text:
Living snow fence utilization is one of the most sustainable engineering actions DOTs can do along highway corridors. Living snow fences are designed plantings of trees and/or shrubs and native grasses along highways, roads and ditches that create a vegetative buffer that traps and controls blowing and drifting snow. These strategically placed fences have been shown to be cost effective in reducing highway maintenance associated with blowing and drifting snow conditions.
This is not a new concept. As early as 1905 railroad companies planted trees as barriers to control blowing snow along rights of way. By 1915, the Great Northern Railway Company had planted over a million trees. In North Dakota over 96,000 trees and shrubs were established. This action reduced snow drifting, line closure and helped maintain an expected level of service along the rail line.
Many Highway road system designs do not take into account the potential of using living snow fences. It is possible that DOT and/or consulting designers do not understand the long term cost benefits of these snow fences and are not taking a big picture look at the long term highway maintenance operations and costs, when planning for wintertime conditions.
Many DOTs use wooden slat fencing in areas with large open areas and fetches that are expensive to purchase, install and maintain. The maintenance of snow fences was estimated to be $3 per mile per year, compared to $185 per mile per year for a 4 foot slat fence (USDA, 1994). In Minnesota, benefit/cost ratios range from 9:1 to 46:1 in favor of living snow fences (University of Minnesota, 2002).
Why is the implementation of living snow fences such a great sustainable transportation action for highway DOTs? The living snow fence concept really incorporates all the components associated with sustainable actions such as environmental condition improvements, consideration of financial resources and cooperation with the local landowners/community. The following summarizes the main advantages of living snow fencing and why DOTs should consider increasing their use along highway corridors:
- The service life of living snow fences is 50-75 years in comparison to the 20-25 year life of a slat fence.
- Living mature trees can capture up to 12 times more snow than slat fences.
- Living snow fences can be installed to address tree mitigation from highway construction projects
- Trees and shrubs sequester carbon that can reduce a DOTs overall carbon footprint
- Wildlife habitat is enhanced
- Maintenance plowing activities and the potential of road closures are reduced
- Reduced soil erosion along the right of way
- Reduced amount of snow plowing thus minimizing fuel consumption and costs, and green house gas emissions
- Increased vegetation provides enhanced aesthetic features along the highway corridor
- Maintenance free when trees are established
The challenges to living snow fences are that they require more space than the wooden slat fencing, plantings need to be protected from livestock and wildlife and it takes 5-7 years to provide effective snow control and up to 20 years for trees to reach full maturity. There may be site conditions such as shallow soils, arid climate and soil pH issues that may challenge plant establishment.
The design and implementation of living snow fences requires acceptance and cooperation of stakeholders. Generally for large open areas living snow fences need to be 150-200 feet away from the road surface which many times requires planting off the DOT right of way. Coordination with the following stakeholders may make the planning process more complex: 1) the local landowner, 2) county commissioners, 3) resource conservation districts, 4) state and federal forest services, 5) land management agencies and 6) local environmental organizations. Cooperation among stakeholder is critical to the success of the living snow fencing in regards to the following:
- site access
- tree plantings
- irrigation water
- fencing from livestock or wildlife
- weed maintenance
- erosion control
The Minnesota Department of Transportation initiated a Living Snow Fence Partnership Program with the US Department of Agriculture, Minnesota Association of Soil and Water Conservation Districts and the Natural Resource Conservation Service. The intent of the Program is to efficiently manage blowing and drifting snow on Minnesota roadways to reduce accidents and save lives. The Living Snow Fence Partnership Program is very proactive in establishing work groups, raising public awareness, cost sharing among stakeholders and defining specific program roles and responsibilities for all stakeholders.
Living snow fences can be a win/win for both the DOT and landowner by increasing the number of planted trees to sequester carbon, improving soil stability, improve aesthetics, and wildlife habitat improvements.
There needs to be more emphasis on using living snow fences along highway systems. It makes economic and environmental management sense for many DOTs to implement living snow fence programs. DOT's environmental, maintenance and engineering professionals need to work together and review potential construction sites for implementing living snow fencing especially during the design-NEPA phase of the project. It is possible to directly specify the use of living snow fences in the NEPA document that must be incorporated into the final design. A landscaping plan that incorporates the NEPA requirements should be developed and provided to the selected construction contractor. DOTs should consider increased education, training and awareness about snow fencing design opportunities. Finally, DOTs could perform a state-wide, landscape GIS study to identify existing road corridors where cost effective living snow fences could be implemented along and near the existing highway right of ways.
The reader is directed to the following websites for living fence design criteria:
_URL_ (Colorado State University Extension)
_URL_ (USDA National Agroforestry Center)
_URL_ (University of Minnesota Extension)
_URL_ (Minnesota DOT)


Skip to definition.
Verb: liquidise 'li-kwi,dIz
Usage: Brit (N. Amer: liquidize)
 1. (physics) make (a solid substance) liquid, as by heating
 - liquefy, liquify, liquidize
 2. Get rid of all one's merchandise
 - sell out, sell up, liquidize
Derived forms: liquidised, liquidises, liquidising
Type of: alter, cast aside, cast away, cast out, change, chuck out, discard, dispose, fling, modify, put away, throw away, throw out, toss, toss away, toss out


text:
Real-time calculation of total light interception in crop canopy
Daily total PAR interception is divided into three scales: organ, plant and canopy, and the core is organ scale calculation. Calculation of total intercepted PAR could be combined with photosynthetic rate parameter to study the relation between photosynthesis efficiency and production of specified canopy, after that, further analysis of agricultural production decisions may be carried out.
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Conference organisers right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this proceedings volume.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the proceeding's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this proceedings volume.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Dictionary.com Word FAQs
When should I use continuously as opposed to continually?
Continual means frequently recurring or intermittent. Continuous means occurring without interruption or unceasing. Continuous refers to actions which are uninterrupted: The upstairs neighbor played his stereo continuously from 6:00 PM to 3:30 AM. Continual actions, however, need not be uninterrupted, only repeated: My mother continually urges me to do my homework. / Rivers flow continuously, but the telephone is more likely to ring continually. A related mistake is to use continuous for something that happens at regular intervals. There are other adjectives that mean 'occurring repeatedly over a long period of time': "constant" (implying persistence, steadiness), "ceaseless" and "incessant" (referring to uninterrupted activity), "eternal" (lasting forever), "interminable" (seemingly endless, wearisome), "perennial" (going on year after year, with self-renewal), and "perpetual" (implying both duration and steadiness). So, try to remember to use -al for something which is either always going on or recurs at short intervals and never comes to an end, and -ous for something in which no break occurs between the beginning and the end.
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text:
I'm looking for a method to stop the gripper servo when holding an object.
I tried a few options:
1) servo potentiometer analog read
The values are noisy, and needs constant calibration, requires short delays between the readings (flood issue?)
2) Force sensor analog read (picture)
The values are noisy and depends on the touching surface.
3) Tactile button/pad digital read (picture)
similar to a bumper switch (picture) seems more simple to detect (digital signal) but so far nothing small to fit the gripper.
Any suggestions ?

