Discover the Spotify model
What the most popular music technology company can teach us about scaling agile
Mark Cruth Mark Cruth
Spotify is the largest and most popular audio streaming subscription service in the world, with an estimated 286 million users. A key part of Spotify's success is driven by the company's unique approach to organizing around work to enhance team agility. As Spotify's engineering teams traveled down the path towards improved agility, they documented their experience, shared it with the world, and ultimately influenced the way many technology companies organize around work. It is now known as the Spotify model.
What is the Spotify model?
The Spotify model is a people-driven, autonomous approach for scaling agile that emphasizes the importance of culture and network. It has helped Spotify and other organizations increase innovation and productivity by focusing on autonomy, communication, accountability, and quality.
The Spotify model isn't a framework, as Spotify coach Henrik Kniberg noted, since it represents Spotify's view on scaling from both a technical and cultural perspective. It's one example of organizing multiple teams in a product development organization and stresses the need for culture and networks.
…the Spotify model focuses on how we structure an organization to enable agility.
The Spotify model was first introduced to the world in 2012, when Henrik Kniberg and Anders Ivarsson published the whitepaper Scaling Agile @ Spotify, which introduced the radically simple way Spotify approached agility. Since then, the Spotify model generated a lot of buzz and became popular in the agile transformation space. Part of its appeal is that it focuses on organizing around work rather than following a specific set of practices. In traditional scaling frameworks, specific practices (e.g. daily standups) are how the framework is executed, whereas the Spotify model focuses on how businesses can structure an organization to enable agility.
The Spotify model champions team autonomy, so that each team (or Squad) selects their framework (e.g. Scrum, Kanban, Scrumban, etc.). Squads are organized into Tribes and Guilds to help keep people aligned and cross-pollinate knowledge.
Now, let's demystify some of these terms…
Key elements of the Spotify model
The Spotify model is centered around simplicity. When Spotify began organizing around their work, they identified a handful of important elements on how people and teams should be structured.
Similar to a scrum team, Squads are cross-functional, autonomous teams (typically 6-12 individuals) that focus on one feature area. Each Squad has a unique mission that guides the work they do, an agile coach for support, and a product owner for guidance. Squads determine which agile methodology/framework will be used.
When multiple Squads coordinate within each other on the same feature area, they form a Tribe. Tribes help build alignment across Squads and typically consist of 40 - 150 people in order to maintain alignment (leveraging what we call Dunbar's Number). Each Tribe has a Tribe Lead who is responsible for helping coordinate across Squads and for encouraging collaboration.
Even though Squads are autonomous, it's important that specialists (e.g. Javascript Developer, DBAs) align on best practices. Chapters are the family that each specialist has, helping to keep engineering standards in place across a discipline. Chapters are typically led by a senior technology lead, who may also be the manager for the team members in that Chapter.
Team members who are passionate about a topic can form a Guild, which essentially is a community of interest. Anyone can join a Guild and they are completely voluntary. Whereas Chapters belong to a Tribe, Guilds can cross different Tribes. There is no formal leader of a Guild. Rather, someone raises their hand to be the Guild Coordinator and help bring people together.
The Trio (aka TPD Trio) is a combination of a Tribe Lead, product lead, and design lead. Each Tribe has a Trio in place to ensure there is continuous alignment between these three perspectives when working on features areas.
As organizations scale, sometimes multiple Tribes need to closely work together to accomplish a goal. Alliances are a combination of Tribe Trios (typically three or more) that work together to help their Tribes collaborate on a goal that is bigger than any one Tribe.
Spotify model image
That's it. There are not a lot of practices that need to be followed or ceremonies that need to happen. Squads may have ceremonies like sprint planning and retrospectives, but the focus of the Spotify model is on how teams organize around work. It's up to Squads to figure out the best way to get the job done.
The benefits of the Spotify model
When Spotify changed the way they scaled agile they wanted to enable Squads to move fast, ship software quickly, and do so all with minimum pain and overhead. They realized these benefits and more as they took their model and evolved it. The organizational benefits of implementing the Spotify model include:
Less formal process and ceremony
The Spotify model focuses on organizing around work and not necessarily processes and ceremonies. This gives an organization greater flexibility when it comes to how Squads work. Instead of requiring Squads to change how they do their work ("you must do scrum"), it focuses on aligning them with each other and driving towards individual team outcomes.
More self-management and autonomy
The Spotify model encourages autonomy and creativity by trusting people to complete the work they are doing in the way they see fit. Do you need to ship software? That's up to the Squad. Do you need to change direction? That's also up to the Squad. The Spotify model focuses on decentralizing decision making and transferring that responsibility to Squads, Tribes, Chapters, and Guilds.
"Control leads to compliance; autonomy leads to engagement."
- Dan Pink, Author, "Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us"
The Spotify model can offer increased transparency across the work being done and grow a more experimentation-based approach to problem solving in a high trust environment. All this can lead to things like better products, happier customers, and more engaged employees. However, not everyone will experience these outcomes.
The challenges of the Spotify model
The Spotify model was based on one organization's way of working. Many organizations desire the same benefits of the Spotify model, so they attempt to emulate what Spotify did. Some organizations experienced more success than others, but it's likely no organization experienced the same success as Spotify. The reason? Like any way of working, an organization's current culture and structure need to be taken into account. The model is simple, but the environment it's implemented in is complex.
Wise executives tailor their approach to fit the complexity of the circumstances they face.
- Dave Snowden, Management Consultant
Unfortunately, many organizations try to copy the Spotify model. To some, it may seem like a simple matrix organizational structure where people report to a functional area (Chapter), but work with a cross-functional team (Squad). However, it's more complex than that. Although it may look like a matrix organization, the key cultural elements of the model need to be in place to allow the structure to thrive, such as trust and autonomy. If an organization doesn't shift its behaviors (and ultimately its culture), the benefits of the Spotify model will never be realized. If you simply rename teams to Squads, you're just putting lipstick on a pig.
Spotify model best practices
If you're looking to enable a culture of trust, autonomy, and rapid learning, you can't go wrong looking to the Spotify model for inspiration. If your organization is looking at the Spotify model as a means to help you approach agile at scale, the following is a list of best practices to keep in mind.
Don't copy the model
Seek to understand the structure, practices, and mindset behind Spotify's approach. With that understanding, tweak the aspects of the model to fit your own environment. Your goal is not to be Spotify, but to leverage their model to improve how your organization works together.
Autonomy and trust is key
Spotify gave as much autonomy as possible to their people in order to help them pivot quickly. Allowing teams to pick their own development tools and modify another team's code are just some examples. Within your organization, determine if there are decisions that can be pushed to the teams instead of being mandated by parts of the organization that are disconnected from the day-to-day work.
Transparency with community
Spotify's success is credited to their focus on building community and transparency around their work. Establish your first Guild around the Spotify model adoption and encourage participation from everyone in the organization. Build trust by creating transparent, inclusive ways to gather feedback, and gain alignment on how your organization wants to work in the future.
Encourage mistakes
You will fall down and stumble in this journey. But that's okay. Improvement involves experimenting and learning from both our successes and failures. Spotify went through many iterations before they attained the model we know today, and have since continued to experiment to constantly look for new ways to improve the way they work. Encourage the same within your organization!
If you focus on these practices you'll see positive impacts on how your organization collaborates and aligns, whether or not you use the Spotify model as a guide.
In conclusion…
The Spotify model is a great source of inspiration if you're looking to build an organization focused on moving quickly with autonomy and purpose. Even more formal scaling frameworks, such as Scrum@Scale, have gained inspiration from the model (and vice versa). It's important to remember that the Spotify model is not a destination. Ironically enough, Spotify doesn't leverage the original implementation of the Spotify model anymore; they evolved and adapted the model to fit their changing organization. Trios and Alliances are actually newer elements in Spotify as they were brought about to solve new problems the organization faced as it grew larger. Starting with the key elements of the


Penalty Kicks Addition
Penalty Kicks Addition - Addition Math Game
Content Skill: Addition
Common Core State Standards: CCSS.Math.Content.2.OA.B.2 - Fluently add within 20 using mental strategies. By end of Grade 2, know from memory all sums of two one-digit numbers.
Think you've got what it takes? Let's see you get one past the goalkeeper in this exciting soccer math game. But be warned, the goalkeeper's tricky. If you love soccer, you'll love learning the math facts in Penalty Kicks.
Welcome to Penalty Kicks
Step 1
At the opening screen, hit the play button to begin playing a new game.
Kick the ball into the goal
Step 2
Try to kick the ball into the net by clicking and dragging where you'd like to kick. If you're on a mobile device, tap, and drag where you'd like to kick.
Answer a math equation
Step 3
After your kick, you'll be asked to answer a math equation. Answer correctly to get another chance to make a goal. Good luck.
Try again
Step 4
After 15 tries the game is over. Hey that goalie's a tricky one, isn't he? But don't worry, you can try again by hitting the refresh button. Thanks for playing Penalty Kicks.


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„O admirande apium fervor!"
Zu Symbolik und ‚Agency' der Biene in der beneventanischen Osterliturgie
The bee was allegorically charged in the Christian Middle Ages: it was considered a symbol of Mary's virginity. Some regional Easter Vigil liturgies emphasise this in particular. In southern Italy, from the 10th century onwards, a new medium emerged to mark the significance of the Easter Vigil as the climax of the liturgical year. The vertically inscribed and illustrated parchment scrolls, so-called Exultet rolls, were furthermore important for the ecclesiastical and civil communities. This chant of the Easter Vigil prioritises the bee and its polis, thus transferring an ancient topos to Christian liturgy. This essay aims to trace this transfer, focusing on the agency of bees. The fact that such a significant liturgical text is concerned with a non-human animal is extremely unusual and has not yet been studied from the perspective of Human–Animal Studies.
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Contactless Live Line Detector
The LED to flash 5 times per second if the unit is brought close to a live conductor (insulated, and even buried in plaster) capacitive coupling between the live conductor and the probe clocks the counter. That's caused the 4017 IC divides the mains 50Hz frequency by 10.
The unit stops counting, the LED resulting permanently OFF (or permanently ON but with only 10% probability) when remote from a live line. For your notes, use a more or less long sensing probe to vary the sensitivity. And LED's current limiting resistor can be omitted due to 3V operation.


