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CONTENT
1. What is a SLAW and what are its Benefits?
 1.a. Extensibility-When the XI Environment is shared between Multiple Projects
 1.b. Relative Performance Enhancement
 1.c. Pre-build Error Handling Functions
 1.d. File Size based Rotation
 1.e. Controlled Logging & Tracing
2. How to Collaboratively Use XI's Message Monitoring and SLAW's Logging & Tracing Functionality?
3. How does SLAW work?
4. How to Use SLAW for Error Handling & Logging/Tracing in XI?
5. Appendix
DETAILS
1. What is a SLAW and what are its Benefits?
SLAW (SAP Logging API Wrapper) is an abstract interface developed around SAP Logging APIs to hide its complexity from its users (e.g. XI developers). For example, how to format the logging content using the TraceFormatter patterns, how to load a configuration file instead of hard-coding the configurations, how to implement periodic reload of the configuration file, how to optimize the performance using the static methods of the wrapper instead of initiating objects every time we need to use the SAP logging APIs, etc. The objective of SLAW is to provide developers a common framework and a more powerful option to log and trace in XI relative to XI's default logging and tracing capabilities.
Following are few primary benefits of developing a SLAW:
a. Extensibility-When the XI Environment is shared between Multiple Projects
SLAW enables multiple projects to meet their unique logging & tracing requirements when sharing a single XI environment. Using XI's built-in logging and tracing configuration may not be an ideal solution in this scenario since this configuration is applied globally to an integration engine. We can extend the SLAW to allow each project to log and trace at their desired steps at runtime at their desired severity levels (fatal, error, warning, info).
b. Relative Performance Enhancement
A new Java object is required to be initialized every time we need to use SAP logging API or even the MappingTrace object for logging and tracing in XI. Such frequent initializations can lead to performance burden on JVM in the runtime environment. SLAW uses a static Java object which is initialized only once when the Wrapper class is loaded in JVM. Such programming approach can lead to performance enhancement, especially when the number of interfaces grows during the lifetime of an XI project. SLAW also limits the loading of logging properties (format, logging destination, etc.) to only once when the Wrapper class is loaded in JVM which also improves the performance relative to loading the logging properties every time we need to use SAP logging API in XI during design time.
c. Pre-build Error Handling Functions
SLAW provides the build-in error handling functions such as assertion and throw which will be used to validate user-defined conditions at runtime and throw errors with relevant information for quicker diagnosis and resolution as compared to just a basic error message (for example, ArrayOutOfBound exception versus country code for interface X is not in correct format). Using the error handling functions of SLAW also gives us more control and flexibility on how to handle the errors compared to pre-determined error handling of XI's integration engine, for example, it gives us the ability to gracefully log and handle the errors and permit the execution to continue which, based on pre-determined error handling, may completely stop the execution.
d. File Size based Rotation
During development, testing and production, it is typical to come across situations when the log and trace files are so huge that it becomes a time-consuming process to first open such huge logs (may be by breaking it up into multiple relatively smaller files) and then be able to use this log for error diagnosis purposes. SLAW gives us the ability to rotate log and trace files based on the file size. For example, we can configure SLAW to rotate to a new file after the current log file reaches a pre-defined file size limit.
e. Controlled Logging & Tracing
SLAW enables more controlled logging & tracing (i.e. what is logged, when is it logged & how much is logged). This can be a big advantage in terms of limiting the growth of database (used by XI to store message information) when just the message header size roughly doubles from tracing level '0' (25KB) to '1' (50KB). If we extrapolate based on this information, it will take twice as long to fill the database in any environment if we have tracing set to '0';. Logging in XI is extremely verbose so it is normally turned off in production.
2. How to Collaboratively Use XI's Message Monitoring and SLAW's Logging & Tracing Functionality?
Note that default message monitoring in XI logs thorough details for a processed message, such as Sender Namespace, Sender Interface, Receiver Service, Receiver Namespace, Receiver Interface, Queue ID, etc., which are available via the SXMB_ADMIN transaction (Figure 1). Such details may not be captured by SLAW.
Figure 1
image
On the other hand, SLAW provides significant benefits (as discussed in section, 'What is a SLAW and what are its Benefits?') which are not available via XI's message monitoring. Therefore, it is imperative to use a combined approach to track the processing of a message or to diagnose and resolve any processing errors. Following is an exemplary scenario steps (Figure 2) showing the collaborative use of XI's logging details available through message monitoring and SLAW's logging and tracing functionality to resolve a message processing failure:
Step 1: Notification of a message failure in XI either via SXMB_ADMIN or alerts.
Step 2: Collect XI message details pertaining to the failure from SXMB_ADMIN transaction.
Step 3: Capture the Unique Message ID of the failed message.
Step 4: Search for the message ID in SLAW logs.
Step 5: Proceed with failure diagnosis & resolution.
Figure 2
image
3. How does SLAW work?
SLAW is imported into the XI environment in the form of a Java Archive (JAR) file called utility.jar. All functions of the Wrapper class are available globally at runtime. Similarly, utility.jar can also be used to accommodate any globally available user-defined function needed by the XI developers during both design and runtime. For example, we can have a globally available XML manipulative function which adds or remove XML elements from a given XML message.
When utility.jar is imported into the XI environment, the following steps take place as part of the initial loading of the SLAW class:
a. Instantiate a static location object which acts as a linkage between the use of this wrapper and the configurations assigned to this wrapper. Please note that the location name should not contain any numerical characters because such characters will not show up in the logs. For example, A2A will show up as AA, therefore we have decided to use ClientWrapper instead of SLAW.
b. Load the wrapper configuration file. I have included a sample configuration file in the APPENDIX section. This file contains the following configuration which can be easily modified for specific requirements:
i. The logging severity (Severity.DEBUG, Severity.PATH, Severity.INFO, Severity.WARNING, Severity.ERROR, Severity.FATAL, Severity.ALL, and Severity.NONE).
ii. File rotation configuration. For example, the file size limit and the sequence number to be used for file rotation.
iii. Log destination: whether the logs will be outputted to a file or a console or both.
iv. Identify the pattern which will drive the format of the logged information.
c. Call the setPeriordicity method to set the time interval after which the configuration file will be regularly uploaded.
We have wrapped the widely used logging, tracing and error handling methods of SAP logging API with the method declared in the SLAW class. So when any of the methods of the wrapper class is invoked, such as SLAW.info(argumentA,argumentB);, the wrapper calls the corresponding method of the SAP logging API using the same arguments passed to it and returns the results of the method call if applicable. For example, method SLAW.assertion(method, 5 < 3,"INVALID comparison") returns either NULL or LogRecord object.
We have the flexibility to add or change any function in the SLAW class. This could either be a currently available function in SAP logging API or a newly developed user-defined function.
4. How to Use SLAW for Error Handling & Logging/Tracing in XI?
The following steps briefly explain how to use the Wrapper. Also please see the code sample in the Appendix section of this weblog:
NOTE: C: is used as a root directory in the following explanation. Please note that both the location of the configuration file and log files can be easily modified to meet specific requirements of a given environment. For example, in production, these references can be updated to use a drive hosted on a Storage Area Network (SAN).
a. Create logging and configuration directories on the XI server. This is a one time step. Two directories should be available at the end of this step: C:SLAWclientconfig and C:SLAWclientlogs).
b. Copy the clientlogging.properties file to the C:SLAWclientconfig directory.
c. Modify the configuration values in clientlogging.properties if needed. Following configurations can be modified:
i. Severity
ii. Location of the logs
iii. File rotation limit and sequence range
iv. Log destination (console or log file or both)


text: Early onset aggression precipitates a cascade of risk factors, increasing the probability of a range of externalizing and internalizing psychopathological outcomes. Unfortunately, decades of research on the etiological contributions to the manifestation of aggression have failed to yield identification of any risk factors determined to be either necessary or sufficient, likely attributable to etiological heterogeneity within the construct of aggression. Differential pathways of etiological risk are not easily discerned at the behavioral or self-report level, particularly in young children, requiring multilevel analysis of risk pathways. This study focuses on three domains of risk to examine the heterogeneity in 207 urban kindergarten children with high levels of aggression: cognitive processing, socioemotional competence and emotion processing, and family context. The results indicate that 90% of children in the high aggression group could be characterized as either low in verbal ability or high in physiological arousal (resting skin conductance). Children characterized as low verbal, high arousal, or both differed in social and emotional competence, physiological reactivity to emotion, and aspects of family-based contextual risk. The implications of this etiologic heterogeneity of aggression are discussed in terms of assessment and treatment.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
There is a need for a harmonised tool for sustainable resource management in Europe. The United Nations Framework Classification for Resources (UNFC) is a system that may be used for this purpose. In MINTELL4EU we aim to demonstrate if geological surveys will be able to apply UNFC, and to show if the application of UNFC will provide better harmonization of mineral resource data nationally and across Europe.
Late October 2020, MINTELL4EU had a digital workshop where eight case studies on UNFC were presented and discussed.
The findings from the workshop indicated some possibilities and challenges:
- The presented case studies showed that geological surveys can do UNFC on Raw Materials
- We are still at a starting point at establishing a more harmonised system and stricter guidelines are required. The partners in MINTELL4EU have different levels of experience in UNFC and the approach and methods on UNFC varies between the countries.
- There is a need to compare the case studies and the surveys approach to identify obstacles, data gaps and harmonization issues.
- Data availability is an issue as non-accessible data can result in less precision, and this must be taken into account when aggregating data. In addition, not all geological surveys have the responsibility or data availability to be able to classify the E- and F-axis in UNFC.
- There is a need to work on the visualisation of UNFC.


text:
Analysis of DNA Metabolism in Fission Yeast.
Antequera F., Humphrey TC.
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an excellent model organism to study DNA metabolism, in which the DNA replication and repair mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. In this introduction we describe a range of methods commonly used to study aspects of DNA metabolism in fission yeast, focusing on approaches used for the analysis of genome stability, DNA replication, and DNA repair. We describe the use of a minichromosome, Ch16, for monitoring different aspects of genome stability. We introduce two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescent visualization of combed DNA molecules for the analysis of DNA replication. Further, we introduce a pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) assay to physically monitor chromosome integrity, which can be used in conjunction with a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair assay to genetically quantitate different DSB repair and misrepair outcomes, including gross chromosomal rearrangements, in fission yeast.