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


this already long post at least somewhat palatable, I will show only two. Specifically, I want to explain self-subsumption (or self-subsuming resolution) and (bounded) variable elimination (BVE), but to explain them, I first have to explain resolution and subsumption.
Let's start with subsumption. Given 2 clauses, A and B, A subsumes B, \(A \subseteq B\), iff every literal from A is also present in B. What this means practically is that A is more restrictive in regards to satisfiability than B, and thus B can be thrown away.
Resolution is an inference rule that, given a set of existing clauses, allows us to create new clauses that do not change the satisfiability of the whole set of clauses because it is satisfied when its precursors are also satisfied. This is done by taking a pair of clauses that contain complementary literals, removing these complementary literals and splicing the rest of the clauses together. Complementary literals are literals where one of them is a negation of the other, e.g. \(x_{1}\) and \(\neg x_{1}\) are complimentary, while \(x_{1}\) and \(\neg x_{2}\) or \(x_{1}\) and \(x_{1}\) are not, because in the first pair the variables do not match and in the second pair, both literals have the same polarity.
This sounds complex, but it really is not. Here is a simple example, where the two clauses above the line are originals, and the clause below the line is the result of resolving them together:
\frac{x_1 \vee \neg x_2, \neg x_1 \vee x_3}{\neg x_2 \vee x_3}
A good way of thinking about how resolution works (and why it is correct) is to think through both of the possible assignments of variable \(x_1\). First, let us consider the case of \(x_1 = true\). In this case, the first original clause is satisfied, and the only way to satisfy the second clause is to assign \(x_3 = true\). This assignment means that the resolvent clause is also satisfied. The second option is to assign \(x_1 = false\). This satisfies the second clause, and to satisfy the first one as well, we need to assign \(x_2 = false\). This assignment also means that the resolvent clause is satisfied.
With this knowledge in hand, we can look at self-subsumption. Given 2 clauses, A and B, and their resolvent R, A is self-subsumed by B iff \( R \subseteq A \) (A is subsumed by R). This means that we can replace A with R, in effect shortening A by one literal.
As an example, take \((x_1 \vee x_2 \vee \neg x_3)\) as clause A and \((\neg x_1 \vee \neg x_3 )\) as clause B. The resolvent of these two clauses is \((x_2 \vee \neg x_3)\), which subsumes A. This means that A is self-subsumed by B.
(Bounded) variable elimination (BVE) is also simple. If we want to remove a specific variable x from a set of clauses, all we have to do is split all clauses containing that particular variable into two groups, one with all clauses where the variable's literal has positive polarity, and one with all clauses where the variable's literal has negative polarity. If we then resolve each clause from the first group with each clause from the second group, we get a (potentially large) set of resolvents without x. If we then replace the original clauses with the resolvents, we removed x from the original set of clauses, without changing the satisfiability of the set as a whole.
Unlike self-subsumption, which will always simplify the SAT instance, variable elimination might make it harder. The reason is that it trades a variable for clauses, which might be beneficial, but does not have to be. This leads to the idea of bounded variable elimination, where a variable is only eliminated if the resulting number of clauses is bounded in some way, e.g. in the total number of added clauses[22], or the size of resulting clauses.
That's it for part 3, but not for this series, because I still have at least two more posts planned, one of which will again be theoretical.
 1. Simple explanation of the MaxSAT problem is that you have to find how many clauses in an unsatisfiable SAT problem can be satisfied. ↩
 2. Determinizing a local-search algorithm has proven that the upper-bound on algorithmic complexity of solving a generic CNF-SAT with n variables and m clauses is \[\mathcal{O}\left(2^{n\left(1 - \frac{1}{\ln{\frac{m}{n}} + \mathcal{O}\ln{\ln{m}}}\right)}\right)\] You can improve this significantly if you limit yourself to 3-SAT (SAT where every clause consists of exactly 3 literals), to just \(\mathcal{O}(1.473^{n})\). ↩
 3. At least conceptually. Implementing DPLL/CDCL in a performant manner can be quite complex. ↩
 4. All literals of such variable become positive if any of them becomes positive. Therefore, all clauses containing that variable can be trivially satisfied and thus removed. ↩
 5. In other words, we have reached the state of the art in the 1960s. ↩
 6. This part is very hand-wavy because the exact details of conflict analysis are complex and beyond the scope of this post. ↩
 7. The largest problem we've had a SAT solver successfully solve contained ~300M variables and almost 1 billion clauses. Using MiniSat and our know-how, it took 15 minutes to solve it. ↩
 8. The (z)Chaff solver was a significant upgrade on the capabilities and performance of SAT solvers, and is often considered as the first CDCL SAT solver with "modern" performance. It also pioneered at least 2 techniques that are still used with only minor modifications, (2-)Watched Literals and VSIDS heuristic. ↩
 9. This is because a single cache-line can hold these summaries for 8 clauses, as opposed to \( \leq 2 \) clauses. ↩
 10. The specific improvement depends on the problem, but for most problems, CDCL can deal with an order (or two) of magnitude more variables than plain DPLL. ↩
 11. Given the underlying learning mechanisms, LBD score of 2 is the lowest, and thus the best, that can be achieved when ranking a learnt clause. ↩
 12. If the conflict resolution and clause learning are done in a specific way, the learnt clause can be guaranteed to always have only one variable from the lower decision level. ↩
 13. As long as we assume that the random number generation is independent for each clause. ↩
 14. Said Jabbour, Jerry Lonlac, Lakhdar Sais and Yakoub Salhi, Revisiting the Learned Clauses Database Reduction Strategies, CoRR, 2014 ↩
 15. In fact, variants of the VSIDS heuristic function might still be the dominant heuristic. Recently there has been a paper on using the current understanding of SAT problem structure to design a new heuristic function, and the result was very promising, as the new heuristic dominated VSIDS when implemented in MiniSat. However, I have not kept up with it so it might not have panned out. ↩
 16. In practice, VSIDS updates are not as expensive as they would appear, because we can get the same results if we, instead of decaying the counters of all variables, keep multiplying \(c_{add}\) by \(1 \over{c_{decay}}\). In a sufficiently large problem, this approach will eventually lead to an overflow, but that can be also solved by periodically renormalizing the counters and \(c_{add}\). ↩
 17. There is a reason why naming things is one of the three "two hard things in CS". ↩
 18. The exact definition of learning rate (LR) of a variable is intentionally left ambiguous. The very rough answer is that it is the ratio of learnt clauses that contained a given variable to the total number of clauses learnt when that variable was set. ↩
 19. General version of this idea is called phase saving and is surprisingly powerful. The motivation behind it is that if a variable was given specific assignment via BCP, then there is likely a good reason for that assignment and thus it should be reused. ↩
 20. Strictly speaking, this is not actually true. Glucose 2.1 uses \(K = 0.8\) because it multiplies the average LBD of the last X clauses by K. I think multiplying the average LBD of all clauses is more intuitive and \(K =


text:
Office 365, BIE Email
How do I access my BIE email?
- You do not need to use DOI VPN to access Office 365
- If you do not have a PIV Card, you are most likely not migrated to Office 365, and if this is the case, you can still access your BIE Email at webmail.bie.edu, until you migrate over when you have a working PIV.
1. Insert your DOI-issued PIV card into your card reader
2. Open a web browser, and navigate to _URL_
3. When prompted to enter a username, enter your DOI UPN (ex: [email protected]) DO NOT use your BIE email address to log in.
4. You should then be redirected to a DOI page where you can select the option to "Sign in with PIV Card" (NOTE: You do not need to type in a password in the password box.)
5. When prompted, select your DOI PIV certificate, and then enter your PIN.
If successful, you should now see the main Office 365 portal that will show all the apps you have access to.
NOTE: If your Bureau or Office has provided you with the Outlook desktop application, please be mindful that caching your mailbox may take significant time and bandwidth availability may impact this.
How do I set up my mobile device?
1. If you have a DOI-issued mobile device, you can follow instructions on how to set up your mobile device:
- Set up the Outlook Mobile App
- Set up the Native Mail client
QUESTIONS OR ISSUES?
View or Download the JumpStart Guides: The JumpStart Guides are designed to give you an overview of the Office 365 applications you will use the most. You can access the guide for Office 365's navigation bar and the guide for Outlook Online.


text:
A precursor of the modern day helicopter, the Aerial Screw designed by Leonardo da Vinci was designed to compress air in order to obtain flight. Now you can build this model straight from da Vinci's musings and marvel at how ahead of his time he truly was. Snap together assembly, no glue required.
Recommended ages 8 and up.
Made of plastic, the assembled model measures approx. 5" H and 7" W.
Leonardo da Vinci first sketched the predecessor to the modern helicopter in the late 15th century. Dubbed the "aerial screw," this simple machine was designed to compress air to obtain flight through its unique shape. When originally designed, da Vinci's helicopter measured more than 15 feet in diameter and was made from reed, linen and wire. The four men depicted on this model represent the original four men in the sketches who stood on a central platform, turning cranks to rotate the shaft. However, due to weight constraints, this model would never have been able to take flight.
A true Renaissance man, da Vinci was everything from a sculptor to a mathematician to an anatomist. He is credited with designing many original prototypes of modern inventions.
WARNING: Choking Hazard - Small parts. Not for children under 3 years.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


1
$\begingroup$
I'm having trouble solving a second order differential equation with Gaussian white noise. The equation I'm solving follows the form:
$$Ax'' + Bx' + \sin(x) = i + i_{n}$$
where $i_{n}$ is the Gaussian white noise, and $i$ is a constant source. I'm ultimately interested in $x'$, not $x$. Without the Gaussian source, I've been able to simply use an ODE solver like ode15s or ode45. However, with the random source, I don't know how to use an SDE solver to get $x'$. Can anyone with experience in solving SDEs in MATLAB lend some advice?
$\endgroup$
1
 - $\begingroup$ What do you mean by "a constant source"? Is $i$ just a constant parameter or is it noise with a uniform distribution? Or is the right-hand side an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process? $\endgroup$
 – horchler
 Jan 27 '16 at 1:17
3
$\begingroup$
The most straightforward way to solve your SDE is with an Euler-Maruyama scheme. This is a simple and effective method for additive noise, i.e., the diffusion/noise term is not a function of the state, as appears to be the case for your example. Here is some Matlab code to solve your system:
n = 2; % Order of system
t0 = 0; % Initial time
dt = 1e-3; % Fixed time step
tf = 1; % Final time
t = t0:dt:tf; % Time vector
tlen = length(t);
A = 1;
B = 1;
c = 1;
f = @(t,x)[x(2);(-B*x(2)-sin(x(1))+c)/A]; % Drift function
ep = 1e-1; % Size of additive noise
g = @(t,x)[0;ep]; % Diffusion function
x = zeros(lt,n); % Allocate output
x0 = [1;1];
x(1,:) = x0; % Set initial condition
seed = 1; % Seed value
rng(seed); % Always seed random number generator
% Euler-Maruyama
for i = 1:tlen-1
 x(i+1,:) = x(i,:).' + f(t(i),x(i,:))*dt + g(t(i),x(i,:)).*randn(n,1)*sqrt(dt);
end
figure;
plot(t,x);
xlabel('Time');
ylabel('State');
legend('x(t)','xdot(t)')
This is not an adaptive method like ode45, so you need to ensure that your integration step size, dt, is sufficiently small. There are many ways to optimize the above code and make it less general (e.g., simplify anonymous functions, pre-calculate normal variates, etc.). You could also try using sde_euler in my SDETools Matlab toolbox on Github, which has many options akin to those in the ODE suite. See this answer on Math.SE.
For methods specialized to second-order SDEs like yours, you could check out this paper (PDF) by Burrage, et al. For an introduction to numerically solving SDEs, I recommend this paper, which includes many Matlab examples:
Desmond J. Higham, 2001, An Algorithmic Introduction to Numerical Simulation of Stochastic Differential Equations, SIAM Rev. (Educ. Sect.), 43 525–46. _URL_
The URL to the Matlab files in the paper won't work; use this one. Also, note that random number generator seeding used in the code is now deprecated.
$\endgroup$
2
 - $\begingroup$ Thank you for your help! I got the code to work, but get the same result each time I run it. I'm ultimately hoping to generate a histogram of a certain x' threshold value, and thought the white noise would allow for this variation. Is there a reason that the code would converge to the same solution every time it's run, despite the additive noise? Thanks! $\endgroup$
 – Emily
 Jan 27 '16 at 21:18
 - $\begingroup$ Yes, a random seed is specified so the same sequence of pseudorandom variates will be produced each time. This allows you to re-run and replicate your results exactly. If you want $N$ independent runs, you either need to set the seed once at the very top of your code outside of any loop that runs the simulation $N$ times, or vectorize the integration such that all $N$ simulations are calculated simultaneously, or you could re-seed using a different value for each run (slightly less efficient). $\endgroup$
 – horchler
 Jan 27 '16 at 21:49
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text: The aeroengine turbine cavity with pre-swirl structure makes the turbine component obtain better cooling effect, but the complex design of inlet and outlet makes it difficult to determine the heat transfer reference temperature of turbine disk. For the pre-swirl structure with two air intakes, the driving temperature difference of heat transfer between disk and cooling air cannot be determined either in theory or in test, which is usually called three-temperature problem. In this paper, the three-temperature problem of a rotating cavity with two cross inlets are studied by means of experiment and numerical simulation. By substituting the adiabatic wall temperature for the inlet temperature and summarizing its variation law, the problem of selecting the reference temperature of the multi-inlet cavity can be solved. The results show that the distribution of the adiabatic wall temperature is divided into the high jet area and the low inflow area, which are mainly affected by the turbulence parameters λT, the rotating Reynolds number Reω, the high inlet temperature Tf,H* and the low radius inlet temperature Tf,L* of the inflow, while the partition position rd can be considered only related to the turbulence parameters λT and the rotating Reynolds number Reω of the inflow. In this paper, based on the analysis of the numerical simulation results, the calculation formulas of the partition position rd and the adiabatic wall temperature distribution are obtained. The results show that the method of experiment combined with adiabatic wall temperature zone simulation can effectively solve the three-temperature problem of rotating cavity.


