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What Kenyan ghost-writers can teach us about prejudice in the digital gig economy
Written by Susan Njambi-Szlapka
Hero image description: Young men working on laptops. Image credit:Matt Biddulph Image license:CC BY-SA 2.0
Would you trust a Kenyan to write your Bachelor's or Master's thesis? Recent research finds that Kenyan nationals are not trusted by American students to do so, forcing academic ghost-writers to hide their identity to win work.
Besides obvious ethical issues, this raises wider questions about the online gig economy including exploitation, trust and discrimination, including how we talk about equality in digital labour.
Coronavirus has also fuelled a sharp decline in demand for and an increase in supply of online workers. Online "place-based" platforms that require physical on-site delivery such as Deliveroo or GetBoda are seeing an increase in demand. But online gig workers on platforms like UpWork are facing more competition for fewer jobs as clients curb non-essential spending and more people seek digital sources of income. These same platforms are even asking online workers to pay in order to bid for work.
Under these circumstances it is crucial to understand how online gig workers in developing countries, who often have no access to any form of social protection, compete in the online gig economy to earn their livelihoods while identifying ways to combat the discrimination many experience.
One account, many identities: the online gig economy labour market
There are 6 million people in developing countries participating in online labour according to the Online Labour Index, while 60 to 70% of all online gig workers in Kenya are ghost-writers. However, this wrongly assumes accounts on gig economy platforms like UpWork have just one user per account.
Instead, accounts with good reviews are often shared between ghost-writers and traded on the black market, making ghost-writers key contributors to this underreporting. Owners of such accounts employ others to do the actual work, while using VPN's (Virtual Private Networks) to hide user's locations, making many ghost-writers in Kenya and elsewhere invisible.
Therefore, the real number of online workers is estimated to be up to 8 times higher. So why is this behaviour so widespread?
The false promise of digital globalisation
In the flat-world narrative of globalisation, online work is based on merit and value for money, as technology levels the playing field between workers in the Global North and South by removing the impediment of geography. This apparently allows workers in the Global South, as long as they have internet access and possess the right skills, to outcompete their northern counterparts by underbidding for online work generated in a small number of rich countries in the Global North.
However, recent studies find that prejudice around geography and identity are still key drivers in who wins work and under what conditions. Young ghost-writers in Nairobi even report that advertised jobs sometimes go as far as saying that people from certain countries should not even "bother bidding".
Reputation is everything, but it is more costly for Global South workers
Cognitive shortcuts have been well-established in hiring practices on the platform Nubelo. Clients assume workers from lower income countries will provide less valuable work and therefore pay them disproportionately little or don't hire them at all. In the absence of organisational affiliation, workers from developing countries are perceived as representatives of a nationality, rather than individuals with different experiences, credentials and personalities.
The exception is where a worker has a good reputation.
The reputation of an online worker, captured through ratings by previous clients, is key for their competitiveness and is much more costly for those in lower-income countries when it impacts their likelihood of employment.
However, if a client has a good experience with someone from a developing country, they are more likely to hire other workers from that same country. Therefore, while in the short-term hiding identity and location helps, it could inhibit worker's future long-term ability to find work.
Four ways we can mitigate online discrimination
 1. Online platforms can learn from analogue labour market measures to enable merit-based hiring practices (including for instance anonymised CVs).
 2. More rigorous research could help us understand what is exacerbating discriminatory hiring practices including language barriers, sense of shared values and expectations around education systems.
 3. Increasing fairness through algorithms could include prioritising displaying information relevant to a person's qualifications or credentials, rather than their location (this could even go further and place people from certain regions at the top of search results). Nubelo has already used this to help newcomers compete against established online workers.
 4. Finally, increasing awareness among clients hiring online workers could also help address these biases.
How we navigate the world of online work
There is still a global division of labour determining what type of jobs online workers in the Global South are entrusted with and those they are presumed unqualified for. This division, based on prejudice, will likely reinforce old power structures where repetitive or less complex tasks are left to the Global South, while complex and better paying tasks remain in the Global North. However, as the former become automated, this could leave workers in low-income countries vulnerable.
If demand for online workers is diminishing in the wake of Covid-19, the situation in developing countries will only worsen. Governments, donors and online platforms in the north and south will need to devise ways to overcome these issues of discrimination, while also supporting online gig workers both now and post-Covid.


text:
Where is Home? New Brunswick Communities Past and Present
Community name search
Located on Brothers Cove, 5.39 km NW of Saint John
: St. John County
: named for Thomas Millidge (_PHONE_), merchant, magistrate and Member of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick, and Thomas Edward Millidge (_PHONE_) who was a shipbuilder for 33 years: PO _PHONE_: in 1866 Millidgeville was a farming, lumbering and shipbuilding community with about 40 families: in 1871 it had a population of 300: in 1898 Millidgeville had 1 post office, 4 stores, 1 hotel, 1 church, 1 hall, 1 sawmill and a population of 350: Millidgeville is now within the city of Saint John.
County location in province
County map showing parishes
New Brunswick cadastral maps show the basic features of the province along with the boundaries, lot number, and grantee's name for land granted by the province. These maps are cumulative, showing all grants regardless of date.
the full size version.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
20) Two recent cases, both dealing with the common hobby loss
from horse-related activities, illustrate the court's methods for assessing the taxpayer's QuickBooks records and how the use to which those records are put can produce opposite results.
If the activity is not engaged in for profit, it is subject to the hobby loss
rules in Sec.
Not surprisingly, the primary use of the hobby loss
Conversely, the hobby loss
rules act to prevent the expensing of what otherwise would be personal expenses disguised as "valid" business expenses, thereby causing significant losses of revenue to the Treasury.
The test instrument was based on the facts found in a 1988 Tax Court case (Kimbrough, 55 TCM 730) focusing on the hobby loss
Aggregating activities to avoid the hobby loss
Equinomics 101 instructs horse owners how to minimalize hobby loss
The Tax Court disallowed an IRS auditor's deductions for breeding greyhounds as a hobby loss
The court held that they were an integrated activity, given their organizational and economic interrelationships, and that the horse activity was therefore not a hobby loss
unearned income, hobby loss
rules, preferential rates for capital gains, and the antiquated and punitive $3,000a-year capital loss limitation.
Proper grouping may help a taxpayer avoid the application of the hobby loss
In one recent case, however, the Tax Court accepted that two seemingly dissimilar undertakings could be treated as a single activity for purposes of the section 183 hobby loss

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
In the Northwest Territories Health Education, media literacy outcomes for are included under the broader categories of Mental and Emotional Well Being; Nutrition; Safety; Responsibilty; Family Life; and Alcohol and Other Drugs.
Click on a grade level under Health Education for a list of media-related outcomes and links to supporting resources from the MediaSmarts site. (Note: as many of our lessons can be adapted to suit different grade levels, specific lessons may be listed for more than one grade. Teachers should also note that individual lessons often satisfy a number of learning outcomes.)
The Northwest Territories has developed a Tobacco Education Program that teachers can integrate into their Health curriculum in Grades 3 to 9. The program makes grade specific correlations to tobacco education and includes lessons and resources for teachers to use in the classroom. MediaSmarts has an extensive collection of tobacco related lessons and resources that complement the Tobacco Education Program. Teachers can access these resources in the lesson library by searching by either subject (tobacco) or grade.
Interested in supporting MediaSmarts?Charitable Registration No. 89018 1092 RR0001
Find out how you can get involved.Learn more


text: Alkyl groups of tetraalkoxysilane have different chain lengths, which results in different reactivity of the sol–gel reaction. Hence, it is essential to understand the phase behavior for designing chemical processes using the sol–gel reaction. The phase behavior of CO2/tetrapropyl orthosilicate (TPOS) and CO2/tetrabutyl orthosilicate (TBOS) binary systems was measured. The experiments were performed using a synthetic method combined with a laser displacement measurement wherein the movement of the piston inside the high-pressure vessel was measured. The phase boundaries were determined at 313–373 K and CO2 molar fractions of 0.1–0.9. No significant difference was observed in the phase behavior of tetraalkoxysilanes, which have alkyl groups of different chain lengths. The experimentally obtained vapor–liquid equilibria of the two binary systems were correlated by the Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state using the original mixing rule reported by Sanchez et al. The results showed that molecular interaction parameter kij exhibits a clear temperature dependence.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


) => boolean
 Returns true if the keyboard event was triggered by the Backspace key
 isArrowDownKey
 isArrowDownKey(event: KeyboardEvent) => boolean
 Returns true if the keyboard event was triggered by the ArrowDown key
 isArrowUpKey
 isArrowUpKey(event: KeyboardEvent) => boolean
 Returns true if the keyboard event was triggered by the ArrowUp key
 numberLocale
 numberLocale(locale: any) => string
 Parses the locale to the correct display locale
 numberLocale('de-CH')
 // 'de-CH'
 dateLocale
 dateLocale(locale: any) => string
 Parses the locale to the correct display locale
 numberLocale('de-CH')
 // 'fr-CH'
 isValidMonetaryNumber
 isValidMonetaryNumber(stringValue: string) => boolean
 Returns true if the arrays are equal
 isValidMonetaryNumber('1'000.99') // true
 getDecimalSeparator
 getDecimalSeparator(locale: any) => string
 Returns the decimal separator of the given locale
 getDecimalSeparator('de-ch') // .
 getThousandSeparator
 getThousandSeparator(locale: any) => string
 Returns the thousand separator of the given locale
 getThousandSeparator('de-ch') // '
 formatLocaleNumber
 formatLocaleNumber(locale: any, number: number, minimumFractionDigits: number) => string
 Formats the number into the given locale
 formatLocaleNumber('de-ch', 1000.42) // 1'000.42
 parseLocaleNumber
 parseLocaleNumber(locale: any, stringNumber: string) => number
 Parses the locale formatted number into a native number
 parseLocaleNumber('de-ch', '1'000.42') // 1000.42
 Keywords
 none
 Install
 npm i @baloise/web-app-utils
 DownloadsWeekly Downloads
 471
 Version
 3.9.0
 License
 Apache-2.0
 Unpacked Size
 132 kB
 Total Files
 24
 Last publish
 Collaborators
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 - se-aperto-com
 - baopso
 - hirsch88


