Pucker Up: Writing a Kissing Scene
by Elizabeth Preston
As readers, we root for a kiss to happen between the characters who we know are just meant to be together in a novel. When it finally happens, we inwardly cheer (okay, sometimes outwardly as well) and then move on.
As writers, it seems like such a simple matter to write a scene in which two characters kiss. We show that the characters belong together, Character A looks at Character B, and then Character B swoops in for a smooch to end all smooches. Simple, right? Well, not so much. While researching for my young adult novel, I discovered that there's quite a bit more to characters kissing than I had originally thought. Here's a list of some interesting findings that apply to most genres of writing when creating a kissing scene.
1. Don't emphasize the mouth unless you want a bit of an ick factor. You would think that since you're writing a kissing scene that you would focus on the star of the show—the mouth. Apparently, that's not the case. Author Malinda Lo in "Writing About Kissing" says that describing a mouth leads to more of a vampire-esque route than to a sweet, romantic kissing scene.
2. Engage the body. The same article advises writers to explore the body, such as the arms and hands during a kissing scene.
3. Get into specifics. I've read that you want to get detailed in a kissing scene, but you need to avoid being clinical. This is where the adverbs and adjectives (ex. "gently," "softly," "quickly," "cinnamon red") come into play. Each word should add something to the picture that you are painting. Sensory details are key. Also, don't forget about the setting. However, sometimes less is more. There's a balance between specific description and letting the reader have his/her own imagination do some of the work.
4. Build up the buildup. In other words, play up the tension (particularly before the kiss) between the characters through body language and dialogue. Anticipation makes the reader excited and rooting for the kiss to happen. This tip speaks to the episode in How I Met Your Mother when Ted and Victoria continually almost kiss but don't touch lips (until the very end of the episode—sorry for the spoiler) because Victoria believes that the best part of a kiss is the part before the kiss. She's got a point, and this leads us to...
5. Pauses can be lucrative moments. Don't forget to describe all the swirling emotions that happen during that moment of tension before the kiss.
6. There should be some reason why your characters haven't kissed before. The reason/obstacle should be pushing the characters apart, which will allow you to explore their longings for one another. This also adds to the anticipation of a kiss.
7. The characters shouldn't groan. Groaning and gushy sounds make the scene feel more erotica than young adult. Good to know.
8. The characters should be putting something on the line. Leigh Bardugo, who wrote Ruin & Rising, states in "20 Authors Share Tips for Writing Love Scenes" that characters should have "high emotional stakes" and that there should always be something for the characters "to lose."
9. Show what the kiss means to the characters. I think this is where the internal dialog comes in. What are they thinking? Why is this kiss special? Or maybe why is it sub-par?
10. Don't forget about the characters' emotions. You're not smooshing two dolls' lips together. You're meshing two thinking, feeling characters. The reader wants to know what your characters are feeling inside. Are they scared, relieved, nervous, relaxed, or disappointed?
11. Watch out for the scene beginning to feel weird. A kissing scene can be awkward, but not weird. Well, unless you want it to be a bad kiss. Then, I guess it could be weird.
12. The kiss should be earned. This means that a kissing scene should be set up by... well, the rest of the book before the scene. Geez, no pressure.
Image and guest post contributed by Elizabeth Preston. She graduated with a M.A. in English writing and is currently working on a YA novel. If you'd like to check out more of her posts, visit her blog: At the Foot of the Sierras.
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Question: How Fast Should A 12 Year Old Run?
How fast does a 12 year old run?
The height of the person in question, the specific length of the legs.
It also varies per location in the world.
How fast should a 13 year old be able to run?
The International Association of Athletics Federations recommends that 13-year-olds run no more than 10K at a time — approximately 6.2 miles. At a fast pace of six minutes per mile, this works out to just over 37 minutes, but at a slower pace of 11 minutes per mile, it works out to about an hour and eight minutes.
How long should it take a 13 year old to run 5k?
Average 5k Pace by Age and SexAgeMenWomen1111:13:2911:42:071210:20:1911:20:491310:22:1311:34:271409:28:2411:31:5873 more rows
What is a good mile time for a 12 year old?
How fast can a 11 year old run?
The world best for 11 year-old-boys is 4:23.9 (or is estimated to be this time). For girls: Regional-class is 6:45, national class is 5:55; world-class is 5:15 and the world-best for 11-year-girls of 4:42.9 (or is estimated to be this time). Run faster!
How fast should a 7th grader run a mile?
5:30 or less would be good for 7th grade, and 5:10 or less would be good for eighth grade. If you get sub 5 by the end of 8th grade, you would be really good. In my school, if you're in 8th grade and you get a mile time of around 5:15, you would probably be around 5th best out of the school.
How fast should a 14 year old run 100m?
Can a 12 year old run a half marathon?
About the age of 12 years, children can run a half-marathon. … First, kids' bodies aren't built to keep up an even pace over a long stretch, so the energy cost is more demanding than for an adult.
How fast should a 12 year old run 1500m?
At 12 years old, finishing a 1500m run is good as is, regardless of the time it takes. If you'd still like to keep track of time than I would say anywhere between 8–10 minutes would be great!
Who is the fastest 12 year old?
How fast can Bolt Run mph?
How fast can a girl run?
Who is the fastest kid in the world?
Is 7 minutes good for a mile?
A 7 minute mile time probably means you are somewhat fit, but it doesn't make you a great runner. … Mere seconds are extremely hard to shave off in seconds; a three minute difference is extremely long. So no, this is a good time, but it's not a great time.
Can humans run 100m under 9 seconds?
Overall, the sprinting velocity is a product of step length and step frequency. In his world record run in Berlin 2009, Usain Bolt ran at 12.4m/s in his fastest phase. … For a human to run 100m in under nine seconds, this would require maximum velocity to reach about 13.2m/s.


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Sydney is the capital city of the state of New South Wales and the most populous city of Australia. Despite being one of the most expensive cities in the world, Sydney frequently ranks in the top ten most livable cities in the world. Most of the students who are willing to study in Australia prefer Sydney for higher study. As everything has its own good and bad things. Same like that if you choose Sydney for higher study, you may face good and bad aspects of the place.
The amazing place to visit in Sydney are Art Gallery of NSW, Museum of Contemporary Art, going sightseeing in the Harbour Bridge, Observatory Hill, Mrs Macquaries Point, having a cycling tour alone or in a group, monthly community festivals, discovering Sydney's markets, a festival every quarter (the Sydney Festival, Art and About and Crave Festival). It is paradise for the sun and sand lover. Sydney is not only a financial and economic hub it is also a recreational center for the people because of the landscape. The educational institution of Sydney is world class. The education provided by the educational institutes of the Sydney is top level education. Because of Sydney's multicultural nature, overseas students get easily adapted in the new environment.
Pros of studying in Sydney
- As the more people target for the urban area, there are a number of people belonging to different cultures and traditions and this helps in getting known about several cultures and traditions.
- The people in Sydney are very friendly. So you will get the friendly locals.
- The weather in Sydney is great. The best thing about Sydney is its weather. As preferred by asian students, it had a hot summer mild winter perfect for Asian students.
- You will get better career and job opportunities in Sydney than in other places of Australia.
- The place is so fascinating that there won't be any kind of shortage of things to do and see.
- The food, coffee, restaurant and lifestyle of Sydney is so fantastic.
- It will not be difficult to get a job in Sydney as it is the main destination for multinational companies. It is said that around 50000 new jobs were created between 2010-2014.
Cons of Sydney:
- Sydney is one of the expensive places to stay in Australia.
- The housing for students is pretty expensive.
- Sydney is the most busy place to stay. There you can find too much traffic. And it feels like you are breathing in exhaust fumes.
- You need to pay a lot of road tax.
- The place is too crowded and you will get more number of people roaming around the place.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


"Indal" Surname
Frequency of "Indal" Surname in the US
2000 US Census
1990 US Census
Accoring to the US Census Bureau, "Indal" ranked #83,450 in frequency out of 88,799 surnames for which statistics were released from the 1990 Census.
"Indal" Graves on Histopolis
Histopolis currently has 0 grave(s) with the surname "Indal".
Resource Links for "Indal"
Surnames that Sound Like "Indal"
The surname "Indal" has a Soundex code of I534. The following 30 surname(s) may sound similar to "Indal" since they share the same Soundex code.


