difference when only about 1% separates the typically available King Arthur "All Purpose" and "Bread" flour lines.
In any case (unless a very significant portion of this "protein" is not gluten), this flour seems to me to have much too high a gluten content to make decent bread by itself. It would need to be mixed with some other flour with a much lower gluten content. What does the miller advise? What do other customers do?
curvesarein's picture
curvesarein has organic wheat kernal,- hard red wheat with 1/4 cup (46 grams) with 6 grams peotein, Hubby says you take the 6 grams and divide by 46 which gives you 13%. Does this make sense?
INGREDIENTS: Organic Hard Red Wheat Berries.
Nutrition Facts
Serving Size: 1/4 cup (46 g)
Servings per Container: About 493 (50 lb. size)
Servings per Container: About 246 (25 lb. size)
Servings per Container: About 49 (5 lb. size)
Nutrient Amount %DV
Calories 150
Calories from Fat 5
Total Fat 0.5 g 1%
Trans Fat -- g
Sodium 0 mg 0%
Total Carbohydrate 33 g 11%
Dietary Fiber 6 g 24%
Protein 6 g
Iron 10%
Chuck's picture
take the 6 grams and divide by 6 which gives you 13%. Does this make sense?
Sorta. It's misstated. And I still disagree.
It should be 46 divided by 6 (not 6 divided by 6).
And I still think the serving size is small enough to allow the "rounding error" to make this number not all that useful. Since the reported "6 grams" could really have been anything from "5.5 grams" to "6.5 grams" before rounding, even with your more exact definition of what "1/4 cup" is (i.e. 46 grams), my calculations give a protein content range of 11.9% - 14.1% ...and that's a fairly big difference.
 I'm talking wheat kernal, not flour,
 I may be courting a "stoopid award" here, but: I personally suspect it may not make much difference. If the kernels have that much protein, and you have to grind them into flour to make bread, then the flour is likely to have about that much protein too.
 (Of course if you have some way to closely control the grind and produce either "white flour" or "whole wheat flour", the resulting gluten content may be significantly different from the kernels you started with.)
 curvesarein's picture
 Weigh 1/4 cup of the wheat.
 Divide 6g by the weight in grams of 1/4 cup of wheat and multiply by 100.
 The result will be the percentage of protein in the wheat.
 Chuck's picture
 Here the math is correct, but failing to allow for "rounding error" puts it in the context of misleading at best.
 (In my experience, Yahoo Answers is quite often off the reservation:-)
 curvesarein's picture
 I guess I will play ignorant like I did in the 80's when I bought wheat from the mormons. I asked no questions and just bought and baked. So the real criteria is if when I grind it and make bread what the bread come out like! :) I always hated math and failed algebra. That was a typo, I corrected a few minutes later on the 46 grams.
 flourgirl51's picture
 When farmers sell their grain to the mill they have the option for it to be tested for protein levels. The higher the protein level, the more that they get for their grain if they choose to get it tested. After the wheat is sold to the mills, many times the low protein and high protein wheats are blended together to make a medium level flour as it is not easy to get a high protein crop and low protein wheat is more prevalent.
 We grow our own certified organic wheat and have the protein tested in each load of wheat that we grow. There are many variables in obtaining high protein wheat such as the variety of wheat grown, growing conditions and the amount of nitrogen in the soil as that is key to getting a good crop of high protein wheat.
 We are also a certified seed dealer and our wheat is tested by State labs for various things including protein levels and we have been fortunate to have good protein levels so far.
 There are other variables as to how your bread will turn out. Every baker treats the handling of the dough differently. People that don't measure the temp. of their liquids when using yeast can easily kill the yeast if the liquids are too warm. If the salt comes in direct contact with the yeast that can also


A group of designers has created a set of artificial butterflies made entirely from recycled mobile phones that interact differently when existing smartphones make contact with them.
Working with mobile operator O2 and its official O2 Recycle scheme, design company is this good? designed the butterflies to show that there is use for old phones beyond the end of a user's contract.
Chris Cairns, creative director at is this good?, said: "We wanted to give the 'old and forgotten' a new lease of life and showcase the fact that even the discarded can emerge as something new and beautiful, which is what up-cycling and O2 Recycle is all about.
"We hoped that, by creating 'Social Butterflies', we would raise a smile and remind people that we can create moments of recognition and happiness out of products we have previously loved and now overlook. Each of these butterflies have their own little personality quirks so I'm looking forward to the members of the public starting up a conversation with them."
The butterflies have each been mounted on a plinth and connected to a tablet that displays a phone number. If users ring the number shown on the tablet screen, the butterfly in question comes to life, and the way they have been programmed means that each robot reacts differently when called, using the digits in a number to prompt individual reactions.
Interactions range from light shows, to lasers and flapping wings that consist of smartphone screens. Is this good? say they took around seven months to create, and involved spending time at the Natural History Museum in London in order to study the butterflies there and gain inspiration for their final designs.
Bill Eyres, head of sustainability at O2, said: "We can see this project creating a type of 'butterfly effect'. As people experience this amazing recycled technology, we hope they will be inspired to regularly recycle their old devices. Many people don't realise that their old technology can have a second life.
"There's an environmental need to dig out old gadgets so they can be used again, rather than lying unused and unloved in a drawer. O2 Recycle offers a simple, sustainable way to recycle unused gadgets and receive a cash payment in return. We all have a role to play in making sure that old technology lives on even when we've finished with it."
Hardware from a range of different mobile phones has been used, with the designers taking inspiration from the different components found within each in order to apply it to a butterfly.
Marek Bereza, co-founder of is this good?, said: "We wanted to show people that their phones aren't junk after two years and they're actually quite valuable and quite beautiful. We've used lots of different bits of phones, just searching for the aesthetic qualities. One has a beautiful gold and green printed circuit board. Another one we used just SIM cards, cladding it like scales or feathers."
O2 hopes to place the butterflies in shop windows in UK stores in order to promote their recycling campaign, as well as give consumers the chance to interact with the robotic insects.


text:
Authors: Karin Axelsson, Ulf Melin
Addresses: Department of Management and Engineering, Linkoping University, SE-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden. ' Department of Management and Engineering, Linkoping University, SE-581 83 Linkoping, Sweden
Abstract: Fragmentation and isolated development are main problems that hinder successful e-government. This paper has an inter-organisational perspective on challenges in one-stop government. We present a conceptual framework that characterises an inter-organisational relationship and its dimensions. The conceptual framework is used for analysing data from an inter-organisational one-stop government project. When applying the framework we focus on some interesting issues and explain some of the challenges that our interviewees identified. By addressing these inter-organisational aspects we reached further understanding of the problems associated with this case, which can provide added value to discussions of e-government challenges, barriers and problems in general.
Keywords: e-government; inter-organisational relationships; one-stop government; industrial-business networks; electronic government.
International Journal of Electronic Governance, 2008 Vol.1 No.3, pp.296 - 314
Published online: 27 Sep 2008 *Full-text access for editors Access for subscribers Purchase this article Comment on this article