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"Districts should provide targeted support to improve practices within schools, and ensure communication and information sharing between authorities and schools. Schools need to share best practice." National Planning Commission: National Development Plan, November 2011.
An education district office is the sub-structure of a Provincial Education Department (PED) immediately below the provincial head office. It represents and exercises the authority of the PED in all day-to-day administrative and professional dealings with schools and ECD centres. It is the public face of the PED in its district area. It delivers services to the education institutions for which it is responsible in its area.
Education district offices have a pivotal role in ensuring that all learners have access to education of progressively high quality, since district offices are the link between provincial education departments, their education institutions and the public.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How to View the Order of Someone's Instagram Followers
How to View the Order of Someone's Instagram Followers
Instagram is a popular social media platform that allows users to connect with friends, family, and even celebrities. One of the most intriguing aspects of Instagram is the ability to see who someone is following. While Instagram does not provide a feature to view the exact order of someone's following, there are a few methods you can try to get a glimpse into their follower list.
Method 1: Manual Scrolling
If you are curious about the order of someone's following on Instagram, you can try manually scrolling through their follower list. This method requires patience and time, as you will need to scroll through each follower one by one. Keep in mind that this method may not provide an accurate order, as Instagram's algorithm may change the order of the follower list based on various factors.
Method 2: Third-Party Apps
Method 3: Analyzing Activity
While you may not be able to see the exact order of someone's following, you can analyze their activity on Instagram to get an idea of their interactions. Look for patterns in their likes, comments, and tagged photos to see who they are most engaged with. This method can provide valuable insights into their social circle and the people they interact with the most.
Method 1: Using Instagram's Native Features
How to View the Order of Someone's Instagram Followers
If you want to see the order of someone's following on Instagram, you can use the platform's native features. Although Instagram does not provide a specific feature to view the exact order, you can still get an idea by following these steps:
Step Description
1 Open the Instagram app on your mobile device.
2 Go to the profile of the person whose following order you want to see.
3 Tap on the "Following" button.
4 Scroll through the list of accounts they follow.
5 Pay attention to the accounts that appear at the top of the list.
6 Based on the order of appearance, you can make an assumption about the general order of their following.
Method 2: Third-Party Apps and Websites
If you want to see the order of someone's following on Instagram, you can also use third-party apps and websites. These tools provide additional features and insights that Instagram's native features may not offer.
1. Third-Party Apps
There are several third-party apps available that claim to provide information about the order of someone's following on Instagram. These apps usually require you to log in with your Instagram account and grant them access to your data. Once you have authorized the app, it will analyze the user's following list and display the order in which they follow people.
2. Websites
How to View the Order of Someone's Instagram Followers
In addition to apps, there are also websites that claim to offer insights into the order of someone's following on Instagram. These websites usually work in a similar way to the third-party apps mentioned above. They require you to log in with your Instagram account and analyze the user's following list to display the order.
See also Instagram Only Showing Old Posts Is There a Bug in the Feed
Remember, using third-party apps and websites to see the order of someone's following on Instagram is not officially supported by Instagram. Proceed with caution and be aware of the potential risks involved.
Method 3: Manual Tracking and Observations
If you want to see the order of someone's following on Instagram without using any third-party apps or websites, you can do it manually by tracking and observing their activity. Although this method requires more effort and time, it can be effective if you are determined to find out the order.
Step 1: Observe the Activity Feed
Start by closely monitoring the person's activity feed on Instagram. Whenever they like or comment on a post, their activity will appear in the feed. Take note of the accounts they interact with frequently, as these are likely to be their close friends or people they follow closely.
Step 2: Pay Attention to Stories
Instagram Stories can provide valuable insights into someone's following order. Watch their Stories regularly and pay attention to the order in which their close friends or favorite accounts appear. This can give you an idea of who they interact with the most.
Step 3: Analyze Their Followers
Take a closer look at the person's followers list. Look for any patterns or connections between the accounts they follow. If you notice that they follow a group of accounts in a specific order, it could indicate a certain hierarchy or preference.
Additionally, pay attention to any recent follows or unfollows. If you notice that they have recently followed or unfollowed someone, it could indicate a change in their following order.
See also 5 Best Fixes for Swipe To Reply Not Working in Instagram Messages
Step 4: Compare with Mutual Friends
How to View the Order of Someone's Instagram Followers
If you have mutual friends with the person you are trying to track, compare your following order with theirs. Look for any similarities or differences in the order of accounts you both follow. This can provide further clues about the person's following order.
Remember, manual tracking and observations may not always provide definitive results, as Instagram's algorithm can also influence the order of someone's following. However, by carefully analyzing their activity and followers, you can gain valuable insights into their following order.
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von Heyking, A.J. Creating Citizens: History and Identity in Alberta's Schools, _PHONE_. Calgary: University of Calgary Press, 2006.
How does one learn to be a good citizen? A good Canadian? Creating Citizens looks at the role schools have played in creating and sustaining a sense of Canadian identify for generations of Alberta students. History and social studies classes, more than others, are designed to prepare young students for meaningful citizenship and address issues of identity by interpreting the country's and the region's past. By examining history and social studies curricula and textbooks used in Alberta schools from 1905 to 1980, author Amy von Heyking shows how these materials helped shape the ways in which Albertans have identified themselves and their place in the world around them. The complex processes of curriculum development is also explored; by clarifying how the framework of decision-making regarding school content was created, von Heyking provides valuable insights into current debates about the purpose and content of public education. By tracing the evolution of this curriculum over the course of seventy-five years, Creating Citizens gives the reader a unique opportunity to analyze the images of the nation and the region as they were taught to generations of Alberta schoolchildren.


'Worst-case scenario': Blue Mountains blazes threaten to combine into mega-fire
Updated October 22, 2013 15:14:20
There are fears unpredictable weather conditions could cause a mega-fire in the Blue Mountains if a number of existing large blazes join together.
The front of the State Mine fire near Lithgow already extends across hundreds of kilometres, and this morning authorities deliberately join the blaze with the Mount Victoria fire to the south.
Under what they said yesterday was the "worst possible scenario", it could possibly merge with the Linksview Road fire in Springwood, to the south-east, which destroyed almost 200 homes on Thursday.
Dr Owen Price, a senior research fellow at the Centre for Environmental Risk Management of Bushfires at the University of Wollongong, says there is a risk that a combined fire could produce so much energy it could create its own weather conditions.
"You can get these conditions, what you call a pyrocumulus, where a fire is producing so much energy it punches up through the troposphere a huge plume of smoke, essentially creating a thunderstorm with lots and lots of energy in it," he said.
"Then it starts to suck in air from all around, so there's more oxygen and it feeds back on itself so the fire behaviour goes really extreme.
"Unfortunately under those conditions when it's creating its own weather you can get things like tornados occurring.
"If two big fires coalesce together they're sort of pooling their energy together, so you can get feedback that makes them even more intense."
Dr Price says fires that serious can become impossible to fight.
But he also says the Blue Mountains fires could join up without necessarily getting much worse.
"It's not a given that if these two fires will meet that that's what they will do, they could just continue the way they're going. But there's a risk," he said.
Fire crews employ high-risk strategies
Firefighters are now employing what they call "high-risk" back-burning strategies to fight the fires, including back-burning, working with bulldozers and working with hand tools to create fire breaks.
"Imagine lighting up 10 to 15 kilometres of countryside along a very windy road in some of the most steepest, scenically beautiful rugged terrain, against a prevailing, hot, dry wind and expecting it to go away from you. It's a challenge," Commissioner Shane Fitzsimmons said this morning.
Dr Price says much depends on weather conditions over the next few days, which are difficult to predict.
But he says there are two main possibilities.
"One is that it's going to be dry for days and possibly weeks, similar conditions to what we've had over the last several weeks, in which case [the fires] are just going to keep expanding," he said.
"There's a fair chance that tomorrow evening we might get some fairly heavy rain - 20 or 30 millilitres - which might not be enough to extinguish them but certainly to put the brakes on them for a while. Rain is what will eventually put these fires out.
"When we get a really good fall of rain, something in the order of 60 to 100 millimetres, is hard to predict."
Perfect storm of fire conditions
Scientists at the Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre predicted in September that parts of southern Australia could have above normal bushfire activity this season.
Higher-than-average temperatures over the past year mean grasslands and forests have dried out, providing plenty of fuel to burn once fires start.
"We know that bushfires will occur every year," Bushfire CRC chief executive Gary Morgan said in an email.
"When the conditions are right, hot and windy days, with dry vegetation, fires will occur. We all must be vigilant about our local conditions."
In many parts of New South Wales, the high temperatures also mean hazard-reduction burns could not occur at the scale necessary before the fire season began.
Dr Price says recent dry weather and high winds made conditions in the Blue Mountains especially dangerous on Thursday.
"We haven't had any serious rain for two or three months and it's been unusually warm for this time of year," he said.
"Last Thursday, the wind speed was very, very high; 80 kph winds really drive fires and any spark would have set them off."
That combination of high temperatures and winds, he says, is what makes the coming Wednesday so risky.
"Not only do we have the possibility of new fires starting like they did Thursday, but we have all those fires that are already alight, with a 300-kilometre fire front already established," he said.
What turns a spark into a bushfire?
About half of all bushfire ignitions come from lightning, but those deliberately or accidentally lit by humans tend to be closer to populated areas and more likely to damage property and infrastructure.
Sometimes the high winds that contribute to dangerous fires spreading are also responsible for starting them.
The bushfire that started at Linksview Road in Springwood was reportedly sparked after winds knocked over a power line.
"If you get some sort of spark on the ground, if it's sufficiently dry and there's sufficient energy in that spark, it can cause the litter that's lying there, usually grass litter or dead litter, to ignite," Dr Price said.
"That can spread. Some of the factors are to do with the amount of moisture in the dead leaves. If there's low moisture it can spread with a certain intensity. If it's below a certain intensity it will just self-extinguish, but if it's above a certain intensity it will spread.
"With conditions like we had on Thursday, short-term drought plus very dry air, windy air, it didn't take much; the intensity that required it to spread was instantly available."
Bushfires travel at different speeds depending on the terrain and the kind of vegetation growing, but eucalypts are especially adapted to spread fires.
"In eucalypt forests throughout Australia you can get lofted pieces of bark and sometimes leaves that travel a long way," he said.
"Eucalypts evolved in Australia 15 million years ago, under a fire-prone environment. They are perfectly adapted to survive the fire and to spread the fire. We have a fire-prone continent and it's all part of the system."
Topics: bushfire, fires, disasters-and-accidents, emergency-incidents, lithgow-2790, nsw, australia, bell-2786, bilpin-2758, springwood-2777
First posted October 21, 2013 18:54:22


