Python Program Find Union and Intersection of Two Arrays
Python Program Find Union and Intersection of Two Arrays
To find union and intersection of two arrays in python; This tutorial will show you how to find union and intersection of two arrays in python.
Both union and intersection are different things. You can read below the both of them.
Union:- A list that has the common distinct element from both arrays and if there are repetitions of the element then only one occurrence is considered, known as the union of both arrays.
Intersection:- A list that has common distinct elements from both arrays, is the intersection of both arrays.
Python Program Find Union and Intersection of Two Arrays
 - Algorithm to find union and intersection of two arrays
 - Python program to find union and intersection of two arrays
Algorithm to find union and intersection of two arrays
 1. First of all, Take two lists from the user.
 2. Take the bitwise or (|) between the sets of both arrays to find union and assign it into a variable X in the form of lists.
 3. To find the intersection of between two arrays, use the bitwise and (&) between the sets of given arrays and assign it into a variable Y in the form of lists.
 4. Print variable X and Y which is our required output.
Python program to find union and intersection of two arrays
Use the following steps to write a python program to find union and intersection of two arrays:
 - Take input Two arrays from the user in the program.
 - Find the union and intersection of these arrays bitwise operators.
 - Store result in different variables.
 - Print result.
# Program to find the union and intersection of two arrays
#take input two array from user
firstArr=list(map(int,input('Enter elements of first list:').split()))
secondArr=list(map(int,input('Enter elements of second list:').split()))
# find the union and intersection of two arrays
#using bitwise operators
x=list(set(firstArr)|set(secondArr))
y=list(set(firstArr)&set(secondArr))
#print list
print('Union of the arrays:',x)
print('intersection of the arrays:',y)
After executing the program, the output will be:
Enter elements of first list: 2 5 6
Enter elements of second list: 5 7 9 6
Union of the arrays: [2, 5, 6, 7, 9]
intersection of the arrays: [5, 6]
Recommended Python Array Programs
 1. Python Program to Find the GCD of Two Numbers or Array
 2. Python | Program to Find the LCM of the Array Elements
 3. Python Program to Find Sum of All Array Elements
 4. Python Count the Occurrences in an Array
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The application of adult nursing pads in surgery
by：Moosee 2021-03-13
Adult nursing pad is a disposable sanitary product made of PE film, non-woven fabric, fluff pulp, polymer and other materials. Adult nursing pads can reduce the occurrence of hypothermia in surgical patients, and at the same time reduce the frequency of moving patients. The vital signs are significantly smoother than those of patients with repeated turnings, and the patient feels comfortable. So what are the applications of adult nursing pads in surgery? Let me introduce to you.
1. Before operation: Lay two 90*60cm2 adult nursing pads on the stretcher to isolate the patient's body from direct contact with the stretcher. Depending on the patient's condition, use the patient's own translation or two-person transfer method to move the patient. Move it to the stretcher and cover with the quilt. The general principle of handling is to move lightly, shorten the distance, and save energy. During transportation, keep warm.
2. Intraoperative: Intraoperative disinfectant and various rinsing fluids overflow, the nursing pad can quickly absorb, keep the surface dry, avoid the irritation of the wet bed sheet to the patient's skin, and reduce the loss of skin heat conduction.
3. After operation: Place the scoop stretcher on the flat car, and spread two nursing pads on the stretcher flat, with a nursing pad in the middle corresponding to the patient's waist and hips. After being transported to the ward, the nurses and nurses lift the scoop stretcher to the patient's bed, disassemble the stretcher, check whether the adult nursing pad is flat, and cover the patient with a quilt to prevent loss of body temperature. During the entire transportation process, pay attention to observe the patient's vital signs, lip color, and whether there is any chills.
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Should Steam Escape From A Slow Cooker?
Slow cookers are a great way of being able to cook tasty meals without having to spend hours in the kitchen, they use the heat and steam created to cook the food inside the pot.
A small amount of steam should escape a slow cooker as most slow cookers have holes in the top to allow for the steam to naturally release. If you notice a lot of steam escaping your slow cooker this can affect your cooking times and may require you to replace your lid.
In this article, we are going to talk about whether steam should be leaving your slow cooker, if it is normal and how to adjust your slow cooker lid to stop too much steam from leaving your slow cooker.
Can Steam Escape From A Slow Cooker?
The simple answer to this question is Yes.
While it is accurate and acceptable that the steam escapes a slow cooker, there is a limit to it. Steam escaping in large quantities might not be a good sign as your food will take forever to cook.
Slow cookers are designed in a way that keeps the steam inside and lets the food cook at its own temperature. It gathers all the steam inside that it needs and slowly works for cooking the food.
If you notice that the lid is loose or the steam is escaping from the cooker, do not panic as it is normal. If the seal is tight, it might blow the lid off. For safety purposes, it is designed in a way that keeps the lid a bit loose.
In addition to this, it is designed differently from a traditional cooker that makes it easy for you to use it. You do not have to be concerned about the safety, and you can even leave it unattended. If you want to multitask, just put the ingredients inside and let it do its job.
There are a variety of foods you can cook in a slow cooker, and it is designed to make it easy for you to cook. Just set the timer and put in the ingredients. The cooker can do the rest.
One of the best features of using a slow cooker is that you do not have to stand by it the whole time it is on. You can leave it unattended and do other work. This feature makes it easy for you to cook and, at the same time, finish up some pending tasks.
So, if you are still concerned about the steam coming out of a slow cooker, let us help you.
Should Steam Escape From A Slow Cooker?
Like any other slow cooker, the purpose is to cook the meat or ingredients inside to the point that it makes it edible. Ideally, a large amount of steam should not escape the slow cooker. If you notice that all the steam is escaping the slow cooker, you might have done something wrong.
You should cover the lid properly or fix it at an angle that will not let the steam escape.
Usually, a slow cooker brings your food to a temperature around 210 degrees. It keeps it there to cook it slowly. If the lid is loose and it is not snug properly, there is a chance that you might have to wait for long to cook food.
The vent at the top of the slow cooker allows the steam to escape while cooking the food. One of the reasons for steam coming out of the cooker is related to the taste of the food. If there is too much steam inside (more than you want), it will ruin the taste.
So, make sure that you double-checked the cooker's lid to let the optimum steam stay inside.
How To Stop Steam Escaping From A Slow Cooker?
It is normal for the steam to escape the slow cooker, but if nothing remains inside, then it is quite alarming. There are different methods that can help you keep the steam inside needed to cook the food.
Your main goal is to cook the food at an optimum temperature that keeps the taste intact.
Below are a few methods that you can follow to make the most out of the slow cooker and prevent the steam from escaping.
1. Clean the pot thoroughly.
There might be a chance that the cooker's residue is coming in the way of letting the steam accumulate. Do not let the food stay inside and after each use, make sure you wash the cooker properly.
You can use baking soda, vinegar, and water to clean the cooker thoroughly. Cleaning it will help you and improve the performance of the cooker.
2. Use parchment paper or aluminum foil.
If there are fewer ingredients inside the cooker, you can cover them with parchment paper or a foil to seal the moisture inside. This will contain the steam inside and keeps the juicy flavor of the items.
Moreover, the material also keeps the steam inside, so you do not have to worry about steam coming out.
3. Use flour with water.
Make a mixture of flour and water and use the mixture to fill in the gaps. This method will prevent the steam from escaping the cooker.
So, these are some of the tips you can follow to keep the steam inside. It is necessary to follow the instructions and keep in mind the safety instructions so you do not hurt yourself.


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How To Tie Shoelaces For Converse
Since Converse are such a unique brand of shoes, you have probably wondered how to tie shoelaces for Converse. The truth is, tying shoelaces for Converse is the same as any other shoes, and can be mastered fairly quickly.
To tie shoelaces for Converse, you will need:
- A pair of Converse
- Put on both pairs of shoes and make sure that they are laced correctly. The shoelaces should run through all of the holes on the side of the Converse, and an equal length of shoelace should stick out on the right and left side of the first pair of holes.
- Now, tighten the shoe by pulling on the shoelaces on the left and right side of the shoes. This will make sure that the shoes fit you well when the shoelaces are tied.
- Cross the left and right lace by pulling the left string under the right string. This will create an "X" shape.
- Hold the left lace (which was originally the right lace) and form a loop, holding it in place between the index finger and thumb of your left hand. Do the same for the right lace, holding it in place with your right hand. Cross both loops by putting the right loop over the left loop.
- Tie both loops into a knot, like you did in step three. Take care to ensure that the loops don't accidentally open up. If they do, simply repeat step four.
- Pull tightly and your shoelaces are now tied. To untie the shoes, simply pull on the laces.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
compute temp command
compute temp/kk command
compute ID group-ID temp
ID, group-ID are documented in compute command
temp = style name of this compute command
compute 1 all temp compute myTemp mobile temp
Define a computation that calculates the temperature of a group of atoms. A compute of this style can be used by any command that computes a temperature, e.g. thermo_modify, fix temp/rescale, fix npt, etc.
The temperature is calculated by the formula KE = dim/2 N k T, where KE = total kinetic energy of the group of atoms (sum of 1/2 m v^2), dim = 2 or 3 = dimensionality of the simulation, N = number of atoms in the group, k = Boltzmann constant, and T = temperature.
A kinetic energy tensor, stored as a 6-element vector, is also calculated by this compute for use in the computation of a pressure tensor. The formula for the components of the tensor is the same as the above formula, except that v^2 is replaced by vx*vy for the xy component, etc. The 6 components of the vector are ordered xx, yy, zz, xy, xz, yz.
The number of atoms contributing to the temperature is assumed to be constant for the duration of the run; use the dynamic option of the compute_modify command if this is not the case.
This compute subtracts out degrees-of-freedom due to fixes that constrain molecular motion, such as fix shake and fix rigid. This means the temperature of groups of atoms that include these constraints will be computed correctly. If needed, the subtracted degrees-of-freedom can be altered using the extra option of the compute_modify command.
A compute of this style with the ID of "thermo_temp" is created when LAMMPS starts up, as if this command were in the input script:
compute thermo_temp all temp
See the "thermo_style" command for more details.
See the Howto thermostat doc page for a discussion of different ways to compute temperature and perform thermostatting.
Styles with a gpu, intel, kk, omp, or opt suffix are functionally the same as the corresponding style without the suffix. They have been optimized to run faster, depending on your available hardware, as discussed on the Speed packages doc page. The accelerated styles take the same arguments and should produce the same results, except for round-off and precision issues.
These accelerated styles are part of the GPU, USER-INTEL, KOKKOS, USER-OMP and OPT packages, respectively. They are only enabled if LAMMPS was built with those packages. See the Build package doc page for more info.
You can specify the accelerated styles explicitly in your input script by including their suffix, or you can use the -suffix command-line switch when you invoke LAMMPS, or you can use the suffix command in your input script.
See the Speed packages doc page for more instructions on how to use the accelerated styles effectively.
This compute calculates a global scalar (the temperature) and a global vector of length 6 (KE tensor), which can be accessed by indices 1-6. These values can be used by any command that uses global scalar or vector values from a compute as input. See the Howto output doc page for an overview of LAMMPS output options.
The scalar value calculated by this compute is "intensive". The vector values are "extensive".