text:
To access the properties of an extension, simply double-click on the extension in the Extension tab, in the Multi-tree Navigator.
The extension properties are explained below.
- Name of the extension. See rules for naming elements.
Indicates the Database Management System (DBMS) type that the extension is prepared to work with. This property is used during the validation of the extension to, for example, check whether the physical table name associated with an entity is valid or not.
The possible values are:
- Free text that describes the extension. Useful for documentation and knowledge transfer purposes. The maximum size of this property is 255 characters.


text:
Brock student launches interactive children's book for iPad
Published on February 05 2013
A Brock PhD student's idea for an interactive children's book has grown into reality.
Danielle Beckett, a certified classroom teacher who now studies learning and cognition in the Faculty of Education at the University, created The Gingerbread Man storybook for the iPad through her start-up company GroDigital.
And this is no ordinary touch and flip e-book for children. Beckett's creation also doubles as a reading assessment tool because of groundbreaking voice-recognition technology developed by computer science students from Brock.
"The voice recognition allows for the child to be assessed while reading and providing feedback to improve their reading performance," says Beckett. "With this project, we're spearheading voice recognition technology."
The interactive choose-your-own-adventure e-book is based upon the popular 19th-century fairy tale, The Gingerbread Man, and is designed for children ages 4 to 8.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Informativity in Image Captions vs. Referring Expressions
Elizabeth Coppock | Danielle Dionne | Nathanial Graham | Elias Ganem | Shijie Zhao | Shawn Lin | Wenxing Liu | Derry Wijaya
Proceedings of the Probability and Meaning Conference (PaM 2020)
At the intersection between computer vision and natural language processing, there has been recent progress on two natural language generation tasks: Dense Image Captioning and Referring Expression Generation for objects in complex scenes. The former aims to provide a caption for a specified object in a complex scene for the benefit of an interlocutor who may not be able to see it. The latter aims to produce a referring expression that will serve to identify a given object in a scene that the interlocutor can see. The two tasks are designed for different assumptions about the common ground between the interlocutors, and serve very different purposes, although they both associate a linguistic description with an object in a complex scene. Despite these fundamental differences, the distinction between these two tasks is sometimes overlooked. Here, we undertake a side-by-side comparison between image captioning and reference game human datasets and show that they differ systematically with respect to informativity. We hope that an understanding of the systematic differences among these human datasets will ultimately allow them to be leveraged more effectively in the associated engineering tasks.


text:
VISUAL INFLUENCES ON LIMITATIONS OF SPACE: SPATIAL DEPTH PERCEPTION VERSUS SPATIAL DEFINITION
The distinction between the way space is perceived and the way it is defined is a significant determinant of the architectural experience. This thesis analyzes various techniques for the manipulation of spatial depth that have been historically based to create a rich architectural experience. Illustrated through the design of a train station on the Metro North Railroad, the architectural experience of spatial depth can be extended or compressed through the manipulation of three relationships between the viewer and the object of focus: the relationships are a stationary spectator viewing a stationary surface, a stationary spectator viewing a fluctuating surface, and a mobile spectator moving through stationary space. Representation in reflective surfaces, visual fluctuation, and movement through space achieve an ambiguity that alters the experience of spatial depth. In the station, ultimately, space is not limited by how it is perceived or defined, but fluctuates in an ambiguous relationship between them.
School:University of Cincinnati
School Location:USA - Ohio
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Keywords:spatial limitations perception depth definition reflection representation transparency visual fluctuation movement
Date of Publication:01/01/2006


Animals respond to distress calls even when they come from another species.
Written by Kimberly Walls
Did you know that animals respond to distress calls even when they come from another species? Biologists at the University of Winnipeg noticed that many infant mammals have similar distress calls, so they decided to play the recorded cries from a variety of species to wild female Canadian mule deer via hidden speakers and observe the animals' reactions. The mother deer quickly investigated the distress calls, including those that came from seals, dogs, cats, and even humans. It's been shown that infant distress calls share common elements across a range of mammals—some separated by more than 90 million years of evolution—and animals of different species understand and even respond to these cries.
Here are a few examples of animal heroes who can help teach us the meaning of compassion:
Dolphins Save a Dog Trapped in a Canal
Dolphins
After a dog fell into a canal in Florida, a pod of dolphins arrived to help. The dolphins made loud splashing noises for 15 hours until a curious neighbor investigated the source of the noise. What she found was a group of dolphins swimming around the exhausted dog. Thanks to the dolphins' persistence, the neighbor was able to jump in and rescue the dog.
More
9 thoughts on "Animal's distress calls
 1. Dionysus Amber says:
 Reblogged this on Orca Freedom Fighters.
 Like
 2. I absolutely love this! May I reblog this?
 Like
 1. Ronnie says:
 It's a pleasure. Feel free to use anything on this blog.
 Liked by 1 person
 3. Reblogged this on WritersDream9 and commented:
 As you know, I love animals so am rebloging this beautiful article. Please refer all likes and comments to ronnie-s.com/2014/11/22/animals-distress-calls/
 Like
 4. Sometimes animals are better than humans. Thanks for sharing this!
 Liked by 1 person
 1. Ronnie says:
 There are many ways that animals are better than humans I think. It is not animals that are destroying the planet either.
 Liked by 1 person
 1. Yo'u're very right!
 Liked by 1 person
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Reblogged from FuturisTrendcast:
Global Consequences: Russia Announces Eurasian Union and New Currency Altyn
The Presidents of Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus have officially announced that the transition of the semi-formal Customs Union into the formal economic Eurasian Union will be expedited and completed by 2015. The Eurasian Union will adopt a new currency: Altyn (Rus: Алтын). Vladimir Putin announced that Altyn as the new Eurasian currency was originally planned for 2025, but now, due to the US/EU sanctions against Russia, the transition to Altyn may occur within 3-5 years.
Altyn has a very ancient and long-ranging history. Altyn means gold. The word is of Turkic origin (not to be confused with Turkish). The Turkic family of languages includes languages spoken by the Siberian peoples, Tatars, Mongols, and of course, Kazakhs.
Altyn was the name of the ancient gold coin once used by Russians extensively for trade with Turkic and Arabic neighbors. Later, in medieval times, altyn, or "altynnik," became one of the regular Russian coins. In 15th century, altyn equalled six Moscow dengi, or 1/200s of a Moscow ruble. It also equaled three Novgorod dengi, or 1/100s of a Novgorod ruble. Denga was also called "kopeika" (kopeika is presently the 1/100s of a ruble). In the ancient times it was also called the arian "kuna."
The old Russian proverb was: "Had nothing, and all of a sudden, altyn." Rus: "Не было ни гроша, да вдруг алтын". This is an equvalent of English: "From rags to riches." In those days kopeikas and altyns were big money. And only the rich owned rubles. Of course, back then all currency was real gold, silver and bronze.
In this regard, the original meaning of Altyn, "gold," is very telling. Through Altyn, Russia/Kazakhstan/Belarus, in short the new Eurasian Union, are sending a signal that they are targeting the gold standard. Along with China also targeting the gold standard through the Yuan, the new Eurasian currency will lead to…
Read the rest of the article


text:
11/05/2012 | Author / Editor: Eddie McGee*, Ken Picking** / Marcel Dröttboom
An special technique, developed by Ajax Equipment, uses a multiple stage insert system to overcome bunker flow problems, creating a more favourable approach to existing outlets and spreading the flow to previously "dead" storage areas of the bunker. The insert system has been used at Tata Steel Europe at its plant in Scunthorpe, UK, to overcome coal bunker flow problems.
Many power generation and industrial processes rely on storing coal in large bunkers. Over time changes in the type and quality of coal can lead to poor flow during discharge, causing processing delays and significantly reducing the bunker's storage capacity. Manual intervention is frequently used to promote flow; however, this is a hazardous process for operators, and fails to provide a long-term solution to the problem.
An innovative technique developed by solids handling equipment specialist, Ajax Equipment, uses a multiple stage insert system to overcome bunker flow problems, creating a more favourable approach to existing outlets and spreading the flow to previously 'dead' storage areas of the bunker. The insert system has been used at Tata Steel Europe (formerly Corus Long Products) – a manufacturer of steel products at its plant in Scunthorpe, UK, to overcome coal bunker flow problems.
In the ironmaking process, molten iron is produced in a blast furnace using agglomerated iron ore, limestone and coke. The coke is produced in large coke ovens from coal with special properties. Coal is crushed and blended on the Scunthorpe site and transported to Appleby Coke Ovens via a series of belt conveyors. It is then is stored in a large concrete service bunker which is sited above, and in the centre of, the oven batteries.
The concrete service bunker (Fig. 1) was built in 1937 and is divided into two rectangular sections, one section holding 3000 tonnes of coal and the other holding 1000 tonnes of coal. It is about 17.5 metres tall and the 1000 tonnes section is 8 metres × 13 metres, whilst the 3000-tonne section is 20 metres × 13 metres. Coal is fed into the top of the bunker where it is distributed to one of the two sections and stored ready for discharge under gravity. Coal is discharged via a number of rows of outlets at the base of the bunkers into the charge cars.
In 1968 half of the outlets were blanked off and lightweight concrete was used to build up a steeper approach to the remaining outlets with smooth glass tiles laid on top to encourage flow. The outlets are arranged in five rows of four outlets on the 3000-tonne side and two rows of four outlets on the 1000-tonne section. Each row of four outlets operates together to fill a charge car which feeds the oven. Each outlet has a 640-millimetre diameter steel throat cast into the concrete. Slide gates are fitted to each outlet and the charge cars are filled with 17.5 tonnes of coal in, hopefully, one minute.
The bunker was originally designed to store local Lincolnshire and Yorkshire coal, but today it holds blended imported coal from around the world. A typical blend may consist of 60 percent Australian Coal and 40 percent North American. It is the particularly cohesive properties of the imported coal that has exacerbated the bunker's flow problems, making the material more difficult to handle.
This article is protected by copyright. You want to use it for your own purpose? Infos can be found under _URL_ (ID: 36570330) | Fotos: Picture: Ajax Equipment, Picture: Tata Steel


text: In this study, we objectively tracked the duration, frequency, and the preferred practices chosen by novice mindfulness practitioners following a mindfulness meditation (MM) intervention. A sample of 55 mildly stressed participants, aged 50 to 80 years old, underwent an individual 6-week MM intervention and had their guided meditation home practice electronically recorded during the intervention and the 8-week post-intervention period. Participants' psychological well-being was assessed through self-report measures of mindfulness, quality of life, and symptoms of depression and stress. Results evidenced a high adherence to practice, with an average of ~23 minutes per day during the intervention and ~16 minutes per day in the follow-up period. Body scan, sitting meditation, and breathing space were the most popular meditation practices among participants. Our results showed significant alterations in self-reported measures over time, suggesting improvements in stress and overall quality of life. Changes in the self-report measures did not correlate with MM practice time, which suggests that other psychological phenomena, including quality of meditation practice, influence these outcomes.