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Trans-boundary and intercultural research in partnership is challenging. This is particularly the case when cooperation takes place between rich and poor countries. This guide is based on 11 principles and 7 key questions. They aim to build research partnerships in the most constructive, balanced and results-oriented manner.
The 11 principles address basic challenges and offer practical guidance. Applying these eleven principles should support the partners in building trust and assuming mutual responsibility. The 7 key questions deal with issues that can hinder or facilitate meaningful cooperation in different contexts. They make it easier to understand the nature and context of the partnership.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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How do you set the temperature outside of an atomic clock?
First put the batteries back into the transmitter, and then the clock. Let them sit side by side inside your home. When both the indoor and outdoor temperatures show on your clock with the same reading, or within two degrees of each other, then you may put your transmitter back outside.
How do you set the temperature on a lacrosse weather station?
The La Crosse View™ app will walk you through creating an account and automatically sets your time & local forecast. To enter the setup menu, hold the SET button. Press and release the – or + buttons to make adjustments. Push the SET button to confirm.
What does Rx mean on atomic clock?
RX means there is a low battery in the clock. TX means there is a low battery in the transmitter. If your units are functioning properly, then don't change the batteries until you lose the outdoor temperature or the display on the clock is fading.
How do I reset my projector clock?
When changing the batteries in the transmitter, the project clock need to be reset". To do this "remove all batteries from the unit and unplug the AC/DC adapter. With the power disconnected, press any button about 20 times, then wait at least 3 minutes before powering up the Projection clock again."
How do I reset my La Crosse Atomic clock?
Hold the WAVE button down for 3+ seconds. The hands will automatically reset to the 12:00 position, and the clock will search for the WWVB time signal. If the clock receives the signal, the clock will set automatically to the correct time.
Are La Crosse weather stations any good?
From the United States. 5.0 out of 5 stars Gorgeous, reliable, and accurate! The La Crosse Color Wireless Forecast Station is absolutely the best indoor/outdoor weather unit I've used. The display is gorgeous and easy to view and understand, and wireless connectivity to the remote sensor is 100% reliable.
Why is my La Crosse Weather Station not working?
If you are using your station connected to the internet, try power-cycling the device to reset the time: Remove the batteries (if installed) Unplug the unit. During this time you will see your wi-fi icon go from blinking to solid and NWS/NIST services will re-connect.
How does the La Crosse atomic projection clock work?
With the included AC adapter, the clock can be set for continuous projection display throughout the night. This unit also includes a remote temperature sensor that sends the outdoor temperature back to the projection clock. You even have the option to project the outdoor temp onto your ceiling!
What should the outdoor temp be on a La Crosse alarm clock?
Outdoor range down to -39.8 F and up to 139.8 F. Signal indicator displays when transmitting sensor is connected. Troubleshooting Steps: Proper mounting of the outdoor sensor is Necessary for it to read the correct temperature: Mount the outdoor sensor on a north-facing wall or in any Well shaded area.
How does a projection alarm clock change time?
Projection alarm clock alternates both time and outdoor temperature (F/C) onto your ceiling or wall with arm rotation for proper viewing and auto-focus. Wireless outdoor temperature sensor transmits within seconds to the clock. Clock receives accurate atomic time for updates and will reset for Daylight saving time.
How does the atomic clock on the ceiling work?
This projection clock receives signals from the U.S. Atomic Clock to set its own time and automatically adjust for daylight saving time. One press of the snooze bar activates a momentary red display on the ceiling or wall. With the included AC adapter, the clock can be set for continuous projection display throughout the night.


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Some ants are blind, but most are not.
More Info: Some ant species are blind, especially those that are subterranean, but not all. Many ant species have compound eyes, which they use to hunt for food. Some species have ocelli, three simple eyes, which detect light. Most ants have marginal eyesight relying on other senses to help assist in foraging for food, but some have excellent eyesight, such as the Myrmecia species, commonly referred to as bull ants.
Blind Ant Species
Army Ants: This group is not a single species of ants, but encompasses more than 200 species across 18 genera and 6 subfamilies. An ant is classified as an army ant due to its aggressive swarming predatory behaviors. These ants do not have compound eyes, and cannot see, instead using their antennae and pheromones to smell, touch, and communicate.
Martialis heureka: This unknown ant species was discovered in a Brazilian rainforest in 2003. One of the most primitive species discovered yet, this ant is pale in color and eyeless. When its founder exhibited the ant to an expert at Harvard University's Museum of Comparative Zoology he exclaimed that that ant species may as well be from Mars it is so different. The species was thus named Martialis heureka, which essentially translates to "From Mars! Wow!"
"Ant Anatomy | ASU – Ask A Biologist." Ask A Biologist | ASU – Ask A Biologist. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2012..
"Army ant – New World Encyclopedia." New World Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2012.
"Scientists Find One Specimen of Strange Ancient Ant – NYTimes.com." The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Mar. 2012.


Maya Majiks
Oracle Card Readings for Guidance
How it works
Decide which reading you would like. Carefully write in what you would like to know about, what your question is. This is not really designed for yes/no questions. If you don't know how to phrase your question, just explain what you would like to know about and I will put it into an appropriate question for you. I will draw the cards and interpret them based on your question. Then I will take a photo of the cards and email it to you along with a detailed explanation and some suggestions about how you can apply the information to your life!
Just fill out a form below to get started
You Have 4 Options
2 Card Sacred Day Reading
Based on the Tzolk'in Sacred Mayan Calendar
Two cards are drawn and read together as one. Together they form a single energy that will help bring you direction.
1. Mayan Day God, 2. Point on the Magical Energy Wave
 5 Card Maya Cross Reading
The 5 Point Cross is central to the cosmovision of the Maya
1. What is beginning 2. What is clear. 3. What is changing 4. What is ending. 5. What advice to follow.
7 Card Virtues of Divine Power reading
The Divine Virtues encompass the four elements (fire, air, water, & earth), Heart of Sky, Heart of Earth & Center
1. Fire: What drives you, 2. Air: What you think about, 3. Water: Your emotions
4. Earth: What grounds you, 5. Heart of Sky: Your heavenly guardian, 6. Heart of Earth: Your earthly guardian
7. Center: Your path to ascension
13 Card Magical Wave Circle Reading
The 13 Energies at work within You. A comprehensive look into how you are doing!
1. What you are Attracting, 2. What is Polarizing in your life, 3. What you are Creating, 4. What you are finding Balance in, 5. Where you are feeling Empowered, 6. What is Flowing, 7. What you are Channeling, 8. What you are Harmonizing with, 9. What is Expanding in you, 10. What is Manifesting, 11. What you are Releasing, 12. What you are Understanding, 13. Where is your point of Ascension!
 2 Card Sacred Day Reading
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only $15.00!
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 5 Card Mayan Cross Reading
Receive your reading now for $27.00
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 7 Card Virtues of Divine
 Power Reading
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 13 Card Magical Wave Reading
Receive your reading now $47.00
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The Q2Roller® Lateral Turning Device comprises two breathable inflatable chambers to facilitate easy and efficient lateral patient turning.
Frequent turning and positioning is critical for bed-bound patients, yet it is often challenging for caregivers to manage these patient handling tasks that require significant time and physical effort. To address these concerns, HoverTech designed the Q2Roller Lateral Turning Device for easy and efficient lateral patient turning. The Q2Roller comprises two inflatable chambers that are controlled by the clinician to achieve optimal positioning for patient care and pressure relief from bony prominences. By eliminating the need for manual lifting, the Q2Roller protects both the staff from injury and the patient from friction and shearing associated with traditional repositioning methods.
Benefits of the Q2Roller include:
- Adjustable chambers provide flexible positioning for hygiene and wound care applications
- Quick release valves allow for rapid deflation of turning chambers
- Breathable fabric prevents moisture build-up and enhances patient comfort
- Disposable device eliminates the need for reprocessing and reduces potential for cross contamination
- Variable speed air supply allows caregiver to control inflation for patient safety and comfort