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How Summer Dehydration Can Lead To Cavities And More
Family Dentistry 3 in Winnipeg, MB by Dr. Doug McDermid of Lakewood Dental Centre
Finally, the weather is starting to warm up and the sun is coming out more and more. That means summer is here, and it's time to start getting some exercise outside. Running, hiking, or just playing around the pool at a friend's house can be great fun this time of year.
But these can also dehydrate you. Even if you don't drink too much alcohol or coffee, you sweat a lot more in summer. And dehydration can lead to more cavities and worse.
Call our Winnipeg, MB dental office today at _PHONE_ and schedule your next appointment. A dental cleaning will help protect your teeth and gums, while a dental exam can determine if you have any problems that dehydration might make worse.
Why Wet Teeth Are Healthy Teeth
Getting dehydrated at any time of the year is a problem. You can feel dizzy, nauseous, tired, irritable and more. It also hurts your dental healthy because it leads to dry mouth.
Believe it or not, your teeth and gums depend on saliva to help keep them healthy. Here's what your saliva does for your smile:
 - Gets rid of food particles. Whenever you eat, tiny bits of food and drink are trapped on your teeth and gums. These feed harmful bacteria behind gum disease and cavities, but saliva helps wash them away.
 - Help prevent stains. Dark foods and drinks leave behind tiny stains on your enamel that eventually turn your teeth dark. Saliva cannot stop all stains, but it can help keep some of them away from your teeth.
 - Keep your breath nicer. When you're mouth is dry, it's more likely to have an odor. Saliva helps wash away some of what makes your breath smell, keeping it nicer.
 - Protect your enamel. There's a little amount of calcium and similar minerals in your saliva. These help keep your enamel strong.
How Dehydration Leads To Dental Problems
Here are some of the dental health problems that can happen to you when you're dehydrated and have dry mouth.
DISCOLORED TEETH
When you eat dark foods and drinks (coffee, tomato sauce, tea, chocolate, etc.), a tiny amount gets trapped on your teeth. This leaves behind a stain that's too small to see. But as times flies by, these stains build up until your teeth are dark and brown.
Normally, saliva helps prevent some of these stains from getting trapped on your enamel. But when you have dry mouth thanks to dehydration, the stains build up faster leading to discolored teeth.
WEAK ENAMEL
Because saliva has trace amounts of calcium and similar minerals, it can help keep your enamel strong. Saliva coats your teeth, and the minerals in it soak into the enamel, making it healthier. So when you're dehydrated and have a dry mouth, your teeth aren't getting the minerals they're used to having.
CAVITIES
Tooth decay is caused by harmful bacteria that live in your mouth. They feed on food particles in your mouth, and they produce an acid that erodes holes (or cavities) in your enamel. So the more food particles there are in your mouth, the more cavities you eventually get.
Saliva is supposed to help wash away those food particles, but when you're dehydrated, that's not happening. That's why you can get more cavities when you have a dry mouth.
GUM DISEASE
Cavities aren't the only thing those bacteria can cause. When they live on your gums instead of your teeth, they still produce an acid. But instead of eroding holes in enamel, it irritates and damages your gum tissues. This leads to gum disease.
Because you don't have the saliva you normally do, you are at a higher risk of getting gum disease through dehydration.
HALITOSIS (BAD BREATH)
If you've ever woken up dying of thirst, you probably had bad breath (also known as halitosis). That because a dry mouth doesn't have any saliva to wash away stuff that makes your breath smell. Instead, it just sits in your mouth and causes halitosis.
Call Lakewood Dental Centre today at _PHONE_ or use our online form to schedule your next appointment with our Winnipeg dentists — and make sure you drink plenty of water this summer.
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How many shards should I have in my Elasticsearch cluster
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Elasticsearch is a very versatile platform, that supports a variety of use cases, and provides great flexibility around data organisation and replication strategies. This flexibility can however sometimes make it hard to determine up-front how to best organize your data into indices and shards, especially if you are new to the Elastic Stack. While suboptimal choices will not necessarily cause problems when first starting out, they have the potential to cause performance problems as data volumes grow over time. The more data the cluster holds, the more difficult it also becomes to correct the problem, as reindexing of large amounts of data can sometimes be required.
When we come across users that are experiencing performance problems, it is not uncommon that this can be traced back to issues around how data is indexed and number of shards in the cluster. This is especially true for use-cases involving multi-tenancy and/or use of time-based indices. When discussing this with users, either in person at events or meetings or via our forum, some of the most common questions are "How many shards should I have?" and "How large should my shards be?".
This blog post aims to help you answer these questions and provide practical guidelines for use cases that involve the use of time-based indices, e.g. logging or security analytics, in a single place.
What is a shard?
Before we start, we need to establish some facts and terminology that we will need in later sections.
Data in Elasticsearch is organized into indices. Each index is made up of one or more shards. Each shard is an instance of a Lucene index, which you can think of as a self-contained search engine that indexes and handles queries for a subset of the data in an Elasticsearch cluster.
As data is written to a shard, it is periodically published into new immutable Lucene segments on disk, and it is at this time it becomes available for querying. This is referred to as a refresh. How this works is described in greater detail in Elasticsearch: the Definitive Guide.
As the number of segments grow, these are periodically consolidated into larger segments. This process is referred to as merging. As all segments are immutable, this means that the disk space used will typically fluctuate during indexing, as new, merged segments need to be created before the ones they replace can be deleted. Merging can be quite resource intensive, especially with respect to disk I/O.
The shard is the unit at which Elasticsearch distributes data around the cluster. The speed at which Elasticsearch can move shards around when rebalancing data, e.g. following a failure, will depend on the size and number of shards as well as network and disk performance.
TIP: Avoid having very large shards as this can negatively affect the cluster's ability to recover from failure. There is no fixed limit on how large shards can be, but a shard size of 50GB is often quoted as a limit that has been seen to work for a variety of use-cases.
Index by retention period
As segments are immutable, updating a document requires Elasticsearch to first find the existing document, then mark it as deleted and add the updated version. Deleting a document also requires the document to be found and marked as deleted. For this reason, deleted documents will continue to tie up disk space and some system resources until they are merged out, which can consume a lot of system resources.
Elasticsearch allows complete indices to be deleted very efficiently directly from the file system, without explicitly having to delete all records individually. This is by far the most efficient way to delete data from Elasticsearch.
TIP: Try to use time-based indices for managing data retention whenever possible. Group data into indices based on the retention period. Time-based indices also make it easy to vary the number of primary shards and replicas over time, as this can be changed for the next index to be generated. This simplifies adapting to changing data volumes and requirements.
Are indices and shards not free?
For each Elasticsearch index, information about mappings and state is stored in the cluster state. This is kept in memory for fast access. Having a large number of indices in a cluster can therefore result in a large cluster state, especially if mappings are large. This can become slow to update as all updates need to be done through a single thread in order to guarantee consistency before the changes are distributed across the cluster.
TIP: In order to reduce the number of indices and avoid large and sprawling mappings, consider storing data with similar structure in the same index rather than splitting into separate indices based on where the data comes from. It is important to find a good balance between the number of indices and the mapping size for each individual index.
Each shard has data that need to be kept in memory and use heap space. This includes data structures holding information at the shard level, but also at the segment level in order to define where data reside on disk. The size of these data structures is not fixed and will vary depending on the use-case.
One important characteristic of the segment related overhead is however that it is not strictly proportional to the size of the segment. This means that larger segments have less overhead per data volume compared to smaller segments. The difference can be substantial.
In order to be able to store as much data as possible per node, it becomes important to manage heap usage and reduce the amount of overhead as much as possible. The more heap space a node has, the more data and shards it can handle.
Indices and shards are therefore not free from a cluster perspective, as there is some level of resource overhead for each index and shard.
TIP: Small shards result in small segments, which increases overhead. Aim to keep the average shard size between a few GB and a few tens of GB. For use-cases with time-based data, it is common to see shards between 20GB and 40GB in size.
TIP: As the overhead per shard depends on the segment count and size, forcing smaller segments to merge into larger ones through a forcemerge operation can reduce overhead and improve query performance. This should ideally be done once no more data is written to the index. Be aware that this is an expensive operation that should ideally be performed during off-peak hours.
TIP: The number of shards you can hold on a node will be proportional to the amount of heap you have available, but there is no fixed limit enforced by Elasticsearch. A good rule-of-thumb is to ensure you keep the number of shards per node below 20 to 25 per GB heap it has configured. A node with a 30GB heap should therefore have a maximum of 600-750 shards, but the further below this limit you can keep it the better. This will generally help the cluster stay in good health.
How does shard size affect performance?
In Elasticsearch, each query is executed in a single thread per shard. Multiple shards can however be processed in parallel, as can multiple queries and aggregations against the same shard.
This means that the minimum query latency, when no caching is involved, will depend on the data, the type of query, as well as the size of the shard. Querying lots of small shards will make the processing per shard faster, but as many more tasks need to be queued up and processed in sequence, it is not necessarily going to be faster than querying a smaller number of larger shards. Having lots of small shards can also reduce the query throughput if there are multiple concurrent queries.
TIP: The best way to determine the maximum shard size from a query performance perspective is to benchmark using realistic data and queries. Always benchmark with a query and indexing load representative of what the node would need to handle in production, as optimizing for a single query might give misleading results.
How do I manage shard size?
When using time-based indices, each index has traditionally been associated with a fixed time period. Daily indices are very common, and often used for holding data with short retention period or large daily volumes. These allow retention period to be managed with good granularity and makes it easy to adjust for changing volumes on a daily basis. Data with a longer retention period, especially if the daily volumes do not warrant the use of daily indices, often use weekly or monthly induces in order to keep the shard size up. This reduces the number of indices and shards that need to be stored in the cluster over time.
TIP: If using time-based indices covering a fixed period, adjust the period each index covers based on the retention period and expected data volumes in order to reach the target shard size.
Time-based indices with a fixed time interval works well when data volumes are reasonably predictable and change slowly. If the indexing rate can vary quickly, it is very difficult to maintain a uniform target shard size.
In order to be able to better handle this type of scenarios, the Rollover and Shrink APIs were introduced. These add a lot of flexibility to how indices and shards are managed, specifically for time-based indices.
The rollover index API makes it possible to specify the number of documents and index should contain and/or the maximum period documents should be written to it. Once one of these criteria has been exceeded, Elasticsearch can trigger a new index to be created for writing without downtime. Instead of having each index cover a specific time-period, it is now possible to switch to a new index at a specific size, which makes it possible to more easily achieve an even shard size for all indices.
In cases where data might be updated, there is no longer a distinct link between the timestamp of the event and the index it resides in when using this API, which may make updates significantly less efficient as each update my need to be preceded by a search.
TIP: If you have time-based, immutable data where volumes can vary significantly over time, consider using the rollover index API to achieve an optimal target shard size by dynamically varying the time-period each index covers