Are Stick Insects Good Pets?
Vietnamese Stick Insect
Written by Anthony
I am a content creator by profession but exotic animals are one of my great passions in life. Over the course of my adulthood, I have had the pleasure of looking after stick insects, terrapins, an Egyptian tortoise, giant African land snails, a crested gecko, a Chilean rose tarantula, a couple of curly-haired tarantulas, and a selection of millipedes, centipedes and worms!
Last Updated on January 11, 2021
When most people think of pets, cute and cuddly animals such as dogs, cats, and rabbits usually spring to mind. They might even think about fish, hamsters, or gerbils. Nevertheless, very few people consider insects as pets. When it comes to first pets for children though, certain insects can be the perfect choice.
For example, you may be pondering the question are stick insects good pets.
Yes, stick insects can make for very good pets, particularly if you are looking for something low maintenance. Indeed, stick insects are quiet, clean, and easy to care for, making them the perfect pet. They are also fascinating to watch.
Such a pet can teach kids the value of life and a level of responsibility without placing too much pressure on them or yourself. As well as this, because of these insects' relatively short lifespans, children get to see how these creatures progress from egg to nymph to adulthood in a short space of time. It is for this reason that stick insects are often chosen as a class pet in schools.
For more advice and information on keeping and looking after stick insects, check out my ebook on Amazon click here (opens in a new tab).
What are Stick Insects Like?
If you are looking for a pet that requires very little investment and very little maintenance, stick insects are ideal. All they really need is a safe and warm environment and access to fresh leaves, and they will be content.
Most people have an idea of what stick insects are like but very few realise that there are actually over 3,000 different species of stick insect across the world. Moreover, they can vary quite dramatically in appearance as well. The most common stick insect is the Indian, or laboratory as it is sometimes known, stick insect. This stick insect species eventually grows to around eight centimetres and resembles a twig. It is typically a brown or green colour and can expertly camouflage itself in trees and bushes.
The Indian stick insect is nocturnal for the most part, but it does move about during the day from time to time. Like many other species of stick insect, the female Indian stick insect can lay eggs without mating with a male. These are known as parthenogenic insects and have the ability to lay eggs that will eventually hatch into female nymphs. These nymphs are clones of their mothers.
How to Care for Stick Insects
If you have been wondering are stick insects good pets, then you know by now from reading thus far that the answer is a resounding yes. However, it is important to create the perfect environment for them to live in. For the most part, stick insects thrive in a warm and humid environment. Ideally, the temperature needs to be between 20oC and 30oC. The good thing about the Indian stick insect is that they are very hardy and are comfortable at normal room temperature.
If you are thinking of a stick insect(s) for a pet, you will need to have an enclosure made from glass or plastic. You can buy suitable containers or tanks in a pet store or online. It is important that whatever tank you place the stick insects is well ventilated. Ideally, it will have a mesh screen at the top; this offers the required ventilation and somewhere for the stick insects to hang from when shedding their skin.
New Guinea Spiny Stick Insect
New Guinea Spiny Stick Insect
Stick insects shed numerous times before reaching adulthood, and they require plenty of height in their enclosure to do so. So based on this, it is therefore important that any tank is at the very least three times as high as the length of a fully grown adult; in the case of the Indian stick insect, this would mean having a tank that is at least 24cm high.
To keep the environment humid, a spray bottle is necessary to mist the enclosure every couple of days or so. Your stick insects require a little humidity to shed their skins more easily. If the atmosphere is too dry, they are likely to find it hard to shed properly, which could cause harm to the insect. There is the possibility that the stick insect will be unable to free itself from its skin if the environment is not humid, which could then result in lost limbs or, in extreme cases, death.
While your stick insects will be fine in a tank that is warm, humid, and contains fresh food, including some decorative items is also a good idea. Stick insects enjoy climbing and blending in with their surroundings, so placing sticks, branches, and twigs in the tank will give them places to rest and climb and will, at the end of the day, make for happier sticks.
What do Stick Insects Eat?
There is no need to purchase expensive food for stick insects as they eat fresh leaves. This means that you can find their favourite food source for free in your surrounding area. Although they survive on a diet of fresh leaves, they do not eat all types of leaf. They do have their favourites.
In the wild, stick insects will, obviously, avoid leaves that are toxic to them. The same is true of stick insects in captivity; they will only eat the leaves that they like, no matter how hungry they are. Their favourite foods are privet, bramble, oak, hawthorn, ivy, and rose leaves.
rose leaves with water droplets
Stick insects like older leaves and will not eat young, bright green leaves. They will also only eat fresh leaves, so it is important to place a water source in the container as a place for the stems of the leaves to be placed to keep them fresh for longer.
What to Do if Your Stick Insect Lays Eggs?
As previously mentioned, Indian stick insects lay eggs that can hatch into female nymphs. Stick insect eggs are typically around 2mm in diameter and resemble small seeds. Adult females can lay around two or three of these eggs each day; over the course of their lifespan this can equate to hundreds of eggs, all of which could hatch into nymphs. It is important, therefore, that you learn how to manage these eggs.
It is up to you to decide what to do with any eggs that your stick insect lays. You can allow them to hatch to increase your population of stick insects, you could sell or donate the eggs, or you can dispose of them. If you choose to dispose of the eggs, we highly recommended that you do so humanely. This means freezing any unwanted eggs before getting rid of them.
Sunny Stick Insect Eggs
Stick insect eggs can take a number of months to hatch. How long this process takes depends on the type of stick insect species you have. Some people choose to move the eggs out of the main tank until they have hatched. If you do this, you will need a small, ventilated container. You should place the eggs on tissue paper within this container and make sure that you mist the eggs regularly. You should not allow them to get too wet, but they should not get too dry either. If they are too dry, it can prevent the nymphs from hatching; being too wet can result in mould and fungi growth, which will be detrimental to the eggs.
Once the nymphs hatch, you can move them to the main tank, where they will start to feed and grow. Nymphs do require a little bit of help in terms of feeding in that they find it difficult to eat undamaged leaves. If there are older nymphs or adults in the container, you will not need to worry. Otherwise, you will need to tear or cut the leaves to allow the nymphs to feed properly.
You should also be aware that nymphs have been known to fall in containers of water and quickly drown, so it will be essential to cover the water container. You can roll up pieces of paper to place on the top of the water, or better still, cover the container with a piece of net or mesh. This will allow you to put the stem of the leaves through without the nymphs being able to fall in.
How Long Will Your Stick Insects Live For?
Indian stick insects live for between one and two years. They usually moult around five times before reaching adulthood. It is only when they shed their skin that they grow. They typically take around six months to reach adulthood and will then live for a further six to twelve months as adults. They make great starter pets for children and will enable parents to teach responsibility when looking after a pet.
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text:
- the text in this section is copied from an article in Wikipedia
Monongalia County is a former county in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was identified in 1858, although the Dakota War of 1862 delayed its organization until 1861. It was named after Monongalia County, Virginia (Now Monongalia County, West Virginia)after residents moved from Virginia to Minnesota. The county seat was at New London,after a brief staying at Columbia.
In 1870 the state legislature ordered it merged with Kandiyohi County, its southern neighbor. Neither county had been able up till then to raise enough money to build a courthouse. In February 1871, they finally agreed to make Willmar the new county seat,succeeding to Kandiyohi Station.
- source: Source:Population of States and Counties of the United States: _PHONE_
| Census Year || Population
| 1860 || 350
| 1870 || 3,161