text:
صنعت نوین قشم
Melting Point Meters
KSP1N and KSP1D
Automatic, easy melting point measurement
Krüss offers three models in its series of Melting Point Meters, for analysing the melting point of powdery substances. The M5000 is automatic, easy to use, and lightweight, with on-screen instruction prompts and temperature control accessed via a LCD display. Fast measurement across all ranges of temperature is achieved by the inclusion of an integrated cooling fan, and an alarm can be programmed to alert the user when melting point is reached (this device will handle up to 400C). The M5000 has IP20 protection rating. Read more about it in the brochure (PDF) available here.
The KSP1N and KSP1D, work in much the same way as the M5000, but with lower maximum temperature – of up to 360C. The KSP1D includes a printer providing date/time results. Both units also carry IP20 rating.
How does an automatic melting point meter operate?
The determination of melting point is a fundamental technique in sample analysis, yielding essential information on material composition and purity. It is also a technique which it is possible to complete, without specialist equipment.
Why then, should one invest in an automated melting point meter? While it is possible to manually heat a sample and observe it, perhaps through a microscope, to determine melting point, this is a cumbersome and unreliable approach. The modern melting point meter is faster and more accurate, providing reproducible results which do not rely on the skill of the individual operator and which can be printed for a permanent record. Digital control means that the sample is heated, the melting point recorded, and the apparatus cooled ready for the next sample is just a few minutes, without operator intervention. Sample sizes are small, being just enough powdered material to fill a small capillary tube, and the output reading is accurate to within 0.3 – 0.5C with good reproducibility. The low skill levels required mean that the melting point meter can be operated by a lab assistant, or installed outside of the lab for operation by trained personnel in a warehouse or production facility.
Design By : Rahweb


text:
The 10th Annual Suicide Awareness Banquet, "Celebrating Ten Years of Hope" took place this evening at Colburn United Methodist Church.
Keynote speakers were Sandra Harstine and Russ Crabtree. Both were instrumental in developing the regions five suicide prevention coalitions.
"I'm going to be talking a little bit about the epidemic of suicide and how serious this is in our country," said Crabtree, Director of 'Best Minds'. "It's kind of an unrecognized problem still in many part of our society "
Ten percent of american adults suffer from depression and more than thirty-eight-thousand people complete suicide each year. Many of the people represented by these statistics were part of a church community. The focus of discussion at this year's banquet was ways churches can address suicide.
"I'm going to be talking specifically about faith communities and what I do with faith communities, I generally spend a day with pastors and leaders and help them look at the myths for example in the Bible, kind of the ideas that people have about what's in the bible about suicide. If you can say the word suicide in a sentence, you can save a life," said Crabtree. The title of his message was "Saving Jonah and Other People of Faith".
There were about 120 attendees. The banquet was hosted by suicide prevention coalitions represented in Coshocton, Gurnsey, Morgan, Muskingum and Perry counties.


text:
CANDABA—- A lawmaker called for the government to speed up the construction of a 17-meter giant canal, which would supply water to some 3,000 hectares of rice crops affected by the ongoing dry spell.
The irrigation canal located at the Lower Maasim Canal would connect the Upper Pampanga Irrigation System (Upris) and the Angat Maasim River Irrigation System (Amris), a congresswoman said.
Representative Anna York Bondoc-Sagum, who conducted an inspection of the canal construction Thursday, called on the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) and the National Government to expedite the construction of the canal to help save farmers from losing their crops.
"This canal project is an urgent effort to bring water to the Amris. Though the government is saying that domestic consumption of water is important, we must also recognize the fact that food security is also a vital concern especially among farmers here faced with the El Niño problem," Sagum said.
With the construction of the canal, water from the Casecnan System in Quirino Province will flow to the Pantabangan Dam in Nueva Ecija then to the Penaranda River to the Lower Maasim Dam and will connect to the Amris System through the Lower Maasim Canal.
The water from the Amris instigation system will be diverted by NIA to Metro Manila and the Manila Waterways and Sewerage System for consumption in the towns of San Luis, Candaba, San Simon and Apalit, which are threatened to lose its rice produce in a week.
Department of Agriculture Regional Director Redentor Gatus told Sun.Star Pampanga that the construction of the gigantic canal runs 24 hours in San Ildefonso, Bulacan and Candaba and is expected to finish on March 20.
Sagum expressed her worry that the project may face funding and right-of-way problems.
In a recent statement sent to Sun.Star Pampanga Thursday, concerned farmers said it would be a "countdown to calamity" if the project won't finish on time.
Meanwhile, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo released some P10 million worth of shallow tube wells to farmers in Pampanga and Central Luzon. (Ian Ocampo Flora)


text:
Battalion Chief, San Francisco Fire Department
- Appointed to the Department from the truckman's list, November 6, 1903, age 21
- Assigned to Truck Co. No. 4
- Other assignments as a fireman: 1905, Engine Co. No. 36, 1910, Truck Co. No. 10
- Appointed Lieutenant, October 1, 1913
- Assigned to Engine Co. No. 20
- Appointed Captain, April 1, 1916
- Appointed Battalion Chief, February 7, 1919
- Retired, March 1944
- Died - 1945
Chief Bowlen followed the footsteps of his father, Thomas, who was a member of Hose Co. No. 3, 1880
HOW BATTALION CHIEF BOWLEN STARTED AN INTEREST IN THE HISTORY OF THE S.F.F.D.
Three Decades of Smoke and Flames:
When on July 2, 1929, Mill Valley in Marin County went afire, Battalion Chief Frederick J. Bowlen was chosen by Acting Chief Engineer Charles J. Brennan to answer that city's call for aid. Four powerful pumping engines and hose wagons, together with a chemical fire engine and a crew of 50 officers and men were on their way within 12 minutes after the call reached San Francisco. Fire companies from neighboring towns were also on the scene.
On the hills where the greatest volume of fire was centered a 25-mile an hour wind was blowing. It was a fight against every vicious agency of nature. In the first place the humidity was so low that buildings were bursting into flame long before the oncoming sweep of fire reached them. On the scene, soldiers from the Presidio and Fort Baker, a crew from a Coast, Guard cutter, 25 San Francisco policemen and thousands of civilians were valiantly attempting to help.
Chief Bowlen made a rapid survey of the fire and started out at once to save the business district. Powerful streams were played on house tops, on nearby trees, and in other places high into the air. It was the making of an artificial rain that helped to raise the humidity to a point above which spontaneous ignition was liable to occur. These streams were kept wide open for hours as there was a plentiful water supply in the downtown area.
Meanwhile, several companies were fighting in the upper area, and the fight was won. Chief Bowlen generously admits the danger point was overcome by a change of wind about 9 o'clock that night.
Fight Another Proof of Unsurpassed Efficiency:
The fight had been handled in a remarkable manner — one more, record to be placed beside thousands of others in the history of the officers and men of the most efficient fire department in the world. (This rating of the SFFD is attested to by visiting fire officials from all over the world after inspections here.)
After the embers had cooled, a meeting was held in Mill Valley and Chief Bowlen called across to give suggestions for future safeguards. As he was leaving the hall, he was approached by a visitor from New York, who said she had a 12-year-old son. Would the chief some time tell the lad about firefighting in general? Bowlen said he would sit down and write a few stories for the boy. He did. But young Laurence M. Symmes Jr. of New York requested more by mail. These were supplied, but more were demanded.
So Chief Bowlen found himself digging into the history of the department to supply the curiosity of a small boy. From such a small incident has come the first accurate and complete history of the San Francisco Fire Department. In his office in the firehouse on Eighteenth Avenue the chief now has a cabinet filled with 63 volumes that contain 22,000 typewritten pages. A rough estimate places this remarkable history at 6,600,000 words.
Only Reward Leaving Record to Posterity:
A labor of love, Chief Bowlen calls it. And that is what it is. He expects to make nothing from it; he only desires that before he goes he will have left behind the true record of the service he has loved and of the work that has given him great happiness.
The man whose tireless effort brought into existence this history that The Chronicle will publish is well capable in every way for its telling. He was born and reared in San Francisco, coming from a pioneer family. His father was a fireman and later a police officer. In 1903, Frederick J. Bowlen joined the department as a member of Truck Company No. 4. He experienced the trying days of the great fire of April, 1906. Now he ranks as senior Battalion Chief in the department. (1939)
Knowing that man is, of course not immortal, the Chief has made arrangements that his work be carried on after his retirement By legal means he has decreed that the volumes will go into the hands of Louis W. Hage, a fireman attached to his division, who is already well into the work. Young Hage, only six years in the department, has already done a great amount of research and was chosen to "carry on" because of his keen interest.
Painstaking Search For Data Unending:
Ten years of so many allotted hours a day, vacation visits to the Huntington Library and San Marino, the State Library at Sacramento, the Jenny Weir collection of historical matter at Reno, trips into the Mother Lode country where still many of our pioneer societies are. These are only part of Bowlen's search for the facts.
Every record of the fire department went into smoke and ash in the great fire of 1906. That meant a start under the greatest difficulty for every scrap of information.
And yet today, Chief Bowlen has several hundred pictures, most of which no one thought were in existence. He has a complete roster of the members of the department from 1849. These include the Volunteers, the Exempts and the Paid departments. The name and history of practically every man who ever signed the fire rolls; stories of the heroes; lives of every chief, fire marshal are in the volumes.
And bound there in the cabinet for posterity are compilations of causes of fires, the history and romance of early day fire bells, detailed accounts of firemen injured or killed, social affairs, parades, records of the pioneer engines and what happened to them, the origin of our water supply, a long record of every notable fire since 1847, (alarms since 1775), even stories of each firehorse—and countless other data unbelievable in scope.
From this mass of material, Battalion Chief Frederick J. Bowlen has now got down to concrete effort—writing of the History of the San Francisco Fire Department. From these volumes he is taking the essential facts, the tales of heroism, the valuable reports, the details of history that will make one complete, honest, accurate account.
Battalion Chief Frederick J. Bowlen was yesterday (1939) notified that he had been made an honorary member of the famous pioneer Liberty Engine Company No. 1, Gold Hill, Nevada. Notification came on an original highly-colored lithographic certificate, dated May 22, 1867. Gold Hill, once a teeming mining city, is now practically a ghost city, but its Fire Department is maintained with all the ancient traditions.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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4 reasons for unequal bequests
| Nov 27, 2018 | Uncategorized |
Unequal bequests can wreak havoc on a family when they read the will. Children typically expect that assets will get divided evenly. Three children all expect the same amount of money, for example, or they expect to share ownership of real estate.
However, parents sometimes opt to leave unequal bequests, which can lead to some serious disputes. Children feel insulted. They feel like their parents didn't love them as much as their siblings. They feel like the estate plan rips them off. They take all these frustrations to court.
So why do parents do it? Below are four potential reasons that they leave unequal amounts to their kids:
1. Lack of contact
Parents may lose touch with one child over time, while keeping in touch with others. This level of contact can make a difference. They may be willing to leave more to the children they feel closer to, while cutting the estranged child out to some degree — or removing them from the will completely. This is especially an issue if some children ignored the relationship while others actively helped care for their elderly parents in old age.
2. Favoring biological children
With blended families and stepchildren, the biological children may get favor from their parents. This may mean that the way assets get passed down depends on which parent passes away first. Either way, the stepchildren of the remaining parent could find themselves getting less than their brothers and sisters.
3. Favoring one marriage over another
Another potential issue is when parents get remarried and then have biological children with the new partner. Now they have children from an older marriage that failed or ended, and they have children from a current — or at least more recent — marriage. They could favor one set of children, depending on the way that the marriages played out, even though the children have nothing to do with that directly.
4. Providing for those who need it
One of the most common reasons for unequal bequests is when the parents feel that one child needs money more than the other. A child with massive amounts of debt and a low-paying job may end up getting more than a child with no debt and a good career.
The problem is that the child who gets less may feel like it's a punishment for a successful life, rather than a reward. Regardless of the clear need, this can lead to estate disputes.
Resolving disputes
These disputes can be long, complex and emotionally charged. It is critical that those working to resolve them know all of the legal options they have and what steps to take moving forward.
FindLaw Network