text:
RETROFITTING OF PLAIN CEMENT CONCRETE BEAM USING ULTRA HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE OVERLAYS
Retrofitting is the strengthening of existing structures to enable them in carrying increased external loads. The need for retrofitting arises due to change in utility, expansion, damages due to accidents and environmental conditions. This paper presents an investigation of flexural behavior of plain cement concrete (PCC) beam retrofitted with ultrahigh strength concrete (UHSC) overlay. The proposed study consists of applying UHSC as a strengthening material on the bottom surface of the plain cement concrete beam in order to increase its stiffness and flexural strength. The beam of size 150 mm × 150 mm × 650 mm is tested for the failure load using M25 grade of concrete. Experiments were carried out under displacement controlled loading method.
R. SOWMYA , R. JAYALAKSHMI AND VEMURI LAKSHMINARAYANA

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Cultural Heritage Day of Chile dedicated to the 40th anniversary
The 2012 edition of the Cultural Heritage Day of Chile will be celebrated in the framework of the 40th anniversary of the World Heritage Convention. In order to contribute to the worldwide celebrations of the anniversary, this year's edition focuses specifically on the relation between heritage and development, including the role of local communities in heritage preservation.
This festivity has been celebrated every last Sunday of May since the year 1999, with the objective to organize a festive day reflecting on the values, the role and the significance of Chilean cultural heritage. Activities, taking place all around the country, include opening of monuments to public, seminars and educational activities to sensitize the general public to preservation and sustainable management of cultural heritage in Chile.
Every year, this celebration counts on the participation of hundreds of volunteers. This year, the number will be extended by promoting local communities active participation through a "campaign for the common good" forming teams of young volunteers who will clean four national monuments in Santiago.
Furthermore, an expert seminar with the theme "Cultural Heritage and Sustainable Development" will take place as part of the Cultural Heritage Day. Two panel discussions will be dedicated to the role of local communities in the conservation of archeological and paleontological heritage and their role in the social development of urban heritage areas.
More information on _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Chart Lesson - The Missing Cross
Why is the preaching of the cross missing from so many churches? Perhaps it is because it is missing from so much of the Bible. Learn how to find the preaching of the cross and why it is only found in Paul's epistles. Taught by Jeremey Johnson Grace Ambassadors Bible Fellowship - Dec 8th, 2012
Uploaded Under Creative Commons Permission
Your keywords determine which category will be chosen for your video. Use keywords like health, technology, science, politics, food, etc., to make sure your video goes into the category you wish.


text:
Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL)
Light is absorbed by many of the atmospheric components. Absorption of light by molecules is the basis for DIAL which is used to measure the atmospheric concentrations of gases such as water vapor and ozone.
DIAL Measurements of Water Vapor
As shown in figure (a), water vapor has many discrete absorption lines. In water vapor DIAL, laser pulses are transmitted at two wavelengths, one on a water vapor absorption line, λon, and another off-line, λoff. If the two wavelengths are close together, then for both wavelengths the scattering by molecules and particles is essentially equal. The difference in the returns between the two wavelengths is then due entirely to absorption by water vapor molecules, figure (b). Thus, measurement of the ratio of the backscatter at the two wavelengths as a function of range can be used to calculate the water vapor concentration profile.
DIAL Measurements of Ozone
DIAL measurements of ozone require less precise laser frequency because ozone has a broad (~200 nm) absorption band [see figure] instead of narrow lines lines like water vapor. This requires that the onand offwavelengths be chosen with sufficient wavelength separation to ensure a significant difference in their absorption. However, uncertainty in the changes of aerosol scattering and patterning between the wavelengths can introduce error. The difference in aerosol scattering at λon and λoff can be extrapolated from a third measurement taken at a longer wavelength, λa. Therefore, DIAL measurements with three wavelengths can be used to determine ozone concentration profiles to good accuracy.


Pants BUILD Dictionary
A BUILD file defines one or more build targets. A target represents a set of source files, dependencies or other 'nouns' that build commands can act on. The type of a target determines what actions apply to it. For example, a jvm_binary target can be compiled and run.
Target Types
Other BUILD Symbols
Generated by publish_docs from dist/reference/build_dictionary_body.html 2020-01-20T19:53:31.241704