Documentation
Cat::AbelianMonoid
Category of Abelian monoids
Description
Cat::AbelianMonoid represents an Abelian monoid.
An Cat::AbelianMonoid is an Abelian semi-group with a neutral element dom::zero according to the operation + (_plus).
Use the axiom Ax::normalRep to state that zero is always represented in a unique way (i.e. canonically).
If an Abelian monoid has not the axion Ax::normalRep then dom::zero is only one possible representation of the neutral element. An Abelian semi-group must at least have the method "iszero" to test for zero in such a case.
Axioms
If the domain has Ax::canonicalRep, then Ax::normalRep.
Entries
"zero"
Must hold the neutral element according to the operation +.
Methods
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Let $M$ be a closed smooth manifold. A generic diffeomorphism $\phi: M\rightarrow M$ has non-degenerate fixed points, i.e. the intersections of its graph with the diagonal in $M\times M$ are all transverse. In a generic one-parameter family $(\phi_t)$ of diffeomorphisms (say starting at the identity) we cannot request that the fixed points of $\phi_t$ be non-degenerate for all $t$. Nonetheless we can arrange that degenerate fixed points occur only for finitely many values of $t$ and that they be of "birth-death" type. In particular, the fixed point set of each $\phi_t$ is still isolated.
How "non-generic" is it for a diffeomorphism to have a fixed point set that "carries topology", i.e. not only its fixed point set $F$ is infinite but it has non-trivial homology and the map $H_\ast(F)\rightarrow H_\ast(M)$ is non-trivial at some positive degree? The reasoning above shows that the codimension of these diffeomorphisms in $Diff(M)$ is at least 2. Is it finite/very high/infinte?
As a particular example, let $M=\mathbb{CP}^n$ and consider the set $\mathcal {E}$ of diffeomorphisms whose fixed point set contains a line, i.e. the restriction of a generator $u\in H^2(\mathbb{CP}^n;\mathbb Q)$ to its fixed point set is non-zero. Does $\mathcal{E}$ have codimension greater than $2$ in $Diff(M)$? Analogous questions can be asked in the volume-preserving or symplectic cases.
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MultiMarkdown footnotes in TextMate
Earlier this week, there was a thread on the TextMate mailing list about creating footnotes in text files. It was suggested that MultiMarkdown had a good footnote implementation and that my reference link macro/command/snippet system could be modified to make MultiMarkdown footnotes. As I was going to be spending some downtime this week flying and sitting in airports, I told the list I'd work it out and get back to them. So, thanks to a couple-hour delay at O'Hare, here it is.
The MultiMarkdown way of making footnotes follows the method described in this Markdown mailing list thread. It is apparently the format favored by John Gruber when he writes his Daring Fireball posts even though it hasn't made its way into his version of Markdown yet. Basically, you stick [^x] at the point you want the footnote marker to appear, and [^x]: footnote text at the bottom of the document. The "x" between the square brackets can be any string of characters. The format is basically the same as that for reference-style links, but with the addition of the caret character (^), which cleverly suggests the superscript commonly used for footnote markers.
As with the reference-style link system, the footnote-making system consists of a command that inserts a snippet and a macro that calls the command.
First, we create a new command called "Footnote" in the Markdown category of the Bundle editor and insert the following Perl code:
use List::Util qw(max);
$text = $text. "\n" unless substr($text, -1) eq "\n";
# Get the highest-numbered footnote.
_USER_ = $text =~ /^\[\^fn(\d+)\]: /mg;
$n = max(_USER_) + 1;
# Escape special characters.
$text =~ s/([\$\\'])/\\$1/g;
# Insert the snippet.
print '[^${1:fn'. $n. '}]$0'.
 $text. '[^$1]: ${2:footnote}'. "\n\n";
This command assumes that all the text is selected from the point at which the footnote marker is to appear to the end of the file (that's the $ENV{'TM_SELECTED_TEXT} part). Your Bundle Editor window should look like this:
(Click on the screenshot to see it full-sized.)
We now create a macro that makes that selection and calls the command. Start with a file that has some text and a couple of blank lines at the end. Then:
 1. Put the caret somewhere in the text. (At this point it doesn't really matter where, but to get a feel of how the macro will work, you'll probably want to put it where you want the footnote marker to appear.)
 2. Choose Start Macro Recording from the Automation menu.
 3. Press Command-Shift-Downarrow to select all the text from the caret to the end of the document.
 4. Invoke the Footnote command by choosing it from the little gear-like popup menu along the bottom of the TextMate window.
 5. Choose Stop Macro Recording from the Automation menu.
 6. Click anywhere in the document to deselect the footnote marker and interrupt the snippet.
 7. Press Command-Z to undo the snippet.
At this point, it's probably best to test out the macro a few times by choosing Replay Scratch Macro from the Automation menu. When you're convinced it's working, choose Save Scratch Macro… from the Automation menu and save it with the name "Footnote" in the Markdown section. Use whatever Tab Trigger or Key Equivalent you like (I chose a Key Equivalent of Control-F) and set the Scope Selector to "text.html.markdown." Your Bundle Editor window should now look like this:
To use the macro, put the caret where you want the footnote marker to appear and invoke the macro. The footnote marker, [^fn1], will appear at the caret position with the "fn1" selected and [^fn1]: footnote will appear at the bottom of the document. You can now type a new marker or just hit the Tab key to change the selection to the "footnote" text. When you're done changing the footnote text another press of the Tab key will move the caret back to the end of the footnote marker. If you left the footnote marker as "fn1," the next time you invoke the macro, the marker will be "fn2," and the time after that it will be "fn3," and so on. Please note that, as with the leading number in ordered list items, the number in your marker may not be the number that shows up in the HTML output.
There are two oddities you may be wondering about:
 1. Why [^fn1] and [^fn2] instead of just [^1] and [^2]?
 2. Why is there a blank line after each footnote?
The simple answer to both these questions is that MultiMarkdown won't work otherwise. I haven't looked into the code to see why, but MultiMarkdown doesn't recognize footnote markers with just a single digit after the caret. And it also gets confused by multiple footnotes unless they're separated by a blank line. My first thought is that restrictions are bugs in the implementation, but maybe there's a good reason for them.
One more thing. If you start using footnotes and processing them through MultiMarkdown, you'll soon find you need to create a "footnote" class in your CSS stylesheet. Otherwise, the footnote numbers will not be superscripted. And you'll have to create a "reversefootnote" class if you want the footnotes themselves to have a different style (e.g., a smaller font size) than the regular body text.
Happy footnoting!


Why was Alexander Hamilton important?
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Top Answer
pohnpei397's profile pic
Posted on (Answer #1)
Alexander Hamilton is important mostly for what he did while George Washington was president. He was also a major American figure in the Revolutionary War, but it was his work in government that is most important.
Hamilton was the first Secretary of the Treasury under the government created by the Constitution. In this position, he created the financial structure for the United States. He set up a system for funding the national debt. He proposed a national bank and a tariff. He did these things because he wanted to set up a stable economic environment that would allow the United States to eventually become a wealth and industrialized nation.
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text:
What is needed?
Studio teaching requires a couple of changes from traditional classroom layouts and scheduling.
First, studio activities are not really possible when students sit in rows facing the front of a classroom. Instead, students must sit together and look at each other. So, a traditional lecture hall is not an appropriate venue. Round tables are ideal, but standard lab tables can work just as well. Many instructors simply have their studio classes meet in the rooms that normally are only used for labs.
Second, standard class scheduling also hinders studio teaching. At most colleges and universities, class lecture sessions meet for three standard 50 minute periods, or two 80 minute periods per week. Lab sessions are generally 2 hours or longer in the afternoons. While it is possible to teach a studio class in 1 hour blocks, it is much better to have longer class periods. Two sessions per week, of 3 hours each, comes out to about the same number of contact hours as a traditional class, and works much better. The distinction between lab and lecture should, and can, be eliminated. During the longer time blocks, students may work on a number of different projects and may not all be doing the same things.


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BBC News
watch One-Minute World News
Last Updated: Monday, 29 September, 2003, 21:48 GMT 22:48 UK
King crabs march towards the Pole
By Alex Kirby
BBC News Online environment correspondent
Scientist holds king crab Alex Kirby
Russian fisheries scientist and king crab
A shellfish released in the Arctic waters of the Barents sea in 1961 has taken a huge step to expand its range.
The species is the king crab, a native of the Bering sea and the area round Kamchatka in the Russian far east.
It was brought to western Russia in a bizarre experiment to provide a new catch for the Soviet fishing fleet.
Now, to the dismay of scientists, the crab has reached the Svalbard archipelago, an island group almost half-way to the North Pole.
The species can grow to 1.5 metres across (including its legs) and weigh up to eight kilogrammes, making it the world's biggest edible crab.
Vassily Spiridonov is a marine biologist working for the Russian section of WWF, the global environment campaign.
Lying low
He told BBC News Online: "For some years after their release in the Barents sea it looked as if the crabs had simply disappeared.
"Nobody heard anything about them until the late seventies. But during the nineties we had quite a big growth in the population in Russian waters."
The crabs had already begun migrating westwards from the point where they had been released, off the Kola peninsula, with Norwegian fishermen starting to report catches in the 1980s.
In 2002 the crabs were found 215 kilometres (115 miles) off the mainland of Norway.
But the news that they have reached Norwegian-administered Svalbard suggests their previously steady onwards march has now accelerated into more of a sprint.
The islands lie about half-way between northern Norway and the Pole, and the crab found this summer in a Svalbard fjord was probably carried there on the currents.
Voracious eaters
But they are known to be making progress southwards down Norway's west coast as well. Scientists think they are advancing at about 50 km (31 miles) a year, though that could be an underestimate.
Fishermen with king crabs AP
Money on legs: King crabs are a valuable catch
Although the crabs are a commercially important resource which fetches high prices in Japan, and in parts of Europe, there is concern about their impact on their surroundings.
Dr Spiridonov said: "The population is now really huge, and they're fish predators - they can eat everything.
"They don't compete directly with any other species, as they're generalists, but they do alter the balance of the ecosystem.
"And the total biomass of fish that live near the bottom of the Barents sea is lower than in the sea of Okhotsk, the crabs' original home off Kamchatka."
The crabs can live for up to 25 years, and a single adult has been known to eat 400-700 grammes of scallops in two days.
Ironically, the king crabs' expansive behaviour in their new home is mirrored by a decline in their native far east.
The crabs are one of the most valuable catches in the west Bering sea, which lies between Kamchatka and the US state of Alaska.
Dr Spiridonov told BBC News Online: "About 100,000 crabs a year were caught legally in the far east during the 1990s, and there's a lot of illegal fishing too.
"They're now in severe danger there, and they could become commercially extinct across their entire range."
King crabs march on into Norway
29 Nov 02 | Europe
King crabs conquer new realms
31 Aug 00 | Science/Nature
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This paper summarizes and discusses the results of a survey on country practices in the management of sovereign assets and liabilities. Twenty-eight countries, mostly high-income economies, responded to the questionnaire. The survey responses provide detailed information about various approaches to the sovereign asset and liability management framework in terms of balance sheet production as well as objectives, priority areas, and challenges associated with integrated management. In addition to the survey results, where possible and relevant, this paper provides insight through prominent country examples. The survey results confirm that the number of countries that have developed such a framework is limited. Although most of the respondents indicated that they regularly produce an accounting balance sheet, the objective of this exercise is often limited to monitoring sovereign assets and liabilities rather than determining mismatches between them. In the cases where a sovereign asset and liability management framework is implemented, there are significant differences across countries. Most countries include state-owned enterprises in the sovereign balance sheet, but only a minority also considers central banks, in some cases only international reserves and sovereign funds. The challenges cited include institutional arrangements, uncertain or lacking mandate, coordination between institutions, data availability, and valuation of assets. Most of these challenges are related to the implementation of the approach. The development of sound practices for sovereign asset and liability management could benefit governments and facilitate the implementation of a holistic approach to manage their balance sheets and related risks, increasing their resilience to shocks.