text:
How to Format Your Content With the Scalenut AI Selection Toolbar
If penning down the words is the first step towards forming your content, formatting your piece is what gives it the final, finishing touch of perfection. In this video, we will cover how you can use the Scalenut selection toolbar to -
- Include H2 and H3 tags
- Use the Bold, Italics, and Underline features
- Text and Background highlight
- Linking documents
When it comes to attracting and engaging your intended audience, formatting the content is the final piece of the puzzle. Scalenut offers an array of features to do just that. Let's dive right into the mechanisms and see how they work!
To apply H2, H3 tags, select the text you wish to apply the formatting to. A selection toolbar will appear right beside your chosen text. Click on the format you want to apply to your text!
Similarly, you will find the options for "Bold", "Italic", and "Underline" in the selection toolbar. Click on any or all of them to emphasize the text.
You can change the color of the Text or Background using these options.
If you want to attach a link, select the text and click on the "Chain" icon in the selection toolbar. Paste your link, and click on "Save".
For more formatting options, check the choices below the title bar.
Thanks for watching!


text:
The facility produced nearly 2.2 million tons of salt, breaking the previous record set in 1995. The main reasons for the record-breaking year were the continued optimization of equipment and the increased demand for industrial salt.
If the total amount of salt produced at the plant during 2004 was loaded onto lorries, the queue of vehicles would stretch for 700 kilometers.
Delfzil produces industrial salt which is mainly used in the chlorine industry. One of the main customers is the Chemical Park in Delfzijl, where it is used to make soda and chlorine. Salt is also exported to Germany, Scandinavia and the United States.
Akzo Nobel began producing salt in Delfzijl in 1959, when the production capacity was around 400,000 tons a year. Since then, the site has produced a total of around 65 million tons.
(Released: January 14, 2005)

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Flash the Lights When the Phone Rings
Flash the Lights When the Phone Rings

The Problem
Sometimes it's just not possible to hear the phone ring. For example, you may be listening to loud music or running the vacuum cleaner. Or maybe you're just in a part of the house where you can't typically hear the phone ring, like the garage. The good news is that with a few affordable smart products, you can set up a simple home automation system in just a few minutes that will alternately flash any lamp or light fixture every time the phone rings.
The Phone
The first product you'll need is the X10 Telephone Responder. This unit acts as a communication translator between your telepone system and your home's electrical wiring. This system won't interfere with the normal operation of your phone.
To set it up, just follow these steps:
 - Connect the X10 Telephone Responder to any telephone jack, then plug it into a nearby AC outlet.
 - Take a small screwdriver and set the unit's X10 house code (represented by the letters A-P) by slowly turning the dial. It doesn't matter which house code you choose, although we recommend not using house code "A." That's the default setting and the one most likely to encounter interference.
 - Using a small screwdriver, set a 3-digit security code. This code can be any combination of numbers, so long as the last digit ends with 1 through 8.
Now every time you get a phone call, the X10 Telephone Responder will send out an X10 ON/OFF signal that corresponds with the third number of the security code.

The Lights
Next, you'll need one receiver module for every light that you want to flash. For plug-in lamps, you'll need an INSTEON LampLinc V2 Lamp Module. For built-in light fixtures, you'll need an in-wall dimmer.
INSTEON ToggleLinc Dimmer (2466DW) INSTEON LampLinc Dimmer (2456D3) INSTEON SwitchLinc Dimmer (2476D)
You'll notice that the X10 Telephone Responder has some buttons under the main panel, allowing it to double as a mini controller. These buttons will not only give you manual control of the lights, they also allow you to program the X10 address for each dimmer.
To set the X10 address on the LampLinc:
 - Plug the LampLinc into any outlet
 - Press and hold the LampLinc SET button for three seconds
 - Send the desired X10 Primary Address THREE times; the light will flash agai
To set the X10 address on any SwitchLinc or ToggleLinc in-wall dimmer:
 - Press and hold the paddle top or hold the toggle up for 10 seconds until the light flashes - then release
 - Send the desired X10 Primary Address THREE times; the light will flash again
Now every time the phone rings, the light you selected will flash ON and OFF with every ring. In addition, you'll also have the ability to turn that light on or off remotely from any touchtone phone in the world. To do so, simply dial your home, enter your 3-digit security code and press the code that corresponds with that light.

Add Optional Chime Modules
For more signaling options, you can also add an X10 Chime Module to signal you when the phone is ringing. It's perfect if you're in a part of the home where you can't hear the phone, like in the garage or patio. Simply set its X10 address and plug it into any AC outlet. Now when the phone rings, the remote X10 Chime Module will also ring.
ALL ORDERS RECEIVED BY 3PM PT MONDAY - FRIDAY SHIP OUT SAME DAY
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you are here: home > Worksheets > Neurocalendars
Neuroscience For Kids
neurocal What and when did events in the history of neuroscience occur? When were famous neuroscientists born? When did they die? When were important discoveries made? Did anything interesting happen on your birthday?
Find out with the handy-dandy NeuroCalendar. Pick a month, any month. Then print the calendar. It contains interesting dates, names and events about the brain and nervous system. The calendar for each month is in PDF so make sure you have the Adobe Acrobat reader. Print the calendar to keep track of the events throughout the year.
Calendars - 2014
References for these calendars include:
 1. Nobel Prize Winners (Neuroscience)
 2. Street, W.R. A Chronology of Noteworthy Events in American Psychology, American Psychology Association, Washington, DC, 1994.
 3. Accardo, P. The Medical Almanac, Totowa: Humana Press, 1992.
 4. National Institutes of Health
 5. Schlessinger, B.S. and Schlessinger, J.H. The Who's Who of Nobel Prize Winners _PHONE_, Phoenix: Oryx Press, 1991.
Download Adobe Acrobat
Copyright © _PHONE_, Eric H. Chudler, University of Washington


text:
For the May 2015 Treasure of the Month we are revisiting the Joel Ruth Hoard. Portions of this hoard, found by Joel Ruth after Hurricane Jeanne in September of 2004, were previously featured as our Treasure of the Month in June 2011, April 2014 and October 2014.
Hurricane Jeanne was the deadliest hurricane of the 2004 hurricane season. When it struck on September 25, 2004, it was the fourth hurricane to hit Florida during a six-week period. Brevard County resident Joel Ruth, who was qualified as a field archaeologist by Dr. Jim Miller in 1996, weathered the storm. As the winds died down and the tide dropped, he wanted to be the first person on the beach to search for what he believed to be the remnants of a king's treasure.
Relying on his experience, research and instinct, Ruth knew exactly where to look. By the end of the day he had recovered over two hundred full-weight four and eight silver reales. Our Treasure of the Month features several of these coins just as they were found. After surviving the hurricane of July 1715 (and Hurricane Jeanne in September 2004), these coins are in an incredible state of preservation. Some of these coins were recently conserved, and they look as bright and clean as the day they were minted.
By all accounts, the Joel Ruth Hoard stands out as one of the most remarkable finds of the recent past and a fantastic addition to our Treasure of the Month series.


how to use a pipe in bind_rows ?
Consider this example
masterdf <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'b'))
db1 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(1,2,3))
db2 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(10, 20, 30))
masterdf %>% do(bind_rows(. %>% left_join(db1, by = 'key'),
 . %>% left_join(db1, by = 'key')))
Error: Argument 1 must be a data frame or a named atomic vector, not a fseq/function
I do not understand what is the issue here. Why can't I use that syntax? I just want to concatenate vertically the two independent left_merges of master with db1 and db2
Any ideas? Thanks!
Hi @von_olaf,
I think you have over-engineered it. Isn't that what you would like to have?
library(dplyr)
#>
#> Attaching package: 'dplyr'
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
#>
#> filter, lag
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
#>
#> intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
masterdf <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'b'))
db1 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(1,2,3))
db2 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(10, 20, 30))
masterdf <- masterdf %>%
 left_join(db1, by = 'key') %>%
 left_join(db2, by = 'key')
masterdf
#> # A tibble: 9 x 3
#> key value.x value.y
#> <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 10
#> 2 a 1 20
#> 3 a 2 10
#> 4 a 2 20
#> 5 a 1 10
#> 6 a 1 20
#> 7 a 2 10
#> 8 a 2 20
#> 9 b NA NA
Created on 2019-11-06 by the reprex package (v0.3.0)
2 Likes
thanks @valeri but as you can see this does not work well. I expect 4 rows in total (two matches from db1 and two matches from db2) and you have 9. The reason your solution does not work well is that it also matches the matches from the first match :slight_smile: Does that make sense?
Thanks!
I don't follow why do you expect 2 + 2 = 4 rows.
As far as I understand left_join, the first one should have 5 rows (2 matches corresponding each a and one missing for b), and same for the second one. Hence, I'd expect total 10 rows and that's what the following gives:
bind_rows(left_join(masterdf, db1, by = "key"), left_join(masterdf, db2, by = "key"))
Can you share your expected output? And, why not share a reprex with all library calls?
1 Like
ha you are right, I a apologize. Yes, I expect 10 rows and my question is how to run the bind_rows you wrote using . %>% instead of explicitely calling masterdf %>%
Not sure whether that brings you closer, but here is another way of doing what @Yarnabrina suggest in a more 'purr'-y way that allows you to do this with an arbitrary list of data frames:
library(dplyr)
#>
#> Attaching package: 'dplyr'
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
#>
#> filter, lag
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
#>
#> intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
masterdf <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'b'))
db1 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(1,2,3))
db2 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(10, 20, 30))
purrr::map_df(.x = list(db1, db2), .f = ~left_join(masterdf, .x, by = 'key') )
#> # A tibble: 10 x 2
#> key value
#> <chr> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1
#> 2 a 2
#> 3 a 1
#> 4 a 2
#> 5 b NA
#> 6 a 10
#> 7 a 20
#> 8 a 10
#> 9 a 20
#> 10 b NA
Created on 2019-11-07 by the reprex package (v0.3.0)
Hi von_olaf,
The 10 rows that you have requested have duplicates as well. Could you explain on how you will use duplicates in your actual application?
I have put up the following code which will provide you with an output that will be the superset of all 3 data sets as well as one with rows matching key values from masterdf
Superset
masterdf <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'b'))
db1 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(1,2,3))
db2 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(10, 20, 30))
DF<-full_join(x=masterdf,y=db1,by="key") %>%
 full_join(y=db2,by="key") %>%
 mutate("master_key"=paste0(key,value.x,value.y),
 "dupl_row"=duplicated(master_key)) %>%
 filter(dupl_row!=TRUE) %>%
 select(-master_key,-dupl_row)
print(DF)
Output of the above code
 A tibble: 6 x 3
 key value.x value.y
 <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
1 a 1 10
2 a 1 20
3 a 2 10
4 a 2 20
5 b NA NA
6 c 3 30
Only the values from the key of masterdf
masterdf <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'b'))
db1 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(1,2,3))
db2 <- tibble(key = c('a', 'a', 'c'),
 value = c(10, 20, 30))
DF<-full_join(x=masterdf,y=db1,by="key") %>%
 full_join(y=db2,by="key") %>%
 mutate("master_key"=paste0(key,value.x,value.y),
 "dupl_row"=duplicated(master_key)) %>%
 filter(dupl_row!=TRUE) %>%
 select(-master_key,-dupl_row) %>%
 filter(key %in% c('a', 'a', 'b'))
print(DF)
Output of the above code
# A tibble: 5 x 3
 key value.x value.y
 <chr> <dbl> <dbl>
1 a 1 10
2 a 1 20
3 a 2 10
4 a 2 20
5 b NA NA
Warm Regards,
Pritish
This topic was automatically closed 21 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.