text:
A survey of childhood blindness in three schools for the blind in Zambia
Aim: To assess the causes and distribution of blindness in children in three schools for the blind in Zambia, and to estimate the average cost of primary education per child per year. The results of this study will be used to develop baseline data for planning a nationwide intervention.
Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a quantitative component, conducted in three schools for the blind in Zambia. The World Health Organization Prevention of Blindness childhood blindness proforma was used to collect data and a questionnaire on cost was developed and administered to the head teachers. The data were recorded in Excel and analysed in the Epi InfoTM statistical software package, version 6.
Results: A total of 133 children were examined. The sex distribution was 91 males (68.4%) and 42 females (31.6%), giving a male to female ratio of 2.2:1. The age range was 6-24 years with a mean age of 13.9 years. A total of 64.7% of the children were below 16 years of age. Whereas 1.5% of the children were found to have no visual impairment, the majority (60.9%) were blind. The major anatomical site for visual loss was the retina (30.8%). Oculocutaneous albinism accounted for 68.3% of all visual loss affecting the retina. Hereditary diseases (36.8%) were the most common cause. Measles and vitamin A deficiency combined accounted for 65.2% of all causes due to childhood factors. A total of 60.2% of children were blind from conditions that could have been avoided. Fifty per cent of children changed visual status from blind to severely visually impaired after refraction. Overall, 23.3% of children were recommended for enrolment into mainstream education. The three schools had unique features, which meant there was a wide variation between them in the total yearly cost per pupil. It was therefore not possible to determine a yearly cost per child that could be used as a guide for the whole country.
Conclusion: If low vision aids are provided, a significant proportion of visually impaired children can be given the same opportunities and educational experiences as sighted children.
Using the key informant method to investigate childhood blindness related to vitamin A deficiency disorder in six rural sub-districts in Bangladesh
Aim: This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of childhood blindness related to vitamin A deficiency disorder (VADD) in six rural sub-districts in Bangladesh.
Methods: The study was carried out in rural sub-districts of Kishoreganj during June and July 2006. Risk factors of VADD-related childhood blindness were explored in six rural sub-districts. The key informant method of identifying blind children was used for the study. Key informants are unpaid volunteers from the local community who know their community very well. After receiving training from the field team of the Child Sight Foundation, the key informants had two weeks to identify blind children and motivate parents to bring the child for an eye examination. A cross-sectional study design was used to determine the prevalence and causes of childhood blindness for the Kishoreganj district. A case-control study was carried out to explore the risk factors of VADD-related childhood blindness.
Results: Prevalence of childhood blindness in Kishoreganj was found to be 1.03/1,000 children; 32.7% of all children with severe visual impairment/blindness (SVI/BL) had lens disorders leading to blindness. Corneal opacity was the cause of SVI/BL in 23.4% of the study children. Thirty per cent of children were severely visually impaired or blind due to hereditary diseases and 27.1% were severely visually impaired or blind due to childhood factors. Overall, 37.8% children were severely visually impaired or blind due to treatable eye conditions. Illiteracy of mother (odds ratio [OR]=2.45), illiteracy of father (OR=1.74), mother's disease in pregnancy (OR=3.74), child not receiving vitamin A capsule during diarrhoea (OR=5.01), and child not receiving vitamin A capsule during measles (OR=3.88) appeared as significant risk factors for VADD-related childhood blindness. The following were found to be significant protective factors against vitamin A deficiency in children: child immunised against measles (OR=0.10); colostrum given to child (OR=0.15); child breastfed (OR=0.13); child given dark green leafy vegetables (OR=0.01); child given meat/fish/eggs (OR=0.08); oil/fat used in child's food (OR=0.14); vitamin A capsule given to child in last year (OR=0.31); vitamin A-rich food eaten during pregnancy (OR=0.02); and antihelminthics given to child (OR=0.15).
Conclusion: A comprehensive and integrated programme is needed to control the high prevalence of childhood blindness in the Kishoreganj district. The control programme should include primary prevention strategies for VADD-related blindness, strategies to identify children with eye disease at an early age, and referral and treatment of children with cataract. These programmes should take a primary eye care approach to highlight the risk factors and protective factors of VADD-related blindness in children.
Use of key informants in determining the magnitude and causes of childhood blindness in Chikwawa district, southern Malawi
Background: Population-based studies to determine the magnitude and causes of childhood blindness require very large sample sizes and are very costly. Alternative methods such as the key informant method (which is cheap and easy to use) have been found to be as reliable as population-based studies in settings where the population is very dense.
Aims: To determine the magnitude and causes of childhood blindness in Chikwawa district, Malawi, using the key informant method; to see how this method can be used in a setting of low population density, where the population is widely dispersed.
Methods: Key informants are local people who know their community well. They were randomly selected by the communities themselves and trained for one day in techniques to identify children in the community who are blind. Each key informant covered on average 4-7 villages which were widely dispersed. Identified children were examined by the ophthalmologist to confirm the diagnosis.
Results: A group of 44 key informants was selected and trained. There were more female (80%) than male (20%) key informants. The key informants correctly identified 37 children who were blind in 196 villages (86% of the expected number from the area). The prevalence of childhood blindness was found to be 0.09%. Cataract was found to be the most common cause (35%) of childhood blindness, followed by corneal scarring (22%).
Conclusion: The key informant method was found to be cheap and useful in identifying children who are blind, even in areas where the population is widely dispersed. We recommend that this method be used to identify children who are blind in other districts of Malawi and where population-based surveys cannot be conducted.
A national survey of visual impairment in Botswana
Aims: To estimate the prevalence and determine the causes of visual impairment in people aged 50 years and older in Botswana, and to assess cataract surgical services in the country.
Methods: Multi-stage cluster randomised sampling with probability proportional to size was used to select a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample of 2,662 adults aged 50 years and older. Demographic details were collected for each of the subjects. This was followed by measurement of distance visual acuity. The crystalline lenses of all the subjects were examined for cataract. All those whose vision did not improve to 6/18 with pinhole had their pupils dilated with a short-acting mydriatic and their fundus examined. Subjects with vision <6/60 due to cataract were asked why they had not had surgery. Blindness was defined as vision <3/60 in the better eye with available correction and visual impairment as vision <6/18 in the better eye with available correction. The convention used by the World Health Organization, of assigning the major cause to the disorder most amenable to treatment, was used for those with more than one disorder causing visual impairment.
Results: A total of 2,127 eligible subjects were examined (79.9% response rate) from 55 clusters. Of those, 130 were blind. The age and sex-standardised prevalence of blindness was calculated to be 3.69% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.38-5.00%). A total of 56 had severe visual impairment (ageand sex-standardised prevalence of 1.69%, 95% CI 1.04-2.33%). The main causes of blindness were cataract (46.9%), diabetic retinopathy (20.0%), non-trachomatous corneal opacities (13.1%), and trachoma (6.2%). Cataract was also the main cause of both severe (58.9%) and moderate (40.2%) visual impairment. Refractive errors were responsible for 38.5% of moderate visual impairment. In total, 55 (37%) of the eyes had best corrected vision <6/60 after cataract surgery. The ageand sex-standardised cataract surgical coverage for vision <3/60 was 66.5% for persons and


§33-46A-2. Definitions.
(a) "Administrative fee" means the amount charged to a client-employer by a PEO for professional employer services. It does not include amounts paid by a client-employer to the PEO for wages and salaries, benefits, payroll taxes, withholding or assessments paid by the PEO to or on behalf of covered employees under the professional employer agreement.
(b) "Client-employer" means an employer who enters into a professional employer agreement with a PEO.
(c) "Covered employee" means a person employed by a client-employer for whom certain employer responsibilities are shared or allocated pursuant to a PEO agreement. Persons who are officers, directors, shareholders, partners and managers of the client-employer and who perform day-to-day operational services for the client-employer will be covered employees only to the extent expressly set forth in the professional employer agreement.
(d) "PEO group" means two or more PEOs that are majority owned or commonly controlled by the same entity, parent or controlling persons.
(e) "Person" means a natural person or a legal entity, including, without limitation, a sole proprietorship, firm, partnership, limited liability company, association, trust or corporation.
(f) "Professional employer agreement" means a written contract by and between a client-employer and a PEO under which a PEO contracts to provide professional employer services for an administrative fee.
(g) "Professional employer organization" or "PEO" means a person engaged in the business of providing professional employer services, regardless of its use of the term, or conducting business as a "staff leasing company," "registered staff leasing company," "employee leasing company," "administrative employer," or any other name. For purposes of this article, the following is not a PEO:
(1) A person who shares employees with a commonly-owned company within the meaning of section 414(b) and (c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended;
(2) A person who neither holds itself out as a PEO, nor enters into professional employer agreements as its principal business activity;
(3) An independent contractor who assumes responsibility for the product produced or service performed by a person or his or her agents and who retains and exercises primary direction and control over the work performed; or
(4) A person who provides temporary help services.
(h) "Professional employer services" means functions that are:
(1) Allocated to a PEO in a PEO agreement;
(2) Customarily exercised by an employer with respect to its employees, including, but not limited to, hiring, firing and disciplining employees, paying wages, withholding and paying payroll taxes, maintaining employee benefit plans, and providing for mandatory workers' compensation coverage;
(3) Exercised with respect to a majority of the employees of a client-employer; and
(4) Intended to be of a continuing rather than a temporary or seasonal nature.
(j) "Worksite employees" means persons employed by a PEO and not by a client-employer.


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The yarn in your towel will have been ringspun or produced using the Open End technique.
If produced using the Open End technique, the fibres are "strung out" into threads without the use of a bobbin. This process is faster and cheaper than other spinning techniques because the fibres being turned into yarn don't need to be aligned beforehand.
Ring Spun yarn is more laborious to produce and involves more steps. The fibres need to be aligned using a process called "carding" before they are spun. Occasionally the fibres are also combed to remove short, loose or coarse fibres and to create a luxuriously smooth yarn. Ring Spinning involves twisting the fibres and results in a stronger and more durable yarn than one created using the Open End technique.
And what does all that mean for you? Ring Spun yarn is smoother and more durable, while Open End spun yarn is rougher and lower in price.


Memory Swapping
Definition - What does Memory Swapping mean?
Memory swapping is a memory reclamation method wherein memory contents not currently in use are swapped to a disk to make the memory available for other applications or processes. The exact state or "page" of memory is copied to the disk to make the data contiguous and easy to restore later.
Techopedia explains Memory Swapping
Memory swapping is done by the OS kernel or, in the case of virtualized environments, by the hypervisor. It is actually an "expensive" process in regard to its overall impact on the system performance since moving data to and from the disk has considerable overhead. The more applications requiring the system to do memory swapping, the slower the performance becomes due to the increased overhead. In this case, increasing the amount of physical RAM would be the best course of action rather than allowing the system to do constant data juggling between the disk and the memory.
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For Windows Users
Step by Step
Step 1: Download and install the 'AltStore Server' for your OS from the link above. Be sure to uncheck the 'auto-update' option when installing to avoid this exploit being patched in the future.
Step 2: Download and install 'iCloud for Windows' from the link above, install, and restart.
Step 3: Download and run the 'AltServer Patcher' from the link above.
Step 4: Select "Custom IPA Link" in the 'Utility to Install' drop down list.
Step 5: Copy and paste the following link into the 'IPA URL' section.
Step 6: Click 'Patch".
Step 7: Locate and run the 'AltStore Server' desktop application.
Step 8: The 'Altstore Server' runs directly from the task bar. Find the icon, click on it once, hover your cursor over 'Install AltStore', and click on the name of your device.
Step 9: Enter your AppleID and Password.
Step 10: Tap the developer Apple ID and trust it.
That's all. Now you can launch the app on your iPhone.