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OxyGuard CO2 Stationary
The OxyGuard CO2 is a reliable and easy to use instrument that measures the free dissolved carbon dioxide concentration directly in the water. The CO2 concentration is shown on the display, and there is an analogue output.
The OxyGuard CO2 measures the free dissolved CO2 directly and is not affected by carbonates or other dissolved substances. It is the free dissolved CO2 – in other words the CO2 gas partial pressure – that affects the fish. The OxyGuard CO2 thus gives simple, continuous and direct measurements of the amount of carbon dioxide in the water that will affect the fish.


74th Annual Meeting of the APS Division of Fluid Dynamics (November 21, 2021 — November 23, 2021)
V0033: To see or not to see : on the role of light in fish schooling
Authors
 - Lafoux Baptiste, PMMH, ESPCI
 - Godoy-Diana Ramiro, PMMH, ESPCI
 - Thiria Benjamin, PMMH, ESPCI
DOI: _URL_
The level of order in animal groups on the move can display a wide range of variations, from fully disorganized aggregates to regular networks. This collective motion could not be achieved if individuals were assessing their environment independently; instead, it emerges due to interactions within the group. Ability to organize thus strongly depends on disturbance of the environment, which can alter how group members perceive their neighbors. For fish schools, information collection relies on sensory mechanisms, namely vision and flow sensing. However, quantitative description of sensory thresholds leading to schooling state transition is still lacking. We show that the group structure of rummy-nose tetra (Hemigrammus rhodostomus) exhibits distinct dynamics depending on the illumination of their habitat. Free swimming assemblies of ca. 50 fish are recorded in a large tank, where illuminance level is adjusted from 0 to 350 lux. We quantify geometrical order with a milling parameter, which capture global rotation: for low light exposure, we observe little to no order; intensity of the collective motion then increases continuously with illumination. Our data suggest that vision capability plays a major role in the level of order of a fish school.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Any reuse must credit the author(s) and provide a link back to this page.


Shiny and Snakes/Tiny Loves Flowers
Shiny gets over her fear of snakes when Tiny challenges the Nature Trackers to meet the ultimate snake: the Sanajeh, a huge Cretaceous snake from what is now India. Dad takes the kids on the Dinosaur Train to find Sana Sanajeh, who may be huge, but turns out to be quite friendly. Once Shiny and Sana become friends, Shiny returns home with the knowledge that snakes aren't scary - they're just another part of nature! Tiny is horrified when her favorite buttercups all wilt, so Mom takes her and the family to the Big Pond, where she remembers seeing a whole lot of buttercups in bloom. On the way there, the Conductor gives the kids a visual lesson in 'Nature's Life Cycle,' explaining how a flower grows, blossoms, then wilts, and returns its seeds to the ground, to start the cycle all over again. Tiny finds her flowers at the Big Pond, both blooming and wilting, and can see nature's life cycle in action.
Air Times
Friday, May 4 at 11:00 am on Main
Searching for Video
Support
Funding for Dinosaur Train is provided in part by:


text:
- Who invented 5g?
- How many patents does Google own?
- What is the most expensive patent?
- Which country has 5g already?
- What 5g chip will Apple use?
- Who has the patent on 5g technology?
- What company owns the most tech patents?
- Who is the leader in 5g technology?
- Which country use 6g network?
- What is the #1 5g stock?
- What company makes 5g chips for Apple?
- What company has the most 5g patents?
- Is there 5g in the US?
- Who are the big players in 5g?
- What company has more than 29000 patents?
Who invented 5g?
Q: Who invented 5G.
A: No one company or person owns 5G, but there are several companies within the mobile ecosystem that are contributing to bringing 5G to life.
Qualcomm has played a major role in inventing the many foundational technologies that drive the industry forward and make up 5G, the next wireless standard..
How many patents does Google own?
2,597 patentsElsewhere on the list, Google's parent-company Alphabet comes sixth with 2,597 patents granted while Apple is in eleventh place with 2,147.
What is the most expensive patent?
The patent for the telephone is often considered to be the most valuable patent in history.
Which country has 5g already?
Key Takeaways. South Korea, China, and the United States are the countries that lead the world in building and deploying 5G technology. Telecommunications operators around the world—including AT&T Inc., KT Corp, and China Mobile—have been racing to build the fifth-generation (5G) of wireless technology.
What 5g chip will Apple use?
All three of the new iPhones will carry the most advanced 5G modem chip, known as X55 that is designed by U.S. mobile chip developer Qualcomm, four people familiar with the plan told Nikkei.
Who has the patent on 5g technology?
90% of Huawei, 99% of ZTE, 95% of Intel and 92% of Sharp's 5G patent families have been solely declared to 5G. In comparison, Ericsson with a rate of 68%, Qualcomm's 69% and Nokia's 78% have declared many patents that were already declared to 3G or 4G years before 5G was developed.
What company owns the most tech patents?
Companies with the most U.S. patents granted to them in 2019Number of granted U.S. patentsInternational Business Machines Corp9,262Samsung Electronics Co Ltd6,469Canon KK3,548Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC3,0819 more rows•Jul 8, 2020
Who is the leader in 5g technology?
EricssonEricsson Emerges as 5G Leader After U.S. Bruises Huawei.
Which country use 6g network?
ChinaChina has officially launched research and development work for its 6G mobile networks. The country only just turned on its 5G networks earlier this month, ahead of an initial 2020 schedule. To be clear, 5G is still in its infancy with most people around the world are still on 4G networks.
What is the #1 5g stock?
Analysts like these 5G stocks: Verizon Communications (VZ) T-Mobile US (TMUS) Apple (AAPL)
What company makes 5g chips for Apple?
QualcommAll three of the new iPhones will carry the most advanced 5G modem chip, known as X55 that is designed by U.S. mobile chip developer Qualcomm, four people familiar with the plan told Nikkei.
What company has the most 5g patents?
QualcommQualcomm today is the undisputed leader in the 5G space for the simple reason that no other companies can keep up with the San Diego-based innovator. Qualcomm holds a staggering 140,000 patents and patent applications for 5G technologies.
Is there 5g in the US?
AT&T, T-Mobile, and Verizon have launched 5G networks and are aggressively expanding those networks in 2020 and into next year. … 5G is taking hold in the U.S. and it's no coincidence that many of the best 5G phones are also some of the best Android phones in general.
Who are the big players in 5g?
Some of the key players in Global 5G Infrastructure market include Qualcomm, Samsung, Huawei, Verizon Communications, Cisco, AT& T, ZTE, and China Mobile.
What company has more than 29000 patents?
ALCATEL-LUCENT, the latest technology company to announce plans to make money from its patents, may generate several hundred million euros this year alone from its trove of 29,000 rights, according to its chief financial officer Paul Tufano.


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Sandal Castle is a ruin near the town of Wakefield in West Yorkshire and overlooks the River Calder. It is near to the site where the Battle of Wakefield is said to have taken place in 1460, which resulted in the death of Richard, Duke of York.
The Castle was first constructed by the Normans, and its first occupants were the de Warrens.
In 2003, Sandal Castle was given a wooden walkway, to allow people to walk to its summit without causing erosion. This was intended as a measure to stop people permanently damaging the ruins. However, there has been a strong outcry from those who feel that the walkway has corrupted the historical environment provided by the castle.
There is a visitor centre about 100 metres from the castle proper.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


Are creams and lotions the same?
Asked By: Elaid Martini | Last Updated: 22nd April, 2020
Category: style and fashion skin care
4.2/5 (45 Views. 16 Votes)
Perhaps the biggest difference between lotion and cream is that lotions have a higher water content. A lotion is typically a mix of water and droplets of oil, is lighter weight than cream, and is non-greasy. Creams are thicker in consistency than lotions and provide a barrier that keeps skin ultra-hydrated.
Click to see full answer
Also, what is the main difference between a lotion and a cream?
The biggest difference between a cream and lotion is the oil content. Creams have a larger percentage of oil content and are most useful to deeply nourish and hydrate very dry skin. Creams are generally better in the winter when there is less moisture in the air, or in dry climates.
Likewise, people ask, is lotion or cream better for face?
In general, creams are better for people with dry skin while lotions are better for those with oily skin. The thicker formulas lock in moisture and/or provide a protective layer to better keep skin hydrated and supple. Thinner formulas help prevent clogged pores and acne breakouts.
What is the difference between Aveeno cream and lotion?
Each cream and lotion has its own unique composition and benefits. Lotions have a higher water percentage and, to put it simply, are droplets of oil mixed in water. Lotions tend to be light-weight, non-greasy, and are more easily absorbed into the skin. They are excellent for normal to slightly dry skin.
37 Related Question Answers Found
Can I use body cream on face?
Body Lotion.
It would be nice to just slather on one lotion and be done with it, but body lotions should NEVER be applied to your face because they're usually a lot thicker and typically contain fragrances that might irritate your facial skin. On your face, you should always use something more gentle and delicate.
Why is it called cold cream?
The emulsion is of a "water in oil" type unlike the "oil in water" type emulsion of vanishing cream, so-called because it seems to disappear when applied on skin. The name "cold cream" derives from the cooling feeling that the cream leaves on the skin. It can also be used to remove makeup and as shaving cream.
Which is more effective cream or lotion?
Because body lotion is more readily absorbed by the skin – due to its lower viscosity than cream – it's excellent for normal to slightly dry skin. It leaves a less greasy residue than cream and is ideal for use during the day and in hot summer months.
Which is better body lotion or body cream?
Body cream is heavier and contains a higher viscosity, or sticky mixture of water and oil. According to, creams penetrate the skin and provide a barrier that prevents more moisture loss from the skin than lotion. Because body cream is thicker, it is usually sold in a tub or jar container.
What ointment means?
An ointment is a smooth fatty or oily substance that is put on skin to protect it or help it heal. A range of ointments and creams is available for the direct treatment of eczema on the skin. An ointment is a smooth fatty or oily substance that is put on skin to protect it or help it heal.
What is the best face moisturizer?
To lend a helping hand, we rounded up the top picks in facial moisturizers.
 - Best Overall: Olay Regenerist Micro-Sculpting Cream.
 - Best Splurge: Crème de la Mer Moisturizing Cream.
 - Best Drugstore: Neutrogena Hydro Boost Water Gel.
 - Best Innovation: Augustinus Bader The Cream.
 - Best for Very Dry Skin: Dr.
Where do you use body cream?
When to Apply Body Lotion and Moisturizer
Kaminer mentioned, it's best to apply body lotion and moisturizer immediately after exiting a bath or shower, while your skin is still damp. This helps to lock in the most moisture.
What is best natural face moisturizer?
The 10 Best Natural and Organic Face Moisturizers
 - Weleda Skin Food Original Ultra-Rich Cream. Weleda
 - Nutrient Day Cream SPF 30. Josh Rosebrook
 - Countertime Antioxidant Soft Cream.
 - Blemish Balm.
 - Golden Hour Recovery Cream.
 - Hyaluronic Gel Moisturizer.
 - Protini Polypeptide Moisturizer.
 - The Dewy Skin Cream.
Which is better Cetaphil cream or lotion?
RazorPete. Lotions are less effective moisturizers than creams and lotions generally have more preservatives in them, due to increased water content. Cetaphil uses parabens as its main preservatives, it puts more into its lotions and less into its creams.
What is the most moisturizing ingredient?
The Best Moisturizers
Humectants, such as glycerin, sorbitol, sodium hyaluronate, urea, propylene glycol, alpha hydroxy acids, and sugars, attract water into the skin cells, causing the skin surface to swell very slightly — thus temporarily making it appear smoother and free of wrinkles.
What is the best lotion for dry skin?
16 Body Lotions and Creams to Moisturize Dry Skin
 - Kiehl's Since 1851 Crème de Corps.
 - The Body Lotion.
 - Advanced Therapy Moisturizing Lotion.
 - Skin Food Original Ultra-Rich Moisturizer.
 - Aveeno Daily Moisturizing Body Lotion.
 - Whipped Argan Oil Body Butter.
 - Shea Butter Rich Body Lotion.
 - Naked Body Butter.
What comes first moisturizer or cream?
Moisturizers help quench dry skin and can double as eye cream. Next comes moisturizer, if you need it. Not everyone does! If your skin is normal to oily, you may be able to get away with a serum alone.
What is the best lotion or cream for dry skin?
Read on for the best body lotions for dry skin.
 - Best Overall: Nécessaire The Body Lotion.
 - Best Budget: CeraVe Daily Moisturizing Lotion.
 - Best Splurge: La Mer The Body Crème Jar.
 - Best Scent: Le Labo Rose 31 Hand & Body Lotion.
 - Best Classic: Kiehl's Creme de Corps.
Is moisturizer better than lotion?
Lotions usually are a type of cream which has a lighter consistency than a moisturizer. Moisturizers, on the other hand, have a thicker consistency than lotions. They are specially designed to hydrate the skin. People who have dry skin go for heavier moisturizers to hydrate their skin more.
Which is best face cream for dry skin?
Best lightweight face cream for dry skin: Neutrogena Hydro Boost Water Gel. Best drugstore face cream for dry skin: CeraVe Moisturizing Cream. Best pro-approved face cream for dry skin: Drunk Elephant Protini Polypeptide Cream. Best plant-based face cream for dry skin: Youth To The People Age Prevention Superfood Cream.
How do I choose lotion?
Creams are thinner, help hydrate, and are good for normal skin. Lotions are the lightest (water is their main ingredient) and are a good match for oily skin. Base the thickness of your moisturizer on when and where you use it on your body.
Should you use body lotion everyday?
If that's you, you probably don't need to moisturize every day. However, it's good to moisturize certain areas of your skin every day. You should also be moisturizing your face more often than the rest of your body (I usually stick to two times a day).