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Three decades from now, Indiana is forecast to see between 6 and 8 percent more rainfall than it averaged in the past, depending on the amount of greenhouse gas emissions during the lead-up to mid-century.
That's according to a 2018 report from the Purdue Climate Change Research Center.
According to the report, in southern Indiana, the increased precipitation is predicted to come more in the winter and spring months.
But based on records of precipitation and the water levels at Lake Monroe in the past two and a half decades, southern Indiana looks like it could be seeing more rain in the first half of summer.
Earlier this week, the Indianapolis office of the National Weather Service tweeted out a link to a report on the anomaly of this summer's first half: It has been way wetter than normal.
The abnormal amount of region-wide rainfall has caused high water on Lake Monroe. Last week Indiana's Department of Natural Resources closed the swim beaches at the lake's Fairfax SRA and Paynetown SRA and they've stayed closed.
Rainfall and lake levels are related, of course. And over the last quarter century, both seem to be showing an upward trend for this time of year. Continue reading "Bloomington climate trends could mean wetter summers, higher lake levels"


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Iowa Organic Association hosting transition workshops; one in Fairfield
AMES — Iowa Organic Association will hold three winter workshops for farmers considering a transition to organic production.
Workshops will be held March 3 in Fairfield, March 10 in Storm Lake and March 11 in Cedar Falls. Each workshop is from 10 a.m. to 2:30 p.m.
The $10 cost includes lunch.
Registration is open at _URL_
Iowa Organic Association Organic Transition Workshop speakers include:
- Margaret Smith. She works for Iowa State University as a value-added agriculture Extension specialist in addition to co-managing an organic grain, forage, and livestock farm near Hampton. Her education includes a master's degree from Iowa State University in crop production and physiology and a doctorate degree from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in crop ecology and production.
- Paul Mugg. He is an organic farmer from Sutherland. He grew up on the farm where he now lives and works. He attended Iowa State University and worked as an engineer before returning to the family farm in 1976. He is a lifelong environmentalist and his farm management has been a progression from conventional, to sustainable, to completely organic since 2001.
According to the Iowa Organic Association, there is a growing demand for U.S.-grown organic field crops and now is a prime time to consider transitioning a portion of commodity acres to organic production.
Farmers considering a transition to organic production will learn about the economics of organic transition, weed management on organic farms, and crop insurance options for transitioning and certified organic crops during the workshop.
For more information, contact the Iowa Organic Association at _PHONE_ or email Toby Cain at _EMAIL_.
The Iowa Organic Association is a nonprofit 501(c)3 organization dedicated to the advancement of Iowa's organic food and farming system. The association was founded in 2006 and serves as an umbrella association to represent all of Iowa's organic farmers, gardeners, food and farm businesses and consumers in building a more sustainable Iowa.
The workshop series is made possible by Iowa Organic Association with help from the USDA's Risk Management Agency.


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The second incarnation of our essential equipment for the sound and audio installation engineer, the dBbox2 allows monitoring, metering and generation of analogue, AES/EBU and SPDIF audio from a pocket sized box.
The dBbox2 includes a simple five key menu interface to make any test as simple as possible.
The case has been formed using our own purpose designed aluminium extrusion then machined and painted to give the unit it's very individual look.
What you can do with the dBbox2:
Monitor mono or stereo line level analogue inputs using the built in speaker or 1/4 inch or 3.5mm headphones. Meter using either PPM or VU scale.
Monitor microphone level analogue inputs, with or without 48v phantom power, using the built in speaker or headphones. Meter using either PPM or VU meter scale.
Monitor AES/EBU balanced or unbalanced inputs using the built in speaker or headphones. Meter using -18dBFS, -20dBFS, PPM or VU scale.
Analyse sample rate, status and data errors.
Generate steady tone, tone sweep, GLITS, EBU, left only, right only, on both analogue and AES/EBU outputs. Tone frequency may be adjusted in third octave steps. Adjust Tone level from +10 to -60dBu in 1dB steps.
Use the built in microphone to talk to analogue or AES/EBU outputs
Generate pink noise and send to left/right/both outputs in both analogue and AES/EBU with a choice of levels in 1dB steps from +10dBu to -60dBu.
Use the built in microphone to talk to AES outputs with a choice of levels and with a built in limiter.
Send an external mic to analogue and AES outputs with gain adjust and phantom power.
Phantom power test with voltage read out. Also useful for checking 2 wire talkback power and channel.
MIDI receiver identifying channel, note on/off and note number.
עכשיו במחיר היכרות 2950 ש"ח כולל מע"מ


1. Home
 2. Grants in Focus
 3. Research Fellowships
 4. What really happened in 1066
Grant in Focus Apply Info
Dr Erin Goeres
University College London
Research Fellowship
What really happened in 1066?
Erin Goeres explores the entwined histories of England, Normandy and Scandinavia
Battle scene from the Icelandic manuscript Flateyjarbók.
Battle scene from the fourteenth century Icelandic manuscript Flateyjarbók (GKS 1005 fol. 145r). Reproduced by kind permission of The Árni Magnússon Institute for Icelandic Studies, Reykjavík, Iceland.
We all know what happened in 1066 – or do we? Only three weeks before Harold Godwinson fell at the Battle of Hastings, another king had fought and died for the throne of England. Haraldr Sigurðarson, King of Norway, claimed the English crown through an agreement with the descendants of Cnut the Great, formerly King of England and Denmark. From a modern perspective, it is perhaps surprising to learn that England was considered by many of its medieval inhabitants to be part of the Scandinavian world. Trade, migration and intermarriage had bound the two regions closely together during the pre-Conquest period. With the defeat of Haraldr and the victory of the Normans, themselves of Scandinavian origin, 1066 became a pivotal moment of intracultural confrontation that would reverberate far beyond the borders of England itself.
Bringing together literature from medieval England, Normandy and Scandinavia, I will examine the cultural repercussions of 1066 across the medieval north. I am interested in how writers in all three regions celebrated their common heritage and mourned the wars that brought their people into conflict. The relationship between early English and Scandinavian literature has received much attention in recent years, while the multilingual nature of the Anglo-Norman sphere is fast becoming an area of great scholarly interest. However, the relationship between the histories and literatures of the Anglo-Norman and Scandinavian worlds remains in need of further examination. I aim to address this gap in our knowledge while deepening our understanding of the cultural ramifications of the Conquest, not only in England but across the northern world.
Why does an event that happened nearly a millennium ago still matter? In the debate surrounding Britain's decision to leave the European Union, some have used the memory of the Conquest to promote a monocultural view of the past predicated on isolationism and xenophobia. As Britain now seeks to re-establish itself outside the EU, I wish to show that our history is both more complicated and more hopeful. My work will demonstrate that England was a place of great ethnic and linguistic diversity long before the Conquest, and that the events of 1066 threw that diversity into sharp relief, even as new languages and cultures were introduced. Rejecting a monocultural view of the past, I hope to reveal instead the plurality of voices that have enriched the cultural heritage of both Britain and Europe for over a millennium.
Current grant holders
Keep in touch
Sign up for our funding bulletin to receive:
 - details of scheme opening dates and deadlines
 - advance notice of changes to award criteria
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The Leverhulme Trust
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_PHONE_ 9888