CPEC: Symbol of Regional Integration | Dr Muhammad Khan
The concept of globalisation can well be defined as global interconnectedness, which is achieved through regional connectivity. The regional connectivity in turn is achieved through the development of communication network between two or more states and even within the boundaries of a state. In summary, the essence of globalisation is interconnectedness, achieved through world-wide, "Widening,Read More


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Select the product you need help with
- Internet Explorer
- Windows Phone
- More products
Description of the way that Excel saves files
Article ID: 814068 - View products that this article applies to.
When you save an existing file in Excel, Excel creates a temporary file in the destination folder that you specify in the Save As dialog box. The temporary file contains the whole contents of your workbook. If Excel successfully saves the temporary file, the temporary file is renamed with the file name you specify in the Save As dialog box.
This process of saving files makes sure that the original file is not damaged. The original file is useful if the save operation is not successful.
When Excel saves a file, Excel follow these steps:
Important Points About Saving
Additional InformationFor additional information, click the following article numbers to view the articles in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(_URL_ )You receive an error message when you try to save a file in Excel
(_URL_ )Description of the AutoRecover functions in Excel 2002
(_URL_ )XL2002: How to Recover a Lost Worksheet or Lost Version of a Worksheet
Article ID: 814068 - Last Review: September 19, 2011 - Revision: 6.0


Time estimate:
5 minutes
Do you have an older smartphone laying around that's not being used? Does your business have a shared employee tablet sitting next to the register? Installing Numa on shared devices is a great way to provide access to any employee who might not otherwise install Numa on their personal phone.
It's a common misconception that Numa can only be installed on individual's phones or that Numa only works on devices that themselves have cell service or a phone number. Numa works great on any device that has internet access, including WiFi-only devices.
Approaches for setting up shared devices
This article describes two recommended approaches for incorporating shared devices into your Numa Messaging account.
Approach #1: Invite each shared device as a new user
This is the most common approach and is appropriate for most businesses.
 - Easy to set up
 - Once set up, nobody has to log in or out. The device is always ready to use
 - Can't track which employee sends each message -- all employees will be messaging from a shared account
 - Requires you to have an extra unused email address you can assign to the device
 1. Within Numa, go to Settings > Manage Staff (requires manager permissions)
 2. Create a new user with a memorable name (e.g. "Company iPad") and an unused email address
 3. Check the email address you provided for an invitation to create a password and join Numa
 4. Download the Numa app onto the shared device
 5. Use the email address and password you created to sign in to Numa on the shared device. Done!
Approach #2: Employees log in and out of the shared device using their own accounts
This approach is appropriate for businesses that need a higher level of tracking over which employees are responding to which messages.
 - Can easily track which employee sent each message or handled each conversation
 - When signed in, each employee gets their own familiar view of their inbox, settings, and available permissions
 - Employees have to be diligent about remembering to log in and out on the shared device
 - Switching accounts can become tedious if multiple employees are sharing the device during one shift
 1. Download the Numa app onto the shared device
 2. When an employee wants to use Numa on the shared device, they simply sign in to their individual Numa account
 3. When the employee is done using Numa for the day, or it's time for another employee to use Numa, they sign out
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Sustainable & Ethical Fashion
What is Ethical and Sustainable Jewelry
Ethical and sustainable jewelry essentially means responsible and transparent sourcing methods and the use of sustainable and eco-friendly materials to make jewelry. It delivers very minimal impact to the environment and it is not involved with any issue or conflict.
This industry is also known for giving back to employees by giving them a safe working environment and fair wages. When looking for ethical and sustainable jewelry, here are a few points you need to consider.
1. Quality before Quantity
If you are living a zero-waste lifestyle, then shopping for jewelry probably only comes to your mind a few times. While you're at it, opting for ethical and sustainable jewelry will do the environment and your bank a huge favor.
2. Opt for the Best Possible Sustainable Materials
As much as possible, only choose to purchase jewelry pieces that are crafted from recycled or ethically-sourced materials that are sustainable and not detrimental to the environment.
3. Evaluate the Brand's Transparency
When choosing a jewelry brand that is ethical and sustainable, make sure to look into their supply chain and evaluate their transparency about it.
4. Check the Company's Certifications
To prove that a jewelry company is truly worth investing in for people who are on a sustainable journey, look for certifications and recognitions that acknowledge the brand for being ethical and sustainable.
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Flow rate is important to consider when selecting a particle counter for a critical environment. The flow rate of a particle counter is the rate at which a pump draws air through the sample chamber, measured in cubic feet per minute (cfm). Two common flow rates for particle counters are 1 cfm and 0.1 cfm. Depending on the application, each flow rate can be valuable.
1 cfm versus 0.1 cfm
Let's think about it this way: the highway versus the back roads. If you're going to take a long trip or have a schedule to stick to, you'll want to take the highway. But if you're just running to the store a couple streets over, you would take the back roads.
In terms of cfm, a particle counter with a 1 cfm flow rate is like taking the highway. Its higher flow rate allows for a faster sample collection. A particle counter with a 0.1 cfm flow rate is like taking the back roads. It can achieve the same results in applications where time is not a constraint.
Flow rate does play a significant role in how quickly a particle counter performs its job, but it is important not to ignore the sensitivity of the particle counter. If a particle counter isn't sensitive enough to measure small particles as specified in the ISO Classification of the particular critical environment, then the flow rate doesn't matter.
Applications for Each Flow Rate
The current standard for particle counting requires a sample of 1 cubic meter. For an inspector, then, a 1 cfm flow rate makes sense. A 1 cfm flow rate would allow an inspector to collect the sample information they need in just over half an hour. A flow rate of 1 cfm means an inspector can collect samples from all the areas they need to within their schedule.
However, an employee doing a spot check or a continuous monitor in a space doesn't require the same amount of power. A technique called sequential sampling allows the total required volume to be divided into equal parts and essentially the proportion of required particles is equally divided throughout each portion. A large sample volume does not have to be sampled if the sub-samples show sufficient evidence of cleanliness. With sequential sampling, a particle counter with a 0.1 cfm flow rate, like Setra's 8000 series handheld, can be used to ensure a clean room or other critical environment meets standards during a spot check.
For continuous monitoring of a space, Setra's 7000 series AQM is ideal. A particle counter and environmental monitor with a flow rate of 0.1 cfm, the 7000 series AQM is the most versatile remote air quality monitor available. When integrated into a building automation system, a 0.1 cfm particle counter can provide continuous monitoring without the need for a higher flow rate.


Definitions for "-ine"
A suffix, indicating that those substances of whose names it is a part are basic, in their nature, i.e. contain a basic nitrogen group.
A suffix, formerly used to indicate hydrocarbons of the second degree of unsaturation; i. e., members of the acetyline series; as, hexine, heptine, etc., but now superseded by the ending -yne, as in propyne.


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Meld is a visual diff and merge tool targeted at developers. Meld helps you compare files, directories, and version controlled projects.
It provides twoand three-way comparison of both files and directories, and has support for many popular version control systems.
Meld helps you review code changes and understand patches. It might even help you to figure out what is going on in that merge you keep avoiding.
- Edit files in-place, and your comparison updates on-the-fly.
- Perform twoand three-way diffs and merges.
- Easily navigate between differences and conflicts.
- Visualise global and local differences with insertions, changes and conflicts marked.
- Built-in regex text filtering to ignore uninteresting differences.
- Syntax highlighting (with optional gtksourceview).
- Compare two or three directories file-by-file, showing new, missing, and altered files.
- Directly open file comparisons of any conflicting or differing files.
- Filter out files or directories to avoid seeing spurious differences.
- Auto-merge mode and actions on change blocks help make merges easier.
- Simple file management is also available.
- Supports many version control systems, including Git, Mercurial, Bazaar and SVN.
- Launch file comparisons to check what changes were made, before you commit.
- View file versioning statuses.
- Simple version control actions are also available (i.e., commit/update/add/remove/delete files).
- Automatically merge two files using a common ancestor.
- Mark and display the base version of all conflicting changes in the middle pane.
- Visualise and merge independent modifications of the same file.
- Lock down read-only merge bases to avoid mistakes.
- Command line interface for easy integration with existing tools, including git mergetool.
- Internationalization support.
- Visualisations make it easier to compare your files.
Developer: Kai Willadsen
License: GNU GPL v2
|Are you interested in learning the art of programming? There are lots of excellent free and open source programming books that teach you how to program in every popular programming language. Read these Free Books.|