text:
Shutting Hell's Mouth (Oct, 1944)
Shutting Hell's Mouth
SCREAMING sacrifices to strange gods, corpses of medieval victims of persecution, even the grisly results of Chicago gangster activities have hurtled down to oblivion in the gaping earth slit that is called The Mouth of Hell. That's all over now, for the citizens of Taxco, 105 miles south of Mexico City, have, with the help of an American and a Mexican engineer, sealed it up forever. Formerly believed to be a mile deep, the hole has been shown by scientific measurements to go down 475 feet. To remove this relic of barbarism, heavy timbers were braced on jutting rocks a few feet below the orifice; when dynamite charges were set off near the surface, tons of rocks keystoned across the horror hole, closing it for all time. The operation, which cost about $500, was undertaken after exhaustive exploration by Dr. Ezequiel Ordonez, leading Mexican geologist, and other scientists.


text:
'Contract' – the Folkestone Triennial
The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) passed in 1995, was the first significant anti-discrimination legislation for disabled people in the UK and was the culmination of huge mobilisation calling for comprehensive social rights.
However, in its recommendations that 'reasonable adjustments' be made for social inclusion, in the 10 years immediately following the Act the employment rates of disabled people actually fell.
I took the DDA's perceived failings as the basis for manifesting it as a public document by (badly) singing it. Taking to the streets of Folkestone as a busker, I managed to strum a rudimentary D-D-A chord structure whilst delivering some 30 pages of the Act as an improvised 'song'.
Commissioned by Venice Agendas


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Two Parts:Making a pocket in the pita breadFilling the pita pocket
Falafel are fried balls of ground chickpeas or garbanzo beans. They're a popular Middle Eastern delicacy. There is also a bit of an art to filling the pita with falafel so that everything fits nicely and makes for an easy feast.
Part 1 of 2: Making a pocket in the pita bread
 1. 1
 Make a pocket. This is important because the bread will hold the contents that you're about to add, preventing them from falling out when the pita is eaten.
 2. 2
 Check the bread for positioning. Pita bread has a bottom and top; the bottom is generally thinner and often has wrinkles or cracks in it.
 3. 3
 Create the pocket in the pita. Tear around half the circumference of the pita, dividing the top and bottom (only half-way).
 4. 4
 Fold the loose bottom half down. This will, in effect, produce three layers of bread on one side and just the top layer on the other.
 5. 5
 Slip a hand in to release the top from the bottom in the closed half. The pocket is now ready to be filled up (and at the end you'll roll it up).
Part 2 of 2: Filling the pita pocket
 1. 1
 Place the pita pocket down on a clean work surface.
 2. 2
 Add hummus. Spread a layer of hummus across the inside of the pita pocket. This makes for a tasty base that will help to keep the ingredients in place.
 3. 3
 Add salad vegetables. Typical additions include slices of tomato, shredded lettuce, salad onion slices, grated carrot, etc.
 - Some things that go well in falafel: Cucumber and tomato salad (chopped thinly), pickles, cabbage salad (fresh or pickled), fried eggplants, green pepper, etc.
 4. 4
 Add tabouli. This is a staple for falafel pita pockets.
 5. 5
 Place two falafel balls in the middle. Flatten them with the back of a spoon or fork. They will spread across the pita pocket and be easier to eat than if left in large balls.
 6. 6
 Add tchina or tahini.
 7. 7
 Add sauce. You can add any sauce you like. Typical sauces include sweet chili, tomato, garlic, cheese, barbecue, etc.
 8. 8
 Roll the falafel pocket up. It can now be eaten as it is, or if you want to wrap it in paper and take it on a picnic, that's fine too. Enjoy!
 - Falafels go with fries.
 - Baking the falafels fresh over an open fire makes them taste even better.
 - Don't forget the harif. This is is vital to the flavour. It takes practice to judge how much to put in.
 - Take care not to split the sides of the pita bread.
 - Do not pour too much tchina; it softens the pita bread and might cause it to tear apart.
Article Info
Categories: Middle Eastern Cuisine
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 11,029 times.
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text: With an increased demand for thin-gauge metals, quality control during the cold rolling process has become a larger field of focus. Companies in the cold rolling industry have faced issues controlling and maintaining profile consistency during the cold rolling process. To reduce the amount of scrap material created when rolling steel sheets, an accurate and fast design model that predicts stress concentrations is needed. While winding a strip with a non-ideal profile, variations in stress accumulate along the width of the strip and can cause failure. Also, a sensor roll cannot distinguish between winding stresses and deformation stresses caused by the rolling operation. A method is needed to filter out the winding stresses from the sensor measurement. Using applied elasticity theory, an Airy Stress function can be derived and used to predict stresses in the rolling direction as well as shear stress behavior. Simulating the boundary conditions during the winding process allows for analysis of stress distributions and the prediction of certain modes of failure; herringbone, tearing, walk-off, etc. With an accurate model, the desired output stress profile can be adjusted according to the predicted winding stresses, and the correct mill modifications can be performed to arrive at higher quality product.


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On spacelike equiform-Bishop Smarandache curves on \(S_{1}^{2}\)
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce the equiform-Bishop frame of a spacelike curve r lying fully on \(S_{1}^{2}\) in Minkowski 3-space \(\mathbb {R}^{3}_{1}\). By using this frame, we investigate the equiform-Bishop Frenet invariants of special spacelike equiform-Bishop Smarandache curves of a spacelike base curve in \(\mathbb {R}^{3}_{1}\). Furthermore, we study the geometric properties of these curves when the spacelike base curve r is specially contained in a plane. Finally, we give a computational example to illustrate these curves.
Introduction
In the theory of curves in the Euclidean and Minkowski spaces, a regular curve whose position vector is composed by Frenet frame vectors on another regular curve is called a Smarandache curve [1].
Smarandache geometries were proposed by Smarandache in [2] which are generalization of classical geometries, i.e., these Euclid, Lobachevshy-Bolyai-Gauss, and Riemann geometries may be united altogether in the same space, by some Smarandache geometries under the combinatorial procedure. These geometries can be either partially Euclidean and partially non-Euclidean or only non-Euclidean.
An axiom is said to be Smarandachely denied if the axiom behaves in at least two different ways within the same space, i.e., validated and invalided, or only invalided but in multiple distinct ways [36].
A Smarandache geometry is a geometry which has at least one Smarandachely denied axiom (1969). Recently, special Smarandache curves have been studied by some authors [711].
In this work, we introduce the equiform-Bishop frame of a spacelike curve r lying fully on \(S_{1}^{2}\) in Minkowski 3-space \(\mathbb {R}^{3}_{1}\). Also, we introduce a special spacelike equiform-Bishop Smarandache curves according to these frame of a spacelike curve r in \(\mathbb {R}^{3}_{1}\). In the "Basic concepts" section, we give the basic conceptions of Minkowski 3-space \(\mathbb {R}^{3}_{1}\), the Bishop frame, and the equiform-Bishop frame that will be used during this work. In the "Main results" section, we investigate the special spacelike euiform-Bishop TB1,TB2,B1B2, and TB1B2-Smarandache curves in terms of the equiform-Bishop curvature functions K1(σ), and K2(σ) of the spacelike curve r in \(\mathbb {R}^{3}_{1}\). Furthermore, we obtain some properties on these curves when the spacelike base curve r is contained in a plane. In the "Example" section, we give a computational example to clarify these curves. We hope these results will be helpful to mathematicians who are specialized on mathematical modeling.
Basic concepts
The Minkowski 3-space \(\mathbb {R}_{1}^{3}\) is the Euclidean 3-space \(\mathbb {R}^{3}\) provided with the Lorentzian inner product
$$\mathcal{D}=-d\varsigma_{1}^{2}+d\varsigma_{2}^{2}+d\varsigma_{3}^{2}, $$
where (ς1,ς2,ς3) is a rectangular coordinate system of \(\mathbb {R}_{1}^{3}\). The arbitrary vector \(\upsilon \in \mathbb {R}_{1}^{3}\) can have one of three Lorentzian clause depicts; it can be spacelike if \(\mathcal {D}(\upsilon,\upsilon)>0\) or υ=0, timelike if \(\mathcal {D}(\upsilon,\upsilon)<0\), and lightlike if \(\mathcal {D}(\upsilon,\upsilon)=0\) and υ≠0. Similarly, a curve r parametrized by \(r=r(s):I\subset \mathbb {R}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}_{1}^{3} \) can be spacelike, timelike, or lightlike if all of its velocity vectors r(s) are spacelike, timelike, or lightlike, respectively [12, 13].
Denote by {t,n,b} the moving Frenet frame along the regular spacelike curve r with arc-length parameter s in \(\mathbb {R}_{1}^{3}\). The Frenet trihedron consists of the tangent vector t, the principal normal vector n, and the binormal vector b. Then, the Frenet frame has the following properties [12]:
$$ \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{t}(s) \\ \dot{n}(s) \\ \dot{b}(s) \end{array} \right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc} 0 & {\kappa}(s) & 0 \\ -{\varepsilon}{\kappa}(s) & 0 & {\tau}(s) \\ 0 & {\tau}(s) & 0 \end{array} \right)\left(\begin{array}{c} t(s) \\ n(s)\\ b(s) \end{array} \right), $$
(1)
where \(\left (\,\cdot =\frac {d}{ds}\right), {\varepsilon }=\pm 1, \mathcal {D}(t,t)=1, \mathcal {D}(n,n)={\varepsilon }, \mathcal {D}(b,b)=-{\varepsilon }\), and \(\mathcal {D}(t,n)=\mathcal {D}(t,b)=\mathcal {D}(n,b)=0\). If ε=1, then r=r(s) is a spacelike curve with spacelike principal normal n and timelike binormal b. Also, if ε=−1, then r=r(s) is a spacelike curve with timelike principal normal n and spacelike binormal b.
Let r=r(s) be a regular curve in \(\mathbb {R}_{1}^{3}\). If the tangent vector field of this curve forms a constant angle with a constant vector field U, then this curve is called a general helix or an inclined curve [14].
Definition 1
A regular curve in Minkowski 3-space, whose position vector is composed by Frenet frame vectors on another curve, is called a Smarandache curve [15].
The Bishop frame or parallel transport frame is an alternative approach to defining a moving frame that is well defined even when the curve has vanishing second derivative [16,17].
Let us consider the Bishop frame {t,b1,b2} of the spacelike curve r(s) with a spacelike or timelike normal b1(ε=1 or ε=−1). The Bishop frame {t,b1,b2} is expressed as [17,18].
$$ \left(\begin{array}{c} \dot{t}(s) \\ \dot{b}_{1}(s) \\ \dot{b}_{2}(s) \end{array} \right)=\left(\begin{array}{ccc} 0 & k_{1}(s) & -k_{2}(s) \\ -{\varepsilon} k_{1}(s) & 0 & 0 \\ -{\varepsilon} k_{2}(s) & 0 & 0 \end{array} \right) \left(\begin{array}{c} t(s) \\ b_{1}(s) \\ b_{2}(s) \end{array} \right), $$
(2)
where \(\mathcal {D}(t,t)=1, \mathcal {D}(b_{1},b_{1})={\varepsilon }, \mathcal