A new coalition in San Diego County is lobbying Congress to support a plan that calls for enhanced border enforcement, decreased legal immigration and the end of automatic citizenship for those born in the United States.
The platform from the San Diegans for Secure Borders Coalition comes as elected officials, business executives, law-enforcement leaders and grass-roots activists on various sides of the immigration debate are issuing their own proposals. Congress is debating what could be the largest revamp of the nation's immigration system since the 1980s.
Members of the Secure Borders Coalition said they want to show that many Americans do not support a pathway to U.S. citizenship for unauthorized immigrants living in this country. They also said the federal government must ensure border security before considering any legalization measure for the unauthorized.
The coalition was formed by San Diego residents Jeff Schwilk and Rob Luton. Its plan includes the following points: secure borders, enforce federal immigration laws, require all employers to use the E-Verify system, reduce legal immigration totals, end birthright citizenship, and fix and enforce the guest-worker system.
Legalization for immigrants living in the U.S. without permission would take place only after all the suggested security and enforcement measures are effective, the coalition said. The group's definition of legalization includes permission to stay and work, but not access to citizenship.


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Declaration of Disclosure Form is part of the Divorce Disclosure Requirements
In a dissolution, legal separation, or nullity action, Both a preliminary and a final declaration of disclosure must be served on the other party with certain exceptions. (see Form FL-140)
Neither disclosure is filed with the court. Instead, a declaration stating that service of disclosure documents was completed or waived must be filed with the court (see form FL-141).
The petitioner must serve a preliminary declaration of disclosure at the same time as the Petition or within 60 days of filing the Petition. The respondent must serve a preliminary declaration of disclosure at the same time as the Response or within 60 days of filing the Response. The time periods may be extended by written agreement of the parties or by court order (see form FL-144).
The Parties must disclose:
1.ALL ASSETS AND DEBTS (see form FL-142)
2.ALL INCOME AND EXPENSES (see form FL-150)
- All tax returns filed by the party in the two years before the date that the party served the disclosure documents.
- A statement of all material facts and information regarding valuation of all assets that are community property or in which the community has an interest (not a form). To be provided in a Narrative format.
5.A statement of all material facts and information regarding obligations for which the community is liable (not a form). – To be provided in a Narrative format.
- An accurate and complete written disclosure of any investment opportunity, business opportunity or other income producing opportunity presented since the date of separation that results from any investment, significant business, or other incomeproducing opportunity from the date of marriage to the date of separation (not a form). To be provided in a Narrative format.
The Declaration of Disclosure must be signed under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of California that the foregoing is true and correct.
An inaccurate or false Declaration of Disclosure is grounds to set aside a Marital Settlement Agreement.
It is advised to obtain legal help to complete your Declaration of Disclosure.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Developing leaders for a diverse democracy is an increasingly important aim of higher education and social justice is ever more a goal of leadership education efforts. Accordingly, it is important to explore how dominant leadership models, as blueprints for student leadership development, account for and may unwittingly reinforce systems of domination, like racism. This critical discourse analysis, rooted in racialization and color-evasiveness, examines three prominent college student leadership development models to examine how leaders and leadership are racialized. We find that all three leadership texts frame leaders and leadership in color-evasive ways. Specifically, the texts' discourses reveal three mechanisms for evading race in leadership: focusing on individual identities, emphasizing universality, and centering collaboration. Implications for race in leadership development, the social construction of leadership more broadly, and future scholarship are discussed.
A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF MAINSTREAM COLLEGE STUDENT LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MODELS