text:
was a Dadaist
and writer. He was born on April 6
and died on February 1
, near Locarno[?]
. One of the founders of the Dada movement, he was active in Zurich
, Switzerland from 1916 to 1920. He moved to the United States in 1940 and became an American citizen.
Richter was also the author of a first-hand account of the Dada movement titled Dada: Art and Anti-Art.
Hans Richter was also the name of a well known German conductor (_PHONE_). He is noted as one of Richard Wagner's greatest champions.
All Wikipedia text
is available under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License


text:
It's Feel Good Friday and I'm in sunny San Diego, home of a relatively new nonprofit organization, Plant It Again.
Founded in 2020 by San Diego teen, Olivia Kries, the team at Plant It Again (PIA) recycles drought tolerant plants back into local communities and creates meaningful employment for adults with developmental and intellectual disabilities. Their vision is "to create an innovative center that not only educates but integrates all members of our diverse community."
Olivia got the idea for PIA when she saw her mom discarding succulent trimmings. She felt this was wasteful and knew she could take a clipping and plant it again, hence the name of the organization. The PIA team hopes that by recycling and selling donated yard cuttings and plants, they will inspire and educate the public on the many benefits of succulent gardening and landscaping. Watch this 3-minute video to learn more about the origin story and see Olivia and the team.
PIA provides job opportunities and training to adults with developmental and intellectual disabilities. Since opening three years ago, they've created six paid positions in roles such as plant donation processors, arrangement designers, sales clerks, and class instructors. PIA has also hosted over 1,000 hours community engagement for people with moderate to severe developmental and intellectual disabilities.
If you want to help this new nonprofit grow, there are many ways to do so. People living in the San Diego area can visit the store to buy some plants or donate old gardening tools, pots, and other items to be refurbished and sold to raise funds. The rest of us can make a donation and stay in the loop on social media. Follow Plant It Again on Facebook, and on Twitter and Instagram @plantitagai


lag function for data frames
When applying the stats::lag() function to a data frame, you probably expect it will pad the missing time periods with NA, but lag() doesn't. For example:
> mydf <- data.frame(x=1:10, y=lag(1:10, 1))
> mydf
 x y
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9 9
10 10 10
Nothing happened. Here is an alternative lag function made for this situation. It pads the beginning of the output vecot with as many NA as there are lags, and then it truncates it to the same length as the input vector. These lengths assume your lags are calculated by variables within the same data frame.
lagpad <- function(x, k) {
 if (!is.vector(x))
 stop('x must be a vector')
 if (!is.numeric(x))
 stop('x must be numeric')
 if (!is.numeric(k))
 stop('k must be numeric')
 if (1 != length(k))
 stop('k must be a single number')
 c(rep(NA, k), x)[1 : length(x)]
}
And the results work as expected:
> mydf <- data.frame(x=1:10, y=lag(1:10,1), z=lagpad(1:10, 1))
> mydf
 x y z
1 1 1 NA
2 2 2 1
3 3 3 2
4 4 4 3
5 5 5 4
6 6 6 5
7 7 7 6
8 8 8 7
9 9 9 8
10 10 10 9
If you are using zoo or xts, see
Basic lag in R vector/dataframe
.
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4 thoughts on "lag function for data frames
 1. I was annoyed by the same thing. Here is a function I use to lag forward or backward.
 vect_lag <- function(v, n=1, forward=FALSE) {
 if (forward)
 c(v[(n+1):length(v)], rep(NA, n))
 else
 c(rep(NA, n), v[1:(length(v) – n)])
 }
 2. Hi, has the lag function been updated since then? mydf <- data.frame(x=1:10, y=lag(1:10, 1)) works exactly as anticipated (without the need for lagpad)
 3. No, it's just that your lag function is not the base one. The base one has been masked by a lag function from a package that you installed.
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your correct path}
/calimsv2/csm/jb
oss
-
4.0.5.GA/bin
2.
Run
the following command:
./run.sh
9.4.
Access
the UPT Application
1.
In a bro
wser go to the following URL:
http://localhost:46210/uptlogin/
2.
Log
in with the following
information
:
LOGIN ID:
calims2admin
PASSWORD: changeme
APPLICATION NAME: caLIMS
Please refer to
the
CSM/UPT Documentation
to learn how to
provision a user.