text:
Search and Filter Through Our Comprehensive Database of Water Storage Reservoir (WSR) Projects and Tenders in Solomon Islands
Identify and track latest water storage reservoir (WSR) projects (upcoming, ongoing/under-construction, completed), tenders, and contract awards. Our extensive database and user-friendly interface make it easy for you to find the right business opportunity in Solomon Islands.
Solomon Islands Water Storage Reservoir (WSR) Industry Analysis
Title: Navigating the Waters of Solomon Islands' Emerging Water Storage Reservoir Industry
The Solomon Islands, an archipelago in the South Pacific, is experiencing a growing need for efficient water management systems to meet the demands of its expanding population and developing economy. In this article, we'll examine the current scenario of the Water Storage Reservoir (WSR) industry in the Solomon Islands, explore new projects, identify major drivers, and offer insights into the industry's future prospects.
The WSR industry in the Solomon Islands is still in its infancy, with a limited number of reservoirs and water management systems in place. The country largely depends on its abundant natural resources, including rainwater and rivers, to meet the water needs of its population. However, as the demand for water continues to rise, there is a growing need for the development of more sophisticated water management infrastructure, including WSRs.
To address the increasing demand for water resources, the Solomon Islands government, along with international development agencies, has initiated several projects aimed at improving the nation's water management infrastructure. Key projects include:
The Honiara Water Supply Project ? This project, supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), aims to improve the water supply system in the capital city of Honiara. The initiative includes the construction of new water storage reservoirs, pipelines, and treatment facilities to increase the city's water supply capacity.
The Water for Kwaio Project ? This community-driven initiative seeks to provide clean and safe drinking water to the Kwaio region in Malaita Province. The project involves the construction of small-scale water storage reservoirs and distribution systems, ensuring that the remote communities in the region have access to reliable water sources.
The WSR industry in the Solomon Islands is primarily driven by three factors:
Population Growth ? The growing population of the Solomon Islands necessitates the development of efficient water management systems to ensure that all residents have access to clean water.
Economic Development ? As the country's economy expands, there is an increasing need for reliable water supplies to support various industries, such as agriculture, tourism, and manufacturing.
International Support ? The involvement of international development agencies, such as the ADB, provides funding and technical assistance, bolstering the growth of the WSR industry in the Solomon Islands.
Although the WSR industry in the Solomon Islands is still in its early stages, there is significant potential for growth, particularly as the government and international partners continue to invest in water management infrastructure. The construction of new WSRs, coupled with the ongoing improvement of existing facilities, will play a crucial role in meeting the country's water needs and supporting its economic development.
In summary, the Water Storage Reservoir industry in the Solomon Islands is gradually emerging, driven by population growth, economic development, and international support. With continued investment and collaboration, the sector's outlook remains positive, paving the way for the Solomon Islands to effectively manage its water resources and ensure a sustainable future for its people.
Looking for a List of Water Storage Reservoir (WSR) Projects in Solomon Islands?
Are you searching for water storage reservoir (WSR) projects and tenders in Solomon Islands?
We have compiled the most comprehensive and up-to-date database of global projects and tenders to quickly find opportunities needing your services.
Blackridge Research's Global Project and Tender database is a valuable resource for EPC companies, general contractors, subcontractors, manufacturers, suppliers, operation & maintenance (O&M) companies, investors, consulting companies, and law firms looking for new business opportunities.
Our database includes all the essential project details, contact information of project owners and stakeholders, making it easy for you to establish your connection and grow your business.


text:
Last modified: 2011-06-10 by ivan sache
Keywords: gaul | insignia | boar |
Links: FOTW homepage | search | disclaimer and copyright | write us | mirrors
Recent archaeological excavations made in Tintignac (municipality of Naves, department of Corrèze, Limousin) by Christophe Maniquet, from INRAP (Institut national de recherches archéologiques preventives), are briefly reported in Pour La Science, #327 (January 2005).Several broken artefacts have been found in a square worshipping pit in Tintignac. The site, located on the territory of the Lemovices tribe, is dated Ist century BC; in De Bello gallicum, Julius Caesar reports the use of such pits; their desecration was a cause of capital punishment, which explains why the Tintignac pit was preserved in the later Gallo-Roman ages.
A Gallic coin, shown in Larousse's Histoire de France Illustrée (Volume 1, Naissance d'une nation), depicts the Eduan chief Dumnorix, holding in one hand a carnyx and a boar-shaped insignia and in the other hand a human head. Astérix books do not report the use of the heads of the enemies as war trophies, which was fairly common in Gaul and upset so much the Greeks and the Romans.
Michel Pastoureau [pst98] explains that the boar was traditionnally associated with Gaul in the Roman times. On the Trajan's column, built in Rome in the IInd century to commemorate Emperor Trajan's conquests, Gaul is represented by a boar in the allegory of the provinces of the Empire. Pastoureau gives the drawing of the insignia of a Gallic legion, with a boar, seen on the column.
Ivan Sache, 27 December 2004


To all that previously contacted Measurement Canada in support of fair billing standards, your voice was heard. Measurement Canada has now made this matter a priority and is collaborating with EV industry stakeholders to ensure that EV billing is made transparent and fair for all EV drivers.
Public EV charging operators currently bill EV drivers on a time-basis (per-minute or per-hour), because Canadian metering rules were not designed with EV charging in mind. After hearing from EV drivers and enthusiasts across the country, like you, Measurement Canada is now working on a plan to develop metering standards to allow EV charging to be priced on the amount of energy received (kW per hour). Tesla will continue to monitor the development of the standard and may, from time to time, share news with those who have opted-in to our Tesla Policy mail list about any proposals that would negatively impact consumers and the transition to sustainable energy.
The current rules would require the utilization of a pre-approved and inspected utility-grade electricity meter, which would increase the costs of charging infrastructure, and therefore the cost to charge an EV.
While EV charging and pumping gas are entirely different experiences, the equivalent would be like paying for gas based on how long a customer is using the pump -- regardless of the amount of gasoline transferred to their vehicle. Similarly, it would be like paying for groceries based on the amount of time spent in the supermarket, rather than the products in your cart.
As you may know, EVs charge at different speeds for a variety of reasons:
Different cars charge at different rates on the same charging station
- Different vehicle models are equipped with different onboard chargers and have different charging capabilities.
- DC-fast charging speeds also depend on the vehicle's capabilities and other factors.
Identical cars on different charging stations may charge at different rates
- Two stations with identical per-minute billing but different power ratings will result in the same bill, for a different amount of energy delivered.
Two identical cars, on two identical charging stations may charge at different rates
- DC charging speeds depend on a battery's state of charge, battery temperature and ambient temperature.
- Some charging technologies use power management technology to reduce the flow of power to a vehicle in order to optimize for efficient use of the utility service connection. While this can be useful for charging operators, drivers often have no knowledge of power limiting or power-sharing capabilities. Such technologies are likely to become more commonplace, which is why per kWh billing is more appropriate.
Measurement Canada's role is to protect consumers by ensuring that they pay for what they're getting. However, the practice of time-based billing, which EV charging operators have had to adopt, does just the opposite. It lacks transparency, it undermines the principles of consumer protection, and it is unfair for EV drivers like you. The fairest and most transparent way to bill EV charging is based on the amount of energy received, measured in dollars per kilowatt hour ($/kWh).
Many EV owners and enthusiasts like you asked Measurement Canada to allow kWh-billing as early as possible, and:
 - Temporarily pause the current requirements for EV charging equipment to be registered and certified as electric (utility) meters, so that charging operators can bill their customers on a per-kWh basis.
 - Set a clear timeline to consult EV charging manufacturers, EV drivers, and other key stakeholders and develop measurement specifications for EV charging stations. As a consumer protection agency, engaging with EV drivers should be a top priority.
 - Exempt residential and workplace stations from metering specifications and give multi-unit building owners flexibility in how to set up billing for home charging in larger buildings.
Enabling kWh-billing for EV charging will provide more transparent pricing and ensure that EV drivers are not penalized for slower charging sessions. There is still a lot to be done, but we are pleased to learn that Measurement Canada has begun the process to implement new metering rules for EV charging technologies.
Tesla's mission is to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy, and with your help, we are ensuring that all EV drivers feel confident that they're getting billed for the electricity they're really using. Thank you again for your advocacy efforts.
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text:
Posted by Denis Borris on November 11, 2002 at 15:37:10:
In Reply to: insect word problem posted by Sheila on November 10, 2002 at 17:46:30:
: Help, please. I have a word problem concerning insect larvae survival. Soon after they hatch, they must search for food. The survival rate depends on many things and environmental temperature is one of them. For a certain speces of insect, a model of the number of larvae N(T) that survive the searching period is given by N(T) = -0.6T^2 + 32.1T - 350 where T is the temperature in degrees Celsius. I have to answer the following questions:
: a. At what temperature will the maximum number of larvae survive and round my answer to the nearest degree.
: b. What is the maximum number of surviving larvae and round my answer to the nearest whole number.
: c. Find the x-intercepts to the nearest whole number, for the graph of this function.
: d. Write a sentence that describes the meaning of the x-intercept in the context of this problem.
: I am totally clueless as to how to work this in order to answer these questions. Any help would be appreciated.
Post a Followup