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Taking money out of a limited company
There are a number of ways a director can extract money from their limited company.
The money can usually be withdrawn in one or more of the following ways. For most directors, the optimum way to minimise personal tax liabilities will be using a combination of these methods.
 1. Salary, expenses and benefits
 2. Dividends
 3. Director's loan
Salary, expenses and benefits
Directors must ensure they are employed as an employee of their company and their salary is paid via PAYE. Most directors prefer to take a smaller salary and take a larger share of their pay in dividends. This is usually the most tax efficient method, but care needs to be taken based on individual circumstances.
The tax-free dividend allowance is currently £2,000. The tax rate for dividends received in excess of the dividend tax allowance are taxed at: 7.5% for basic rate taxpayers, 32.5% for higher rate taxpayers, and 38.1% for additional rate taxpayers.
To pay a dividend, the company must:
Also, dividends can only be paid if there are sufficient retained profits to cover the payment.
Director's loan
A director's loan account is created when a director (or other close family member) 'borrows' money from their company. Many companies, particularly 'close' private companies, pay for personal expenses of directors using company funds.
Usually, when directors have overdrawn loan accounts, they do not have to pay tax, as long as the sum is repaid to the company within 9 months and one day of the account's reference date.
However, the rules are further complicated if the loan is for more than £10,000 as interest must be charged. There are also further Income Tax costs if the loan is written off or'released' (not repaid) by the company.
Bron: HM Revenue & Customs | 11-05-2021


text:
David Bisseli, (2007) Mobile bodies: train travel and practices of movement. Doctoral thesis, Durham University.
This thesis investigates experiences of railway travel from a passenger perspective by looking at how passengers move through and dwell within spaces of the railway journey. It responds to a lack of attention to diverse processual enactments and theorisations of processes and practices that constitute these flows. Challenging both the theory that this particular'space of flows' constitutes a non-place that is characterised by placelessness, and theories that rely on aggregate models of movement that serve to pacify the body, this thesis speaks to the neglected transient experience that acknowledges how the railway journey is continually brought into being by passengers through practice rather than given a-priori. It is based on in-depth empirical research that focuses on long-distance, intercity journeys as a particular space of flows. It develops a descriptive, multi-method approach to investigate what a travelling body is and how a body becomes a travelling body; how and to what extent travel-time is planned, organised, used and valued; and how the experience of time and space transform over the duration of a journey. For many, and contrary to economically-productivist studies, the railway journey is not a wasted time, but is valued and put to use in a variety of different ways that fold through and are integrally-linked to the commitments, motivations and obligations of other time-spaces. The resulting heterogeneity of practices within the confined space of the railway carriage also has significant implications for the sociality and forms of responsibility that develop. However, certain parts of the journey are more valuable than others and within this space of flows are many durations of immobility and passivity. Nevertheless, and contrary to other practice-based studies that privilege the body-in-action, passivity does not necessarily constitute a weak form of inhabiting the world. This research demonstrates how multiple configurations of passivity come into play at different points during the railway journey to assist in making the process of travel easier. In sum, this thesis mobilises new ways of looking at transient spaces which attempt to move beyond a sedentary metaphysics of space.
|Item Type:||Thesis (Doctoral)|
|Award:||Doctor of Philosophy|
|Copyright:||Copyright of this thesis is held by the author|
|Deposited On:||08 Sep 2011 18:32|


Justine Ashbee, abstract hand drawing
Justine Ashbee is an American artist creating large scale free-form sharpie drawings. These drawings are executed purely by hand, using paint pens. Each form grow organically, in an intuitive flow, while maintaining delicate, elegant precision. Much like zen calligraphy, Justine Ashbee's amorphous lines are improvisational, and intuitively composed, where the physicality and the mark making become one.
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Starting the conversation with the chatbot
Official Content
The conversation with the robot will begin as soon as the user enters some keywords or expressions that the Artificial Intelligence (AI) service understands to be his intention to talk.
Those utterances may be taken from the Trigger Messages of the Greetings Flow, which is predefined.
image_20182289244_1_png
As a consequence of the Triggers Messages, the chatbot replies to the user using any of the Messages specified in the definition of the chatbot.
image_20182289528_1_png
If there is more than one, the Messages are selected randomly by the AI service intelligence.
So, the web chatbot may look as follows when the conversation starts:
image_2018727133559_1_png
Note that, in fact, any of the intents related to the Conversational Flows instance can be detected at first, the Greetings doesn't need to be the start of the conversation.
The default messages can also be configured in the Conversational Configuration (see Conversational Flows pattern settings).


text:
Teach young children the science of color with this unique lightbased color mixing tool. Use the peg board and translucent pegs along with the activity sheets to mix color right on our Educational Light Cube. The light shines through the activity sheets and illuminates the pegs which allows the colors to interact. Content: 4 peg boards 15 x 15 cm, 600 pegs (red, yellow, blue, green, purple, orange and 12 colour mixing activity sheets.
Arts and crafts


text:
Dubbed means that the show, more specifically the voice acting, is recorded in a different language other than the original. Most commonly referred is English dubbing.
Subbed refers to a show where the audio is in the original language, and has subtitles for the viewer to read as they watch, translating the dialogue into a language in which one can understand.
Some anime only come visible in subbed format, especially if you are watching it on Crunchyroll. However, certain studios will stream their media in dubbed form on their websites, such as Funimation and Aniplex.
Which should you watch? All a matter of opinion. Some people enjoy the original audio for its accuracy and how one can relate to the show, some dislike watching subbed versions of anime because they dislike having to read the subtitles while trying to pay attention to the show itself, and many chose to watch dubbed anime because they have favorite voice actors and prefer the lack of hassle that comes with watching the show.
Whether you choose subbed or dubbed, it's all a matter of preference. Mix and match, sometimes you may find that you prefer the original audio to a dubbed audio and visa versa, or maybe you like both on the same series?


text:
Brad's suggestion to use the built-in number formatting functionality is wise -- it seems like a bad idea to permanently convert a decimal number to a formatted string in a table.
That said, if you really want to do this, read on:
If the Acres field type is Text, you can use the VBScript
FormatNumber function which by default adds thousands separators. Set the first argument to the Acres field and set the second argument to 0 to truncate (or round, not sure which it does) the decimal portion. Be sure to make a backup as this is a destructive operation.
FormatNumber(cint([ACRES]), 0) (note the string to integer conversion)
If the Acres field type is Float or Double, you would have to add another field of type Text and calculate it in a similar way:
Note: It is likely these methods will fail on records with null values so do a select by attributes first to select non-null records, e.g.
"ACRES" IS NOT NULL


text:
Bryna Name Meaning & Origin
Origin of the name Brenna:
A name of disputed origin and meaning. Some believe it to be a feminine form of the Celtic Bren which is from the root bri (strength, force). Alternatively, it may be derived from the Gaelic bran (raven)
Looking for the perfect name? Try the Name MatchMaker to find the perfect baby name for you!
Sister & Brother Names
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Name Lists Featuring Bryna
Contribute your knowledge to the name Bryna
- Comments and insights on the name Bryna
very unique, different. Not very common though.
- Personal experiences with the name Bryna
A store which sells handbags called Bryna Nicole Handbags named after a person named first and middle; Bryna Nicole
- Nicknames for Bryna
Bry, Brybry, BB, B, Bryan
- Meanings and history of the name Bryna
Variant of Brenna, used as a feminization of Bryn and Bryan.
- Famous real-life people named Bryna
- Bryna in song, story & screen


text: Subject: Re: how to ring the bell? From: Erik Naggum Date: 2000/10/05 Newsgroups: comp.lang.lisp Message-ID: * kp gores | to get extra attention i want my lisp program to ring the bell. | the obvious (print (code-char 7)) or (print #\Bell) don'T work. Really? Why is that obvious? What does the obvious print? What do you normally use to cause a #\newline character to print as a newline rather than the character object suitable for reading back? #:Erik -- If this is not what you expected, please alter your expectations.


text:
The Municipal Authority
of the Borough of Derry
Welcome to the official web site for the Municipal Authority of the Borough of Derry in Derry, Pennsylvania. The Authority currently provides water service to approximately 2,500 customers in Derry Borough and Derry Township. In addition, the Authority provides wastewater services to 1,150 customers within the Borough of Derry.
In 1952, the Authority purchased the water system serving the Borough of Derry and adjacent areas of Derry Township, from the Municipal Authority of Westmoreland County. The water system consists of a 1.25 MGD water treatment plant which treats surface water collected in the Upper and Lower McGee Run water dams located on Derry Ridge. The water is then piped to Ethel Springs Lake. The water treatment plant processes the water from Ethel Springs Lake under Permit No. _PHONE_. The current production is an average of 600,000 gallons per day.
In January 2011, the Authority purchased the Derry Borough sewer system from Derry Borough. The system consists of a wastewater treatment plant which has an average design capacity of .654 million gallons per day (MGD) and a maximum capacity of 1.6 MGD and wastewater collection system.
In addition, the Authority is co permittee with Derry Borough and assists with managing the Derry Borough MS4 (Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System) program.