Immigration Lawyer.Blog
Home » Posts tagged 'Deportation'
Tag Archives: Deportation
Temporary Protected Status Ended for Haitian Citizens
Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke recently announced that tens of thousands of Haitians living in the United States under Temporary Protected Status have until July 22, 2019, to return to Haiti.
The Haitian citizens were given protected status to live and work in the United States after Haiti's infrastructure was heavily damaged in a 2010 earthquake. Since then, the status of those protected and their ability to safely return to their country was evaluated periodically and the status extended. After the most recent review, the Department of Homeland Security announced its decision to end the protected status for the Haitian citizens, who must now return to Haiti by the July 22, 2019, deadline or face deportation.
Temporary Protected Status may be granted to citizens of a foreign country who are already in the United States and cannot return to their countries due to temporary conditions that make it unsafe to return, or because their government cannot handle their return. The status is granted by the Secretary of Homeland Security. Even undocumented immigrants in the country illegally when a Temporary Protected Status is designated for their countries are protected.
Haitian citizens are not the only group that is protected under the Temporary Protected Status. In addition to Haiti, there are other large groups from nine other countries that are allowed to live and work in the United States without fear of deportation. Citizens of El-Salvador living the United States under Temporary Protected Status are reported to represent the largest group of people living in the United States under this status, and will be next to hear if their status will be extended.
As the name suggests, the program is supposed to offer temporary relief for humanitarian reasons. The situations for which Temporary Protected Status may be approved for citizens of a foreign country include:
 - Ongoing armed conflict,
 - An environmental disaster, or an epidemic, and
 - Other extraordinary and temporary conditions
Depending on the country in question however, these situations may not be temporary, and may impact the ability of the foreign government's' ability to receive its citizens for a long time. This is part of the criticism against the program, that it is not temporary, and is used as a back door to allow immigrants to settle in the country.
Because most people who are granted the chance to live and work in the United States under this program have children and otherwise settle into their lives here, going back to their countries of origin is not an easy task. For those with children who were born in the United States and are therefore citizens, the decision to take their children back or leave them in the United States will be a very difficult one to make. The parents will either have to find others who are willing to take care of their children, or stay beyond the deadline and face deportation. People who are facing this choice should explore their options in terms of adjusting their status in order to stay in the United States legally.
Contact an Experienced Immigration Attorney
For more information on how an experienced immigration attorney can assist you in reviewing your options to change your status and stay in the United States, contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to an experienced immigration attorney from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California.
How the Issue of Competence Affects an Immigration Proceeding
In criminal proceedings in which a person is charged with a crime, the prosecution cannot go on if a person is found to be incompetent or suffering from a mental illness. This is usually done in order to protect the defendant and ensure that the person is afforded constitutional due process rights. In immigration proceedings, a person's incompetence due to a mental illness or condition can affect a person's removal or deportation, but not in the same way as in a criminal trial.
In a deportation hearing, the person to be deported is presumed to be competent for purposes of the proceedings. However, if there is an indication that the person is not competent, for example because the person shows signs of mental illness, then the immigration judge has to make a determination of the person's competency before the proceedings can go on.
A person who is able to communicate with his or her attorney and rationally understand the deportation proceeding is generally deemed to be competent, and the immigration proceedings can proceed without a legal challenge.
Once the judge makes a determination that a person who is facing deportation is not competent, the deportation proceedings do not stop as a criminal case would if the judge found a defendant incompetent to stand trial. The immigration judge is supposed to ensure that certain safeguards are in place, and then the removal proceedings can go on.
Some of the safeguards include ensuring that the person facing deportation is assisted by another person in presenting his or her case, not accepting admissions or other incriminating confessions from the person, and closing the hearing to the public. These safeguards do not truly address the issue of the person's incompetence, and are therefore inadequate to offer real protections for a person suffering from mental illness and facing deportation.
Immigration judges make determinations of whether or not someone is incompetent by reviewing the evidence provided by the person facing deportation, as well as by the government. Neither the government nor the person facing deportation has a formal burden to provide the evidence upon which the judge relies. The judge also reviews all the evidence under a standard of proof that is lower than that required in a criminal case. This means that the person facing deportation cannot rely on the fact that the government has not produced evidence of competency to prove incompetency.
A person can prove that he or she has a mental illness that makes that person incompetent for purposes of the proceeding by calling witnesses to testify on his or her behalf, or by introducing medical records and evaluation reports that support the claims. If there is a long history of treatment and an indication that the treatment should be ongoing, it is likely that the immigration judge may find the person incompetent for purposes of the immigration proceeding.
Contact an Experienced Immigration Attorney
Having an attorney during an immigration proceeding is extremely important, especially for someone who cannot truly represent himself or herself due to mental illness. For more information on how a person's mental illness can affect him or her during deportation proceedings, you should contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to an experienced immigration attorney from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California.
ICE Sensitive Locations
The story of a young girl facing possible deportation after being apprehended by border patrol agents while she was on her way to a hospital to undergo surgery has raised questions about the so-called sensitive locations where immigration-based arrests are not generally conducted.
Sensitive locations refer to areas that the Immigration and Customs Enforcement agency has restricted immigration enforcement actions except in three situations:
 - If there are exigent circumstances;
 - The immigration officials are led to the sensitive location through other law enforcement investigations; or,
 - The immigration officials have prior approval to conduct the enforcement actions from a designated supervisory official.
In some cases, arrests and other enforcement actions can take place in a sensitive location as long as there is a prior agreement between the undocumented immigrant and immigration enforcement agents. For example, when an undocumented immigrant surrenders to immigration agents at a hospital or church.
Sensitive locations include hospitals, schools, daycare centers, rallies or demonstrations, and places of religious worship. Courthouses are not considered sensitive locations. The designation of these areas as sensitive areas is supposed to encourage people to seek the services offered at these locations without fear of deportation. It is also important to note that sensitive locations that are located near a border are treated differently. Sensitive locations near borders are afforded less protection that those away from borders, although immigration officers are supposed to use common sense in taking action in these areas so as to act within the spirit of the policy.
The young girl mentioned above was detained after being stopped at an immigration check point on her way to the hospital as opposed to being detained at the hospital. Therefore, and immigration officials argue that this distinguishes her from someone who would be arrested at a hospital after going there to seek treatment. While this seems like a hollow distinction, because the policy of not making arrests in sensitive locations is a government agency policy and not a law, there are few ways to challenge its application unless the agency failed to follow its own policies.
Because of deportation priorities, immigration agents do have some discretion when it comes to whom to detain and place in immigration proceedings, and this determination can be made on a case by case basis. In the past, undocumented immigrants who were convicted of crimes were priority targets for deportation. The priorities are less clear now.
Undocumented immigrants who need to go to sensitive locations for services should not rely on the designations of these spaces as sensitive spaces. Being improperly apprehended at a sensitive location is not a defense that will necessarily stop an undocumented immigrant from being deported.
Contact Our Team for a Consultation
If your family member has been detained pending deportation proceedings, you need an experienced immigration attorney to present your best case before the immigration judge. For legal assistance with seeking a change in your immigration status, contact our multi-lingual staff to speak to experienced immigration attorney Nathan Wei from Strassburg, Gilmore & Wei, LLP, in Pasadena, California for a consultation.
Proving Extreme Hardship for American Children When Undocumented Parents are Deported
When an undocumented immigrant who has American born children is in removal proceedings facing the possibility of deportation, the immigrant may seek a waiver from being deported because the immigrant's deportation would cause extreme hardship to his or her children. This is a recognized exception, and if the immigrant can meet certain factors, he or she may be able to avoid deportation.
In claiming that the children will face undue hardship, there is a difference in the kind of information required as proof of the hardship when the children have another parent present in the United States and that required when