text:
National Observatory of Chelmos (Greece)
Hot-dip galvanised view of the stars: In summer, the Chelmos observatory that belongs to the Greek National Observatory was erected in the mountains of Greece.
This involves an enclosure, which is to house the second largest (built by the company Carl-Zeiss) reflecting telescope on mainland Europe. The precise location is the 2,341 m high Chelmos mountain in Greece. The dome, with 9 m long sides and standing 8 m high, is made from a heavy 30 ton steel structure, hot-dip galvanised by WIEGEL. Its shape in the form of a half cylinder is innovative. The reason for this is the arrangement of trolley carrier in the apex, which is required for the disassembly and the periodically necessary transport of the mirror to a loading device in the tower.
The steel structure of the dome, along with all the drive units, was entirely pre-fabricated and pre-assembled at Rudolstädter Stahlbau in Rudolstadt (Thuringia) back in the summer of 2002.
The entire steel structure remained in storage – dismantled again – for one year on the factory premises of our Nuremberg hot-dip galvanising plant, since the approval phase for building the observatory took longer than anticipated. In the spring of 2003, the time finally came. The structure, which had already started to rust badly, was completely re-measured by the engineers at Rudolstädter Stahlbau.
Following its successful hot-dip galvanising, the structure was transported in mid-July 2003 by land and sea to the foot of the mountain. A road was built specially for task of transporting it with off-road vehicles to the installation site on the mountain.


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Writing a Smart Handle class using template template parameters
, 9 Jun 2003
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An article describing the use of template template parameters
Introduction
Microsoft Visual Studio 2003 supports new advanced C++ features which were not available in the previous VS versions. Template template parameters, the powerful tool for generic C++ programming, is one of them. This article describes creating of Smart Handle template class that uses the new template template parameters.
The EnsureCleanup template class from [1] is a thin wrapper around the Windows handles, which allows to create various kinds of handles (HANDLE, HKEY etc.) and releases them in the destructor. The template is instantiated with a pointer to a release function - CloseHandle, RegCloseKey etc. and an invalid handle value - INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE for the file handle, NULL for all other handles. Using the Policy-Based Design described in [2], we can replace a pointer to a release function with the Release Policy , which is a template class itself. This policy is responsible for releasing the handle in the class destructor. Replacing the C-style function pointer with a Release Policy class makes the code more generic and gives more flexibility to the Smart Handle class. As an example of such flexibility, we can use this class as simple smart pointer, providing an appropriate Release Policy.
WARNING: this code is compiled only on Visual Studio .NET 2003. It uses features unsupported in previous Visual Studio versions.
Class Design
Let's decide what the class CSmartHandle looks like. It should work with the following Windows handles types:
Handle Type Release Function Invalid Value
General Handle HANDLE CloseHandle NULL
Registry Key Handle HKEY RegCloseKey NULL
Dll Handle HANDLE FreeLibrary NULL
View of File Handle PVOID UnmapViewOfFile NULL
File Handle HANDLE CloseHandle INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE
Each Release Policy class is a template class with a Handle Type parameter. The Close function is responsible for releasing the handle:
template <typename T>
struct CCloseHandle
{
 void Close(T handle)
 {
 CloseHandle(handle);
 }
};
template <typename T>
struct CCloseRegKey
{
 void Close(T handle)
 {
 RegCloseKey(handle);
 }
};
template <typename T>
struct SCloseLibrary
{
 void Close(T handle)
 {
 FreeLibrary(handle);
 }
};
template <typename T>
struct CCloseViewOfFile
{
 void Close(T handle)
 {
 UnmapViewOfFile(handle);
 }
};
Exactly as done in [1], let's define some number of typedef for template clients (assuming that the third template parameter has a default value of NULL):
typedef CSmartHandle<HANDLE, CCloseHandle> CAutoGeneralHandle;
typedef CSmartHandle<HKEY, CCloseRegKey> CAutoRegKey;
typedef CSmartHandle<PVOID, CCloseViewOfFile> CAutoViewOfFile;
typedef CSmartHandle<HMODULE, SCloseLibrary> CAutoLibrary;
typedef CSmartHandle<HANDLE, CCloseHandle, INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE> CAutoFile;
The client code looks like this:
CAutoLibrary hLibrary = LoadLibrary(_T("psapi.dll"));
// No need to release library handle - it is closed in class destructor
So, from the clients point of view, CSmartHandle looks like EnsureCleanup. The last thing to do is to write the CSmartHandle class itself.
Class CSmartHandle
The CSmartHandle template class has the following three parameters:
 - HandleType - HANDLE, HKEY or other handle type.
 - ReleaseAlgorithm - this parameter is a template itself. It defines the Release Policy.
 - NULL_VALUE - non-type parameter which defines the incorrect handle value - NULL or INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE.
CSmartHandle class is derived from the Release Policy. Its header looks like this:
template <typename HandleType,
template <typename> class ReleaseAlgorithm,
HandleType NULL_VALUE = NULL>
class CSmartHandle : public ReleaseAlgorithm<HandleType>
{
 ....
};
The first and third parameters are simple: handle type and null value with default parameter NULL. The second parameter is a template template parameter. Writing template <typename> class ReleaseAlgorithm we define the second parameter as a template which has one class/typename parameter. This is a type definition like a function prototype: void SimeFunction(int); ReleaseAlgorithm template is instantiated with the HandleType type in the CSmartHandle code.
Note: class and typename keywords are equivalent in the template definition. According to [2] typename is better to use for template parameters which can be both simple types and classes.
The full CSmartHandle code:
template <typename HandleType,
template <typename> class ReleaseAlgorithm,
HandleType NULL_VALUE = NULL>
class CSmartHandle : public ReleaseAlgorithm<HandleType>
{
public:
 CSmartHandle()
 {
 m_Handle = NULL_VALUE;
 }
 CSmartHandle(HandleType h)
 {
 m_Handle = h;
 }
 HandleType operator= (HandleType h)
 {
 CleanUp();
 m_Handle = h;
 return(*this);
 }
 operator HandleType()
 {
 return m_Handle;
 }
 BOOL IsValid()
 {
 return m_Handle != NULL_VALUE;
 }
 ~CSmartHandle()
 {
 CleanUp();
 }
protected:
 void CleanUp()
 {
 if ( m_Handle != NULL_VALUE )
 {
 Close(m_Handle); // call to the policy function
 m_Handle = NULL_VALUE;
 }
 }
 HandleType m_Handle;
};
Extending class functionality
As template class clients we can extend its functionality by providing our own Release Policies. What about adding a Release Policy which just deletes plain pointers? With such a Release Policy the CSmartHandle class works like a very primitive smart pointer. However, first we need to add operator-> to the class:
HandleType operator->()
{
 return m_Handle;
}
The Release Policy looks like:
template <typename T>
struct CClosePointer
{
 void Close(T handle)
 {
 delete handle;
 }
};
It's impossible to make a typedef for the client code because typedef has no parameters. Client could easily use CSmartHandle with CClosePointer passing the pointer type as a parameter. Additional template CAutoPointer helps to do this:
template <class T>
struct CAutoPointer
{
 typedef CSmartHandle<T*, CClosePointer> AutoPtr;
};
Client code:
CAutoPointer<CMyClass>::AutoPtr pMyClass = new CMyClass();
pMyClass->DoSomething();
The Demo project HandleTest also contains a CCloseArrayPointer policy for use with array pointers.
Misuse of template class
Adding the smart pointer functionality creates some problems. Consider the following code:
CAutoLibrary hLibrary;
hLibrary->unused = 0;
This code is compiled and effectively crashes the program at run time. What happens? The handles are defined by such way:
struct HINSTANCE__ { int unused; }; typedef struct HINSTANCE__ *HINSTANCE;
All handles are void* pointers. However, SDK headers define each handle as a pointer to the structure with some informative name, which has the dummy member unused. The following code is compiled as well:
HINSTANCE h;
h->unused = 0;
As a template writers, we should always prefer to detect template misuse at compile time and not at run time. This problem may be solved by adding an additional parameter to the CSmartHandle template. This parameter is class PointedBy, or pointee. It is defined as empty class for the handles, which prevents using an instance of the class as a pointer. With such change the CSmartHandle definition looks more exciting:
template <typename HandleType,
 template <class, class> class ReleaseAlgorithm,
 class PointedBy = CEmptyClass,
 HandleType NULL_VALUE = NULL>
class CAutoHandle : public ReleaseAlgorithm<HandleType, PointedBy>
{
....
};
See details in the second Demo project, HandleTest2.
Performance issues
Consider the following two code fragments, first using CSmartHandle:
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
 FARPROC address;
 CAutoLibrary hLibrary = LoadLibrary(_T("psapi.dll"));
 if ( hLibrary.IsValid() )
 {
 address = GetProcAddress(hLibrary, _T("EnumProcesses"));
 }
 return 0;
}
and second without CSmartHandle:
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR*