L5r: Legend of the Five Rings
Hida Hiroto
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Please note: This article is about the bushi. For other uses of the term, please see Hiroto (disambiguation).
Hida Hiroto
Born: 1155
Died: Unknown
Parents: Un-named Hida father,
un-named Ide mother
Siblings: Three un-named siblings
Spouse: Un-named Scorpion Clan
Children: half-a-dozen sons and daughters
Hida Hiroto was a bushi of the Crab Clan.
Family Edit
Hiroto was born in the year 1155 to a Hida father and an Ide mother, the eldest of four siblings. He was a sociable child with a knack for making friends. [1]
Station Edit
Warrior Edit
Hiroto followed in his father's footsteps, a warrior in the Kaiu Wall. In 1171, only a year past his gempukku, the Destroyer War began. He first fought the desperate Shadowlands creatures pushed forward by the advancing Destroyer legions. Hiroto survived when the Kaiu Wall collapsed and retreating to join the siege of Shiro Kuni. When the castle also was overrun, Hiroto had escaped to secure the many secret scrolls of the Kuni family when they were evacuated to the Crane lands. He joined the armies of the Empire and fought the Destroyers near Ryoko Owari, where the entity called the God Beast of Kali-Ma was slain and Hiroto lose his arm. [2]
Courtier Edit
Hiroto retired from active duty, took a wife from the Scorpion Clan, their new allies to contain the threat of the Second Festering Pit, and acted as a liaison between the Scorpion and the Crab at the newly-built Scorpion Wall. Hiroto's efforts made him a universally-recognized figure in the courts. He bore half-a-dozen sons and daughters. [3]
See also Edit
 1. Imperial Archives, p. 90
 2. Imperial Archives, pp. 90, 91
 3. Imperial Archives, p. 91
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Mexico - Guanajuato - San Diego de la Unión - Peñuelas
Peñuelas - Guanajuato
Facts about Peñuelas
Location of Peñuelas
Peñuelas is located in the municipality of San Diego de la Unión in the Mexican state of Guanajuato with the GPS coordinates:
Longitude (dec): -100.789722
Latitude (dec): 21.388056
Height over sea level of Peñuelas
The locations medium height over sea level is 1990 meters.
Population in Peñuelas
The over all population of Peñuelas is 626 persons, 287 of them are male and 339 of them are female.
Age distribution
The population of this place consists of 285 minors and 341 adults, with 69 of them being 60 years and older.
Indigenous population of Peñuelas
Social structure
A legal claim on health care and social insurance benefits have 241 citizens of Peñuelas.
Economic situation
In Peñuelas exist about 152 households.
Of these households 145 are common houses or apartments, 20 are without floor and about 7 consist of one room only.
The economic situation allows 0 households to own a computer, 60 own a washing machine and 134 households are equipped with one ore more televisions.
School and education in Peñuelas
Besides the 117 analphabets aged 15 or older, about 23 minors between 6 and 14 are not visiting a school.
119 inhabitants of the population of 15 years and older did not visit a school and 201 persons did not finish the school. 55 visited only the 6 years lasting primary school, 1 visited and finished the college or similar scholar institutions.
A total of 7 aged 15 to 24 years visited a school, the medium time school is visited through the whole population is 4 years.
Map of Peñuelas
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FUNTASTIC Nursery Series | Early learning years is a crucial stage for children to cultivate their sentiments, develop language skills and learn about the world around them. This book is designed to deliver the contents in a clear and concise manner, with vivid illustrations and accurate language that are suitable for children age 4.
We highly recommended you to purchase this bundle to give your children a solid and early start in learning three languages (English, Bahasa Melayu & Chinese), Science, Mathematics and Moral Education. The coursebooks serve as the main learning material and accompanied by activity books that reinforces the key learning outcomes for each subject.
FUNTASTIC 启蒙 - Nursery (Age 4) - Chinese - Activity Book 1
- Brands Sasbadi Sdn Bhd
- Product Code: 978-983-59-9571-2
- Availability: 28
- Weight: 0.10kg
Tags: FUNTASTIC 启蒙 - Nursery (Age 4) - Chinese - Activity Book 1


The Value of Singing With Different Ages
= calgary children's choir
There are many reasons why it is valuable to sing with others, but it is especially beneficial to sing with others of different ages. Here are three reasons why:
#1. Voice types:
For many children, being able to sing with the full spectrum of voice types is something they have to wait until they are grown to experience. Because our program runs from age 3 up until age 25, and because we often sing with adult choirs, and musical groups with varying voice types, we are able to expose our choristers to the full range of the human voice. This is essential to their ear training, and to their confidence as singers, as they move from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood.
#2. Musical Abilities:
We accept singers of all abilities, and this helps us to foster a community of people who above all, love singing. We believe that everyone has something to learn, and that allowing different ages, and musical abilities to come together to make music, ensures that everyone can take something valuable away from the experience.
#3. Mentoring:
In the Calgary Children's Choir we have developed a mentorship program from our youngest singers to the oldest. This program ensures an inclusive, and welcoming environment for all singers, and provides support to our newest choristers, or those who need extra help with music. Our eldest choristers, look out for the youngest ones (and sometimes vice versa!), ensuring a caring, and committed group of choristers who are happy to be together and make wonderful music!
Why do you think it is valuable for people of all ages to sing together? Tell us in the comments below!
Calgary Children's Choir


text:
To accomplish a Six Sigma level, a production process must generate less than 3.44 defects per 1,000,000 opportunities, as shown in the table below:
To identify if the capability of the process is relative to the specifications of that process, Process Sigma rating should be computed. To compute for the process sigma rating, we have to determine the total number of defects, total number of opportunities, and defect rate.
How to calculate it yourself… the simple explanation
A defect is anything outside of customer's requirement. An opportunity on the other hand is the total number of the probability for a failing. Based on the Process Sigma Table, Six Sigma rating should have 99.99966% yield. Yield is the percentage of products or services without defects. That is like one wrong drug prescription in twenty-five years. As a business strategy improved sigma rating results in improved process or product, reduced cost and greater customer satisfaction.
Click to gain access to Six Sigma Calculator excel template for a quick evaluation to determine the total number of defects, total number of opportunities, and defect rate.


Medical specialty questionnaire is used to help medical students in identifying the areas of specialty during studies. The medical specialty questionnaire guides the person on key areas to note as they made a decision on the specialty of their choice. The questions cover personality, abilities and skills. A medical specialty questionnaire shapes the career of the medical student as they begin to identify choices of specialty. There are various specialty choices including, cardiology, neurology, pediatrics, and plastic surgery among others. The person compares tendencies to certain questions with those rated for various specialties professionals. A sample medical specialty questionnaire is shown below.
Sample Medical Specialty Questionnaire
Answer the following questions selecting from a scale of 1-5 where (1 – least true) and (5- most true)
I tend…
1. To be very assertive when making arguments ___________________________________________________________________
2. To be very organized ___________________________________________________________________
3. To be in charge when in a group ___________________________________________________________________
4. To be demanding on results ___________________________________________________________________
5. To bring energy to people around me ___________________________________________________________________
6. To make independent choices in many areas ___________________________________________________________________
7. To enjoy routine work ___________________________________________________________________
8. To exploring new things ___________________________________________________________________
9. To solve complex issues ___________________________________________________________________
10. To enjoy being part of the decision making process ___________________________________________________________________
11. To attempting solving problems before asking for help ___________________________________________________________________
12. To take initiative in all situations ___________________________________________________________________
13. To solve a problem head on without compromising or delaying ___________________________________________________________________
14. To look up to people I admire ___________________________________________________________________
15. To be a keen listener ___________________________________________________________________
16 To be an excellent observer ___________________________________________________________________
17. To push myself to perfection ___________________________________________________________________
18. To enjoy spending time away from work ___________________________________________________________________


text:
Hello, i've been designing a device for measuring rats ECG using AD8232, but as the board completed, i'm observing these strange phenomenon:
The output is constantly changes, it just like the ad8232 only amplifying a noise (note that these are two ad8232).
Signal swings from 0 to 3.3V (i used REFOUT as reference).
As you can see the swings of the waveform, the green one mostly saturated at 0V while the blue one mostly saturated at 3.3V
The output from IAOUT when the lead is disconnected or when the input is shorted is about 1.5V, is that even normal?
I just follow the sample from the datasheet but with different HPF and with total G=200 referenced at 1.65V from REFOUT, please take a look at the schematic below:
Here is the PCB layout, for reference:


text:
Evidence is presented for the presence of opiate binding sites with a preference for benzomorphans in seven regions of the human brain. The highest concentration of these sites was found in the hypothalamus and the lowest level in the thalamus. By utilizing the phencyclidine derivative, 3-hydroxyphencyclidine, we have obtained data suggesting that these benzomorphan binding sites may be a mixture of κ and σ sub-types of opiate receptors.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics(all)


text:
🙏🏻 Hari Om 🙏🏻
*Science of Seven Cultures*
_To the rapid evolution of the_ _. Human being_
In Continuation after health and energy culture is:
Study one chapter or ten to twenty-five verses of the Gita or your scriptures with meaning, daily. Learn the original language of your scripture, at least sufficient to understand it in original.