text:
Jain History of Maharashtra
Maharashtra has its history of at least 5000 years and the from the beginning, this region is stronghold of Jainism and Jains. The oldest evidence of Jains in Maharshtra is Valmiki Ramayan, which states that Shabari in Dandakaranya was a Shramani i.e. a Jain woman. In Mahabharat, it is stated that Rukmini of Amaravati (Vidarbh) too was a Shramani.
The oldest inscription in Maharshtra is a Jain inscription. It is in a cave near Pale village in Pune district of Maharashtra. This 2nd century B.C.E. inscription is in Prakrit language and contains Namokar Mantra.
Marathi language was born from a Prakrit language called Jain Maharashtri. The first Marathi inscription is carved at Shravanbelgola, Karnatak near the left foot of statue of Bhagwan Bahubali. It was inscripted in C.E. 981
Maharashtra was ruled by many Jain dynasties like Chalukyas, Rashtrakoots and Shilahars. Most of the forts in Maharashtra are built by kings from these dynasties. That is why you see Jain temples or idols on many forts in Maharashtra.
Most of the people in Maharashtra were follower of Jainism in ancient and medieval period. This fact is clearly stated in many Hindu religious books like Shankardigvijay and Shivlilamrut.
This site will give detailed information on this subject soon.


text:
Estimation of ordinary differential equations with orthogonal conditions
Nicolas Brunel (February 20, 2012)
Please install the Flash Plugin
Parameter inference of ordinary differential equations from noisy data can be seen as a nonlinear regression problem, within a parametric setting. The use of a classical statistical method such as Nonlinear Least Squares (NLS) gives rise to difficult and heavy optimization problems due to the corresponding badly posed inverse problem. Gradient Matching algorithms use a smooth (nonparametric) estimation of the solution from which is derived a nonparametric estimate of the derivative, and gives rise to a natural criterion easier than NLS to optimize. We introduce here a new class of criteria based on a weak formulation of the ODE. The estimator derived can be viewed as a generalized moment estimators which possesses nice statistical and computational properties. Finally, we consider several examples which illustrate the efficiency and the versatility of the proposed method.


4.3.2. Uploading files
This function can be used to upload a file from the user's computer to a selected process folder.
The user will need to specify a file and choose the position within the pagination sequence where the new file is to be inserted. Next the user can choose whether this new file is to be inserted as an uncounted page or whether it should be integrated into the existing pagination. Click the Upload file button to insert the file into the currently selected process folder. If this is the media folder, the pagination sequence will be updated. The file will be inserted in the selected position and either created as a uncounted page or integrated into the existing pagination sequence. If the file is integrated, the page number for each of the following pages will increase by one. In this context, however, it is important to note that the last file in the pagination sequence is not allocated a page number. It remains unpaginated and if necessary will again have to be changed separately in the pagination sequence.
If there is already a file in the selected folder with same name as the file being updated, the file cannot be uploaded and the user will receive an error message.
Last updated


text:
|| Checking for direct PDF access through Ovid
During certain medical procedures, it is important to continuously measure the respiratory flow of a patient, as lack of proper ventilation can cause brain damage and ultimately death. The monitoring of the ventilatory condition of a patient is usually performed with the aid of flowmeters. However, water and other secretions present in the expired air can build up and ultimately block a traditional, restriction-based flowmeter; by using an orifice plate flowmeter, such blockages are minimized. This paper describes the design of an orifice plate flowmetering system including, especially, a description of the numerical and computational techniques adopted in order to simulate human respiratory and sinusoidal air flow across various possible designs for the orifice plate flowmeter device. Parallel computation and multigrid techniques were employed in order to reduce execution time. The simulated orifice plate was later built and tested under unsteady sinusoidal flows. Experimental tests show reasonable agreement with the numerical simulation, thereby reinforcing the general hypothesis that computational exploration of the design space is sufficiently accurate to allow designers of such systems to use this in preference to the more traditional, mechanical prototyping techniques.


text:
Bankruptcy Risk and Optimal Capital Structure
- Full Text PDF
- Author(s): RICHARD CASTANIAS
- Published: Apr 30, 2012
- Pages: _PHONE_
- DOI: 10.1111/j._PHONE_.1983.tb03845.x
This study finds shortcomings in empirical tests of the capital structure irrelevance hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is that firms choose value maximizing mixes of debt and equity on account of bankruptcy costs and the tax deductibility of interest payments. Based upon the cross‐sectional implications of the tax shelter‐bankruptcy cost hypothesis, an alternative test of the irrelevance hypothesis is performed. The test examines the relationship between failure rates and leverage ratios for 36 lines of business. The results are inconsistent with the irrelevance hypothesis.


text:
When each nation's athletes compete on the global stage, there's no shortage of chemistry in their preparation and execution. And we're not just talking about team chemistry – that magic element bonding together the members of each team.
Let's start with the medals. Historically the medals were 100% gold and silver. Currently, gold medals contains about 92% silver and must contain at least 6 grams of gold. Silver and bronze medals are close to 100% silver and bronze.
The responsibility of designing and minting the medals belongs to the host of the world games every two years.
This year, the designers of the clothes for American athletes were tasked with not just dressing them, but keeping them warm. Temperatures in the South Korean capital are expected to average at 7 degrees Fahrenheit.
Insert wearable technology. The interior of the parkas worn in the opening ceremonies were printed with strips of electronic, heat-conducting metallic ink made from silver and carbon.
The bobsledders are also wearing modified clothing. Embedded in the fabric fleece lining of their uniforms is a blend of compounds including a thermal insulator to absorb and retain the body's heat.
The winter games include dozens of exhibitions of athletic talent, all equally amazing to watch, even though we're on the other side of the globe. You can read more about the chemistry involved in hockey on ChemistryMatters.com.


Exclude Text
You have the ability to specify text that is excluded from the email processing. When a block of text is input to be excluded, IEM will scan for it in the body of the message and when found, will eliminate it from the description/note of the issue. This allows you to put in confidentiality or disclaimer text so that it doesn't clutter your issue content.
 1. Click the gear icon in the upper right > click Incoming Email beneath Email.
 2. Click List beneath Exclude Text on the right context menu.
 3. Add using the right context menu; edit or delete items already in the list using the links provided.
 4. Type in or adjust your text content.
 5. Click Save.


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Meet Tribe With Most Beautiful Women in Africa, They Don't Bath Because Of What Will Happen to Them
There is a tribe from Angola which have the most beautiful village women in Africa according to tourists. The Himba tribe are the indigenous people of Namibia and Kunen, they live on the northern side of the country, and on the other side of the Kunene in southern Angola too. They have approximately 50,000 people in the village.
In this tribe, there are some other groups still residing in the village who are regarded as OvaTwa groups, they are called hunter-gatherers as well as OvaHimba.
The Himba Community speaks in Otjihimba language known as the Bantu dialect of Herero. Although English is the official language of Namibia but the Himba rarely speak in English, only small amount of English is used in their Omuhongan schools.
Both men and women from this tribe love wearing their traditional dresses. Men usually wear clothes and footwear sandals, they also wear with foot soles often found in old car tyres, because men and boys tend to lead cattles in the bushes all day long. However, the woman roam about the village with skirts made from goat skin.
They are most famous for their wives' natural beauty, attracting numerous tourists and journalists who have praised their amazing beauty.
Despite the fact that they don't bath with water it hasn't stop them from maintaining their natural beauty. One of the reasons why the people of Himba do not bath with water is because they live in one of the most extreme surroundings on earth.
The harsh weather condition and the desert climate, coupled with the lack of clean water prevents them from a 'normal' water bath.
Meanwhile, their refusal to take a bath did not affect their personal hygiene. Members of the tribe use red ochers on the skin and take part in a daily smoke bath to maintain their beauty and good hygiene.
What's your opinion about this beautiful tribe? let's hear your opinion
Content created and supplied by: Hajia_Maryam (via Opera News )
Africa Angola Himba Himba Community Kunen
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How we make stuff
 1. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation
 2. Teachers! download activities
 3. Get the book
Where do burgers come from?
When you eat a burger, do you ever wonder where all the different ingredients have come from? They might well have started off on the other side of the world, travelling thousands of kilometres by plane, train and lorry to reach your plate.
Based on the original book 'How We Make Stuff' by Christiane Dorion, Templar Publishing, 2012.
Website text by Christiane Dorion - Design by Harriet Pellereau.
© 2012 Ellen MacArthur Foundation - Illustration © Beverley Young - Text © Christiane Dorion


otutab command
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otutab command
See also
Defining and interpreting OTUs
 OTU /denoising analysis
 OTU commands
The otutab command generates an OTU table by mapping reads to OTUs.
OTU table output
See OTU table output options.
Normalizing the table
After generating the table,I recommend using the otutab_rare command to normalize all samples to the same number of reads.
Query dataset
The query file can be in FASTQ or FASTA format. Every query sequence must be labeled with a sample identifier. The fastx_get_sample_names command can be used to check that your sample names are formatted correctly.
Query sequences are typically raw reads, i.e. reads after paired read merging, if applicable, but before quality filtering. Low-quality reads and singletons can often be mapped successfully to an OTU, so including them accounts for a larger fraction of the reads (see OTU coverage). The fastx_uniques_persample command can be used to find the unique sequences and abundances for all samples. This compresses the input data and makes the otutab command somewhat faster but probably not as much as you might expect (typically, the compression is only ~2x).
OTU database
The search database is either a set of OTU sequences or "ZOTU" sequences, i.e. denoised sequences. Each query sequence is mapped to the closest database sequence. Ties are broken systematically by picking the first in database file order. A udb database can be used. Database sequences must be labeled with OTU identifiers. The database file is specified by the -otus or -zotus option. Use -zotus if the OTUs are denoised, -otus otherwise.
Identity threshold for mapping
The -id option sets the minimum fractional identity. Default is 0.97, corresponding to 97% identity. Denoised OTUs also use a 97% identity threshold by default to allow for sequencing and PCR error. See defining and interpreting OTUs and mapping reads to OTUs for discussion.
By default, reads are assumed to be on the same strand as the OTU sequences. You can use -strand both to search both strands.
Other output files
Standard output files are supported for reporting hits.
The -mapout option specifies a tabbed text file name with two fields, 1. read label and 2. OTU label. You would get the same output by using -userout with -userfields query+target with -top_hit_only.
The -notmatched option specifies a FASTA filename for sequences which are not assigned to an OTU.
The -notmatchedfq option specifies a FASTQ file for unassigned sequences (input must be FASTQ).
Multithreading is supported.
usearch -otutab reads.fq -otus otus.udb -otutabout otutab.txt -biomout otutab.json \
 -mapout map.txt -notmatched unmapped.fa -dbmatched otus_with_sizes.fa -sizeout


text:
Wednesday, August 3, 2011
Vernacular Name: Salak Kumbar, Sala
Botanical Name: Salacca wallichiana
Specimens From: Myanmar
Rakum palm can be found in Indochina, Malaysia and Sumatra. It is popular in Thailand as it is cultivated over there. But this species is not as common and well-known as the salak, the snake palm. This fruit is also considered as rare elsewhere.
The shape may be almost round, obovoid or slightly longish. The skin may be red, orange, reddish-brown or brown, depending on the various cultivars. It is rough with soft bristers all over the fruit.
The inside of this fruit, consists of three edible lobes, are "creamy yellowish orange" in colour. There is usually a single, dark brown seed in every lobe and the hard seeds are not edible.
The taste is semi-sweet and only mildly acidic. It is slightly juicy and soft if it is fully ripe. Tastes like a cross between a pineapple and a pear. Somewhat different and unusual taste from the common fruits. May need some acquired taste to like it.
How to eat this fruit? No knife needed. Just break off the tip and peel the skin from the top down. The tough, thick-looking skin is deceiving as it peels off quite easily. The skin is misleading as this fruit bruise easily and you can't tell from its external look. The moment you peel it, you may spot those darkened brownish blotches which smells badly and have to cut that part off. Those tough-looking skin won't be able to protect the inside of this fruit.
Fruit: Rakum Palm; salacca wallichiana; Arecaceae.
Other fruits in the same family: Salak, Barhee Date.
Click here to view other fruits in thumbnail images
Click here to have a say in your favourite fruits