"example-recipe:2.0.0" and "example-recipe:2.0.1" in GBDX. Using the REST call DEL '_URL_ Will only delete "example-recipe:2.0.1", but will leave all other versions of the recipe, such as "example-recipe:2.0.0", for instance, available to users. To delete **ALL versions of a recipe**, leave off the recipe version in the recipeID. For example, DEL '_URL_ Will delete _all_ versions of example-recipe, from the first to the final version that exists within GBDX. **Note** Deleting a recipe disables it, allowing users to continue to view the results that already exist, but no longer allowing users to run the recipe.
User Information
Try It Out
delete
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Method{{ tryResults.method }}
Request Headers
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URL{{ tryResults.url }}
Request Data
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Status
Response Headers
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Sharing property with the elderly
Sharing property with the elderly
Sharing a property with an elderly relative may seem to be the perfect answer to rising property prices, and concerns over care for the elderly, but people contemplating such an arrangement should be aware of the legal and practical problems which may arise. There are a number of different ways to share property, but an equal number of pitfalls, whether legal, financial or relating to tax.
Some preliminary considerations
Whatever arrangement is under consideration it is important for there to be frank discussions beforehand about how the relationship will work. Issues which need to be covered include:
 - How will bills be paid - by whom and in what proportions?
 - What facilities will be provided - are there any "rules" about use of rooms?
 - What level of support will be provided to the elderly person - for example, companionship; preparation of meals; laundry; shopping
 - When will the relationship come to an end, for example, due to the increasing needs of elderly person or a breakdown in the personal relationship?
 - If there are to be financial consequences, either during the elderly person's lifetime, or on death, then these need to be discussed with other family members, particularly those who may be expecting to inherit
Options for sharing property
Some of the more common options for sharing property are:
1. The Elderly Person Moving in with Relatives
In many ways, this is the simplest solution. Although no legal documentation is necessary, it may be helpful to draw up a licence recording some of the issues referred to above, particularly covering the circumstances in which the elderly person is to move out. The position may be complicated if the elderly person originally owned the house and gifted it to the relatives now living there, or if a capital contribution is made e.g. to pay off the mortgage. Professional advice should be sought in such circumstances.
2. Building a "Granny flat"
Extending an existing property to build a "granny flat" is more complicated both in terms of the planning and building regulation consent which is likely to be required, and the financing of the extension. If the elderly person contributes towards the cost, then is this a loan, or gift, or is the elderly person to have ownership of part of the property?
If the older person gains an interest in the property, then what will happen if the property has to be sold, e.g. in the event of financial problems or divorce? There may also be an issue if the elderly person needs to move into a care home, and the local authority carries out a financial assessment. For all these reasons it is important that appropriate legal documentation is drawn up to reflect the nature of the financing.
Different inheritance tax (IHT) consequences flow depending on the nature of the financial contribution. If the elderly person has a share in the property then it will form part of their estate on death; and this may also be the case if the money is a gift (if the gift with reservation of benefit rules are deemed to apply).
3. Moving into the Elderly Person's house
Younger people may decide to move into an elderly relative's house on the understanding that they will provide certain care services, in return for a share in the property, either immediately or on death. Whatever arrangement is reached should be documented properly, in order to ensure that it is enforceable and to avoid adverse tax consequences. It is advisable that other family members are involved in discussions and are happy with what is proposed. Some of the potential problems are:
 - A gift by the older person will still be subject to IHT until they have survived 7 years since the date of the gift
 - If an older person moves into a care home shortly after making the gift, then the local authority may seek to claw it back to form part of the estate
 - A "promise" to leave property to someone after death which is not reflected in a will may be enforceable - but it gives rise to complicated legal and factual arguments
4. Joint Purchase of Property
Sometimes both parties may decide to sell their properties and buy a new home in which they can all live, thus saving the costs of running two households and enabling some element of care and support to be provided to the older party. In these cases, it is important to identify who will own the property i.e. whether the older person is making a gift or loan of the money, or whether all contributing parties will be co-owners.
As mentioned previously if the money is intended as a gift it will be exempt from inheritance tax provided the donor lives for 7 years. If the money is a loan, then it remains part of the older person's estate for IHT purposes. If the parties are to be co-owners, then a declaration of trust needs to be drawn up recording their percentage interests in the property.
It is particularly important in these circumstances to document what will happen if any of the family relationships involved break down.
How we can help
We can advise on the drafting of loan documents, licences or declarations of trust necessary to record the parties' intentions, and on the tax consequences of what is involved, as well as the impact on any assessments which the local authority may carry out.


Poteet is a city in Atascosa County, Texas, United States. The population was 3,305 at the 2000 census. It is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area. Poteet is known for its "Poteet Strawberry Festival" and being the birthplace of country singer George Strait. In the comic strip Steve Canyon, by Milton Caniff, Steve's daughter is named "Poteet" after the town in Texas.
Native Peoples Law Lawyers In Poteet Texas
What is native peoples law?
Answers to native peoples law issues in Texas


Nearest-neighbor interpolation
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Nearest neighbor interpolation)
Jump to: navigation, search
Nearest neighbor interpolation (blue lines) in one dimension on a (uniform) dataset (red points).
Example of nearest neighbor interpolation of a random set of points (black dots) in 2D. Each coloured cell indicates the area in which all the points have the black point in the cell as their nearest black point.
Nearest neighbor interpolation on a uniform 2D grid (black points).
Nearest-neighbor interpolation (also known as proximal interpolation or, in some contexts, point sampling) is a simple method of multivariate interpolation in one or more dimensions.
Interpolation is the problem of approximating the value of a function for a non-given point in some space when given the value of that function in points around (neighboring) that point. The nearest neighbor algorithm selects the value of the nearest point and does not consider the values of neighboring points at all, yielding a piecewise-constant interpolant. The algorithm is very simple to implement and is commonly used (usually along with mipmapping) in real-time 3D rendering to select color values for a textured surface.
Connection to Voronoi diagram[edit]
For a given set of points in space, a Voronoi diagram is a decomposition of space into cells, one for each given point, so that anywhere in space, the closest given point is inside the cell. This is equivalent to nearest neighbour interpolation, by assigning the function value at the given point to all the points inside the cell. The figures on the right side show by colour the shape of the cells.
See also[edit]


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So What's Up with Repeated Poles?
In the previous section, we found that repeated poles give rise to polynomial amplitude-envelopes multiplying the exponential decay due to the pole. On the other hand, two different poles can only yield a convolution (or sum) of two different exponential decays, with no polynomial envelope allowed. This is true no matter how closely the poles come together; the polynomial envelope can occur only when the poles merge exactly. This might violate one's intuitive expectation of a continuous change when passing from two closely spaced poles to a repeated pole.
To study this phenomenon further, consider the convolution of two one-pole impulse-responses $ h_1(n) = p_1^n$ and $ h_2(n) = p_2^n$ :
$\displaystyle h(n) \isdef (h_1\ast h_2)(n) = \sum_{m=0}^n h_1(m)h_2(n-m) = \sum_{m=0}^n p_1^{m}p_2^{n-m} = p_2^n\sum_{m=0}^n \left(\frac{p_1}{p_2}\right)^m \protect$ (7.14)
The finite limits on the summation result from the fact that both $ h_1$ and $ h_2$ are causal. Recall the closed-form sum of a truncated geometric series:
$\displaystyle \sum_{m=0}^n r^m = \frac{1-r^{n+1}}{1-r}
$
Applying this to Eq.$ \,$ (6.14) yields
$\displaystyle h(n) = p_2^n \frac{1-(p_1/p_2)^{n+1}}{1-(p_1/p_2)}
= \frac{p_2^{n+1}-p_1^{n+1}}{p_2-p_1}
= \frac{p_1^{n+1}-p_2^{n+1}}{p_1-p_2}.
$
Note that the result is symmetric in $ p_1$ and $ p_2$ . If $ \left\vert p_1\right\vert>\left\vert p_2\right\vert$ , then $ h(n)$ becomes proportional to $ p_1^n$ for large $ n$ , while if $ \left\vert p_2\right\vert>\left\vert p_1\right\vert$ , it becomes instead proportional to $ p_2^n$ .
Going back to Eq.$ \,$ (6.14), we have
$\displaystyle h(n) = p_2^n\sum_{m=0}^n \left(\frac{p_1}{p_2}\right)^m = p_1^n\sum_{m=0}^n \left(\frac{p_2}{p_1}\right)^m.$ (7.15)
Setting $ p_1=p_2=p$ yields
$\displaystyle h(n) = (n+1)p^n$ (7.16)
which is the first-order polynomial amplitude-envelope case for a repeated pole. We can see that the transition from ''two convolved exponentials'' to ''single exponential with a polynomial amplitude envelope'' is perfectly continuous, as we would expect.
We also see that the polynomial amplitude-envelopes fundamentally arise from iterated convolutions. This corresponds to the repeated poles being arranged in series, rather than in parallel. The simplest case is when the repeated pole is at $ p=1$ , in which case its impulse response is a constant:
$\displaystyle \frac{1}{1-z^{-1}} \eqsp
1 + z^{-1}+ z^{-2}+ \cdots \;\longleftrightarrow\; [1,1,1,\ldots]
$
The convolution of a constant with itself is a ramp:
$\displaystyle h_1(n)\eqsp \sum_{m=0}^n 1\cdot 1 \eqsp n+1
$
The convolution of a constant and a ramp is a quadratic, and so on:7.10
\begin{eqnarray*}
h_2(n)&=&\sum_{m=0}^n (m+1)\cdot 1 \eqsp \frac{(n+1)(n+2)}{2}\\
h_3(n)&=&\sum_{m=0}^n \frac{(m+1)(m+2)}{2}\cdot 1\eqsp \frac{(n+1)(n+2)(n+3)}{3!}\\
&\cdots&
\end{eqnarray*}
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''Introduction to Digital Filters with Audio Applications'', by Julius O. Smith III, (September 2007 Edition).
Copyright © 2015-04-22 by Julius O. Smith III
Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA), Stanford University
CCRMA