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The Controlled Descent Apparatus (CDA), or more commonly referred to, as a boatswain chair is one of the most common types of equipment employed for exterior building maintenance.
Cal-OSHA Ruling on Suspended Scaffold System
Chairs are considered conventional equipment supplied by the window cleaning. A controlled descent apparatus is primarily intended to allow downward movement only.
The Controlled Descent Apparatus is the mechanism that allows the window cleaning technician to descend downward in a safe manner.
Independent Anchorages Required
When using a boatswain chair, you must have two lines secured to approved independent anchorages. The boatswain chair line, or "suspension line" is secured to one anchorage, and the "safety" or "lifeline" is secured to another anchorage. The chair is rigged directly to roof in line with the point of suspension, and the primary synthetic rope suspension lines are normally protected at the roof edge using contractor supplied carpet or other anti-protection devices. Alternatively, contractor supplied equipment such as outrigger beams with counterweights, parapet wall clamps or cornice hooks can be used to suspend the chair if they are approved. These devices must be tied back to permanently installed safety anchors.
Note: When the roof edge is not capable of supporting the applied loads, primary suspension support equipment such as outriggers supported on blocks or beam dollies, or davits, must be considered. A separate independent wall or roof anchor is required to secure the worker's lifeline.
Cal-OSHA Ruling on Controlled Descent Apparatus' (CDA)
When using such equipment for window cleaning applications, its design, use and maintenance shall conform to Cal-OSHA ruling,
Article 5, §3286. Cal-OSHA expects employers whose employees use descent control devices to implement the following procedures and precautions:
-Have documentation on file that employees have been trained by a competent person
-Review with employees of the written detailed work procedures for the work site provided by the building owner.
-Inspection each day before use of all equipment.
-Proper rigging, procedures utilized.
-Use of separate fall arrest system, which will quickly stop the employee's fall.
-Ropes are effectively padded where they contact surfaces, which might cut or weaken the rope.
-While suspended, window cleaners shall not reach further than six (6) feet in any direction.
On October 25, 2001, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approved the International Window Cleaning
Association (IWCA) I-14.1 Window Cleaning Safety Standard for publication as ANSI/IWCA I-14.1-2001. This standard addresses the safe use of descent control equipment i.e. rope descent systems (RDS) shall not exceed 130'-0" (40 m) above grade unless the windows cannot be safely and practically accessed by other means.
When performing descents over 130 feet (40 m), special attention shall be given to prevent against dangers associated with wind, length of time workers are suspended, the ability of the rope descent apparatus to function without the worker to apply excessive force and the ability to provide a prompt rescue in the event of an emergency. Additionally, in California, special written permission from Cal-OSHA is required for descents over 130 feet (40 m).


How to keep your fiddle-leaf fig alive and happy
There's no denying fiddle-leaf figs were the indoor "it plant" of 2017 and they're still a favourite today.
Known mainly for it's shady dark green leaves, veiny leaftlets and hefty price tag, this fashionable foliage has proved to be quite the challenge for some. To make sure you're giving your fiddle-leaf all the TLC it needs, Yates horticulturalist Angie Thomas shares tips on how to look after your very own.
Why choose a fiddle-leaf?
"Fiddle leaf figs (Ficus lyrata) are fantastic, large leafed figs that make a wonderfully bold statement when grown as in indoor plant."
How to nail the positioning
"They love a spot indoors that's well lit but protected from direct sunlight. It's a good idea to rotate the pot around, by half a turn, every fortnight so that each side of the plant receives some light. This will help reduce the chance of lop sided growth."
The fiddle-leaf fig is a plant that makes a big statement. (Leon&George)
What not to do
"Fiddle-leaf figs don't like drafts from windows or air conditioners. They're native to humid tropical rainforests, so they love a protected humid environment."
How often should you water a fiddle-leaf fig?
"Over watering your fiddle-leaf fig is courting disaster! Only re-water when the top few centimetres of potting mix feels dry. I highly recommend feeding your fiddle leaf fig during the warmer months of the year with a liquid fertilizer."
Uh-oh! So it's started to "sulk" - how to salvage your fiddle-leaf:
"Figs can be temperamental if they're moved. 'Weeping' figs are notorious for dropping their leaves when they're moved and fiddle-leaf figs can also sulk and lose some of their leaves if you move them.
"If your fiddle leaf fig is not liking its current spot and is not looking happy, then move it to a better location (such as with brighter light or away from a draft). Otherwise, try to avoid moving your fig or if you do have to move it, do it gradually and hope it doesn't notice!"


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- September 17, 2020
Standardisation of a European measurement method for organic carbon and elemental carbon in ambient air
The European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) Technical Committee 264 'Air Quality' has recently produced a standard method for the measurements of organic carbon and elemental carbon in PM2.5 within its Working Group 35 in response to the requirements of European Directive 2008/50/EC. It is expected that this method will be used in future by all Member States making measurements of the carbonaceous content of PM2.5. This paper details the results of a laboratory and field measurement campaign and the statistical analysis performed to validate this method, assess its uncertainty and define its working range to provide clarity and confidence in the underpinning science for future users of the method.
CONTINUE READING ON ec.europa.eu


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Maineville is a village in Warren County, Ohio, United States, with a population of 885 at the 2000 census, up from 359 in 1990. It is called Maineville as the original settlers were from the state of Maine.
Aviation Accident Litigation Lawyers In Maineville Ohio
What is aviation accident litigation?
Cases involving individuals who have been injured in crashes and collisions involving commercial airlines and private airplanes. An aviation Accident is an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure and/or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.
Answers to aviation accident litigation issues in Ohio


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Magma Flow: How Does Temperature Affect the Movement of Magma?
How does temperature affect the movement of magma?
- Teaspoon (5-ml spoon)
- Soft margarine
- Small baby-food jar
- Cereal bowl
- Warm tap water
- Fill the teaspoon (5-ml spoon) with margarine.
- Using your finger, push the margarine out of the spoon and into the babyfood jar so that the glob of margarine is centered in the bottom of the jar.
- Hold the jar in your hand and turn it on its side.
- Observe any movement of the margarine.
- Fill the bowl halfway with warm (slightly hotter than room temperature) tap water.
- Set the baby-food jar in the warm water.
- After three minutes, pick up the jar and turn it on its side.
- Again, observe any movement made by the glob of margarine.
At first the margarine inside the tilted jar does not move much, but heating the margarine causes it to move more freely.
As the temperature of the margarine increased, it became thinner and moved more easily. Molecules in colder materials have less energy, are closer together, and move more slowly than warmer molecules with more energy. These warm, energized molecules move away from each other, causing solids to melt and liquids to thin. Just as the temperature of the margarine affected the way it moved across the surface of the jar, the temperature of magma affects the way it moves up the volcano's vent (the channel of a volcano that connects the source of magma to the volcano's opening). Hot magma is thin and moves easily and quickly up the vent, while cooler magma is thick and sluggish.
- Would a different heating time affect the results? Repeat the experiment, checking the movement of the margarine every minute for six minutes. Use a thermometer to keep the temperature of the water as constant as possible, and replace the warm water each time you make an observation. Quickly replace the jar in the warm water after each testing.
- Does the composition of the material being heated affect the results? Repeat the original experiment using other solids such as butter or chocolate candy with and without nuts.
- Thick liquids are said to have a high viscosity (the measurement of a liquid's ability to flow). Viscous liquids flow slowly, and particles dropped into the liquid fall slowly as well. Liquids such as water, honey, and shampoo can be used to simulate magma of various viscosities. Test the viscosity of each liquid by dropping a marble into a tall, slender glass filled with the liquid at room temperature. The slower the marble falls, the more viscous the liquid is.
- Demonstrate the effect of temperature on the viscosity of the liquids by repeating the experiment above twice. First, raise the temperature of the samples by standing each glass in a jar of warm water. After three minutes, stir the liquids and use a thermometer to determine the temperature of each. Second, lower the temperature of the samples to about 50° Fahrenheit (10°C) by inserting a thermometer in each liquid sample and placing them in a refrigerator. Diagrams and the results of each experiment can be used as part of a project display.
CHECK IT OUT!
The three distinct types of magma—andesitic, basaltic, and rhyolitic—harden into different kinds of rock. Find out more about the characteristics of these magma types. What is their chemical composition? Where are they formed? How does the temperature of each differ? Which is the most common? For information about magma see pages 74-79 in The Dynamic Earth, Second Edition (New York: Wiley, 1992), by Brian J. Skinner and Stephen C. Porter.
Warning is hereby given that not all Project Ideas are appropriate for all individuals or in all circumstances. Implementation of any Science Project Idea should be undertaken only in appropriate settings and with appropriate parental or other supervision. Reading and following the safety precautions of all materials used in a project is the sole responsibility of each individual. For further information, consult your state's handbook of Science Safety.


What is an Outdoor Computer?
Back to Glossary
What is an Outdoor Computer?
An outdoor computer is designed to withstand the elements—whether it is an outdoor kiosk in a national park that helps tourists or a monitoring system designed to track motorists' license plates. It is generally part of a larger system which may include a display. Many outdoor computers have NEMA 4 enclosures. NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturer's Assocation) sets standards for grades of electrical enclosures and NEMA 4 is rated as watertight. Outdoor computers must have displays that are easily visible in all lighting conditions.
Important Features for an Outdoor Computer
As an outdoor computer is required to operate 24/7, it must be extremely reliable. Many are fanless, as fans are moving parts that can break down, and are passively cooled instead. To protect against dust and water, an outdoor computer is entirely enclosed, which can cause a problem in regards to overheating. An outdoor computer is often subject to power useage limitations and thus must be able to run with less power.