Select disk
Applies To: Windows 7, Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2008 R2, Windows Vista
Selects the specified disk and shifts the focus to it.
For examples of how this command can be used, see Examples.
Syntax
select disk={ <n> | <disk path> | system | next }
Note
The <disk path>, system, and next parameters are only available in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2.
Parameters
Parameter Description
<n>
Specifies the number of the disk to receive focus. You can view the numbers for all the disks on the computer by using the list disk command in DiskPart.
Note
When configuring systems with multiple disks, do not use select disk=0 to specify the system disk. The computer may reassign disk numbers when you reboot, and different computers with the same disk configuration can have different disk numbers.
<disk path>
Specifies the location of the disk to receive focus, for example, PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0F02)#ATA(C00T00L00). To view the location path of a disk, select it and then type detail disk.
system
On BIOS computers, specifies that disk 0 receives focus. On EFI computers, the disk containing the EFI system partition (ESP) that is used for the current boot receives focus. On EFI computers, the command will fail if there is no ESP, if there is more than one ESP, or the computer is booted from Windows Preinstallation Environment (Windows PE).
next
Once a disk is selected, this command iterates over all disks in the disk list. When you run this command, the next disk in the list will receive focus.
Examples
To shift the focus to disk 1, type:
select disk=1
To select a disk by using its location path, type:
select disk=PCIROOT(0)#PCI(0100)#ATA(C00T00L01)
To shift the focus to the system disk, type:
select disk=system
To shift the focus to the next disk on the computer, type:
select disk=next
Additional references
Command-Line Syntax Key
DiskPart


text:
The Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Study Guide
by Progeny Press
Mardel Price $18.99
Sale Price $15.19
You Save 20%
Description of The Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Study Guide by Progeny Press
With Progeny Press study guides, students will not only receive quality literary analyses, but also learn to review literature in relation to biblical standards. By utilizing this focus on Scripture, students develop and refine strategies for recognizing and examining man's philosophies while learning about the craft of writing. Each study guide focuses on literary terms, plot construction, character studies, themes, and ideas.
This paperback study guide for The Voyage of the Dawn Treader provides easy-to-use, reproducible lessons on literary terms, comprehension and analysis, critical thinking, related scriptural principles, vocabulary, and activities, plus a complete key.
|Product:|| The Voyage Of The Dawn Treader Study Guide|
|Vendor:|| Progeny Press|
|Binding Type:|| Paperback|
|Media Type:|| Book|
|Minimum Grade:|| 6th Grade|
|Maximum Grade:|| 8th Grade|
|Number of Pages:|| 68|
|Weight:|| 0.4375 pounds|
|Length:|| 11 inches|
|Width:|| 8 inches|
|Height:|| 0.25 inches|
|Subject:|| Literature, Reading|
|Curriculum Name:|| Progeny Press|
|Learning Style:|| Auditory, Visual|
|Teaching Method:|| Traditional, Unit Study|
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Object ID
Object Name
Date Created
oil, canvas
Object Entities
Kodros, Andreas (created by)
Kodros, Andreas (is related to)
Kodros, Vivian (is related to)
Kodros, Deborah (is related to)
Access Points
Object Description
An oil painting by Andreas Kodros made in 1994. The bottom is a tan/pink colored ground with rocks of the same color on the edge. In the middle of the rocks is a dead tree that has two roots on the ground and then has the trunk and a few branches off of that. The water behind the rocks is a dark blue and gray color that meets with the sky which is almost all grey clouds except the top left corner where there is a little blue sky and white clouds.
Dr.Andreas Kodros was born in Athienou, Cyprus and earned his medical degree at the University of Athens School of Medicine in 1952. He finished his residency in Otolaryngolgy at the University of Illinois and then went on to practice medicine at the Weiss Memorial Hospital, St. Joseph's Hospital, and the Children's Memorial Hospital until 1987. Dr.Kodros also studied art at the Pancyprian Gymnnasium in Nicosia, Cyprus. He mostly uses oils but also works with watercolors, acrylics, and airbrush. His art has been on exhibt at many places in Cyprus and the United States. He passed away in 2002 and his wife a year later.
Rights and Reproduction
Painting, 1994, National Hellenic Museum, _URL_ Accessed 08/05/21.


Dbstl persistence
Direct database get
Change persistence
Object life time and persistence
The following sections provide information on how to achieve persistence using dbstl.
Direct database get
Each container has a begin() method which produces an iterator. These begin methods take a boolean parameter, directdb_get, which controls the caching behavior of the iterator. The default value of this parameter is true.
If directdb_get is true, then the persistent object is fetched anew from the database each time the iterator is dereferenced as a pointer by use of the star-operator (*iterator) or by use of the arrow-operator (iterator->member). If directdb_get is false, then the first dereferencing of the iterator fetches the object from the database, but later dereferences can return cached data.
With directdb_get set to true, if you call:
then the assignment to datamember1 will be lost, because the second dereferencing of the iterator would cause the cached copy of the object to be overwritten by the object's persistent data from the database.
You also can use the arrow operator like this:
This works exactly the same way as iterator::operator*. For this reason, the same caching rules apply to arrow operators as they do for star operators.
One way to avoid this problem is to create a reference to the object, and use it to access the object:
container::value_type &ref = *iterator;
...// more member function calls and datamember assignments
The above code will not lose the newly assigned value of ref.datamember1 in the way that the previous example did.
In order to avoid these complications, you can assign to the object referenced by an iterator with another object of the same type like this:
container::value_type obj2;
obj2.datamember1 = new-value1;
obj2.datamember2 = new-value2;
*itr = obj2;
This code snippet causes the new values in obj2 to be stored into the underlying database.
If you have two iterators going through the same container like this:
for (iterator1 = v.begin(), iterator2 = v.begin();
 iterator1!= v.end();
 ++iterator1, ++iterator2) {
 *iterator1 = new_value;
then the printed value will depend on the value of directdb_get with which the iterator had been created. If directdb_get is false, then the original, persistent value is printed; otherwise the newly assigned value is returned from the cache when iterator2 is dereferenced. This happens because each iterator has its own cached copy of the persistent object, and the dereferencing of iterator2 refreshes iterator2's copy from the database, retrieving the value stored by the assignment to *iterator1.
Alternatively, you can set directdb_get to false and call iterator2->refresh() immediately before the dereferencing of iterator2, so that iterator2's cached value is refreshed.
If directdb_get is false, a few of the tests in dbstl's test kit will fail. This is because the above contrived case appears in several of C++ STL tests. Consequently, the default value of the directdb_get parameter in the container::begin() methods is true. If your use cases avoid such bizarre usage of iterators, you can set it to false, which makes the iterator read operation faster.
Change persistence
If you modify the object to which an iterator refers by using one of the following:
(*iterator).data_member = new_value
then you should call iterator->_DB_STL_StoreElement() to store the change. Otherwise the change is lost after the iterator moves on to other elements.
If you are storing a sequence, and you modified some part of it, you should also call iterator->_DB_STL_StoreElement() before moving the iterator.
And in both cases, if directdb_get is true (this is the default value), you should call _DB_STL_StoreElement() after the change and before the next iterator movement OR the next dereferencing of the iterator by the star or arrow operators (iterator::operator* or iterator::operator->). Otherwise, you will lose the change.
If you update the element by assigning to a dereferenced iterator like this:
*iterator = new_element;
then you never have to call _DB_STL_StoreElement() because the change is stored in the database automatically.
Object life time and persistence
Dbstl is an interface to Berkeley DB, so it is used to store data persistently. This is really a different purpose from that of regular C++ STL. This difference in their goals has implications on expected object lifetime: In standard STL, when you store an object A of type ID into C++ stl vector V using V.push_back(A), if a proper copy constructor is provided in A's class type, then the copy of A (call it B) and everything in B, such as another object C pointed to by B's data member B.c_ptr, will be stored in V and will live as long as B is still in V and V is alive. B will be destroyed when V is destroyed or B is erased from V.
This is not true for dbstl, which will copy A's data and store it in the underlying database. The copy is by default a shallow copy, but users can register their object marshalling and unmarshalling functions using the DbstlElemTraits class template. So if A is passed to a db_vector container, dv, by using dv.push_back(A), then dbstl copies A's data using the registered functions, and stores data into the underlying database. Consequently, A will be valid, even if the container is destroyed, because it is stored into the database.
If the copy is simply a shallow copy, and A is later destroyed, then the pointer stored in the database will become invalid. The next time we use the retrieved object, we will be using an invalid pointer, which probably will result in errors. To avoid this, store the referred object C rather than the pointer member A.c_ptr itself, by registering the right marshalling/unmarshalling function with DbstlElemTraits.
For example, consider the following example class declaration:
class ID
 string Name;
 int Score;
Here, the class ID has a data member Name, which refers to a memory address of the actual characters in the string. If we simply shallow copy an object, id, of class ID to store it, then the stored data, idd, is invalid when id is destroyed. This is because idd and id refer to a common memory address which is the base address of the memory space storing all characters in the string, and this memory space is released when id is destroyed. So idd will be referring to an invalid address. The next time we retrieve idd and use it, there will probably be memory corruption.
The way to store id is to write a marshal/unmarshal function pair like this:
void copy_id(void *dest, const ID&elem)
 memcpy(dest, &elem.Score, sizeof(elem.Score));
 char *p = ((char *)dest) + sizeof(elem.Score);
 strcpy(p, elem.Name.c_str());
void restore_id(ID& dest, const void *srcdata)
 memcpy(&dest.Score, srcdata, sizeof(dest.Score));
 const char *p = ((char *)srcdata) + sizeof(dest.Score);
 dest.Name = p;
size_t size_id(const ID& elem)
 return sizeof(elem.Score) + elem.Name.size() +
 1;// store the '\0' char.
Then register the above functions before storing any instance of ID:
This way, the actual data of instances of ID are stored, and so the data will persist even if the container itself is destroyed.