Settlement reached in George Michael's estate
In October last year, news broke that the late George Michael's partner of four years, Kenny Goss, was purportedly bringing a claim under the Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 (the 1975 Act) for reasonable financial provision. This was due to him having been excluded from George's will. It was reported that Kenny was claiming £15,000 per month maintenance from George's £100 million estate. It is also reported that a settlement has just been reached in respect of this claim.
This is a good opportunity to run back through the requirements for a 1975 Act claim and how they may be applied in this scenario.
Once you get over the hurdle of the deceased being domiciled in England and Wales, there is a limited group of people who can bring a claim under the 1975 Act. These are:
 1. A spouse or civil partner;
 2. A former spouse or civil partner;
 3. A child of the deceased (including adult children);
 4. Any person who was treated as a child of the deceased;
 5. Any person who was being maintained immediately by the deceased immediately prior to the deceased's death; and
 6. A cohabitee of the deceased.
As George and Kenny's relationship ended in some time ago (more than two years prior to George's death), the claim most likely would have been brought under category (e). This is where Kenny would have claimed that he was being maintained by George immediately prior to George's death.
The court, in the scenario of a dependant being maintained, considers what sum is reasonably required for the person's maintenance. That figure can be capitalised (turned into a lump sum) and housing provision could be ordered.
There are also strict time limits to bring a claim. Claims under the 1975 Act should be brought within six months of the grant of probate being issued.
As the settlement was confidential, we simply do not know what was agreed or how the timings would have worked given that the grant of probate was issued in May 2019. But it does highlight how freedom of testamentary disposition (the freedom to leave your estate to whomever you choose) is not clear cut. Claims under the 1975 Act are very common and we regularly advise upon them; whether advising the person not sufficiently provided for, the executor of the estate or the beneficiaries who would be affected as a result of the claim.


text:
The Waikato River is within the city limits here and this site is downstream of the 8 hydro dams and Lake Taupo. Two kilometres downstream from this point is the Hamilton city wastewater treatment discharge point and 10km upstream is the city's water supply take. You also have the Cambridge wastewater treatment plant upstream of that point. The river then runs north of Hamilton to Mercer before heading west and out to the Tasman Sea at Port Waikato.
Landuse upstream of the monitoring site will affect the water quality. High flow events can also elevate the sediment and bacteria levels, which may lead to poor water quality and clarity.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
When we want to find the standard deviation of $\{1,2,2,3,5\}$ we do
$$\sigma = \sqrt{ {1 \over 5-1} \left( (1-2.6)^2 + (2-2.6)^2 + (3-2.6)^2 + (5 - 2.6^2) \right) } \approx 1.52$$.
Why do we need to square and then square-root the numbers?
share|improve this question
+1, excellent question, though I think the title can be improved. I think you selected the wrong answer though — there are many better reasons for the deviation formula than convenience. – Ilya Nikokoshev Oct 22 '09 at 18:07
I hope that (over four years later) someone will return to this classical question. There seems to be something special about the number $p=2$ in $L_p$ norms. What is it? Flatness? Something exotic? (whatever makes Gleason's theorem work?) It seems to me that whatever makes $2$ special is independent of the CLT. It would be disappointing if the Gaussian assumption is the final reason for $p=2$. – isomorphismes Jan 14 at 16:36
9 Answers 9
up vote -2 down vote accepted
One answer is mathematical convenience. The theory is much simpler using powers of two rather than other powers.
There are justifications. Squaring makes small numbers smaller and makes big numbers bigger. You could argue that a useful measure of dispersion should be forgiving of small errors but weigh larger errors more heavily, so it makes sense to square the deviations from the mean.
share|improve this answer
Sorry for -1, but you miss the key point, see my answer. – Ilya Nikokoshev Oct 22 '09 at 18:04
Intro by Reid Barton
I think the answer should involve the additivity of variance for independent variables and the central limit theorem. Maybe someone can flesh this out.
Indeed, the variance has the additivity property: if r_1 is a random variable with mean m_1 and variance d_1 and r_2 is a random variable with mean m_2 and variance d_2 and these two variables are independent then the new random variable r = r_1+r_2 has the mean m_1+m_2 and variance d_1+d_2.
Moreover, suppose we sum a large number N of independent copies of our random variable r with mean m and variance d. Under mild assumptions, the central limit says the distribution will approach a normal distribution, which by the above has mean Nm and variance Nd. Observe that a normal distribution is completely determined by its mean and variance. We conclude that the only parameters of a distribution that we can observe from the sum of many independent copies of the distribution are the mean and variance.
Now that we established how good it is to square numbers, to get variance, the standard deviation has a very easy explanation: it's the only way to get back from variance to something with the dimension of our original set. That is, suppose you numbers are some lengths written in meters. Since the variance is meters squared, you have to take the square root to get something that can be compared with the original set.
Now, honestly, this not the only way, since you could also, e.g., multiply it by 2. That's why it's called standard deviation — to show that among different numerical constants we've chosen a specific one.
share|improve this answer
Excellent use of community wiki! – Anton Geraschenko Oct 19 '09 at 7:00
Ilya seems to have confused variance and standard deviation. The variance of the sum of independent random variables is the sum of the variances: Var(X+Y)=Var(X)+Var(Y) so StdDev(X+Y)=sqrt(Var(X)+Var(Y)), which in general is not equal to StdDev(X)+StdDev(Y) – Robert Parviainen Oct 22 '09 at 18:22
Fixed, and included the relation to the central limit theorem. – Reid Barton Oct 22 '09 at 18:41
Ah, sorry, I also included a longer but essentially the same paragraph as yours. – Ilya Nikokoshev Oct 22 '09 at 18:44
I think you guys are dismissing the L^2 interpretation of this question. Variance is important, but it is just a special case of covariance, which is where the real action is going on. All the nice properties of variance follow from the fact that covariance is more or less an inner product, and independent random variables are orthogonal with respect to that inner product. – Dinakar Muthiah Oct 24 '09 at 19:27
Short answer: You could argue that the most natural thing to do when defining a "standard deviation-type" quantity is to use an absolute value: E( |X| ), but its really annoying to deal with absolute values under the expectation, so we use the next best thing: E( X^2 )^(1/2). You still get something positive and its easier to deal with the square inside. We take a square root at the end to get something with the same "units" as X.
Long answer: It's often helpful to think of random variables as living in the function space L^2(Omega), and in this setting, this computation gives the L^2 norm of the centered random variable X - EX. Also, with this perspective, the covariance defines is a inner product.
share|improve this answer
Sorry, I think I was too rush in downvoting. The L^2 observation makes a lot of sense and is quite deep. – Ilya Nikokoshev Oct 24 '09 at 20:31
What definitions are you using for "short" and "long"? – Cap Khoury Jul 30 '10 at 1:26
But why is $L^2$ cooler than $L^4$ or some other absolute value/function space? – isomorphismes Jan 14 at 16:17
_USER_ It has more random variables with finite norm. And it implies that two random variables with finite variance have also a finite covariance. – Stephan Sturm Jan 14 at 17:55
One answer I've heard is that you want the notion of standard deviation to 1) apply to points in Euclidean space, and 2) to be invariant under rotation. You don't get the second property unless you square the distances.
share|improve this answer
What does "rotation" mean in statistics? It's clear in physics why we should prize rotation-invariance, but if our three measurements of a person are the length of their surname + their height + their wealth, then I would only compute SD 1-dimensionally. – isomorphismes Jan 14 at 16:22
I guess PCA involves rotation... – isomorphismes Jan 16 at 4:32
The answers here that stress that the answers here that stress convenience are missing the crucial point are missing a crucial point. There are at least two ways to approach variance (which are sort of dual to one another):
(1) I need to measure the spread of a distribution of values. What measure should I use? [Possible answer: variance.]
(2) If I define V[X] = E[(X-E[X])^2], then V[X] has many nice properties and seems to relate well to other parts of the theory and even other parts of mathematics. Obviously, it's something pretty important theoretically. What are its practical uses? [Possible answer: as a measure of spread.]
If the only thing you care about is measuring spread, then convenience may be the only reason for you to use the variance, if you use it at all. I don't think anybody can seriously claim that among all measures of spread, the variance is absolutely the best-quality measure in all situations. Yes, the variance is additive and allows you to formulate the central limit theorem, and properties like that are certainly very nice to have, both in theory and in practice, but they don't make it a better measure of spread. So from this perspective, "convenience" often is the right answer.
On the other hand, as a theorist, you would probably want to develop the theory along the most fruitful route, so you would be stupid to ignore the variance in any case. Its usefulness as a measure of spread then is less important, and its overall properties are rather more important. From this perspective, "convenience" isn't really the right answer, since it doesn't convey the intrinsic value it has by virtue of the excellent theory surrounding it.
share|improve this answer
Interesting (and +1) – Ilya Nikokoshev Oct 24 '09 at 20:27
But no, I think you're stepping on a bit confusing path. Yes, if you just define the variance, it is convenient. But why is it convenient? You should say something about the reason, otherwise you're just changing a mystery as for why to use variance into a mystery as for why variance is convenient. – Ilya Nikokoshev Oct 24 '09 at 20:30
Though I agree may be I should have been more respectful to L^2 argument. – Ilya Nikokoshev Oct 24 '09


text:
We have investigated chemical states and charge density in HfSiON films as a function of depth using x-ray irradiation time-dependent photoemission spectroscopy. N 1s core-level photoemission spectra deconvoluted into three components depend on HfSiON thickness, indicating the component, which is attributed to the N atoms bonded to Hf atoms, has peak near the surface. On the other hand, charge density estimated from band bending in Si from Si 2p photoemission spectra is also distributed mainly near the surface. These results indicate that the origin of the negative charge trapping can be directly related to the presence of Hf-N bonds.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


text:
Transmission and scanning electron microscope preparations of the same cell culture.
- Published Article
- Publication Date
Sep 01, 1978
A technique has been developed which allows transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to be performed on the same cell culture sample. The technique uses the Costar 3,393 Leighton Tube containing a plastic insert, which does not stick to epoxy, for transmission electron microscopy. A cut piece of the plastic insert can be critical point dried, sputter coated and viewed under high vacuum with the scanning electron microscope.
Report this publication
From MEDLINE®/PubMed®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
This record was last updated on 07/01/2016 and may not reflect the most current and accurate biomedical/scientific data available from NLM.
The corresponding record at NLM can be accessed at _URL_


text:
Abstract: Monitoring aquatic debris is of great interest to the ecosystems, marine life, human health, and water transport. This paper presents the design and implementation of AQUABOT – a vision-based surveillance robot system that integrates raspberry pi, robotic fish model along with camera and other sensors for debris monitoring in relatively calm waters. AQUABOT features real-time debris detection and coverage-based rotation scheduling algorithms. The image processing algorithms for debris detection are specifically designed to address the unique challenges in aquatic environments. The rotation scheduling algorithm provides effective coverage for sporadic debris arrivals despite camera's limited angular view. In this paper, we focus on the design of debris detection and mobility scheduling algorithms running on a single RASP node. The sensing results of multiple nodes can be sent back to a central server via the long-range communication interface for fusion and human inspection.
Keywords: AQUABOT, Debris, RASP.