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Top 10 Places you Should Look for Gold (A Beginner's Guide)
Small deposits of gold can crop up anywhere. However, if you want to find concentrated deposits that can make your search worthwhile, knowing some rudimentary facts about how gold moves around will certainly help.
So before we get to our top 10 locations you should search for gold, let's go over some of the basic geological factors you should consider.
Gravity is your friend
Gold is heavy. In fact, it is 3 times heavier than iron and a whopping 19 times heavier than water.
This means that with the assistance of gravity, small gold particles will always sink to the lowest level as its path will allow.
As Mother Nature does her thing, with the wind, rain, floods, and thaws impacting the earth, trapped gold will be freed and will work its way to its lowest point.
So as a general guide, looking for where water flows downhill in a way where deposits can become trapped is a very good starting point.
Hillsides and Rain Storms
Another good tip is to hunt out hillsides that are prone to water runoff during storms.
As the rain falls, water runs down the hill eroding the earth and rock along its path. If gold is present, this will also be freed.
The gold will get caught up in the flowing water and will fall into cracks, undercuts and any other pitted obstruction as it proceeds.
If left untouched, these small particles of gold can grow into meaningful deposits if you have the time and patience to look and discover them.
Streams and Floods
A stream bed during a flood will experience a similar geological effect.
If you observe where the water slows along the stream during a flood, there may be a chance that's where an obstruction exists that could potentially trap particles of gold.
Even a large rock or boulder in a stream is enough to disrupt the flow of water enough for sold to sink to the bottom and collect ready for you to find.
So, simply bearing these conditions in mind when you search for locations to begin prospecting, will help you save a significant amount of time.
What follows are some key areas you should look for when hunting for gold.
Top 10 Places you Should Look for Gold
- Gravel bars on the inside of river bends are a good place to look. The particles will be fine, but in the right location, you can be treated to a bounty.
- The level, flat part of a stream after it has had a period of a steep incline, (i.e. downstream from a section of rapids or a waterfall).
- As mentioned above, earthy hillsides and small cliff points during or after stormwater have run across them.
- High benches are caused by a stream cutting deeper into a canyon. Rounded rocks in the canyon wall would have once been at water level; look in the grooves behind these to see if any gold has been trapped.
- A simple one this: moss and grassroots on the outer bend river's edge. Gold can slowly accumulate here.
- The down-stream sides of boulders look like they have not moved for years. Protected from the flow of water, the ridges at the base of the rock could house precious gold.
- Look for any potholes in the bedrock.
- Small streaks of gravel laying on the bedrock, (however, you will need special tools to remove these if they are underwater).
- It is tempting to look for gold in popular prospecting areas. However, to find deposits that might have been missed you should look for lines of moss running along the bedrock. This hints at being an area that has been undisturbed, and there is very likely to be small cracks beneath that can house particles of gold.
- Newly formed gravel bars are also a potential ground for recently trapped particles.
And there you have it, our top 10 places beginner prospectors should look for when hunting for gold.
Hunting in areas such as these will certainly help your efforts and will reduce wasted time looking in the wrong places.
Image Credits: Pixabay


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Ana G. Mendez University System (AGMUS) chose L2L as Agency of Record to transform with a completely new and creative approach its lead generation, marketing, public relations outreach. AGMUS which is the largest non-profit private university system in Puerto Rico has a history of almost 70 years in the island. Since 2003, AGMUS expanded into the United States with a unique dual language model of education for higher ed, opening campuses in Orlando, Tampa Bay, South Florida, Capital Area, and Dallas.
- Revolutionized media buying by integrating AdWords, digital ads, with traditional media
- Created an award-winning campaign – VALOR (COURAGE/VALUE) – geared towards the Hispanic population seeking bilingual education
- Created a wide range of digital assets to be used for online lead generation
- Re-activated Social Media for all five US campuses to engage leads / students / alumni
- Positioned campuses as civic centers for the local community where "meeting of the minds" and press conferences of key stakeholders could happen. Transformed campuses into donation, displacement, and job centers post-Hurricane Maria
- Engaged local, national, and Puerto Rican media with AGMUS brand in the US
- The Year 1 plan has transformed the AGMUS outreach to effectively engage today's student population through a multi-media platform strategy, reducing cost per enrollment by 60 percent and generating cost savings of $1M by eliminating an outsourced call center.
- In the first three months of the campaign, 3x more leads were generated versus total year prior.
- Transformed lead generation processes by implementing CRM / landing pages
- Positioning of AGMUS as national brand of higher education with a unique offering of a dual-language model of education
- The Conference Board New Communications Award – Academic Division


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Frank Moss, a prominent health-tech entrepreneur who formerly headed the New Media Medicine Group at the MIT Media Lab, has joined Boston-based startup Constant Therapy as chief strategist and advisor, the company announced Thursday.
Constant Therapy is a developer of cloud-based iPad apps for brain exercises, aimed at helping people with traumatic brain injuries and those with language, communication and learning disorders.
The apps allow clinicians to create custom rehabilitation programs and monitor patient performance, according to a release. Patients benefit because they can practice evidence-based brain exercises on the iPad constantly, with or without a clinician.
Moss is the co-founder of Cambridge-based drug discovery development company Infinity Pharmaceuticals and a member of the executive advisory councils of the Mayo Clinic Innovation Center and Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
"(Constant Therapy) offers a breakthrough mobile solution that empowers patients with evidence-based tasks they can use virtually anywhere and anytime with remote delivery and monitoring," he said in a statement.
About 3.5 million people sustain a traumatic brain injury each year and 7 million people in the U.S. have survived a stroke, but one of the major obstacles for patients with communication and cognitive disorders is long-term access to high-quality therapy, according to the release.


Upgrade Issues
Priority Paging Is Not Needed With the New Solaris 8 Caching Architecture
The Solaris 8 operating environment introduces a new file system caching architecture, which subsumes the Solaris 7 Priority Paging functionality. You should not set the system variable priority_paging in the Solaris 8 operating environment, and you should remove the variable from the /etc/system file when systems are upgraded to the Solaris 8 operating environment.
The new caching architecture removes most of the pressure on the virtual memory system that resulted from file system activity. As a result, the new caching architecture changes the dynamics of the memory paging statistics, which makes observing system memory characteristics simpler. However, several of the statistics report significantly different values. You should consider these differences when analyzing memory behavior or setting performance monitoring thresholds. The most notable differences are:


WorldCat Metadata API Sandbox Testing
The WorldCat Metadata API does not have a true sandbox environment for testing. Instead, you will be issued a sandbox Web Service Key (WSKey) that is associated with a fake institution used for testing purposes. However, even when using a sandbox WSKey, you will still be making changes to the production data in WorldCat. For this reason, please make note of the following ground rules for sandbox use of the WorldCat Metadata API.
Some operations are safer than others
Changes to the following types of records are safe when using a sandbox WSKey:
 1. Set/unset holdings
 2. Create, Read, Update and delete LBD information attached to these records
When working with holdings data or or local bibliographic data, the changes will be specific to an institution. In this case, the sandbox institution. Your changes to these kinds of records will not affect your production data or that of another institution.
Holdings Operations are limited to test records
Operations on holdings are restricted for the sandbox institution. These operations are blocked unless the record's transcribing agency (the 040 $c subfield) is a test institution. This prevents Sandbox WSKeys from modifying non-test records. Developers are assigned test records when access is provisioned.
Caution is required for changes to Master Bibliographic Records
When you make changes to Master Bibliographic Records through the WorldCat Metadata API, you are changing the production data for a cooperative catalog. This means that updates to bibliographic records held by multiple institutions will affect all holding libraries.
To mitigate the risk for your development and testing of the Metadata API, when you request a WSKey for this service you will be assigned a set of 5 records that you can use for testing purposes. These records will be uniquely yours so they are the best records to use for testing purposes.
Any new Master records created with a Sandbox WSKey will be added to the live production copy of WorldCat even if you are using a sandbox WSKey. The best way to learn how to use the Master Bibliographic Record service is to first become familiar with the record formats and data model through the Update functionality against the sandbox records you are assigned.
Merging operations
Please note that the WorldCat Metadata API also simplifies your interaction with WorldCat Master Bibliographic Records. There are many complex matching algorithms that take place behind the update and create operations that OCLC uses to ensure the high quality and integrity of the WorldCat data set. This means that if you modify one of your sandbox records in such a way that you change certain data elements, the sandbox record may be merged into other producion records used by your institution or other OCLC members. Consequently, please do not create or update the data in the following fields of your sandbox test records in ways that they will match and potentially merge with existing WorldCat records:
 - Title statements
 - Author/Creator statements
 - Identifiers such as ISBNs and ISSNs
 - OCLC numbers
Help us with debugging: transaction IDs
To better assist us with helping you debug issues you encounter, follow the reccommendations in the guide to Getting Help Debugging Your Code when requesting assistance. Additionally, send a transactionID parameter with your requests when you are testing. A transactionID is is an arbitrary string not to exceed 200 characters which is meaningful to the caller. You can create your own transactionID by stringing together elements. For example a transactionID might be built by combining
 - OCLC Symbol being worked with or if using Sandbox OCLC Symbol of institution doing testing
 - date and time
 - principalID of user performing operation


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Australia is typical of many countries in that it has an extensive network of rainfall recording stations which record rainfall data in various forms ranging from a daily time step down to 6-min resolution. However, while the length of historical daily records is often large, there are very few 6-min (pluviograph) records available of significant length. Not only does this lack of significant short time scale data impose a major obstacle in the application of a Monte Carlo approach to risk estimation, it also inhibits the application of rainfall simulation models that use this data for direct calibration. While the advent of numerous stochastic rainfall models provides methods for extending historical rainfall records, without adequate historical rainfall data available for calibration their accuracy is questionable. This paper describes the development of a new technique which significantly extends the applicability of stochastic point rainfall models that require historical data for calibration. The technique uses a new 'master–target' scaling relationship. A model calibration is undertaken at a 'master' site with a long pluviograph record, which is then scaled to the 'target' site using the information from the target site in form of either a short pluviograph or a daily rainfall record. This approach removes the need for significant pluviograph data at the 'target' site and enables the stochastic rainfall model to be applied at sites with either short pluviograph or daily rainfall records. The master–target scaling technique is demonstrated using an existing high-resolution point rainfall model based on wet-dry alternating storm events. Extensive testing using numerous pairs of Australian sites demonstrates its validity.
Journal of Hydrology Vol. 393, Issue 3-4, p. 163-173