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Does the smell of bleach from your tap water alarm you? The Environmental Protection Agency's policy requires the public water systems to conduct disinfection by injecting chlorine into the water supply. Since this policy is mandatory, you can expect a small amount of chlorine in your tap water. However, there are other reasons why the water smells like bleach.
One reason why water smells like bleach is when a municipality conducts water shock chlorination. Aside from that, it can also be caused by an organic material that triggers chlorine to emit a strong odor. Also, the water filter in your well may inject chlorine into the water to eradicate the pathogens.
Reasons Why Tap Water May Smell Like Bleach
Municipality conducts shock chlorination.
If your municipality recently experienced a storm or a flood, it might have decided to conduct shock chlorination. So what exactly is this process? Shock chlorination is disinfecting a water system by injecting a high chlorine concentration. This method is usually done to eliminate the contaminants caused by floods or storms.
Once the amount of chlorine reaches one mg/L, you can smell and taste the bleach. However, putting excessive chlorine is possible, affecting the water quality. Therefore, it is essential to detect early if your water is overchlorinated since it is maybe dangerous to your health.
Chlorine's reaction to biofilms
Biofilms are harmful microorganisms such as algae, bacteria, and fungi encapsulated in protective slimes. Once the biofilms advance, the communities of microorganisms become more complex. Aside from that, amoeba and protozoans grow, leading to corrosion and legionella growth.
Chlorine helps eradicate these biofilms by permeating their structures and preventing their growth. However, the chemical may emit a more pungent odor as its reaction to the microorganisms.
Well's filter injects chlorine into the water.
If you have a private well with a chemical injection filter, your filter may have injected chlorine into the water to eradicate pathogens. If this is the situation, you only need to wait for the chlorine to dissipate. Once the smell has gone, you can safely use your tap water. However, it may take up a few hours.
What Are The Symptoms Of Too Much Chlorine?
Tap water smells like pool water.
If your tap water smells like pool water, it is clear that it is overchlorinated. This smell is expected when the municipality is doing shock chlorination. It is better not to drink your tap water since chemicals like ammonia may also smell like chlorine.
I was feeling unwell after drinking the tap water.
Unfortunately, if you have consumed the water and feel nauseous, it may be a symptom of excessive chlorine. When ingested in large amounts, chlorine causes stomachaches, vomiting, and diarrhea. If this is the case, go to the nearest hospital or call a physician right away.
Skin becomes dry and irritated after a shower.
Another symptom of overchlorinated water is when your skin feels itchy and dry after a shower. Do you remember the feeling after taking a swim in a pool? If your skin is sensitive, you may experience a chlorine rash that comprises skin tenderness, redness, skin itchiness, lesions, or scaling.
What Can I Do When My Tap Water Smells Like Chlorine?
Collect a sample and get the water tested
If you are getting your water from a private well, it is highly recommended that you conduct routine testing. It will help you determine if the water on your well is overchlorinated. In addition, you can check if your locality's health department tests the water quality. If not, you should collect a water sample and go to a state-certified laboratory.
Ask your neighbors if they have the same experience with their tap water
You must know where the smell of bleach is coming from. If your neighbors have the same situation, there is a big chance that your municipality is conducting shock chlorination or the public water system has injected excessive chlorine. But if you are the only one experiencing this, you must contact someone who can check your water system.
Contact the local water company in your area.
If you have experienced the symptoms mentioned above, you must call the local water company right away. Give them details when you have noticed the smell of bleach in your tap water. Aside from that, ask them to check your water system if you are the only one in your neighborhood who has bleach-odor tap water.
How To Remove Chlorine From Drinking Water?
Cooling the tap water
As a temporary solution, get a pitcher of water and cover it. After that, please put it in the refrigerator and let it chill for a while. Once the odor has dissipated, you can now drink the water. As a warning, don't let the tap water sit on your refrigerator for more than 24 hours. Refill the pitcher and let it chill again.
Boiling the tap water
The temperature of the water helps in the process of dissipation. Applying too much heat to chlorinated water can eliminate the chemical. Instead, boil the water for 20 minutes, put it in a pitcher, and let it cool. You now have water that is safe to drink.
Put tablets of vitamin C into the drinking water.
One natural way to dechlorinate your drinking water is by putting vitamin C tablets into it. This method is used to dechlorinate tubs and pools. Fortunately, you can do the exact process for your tap water. For 3.8 L of water, you will need 40 mg of vitamin C tablets. Once you have put the tablets on the water, let it sit for 24 hours before drinking it.
The reverse osmosis filtration system
The best way to remove chlorine from the drinking water is to use a reverse osmosis filtration system. The Granular Activated Carbon (G.A.C.) filter included in this filtration system can eliminate 98% of chlorine in tap water. It works by trapping and absorbing the chlorine then flushing it down.
Other Water Filters
There are various types of water filters that you can use to remove chlorine from your water – whole house systems, countertop filters, gravity filters, and so on. We made a massive test before, so here you can read our review on the best water filters for chlorine.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is it safe to drink water that smells like chlorine?
A small amount of chlorine in the water cannot harm the body. However, excessive chlorine can cause stomachaches, vomiting, and nausea. It is also dangerous to pregnant women since it may lead to congenital abnormalities. A study in Taiwan showed that pregnant women exposed to chlorine are more likely to give birth to babies who have cleft palates, holes in the heart, or lack of brain development.
Is it safe to shower in water that smells like chlorine?
If you have sensitive skin, you may suffer from chlorine rash, especially if excessive chlorine is in the water. However, if you don't have trouble soaking in a chlorinated pool, you will have no problem using water with chlorine for a shower.
Can chlorine in water make you sick?
The average amount of chlorine injected by the public water system cannot make you sick. Therefore, it is safe to drink. However, there are debates that the chemical has long-term effects such as cancer development. The best way is to use a filter system to eliminate chlorine from your drinking water.
Will boiling water remove chlorine?
Yes, boiling water for a full twenty minutes can remove the chlorine. But to avoid inconveniences on your part, using a reverse osmosis filtration system in your home can help you save your time and energy. Also, using this filtration system is more effective than boiling the water since some factors may prevent the complete elimination of chlorine.
Aside from the mandatory disinfection conducted by the public water system, there are other reasons why you tap water that smells like bleach. These are shock chlorination operated by the municipality, reaction of chlorine to biofilms, and chlorine injection caused by the well's water filter.
Fortunately, there are a couple of ways to eliminate this chemical from tap water. You can boil or cool the water for temporary solutions and put in vitamin C tablets. But the best method is installing a reverse osmosis filtration system in your household. If the problem in your water system persists, don't hesitate to contact the water company in your area.


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Ways to Move Information from Your Old PC to Windows 8
Windows 8's Easy Transfer offers three different ways to copy your old PC's information into your new PC. Each method works at a different level of speed and difficulty. Here are the contenders:
Easy Transfer cable: Your least-expensive and easiest solution, this special cable resembles a normal USB cable that has swallowed a mouse: The cable usually bulges in the middle. These cables cost less than $20 at most electronics stores or online. Plug one end into each PC's USB port, and you're ready to copy. (No, a normal USB cable won't work.)
Older Easy Transfer cables made for Windows Vista or Windows 7 should still work fine with Windows 8.
If you're transferring from a Windows XP or Vista PC through an Easy Transfer cable, be sure to install the Easy Transfer cable's bundled drivers. (You needn't worry about drivers in newer Windows versions because Windows 7 and Windows 8 automatically recognize the cable as soon as you plug it into a USB port.)
External hard disk: Windows 8 calls it an external hard disk, but everybody else calls it a portable hard drive. But no matter what it's called, the little box costs between $75 and $150, and it makes copying your information quick and easy. Some portable drives plug into both a wall outlet and your PC's USB port; others draw their power right from the USB port.
Flash drive: These little memory sticks, often spotted sprouting from nerds' key chains, plug into a computer's USB port. Unfortunately, they usually lack enough storage space to hold all your old computer's files. Flash drives work great, however, for copying the Windows 8 Easy Transfer program to your old Windows XP or Windows Vista PC.
Network: If you've linked your two PCs through a network, the Windows Easy Transfer program can transfer your old PC's information that way.
If your PCs aren't connected through a network and they live more than a cable's reach apart, a portable hard drive is your best option. Choose one with as much capacity as the hard drive inside your new PC. After you've transferred the files, you can use the hard drive to back up your files automatically with the easy-to-use Windows 8 File History program.
Windows Easy Transfer can't transfer files from a 64-bit computer to a 32-bit computer. However, this rarely presents a problem because older computers are mostly 32-bit and newer computers are usually 64-bit.
For more information about Windows 8 and its features, explore Windows 8 For Dummies, available online.