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A little-known historical resource, burial registers provide a glimpse into the lives and conditions in early Singapore.
On 11 January 1924, amidst pouring rain, grave diggers at Bidadari Christian Cemetery lowered the bodies of Cecilia Lee Yew Seah, Jeanne Yon Ah Soo, M. Lee Yon Rie and Jules Hoh Chin into their shared final resting place. As two nuns in their black habits from the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus (CHIJ) stood silently witnessing the burial of the four infants, the oldest of whom had only been seven months old, the gravediggers started shovelling soil back into grave number 363 of the French Roman Catholic Pauper division. This was their only burial of the day and they were eager to get out of the rain. After all, infants from the convent orphanage seemed to die like flies. The nuns would come again tomorrow to deliver more baby corpses for burial.
The Bidadari Christian Cemetery. Burial registers offer a glimpse into the lives and conditions of early Singapore life. Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.
Cecilia Lee Yew Seah, Jeanne Yon Ah Soo, M. Lee Yon Rie and Jules Hoh Chin were individuals of no particular significance in Singapore's history. They were, however, four of the 584 infants buried in Bidadari Christian Cemetery in 1924, a year in which the cemetery recorded a total of 960 interments. Together with death certificates, birth certificates, grave inscriptions and obituaries, burial registers are commonly used to trace genealogy. However, the use of burial registers in writing social history has gone largely undiscovered. The astonishingly high number of infant deaths and the circumstances under which they died are but one of the fascinating stories that can be derived from the burial registers.
Burial Registers in Singapore
Among the sources that can be used in the writing of Singapore history, burial registers are unique. Factual by nature, morbid in character, burial registers present seemingly dry and dusty data sets that have the potential to reveal fascinating patterns about society upon further investigation. Although burial registers are useful in tracing genealogical ancestry, they are vastly overlooked resources in the construction of Singapore's social history.
The burial register, alternatively called a burial or cemetery record, comprises a list of people buried in a particular cemetery, where certain information is recorded according to state-dictated categories. These categories include the following:
- division of the cemetery where the deceased is interred
- grave number
- rank or profession
- married or single
- date of death
- date of interment
- name of deceased
- place of residence
- cause of death
Used in tandem with other "traditional" resources such as state records and newspapers, such records of deceased individuals that collectively formed society has the ability to "resurrect Singapore life as lived" while opening new areas of research.
In the past, as in the present, the state kept the burial registers for administrative purposes to account for every burial that took place. The British government initiated this system of record-keeping with the establishment of one of the first few public cemeteries in Singapore, the Bukit Timah Road Old Christian Cemetery in 1865. Such records were part of the mechanics of colonialism, which saw the gradual extension of the British government into documentation procedures such as census taking, standardising languages and keeping administrative records. The right to govern was determined by the knowledge that society could be understood and represented as "a series of facts" that classified the local population. Over time, the colonial government compiled and reproduced huge bodies of information that legitimised their right to rule and became the definitive body of knowledge upon which policies were based.
The legacy of colonialism has made historical inquiries into the lives of the early forefathers of Singapore much easier. The National Archives of Singapore maintains burial records (see Table 1) of all public and state-governed cemeteries, the earliest from the Bukit Timah Road Old Christian Cemetery. After its closure in 1907, other municipal cemeteries such as Bukit Brown Chinese Cemetery and the Christian, Muslim and Hindu sections of Bidadari Cemetery were established. These records end in the 1970s, when all burial grounds in and around the city area were closed to conserve "scarce and valuable" land given "the needs and pace of national development". An alternative was offered in the state-owned cemetery at Choa Chu Kang, which was erected in 1944 and included Hindu, Chinese, Buddhist, Christian, and Muslim cemeteries by the 1970s. This is the sole surviving public cemetery in Singapore and is still in use today. Its records stop in 1978, given the "25-year international archival benchmark" blocking access to unclassified public archives within that timeframe.
Living and Dying in Singapore: The Convent Orphanage
Early 20th-century Singapore was not a pleasant place to live in. In the rural plantations, there were dangerous animals, unsafe working conditions and tropical diseases to contend with. Such diseases were exacerbated a hundredfold within the overcrowded municipal limits, within which 83 percent of the population resided on 13 percent of the land area of Singapore. Poor sanitation, combined with overcrowded housing facilities, caused the rampant spread of diseases that periodically cut huge swathes through the population.
Burial registers illuminate the state of health in society, and are useful for recreating a more tangible lived experience of the inhabitants of Singapore. Health was recognised to be of paramount importance. For the Asian plebeian classes, health was the most important asset they possessed – "a man who sold his strength for a living ought guard his body: his physique was everything". To the British colonial government, healthy labourers had greater economic value and "health services were established and operated precisely to maintain health in order to meet the labour needs of the economy". Despite its importance, health was easily threatened by the high incidence of disease and mortality that was in many ways shaped by the "inequalities, powerlessness and poverty produced by the structures of colonialism". Examining colonial records such as burial registers and exploring the stories behind some of these data sets provide great insight into British attitudes towards the inhabitants of Singapore. Burial registers thus draw attention to the state policies and institutions that shaped the health environment of colonised subjects, and contribute to the construction of a social canvas of the lives and deaths of ordinary people of that time.
List of Burial Registers. National Archives of Singapore.
At a glance, the methodical listing and statistical nature of the burial records "silence the undocumented, ordinary and unremarkable lives and deaths of the men, women and children of the colonies". However, through an analysis of the categories of "age", "gender", "cause of death" and "residence", patterns of morbidity and mortality begin to emerge. Health and illness are "socially embedded phenomena" within these patterns and they "reflect the singular circumstances of time and place", which helps in understanding society at a particular point in time. This proves particularly relevant when examining the Bidadari Christian Cemetery burial records of 1924, which reveals an astonishingly high infant mortality rate originating from the convent orphanage.
Though 1924 had the lowest infant death rate in a decade, infant deaths still accounted for 25 percent of the total number of deaths in that year, a clear indication of the deadly effect of the external environment upon infants (defined as a baby between zero to one year old). The burial registers of the Bidadari Christian Cemetery in 1924 recorded a startlingly high number of 584 infant deaths out of 960 interments. Of these 584 infants, more than 80 percent, or 480 infants, had resided in the CHIJ convent in their tragically short lives. Only through the burial registers (see Table 2) do the shocking numbers of infant deaths come to light, allowing for an unravelling of the mystery surrounding the huge numbers of infant deaths from the convent.
Bidadari Christian Cemetery Burial Register, 1924.
The large numbers of infant deaths did not originate from the convent itself, a mission school established in 1854 by the Charitable Sisters of the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus to "educate girls of all classes". The infant deaths came from the convent orphanage, which had been established together with the school. Unwanted babies, wrapped in newspapers or rags, were usually abandoned at the side gate of the convent, known as the "Gate of Hope". The name of the gate turned out to be an irony as the majority of babies abandoned there perished. Prior to their deaths, the babies were baptised into the Roman Catholic faith and were given French Roman Catholic names. This would account for the disproportionately large numbers of Christian deaths in the census report of 1921 when the Christian population of Singapore comprised only five percent of the population.
The Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus was also home to an orphanage. Many parents who were unable to care for their newborns left them at the Gate of Hope to be taken in by the sisters of the orphanage. Courtesy of National Archives of Singapore.
On the assumption that names were an accurate reflection of racial identity, of the 480 infant deaths, the majority were Chinese (467), whose race could be inferred from Chinese names such as Gabrielle Wong Quek Soo, Joseph Loh Kum Hong and Therese Koo Tiong. The large numbers of Chinese infant abandonments at the convent could be due to a variety of factors, but were in all likelihood linked to cost and cultural beliefs. Chinese families who abandoned their child were usually too poor to afford funeral expenses, and it was a common belief that a death in the house would bring misfortune. By abandoning their child at the convent, parents still had a thread of hope that their child would survive or, at the very least, be given a proper funeral. This led to the disproportionately large numbers of abandoned babies at the convent.
Sisters and orphans at the Convent


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- 1(Of a substance or solution) using or having water as a medium or main ingredient: a water-based paintMore example sentences
- The main drawback of water-based coatings is that dispersing polymers in water inevitably incurs a penalty in terms of chemical resistance properties.
- I'll stick with a water-based solution for now.
- Since water always contains a balanced amount of the two ions and the equation shown above is true for all water-based solutions, the following equation can be formed.
- 2(Of a sporting activity) carried out on water: sailing and other water-based recreational sportsMore example sentences
- The Ganga and the Jalangi will be developed with water-based recreation activities in mind.
- The idyllic, mild climate and transparent sea makes it the most attractive area for underwater and surface water-based activities including sailing and diving.
- It has a wide, gently shelving shoreline and a marvellous array of water-based activities including surfing, skiing or sailing.
More definitions of water-basedDefinition of water-based in:
- The US English dictionary


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European feed industry trade groups FEFAC and FEFANA held a joint high-level European Union conference on "Innovation in Animal Nutrition" in Brussels, Belgium, on June 9, which attracted more than 170 participants. In the context of the feed sector's political and economic framework, the event showcased a series of solutions that animal nutrition can provide. The program featured European Commission officials, feed industry representatives and speakers from the farming sector, academia and the banking sector.
Dr. Vytenis Andriukaitis, Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, emphasized in his keynote speech the important role of science and innovation to address key EU challenges and objectives. He outlined the example of the EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters in 2006, which triggered a rush of innovative feed additives coming to the market to restore competitiveness of the EU livestock sector. "Innovation in animal nutrition is a vital element in increasing animal health as well as an important step forward" on antimicrobial resistance, he said.
FEFAC and FEFANA presented the vision of a modern feed industry that intends to shape a smart, resource efficient Europe through innovation and public-private partnerships. In a vision document, FEFAC and FEFANA outlined the feed industry solutions to meet current and future challenges to the EU livestock sector.
FEFAC president Ruud Tijssens stressed the role of animal nutrition in the food chain circular economy. "It is thanks to animal nutrition science that the feed industry is able to annually convert 90 million (metric) ton of co-products into high-value feed ingredients for food-producing animals. Innovation in the area of alternative feeds as well as feed processing technology make it possible to continuously reduce the feed industry's environmental footprint," he said.
FEFANA president Marco Bruni said the feed sector has a huge innovation potential to improve the feed efficiency of the EU livestock sector, however the regulatory approval system for the authorization of new feed additives needs speeding up. "There is a strong market demand for the products we deliver, but we often find ourselves caught in a slowly operating regulatory approval process. The feed industry vision is therefore also a call on policy makers and risk assessors to streamline the process. Furthermore, investment in scientific research in animal nutrition and in innovation, as well as more stakeholder dialogue are prerequisites to making the vision happen," Bruni said.
FEFANA - EU Association of Specialty Feed Ingredients and their Mixtures is the united voice of the specialty feed ingredients business in Europe. The specialty feed ingredients industry has a turnover of 18 billion euros globally; of which about 5 billion is generated in the EU. This innovative industry supplies all animal production systems with micro-ingredients solutions, complementing the macro-ingredients used in the animal ration.
FEFAC, the European Compound Feed Manufacturers' Federation, represents 25 national associations in 24 EU Member States as well as associations in Switzerland, Turkey, Serbia, Russia and Norway with observer/associate member status. The European compound feed industry employs over 110,000 persons on approximately 4,000 production sites often in rural areas, which offer few employment opportunities.
Farm animals in the EU-28 consume an estimated 480 mmt of feed a year, of which about 30% are produced by the compound feed manufacturers. Turnover of the European compound feed industry is estimated at 50 billion euros.