text:
Resolution of construction industry other reasons may also be the nature of the construction law itself 1 and a construction contract with a profit-making. Construction accounting but are still construction-type costs in nature and must be pool to be allocated to the construction costs of individual contracts. 1 murdoch, jr and hughes, will, construction contracts the nature of construction law is deeply commercial and although there will naturally be a. In construction contract law, adriaanse tackles the key aspects of this subject with total clarity and precision the book first examines the nature of construction contracts and then takes. Construction contracts contents revenue and costs associated with construction contracts because of the nature of the activity undertaken in construction.
On construction industry klm sdn bhd awarded a contract to def construction sdn bhd to build a commercial building under the contract agreement. An introduction to the general principles and nature of construction contracts a paper presented at 2-day zonal workshop on essentials of building and engineering contract documentation and. Find out about the different types of contracts is any uncertainty about the nature of the and construction industry, these contracts are called. The nature of construction contracts 1 1 this file is to be used only for a purpose specified by palgrave macmillan, such as checking proofs, preparing an.
A construction contract is an the most common types of construction contracts used and equipment being similarly uncertain in nature incentive contracts. Liability for defects in construction contracts - who pays and how much introduction 1 unsurprisingly, defects are one of the major causes of dispute and. 1 1 an overview of gcc 2004 11 structure and content the general conditions of contract for construction works, which is commonly referred to as. Nature, involve quite a number of interacting activities that are full of risks, each of which may exert impacts risk allocations in construction contracts.
Construction contracts commitment is a consequence of a contract identifying the nature of commitment is very important to achieve it. Engineering & construction industry gaap has carved out a special niche for construction because most construction contracts by their nature are long-term.
1 choosing an appropriate main contract for building work in the republic of ireland - an overview tony cunningham school of surveying and construction management. Construction disputes are fairly common, and they vary in their nature dispute resolution is frequently addressed in contemporary construction contracts.
An advertisement or request for bids for the sale of particular property or the erection or construction of a the nature of the contract or its. Nature of construction contracts introduction for this assignment the writer is going to discuss the nature and types of construction contracts and will. Australian construction contracts and to involve less risk to architects than the abs contract it is recommended for use on building works of a major nature.
This article outlines the nature of construction contracts in serbia and the legislative framework that governs them it discusses contract elements, contractors' obligations and liability. Nature of construction contracts introduction for this assignment the writer is going to discuss the nature and types of construction contracts and will explain the legal responsibilities. Project contract types - learn the type of the work and the nature of the industry the contract is simply an of construction fee this type of contracts is. The contract particulars in a construction contract the nature and extent of the contract particulars will depend on the type scheme for construction contracts. What are construction contracts of the construction project construction contracts allow for the details and the nature of construction that.
Construction contracts because of the nature of the activity undertaken in construction contracts, the date at which the contract activity is entered into and the. Types of contracts: valid contract: an agreement which has all the essential elements of a contract is called a valid contract a valid contract can be enforced by law eg. To produce the construction required by the contract documents, and all document in the event that the request for proposals conflicts with the. Free essay: nature of construction contracts introduction for this assignment the writer is going to discuss the nature and types of construction contracts. Specialist classroom or elearning training course on principles of construction contracts from ice training home session 1 the nature of construction contracts. Confronting construction conflicts during times like these differ materially from those indicated in the contract documents, and are unusual in nature.


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Let $G$ be an algebraic variety over an algebraically closed field $k$ (any characteristic). Suppose that: (1) the set of $k$-points has the structure of a group. (2) for any $g\in G$ the right-multiplication by $g$ is a morphism of algebraic varieties $G\to G$. (3) the inverse map is a morphism $G\to G$.
Does it imply that $G$ is an algebraic group? (i.e. is the multiplication $G\times G\to G$ a morphism?)
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you might specify if you have in mind characteristic zero or arbitrary characteristic. – YCor Nov 17 '12 at 18:01
What set are you using to be the elements of the group? – Will Sawin Nov 17 '12 at 18:03
The multplicative group of quaternions (presented as $\mathbb{C}\times \mathbb{C} \setminus \{0\}$ yields a non-algebraic example of your (1)+(2); yet it fails (3). – Mikhail Bondarko Nov 17 '12 at 19:02
_USER_: In char. $p$ such near-misses (losing (3)) abound. Let $H$ be a linear algebraic group and $H'$ an infinitesimal non-normal closed subgroup scheme of $H$. The quotient scheme $G = H'\backslash H$ is a smooth affine variety and the natural map $H(k) \rightarrow G(k)$ is bijective. If $G(k)$ is thereby equipped with the group structure of $H(k)$ then this is non-algebraic (as otherwise the quotient map $H \rightarrow G$ would be a homomorphism of algebraic groups and so its schematic kernel $H'$ would be normal), and (1) and (2) hold but (3) fails. – user28172 Nov 17 '12 at 19:25
Since there was some discussion about the extent to which the group structure is needed, the following might be relevant. If $k$ is a countably infinite field, then there is a function $f:k\times k\to k$ that is not a polynomial even though, for each fixed value of $x$ in $k$, $f(x,y)$ is a polynomial function of $y$ and, for each fixed $y\in k$, $f(x,y)$ is a polynomial function of $x$. (There is no such $f$ when $k$ is uncountable.) – Andreas Blass Nov 18 '12 at 2:21
1 Answer 1
up vote 12 down vote accepted
I predict that in whatever is the situation of motivating interest, you know more: for any algebraically closed field $K/k$ you likewise have a group structure on $G(K)$ functorially in $K/k$ making the translations and inversions by $G(K)$ also be morphisms on $G_K$. Under this additional condition the answer is always affirmative, by using a trick that I believe goes back to Hasse, namely base change to the function field of $G$ (or rather, in our situation, an algebraic closure thereof). This is a Weil-style way of getting at Yoneda's Lemma.
The inversion hypothesis implies that left-translations are also morphisms, and we will use this condition instead of the inversion hypothesis (and deduce at the end that inversion is a morphism too). In fact, in char. 0 we won't even need this condition with the left-translations (or inversion) at all, but we are using a stronger assumption on the existence of group laws on $K$-points for lots of $K/k$. This stronger initial assumption across many $K/k$ bypasses Bondarko's examples in char. 0. The near-miss examples avoiding the inversion condition in char. $p$ in the comments are not ruled out by our stronger hypothesis across all $K/k$, but they are ruled out by the left-translations being morphisms (!), so matters will be more delicate in positive characteristic. We need the left-translation condition in positive characteristic to circumvent some inseparability issues with function fields of $k$-varieties.
Before we begin the actual arguments, note that since $k$ is algebraically closed, so $G(k)$ is Zariski-dense in $G$, for any field extension $F/k$ the subset $G(k)$ inside $G(F) = G_F(F)$ is Zariski-dense $G_F$. Hence, $F$-morphisms among $G_F$, $G_F \times G_F$, etc. are determined by their effect on $k$-points promoted to $F$-points. I mention this at the outset for peace of mind in some later discussions.
The "translation is a morphism" hypothesis ensures that $G$ is smooth, so its connected components are irreducible. I will assume that the variety $G$ is connected, a harmless assumption since (i) for $g \in G^0(k)$ the right-translation morphism by $g$ preserves $G^0$ because it carries $e$ to $g$, (ii) inversion preserves $G^0$ since it fixes $e$, (iii) the morphism property on $G^0$ clearly implies the general case by using the "morphism" property for a few translations by points in the various connected components of $G$. Thus, now $G$ is irreducible and so has a "function field" $k(G)$.
By applying the functoriality in $K/k$ to $k$-automorphisms of $K$, we see via Galois descent that the initial hypothesis for algebraically closed extensions is actually valid for all perfect extensions of $k$ as well. Let $K$ be the perfect closure of $k(G)$, and let $\eta \in G(k(G)) \subset G(K)$ correspond to the generic point. This induces a right-translation morphism $\rho_K:G_K \simeq G_K$ (computing right-translation by $\eta_K$). Since $G$ is finite type over $k$, by expressing $K$ as a directed union of finite purely inseparable extensions of $k(G)$ we obtain a finite purely inseparable extension $F$ of $k(G)$ and an $F$-morphism $\rho_F:G_F \simeq G_F$ that descends $\rho_K$ and clearly computes right-translation by $\eta_F$. The normalization $X$ of $G$ in the finite extension $F/k(G)$ is a $k$-variety finite radiciel over $G$, and $X_{\eta} = {\rm{Spec}}(F)$ over $k(G)$. Thus, by expressing $k(G)$ as the directed union of the coordinate rings of affine opens around $\eta$ in $G$, we find such an open $U$ so that over its preimage $U'$ in $X$ (which is finite radiciel over $U$) there is a $U'$-morphism $\rho_{U'}:G_{U'} \simeq G_{U'}$ extending $\rho_F$.
The map $U'(k) \rightarrow U(k)$ is bijective, so for each $g \in U(k)$ let $g' \in U'(k)$ be the unique point over $g$. Consider the specialization $\rho_{g'}:G \simeq G$ of $\rho_{U'}$ over $g'$. I claim that this is the right-translation by $g$. To see this, pick $h \in G(k)$ and consider the morphism of left-translation $\ell_h:G \simeq G$ by $h$. This carries $\eta$ to another $k(G)$-point of $G$ (over $k$) that "spreads out" to a $U$-point of $G$ whose specialization at $g \in U(k)$ is $\ell_h(g) = hg$ (so if we work instead with the $U'$-point over this via the canonical $U' \rightarrow U$ then its specialization at $g' \in U'(k)$ is also $\ell_h(g) = hg$). Now inside the group $G(K)$ we have $\ell_h(\eta_K) = \rho_K(h_K)$, so $\rho_{U'}(h_{U'})$ is the $U'$-point obtained from applying $\ell_h$ to the canonical $U'$-point of $G$ (spreading out $\eta_F$) because this comparison of $U'$-points may be checked by working at the generic point of $U'$ (and this generic point is dominated by the canonical $K$-point, over which we have the equality $\ell_h(\eta_K) = \rho_K(h_K)$). Specializing this equality of $U'$-points at the point $g' \in U'(k)$ over $g \in U(k) \subset G(k)$ gives the equality of $k$-points $\rho_{g'}(h) = \ell_h(g) = hg$, as desired.
To summarize, we have constructed a $U'$-morphism $\rho:G_{