text:
Adana is one of the largest and the most energetic cities in Turkey. It had developed its significance from its location as the gateway to the Cilician basic which is now known as the Çukurova basic. Adana happens to be the marketing and allocation core for an agricultural district where grapes, wheat, cotton, olives, citrus fruits, tobacco and barley are produced in huge amounts. Some of the city's leading industries are engaged in tanning, textile development, and wool dispensation. Apart from all this, Adana is also well-known for their cuisine; out of its several specialties, one would be the salgam, the special local diversity of turnip juice and not to mention the unique Adana kebab.
Adana, for decades had been an essential metropolitan because it is situated in the center of an industrious city. The esteemed River Seyhan had been further emphasized by the prehistoric Taskopru or better known as the Stone Bridge. The Stone Bridge had been refurbished by Justinian and constructed by Hadrian. The construction of the 300 yards long stone bridge during the Roman era was truly an accomplishment. During the 16th century, within the city numerous remarkable structures had been constructed. The Eski Mosque or Yag, Saat Kulesi (a clock-tower) the Hasan Aga Mosque, Great Mosque (Ulu Camii) were all established during the year of 1882. Ethnographical Museum in the city is enriched with remarkable historical belongings. Manuscript books, swords, Turkish carpets, as well as tombstones are exhibited here.
Adana Turkey prestige luxury car hire company was developed to offer capable escort services and fresh out of the showroom new prestige cars in Adana to clients than some other available. . Throughout this time we have endeavoured to be the cheapest and most affordable car rental company in Adana offering quality rental cars from as low as TL19 per day* - ( * Conditions apply ).
Best Turkey Adana Car Rentals Company have a wide range of budget priced hire vehicles from which to choose, you will find our long and short term rates are exceptionally affordable and what is even better there are no hidden costs. Contact us direct on our phone number or click the buttons below to view our range of vehicles, or request a FREE quote.
Medium / intermediate cars for rent in Adana / Turkey
The medium / intermediate hire cars are the perfect rental car for carrying a bit more luggage in the boot and have more room and comfort inside for the passengers with seating capacity for 5 people. These cars for hire are only available in Automatic sedan and have air conditioning and power steering. Intermediate cars are medium size cars with 4 doors, manuel transmission, airconditioning. Long Term Rental around Krakow, Turkey : Please contact us for our competetive long term rental fees (min. 1 year) Cars include : Toyota Camry, Mitsubishi Magna, Fiat Albea, Fiat Palio, Renault Clio, Ford Fiesta, Hyundai Getz, Hyundai Accent, Fiat Marea, Fiat Linea, Kia, etc. With a family rental car, you have more space to stretch out. No matter if your family is renting a car for a day trip or for a week-long road trip we can meet your needs.
Family size cars for hire in Adana / Turkey
Family size cars have large luggage room with 5 doors, manuel transmission, airconditioning. Dacia Logan, Fiat Doblo, Renault Kangoo or similar. With a family rental car, you have more space. Our fleet ranges from fullsize SUVS and minivans to passenger vans that seat up to 15 passengers. When it's time for your next road trip, Krakow's best rent a car company has a variety of vehicles with room for everyone. Car hire services company in Turkey Adana offers premium family vehicles like SUVs seating four to seven people and minivans seating seven. Have a big family? One of our passenger vans seating 12 to 15 people gives you plenty of room. If you decide you need more room we give you the opportunity to upgrade from a 5-seat SUV to a minivan, or from a minivan to a passenger van.
Premium cars for hire in Adana / Turkey
Premium cars are large size cars with 4 doors, manuel transmission, airconditioning. Fiat Linea, Ford Focus, Hyundai Era ( auto transmission ), Toyota Corolla, Opel Astra, Kia Cerato or similar. Using a luxury car will give you an unique advantage: you will be able to access exclusive places in Krakow, Turkey. You will not need to use public transportation or taxis, so you will have the freedom to explore the city in its fullest. By using a car rental in Adana you will be able to go as you wish with a Mercedes E Cabrio or a Maserati Gran Cabrio. You will also have a much better experience by being able to go sightseeing or shopping in your own rhythm.
Luxury rental cars in Adana / Turkey
Luxury cars are larger sedan cars with 4 doors, manuel transmission, airconditioning. Prestige car hire service Adana has a fantasy to be the best drivers' association Adana Turkey conveys to the table. We hope to open our association's remarkable potential, making us a less inflexible, all the more quick and clearer affiliation. One that passes on in the meantime, above all, makes us the best business driver association for our customers. With us rent a luxury car in Adana Turkey and live a great experience of driving. Rent your favourite car now online in one click and drive it. Cars included ; Ford Mondeo, Ford Focus Trend Diesel, Renault Fluence diesel, Volkswagen Bora, Volkswagen Passat, Renault Megane Station Wagon, Opel Vectra, Honda Civic, Peugeot 407 or similar.
Deluxe car hire in Adana / Turkey
If you're thinking of renting a luxury car, look no further than the Adana Turkey car rental company team. Just make and enquiry with your dates and requirements and we will respond promptly. We have a vast range of luxury vehicles for hire; sports cars, SUVs, luxury models and cabriolets. All the vehicles are new and the very latest models. Deluxe cars are larger sedan cars with 4 doors, manuel and automatical transmission, airconditioning. Mercedes S Class, BMW Series, Audi Series, Porche, Land Rover Range Rover Sport, Lamborghini, Ferrari, Mercedes E Class, Jaguar, Bentley or similar.
Minivan hire in Adana / Turkey
Minivan cars are larger vehicles cars with 4 doors, manuel and automatical transmission, airconditioning. Mercedes Viano, Mercedes Vito, VW Transporter, VW Caravelle, Hyundai Starex, Ford Journey or similar. Comfortable, affordable and luxurious, these classic 7 seater hire, 9 seater hire, 13 seater hire and 16 seater luxury mini van hire options are ideal for small corporate groups, intimate family and friends groups or sports enthusiasts who are looking for a small luxury coach hire option at affordable rates.
Motorbike hire in Adana / Turkey
A motorcycle ( also called a motorbike, bike, or cycle ) is a single-track, two-wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles vary considerably depending on the task for which they are designed, such as long distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road conditions. Adana Scooter Hire and bike rentals, first and foremost, you must have experience of riding a motorcycle before. You do not need to present a license but must be able to show that you know how to drive. If you are a little rusty and it's been a while since you last rode our staff can run over the basics with you. BMW R1200 GS, BMW F 800 GS, BMW F 650 GS, BMW G 650 GS, Yamaha XT 660R, Yamaha XT 600, Yamaha XT 660Z Tenere or similars.
Motorcycle hire in Adana / Turkey
We offer a Wide Range of Motorcycles and Scooters For Rent in Adana / Turkey! Our Motorcycle Rentals Offices have Automatic, Manual and Off-Road Motorcycles and scooters for rent in Krakow! Lowest rates on all types of motorcycle rentals. diverse rental fleet of over 2.000 motorcycles to choose from, is impeccably maintained and inspected before each ride, and you are given a complete overview of your bike prior to departure. Suzuki DRZ 400S, Honda XL700 V Transalp, Suzuki DL 650 VStorm, Suzuki DL 1000 VStorm, Suzuki VL 800 Intruder C 800 or similar.


Not sure what kind of sign to recommend to your clients? Here's an overview of the benefits of front and halo lit channel letter signs, otherwise known as dual lit signs.
Signage is an important aspect of branding for your clients. You want a sign for their brick and mortar location to appeal to their customers, and thereby drive increased awareness, and ultimately sales.
Channel letter signs are an excellent option for companies that want to stand out from the competition. There are two basic types of channel letters available on the market today: front lit channel letters, and halo lit channel letters. However, in some cases a combination of these two techniques will optimize the appearance of a sign.
This article will discuss the differences between front lit and halo lit channel letter signs, and how to use a combined approach to achieve maximum impact.
What are Front Lit Channel Letters?
Front lit channel letters are signs in which each letter's interior contains a light source that is visible from the front side of the display. Front lit channel letters are made up of durable aluminum composite panel (ACP) backing and sides. Their front surface is comprised of a translucent, acrylic material that allows the light source inside to transmit outwards. (Sometimes a lexan face can be used.)
Colour selection is vitally important for front lit channel letters, because many vinyl overlays only allow for less than 1% of light transmission from the letter's interior light source. Customized overlays are often available to achieve specific colours/hues. Another popular option among many businesses is the use of dual film. This material allows a company sign to transmit a specific color during daytime, and then white illumination at night (which results in highest visibility).
What are Halo Lit Channel Letters?
Halo lit channel letters (also known as halo lit or reverse channel letters) are the converse of their front lit counterparts. Instead of a translucent front side, these letters are open on the back, and positioned a little bit away from the wall. When the light source begins its transmission, the light reflects off of the wall and gives a silhouetted appearance to the solid outline of the letter; in effect, each letter is surrounded by a "halo" of light.
Halo lit channel letters can provide depth of appearance and a more architectural look to signage. Of course, it is important that the right kind of backing material is utilized for best results. For instance, brick may not distribute the light as well as other surfaces, whereas an extremely slick or shiny background may cause your LEDs to be visibly reflected upon the wall.
Using Front and Halo Lit Illumination
While both front lit and halo lit signs have their own unique advantages, a combined approach also offers significant aesthetic benefits. For instance:
 - Front and halo lit channel letters can use two different colorus to achieve a more rounded effect. All that is needed is a partition panel in the middle of the letter to divide the front side colour from the back.
 - Front and Halo lit illumination allows your clients to leverage a 3D effect for their sign, without sacrificing desired colour at the front.
 - This technique offers maximum visibility, especially at night. Front and halo lit signs are often positioned on high buildings for maximum exposure.
 - Front and halo lit channel letters are usually very attractive elements for advertising storefronts that are closed at night.
Ultimately, the success of a sign as a marketing tool depends on your client's specific business objectives, and which design would best fit into their advertising strategy. Many companies have found that dual lit illumination makes for dynamic, attractive signage that appeals to a wide range of customers. If you'd like to learn more about dual lit channel letter signs, and the many options available, reach out to us at the Channel Letter Depot today.