Is baking soda safe for cats
Is baking soda safe for cats litter box?
Add baking soda to the litter. It makes a great all-natural deodorizer for your litter box. Some people ask if baking soda is safe for cats, and the answer is an unqualified yes! Baking soda is nontoxic, and by mixing a little of it with the litter, you can help absorb pet urine odors.
Can you put baking soda on a cat?
While high levels of acetic acid can be toxic to fleas, the acidic nature can also be harmful to the pets skin with repeated or long-term exposure. Baking soda has no known effect on fleas.
Is baking soda safe to use around pets?
Small amounts of baking soda are considered harmless to use around dogs, but feeding it to them is not recommended. Baking soda can be toxic to dogs if large quantities are ingested. 1 It's important to understand how to use it properly and keep your dog safe.
Is soda toxic to cats?
Pets may urinate more just like we do after drinking a couple of sodas. Cats and dog with too much caffeine on board may run a fever and become weak. In severe cases, pets may collapse or drift into a coma. And, unfortunately, some pets die.
Can you flush cat poop?
THE ANSWER: Yes, cat feces contains a parasite called Toxoplasma Gondii which is harmful to humans, and most cat litter shouldn't be flushed anyways because it causes major plumbing issues by clogging drains.
How can I make my house not smell like cat?
You might be interested: Baking soda for kidney stones
Does vinegar kill fleas on cats?
What meat should Cats avoid?
Is vinegar toxic to cats?
Does baking soda kill fleas?
Is hydrogen peroxide safe for cats?
Hydrogen peroxide is often used to induce vomiting in dogs, but is never safe to give to cats. Cats are sensitive to hydrogen peroxide and can develop irritation and bleeding of their stomach, which has been fatal to some cats.
What happens if you eat raw baking soda?
You might be interested: Baking soda gout mayo clinic
What can cats not eat?
Seven foods your cat shouldn't eat Milk, cheese and other dairy products. Many of us grew up with the image of kittens drinking milk or cream in cartoons or picture books. Chocolate. Raw eggs, meat or fish. Dog food. Bread and yeast. Tuna. Onions and garlic.
Can cats eat eggs?
Eggs. Eggs are another super source of protein for your cat. But make sure they're cooked. Like raw meat and fish, raw eggs can harm your kitty.
Why does my cat like the smell of coffee?
Cats have tremendously sensitive noses, lots more powerful than a human's. Because of this, pungent or "interesting" smells will often catch their interest and turn them on. I caught my cat Tut sniffing around my coffee cup for almost a minute one time, so I expect fresh coffee grounds should really grab his interest.
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Open and closed loop control system essay
If the closed loop system is stable is to investigate if system by looking at properties of the open loop transfer consider a temperature control system. Step motor systems are a bedrock of the motion control industry here we explain the differences between the open-loop system vs closed-loop system. Difference between open loop & closed loop systems march 10th, an open-loop control system takes input under the consideration and doesn't react on the feedback . By contrast, an open-loop control system doesn't have or doesn't use feedback figure 1 a basic closed-loop control system is shown in figure 1.
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Control system intro - difference between open loop and closed loop control system for students of btech, be, mca, bca, bsc, msc, courses - as per ip . Closed-loop servo you are a closed loop motion control system consists of a motor, amplifier when open-loop stepper performance isn't suitable for . Motor learning - ch 5 open-loop example: in a closed loop control system feedback is used to make corrections to an ongoing movement . They are open loop control system and closed loop control system the disadvantages of open loop system are the bandwidth of open loop control system is less.
Control system | closed loop open loop control advantages of closed loop control system closed loop control systems are more accurate even in the presence of non . The main purpose of experiment introduce to open-loop and closed-loop control system we have tried to learn how to use matlab scripts to create mathematical model of a dc motor by open loop and closed loop control systems and we create simulink. Types of control systems there are two types of control systems namely: 1 open loop control systems (non-feedback control systems) 2 closed loop control systems (feedback control systems). Tutorial on types of control systems: open loop, closed loop, feedforward and feedback. Electronics tutorial about how an open-loop system and open-loop control systems if the dryers door was open it would be detected and closed white papers .
Between a closed loop and an open loop system represent open and closed loop systems of control so how do closed loop systems apply to. Open-loop motorized venetian blind control systems open-loop figure 2 open-loop motorized venetian blind control system closed-loop motorized venetian . Open-loop and closed-loop robust optimal control of batch open-loop and closed-loop system is provided timization papers is the lack of a systematic analysis of. Open and closed loop control one way of examining control systems is to decide whether open or closed loop control is being used open loop control open loop control is a system with no feedback ie there is no way to monitor the process to find out if the control system is working effectively. Motor modeling and position control about transient response characteristics of typical 2nd order systems figure 1: open loop control closed loop control .
Open and closed loop control system i shall be looking at the differences between open loop control systems, the whole essay and download the pdf for . Explore open-loop control systems by walking through some introductory examples open-loop systems are found in every day appliances like toasters or showers open-loop control is easy and conceptually simple. Examples of closed loop systems: 1 the speed control on an automobile essay on vagina monologue 5 answers. In this assignment i shall be looking at the differences between open loop control systems, closes loop control systems and also looking at and identifying the input, output and feedback gained. Via youtube capture difference between open loop and closed loop control systems - control systems | ekeedacom - duration: 7:03 ekeeda 24,442 views.
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Michaelbarr-july 31, 2002 introduction to closed-loop control most control systems utilize feedback in some manner. The benefits of a closed-loop system open-loop and closed-loop are control systems open-loop systems operate in a "manual" mode (requires a person. What are the advantages and disadvantages of an open–loop open loop system which is also called as manual control system closed loop system which is also .
They are open loop control system and closed loop control system the closed loop system with positive feedback signal connected to its input is called . Closed-loop and activity-guided optogenetic is well-suited for closed-loop control in biological systems open-loop and closed-loop optogenetic control (a) .
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Open and closed loop control system essay
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Ophiothrix angulata (Say, 1825)
Family: Ophiothricidae
Common names: Angular Brittle Star, more...
Synonyms: Ophiothrix angulata atrolineata HL Clark, 1918, more...
Ophiothrix angulata image
Ophiothrix angulata
Species Description: Ophiothrix angulata is a member of the class Ophiuroidea that includes the brittle stars and the basket stars. The angular brittle star shares the basic body plan of most members of the Echinodermata with a center disc surrounded by 5 unbranched articulated arms. The spines found along the length of the arms are two times longer than the arm width. The arms have tube feet that are used for locomotion and feeding (Brusca and Brusca 1990). O. angulata is reported to be a highly variable species and it is often difficult to distinguish it from among its congeners. The color of angular brittle star is reported to vary depending upon where it is found (Stancyk and Shaffer 1977). In Florida populations, it often appears orange-red in color with a white line on the anterior of each arm.
Regional Occurrence: The angular brittle star occurs in the western Atlantic from North Carolina to Brazil at depths of 1 - 200 m (Stancyk and Shaffer 1977). Adult Ophiothrix angulata lives in reef rubble (shells), encrusting habitats (sponges), and algae (Boffi 1972, Donachy and Watbe 1986). Juvenile and young adult O. angulata (1.7 - 2.5 mm disc) are reported to occur mainly in the calcareous green alga Halimeda while the adults are found in rubble (Hendler and Littman 1986).
IRL Distribution: Ophiothrix angulata occurs in dense aggregations in reef rubble throughout the lagoon.
Age, Size, Lifespan: In a mature adult the disk diameter measures approximately 10 mm (Hendler et al. 1999). This species is reported to be short lived.
Abundance: The angular brittle star is a common shallow water species in the Caribbean (Hendler et al. 1999), found in dense aggregations.
Regeneration: Ophiothrix angulata is capable of regenerating its missing arms lost by predation or accidental injury (Donachy and Watanabe 1986, Brusca and Brusca 1990). Calcium carbonate ossicles are formed during regeneration.
Reproduction: The reproduction and embryology of Ophiothrix angulata have not been extensively studied compared to other species in this genus. It is reported to undergo sexual reproduction by releasing its gametes into the water column in response to changes in environmental conditions as observed for other members in this genus (Hendler 2006). For spawning to occur, males and females must form dense aggregations (Selvakumaraswamy and Byrne 2000).
Embryology: Ophiothrix angulata have planktotrophic larvae that develop rapidly (Hendler et al. 1999, Hendler 2006). As with other species of Ophiothrix, planktotrophic larvae likely settle and undergo metamorphosis in habitats of adult conspecifics (Morgan and Jangoux 2005). In one study, a juvenile angular brittle star was reported to metamorphose in the water column and recruit on the green alga Halimeda opuntia, which then acts as a secondary dispersal method (Hendler et al. 1999).
Temperature: Ophiothrix angulata occurs at depths from 1 - 200 m, suggesting that it has a relatively high tolerance for temperature change. The timing of a spawning event may be dependent upon fluctuations in seawater temperature.
Salinity: In laboratory experiments, adult Ophiothrix angulata have been shown to be capable of tolerating salinities as low as 20 ‰ for up to approximately 4 days (Stancyk and Shaffer 1977). At lower salinities, the angular brittle star will become immobile after 24 hours; it regains its abilities to move and feed as the salinity increases.
Arm regeneration in adult Ophiothrix angulata has been shown to be reduced in animals kept in sea water at a salinity of 23 ‰. This result was positively correlated with the reduced solubility of calcium carbonate at lower salinities (Donachy and Watanabe 1986).
Trophic Mode: The angular brittle star is a filter-feeder extending its arms into the water column to trap phytoplankton and detritus (Donachy and Watanabe 1986). Food is captured in mucous threads secreted in between the arms (Brusca and Brusca 1990). The tube feet then transport the food to the mouth on the central disc.
Associated Species: Ophiothrix angulata is sometimes found associated with sponges, oysters, or algae (Brusca and Brusca 1990). They are often found in association with other species of Ophiothrix (Hendler 2006).
Boffi E. 1972. Ecological aspects of ophioroids from the phytal of S. W. Atlantic Ocean warm waters. Marine Biology 15:316-328.
Brusca RC and GJ Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA. pp. 814-832
Donachy JE and N Watanbe. 1986. Effects of salinity and calcium concentration on arm regeneration by Ophiothrix angulata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea). Marine Biology 91:253-257.
Hendler GH 2006. Two new brittle star species of the genus Ophiothrix (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiotrichidae) from coral reefs in the southern Caribbean Sea, with notes on their biology. Caribbean Journal of Science 41:583-599.
Hendler GH and BS Littman. 1986. The ploys of sex: relationships among the mode of reproduction, body size and habitats of coral-reef brittlestars. Coral Reefs 5:31-42.
Hendler GH, Baldwin CC, Smith DG, and CE Thacker. 1999. Planktonic dispersal of juvenile brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) on a Caribbean reef. Bulletin of Marine Science 65:283-288.
Morgan R and M Jangoux. 2005. Larval morphometrics and influence of adults on settlement in the gregarious ophiuroid Ophiothrix angulata fragilis (Echinodermata). Biological Bulletin 208:92-99.
ITIS. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Available online.
Selvakumaraswamy P and M Byrne. 2000. Reproduction, spawning and the development of 5 ophioroids from Australia and New Zealand. Invertebrate Biology 119:394-402
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Available online.
Stancyk SE and PL Shaffer. 1977. The salinity tolerance of Ophiothrix angulata (Say) (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) in latititudinally separate populations. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 29:35-43.
Aboral: In a direction away from the mouth; the part of the body opposite the mouth.
Anal Cone: In crinoids and echinoids, a fleshy projection bearing the anus at its apex; also known as an anal tube.
Apical System: In echinoids, a ring of specialized skeletal plates, including the genital plates and ocular plates; usually located on the highest point of the test.
Arm: In asteroids, crinoids, and ophiuroids, a movable, jointed ambulacral projection, distal to the disk or calyx that carries a radial branch of the water vascular system and the nervous system; sometimes called a ray.
Basket: One of several types of microscopic skeletal ossicles in holothuroids; minute cup-shaped ossicle, usually with four projections.
Button: One of several types of microscopic skeletal ossicles in holothuroids; minute ossicle with four perforations; may be smooth or knobbed.
Disk: The round or pentagonal central body region of ophiuroids and asteroids; see also Terminal Disk.
Distal: In a direction away from the center of the body; for example, toward the tip of the arm in asteroids or the tip of a spine in echinoids.
Dorsal: In echinoderms, this term is variously applied; in asteroids, ophiuroids and echinoids it usually refers to the surface of the body that is opposite the mouth, the surface that is uppermost; in holothuroids, with mouth and anus opposite ends of the cylindrical body, the uppermost surface is considered dorsal; in crinoids, the surface opposite the mouth in considered dorsal by convention, even though it is functionally the ventral (lower) side.
Echinulate: Something spiny or prickly, usually referring to the microscopic texture of a skeletal element such as a spine.
Hermaphrodism: A condition in organisms whereby one individual possesses both functional male and female reproductive structures; hermaphroditic individuals may express both sexes simultaneously, alternately, or sequentially.
Interambulacral Area: An oral or aboral section of the body lying between two ambulacra; in interradius; also known as an interambulacrum.
Interradial: Referring to interambulacral areas of the body; interradius and interradii also commonly used.