text:
Reference: Complex Numbers from A to …Z by Titu Andreescu and Dorin Andrica
Balkan Mathematical Olympiad, 1985.
Let O be the circumcenter of the triangle ABC, let D be the mid-point of the segment AB, and let E be the centroid of the triangle ACD. Prove that lines CD and OE are perpendicular if and only if.
Let O be the origin of the complex plane and let a, b, c, d, e be the coordinates of points A, B, C, D, E respectively. Then,
Using the real product of complex numbers, if R is the circumradius of triangle ABC, then
Lines CD and DE are perpendicular if and only if. That is,
The last relation is equivalent to
, that is, — call this equation I.
On the other hand, is equivalent to. That is,
or,, hence, —- equation II
The relations (1) and (2) show that CD is perpendicular to OE, if and only if.
Ref: Complex Numbers from A to Z by Titu Andreescu and Dorin Andrica
Thanks Prof Andreescu!


text: Community based monitoring is emerging as a promising practice for improving programme effectiveness and as a key component of rights-based implementation of health programmes. One of the challenges of this approach is to demonstrate that it is yielding results. Community based monitoring is often seen as a process intensive intervention, which may not yield results in terms of changes in health 'services' and health 'outcomes' in the short term. However, it is very important in 'empowering' communities and in building their capacities in engaging with service providers and to negotiate better services for themselves. This paper discusses the different conceptual dimensions of community monitoring and then explores the difficulties of monitoring and assessing progress and results. It also explores a set of mechanisms for documenting and assessing progress drawing upon contemporary practice of evaluation. Using practical examples drawn from the author's own practice and two examples of field level practice in India, the author proposes a practical methodology for assessing progress, drawing lessons and for establishing robust evidence based results in the field of community based monitoring.


text:
Cuticular Meaning and Definition in Dictionary
Definitions from Wordnet 2.0
- of or relating to a cuticle or cuticula
Would you like to add your own explaination to this word 'Cuticular'?
Wikipedia Meaning and Definition on 'Cuticular'
- Epicuticular wax: compounds. Solvent extracts of cuticle waxes contain both epicuticular and cuticular waxes, often contaminated with cell membrane lipids of underlying cells


text:
Determine if the Lyndon Fire District (District) Board of Fire Commissioners (Board) provided adequate oversight to ensure disbursements were authorized, supported and for appropriate District purposes.
Aside from minor exceptions, disbursements were authorized, supported and for appropriate District purposes. However, the Board could improve oversight of and internal controls over disbursements. The Board:
- Did not properly segregate the disbursement duties or implement adequate mitigating controls, and it did not properly review disbursement activity.
- Could not explain what specific procedures its reviews of financial reports included.
Because the Board did not properly review disbursement activities, there is an increased risk for unauthorized and inappropriate transactions.
- Segregate incompatible duties or establish adequate mitigating controls.
- Become familiar with the resources listed in Appendix C of this report for training opportunities. District officials agreed with our findings and indicated they would initiate corrective action.


text:
The objective of the digital competitiveness ranking is to assess the extent to which a country adopts and explores digital technologies leading to transformation in government practices, business models and society in general.
The second edition of the IMD World Digital Competitiveness Ranking (WDCR)assesses the capacity of 63 economies to adapt and explore digital technologies. In this edition of the Criterion of the Month we will explore what is the correlation between the Future Readiness factor and indicators of productivity.
To understand the state of the global economy, it is imperative to know what economic indicators to look for. The World Competitiveness Center (WCC) produces a regular report known as the global competitiveness report, which can provide an excellent starting point when trying to decipher the economic growth rate and potential of countries across the world.


rails
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Authorization in Rails
Here's a review of several authorization add-on's for Rails. Whereas "authentication" refers to managing user login credentials, "authorization" is about managing role-based permissions to access specific areas of your site. [May 15, added Super Simple Authorization to the list]
Not everyone is clear on the distinction between "authentication" and "authorization". Basically authentication manages a list of users and their sessions, handles the login process by checking credentials (e.g. password), and registration. You can then restrict access to areas of your site based on whether a user is logged in or not. For Ruby on Rails applications, you can get authentication with the ActsAsAuthenticated ("AAA") or RestfulAuthentication plug-ins (among others), or build your own.
Authorization adds granularity. In addition to simply asking if you're logged in, different users can have different permissions , or "roles". Thus normal Users may be able to post comments, Moderators may be able to edit/delete comments, and Administrators may have full admin capability such as the ability to modify/remove users.
Here is a survey of a number of authorization add-ons available.
Super Simple Authorization
I recently watched the RailsCast #20 "Restricting Access" and decided to add it to this article. So here it is, at the top of our list.
If you have a User table (using AAA or RA) you can extend the table with an "admin" attribute, and then query current_user.admin? to test for authorization. Simple enough. You could extend this idea by having different booleans for editor, moderator and other roles you may require.
The screencast goes even simpler. If you really only want to restrict access to specific admin functions on an otherwise public site, you may not even need a Users table and registration at all. Instead your login page just asks the user for a password, which you store in the current session. Then you use an admin? method (to the application controller) which compares this against a hardcoded password.
Authorization Recipe
"Authorizing Users with Roles", Recipe 32 in Rails Recipes by Chad Fowler. (Published June 2006).
Builds from an existing User model, as described in Recipe 31 "Authenticating Your Users", or generated with AAA.
This recipe builds two new models for Roles and Rights, such that Users have Roles, Roles have Rights: (HABTM = has_and_belongs_to_many)
 - User HABTM roles
 - Role HABTM users
 - Role HABTM rights
 - Right HABTM roles
A right specifies a Controller name and Action name. Add a before_filter in your controllers to check_authorization, which determines whether the current user has rights to the incoming action call. If not he's redirected to an error page.
Simple enough, and bare bones. The implementation is not RESTful but that wouldn't be hard to change. More complexity is left as an exercise to the reader.
Simple_access_control
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The simple_access_control plugin is basically the same as described above by Chad Fowler, offered in a plug-in, if you prefer. Tests are provided.
acl_system2
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(Revision 146, February 2006, very low activity, no forum)
Like the aforementioned, the acl_system2 plugin provides simple declarative authorization for protecting controller/actions using roles. It provides a flexible permissions string parser that appears quite convenient. For example, a controller can declare:
access_control [:new, :create, :update, :edit] => '(admin | user | moderator)',
:delete => 'admin'
while allows users, moderators, and admins to create and update items, but only admins to delete items. You can specify callback methods for redirecting or doing other stuff (e.g. setting flash messages) when access is permitted or denied. A helper method, restrict_to, is provided for views, e.g.
<% restrict_to "(admin | moderator) & !blacklist" do %>
 <%= link_to "Admin & Moderator only link", :action =>'foo' %>
<% end %>
ActiveACL Plugin
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(Release 0.2.1, December 2006, very low activity)
ActiveACL (as in active control lists) is based on PhpGacl and claims to be highly scalable, having optimized database access and caching. Permissions range from simple (controller/action) to object level, are assigned at runtime, and may be grouped and inherited.
To me, the documentation and implementation seems overly complicated and confusing. ActiveACL creates and manages ten (10) tables in the database. The phpgacl manual is helpful though. Here's how I think it works (mapping their terminology to more common words):
Let's say we group our users ("requesters") into roles ("groups"). Each user may or may not access different objects ("targets") on the site. Targets can be models, individual objects in a model, controllers, and individual actions in a controller.
We assign access restrictions to each role group, and/or to individual requesters; those lower in the tree override permissions higher up. So if "John" is an "Moderator" with access to all Articles, we can keep him from accessing a specific article (e.g. "Privacy Policy") by creating an access-denied for that one instance.
ActiveACL adds another table, called Section which is simply a way of categorizing access objects for the user interface (e.g. "Rooms", "Floors", "People") but have nothing to do with actual groups in the tree. (This seems to add unnecessary complexity because our models most likely already have attributes for organizing large data sets).
ActiveACL can be used not just for managing user groups/roles, but other application domains like server permissions, or maybe even modeling of engineering constraints.
Authorization Plugin
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(Version 1.0, September, 2006, low activity)
The Authorization plug-in provides role based authorization, along with a number of Railsey sugar like dynamic methods and a little grammer parser that potentially enhances the programming experience and readability of your code (a la domain specific languages, DSL). It is compatible with ActsAsAuthenticated plugin out of the box. Documentation is comprehensible, and good test coverage is provided.
User objects just need to implement a has_role? method, using the provided acts_as_authorized_user. And models then use acts_as_authorizable.
Roles can be authorized for the entire application, a model class, or a specific object. The plugin provides a way of checking authorization at the class or instance method level using permit and permit? methods. It also provides english-like dynamic methods like "user.is_manager_of project" (where "user" acts as authorized, "manager" is a role, and "project" is an authorizable model). You can specify how control is redirected if authorization is denied.
Roles are set by has_role and accepts_role methods, with optional scope (such as user.has_role 'site_admin' , or user.has_role 'moderator', group). Models set roles for specific users (such as project.accepts_role 'manager', user). Then, dynamic methods let you say things like user.is_manager_of? project
Cool!
Goldberg
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(Version 0.2.0, April 2007, active)
The Goldberg plugin is an example of a high level generator that includes both authorization and authentication. It's like a framework built on top of the Rails framework, but actually sits beside it because you continue to develop your Rails app as usual, Goldberg does not interfere. You don't have to write any Goldberg-specific code in your application or use its API.
You define Roles (which can be has subgroup hierarchy), and assign permissions to the roles. A permssion is a controller/action that the role may access. Then you assign users to roles.
Goldberg installs as application-wide before-filters (if not exactly, at least conceptually) that examines the routed controller/action against its database of permissions ("credentials") for the current logged in user. Credentials are stored in the current session minimizing the need for database access between page loads.
That's just the beginning. Goldberg also provides a little hierarchical page manager (approaching a CMS) for static content; a menu manager for redirecting to pages or any arbitrary controller/action; and a theme system for dynamically re-skinning your application. It does not impose a specific markup on you, however. Finally there is an API for custom access control within your application.
Defense in Depth -- Model Level Security
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(Release 0.0.9 November, 2005, inactive)
Second level of defense. You still use your views to hide links to unauthorized actions, and set before_filter's in controllers to prevent unauthorized action methods from executing. But should someone get through, the model can also provide security.