text:
Production of free surface water jets using focused underwater shock waves
It is possible to produce concentrated free surface water jets by rapidly accelerating a geometrically shaped curved deflector plate below the free water surface. This principle has been established using a self focusing electromagnetic acoustic source (FEMAS) and this report verifies it using a shock tube based mechanical analogue of that system. The shape, form and speed o f the water jets produced vary between the two systems. Discrete pressure measurements using a needle hydrophone positioned at different points below the free water surface are presented. The variation in pressure amplitudes recorded highlight the scatter and uncertainty inherent in a complex coupled system, while the form o f the pressure trace is dependant on the mechanical design o f the system in use and the position o f the needle hydrophone in the pressure field. To better understand the experimental system, a computer simulation using commercially availa ble non-linear dynamic analysis software has been developed. This shows that the water surface jets result from the overall hydrodynamic, flow initiated by rapid movement o f the deflector plate below the water surface.


related to 'git'_ are in :ref:'additional-git'. .. _delete-master: Deleting your master branch =========================== It may sound strange, but deleting your own ''master'' branch can help reduce confusion about which branch you are on. See 'deleting master on github'_ for details. .. _fetch-latest: Fetch the latest Astropy ************************ From time to time you should fetch the development version (i.e. Astropy ''astropy/master'') changes from GitHub:: git fetch astropy --tags This will pull down any commits you don't have, and set the remote branches to point to the latest commit. For example, 'trunk' is the branch referred to by ''astropy/master'', and if there have been commits since you last checked, ''astropy/master'' will change after you do the fetch. .. _make-feature-branch: Make a new feature branch ************************* Make the new branch =================== When you are ready to make some changes to the code, you should start a new branch. Branches that are for a collection of related edits are often called 'feature branches'. Making a new branch for each set of related changes will make it easier for someone reviewing your branch to see what you are doing. Choose an informative name for the branch to remind yourself and the rest of us what the changes in the branch are for. Branch names like ''add-ability-to-fly'' or ''buxfix-for-issue-42'' clearly describe the purpose of the branch. Always make your branch from ''astropy/master'' so that you are basing your changes on the latest version of Astropy:: # Update the mirror of trunk git fetch astropy --tags # Make new feature branch starting at astropy/master git branch my-new-feature astropy/master git checkout my-new-feature Connect the branch to GitHub ============================ At this point you have made and checked out a new branch, but 'git'_ does not know it should be connected to your fork on GitHub. You need that connection for your proposed changes to be managed by the Astropy maintainers on GitHub. To connect your local branch to GitHub, you 'git push'_ this new branch up to your GitHub repo with the ''--set-upstream'' option:: git push --set-upstream your-github-username my-new-feature From now on git will know that ''my-new-feature'' is related to the ''your-github-username/my-new-feature'' branch in your GitHub fork of Astropy. You will still need to ''git push'' your changes to GitHub periodically. The setup in this section will make that easier. .. _install-branch: Install your branch ******************* Ideally you should set up a Python virtual environment just for this fix; instructions for doing to are at :ref:'virtual_envs'. Doing so ensures you will not corrupt your main ''astropy'' install and makes it very easy to recover from mistakes. Once you have activated that environment, you need to install the version of ''astropy'' you are working on. Do that with: .. code-block:: bash pip install -e . For more details on building ''astropy'' from source, see :ref:'dev-build-astropy-subpkg'. .. _edit-flow: The editing workflow ******************** Conceptually, you will: #. Make changes to one or more files and/or add a new file. #. Check that your changes do not break existing code. #. Add documentation to your code and, as appropriate, to the Astropy documentation. #. Ideally, also make sure your changes do not break the documentation. #. Add tests of the code you contribute. #. Commit your changes in 'git'_ #. Repeat as necessary. In more detail ============== #. Make some changes to one or more files. You should follow the Astropy :ref:'code-guide'. Each logical set of changes should be treated as one commit. For example, if you are fixing a known bug in Astropy and notice a different bug while implementing your fix, implement the fix to that new bug as a different set of changes. #. Test that your changes do not lead to *regressions*, i.e. that your changes do not break existing code, by running the Astropy tests. You can run all of the Astropy tests from ipython with:: import astropy astropy.test() If your change involves only a small part of Astropy, e.g. Time, you can run just those tests:: import astropy astropy.test(package='time') Tests can also be run from the command line while in the package root directory, e.g.:: pytest To run the tests in only a single package, e.g. Time, you can do:: pytest -P time For more details on running tests, please see :ref:'testing-guidelines'. #. Make sure your code includes appropriate docstrings, in the 'Numpydoc format'_. If appropriate, as when you are adding a new feature, you should update the appropriate documentation in the ''docs'' directory; a detailed description is in :ref:'documentation-guidelines'. #. If you have sphinx installed, you can also check that the documentation builds and looks correct by running, from the ''astropy'' directory:: cd docs make html The last line should just state ''build succeeded'', and should not mention any warnings. (For more details, see :ref:'documentation-guidelines'.) #. Add tests of your new code, if appropriate. Some changes (e.g. to documentation) do not need tests. Detailed instructions are at :ref:'writing-tests', but if you have no experience writing tests or with the 'pytest'_ testing framework submit your changes without adding tests, but mention in the pull request that you have not written tests. An example of writing a test is in :ref:'astropy-fix-add-tests'. #. Stage your changes using ''git add'' and commit them using ''git commit''. An example of doing that, based on the fix for an actual Astropy issue, is at :ref:'astropy-fix-example'. .. note:: Make your 'git'_ commit messages short and descriptive. If a commit fixes an issue, include, on the second or later line of the commit message, the issue number in the commit message, like this: ''Closes #123''. Doing so will automatically close the issue when the pull request is accepted. #. Some modifications require more than one commit; if in doubt, break your changes into a few, smaller, commits rather than one large commit that does many things at once. Repeat the steps above as necessary! .. _add-changelog: Add a changelog entry ********************* Add an entry to the file ''CHANGES.rst'' briefly describing the change you made. Include the pull request number, too at the end of the entry. An example entry, for the changes in 'PR 1845 '_, is:: - ''astropy.wcs.Wcs.printwcs'' will no longer warn that ''cdelt'' is being ignored when none was present in the FITS file. [#1845] If you are opening a new pull request, you may not know its number yet, but you can add it *after* you make the pull request. If you're not sure where to put the changelog entry, wait at least until a maintainer has reviewed your PR and assigned it to a milestone. When writing changelog entries, do not attempt to make API reference links by using single-backticks. This is because the changelog (in its current format) runs for the history of the project, and API references you make today may not be valid in a future version of Astropy. However, use of double-backticks for monospace rendering of module/class/function/argument names and the like is encouraged. .. _push-to-github:


, using OLE:
1. Open a document in edit mode and put the cursor in a rich text field (if this is an e-mail, anywhere in the body will do)
2. Choose the menu option Create - Object
3. Choose the "object from a file" option, browse to the wave file, and click OK
4. [OPTIONAL] Right-click the attached file (which should have an icon like a stereo speaker), and choose the option "Object Properties". Give the object a descriptive name.
5. Add a space after the attached file icon and choose the menu option Create - Hotspot - Button
6. Give the button a meaningful label, like "Play Sound"
7. The formula editor for the button should be visible on the bottom part of the screen (if it's not, right click the button and choose the option "Edit Button"). Change the language type to LotusScript, and enter the following piece of script:
Dim ws As New NotesUIWorkspace
Dim doc As NotesDocument
Set doc = ws.CurrentDocument.Document
Forall obj In doc.EmbeddedObjects
 '** this will attempt to play all Sound Recorder objects
 If (obj.Class = "SoundRec") Then
 Call obj.DoVerb("&Play")
 End If
 '** this will attempt to play a specific object (use
 '** whatever name you used in step 4 above)
 'If (obj.Name = "MySound") Then
 ' Call obj.DoVerb("&Play")
 'End If
End Forall
8. Click somewhere else on the document to get out of the script editor, and either save the document, or (if this is an e-mail) send the mail message
As far as I know, this will only work on Windows machines, and I'm not sure what happens if you have another application registered to edit WAV files. This technique should also work if you embed a WAV file onto a form (as opposed to attaching it to a rich text field on a document). And as a general technique, it's a common way to access and make calls to embedded OLE objects on a form. If you want to see all the "verbs" associated with an embedded object, you can use the Verbs property of the NotesEmbeddedObject class (as described in the Notes Designer Help).
Output Your Notes Calendar As A Web Page
July 24, 2004
This is a LotusScript agent you can drop in your Notes e-mail file that allows you to send your calendar to a web page, like this:
In this way, you can use it as an Active Desktop component or a part of a web page. See this blog entry for more details.
=> MiniWebCal.lss <=
Convert CSV Files To XML
August 8, 2004 (updated August 9)
This is a LotusScript class that converts CSV files to XML. You can also use it as a basis for parsing CSV (or other types of delimited files) directly.
=> CSVtoXMLv1_2.lss <=
Update: if you just want some basic parsing of a comma-delimited file, here's a simple reader class you can use:
=> CSVReader.lss <=
Check For Valid XML Characters
August 9, 2004
Here's a class that produces strings of valid character types, as defined in several places in the official XML spec. You can use these strings to check the validity of the characters in a string that you might be processing.
=> XMLChars.lss <=
LotusScript StringBuffer Class
August 9, 2004
This is a class that provides minimum StringBuffer functionality in LotusScript. It's much more efficient to use this technique when concatenating a large number of strings than it is to simply combine them all together.
=> StringBuffer.lss <=
Lotus Notes Web Datepicker
September 4, 2004 (updated December 4, 2005)
This is a database that contains a JavaScript library (DatePicker.js) and an associated style sheet (DatePicker.css) that allow you to easily add drop-down date picker functionality to your forms when they're used on the web, without having to rely on a Java applet. All you have to do is include the script library and style sheet with your forms, and add a small bit of computed text next to each date field. There's an example form in the database (DatePickerTest) that demonstrates how this works.
The database is in Notes 6 format, because it's a lot easier to use and share JavaScript libraries and CSS files in Notes 6 and later. If you're stuck on an older version of the client and can't open the database, you can see a working example of the code at the other link below (I'll leave it up to you to determine the best way to include the code in your pre-Notes 6 databases).
I've lightly tested the code in Internet Explorer 6 and Mozilla Firefox. I have no idea how well it works on other browsers.
=> DatePicker.zip <=
=> DatePickerTest.htm <=
Setting Up Repeating Dates In Notes
October 17, 2004
Have you ever set up a repeating event on your calendar in Notes and thought to yourself, "I sure would like to use that functionality in my custom applications"? I have, and I spent a lot of time trying to figure out how it all works.
Essentially, there's a hidden LotusScript class called NotesCSEventOwnerDocument that generates the list of repeating dates, based on rules that are specified in the dialog box that allows you to choose your repeat rules. This class is undocumented and probably completely unsupported outside of the standard Notes calendar, but it's such nice functionality that I did a lot of experimentation to try to understand it.
The database below is the result of my "hacking" efforts. It has a modified copy of the (RepeatForm) subform from the Notes 6.5 iNotes.ntf template, free of dependencies on external script libraries and with example usage; a slightly more modified copy of the (RepeatForm) subform that you can use inline directly on your forms (instead of as a dialog box), also free of dependencies on external script libraries and with example usage; and a script library and two agents that describe how you can use the NotesCSEventOwnerDocument class in your backend agents, completely separate from any forms or documents in the UI.
I will warn you again that this is undocumented and unsupported functionality, so please test first and use at your own risk.
=> RepeatDates.zip <=
Converting Winmail.dat Files In Your Mail
October 20, 2004
At times, e-mails you receive from users of Outlook/Exchange will be plain-text messages with a large attachment at the end called either "Winmail.dat" or "ATT0001.dat". The reason why this happens is described fairly well in Microsoft Technote 241538.
However, you as a Notes user must now do something with that .dat file, especially if there are file attachments trapped inside. While there are stand-alone freeware and shareware applications that will read those files for you (as long as you save the file to your hard drive), I wrote a Notes agent that you can use to extract the information from the .dat files right from your mail file. You just add it as an agent that runs against "selected docs" in your mail database, and it will convert the .dat file and make a new copy of the message in your Inbox with the extracted files attached at the bottom. You can download the agent code below. Instructions for setting up the agent are in the code comments.
=> ExtractWinmail.java <=
I have also made this code available in a mail-in database, which is often a lot easier to implement in a corporate setting. You just copy the database to your server, set it up as a mail-in database, and when users forward their e-mails with Winmail.dat attachments to it the files inside are extracted and mailed back to the sender. The database is available as a project on the OpenNTF site, at:
=> The WinmailExtractor Database <=
Please note that this agent makes use of the open-source and GPLed JTNEF library by Amichai Rothman. Please visit his site if you have any questions about the underlying TNEF conversion code, or the licensing of his library.
Also, this code was tested using the 1.2.2 version of the jTNEF library. If you have issues compiling the agent, you might want to try using that version, as it seems that version 1.2.3 might be making at least one call to a method that's not available until Java 1.4 (which is Notes 7 to me and you). The older version is available at:
_URL_
LS2J Examples Database
November 19, 2004 (updated December 6)
This is a database with a few agents and script libraries that demonstrate some interesting ways to use the LS2J technology that was introduced in Notes 6. LS2J allows you to call Java classes and methods from LotusScript. The examples in this database include:
=> LS2JExamples


text:
pipes, waterspouts (which projected out from an upper part of a building or a roof gutter) preserved stonework by diverting the flow of rainwater away from buildings. They prevented rainwater from running down the walls and affecting the foundations. Gargoyles are decorative waterspouts, being carved stone figures with water spouts through their mouths. The figure was often an elongated animal because the length of the gargoyle determines how far water is thrown from the wall. They were usually carved in the form of a grotesque face, figure or frightening creature with wide-opened mouths to enable the water flow.
By the way, the word "gargoyle" shares a common root with the word "gargle"; which comes from "gargouille", a French word for "throat".
History of gargoyles
Gargoyles can be traced back thousands of years in Egypt, Italy and Greece. Lion-shaped gargoyles were used by the ancient Egyptians and on Greek temples. During the Roman Empire, lead pipes were added to gargoyles to channel water without eroding the stone. And gargoyle water spouts were found at the ruins of Pompeii.
There are gargoyles on medieval (Middle aged) church buildings in Western Europe like the Gothic Notre Dame cathedral in Paris. Most were carved out of limestone or marble between the 10th and 15th centuries during the Romanesque and Gothic styles of architecture and decorative arts. Although once lead drainpipes were introduced in the 16th century there was no longer any practical need for gargoyles, they continued to be used for decorative purposes.
A dragon legend
There is a French legend about St. Romanus delivering the village of Rouen from a monster called Gargouille in about 600 AD. The fierce dragon which had a long, reptilian neck, a slender snout, batlike wings and the ability to breathe fire from its mouth, lived in a cave near the river Seine. The dragon caused much fear and destruction with its fiery breath, spouting water and the devouring of ships and men.
There are multiple versions of the story, but when la Gargouille was burned, its head and neck were so well tempered by the heat of its fiery breath that they would not burn. These were then mounted on the walls of the church (or city wall) to scare off evil spirits and used for protection.
Although this legend may be embellished and have changed over time, it's interesting that dragon stories occur in many cultures, particularly the Chinese and Japanese.
Is there a link between dragon gargoyles and dinosaurs?
Dragons and dinosaurs
The word "dragon" was used 23 times in the King James Bible (KJB), which was published in 1611, about 400 years ago. It seems as though the original translators of the KJB understood that a "dragon" was a real creature, not one that was legendary or mythical. It appears the "dragons" that were understood to be real animals were probably types of dinosaur which are now extinct. The translators of the KJB didn't know about dinosaurs as this word was coined 230 years later in 1841. So the word "dragon" is probably an old word for a type of dinosaur.
Could some of the gargoyle dragons have been carved from the dragons that were known in the 1600s?
Ancient images and dinosaurs
There is also a theory that gargoyles were inspired by early findings of dinosaur fossils such as proceratops. Adrienne Mayor ("The First Fossil Hunters: Paleontology in Greek and Roman Times") saw a similarity between some Greek and Roman images and dinosaurs. To explain this she hypothesised that these were based on fossil bones discovered in these times.
She said that, "The earliest depictions of griffins looked really gnarly and brutish. It looked as if the artist were trying to portray something real rather than mythological. And then … I realized that they looked like modern reconstructions of dinosaurs in a museum".
However, as she believed that all the dinosaurs died out millions of years ago, she failed to consider the possibility that the griffins could be based on seeing the actual creatures, not just the bones. After all, it takes modern scientists considerable research to reconstruct the appearance of an unknown animal from its bones.
As the story of the gargoyles relates to ancient times, some of it has probably been lost from our history. But they remind us of a time when buildings were more decorative and ornate. Some speculate about the symbolism of gargoyles, but I think they show the skill and creativity of the medieval stone masons.
It is interesting to note the image of a dragon on the Ishtar gate in Babylon which was constructed about 575 BC.
Written, February 2015
Andy, our new grandson, arrived recently. Here are a few things that I am reminded of at a time like this.
Just like you and I, Andy is unique. There is no one else on earth (past, present and future) who is exactly like him. He has a unique genome, which is comprised of about 3 billion DNA base pairs in each cell of his body. He grew from a single cell itself.
God designed and created our world so that, over a period of nine months, the genetic information in a single cell can develop into a child that is ready to be born. It takes a lot of design to build a genome; it's amazingly complex.
The Bible says that the development of a baby in the womb is an example of God's power (omnipotence) and skill. King David wrote, "You made all the delicate, inner parts of my body and knit me together in my mother's womb. Thank you for making me so wonderfully complex! Your workmanship is marvelous—how well I know it. You watched me as I was being formed in utter seclusion, as I was woven together in the dark of the womb. You saw me before I was born" (Ps. 139:13-16NLT). And another psalm says of God the Creator, "You made me; you created me" (Ps. 119:73). Of course God knows all about a baby as it's growing in the womb (Jer. 1:5; Gal. 1:15).
I think another example of God's power and skill is life itself. Can anyone explain the origin of life, without referring to God? We see that life always comes from life. Andy's family tree goes back to Adam and Eve. How did Adam and Eve become alive? The Bible says their life came from God (Gen. 2:7, 22). Only God can create life; scientists can't manufacture it, they just use it.
Is Andy perfect?
Although Andy is perfect in the eyes of his parents, in two ways he isn't perfect.
Firstly, just like you and I, Andy's genome contains mutations inherited from his parents. When parents reproduce, they make a copy of their genome and pass this to their child. From time to time, mistakes occur (called "mutations"), and the next generation does not have a perfect copy of the original genome. Each new generation carries all the mutations of previous generations plus their own. So the mutations accumulate from generation to generation. This means that the human genome is degenerating genetically with time due to the accumulation of mutations. In order to minimize the risk of deformed offspring that can result from shared mutations between genetically close parents, marriage is usually prohibited between close relatives. In fact, such limitations needed to be imposed after about 26 copies of the human genome, which was in the times of Moses' children (Lev. 18:6-16; 20:11, 17, Dt. 27:22).
Secondly, just like you and I, Andy has a sinful nature. This means that he will have a natural tendency to misbehave. The Bible says that we are all sinners by nature (Rom. 3:23; Eph. 2:1-3). Even when Andy tries to do the right thing, it will be elusive (Rom. 7:14-20). This attitude affects our mind, will and emotions in particular (Jer. 17:9). But according to Andy's "Beginner's Bible", "Jesus knew that he had to die for the sins of all people. It was part of God's plan. When it was time, Jesus died on the cross for our sins."
Now we can look forward to seeing Andy grow and develop from a baby to a child, to an adolescent, and then to a man, the way God has planned.
Written, February 2015
A pantheistic creation story
"Big History" is a modern origins story that is being developed online for school students and is supported by Bill Gates, one of the world's richest men. The objective is to develop a framework for learning about anything and everything that includes a deeper awareness of our past. It claims to tell a story that our children need to know. But what will they learn?
History of the universe
"Big History" is based on eight "threshold moments" when the universe increased in complexity:
- Origin of the universe billions of years ago as explained by the big bang theory.
- Stars light up from the remnants of the exploding gases.
- New chemical elements form when stars die and create new types of atoms.
- Rocky planets such as the earth and the solar system form around stars.
- Molecules combine to form single celled living organisms that evolve into multi-celled organisms.
- Human beings appear as a consequence of evolutionary processes.
- After the last ice age about