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Mathematical Model of Hydrodynamic Fluid Pressure on Smooth and Real Surface
Conventional method of flood delivering coolant fluid by a nozzle in order to achieve high process performance. However, hydrodynamic fluid pressure can be generated ahead of the contact zone due to the wedge effect between wheel peripheral surface and work surface. In the paper, theoretical hydrodynamic pressure modeling were presented for flow of coolant fluid through the grinding zone in flood delivery grinding using smooth and roughness surface grinding wheel respectively. The simulation results show that the hydrodynamic pressure was proportion to grinding wheel velocity, and inverse proportion to the minimum gap between wheel and work surface and the maximum pressure value was generated just in the minimum gap region in which higher fluid pressure gradient occuring. It can also be concluded the surface roughness of grinding wheel and workpiece makes the contact zone's hydrodynamic pressure rough and unstable, i.e. the value curve considering roughness is not smooth, leading to the micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication phenomenon.
Qiusheng Yan, Jiabin Lu, Jun Wang and Hang Gao
C. H. Li et al., "Mathematical Model of Hydrodynamic Fluid Pressure on Smooth and Real Surface", Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 135, pp. 429-434, 2010


6 Stages Every Gay Couple Should Reach In Their Relationship
Gay Dating
6 Stages Every Gay Couple Should Reach in Their Relationship
Brian Rzepczynski
Brian Rzepczynski Updated:
Discuss This! Discuss This!
Life is all about development, evolution and progression, and as we go through this maturation process, there are often typical stages we experience as we continue to grow.
For example, you will likely recall you went through certain stages and phases of identity development as you came out to yourself as a gay man and started to come to terms with your sexuality.
Here is an article about the well-known "Cass Homosexual Identity Development" model that details this process.
Well, relationships are the same way
In much the same way that as individuals we grow and develop, so do our relationships.
When you start dating someone and work toward a long-term partnership, there is a common developmental trajectory you will likely follow.
There are a variety of stage models that attempt to explain intimate relationship development, though the great majority are descriptive of heterosexual love.
While there are many similarities in the qualities and characteristics of relationships with our heterosexual counterparts, gay/lesbian relationships also have some unique differences and challenges that may not necessarily follow some of these other relationship theories.
Well, relationships are the same wayAlas, there is one such model that speaks to gay male pairings!
In 1984, David P. McWhirter and Andrew M. Mattison published "The Male Couple: How Relationships Develop."
The authors conducted a research study over the course of five years in which they interviewed 156 male couples in loving relationships lasting anywhere from one to 37 years.
Their intent was to discover how male couples function in everyday life in terms of domestics, finances, sexuality and relationship issues.
What actually emerged from the study was a groundbreaking discovery that regardless of the differences between men, their relationships pass through typical developmental stages in the same way individuals grow and develop.
McWhirter and Mattison share their research findings in this book and identify six separate developmental stages gay male couples go through that's essential for the growth and healthy maturation of their relationship.
"Each stage can become a building
block to subsequent phases."
The six stages are labeled as:
 1. "Blending" in year one
 2. "Nesting" in years two and three
 3. "Maintaining" in years four and five
 4. "Building" in years six through 10
 5. "Releasing" in years 11 through 20
 6. "Renewing" in years 20 and beyond
McWhirter and Mattison describe the various characteristics that are reminiscent of each of the stages, which also can become building blocks and bridges toward passage to subsequent phases and can identify other influences and possible crises or challenges that are common.
These oftentimes are inherent in the growing pains necessary for the development and health of the relationship and the partners within the system as well. Here is an article that details these stages.
Not every couple will mirror this model
Not every couple will mirror this model
Jesse Tyler Ferguson, of "Modern Family," with his husband, Justin Mikita.
However, this framework provides instrumental findings that not only dispel common myths and misconceptions that abound about gay relationships but also provides a valuable structure to help educate couples about the possible challenges they have, are currently or will eventually encounter.
This information could possibly help yield more positive outcomes for the maintenance of relationships through conflict that might ordinarily spell their demise due to increased awareness, preventative troubleshooting and skills-building to aid in more smooth transitions through such developmental challenges.
The stage model also provides positive normalization for gay couples and could be helpful to couples of other sexual orientations and relationship styles as well.
The anecdotal stories and case examples in the book also provide helpful supportive illustrations of points made and could be deemed inspirational and validating for couples. It's a highly educational read!
Another relationship model I like that speaks more toward heterosexual relationships, though it has some relevance and applicability to gay relationships, is the Knapp Relational Stages Model. Here is an article that describes the stages in this particular model.
How does this model resonate with you?
Want to play around with it and have some fun
This first link showcases the various stages of the model with snippets from popular movie scenes that depict all of the relationship phases.
This second link has you practice identifying the various stages as you watch snippets from the popular TV show "The Office" to add a little humor and enjoyment to this process!
What are your thoughts about relationship development stage models? What stage are you and your boyfriend/partner negotiating at this time? How can this help you navigate your relationship journey ahead?
Photo sources: nydailynews.com, chicagomag.com


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Skip to Main Content
Detection of defects or beginning faults is a way to be able to prevent catastrophic faults. Here asymmetrical states of a doubly-fed induction machine, as for example a turn-to-turn fault, are modeled and simulated in state space with hybrid machine equations. These equations are reduced in order of less computation effort. To detect rotor turn-to-turn faults of the doubly-fed induction machine a Luenberger observer is developed and investigated by simulation. The results show a sensitive and fast detection of the fault.


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How to become a Quarry Engineer
quarry engineer careers
What does a Quarry Engineer do?
Quarrying involves the safe extraction of minerals such as limestone, sandstone, slate or gravel. Most quarrying involves the use of explosives and heavy machinery.
Quarry engineers are qualified engineers who are involved in the organisation and planning of quarrying operations. They may also be involved in related activities such as road surfacing and the manufacture and preparation of concrete.
Environmental management, negotiating contracts, administration and other management duties can all be included in the work.
What's the working environment like working as a Quarry Engineer?
Working hours may vary, and may include evenings and weekends.
The working conditions are usually dusty and often noisy. Quarry engineers will be expected to work outdoors in all conditions.
What does it take to become a Quarry Engineer?
To be a quarry engineers you should:
 - have ability in physics and mathematics
 - have a logical mind, and be capable of using analytical and mathematical methods to solve problems and decide on the safest and most efficient quarrying methods
 - be vigilant and have an awareness of health and safety issues
 - have an interest in the environment
 - have knowledge of machinery, and be capable of understanding technical drawings and plans
 - have good communication skills are essential
 - be physically fit.
Quarry Engineer Career Opportunities
Further information
If you would like to know anything about Quarry Engineer that does not appear on Hotcourses, further information can be found below.
Institute of Quarrying
7 Regent Street
Nottingham
NG1 5BS
Tel: 0115 _PHONE_
_URL_
Facts and Stats:
 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel was only 5ft tall and wore a top hat to make himself look taller
 - Engineering generates more than 40 per cent of the UK¿s national wealth
 - The Box Hill tunnel, part of Brunel¿s Great Western Railway, took five years to dig and at two miles long was the longest tunnel in the world at the time
Find Quarrying courses near you
Courses to help you become a Quarry Engineer


It should be noted that maps of offenders may not show all offenders in a given area. This is because home, work, school, and temporary address information may not be adequate to map. It also is important to recognize that not all institutions such as schools or day care centers may be located on offender maps. The MSHP receives mapped institutional data from different state agencies, and has no control over the completeness or accuracy of these data. Discrepancies in mapped data when found can be reported to the MSHP for correction.
If the address searched is mapped on the wrong map location, use below button to add the correct location and it will recalculate the distance search.
Take a screen shot of the address correct location, include the GPS coordinates and send it in an email to


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Materials Lifecycle Management System
MaterialCenter is a Materials Lifecycle Management System designed to link material specialists to mechanical simulation. MaterialCenter captures data from integrated processes to ensure full traceability across the enterprise and throughout the product lifecycle. It addresses unique process and data requirements, and drives product innovation in complex materials such as alloys, elastomers, plastics, composites, and many more. MaterialCenter works directly with many commercial CAE products and delivers on-demand commercial Databanks to engineers across the industry.
Drawn from the collective experience of the world's largest OEMs, MaterialCenter is the single point of entry for all materials related activities including physical test data entry and reduction, multi-scale materials modeling, approval workflow and the export of simulation ready data to analysis. This guarantees that engineers are using a consistent source of approved materials derived from traceable integrated processes, resulting in improved simulation fidelity, reduced data loss and elimination of tedious manual data management activities.
Drive Engineering Innovation Using Your Materials
- Dashboards for quick evaluation of materials data management projects and management oversight.
- Work request and approval workflow to keep projects on track.
- All materials-related processes, input and output documented through Audit Trail.
- Process-oriented, automation approach to data management to minimize manual data entry activities.
- Robust and intuitive interface for data search, retrieval and comparison for all data types – tabular, curves, images, etc.
- Web-based interface to data management processes that enable distributed data authoring and maintenance.
- Built-in job queue interface that optimizes execution of materials simulation processes.
- Proven scalability to 100,000s of processes and petabytes of data to meet the needs of engineers for years to come.
- Integrates commercial Databanks for accessing critical materials data that is available in industry.
MaterialCenter Add-in Solutions
Optional modules available with MaterialCenter enable integration with leading CAE platforms and Excel making it easier for users to access the material database without compromising security.
For general and product specific platform support, please visit our Platform Support page.