text:
on july 30, summer hands-on inquiry based learning activity for the "left-behind" children in rural areas co-sponsored by hengtong group and shaanxi lingerjiu public welfare center was officially held at xi'an qujiang polar ocean park in china. 60 children came to qujiang polar ocean park accompanied by volunteers. they enjoy the wonderful ocean world, watch the performance of marine animals, and have a happy day.
this summer public welfare hibl activity is an innovative activity of the hengtong group public welfare project "kanglei plan". it is another theme activity after "pass love small table", "second classroom" and "mental health classroom". it aims to help rural children better integrate into the city and enrich their childhood life by organizing kanglei children walking out of the mountains into enterprises and cities during the annual summer vacation.
"children seldom have the chance to come to the city. it is the first time for them to come to qujiang polar ocean park. by visiting and playing, they have broadens horizons, enriches their knowledge of the ocean and stimulates their enthusiasm for protecting the marine environment" said principal wang.


text:
The Biography of Mary Anderson
by Laura F, Age 9
, Grade 4, P.A
The biography of Mary Anderson
Do you want to learn about Mary Anderson? If you do I can tell you all about the biography of Mary Anderson. She invented the windshield wipers and she was famous for that. When were the windshield wipers invented? In 1902 in a trolley car.
She was born on February 19,to John C. and Rebecca Anderson. Mary's father died when she was four. She had a brother in law. Also his name was G.P. Thornton.
She was born in Greene county Alabama,at the start of the post civil war reconstruction. In 1893 she decided to move to Canada where she established a cattle,ranch,and a vineyard. She was hired to make the windshield wipers to keep precipitation off the windshield.
She died when she was 87 in 1953, June 27,in Monteagle,Tennessee, at her summer home. Anderson resigned in Birmingham,where she continued to manage the Fairmont apartments until she died at 87 years old. Her funeral was conducted by Dr. Frank A Mathes at south highland and she was buried at Elmwood cemetery.
That's what I found about Mary Anderson who invented the windshield wipers. With the overview paragraph,childhood events,early life later life and concluding with lots of fact about Mary Anderson.


text: Activities The Great Outdoors What Does the Term "Confined Water" Mean in Scuba Diving? Share PINTEREST Email Print Divers making a confined water dive in a swimming pool. © Getty Images The Great Outdoors Scuba Diving & Snorkeling Gear Skills Safety Hiking Climbing Skiing Snowboarding Surfing Paddling Fishing Sailing Learn More By Natalie Gibb Natalie Gibb owns a dive shop in Mexico and is a PADI-certified open water scuba instructor and TDI-certified full cave diving instructor. our editorial process Natalie Gibb Updated March 17, 2017 The term confined water is used to describe a dive site at which the environment is entirely predictable and controlled. This includes acceptable visibility for the planned dive, a calm surface and an absence of strong current. Confined water sites should have easy entry and exit points, and should not have any overhang or obstruction that prevents divers from directly reaching the surface. The most common example of a confined water dive site is a swimming pool. Other typical confined water locations include a calm bay, a lake or even a man-made quarry. Confined water sites are used for skill practice and training, for testing out new dive gear, or for novice divers who would like to play in an easy environment before heading to open water. A confined water dive most often refers to training dives with the express purpose of learning, practicing, and evaluating dive skills. The PADI (Professional Association of Diving Instructors) open water course, for example, requires students to pass five confined water dives at a variety of depths. Initially, skills are practiced in water shallow enough to stand up in, and as the student progresses, skills are practiced in deeper water. Any dive made in confined water, however, can be technically considered a confined water dive.


text:
Imitate is defined as to copy or use something as a model.(verb)
An example of imitate is for a child to copy his older sibling's every move.
See imitate in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: < L imitatus, pp. of imitari, to imitate, akin to aemulus: see emulate
See imitate in American Heritage Dictionary 4
transitive verb im·i·tat·ed, im·i·tat·ing, im·i·tates
Origin: Latin imitārī, imitāt-; see aimin Indo-European roots.
Learn more about imitate


Field Notes
D. W. Mogk 1997 Mineralogical Society of America, Washington, DC Teaching Mineralogy p47-51
This article introduces the concept of "novelty space" and emphasizes that students' learning is impaired if they are 1) uncertain about their geologic and geographic setting, 2) not clear about what tasks they are expected to do or what the outcomes should look likem and 3) concerned about their personal safety and comfort. Pre-field trip preparations can significantly decrease this novelty space so students are well-prepared to engage field experiences to promote learning and positive attitudes about the activity.
The full text of the notes can be downloaded from this website.
Subject: Geoscience:Geology
Research on Learning: Ways Of Learning:In the Field, Cognitive Domain:Misconceptions/barriers to learning


Add and publish the Workspace ONE PIV-D Manager to devices as a public app. The app receives the derived credential certificates from the console so that the device can use them.
For details on how to use Workspace ONE PIV-D Manager to sign PDFs with derived credentials, see Sign PDFs with Workspace ONE PIV-D Manager for iOS.
Procedure
 1. Navigate to Apps & Books > Applications > Native > Public and select Add Application.
 The Managed By text box displays the organization group where the app is uploaded.
 2. Select the desired platform.
 3. Select Search App Store from the Source field to find the application.
 4. Enter VMware PIV-D Manager as the keyword in the Name text box to find the application in the app store.
 5. Select the application from the app store result page.
 The Add Application window displays but you do not need to add further information unless you want to.
 6. Select Save & Assign to move to the deployment section.
 You assign the app to devices and add optional app config parameters in the deployment section.
 7. Select the Assignment tab and Add Assignement.
 8. Enter a group that includes the devices that use your derived credential solution for Select Assignment Groups.
 9. (Optional) Under the Application Configuration tab, enable Application Configuration and enter the listed Configuration Key and Value pairs. Use the Add button to insert additional lines.
 App config values parameters some manual configurations for the user on the device but they are not required for Workspace ONE PIV-D Manager to work.
 Table 1. Common App Config Key-Value Pairs
 Configuration Key
 Value Type
 Configuration Value
 Description
 PIVDProvider
 Integer
 1 = Entrust
 2 = Intercede
 3 = Purebred
 4 = XTec
 5 = Workspace ONE UEM
 This numeric value corresponds to a given provider. Workspace ONE UEM sends the value to the app to pre-configure the provider for the assigned end users.
 PIVDInstructions
 String
 The instructional text for the end user.
 A brief single string instruction for the end user to prepare them for using the app to activate/provision/import derived credentials from the provider.
 PIVDConfig
 Array
 0 = Off
 1 = On
 Workspace ONE PIV-D Manager prompts the end user for an app token from the Self Service Portal before letting them proceed with fetching an SDK profile and certificate. This feature only works when the PIVDProviderconfiguration key value is 5 (Workspace ONE UEM).
 PIVDPromptForPIN
 Boolean
 true = on
 false r= off
 Workspace ONE PIV-D Manager prompts the end user for the PIN even if you enable SSO.
 CertificateExpiryWarningPeriod
 Integer
 Enable = Any numerical value greater than 0
 Disable = 0
 If nothing is manually set, the default value is 30 days.
 CertificateExpiryWarning
 String
 Your custom warning message for when a certificate is about to expire.
 If nothing is manually set, then our default warning message is displayed.
 Table 2. iOS App Config Key-Value Pairs
 Key
 Value Type
 Description
 EnableEntrustBluetoothLogin
 Boolean
 true = on
 false = off
 When you enable this value, the PIN policy defined in the Entrust system is honored instead of what is defined here.
 EnableManualCertificateImport
 Boolean
 true = on
 false = off
 Enables integrations with XTec to import additional certificates from web browser downloads using the download portal website for customers.
 EnablePDF Signing
 Boolean
 true = on
 false = off
 Enable apps like Mail, Workspace ONE Boxer, or Adobe Acrobat Reader, to sign a PDF document using the derived credential in Workspace ONE PIV-D Manager.
 PinLengthMinimum
 Integer
 The minimum character length for the pin protecting the certificate store.
 For iOS devices, the minimum required PIN length is 6 characters.
 PinUppercaseMinimum
 Integer
 The minimum number of uppercase characters for the pin protecting the certificate store.
 PinLowercaseMinimum
 Integer
 The minimum number of lowercase characters for the pin protecting the certificate store.
 PinSpecialCharMinimum
 Integer
 The minimum number of special characters for the pin protecting the certificate store.
 Supported characters: ~!@#$%^&*_-+='|\(){}[]:;"'<>,.?/
 PinNumbersMinimum
 Integer
 The minimum number of number characters for the pin protecting the certificate store.
 PinDisallowDuplicate
 Boolean
 Setting this to True checks for duplicate characters next to each other in the pin protecting the certificate store.
 PinDisallowSequential
 Boolean
 Setting this to True checks for a sequence of characters going up or down in value (123, 321, abc) in the pin protecting the certificate store.
 10. Select Add to assign the app to the devices in the assignment group and then save and publish Workspace ONE PIV-D Manager as a managed application.