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Various Calculation Tools
Various Calculation Tools are available for practical use.
- ■What is unit conversion?
Unit conversions are calculations which convert units in general physics calculations.
With valves, since fluid flows through the valve, most commonly used unit conversions are those related to fluids.
Therefore, pressure units, temperature units, flow rate units, viscosity units, etc. are covered.
【Pressure Unit Conversion】
With pressure unit conversions, unit conversion between absolute pressure based on absolute vacuum and gauge pressure based on atmospheric pressure tends to be relatively common. The relationship exists between absolute pressure and gauge pressure as below.
Absolute Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric Pressure
There are four types of temperatures. Among these, unit conversion is performed between absolute temperature [K] based on absolute zero degrees and the temperature in degrees Celsius [°C] used in everyday life.
Absolute temperature and temperature in degrees Celsius have the following relationship.
Absolute Temperature [K] = Celsius Temperature [°C] + 273.15
【Viscosity Unit Conversion】
Viscosity and kinematic viscosity represents different matters. In addition to unit conversion in viscosity and unit conversion in kinematic viscosity, unit conversion is also performed between viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
Viscosity and kinematic viscosity have the following relationship. Kinematic viscosity is viscosity divided by density.
Kinematic Viscosity = Viscosity / Density
【Flow Rate Unit Conversion】
The concept differs slightly between liquid flow rate unit conversion and gas flow rate unit conversion. With the case in gases, it is slightly more complicated due their volume changes in temperature and pressure. Therefore, for gases, normal flow rate based on atmospheric pressure and temperature of 0°C is often used.
Actual flow rate, which is actual temperature and pressure used, and unit conversions between normal flow rate above are tend to be relatively common.
PT Rating Interpolation Calculation
- ■What is PT Rating Interpolation Calculation?
PT rating is pressure-temperature criteria, which expresses the relationship between fluid temperature and its allowable pressure.
Generally, the higher the temperature, the lower the pressure allowed for use. Also, different materials used will have different values.
PT rating interpolation calculation is approximate linear interpolation calculation from two known pressures and temperatures to calculate the value between two points.
Approximate linear interpolation calculation is based on assumption of linear change between two known pressures and temperatures.
Calculating Cv Value by using Simple Formula
- ■What is Cv Value?
Cv Value is one of commonly used capacity factors in valves.
Capacity factor of a valve "refers to coefficient which represents the capacity of flow at a given travel." (From JIS B 0100 Terminology of Valves)
A coefficient which represents sort of performance which allows fluid to flow through the valve under determined conditions, such as valve opening degree and pressure difference (differential pressure) before and after the valve.
A valve with larger Cv value tends to allow more fluid to flow and with larger Cv value allows more fluid to flow at the same differential pressure.
Cv value of a valve depends on the type, size, and shape of the valve.
Cv value for each valve opening degree represents the flow characteristic of the valve.
When controlling flow rate with a valve, by calculating required Cv value with pressure, temperature, flow rate etc of fluid flows through the pipe, a valve with appropriate Cv can be selected.
Flow Velocity Calculation
- ■What is velocity calculation?
Flow velocity calculation is one of the fundamental calculations in fluid mechanics.
Velocity is the speed of fluid flowing through the pipe. Velocity can be calculated by dividing the volume flow rate by cross-sectional area.
Below, volumetric flow rate represents the volume of fluid that passes through the pipe in unit time.
Flow Velocity = Volume Flow Rate / Cross-Sectional Area
Also, it is possible to determine the flow velocity from mass flow rate. In that case, the mass flow rate is converted to volumetric flow rate by dividing by density.
Next, velocity is calculated by dividing volumetric flow rate by cross-sectional area.
Volume Flow = Mass Flow / Density
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text: 1. The problem statement, all variables and given/known data The wavelength treshold for photoelectric emission from a sodium surface is 683 nm. Calculate the energy of the electrons which are ejected when a sodium surface is illuminated by light of wavelength 500 nm. If the intensity of the light is 2.0 W/m^2 and if 1 per cent of incident photons produce photoelectrons, estimate the number of electrons emitted per second from a sodium surface of area 2*10^-4 m^2 when it is illuminated by light of the wavelength 500 nm. 2. The attempt at a solution The treshold wavelength corresponds to a treshold frequency of 6E14 Hz, which in turn corresponds to a electron binding energy of 2.91E-19 J. This means that the energy of the electrons which are ejected is K = 1.1E-19J. Next, we observe that since the surface area is 2E-4 m^2, the total effect is 4E-4 W, and hence 4E-4 J of energy hit the surface each second. Since 1 per cent of this energy produces photoelectrons, the total photoelectron energy per second is 4E-6 J. Since each photoelectron has energy 1.1E-19, my estimated number of photoelectrons is 4E-6/1.1E-19 = 3.6E13 photoelectrons. My book says 1.0E13. What have I done wrong?


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- Nelson's Column and base (1843): built of Foggintor Granite
of Permian age from Dartmoor; Nelson's statue (Bailey,
1842), carved of Craigleith Sandstone from near Edinburgh.
- The bollards, walls and statue plinths in the Square are
of grey Aberdeen Granite.
- Inlaid strips of Cornish Granite with big feldspar crystals
occur throughout the Square.
- Charing Cross Underground Station (Bakerloo Line). Much
of the London Underground passes through London Clay.
- 'Chequerboard' pavings of red Mansfield Sandstone, of Permian
age, and white Portland Stone. Portland Stone is a hardy
white limestone of Jurassic age.
- Sandstone pavings from quarries near Edinburgh.
Learn more about Trafalgar Square's
building stones in the Holiday Geology Guide available from the BGS Bookshop


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| || Colour printing: Today and tomorrow
Author :Bedi, D.S.;Aggarwal, K.R.
Source: DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology :12(2) ; 1992 ; pp.3-9
Abstract : Printing high quality colour at a low cost on plain paper may seem like a pipe-dream, but it is not. Over the past several years, a lot of R&D effort has been put in by various companies into colour printer technologies, and the next few years will certainly see some of these come to fruition as products. Colour printing is available now and will be commonplace tomorrow. The challenges and problems inherent in colour printing are discussed. The basic colour printing technologies, viz., dot matrix, ink-jet, thermal transfer, and laser are elaborated. The advent of ink-jet and thermal transfer printers are considered as instrumental in increasing the quality and at the same rate lowering the cost. The predominance of true colour laser printers and other technologies, giving photographic quality printing at desktop, is predicted.
Keywords : Colour printing technology;Printing technology;Printing


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Thursday, August 25, 2011
If you have the energy on Friday evening, gather up your molecules and head to downtown Atlanta to catch an acrobatic display of Emory's research into sustainable fuel. The free performance begins at 7:30 p.m. Aug. 26 in Atlanta Underground, and will help launch a city of Atlanta urban art event, Elevate: Art Above Underground, that continues through October 30.
Conceptual artists from the Seattle group Lelavision will use music, dance and kinetic sculptures to interpret research of the Emory Bio-inspired Renewable Energy Center (EBREC). Emory scientists will be on hand to answer questions about molecular evolution, and the search for sustainable fuels and the origins of life.
In a previous collaboration with Emory chemist David Lynn, Lelavision interpreted supramolecular assembly. The result, called "Evolution in a Nutshell," can be seen in the video below.
You can also catch Lelavision in action on Thursday and Friday, Sept. 1 and 2, from 11:30 a.m. to 1:30 p.m. The Lelavision art installation for EBREC, including a looping video, will remain on display throughout the Elevate festival.
"I hope that the art intrigues people, so that they want to learn more about the cool science research going on in their community," says Meisa Salaita, education coordinator for the Center for Chemical Evolution. The center, based at Emory and Georgia Tech, combines high-level research with an educational outreach program.
The Lelavision performance is part of the ongoing convergence of science and art fostered by the center, with the aim of engaging the public in research.
Bringing new energy to solar quest
Teaching evolution enters new era
Where you have friction, changes can occur


Vertical Firing
Published: | Updated: July 25, 2017
Definition - What does Vertical Firing mean?
Vertical firing is a type of combustion furnace used in the combustion of pulverized coal. The burners are usually placed in the floor, firing vertically upward.
Vertical firing is mainly used in slag-tap systems (from which ash is removed in a molten state). Since these systems have not greatly reduced fly ash discharge and are limited to the range of usable coals with low ash fusion temperatures, most pulverized installation after the 1940s has been designed for horizontal or tangential firing.
Corrosionpedia explains Vertical Firing
Vertical firing refers to a furnace which is vertically installed to minimize the asymmetric effects of flame, particle deposition and slagging. Furnaces used for pulverized coal are classified according to the firing method:
 - Vertical firing
 - Horizontal firing
 - Tangential firing
Vertical firing leads to extended and progressive heat release, and thus provides a relatively uniform temperature distribution throughout the furnace. It also furnishes a longer path of travel for fuel particles. Therefore, complete combustion of low volatile coal is ensured.
In vertical firing, alternate lanes of flame and air space are used, corresponding to number of burners. Secondary air is used through ports in front of the furnace. The length and intensity of the flame can be varied by controlling the points of secondary air supply. Tertiary air is admitted around the nozzles to help regulate the point of ignition. The depth of the flame may be adjusted by controlling the primary and tertiary air.
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Par Value
The financial accounting term par value is used to describe the stated, or printed, value of a security. Par values can be assigned to bonds as well as common and preferred stocks.
Par values are commonly found on bonds, and represent the dollar value to be paid to the bondholder when the security matures. Most federal and corporate bonds are issued with par values equal to $1,000. The par value of a bond, along with the coupon rate, will determine the interest income due the bondholder.
Preferred shares of stock are also issued with significant par values. Like bonds, the par value of preferred shares is used to determine the dividends paid to each shareholder.
The par value of common stock represents the maximum responsibility that a company has to a stockholder in the event the company is dissolved. Par value then becomes the nominal value, or minimum value, at which a share of stock can be issued.
The par value of a stock has nothing to do with its market value. Today, many common stocks are issued with par values that are less than $1.00. The total par value of stock issued by a company can be found in the owner's equity section of the balance sheet.
Related Terms
balance sheet, owner's equity, additional paid-in capital, par value stock, no-par stock