Adolf Butenandt
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt
Photo from the Nobel Foundation archive.
Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1939
Born: 24 March 1903, Bremerhaven-Lehe, Germany
Died: 18 January 1995, Munich, Germany
Affiliation at the time of the award: Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut (now Max-Planck-Institut) für Biochemie, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany, Berlin University, Berlin, Germany
Prize motivation: "for his work on sex hormones."
Adolf Butenandt was caused by the authorities of his country to decline the award but he later received the diploma and the medal.
Prize share: 1/2
Hormones are substances that transfer signals between the body's cells and organs and regulate bodily functions. In the 1930s Adolf Butenandt contributed to the mapping of several hormones that specifically apply to men and women, respectively. After determining the composition of the female sex hormone estrogen, he was able to determine the structure for this hormone and a related hormone, estriol. He was also able to produce a male sex hormone in pure form for the first time and to determine its chemical composition. It was named androsterone.
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MLA style: Adolf Butenandt – Facts. Nobel Media AB 2021. Tue. 20 Apr 2021. <>
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What is it like to be a scientist? To find out, 23 students, ages 5 to 17, visited the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science's (UMCES) Horn Point Laboratory on November 4 to participate in a day camp, Science Saturday.
Designed to encourage interest in marine science careers via discovery activities, the day was organized and run by the local chapter of the Society for Women in Marine Science (SWMS) and received funding from Maryland Sea Grant. The Horn Point Laboratory SWMS chapter is largely comprised of UMCES graduate students but also includes faculty, research staff, and some members from other Eastern Shore-based laboratories and environmental organizations.
Science Saturday focused on engaging local students with some of the tools, environments, and concepts scientists work with every day. Students flew small drones and learned how to take aerial photographs similar to how Horn Point Laboratory scientists use these tools to monitor local restoration efforts, such as living shorelines, and develop new methods for monitoring oyster populations. A nature walk and journaling activity encouraged students to engage their senses in the field and keep a notebook as a scientist would when conducting fieldwork. Students explored oyster reefs in a laboratory setting, identifying local critters using dichotomous keys – a tool used to identify different organisms based on their observable traits – and looking at microorganisms in the water using a microscope. An ecology games activity helped students understand concepts like predator-prey interactions and resource availability through fun and active yard games.
The Horn Point Laboratory, located on 800+ acres near the Choptank River on Maryland's Eastern Shore, is widely respected for its interdisciplinary programs in oceanography, water quality, restoration of seagrasses, marshes and shellfish, and for expertise in ecosystem modeling, holds ongoing research programs spanning from the estuarine waters of the Chesapeake Bay to the open waters of the world's oceans.
Follow this link to learn more: _URL_
To receive information on future events hosted by UMCES' Society for Women in Marine Science, join their email list here: _URL_


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I am learning tasker and reading up tutorial on _URL_
If you look at the picture,
you can see the two same tasks "Set Widget Icon".
Is that a typo, or something I do not understand?
enter image description here
Also, what is the benefit of toggle? Why is the property ternary, not just off and on? Can you please help with a practical example?
Thanks much.
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Yes, that seems to be a typo: the conditions should be If %WIFI ~ on and If %WIFI!~ on (or If %WIFI ~ off).
The %WIFI variable can only be on or off, not toggle. But the Wifi action can be used to enable, disable or toggle Wifi, i.e. if Wifi is enabled, it will be disabled, and if Wifi is disabled, it will be enabled.
The example (minus the typo) talks about creating a "Toggle Wifi" widget: if Wifi is on and you click the icon, Wifi will be disabled and the icon will be changed to a "Wifi is off" icon. And if Wifi is off and you click the icon, Wifi will be enabled and the icon will be changed to a "Wifi is on" icon.
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bottom leaves of plants are dying (pics)help
Does anybody know what causes this to happen(see pics).I have them on the bottom of 8 of my 10 tomato plants.And is there a way to fix or are all my plants going to die.I also put a pic of the top of the plants were the leaves appear to be fine.Any help would be appreciated as this is my first year of gardening.Thanks in advance.
Yellowing Leaves on Tomato Plants
It could be any number of things.
First, as the plants mature, it's not uncommon for the bottom leaves to yellow due to lack of nutrients from the soil, that the weather is really hot, or even lack of light (the top leaves are shading out the bottom leaves). It's ok to pinch them off. And, don't worry about all the plants dying quite yet.
Next, do a soil test. It could be a lack of nitrogen in the soil. You can take some soil from around the base of the tomato plant to your local extension service and they can help with the test. There are also soil test kits available for purchase, but the reviews I've seen on them don't inspire a lot of confidence.
Your best bet is to test the soil and go from there.
P.S. Do you rotate where you plant tomatoes each year? If tomatoes are planted in the same place each year, the soil becomes very nutrient poor and diseases are more likely to be a problem. If you don't rotate, you should start next year. If you have the space a 3 year rotation cycle is optimal.


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By Stephen Johnson, Big Think
- Scientists printed a 3D replica of the vocal tract of Nesyamun, an Egyptian priest whose mummified corpse has been on display in the UK for two centuries.
- With the help of an electronic device, the reproduced voice is able to "speak" a vowel noise.
- The team behind the "Voices of the Past" project suggest reproducing ancient voices could make museum experiences more dynamic.
Scientists have reproduced the voice of an ancient Egyptian priest by creating a 3D-printed replica of his mummified vocal tract.


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This sections covers how shared contextual information can be passed around the grid.
The context object is passed to most of the callbacks used in the grid. The purpose of the context object is to allow the client application to pass details to custom callbacks such as the Cell Renderers and Cell Editors.
Provides a context object that is provided to different callbacks the grid uses. Used for passing additional information to the callbacks by your application.
Note that the grid does not place anything into the context and it is not used internally by the grid.
The example below demonstrates how the context object can be used. Note the following:
- Selecting the reporting currency from the dropdown places it in the context object.
- When the reporting currency is changed the cell renderer uses the currency supplied in the context object to calculate the value using:
- The price column header is updated to show the selected currency using a header value getter using


Sun Java System Directory Server Enterprise Edition 6.1 Reference
Small, Medium, and Large Data Sets
A working set refers to the data actually pulled into memory so the server can respond to client applications. The data set here is then the entries in the directory that you see are in fact getting used due to client traffic. The data set may include every entry in the directory, or may be composed most of the time of the some smaller number of entries, such as entries corresponding to people in a time zone where users are active.
We define three data set sizes, based on how much of the directory data set fits into available physical memory:
The data set fits entirely into physical memory with fully-loaded database and entry caches.
The data set fits in physical memory, and extra physical memory can be dedicated to entry cache.
The data set is too small to fit completely in available physical memory.
The ideal case is of course the small data set. If your data set is small, set database cache size and entry cache size such that all entries fit in both the database cache and the entry cache.
The following sections provide recommendations for medium and large data sets where the server performs either all searches or all modify operations.


This Spanish poem for children is titled Una casa con un sol. It uses familiar, conversational language to describe the way sunlight enters and brightens a house. It is a summer poem with basic vocabulary that Spanish language learners understand.
Una casa con un sol is by the well-known Argentine author and illustrator Douglas Wright. His books are hard to get in the United States, but he generously shares his work on his blog El jardín de Douglas.
There is an illustration to accompany this poem on the blog. The drawing is a good way to engage children with the subject of the poem before they read it. Looking at the picture they can predict what the poem will be about. You can also talk about where the sun comes into their house and how it feels. You will find the drawing here: Spanish poem for kids – Una casa con un sol.
As always, many thanks to Douglas for permission to share his poetry with the readers of Spanish Playground.
 Una casa con un sol
Qué linda que es esta casa
con un sol en la ventana,
no tengo que irlo a buscar,
está ahí, cada mañana.
Qué linda que es esta casa
con un gran sol en la puerta,
él no tiene que llamar,
yo se la dejo abierta.
Qué linda que es esta casa
con esa luz encendida,
el sol de cada mañana,
ésa es la luz de la vida.
 You may also be interested in this post: Poem by Douglas Wright is Wonderful for Children Learning Spanish
Photo Credit: Steve A Johnson via Compfight cc
Teaching My Children Spanish - A Few Observations Now That They Are Older
Printable Spanish Summer Activities List


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Find when a value doesn't exist OR if it net value equals 0
I have a spreadsheet containing Sales Orders that are made up of part numbers for new systems purchased and part numbers for the education purchased to train that new system. I want to be able to identify those Sales Orders where there is no education included. There are 2 scenarios when this can occur:
1). If there was no Education included in the order at all. In which case there are no education part numbers showing up against that Sales Order.
2). If Education was originally included but was then removed. This is represented as 2 separate rows in the spreadsheet. The first shows a positive value and the second shows a negative value with the net result equaling zero.
I want to be able to create a field in the spreadsheet that can identify these 2 scenarios and fill in the value "No Education Included" and for all other use the field "Education Include".
Below I have included 2 tables. The first demonstrates an example of what I have now and the second is what I am trying to achieve. Please note that the Part Number names vary greatly and the ones included in the table below are just examples. Any help would be greatly appreciated.