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Crane motion induces payload oscillation that makes accurate positioning of the payload a challenging task. As the payload size increases, it may be necessary to utilize multiple cranes for better control of the payload position and orientation. However, simultaneously maneuvering multiple cranes to transport a single payload increases the complexity and danger of the operation.
This thesis investigates the dynamics and control of dual-hoist bridge cranes transporting distributed payloads. Insights from this dynamic analysis were used to design input shapers that reduce payload oscillation originating from various crane motions. Also, studies were conducted to investigate the effect input shaping has on the performance of human operators using a dual-hoist bridge crane to transport distributed payloads through an obstacle course. In each study, input-shaping significantly improved the task completion time. Furthermore, input-shaping control greatly decreased operator effort, as measured by the number of button pushes needed to complete a task. These results clearly demonstrate the benefit of input-shaping control on dual-hoist bridge cranes.
In addition, a new system identification method that utilizes input shaping for determining the modal frequencies and relative amplitude contributions of individual modes was developed to aid in the dynamic analysis of dual-hoist bridge cranes, as well as other multi-mode systems. This method uses a new type of input shaper to suppress all but one mode to a low level. The shaper can also be used to bring a small-amplitude mode to light by modifying one of the vibration constraints.


making psamp export congestion-aware
We haven't had much discussion of PSAMP export on the list. There's a
general requirement from the IETF that new protocols be congestion
aware, using RFC 2914 as a guide. Here are some thoughts on export
requirements for PSAMP, and a proposal for making it congestion-aware
while remaining compatible with PSAMP's goal of ubiquitous support on
network elements. Comments appreciated...
-- Jen
Export of measurement records in PSAMP: In the PSAMP framework, a
device such as a passive monitor or an interface card applies
selection and sampling rules to a stream of packets and generates
measurement records that include a collection of fields for each
packet. The device exports these records for further analysis. For
example, the records generated by the interface card on a router may
be exported to a separate collection server that may reside next to
the router or elsewhere in the network. When the measurement records
traverse the network, they compete for resources with other Internet
transfers. Congestion-aware export is important to ensure that the
measurement records do not overwhelm the capacity of the network or
unduly degrade the performance of other applications.
Unreliable transport: The export of measurement records does not
require reliable export. In fact, retransmission of lost measurement
packets could consume additional network resources and would require
state on the device generating the records. The device would have to
be addressable, able to receive and process acknowledgments, and to
store unacknowledged data. These requirements would be a significant
impediment to having uniform support for measurement on high-speed
interface cards in IP routers. Instead, we propose that PSAMP devices
can support a unreliable export mechanism. Sequence numbers on the
packets or the measurement records within the packet would indicate
when loss has occurred, and the analysis of the measurement data can
account for this loss. In some sense, packet loss becomes just
another form of sampling (albeit a less desirable, and less
controlled, form of sampling).
Changing the sending rate: In congestion-aware transport, there can be
a clear separation between the algorithm that computes the sending
rate and the way the sender adapts to the new sending rate. For
example, a device could conceivably reduce the sending rate by
discarding excess records. This approach may be an appropriate
reaction to transient congestion. Or, the device could operate with a
smaller sampling rate. This may be a more appropriate reaction to
long-term congestion. Or, the device could include fewer fields in
the measurement records to reduce the volume of data that are exported
to the collection machine. In some cases, a collection server may
receive measurement records from more than one device, and could
decide to reduce the export rate at one device rather than the other
(or reduce the rate for one of the filter banks at a device rather
than the other), in order to prioritize the measurement data. This
type of flexibility is valuable for network operators that collect
measurement data from multiple locations to drive multiple applications.
Configuration of the sending rate: The collection server is the
recipient of the traffic from the PSAMP device(s). This server can
detect congestion along the path from the PSAMP device through lost
packets (which manifest themselves as gaps in the sequence numbers, or
the absence of packets for a period of time). The server can run an
appropriate congestion-control algorithm to compute a new sending
rate, and can reconfigure the PSAMP device with the new rate. This is
an attractive alternative to requiring the PSAMP device to receive
acknowledgment packets. The server can reconfigure the sending rate
using an SNMP MIB or a command-line interface. It is already
envisaged having an SNMP accessible MIB for easy reconfiguration of
sampling parameters, so this dovetails well. Implementing the
congestion control algorithm in the collection server has the added
advantages of flexibility in adapting the sending rate and the ability
to incorporate new congestion-control algorithms as they become
available. For the PSAMP standard, it would be mandatory to implement
and such export rate control in both the measurement device and the
collector. There's scope here for reusing existing rate control
algorithms with well understood properties.
Notions of fairness: In some cases, it may be reasonable to allow the
collection server to have flexibility in deciding how aggressively to
respond to congestion. For example, the PSAMP device and the
collection server may have a very small round-trip time relative to
other traffic. Conventional TCP-friendly congestion control would
allocate a very large share of the bandwidth to this traffic.
Instead, the collection server could apply an algorithm that reacts
more aggressively to congestion to give a larger share of the
bandwidth to other traffic (with larger RTTs). In other cases, the
measurement records may require a larger share of the bandwidth than
other flows. For example, consider a link that carries tens of
thousands of flows, including some non TCP-friendly DoS attack
traffic. Restricting the PSAMP traffic to a "fair share" allocation
may be too restrictive, and might limit the collection of the data
necessary to diagnose the DoS attack. In this situation, the
collection server could conceivably have a less aggressive reaction to
congestion (say, dividing the sending rate by 1.5 rather than 2 in the
presence of loss) to claim a larger fraction of the link bandwidth.
The collection server could also employ policies that allocate
bandwidth in certain proportions among streams of measurement records
from different PSAMP devices (or filter banks in a single device).
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ProNitro® – DLF's super-efficient new pelleted N seed coating
The development of fertiliser seed coatings is a DLF speciality. In our new ProNitro® seed coating, we have given each seed its own 'packed lunch' of nitrogen.
7. 10. 2015
In ProNitro® 15,0 we have added a mixture of slow and fast-release nitrogen plus pelleting material to each batch of seeds. For every 100kg of uncoated seed, the coatings add an extra 54kg in weight of which 10% is nitrogen (15% in the coating).
Adding nitrogen directly to the seed can be as much as four times more efficient than broadcast fertilisation. The nitrogen feeds the seed, not the weed in the ground, and seedling roots do not have to go searching for their nitrogen, the number-one fertiliser for fast establishment.
In Europe-wide trials, ProNitro® seed coating proved to be efficient and cost-effective:
- Saves time and money because sowing and fertilisation are a single operation.
- Better seed-to-soil contact because seeds are heavier.
- Faster and denser growth – up to 30% more plants in DLF trials.
- Fewer weeds during establishment – ProNitro® gives sown seed a competitive advantage.
- Highly efficient use of nitrogen with reduced risk of leaching to ground water and surroundings.
- Increased forage yields.
- Better wear tolerance in turf – up to 30% longer roots in DLF trials.
Tests also showed that the surface treatment does not affect the ability of the seed to flow easily. Dust was also eliminated.
ProNitro® is a unique product with a wide range of uses:
- Sod/turf production: faster establishment means faster production and less Poa annua in end product.
- Forage maintenance: safer overseeding of grassland with faster establishment of new plants in old swards.
- Golf greens and football pitches: easier establishment in low-fertility, sandy soils.
- Lawns: easier sowing of weightier seeds followed by speedier establishment and greening up.