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In this essay we will discuss about:- 1. Meaning of a Departmental Store 2. Features of Departmental Stores 3. Essential Conditions 4. Organisation Structure 5. Advantages 6. Disadvantages.
Essay on Departmental Store
- Essay on the Meaning of a Departmental Store
- Essay on the Features of Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Essential Conditions for Success in Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Organisation Structure of a Departmental Store
- Essay on the Advantages of Departmental Stores
- Essay on the Disadvantages of Departmental Stores
Essay # 1. Meaning of a Departmental Store:
A departmental store is a large scale retail business institution having a number of departments, each specialising in one kind of merchandise and expected to show profit for the department while remaining as a component of the entire business unit. It is, in a technical sense, a horizontally integrated retail business house with all departments under one roof.
In it, each department is a speciality shop such as textile department, drugs department, books and stationery department, video cassette department, etc. A consumer can hope to get all that he needs in a big departmental store.
That is why, it is remarked that a big departmental, store is a place where different sections or departments deal in articles ranging from 'pin to plane'. Such departmental stores are usually located in the central places of big cities.
Essay # 2. Features of Departmental Stores:
The main features characteristics of a departmental store are:
1. It is mostly organised as a joint stock company. Its organisational head is the board of directors with a managing director or a general manager entrusted with the implementation and execution of the policies and programmes formulated by the board. The General Manager coordinates the activities of various departments as their overall chief.
2. It is generally divided into several major sections to facilitate smooth working of the stores.
The major sections in it are shown below in a chart:
3. As regards the day-to-day working, the departments enjoy independence and freedom but all are owned, managed and controlled centrally.
4. It concentrates in one place opportunities for the satisfaction of innumerable wants of the consumers.
5. Having been located in the central place or shopping centers of a city, a departmental store can attract people from all parts of the city and others who came to the city from outside.
Essay # 3. Essential Conditions for Success in Departmental Stores:
(1) The organisational structure of a departmental stores must be sound enough to facilitate coordination among the departments.
(2) The departmental managers must be given due freedom with respect to their day-to-day activities.
(3) The policies and programmes for the management and control must be uniform for all departments.
(4) The shopping for the consumers, particularly housewives, should be easy through a provision of a whole range of goods belonging to different lines in the same building.
(5) Certain services outside the scope of ordinary business such as car parking, cafeteria, telephone, recreational facilities, etc. should be provided to attract the customers.
Lastly, attractive show-windows, display of products, skilled salesmen, low operating costs, etc. are also the essential factors for the success of a departmental store.
Essay # 4. Organisation Structure of a Departmental Store:
Essay # 5. Advantages of Departmental Stores:
As a form of large-scale retail business institution, the departmental store possesses the following advantages:
1. Economy in Purchases:
As regards the purchasing function, a departmental store plays the role of a wholesaler. It buys goods in bulk direct from the manufacturers, enjoys discounts and rebates and credit facilities, and thereby incurs lower freight charges. This centralised buying lowers down the unit cost prices of the goods. Employment of expert buyers for the departments is possible with a view to achieving economy.
2. Effective Advertising:
Being large in size and having diversity in different lines of products and services, a departmental store can afford to advertise on a bigger scale through press and other media of publicity. It can also decorate its departments with attractive show-windows for display of goods with a view to attracting customers.
3. Increase in Sales Turnover:
Having been located in central positions and in popular shopping centers, people from all parts of the city and others who came to the city from outside patronise the departmental store. Moreover, the consumers can buy their requirements of varied kinds under one roof. These factors lead to increase in the sales turnover.
4. Non-Business Services:
A modern departmental store does not confine itself merely to the business activities concerning the products being dealt in through the departments. Various non-business services like car-parking, cafeteria, telephone and telex, and recreational facilities provide additional advantages and benefits which are of definite attraction to the customers.
Essay # 6. Disadvantages of Departmental Stores:
Inspite of the above-stated advantages, a departmental store suffers from the following limitations or disadvantages:
1. Locational Unsuitability:
Due to expansion in the urban conglomeration, the limits of a city have widened. The centralised location of a departmental store becomes unsuitable to the vast majority of consumers who live at rather long distances from the central parts of the city.
According to J. Stephenson, a departmental store can obtain the shopping trade by being centrally located but the trade in articles of everyday use, which are frequently wanted at short notices, goes to their smaller rivals who are located near the houses of their customers.
2. High Operating Costs:
High rental for the premises because of central location in a city, excessive and exotic non-business services (e.g. cafeteria, telephone, etc.) provided, high salaries and wages to the officials and staff, -higher costs of decoration and maintenance, etc. increase the burden of selling expenses.
These have great impact on the fixation of product selling prices on account of these cost factors, and a departmental store finds it difficult to sell the products at reasonable prices. Thus the customers are mostly restricted to the well-to-do sections of the society.
3. Lack of Personal Element:
Like small retail shops, a departmental store cannot attend to the customers' needs and fancies as the customers are lost in the multitude that gathers in the store. The customers who are interested in personal attention by the salesmen do not prefer a departmental store and rather make their purchases from smaller retail stores.


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It has always been my understanding that the word for England is イギリス. But the wikipedia page for English-American says イングランド系アメリカ人. Even rikaichan has イングランド as England. Is there a difference in usage between these two words? What about 英国?
And as a side question, where does the word イギリス come from?
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1 Answer 1
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イギリス is used to refer to the United Kingdom which consists of four main countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. It is also sometimes referred to as 英国 which used more for official names (such as the Embassy). It can be seen alongside similar names such as 米国. The character also gets used in newspapers/convenient abbreviations (eg 日英同盟 is the expression often used to refer to the Anglo Japanese Naval Treaty).
イングランド refers to England. it is used as when referring to the country/institutions designated at that level such as the national football team.
The origin of the use of 英 (and ultimately イギリス）dates back to the name given to British people by Chinese. It was pronounced YING and used phonetically to replicate the Portuguese name of Ingles. (This character's meaning of "great" or "superior" and the name "Great Britain" is coincidence. For the record, Great Britain is the term used to refer to the largest island of "the British Isles" which is a geographical name for the islands occupied by the UK and the Republic of Ireland. "Great" is used in the same sense that people refer to "Greater China", to include Hong Kong and Taiwan, or Greater London.) This must date back more than 300 years, before the union of Scotland with England and Wales so the confusing (and for some, annoying) tendancy to refer Britain/the UK and its people as England/English goes back such a long way it would even seem to have been ingrained into Asian languages several hundred years ago.
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My professor marked points off my essay when I used イングランド -_- – Ataraxia Oct 24 '12 at 13:12
I don't think there is anything wrong with イングランド if that is what you meant although most Japanese probably use イギリス to refer to both but say スコットランドif they want to highlight something such as, say, the birthplace of golf. or the location of Edinburgh. – Tim Oct 24 '12 at 13:54
While it may not be "wrong" to use 「イングランド」 to refer to "England", the truth is that among us native speakers, you would sound pretty snobbish to do so unless you are talking about international soccer. I cannot recommend that a Japanese-learner use the word everytime s/he wants to say "England". Believe it or not, many Japanese-speakers actually would not even be familiar with the word 「イングランド」. – l'électeur Jun 10 '14 at 1:10
Your Answer


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Parks in this Network
Southwest Alaska Network
The SWAN I&M Program is one of 32 National Park Service I&M Networks across the country established to facilitate collaboration, information sharing, and economies of scale in natural resource monitoring. It is comprised of five national park units, each of which contain a rich and varied array of natural and cultural resources. These parks and their partners are dedicated to understanding and preserving the region's unique resources through science and education.
A summary of projects, observations, and new methods used by SWAN during the 2012 summer field season
A listing of published reports concerning natural resources that are monitored and managed at Southwest Alaska Network parks.


Can I have ear noisy sound in pregnancy?
(August 27, 2010)
Research has shown that listening to music during pregnancy especially soothing music is known to have a very calming effect on both the mother and the child within her womb. Babies tend to usually hear sounds from outside the mother's womb when they reach the 20th week of pregnancy. Hence doctors also recommend that from the 20th week of pregnancy the mother should listen to soothing music especially western classical or Indian classical. Women should not listen to loud music during pregnancy as that may have an adverse effect on the development of the child and its overall personality. It has been observed that listening to a few minutes of soothing music during pregnancy is an effective, safe and cheap way to de-stress and relax both the mother and the child. It is advisable to listen to music at a tempo of not more that 60 beats per minute as this is most beneficial to reach an optimum heart rate. In time the mother will find herself relaxing and the breathing also becomes slow in time with the music and shortly enough the heart rate follows. Doctors have said that the baby is able to feel maternal stress as early as 17 weeks into the pregnancy and if the mother experiences high levels of stress it can be detrimental to the mental and physical strength of the child.
Studies have also shown that babies who tend to listen to soothing music while they are still in the women of the mother tend to be more composed and calmer in their nature as compared to babies who have not listen to music while in the womb of their mother. However one should not overdo the listening of music while being pregnant as this may disrupt the sleeping pattern of the baby. Music is also known to hone skills in children and music also acts as a pre-linguistic tool that is useful in preparing the baby's brain an dear to identify and distinguish between various sounds. The reason babies are able to listen to music while still in the womb of the mother is because the amniotic fluid that surrounds the baby is a very good conductor of sound. However one should keep in mind that the volume of the music should not increase beyond 70 decibels and the duration of the music should not be extended for more than an hour per day.
Submitted by P T on August 27, 2010 at 06:49
See additional information.


EmberCommandEntry Struct Reference
Command entry for a command table.
_TAG_
Data Fields
const char * name
CommandAction action
const char * argumentTypes
const char * description
const char *const * argumentDescriptions
Command entry for a command table.
Field Documentation
◆ action
CommandAction EmberCommandEntry::action
A reference to a function in the application that implements the command. If this entry refers to a nested command, then action field has to be set to NULL.
◆ argumentDescriptions
const char* const* EmberCommandEntry::argumentDescriptions
An array of strings, with a NULL terminator, indicating what each argument is.
◆ argumentTypes
const char* EmberCommandEntry::argumentTypes
In case of normal (non-nested) commands, argumentTypes is a string that specifies the number and types of arguments the command accepts. The argument specifiers are:
 - u: one-byte unsigned integer.
 - v: two-byte unsigned integer
 - w: four-byte unsigned integer
 - s: one-byte signed integer
 - r: two-byte signed integer
 - q: four-byte signed integer
 - b: string. The argument can be entered in ascii by using quotes, for example: "foo". Or it may be entered in hex by using curly braces, for example: { 08 A1 f2 }. There must be an even number of hex digits, and spaces are ignored.
 - *: zero or more of the previous type. If used, this must be the last specifier.
 -?: Unknown number of arguments. If used this must be the only character. This means, that command interpreter will not perform any validation of arguments, and will call the action directly, trusting it that it will handle with whatever arguments are passed in.
 -!: Optional argument delimiter. If the command input has sufficient arguments such that the parser ends on a! symbol, then the command will be considered valid, even if it does not necessarily process the entire argumentTypes string. If there are additional arguments beyond a!, but still fewer arguments than the next either the next! or the end of the string, then the command will be considered invalid. Note that this leaves the called CommandAction function to actually validate what number of optional arguments it actually got. Example: Given a argumentTypes String: uu!vv!u!vv The following inputs type orders are valid: uu, uuvv, uuvvu, uuvvuvv The following are invalid: u, uuv, uuvvuv, uuvvuvvv
Integer arguments can be either decimal or hexidecimal. A 0x prefix indicates a hexidecimal integer. Example: 0x3ed.
In case of a nested command (action is NULL), then this field contains a pointer to the nested EmberCommandEntry array.
◆ description
const char* EmberCommandEntry::description
A description of the command.
◆ name
const char* EmberCommandEntry::name
Use letters, digits, and underscores, '_', for the command name. Command names are case-sensitive.
The documentation for this struct was generated from the following file:
 - command-interpreter2.h


text:
I like to know the usual ratio of
wing area over weight in birds and airplanes?
I mean if total weight of an airplane is 100 Lbs(Kg), how much should be the least total area of it's wings?
And also like to know this ratio in birds, if there are information about?
I need this ratio to estimate the wings size, if I want to create an aircraft to lift different weights(it's weight + load weight).
For example, if a person with 150 Lbs wants to fly, how much should be the least area of his wings?