John Boaz has recently graduated from Birmingham City University with a degree in Visual Communication (Photography). He is primarily a documentary and portrait photographer, looking at and visually meditating on the diversity of humanity taking a visually poetic and sensitive approach.
"I have always had a love for the complexity, diversity and beauty within humanity. I feel that my personal faith in God is what gives me purpose and drives my creativity, it gives me compassion and empathy towards others from different contexts. I try to capture the beauty within something, the deeper messages of life and its fragility."
John's latest series 'Our Father' is a reflective and contemplative documentary series that consists of a mixture of portraiture, still life and visual observation. The series is based on the monks and nuns of monastic communities within Britain that are still currently active today. It seeks to explore the themes of spirituality, faith, peace and human connection in a way that is visually both poetic and creative. It is a small insight into monastic life and the lives of the monks and nuns who have devoted their whole life to seeking God and expressing their faith in a simple but yet deep way through their expression of lifestyle. 'Our Father' also explores the beauty in the hope, love and mystery of faith in Jesus. As a whole this series aims to be rooted in a mixture of both visual observation and meditation, seeking to document these communities with sensitivity and respect. It is an ongoing series that has a vision of documenting the majority of monastic communities throughout Britain.
Online Fetures: (Links Available)
Magazine Fetures:
British Journal of Photography -Blaze 2019


continuity and change
In History, continuity and change refer to aspects of life or of a society that have remained the same or aspects that have changed or developed over time. The causes of change, or the reasons why change has been resisted and things have remained the same, can be investigated, along with the nature and pace of change and the impact of change. Concepts such as progress and decline may be used to evaluate continuity and change in a time period.