Dissecting: Composite Cylinder Parts
Dissecting: Composite Cylinder Parts
One of the frequent questions we are asked at Aburi is "what are the composite cylinder parts?". Today we have decided to answer all you need to know about the fibreglass cylinders components.
The short answer is: the cylinder has 3 parts, the cylinder itself (or belly), the valve and the casing. No Secret!
However, this usually would not satisfy our most meticulous customers. Therefore a composite cylinder is made of the following parts:
1) The in liner: Is a blow moulded HDPE container to hold the liquid gas inside
2) The pressure vessel: Made out of glass fibre winding with Epoxy, helically wound on the inner bottle. Together this provides the ultimate strength to the cylinder.
Fibre winding with a bonding Epoxy is the most crucial part of the composite cylinders. They are crucial because the winding has a direct impact on the strength of the cylinder as also bursting pressure.
3) The Bung Housing: To make it suitable to use valves
There are two types of bung housing being used by the main manufacturers in the composite cylinder business
 - Brass Bung Housing: Are lighter in nature (by weight) and also are lighter on use. Being brass, a softer material cannot take higher torque.
 - Steel Bung Housing: Steel Bung are heavier and due to their hardness can take higher torque.
Due to the different types of valves being used by gas distributors, steel bung housing is preferable. As Brass Bung is a softer material, the max torqueing possible is about 120 Nm and gas distributors have to use a valve that is non-standard. Some manufactures prefer this to retain the customers, however, this results in a logistic issue of carrying not only two different valves, but also educating the online worker at the gas filling station to take notice and use the correct valve for the right cylinder, which could result in a problem, if the incorrect valve is used.
4) Outer casing: The ergonomically designed casing's basic function is to ensure that the pressure vessel is safe guarded from severe drops, and to prevent direct exposure to metal objects that can result in the fibre wound container to get flaws, and for ease of carrying and handling.
Finally, the aesthetics are decided between the buyer and seller. The buyer usually is a gas distributor and the seller is the composite cylinder manufacturer. Normally, the gas distributor would only need to brand the cylinder with the company's colours, logo and contact details.
We hope you enjoyed the blogpost and to learn more about this great product, composite LPG cylinder, click here!


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Be Part of the Movement
GlassLab Teacher NetworkEdtech innovators, early adopters and school leaders provide feedback and share best practices on new digital learning tools. Help shape GlassLab's products by providing feedback on games, dashboards, lesson plans and other classroom tools throughout every step of the design process. Join us!
- Membership in an online community of fellow innovators and leaders providing inspiration and support
- Free access to professional development opportunities focused on game-based learning
- Invitations to join GlassLab at special events
- Special credit with your name listed in all of the games you help design and pilot
- Opportunities to be featured in GlassLab press and events
GlassLab District NetworkGlassLab is searching for innovative school districts across the country to pilot glasslabgames.org, a suite of multi-platform, standards-aligned games that meet your students' needs for impactful learning. With easy-to-use student management tools, real-time reports, and turn-key professional development materials, GlassLab delivers world-class learning experiences to your educators and students like never before.
- Unlimited access to all GlassLab games, reports, and instructional materials for one full semester after your pilot has concluded.
- A seat on the GlassLab Advisory Board to provide meaningful input into our products and vision.
- Access to the data and research generated hrough the GlassLab District Network's pilots.
- A detailed case study evaluating the impact of GlassLab products on your students and teachers.
- Coordination with GlassLab marketing and PR efforts, including GlassLab outreach to local media outlets in your region.
Calling All Teachers and School Administrators!GlassLab needs your help piloting our newest games. These pilots provide you with preview access to our games and help us refine our games to maximize learning impact.
What's in it for you?
- Early access to games
- Mention in our game acknowledgements
- Future credits on glasslabgames.org to be used for games of your choice
Sign Up for Pilots


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With the measuring function you get an extremely powerful tool with which you can also measure indirect dimensions. In particular, the automatic level recognition also enables indirect meaningful dimensions. In the following video we would like to give you a brief overview of the topic.
Activate the Measure function
Orthogonal line segment point plane
In the first example we measure from a joist to the floor.
In the second example, we measure the angle of a sloping roof, then place a 3D point on the intersection of the two planes to finally catch the perpendicular to the floor.


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Redevelopment of Catalunya Square
- El Masnou
Roger de Flor Street, the old riverbank, acts as a connection axis between Vallmora Park and the beach. The redevelopment project of this axis is based on the idea of merging these two contexts (sea and mountain) through a draining mixed pavement, large landscaped tree pits and coloured chairs with different inclinations reminiscent of beach hammocks.
The project proposes the recovery for public and recreational use of the residents of a street invaded by cars and garbage collection and an underused square due to its slopes. It is proposed to eliminate all visual and accessibility obstacles (wall that separated the square from the passage of vehicles, sidewalks, stairs,...) preserve and integrate the existing vegetation (banana trees and palmettos) and convert the street into a pedestrian zone integrating the square with a slight curb that saves the existing slopes. It is also recovered the riverside gate that was boarded up and used to protect the adjacent streets from flooding.
The intervention has allowed to recover the crossed visuals between the streets and the square, getting a sense of open space and a naturalized environment. This much friendlier environment has to invite neighbors to occupy and enjoy a public space much more designed for people than for vehicles.
The new trees are proposed as large boxes of resistant plant soil that allows optimal root growth and helps to store rainwater and reduce the flow of water to public networks.
3 day ago
César Portela, Medalla de Oro de la Arquitectura
1 month ago
El Bosco Verticale de Barcelona
1 month ago


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As The Deer Pants
Ted E. Bowling
Sermonette; #1517s; 17 minutes
Ted Bowling, focusing upon the figure of a deer panting for water in Psalm 42, explores the various connotations of the verb pant as it applies to thirsting after water in an arid environment as well as to the exhaustion experienced by an animal escaping from a predator, even to the point of submerging itself in a brook, in order to cover its scent. King David, as he fled from Absalom, might have written this Psalm when he was at the end of his tether, throwing himself on God's mercy, unsure whether death or God's intervention would be his fate. David, a man after God's own heart, did not ask God to spare his life, but only to facilitate a closer relationship with Him. Psalm 42 teaches us that, no matter what happens in our lives, nothing is more important than our drawing closer to God, yielding to His perfect will for us.
Daily Verse and Comment
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Configure Origin Address for Multiple Gmail Accounts
This article is no longer maintained, so its content might be out of date.
Thunderbird can be used to manage multiple email accounts. These accounts can either be from the same or different email providers. However, when you have multiple Gmail accounts, by default Gmail will use your default account as the "From" and "Reply To" addresses. You must manually configure an alternate email address to be used as the "From" and "Reply To" values in messages.
 1. Load Gmail in a browser window and click Settings in the top right corner.
 2. Select Accounts and Import.
 3. In the "Send mail as" section of the page, click edit info to the right of the desired account.
 4. Click "Specify a different "reply-to" address" and specify the address you want to use as the "From" and "Reply To" address in messages.
See Adding a custom 'From' address for a complete description of this issue.
These fine people helped write this article: admin, user917725. You can help too - find out how.


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Difference Between | Descriptive Analysis and Comparisons
Data Transfer System
Asynchronous vs Synchronous
Difference between Asynchronous and Synchronous
Asynchronous and Synchronous are two different methods of transmission synchronization. The major difference between them lies in their transmission methods, i.e. Synchronous transmissions are synchronized by...
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[Powershell Script - Convert IIS logs to CSV]parsing IIS logs using PowerShell
There are multiple ways to do reporting on the IIS logs, there are various tools available for the same as well, but I thought to play around with string manipulation in PowerShell so got an idea to do a script on parsing and Converting IIS logs to Table format in PowerShell sessions or export to CSV.
The main motive of this post is to give an idea on how can we filter specific logs easily and generate a report out of IIS Logs in CSV format.
So let's start
Let's first get the content of the logs file in a Powershell array, which we want to search through to generate the report, we can loop through each log file if there are more than one log file.
Single File Example:
$logFilepath="D:\Logs\IISLogs.txt" $logdata=(gc $logfilepath)
To search through the multiple files.
foreach ($file in (Get-ChildItem $logFilePath))
Now Once we have the Logs consolidated, we can further search through $logdata for logs we are interested in.
Let's say I want to find out how many connection requests has been made by the user "Labadmin" for EWS service?
So to prepare the data into the tabular format, lets first get the table header.
As the 4th line of the logs has all the details, we are going to select that line only using the index no [3], for those who wondering why [3], the index in PowerShell start from [0,1,2,3] etc.
$CsvHeader=$logdata[3]."_TAG_: ","")
Now we can do a search through the logs.
$EWSLogs=$logdata |? {$_ -match "Labadmin" -and $_ -match "EWS"}
This will get us the log entries, where both strings match "Labdmin" and "EWS", we can add more -match to shorten the results,
Now we have the logs we wanted, as the logs file is delimited with space in between what we just need to do is to replace the space with the comma ",".
So let's see how we can do it.
lets first combined our header and EWS logs data to one array.
$FinalData=@() $FinalData+=$CsvHeader $FinalData+=$EWSLogs
Now we will use replace method to replace space with ",".
foreach ($line in $FinalData)
$newline=$line.replace(" ",",")
Now Let's convert it to a table form, once we have data in the table form we can work at the object level, or you can just export to CSV.
$Table = Convertfrom-Csv $Report -UseCulture
Now you will have data in Table and can do further analyses if you wish.
Let's further find out how many times this user made EWS connection successfully.
$table | Group-Object -Property sc-status
So this is how we can use PowerShell to do reporting on IIS logs, Please feel free to leave your comments, feedback, and suggestions.
Below is full consolidated script Code used in this post.
$logFilepath = "C:\Users\sunil\Desktop\caslogs.txt"
$logdata = Get-Content $logfilepath
$CsvHeader=$logdata[3].Replace("_TAG_: ","")
foreach ($line in $FinalData){
$Report+=$newline }
$table = Convertfrom-Csv $Report -UseCulture
$table | Group-Object -Property sc-status