text:
Wings 3D/User Manual/User Interface/The Information Line
The Information Line
The Information Line runs along the bottom of the main Wings window. This is probably the most important thing to keep your eye on, especially if you are new to Wings. The Information Line's main purpose is to display every possible button option available for any operation, tool, or menu item. Many of the tools and menu options have more than one function, and some of the more advanced options are only displayed in the Information Line. To display any menu item's possible options or described function, simply hover over the item with the mouse cursor.
The Information Line uses the letters L, M and R for the Left, Middle and Right mouse buttons. When several options are available for a tool, menu item, or during an operation, those options are displayed in the Information Line preceded by L, M, or R. Sometimes the user will be prompted to depress a Modifier Key in conjunction with the designated mouse button. Modifier Keys are often Control , , or , or sometimes a combination of two or more are used with the mouse buttons. There are other instances when Numeric or other keys are used to present option. In cases where Number Keys are used to change the result of a command, Do Not Use The Number Pad Keys. For Number Key Modifiers in the Information Line, use the Number Keys across the top of your keyboard instead.
IMPORTANT: The Information Line Displays Important Information About Tools, Menu Items and Other Options Available During An Operation. Remember To Always Keep An Eye On The Information Line.
Last modified on 29 July 2009, at 14:47


What is a squirrel midden?
Basically, a squirrel's favorite spot to eat. The squirrel midden is the mess of leftovers squirrels leave after eating.
Squirrel Midden or their Picnic Table
One favorite food of the red squirrel is the spruce cone. Sitting on their favorite branch, stump, or wherever, they pull the outside bits of the cone off, letting them fall to the ground below, and eat the seeds inside. The piles of left over spruce cone bits below are often easily found around a spruce forest floor. They can get pretty big, some reported as large as garages.
Squirrels also hide or store their food for the winter. They do not always remember where they have hidden some of the spruce cones. Often you will see holes around the midden where they may or may not have had a successful search. Some of the forgotten ones may grow into spruce trees.
Why store food? Red squirrels do not hibernate, they remain active through out the winter. The extra caches of food can come in handy when supplies are low during the cold months.
Return to Homepage from Squirrel Middens


The use of ecodye requires significantly less resources in terms of water, time and energy consumption while at the same time reducing CO2 emissions and protecting the environment. Textilcolor and Schoeller Technologies emphasize innovation in terms of performance and sustainability. ecodye only contains bluesign® approved components. Properly applied, it allows production with a minimum impact on humans and to the environment.
bluesign approved
CO2 -Footprint
ecodye: 2 for 1 principle
Dyeing 2 tons of textiles with ecodye saves 1 ton of CO2 emissions.
Reduce your carbon footprint by using ecodye auxiliary concept. A conventional dyeing process of 2 tons of textiles causes approximately 3.6 tons of CO2 emissions. The use of ecodye reduces your CO2 emissions dramatically up to 26 % (almost 1 ton). This auxiliary concept accelerates the dyeing process of polyester yarns and piece goods, thereby saving CO2 emissions, water and time.
ecodye trials – CO2 footprint calculation
fussabdruck kalkulation en
Calculation base:
 - Country: Taiwan
 - Heating medium: Brown coal
 - Water: Taken from river, cleaned with a 3 step ETP process
 - Material: 100 % polyester
Considering a ratio of 1:12 the CO2 footprint calculation shows a significant reduction of CO2 emissions of 26.1% when using ecodye. This result corresponds to savings of almost 0.5 ton CO2 emissions per ton of textiles.
Carbon footprint comparison
fussabdruck vergleich en
Furthermore, with the help of ecodye, water consumption can be dramatically decreased from 34 to only 23 litres per kilogram textile while dying time is accelerated by almost 50%.


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Translation Quote per Word
In this highly competitive global environment, Trusted Translations understands your need to have projects stay within budget. Thus, we have implemented a quote process that is designed to provide you with the greatest amount of accuracy and precision regarding pricing prior to starting any translation project. One way we accomplish this precision is to quote using a price-per-word methodology. This, in our opinion, is the fairest pricing method and provides our clients with lower costs and more transparency.
Quotes per Source Word Count
Nearly all translation projects start with a set of source documents (i.e., the original documents) that need to be translated into another language (target). As only the source documents are available at the start of a project, we firmly believe the most transparent and fair way to price a document is using a source-based word count. Our sophisticated tools are equipped to determine exact word counts of source documents, providing you with the most accurate quote prior to starting a project.
Using a source word count will avoid the hassle and confusion of having only an estimated word count of final translation (target) and eliminate any unpleasant surprises at the time of invoicing. Furthermore, our experience has shown that clients save money when using our pricing methodology as the source documents tend to have fewer words than the final (target) translated documents. Clients can save between 20-30% under our pricing methodology.
Trusted Translations will provide you with a free quote at the budgeting phase to provide you with clear numbers prior to commencing a project and help you assess whether a certain translation project is right for you at this time.
Advantages of Quote per Source Word Count
The following are some advantages of using a Source Word Count pricing methodology:
- Since pricing is based on the source documents (which are available at the beginning of the project), it is firm and will not change based on the number of words of the translated text.
- You will save money. Given the natural text expansion of translated text, you will save up to 30% depending on the language pair.
- No surprises. As the source word count does not change, you will be sure to stay within budget.
Drawbacks of Quote per Target Word Count
The following are some of the drawbacks of using a target-based quoting methodology:
- Target-based quotes are only estimates as no translation company can accurately predict the word count of a translated document.
- You pay more. Target word counts tend to be 20% higher due to text expansion of translated materials.
- The actual price to be invoiced is not known until the end of the process. You will need to wait until all the work is complete to get a final price for your project. This can lead to unpleasant surprises at the time of invoicing.
Quotes per Target Word Count
There are some notable exceptions to the criteria of using the source word count when pricing a translation. There are some cases where the better choice is to set the prices according to the word count of the target language:
- Translation of an audio file without a word count;
- When the source material is not available in an editable electronic format (paper format);
- Translation from an Asian language;
- Proofreading services.
In these instances, we have found that pricing is more accurate when using the target language word count versus the source word count.
Text Contraction and Expansion for Different Language Pairs
Based on statistical industry-wide evidence and our own experience from translating millions of words annually, translating to and from certain languages will result in either text expansion or text contraction. This can have an impact on costs as well as the formatting of the translated document. Translated documents with text expansion may need to be modified to accommodate more text. In the case of legal documents or documents regulated by a government agency, desktop publishing or recreation services may be necessary to ensure that the final document complies with the legal text size and page number requirement.
The following are industry-wide benchmarks with respect to text expansion or contraction.
- English to Spanish: 20% expansion
- English to Portuguese (Brazil): 20 to 30% expansion
- Portuguese (Brazil) to English (U.S.): 10 to 15% contraction
- Spanish to English: 15% contraction
- English to French: 15 to 20% expansion
- English to German: 5 to 20% contraction
- English to Italian: 15% expansion
- English to Portuguese (Eur.): 20 to 30% expansion
- French to English: 10 to 15% contraction
- German to English: 5 to 40% expansion
- Italian to English: 15% contraction
- Portuguese (Eur.) to English: 10 to 15% contraction
- Spanish to English: 15% contraction
Translation Price per Word
At Trusted Translations, we provide our client with the most competitive pricing and the highest quality in the industry. We are proud of our ability to provide high-quality translations while saving your organization money on every project. To take advantage of our free quote tools, please send us the documents you plan to translate. If the project involves a large amount of words and is format sensitive, we will provide you with a free translation test to determine the impact that any potential contraction or expansion may have on the final output.


text:
The Syrena was a Polish automobile model first exhibited at the Poznań Trade Fair in 1955 and manufactured from 1957 to 1972 by the Fabryka Samochodów Osobowych (FSO) in Warsaw and from 1972 to 1983 by Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych (FSM) in Bielsko-Biała. 177,234 were manufactured by FSO and 344,077 by FSM, a total of 521,311. During its remarkably long production run it underwent only minor modifications.
The Syrena was produced in various models: 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, while the most popular model was the 105. All were two-door sedans with two-stroke engines, initially of two cylinders. In 1965 the Syrena received a larger three-cylinder engine.
From 1968 a prototype model named laminat was produced. A van called Syrena Bosto and a pick-up called the R20 were also produced. A coupé Syrena Sport and a hatchback Syrena 110 (in 1966) remained prototypes only.
A Siren is a mermaid who, according to the legend, protects the river Wisła and the Polish capital city, Warsaw. She is featured on the city's coat of arms. Also a diminutive name Syrenka (little siren) is commonly used for the car in Poland.
- Scale: 1:64;
- Year of manufacture: 2020;
- Notice: NEW;