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Buffalo Reef Meeting in Lake Linden
The Buffalo Reef Task Force has scheduled a meeting in Lake Linden later this month to discuss with the public three alternatives tentatively selected for further analysis in the fight to save this important natural reef off the Keweenaw Peninsula.
The meeting will take place on July 31 at the Lake Linden-Hubbell High School, located at 601 Calumet Avenue in Lake Linden.
In February, the task force issued an alternatives analysis which briefly described 13 strategies for managing historic copper mine tailings threatening to destroy spawning habitat and recruitment areas important to Lake Superior whitefish and lake trout in and around Buffalo Reef.
Mine tailings, called stamp sands, were dumped a century ago into Lake Superior at Gay, Michigan, during processing of copper ores from the Mohawk and Wolverine mines. Since that time, the sands have moved south along the shoreline with wave action toward the reef.
Earlier this year, the task force sought public comment on whether there were additional management strategies the group should consider and whether any adjustments should be made to the management strategies or risks described in the draft analysis.
In May, the task force released a responsiveness summary to public comments on the analysis of the alternatives.
On June 20, the task force met to review the 13 alternatives and hone the finalists down to three options that will be fleshed out further in the weeks ahead with specific costs and feasibility.
These three alternatives include:
- Maintenance dredging at the Grand Traverse Harbor and an underwater trough area, with a stone revetment built to retain the stamp sands;
- Dredging the entire area with disposal of the stamp sands in a newly constructed landfill to be located nearby;
- Dredging 15 million cubic yards of stamp sands with disposal in the White Pine Mine tailings basin in Ontonagon County.
"At the public meeting, we will discuss the selection process, request public input on the choice of the three finalist alternatives and on moving forward with these choices for full review and development," said Stephanie Swart, a Buffalo Reef Task Force Steering Committee member and Lake Superior coordinator with the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy. "We will also provide the public with an update on this summer's dredging work."
Maintenance dredging has been ongoing this summer in the harbor and the trough area to buy time to develop a long-term solution to the stamp sands issue.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
It is customary for synagogues to have a Ner Tomid, a light burning always near the front of the synagogue.
1) Why do we have a Ner Tomid?
2) If it is a reminder of the "ner maarovi" which was one of the lights of the menorah in the Bes Hamikdosh that lasted miraculously from when it was kindled up to the same time the following day Gemoro Shabbos 22b (up until the death of Shimon HaTzaddik), why is it that some modern designs have one central light surrounded in a circle by smaller lights? To be comparable to the menorah there should only be one light that is always alight.
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The Ketzos HaShulchan Siman 29:2 and the Badei HaShulchan Siman 29:2 explains that we keep a Ner Tamid lit for Kovod Shomayim and that it is a Zecher L'Mikdash where there always remained one candle burning on the Western side (Ner Ma'aravi).
Regarding having more than one light today - in the Shuls I frequent that is not the case. I have seen some Shuls combine it with 6 additional lights as a holocaust memorial, although I do not know a source for doing that.
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Portugal's recovery and resilience plan is composed of 20 different components that are structured in three main dimensions (Resilience, Climate transition, and Digital transition). The dimension of climate transition includes four components that can be considered as directly relevant to the energy sector. This initiative is part of the component "sustainable mobility" (Component 15).
The objective of the reform of transport ecosystems is to foster the use of public transports and sustainable mobility, and networks expansion. It is an orientation policy, supporting several initiatives that have been taking place since 2019.


CrossFit Rope Climbing Exercises for Strength & Conditioning
CrossFit Rope Climbing Exercises for Strength
CrossFit Training
CrossFit, much like most other types of workout regimens, is designed to not only work your cardiovascular system but your entire body.
CrossFit rope climbing exercises, in particular, are an excellent avenue to build up body strength and conditioning quickly. Done correctly, these exercises will work your entire upper body, including grip strength and stabilization.
Benefits of CrossFit Rope Climbing Exercises
Here are some reasons why you should consider mastering CrossFit rope climbing exercises and incorporate them into your routines:
Increases Grip Strength
When you start working out, especially lifting weights, you might not realize just how important grip is to the whole process.
This is mostly because the weights you will be dealing with won't challenge your grip. As you get further along in your fitness journey, this becomes a limiting factor.
Say, for example, your back is strong enough to deadlift 350lbs, but your grip won't allow you to comfortably lift that much off the ground. At this point, your back can take the weight increment, but your hands can't – that limits your back's development.
Rope climbing is an excellent way to improve and increase your grip strength. The more you use rope climbing to improve your grip, the more you train your hands to both carry your own weight and resist the gravity working against you.
Develops Arm Strength
Every time you pull yourself up on a rope, you are forcing your arms to not only lift your weight and resist gravity but also stabilize your body as you go higher. This introduces a new dynamic, one that you can't get with chin-ups or pull-ups.
Improves Your Back Strength
Rope climbing exercises strengthen your back better than pull-ups and chin-ups do. The main reason behind this is that rope climbing requires a lot of stabilization which works the lats and musculature more.
Furthermore, rope climbing exercises are fun, challenging, and a good indicator of upper body strength. This makes them a comprehensive set of skills to have in your workout repertoire.
The Best CrossFit Rope Climbing Exercises to Try Today
Here are some of the most effective rope climbing exercises to start performing today:
Man Climbing Rope Exercise
Assisted Rope-Climbing
This exercise should be done from a sitting position with your feet planted firmly on the ground and bent at the knee. Hold the rope and pull it towards your chest. Start extending your body as you climb upwards using nothing but your arms.
Keep pulling yourself to a standing position, then slowly lower yourself with nothing but your arms back to the starting position. That counts as one rep.
Depending on your fitness level, you can do five reps per set and three sets for the workout with either 30 or 60-second breaks in between.
Rope Pull-Ups
This is similar to a regular pull-up, except you will be using both arms at different positions. Start by standing next to the rope, extend one of your arms fully above your head and have the other one at a 90-degree angle (bent at the elbow).
Pull yourself up so that the extended arm is the one that's bent and the one that was bent is the one that's extended below you.
Slowly lower your body to the starting position, then go again. That will be one rep for the extended arm. You can do five reps before switching arms and three sets per arm.
Hanging Leg-Raises/Hanging L-Sit Leg-Extension
Both these exercises, although different, are listed together because they are quite similar but with one contrasting feature – the position and movement of the legs.
When doing the "Hanging L-Sit Leg-Extension," hold the rope with both your hands extended above your head (one grip should be right under the other).
Lift your legs off the ground, so they form an L shape. While holding yourself up, bend your legs at the knee and extend them to return to the starting position.
Do this five times before switching arm position (the one on top should now be the one at the bottom), then do another five extensions to make 1 set. You can do three sets with 60-second breaks in between.
Hanging Leg-Raises are quite similar but without the L-shape. Here, raise your legs to a 90-degree position from the ground, then extend them back to the ground without resting on them. Do five sets before swapping hands as before; you can do three sets with 60-second breaks.
Rope Hanging
This, like every other exercise, should be done in slow increments. Start by doing a typical rope pull-up with one of your arms extended and the other one bent at a 90-degree angle around the elbow area.
Pull yourself up all the way but instead of coming back down as you would with a pull-up, hold that position for some time. You can start with 10 seconds and slowly build up to a longer period of time. Do four reps per arm.
Rope Plank-Walk
Hold the rope and lean your body forward to about a 45-degree angle. Slowly, using your hands (one over the other), climb down to a specific plank position.
When you reach that point, your body should be about parallel to the ground now. Hold that position for a few seconds. The duration depends on your fitness levels – start with 5 seconds, then slowly move up.
You can then slowly climb back up to the starting position. This should count as one rep. Do 10 reps per set for three sets with 60-second breaks.
One Arm Pull-Up
Holding the rope with one arm in the incline position, slowly but steadily pull yourself up as if doing a pull-up. Once you get to the top, slowly lower your body back to the starting position.
Ensure that your core and trunk muscles are engaged throughout this movement. That should count as one rep. You can do five reps to make a set with three sets before switching arms for the same number of reps and sets to complete the exercise. Take 60-second breaks in between.
To avoid rope burn during your Crossfit workout, make sure to cover the skin that will come into contact with the rope. This could be in the form of a wrap, gloves, long pants, and long-sleeved shirts, or you can use a wrapped rope.
These CrossFit rope climb exercises will get easier but more complicated the further along you get in your fitness journey. For now, however, the ones mentioned above should get you well on your way to building excellent upper body and grip strength.


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How Can Social Learning Spice Up Your Existing Learning Strategy?
Bringing Light To The Smile Sheet: The Danger Of Complacency
Jane Hart – 12 Steps To Successful Social Learning at Work : Learning Technologies 2013
Development of tutorials and simulation to teach military aircraft engine maintenance.
Staff Training and Development Unit EPSS design and development.
Training section in Rosslyn Design of learning centre. Recruitment, training and support of a CAI development team. Design and development of a simulated filler panel to provide safe and cost-effective training. For this simulation, an actual filler panel replaced the standard computer keyboard.