text:
The Assembly Overview shows a coverage overview of the assembly. The longer the depth of a line in the overview and the deeper the color, the more reads are located in this region.
To open a region of the assembly in the Reads Area click on it in the Assembly Overview. On the overview, the selected region is displayed either as a gray rectangle, a red cross or a red rectangle. For example:
If you hold Shift and select a region on the overview, the overview is zoomed to the selection.
Note that when the Assembly Overview is in focus and you use either the zoom buttons on the toolbar, the zoom items in the Actions main menu, or a mouse wheel, the Reads Area is resized appropriately.
The Assembly Overview can also be resized. To zoom in the overview, select either the Zoom in or the Zoom in 100x item in the Assembly Overview context menu. You can scroll the resized overview by dragging the mouse while pressing down the mouse wheel. To zoom out the overview, select the Zoom out item in the context menu. The Restore global overview item in the context menu restores the default overview size when the whole contig overview is shown.
Notice that the Assembly Overview shows the coordinates of the assembly areas visible in the Reads Area and in the Assembly Overview:
To scroll the resized overview, drag the mouse while pressing down the mouse wheel.
To learn about available hotkeys refer to Assembly Browser Hotkeys.


text:
The hydraulic control system of the motorcycle lifting platform is the key to the operation of the entire lifting platform, so attention must be paid during production and use. The following will introduce you to the steps of the hydraulic control system during the operation of the motorcycle lift table.
1、 Hydraulic Control System for Lifting Platform of Ordinary Motorcycle
When using, be sure to tighten the oil return valve knob clockwise, pull the manual reversing valve handle to the "neutral" position, start the motor to make the system work, and then pull the reversing handle to the "raised" position. When the hydraulic lifting platform is lifted and reaches the required height, the motorcycle lifting platform stops moving. When the reversing handle is pushed to the "neutral" position, the motor shuts down.
When lowering, the return valve is released, and the motorcycle lift table can be lowered by its own weight. Add a standby manual pump to the hydraulic control system of the motorcycle lift table, which can be used without power supply. When using a manual pump, first tighten the knob of the oil return valve clockwise, pull the handle to the "neutral" position, and then press the handle to lift. Loosen the return valve knob when lowering. The motorcycle lift table descends due to its own weight. The method of operation when using electric motors or diesel engines.
2、 Hydraulic control system of electromagnetic directional valve
First press the motor switch. When the oil pump is pumping, the oil pump is in the unloading state. Press the start switch, the electromagnetic reversing valve 1DT operates, and the motorcycle lifting platform lifts. After reaching the required working height, the lift switch can be turned off for operation. Press the switch, the electromagnetic directional valve 2DT operates, and the motorcycle lift table descends to the original position through its own weight.
3、 Support valve control hydraulic system
First, start the motor switch, the motor rotates, the gear pump draws oil, the cylinder extends, and the motorcycle lift table rises; When raising to the required height for work, press the motor stop button, and the motorcycle lift table will stop lifting, then proceed with the operation. Press the electromagnet button, and the motorcycle lifting platform is now connected to the oil cylinder. The hydraulic lifting platform has its own weight.
The above is the operation steps of the hydraulic control system for the motorcycle lifting platform, and I hope to be helpful to everyone.


text:
Here are 2 famous actors from Australia died in 1972:
Alfred J. Goulding (January 26, 1896 Melbourne-April 25, 1972 Hollywood) a.k.a. Alfred Goulding, Alf Goulding, Alfred John Goulding, Alf Gounding, Alfred John "Alf" Goulding or Alf. Goulding was an Australian screenwriter, film director and actor. His child is called Alf Goulding Jr..
In his early years, Goulding worked as a clerk in a bank before pursuing a career in entertainment. He started out as a comedian and theater actor in Australia before moving to the United States in 1912 to join the vaudeville circuit. In 1917, he began working for Keystone Studios, where he acted in and directed numerous short comedy films, often starring comic duo Laurel and Hardy.
Goulding's career spanned several decades, and he directed over 200 films throughout his lifetime. He was known for his talent in creating physical comedy and was considered a pioneer of the silent film era. Some of his notable works include "The Battle of the Century" (1927), "The Haunted House" (1929), and "Turnabout" (1940).
Aside from his work as a director and actor, Goulding was also a prolific screenwriter, having written the scripts for over 70 films. He received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay in 1940 for the film "Road to Singapore."
Goulding passed away on April 25, 1972, in Hollywood, California, at the age of 76. He leaves behind a legacy as one of the most influential personalities of the early Hollywood era.
Read more about Alfred J. Goulding on Wikipedia »
John Warwick (January 4, 1905 Bellingen-January 10, 1972 Sydney) a.k.a. John McIntosh Beattle was an Australian actor and screenwriter.
He started his career in theater and later transitioned to film. Warwick appeared in over 30 films and wrote for several others in the 1930s and 40s. Some of his notable films include "It Isn't Done" (1937), "Come Up Smiling" (1939), and "The Glenrowan Affair" (1951). Warwick was also a co-founder of the Australian Elizabethan Theatre Trust, which aimed to promote and produce Australian plays. In addition to his work in the entertainment industry, Warwick was an accomplished pilot and flew for the Royal Australian Air Force during World War II. His contributions to the Australian film industry were recognized with a posthumous award at the 1972 Australian Film Awards.
Read more about John Warwick on Wikipedia »


text:
OGT to Showcase New RNA-Seq Service in Live Webinar
Product News Oct 26, 2012
Oxford Gene Technology (OGT) will host a live webinar on Thursday 15th November (3pm BST).
Dr Daniel Swan, Senior NGS Computational Biologist at OGT, will discuss how RNA-Seq is revolutionizing the field of transcriptomics by delivering unprecedented biological insight into the way cells function.
He will also explain how this can only be reliably achieved through good experimental design - ensuring the data generated represents the true biology - and rigorous data analysis procedures.
The 45-minute webinar will be essential viewing for everyone interested in learning why RNA-Seq delivers novel biological discoveries and how best to design an NGS gene expression study that delivers true biological insight.
As part of the webinar, Dr Swan will utilize OGT's NGS data reporting interface, which makes it quick, easy and intuitive to visualize gene and transcript expression levels, identify isoforms and perform SNP and indel analysis for a range of eukaryotes.


text: A water transfer project has been ongoing since 2002 to alleviate severe phytoplankton aggregation in Lake Taihu. This study aimed to quantify the effectiveness of the water transfer project on alleviation of phytoplankton aggregation in Lake Taihu on a short-term scale. In this study, a spatially distributed hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model was used to predict the short-term (3–4 days) changes in phytoplankton distribution (represented by chlorophyll a) in Lake Taihu. Four simulations with different water transfer strategies were carried out based on this model. During the water transfer period, phytoplankton aggregation was alleviated in some areas, suggesting that the water transfer project has the potential to alleviate algal blooms on a short-term scale. However, the effectiveness of the water transfer project on alleviating severe algal blooms was strongly affected by other environmental factors (e.g. wind conditions, chlorophyll a distribution, and the amount and quality of the transfer water). This study demonstrates the success of the hydrodynamic-phytoplankton model in evaluating the contribution of the water transfer project to alleviation of phytoplankton aggregation. These evaluation results could assist managers in decision-making before conducting a water transfer plan in Lake Taihu.


text:
The method used in this example is called WPGMA (weighted pair group method with averaging) because the distance between clusters is calculated as a simple average. For example, in the last step the WPGMA distance between (AB) and C+(DE) = (55 + 90) / 2 = 72.5. Though computationally easier, when there are unequal numbers of taxa in the clusters, the distances in the original matrix do not contribute equally to the intermediate calculations.
A superior method is UPGMA
(unweighted PGMA), in which averages are weighted by the number
of taxa in each cluster at each step. This makes the calculation slightly more complicated.
For example, in the last step the UPGMA distance between (AB) and
C+(DE) = (55 + 2x90) / 3 = 78.33, because the distance is the average of three distances, (AB) to C and to D and to E. As a result, each
distance contributes equally to the final result.
Note that the terms
weighted and unweighted refer to the final result, not the math by
which it is achieved. Thus the simple averaging in WPGMA produces a weighted result, and the proportional averaging in UPGMA produces an unweighted result.