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Tuesday 18 June
Whitehead's spiny rat (Maxomys whiteheadi)
Whitehead's spiny rat fact file
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Whitehead's spiny rat description
Named after the British explorer John Whitehead who first documented its existence (3), Whitehead's spiny rat (Maxomys whiteheadi) has reddish-brown upperparts with grey underfur (2) (4). As its name suggests, Whitehead's spiny rat also has numerous inflexible grey spines with black tips on its upperparts, which are thought to be for protection. The underparts are orange-buff with grey underfur and numerous soft, pale spines (4) (5).
The tail, which is shorter than the head and body length combined, is bicoloured, with a brown-black upperside separated from a white underside by a sharp line (6).
Male Whitehead's spiny rats generally have longer hindfeet than females. This species of rat has the largest teeth of all Maxomys species. Six subspecies of Whitehead's spiny rat are currently recognised, all of which differ slightly in appearance (7).
- Also known as
- Whitehead's sundaic maxomys. Top
Borneo Conservation Trust:
- A very diverse phylum (a major grouping of animals) that includes crustaceans, insects and arachnids. All arthropods have paired jointed limbs and a hard external skeleton (exoskeleton).
- A category used in taxonomy, which is below 'family' and above 'species'. A genus tends to contain species that have characteristics in common. The genus forms the first part of a 'binomial' Latin species name; the second part is the specific name.
- Home range
- The area occupied by an animal during routine activities, which is not actively defended.
- Having only one mate during a breeding season, or throughout the breeding life of a pair.
- Active at night.
- Feeding on both plants and animals.
- A population usually restricted to a geographical area that differs from other populations of the same species, but not to the extent of being classified as a separate species.
IUCN Red List (November, 2010)
- Payne, J., Francis, C.M. and Phillipps, K. (1985) A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo. The Sabah Society and World Wildlife Fund Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Kuala Lumpur.
- Beolens, B., Watkins, M. and Grayson, M. (2009) Eponym Dictionary of Mammals. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Yasuma, S., Andau, M., Apin, L., Tuh Yit Yu, F. and Kimsui, L. (2003) Identification Keys to the Mammals of Borneo. Park Management Component, BBEC Programme, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
- Nowak, R.M. (1999) Walkers Mammals of the World. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Harrison, J.L. (1966) An Introduction to the Mammals of Singapore and Malaya. Malaya Nature Society, Singapore.
- Sinaga, M.H., Gorog, A.J. and Chinen, A.A. (2007) Morphological variation of Whitehead's rat Maxomys whiteheadi (Rodentia: Muridae) from Kalimantan and Sumatra. Zoo Indonesia, 62(2): 75-86.
- Nakagawa, M., Miguchi, H., Sato, K. and Nakashizuka, T. (2007) A preliminary study of two sympatric Maxomys rats in Sarawak, Malaysia: spacing patterns and population dynamics. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology; 55(2): 381-387.
- Rajaratnam, R., Sunquist, M., Rajaratnam, L. and Ambu, L. (2007) Diet and habitat selection of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis) in an agricultural landscape in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, Journal of Tropical Ecology, 23: 209-217.
- Shingo, M., Yasuda, M. and Ratnam, L. (1997) Who steals the fruits? Monitoring furgivory of mammals in a tropical rainforest. Malayan Nature Journal, 50: 183-193.
- Curran, L.M. and Webb, C.O. (2000) Experimental tests of the spatiotemporal scale of seed predation in mast-fruiting Dipterocarpaceae. Ecological Monographs, 70(1): 129-148.
- Mittermeier, R.A., Robles-Gil, P., Hoffmann, M., Pilgrim, J.D., Brooks, T.M., Mittermeier, C.G., Lamoreux, J.L. and Fonseca, G. (2004) Hotspots Revisited: Earth's Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Ecoregions. Cemex, Mexico City.
WWF – Borneo (November, 2010)
- view the contents of, and Material on, the website;
- download and retain copies of the Material on their personal systems in digital form in low resolution for their own personal use;
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Whitehead's spiny rat biology
Whitehead's spiny rat is believed to be monogamous, with each breeding pair occupying a home range that is defended against other spiny rats (8). It is believed to breed throughout the year, at least in peninsular Malaysia, and has one to six young per litter (5).
A nocturnal animal (8), Whitehead's spiny rat spends its nights foraging on the forest floor for a wide range of plant material, such as fallen fruits and seeds, with a preference for oil palm fruit (10). However, as an omnivorous species, its diet also includes arthropods (8). Like other spiny rats, it is a hoarder, storing seeds in deep underground burrows that are dug by other forest animals (11).
Whitehead's spiny rat is eaten by a number of predators, including the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) (9).Top
Whitehead's spiny rat range
Whitehead's spiny rat is native to Southeast Asia, ranging from peninsular Thailand south to Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei. This includes the islands of Borneo and Sumatra, as well as various neighbouring islands (1).Top
Whitehead's spiny rat habitat
Belonging to a genus of rodents which are the most common in Southeast Asian tropical forests, Whitehead's spiny rat is found in old undisturbed areas of forest (8), as well as areas that have re-grown following a disturbance (secondary forest) (9). This ground-dwelling spiny rat also inhabits rice paddies and gardens adjacent to forests (8). Although generally a lowland species, Whitehead's spiny rat has been recorded at elevations as high as 2,100 metres on the slopes of Mount Kinabalu (1).Top
Whitehead's spiny rat status
Whitehead's spiny rat is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List (1).Top
Whitehead's spiny rat threats
The main threat to Whitehead's spiny rat is the widespread loss of habitat on Sumatra and Borneo (1), as a result of commercial logging and agriculture, particularly oil palm plantations (12). Lowland forests have been particularly hard hit, with some predicting that if this rate of deforestation continues, lowland forest in Sumatra and Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) may soon disappear completely (12).Top
Whitehead's spiny rat conservation
Although there are no known specific conservation measures currently in place for Whitehead's spiny rat, it occurs in the protected area of the Mount Kinabalu National Park, Borneo. A number of conservation organisations, such as WWF, are working to conserve forest in the region this endangered species inhabits (1) (13).Top
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Thousands of British gardeners are at risk of becoming unwitting criminals due to a lack of knowledge of basic gardening laws, experts have claimed.
Now experts from have published the top seven little known gardening laws to help Britons understand what they should and shouldn't do in their gardens.
Gardeners could be forgiven for finding the laws confusing, as they can be counter-intuitive and complex.
For example, a person may cut back tree branches that overhang into their garden, as long as they do not go past the boundary line and there is no Tree Preservation Order in place.
But they cannot keep the trimmings nor any fruit or flowers on them – nor can they simply throw the branches back into the tree owner's garden without permission.
Disputes over boundaries may require a hard look at the house deeds, and even then, there may be issues if the boundaries have changed over time.
There can also be confusion over whether it is legal to allow a tree to block sunlight to a window.
A spokesman for said: "Most of us want to be good, law abiding neighbours, but that can be difficult if we don't actually know what the law is.
"There may be times when it would be within your legal rights to do something, but it could cause tensions with your neighbour.
Seven little-known gardening laws
1. Trimming overhanging branches
2. Fruit and flowers
Although you can cut branches that hang into your garden up to the property line, they still belong to the neighbour – as do any flowers or fruit on them. Your neighbour is legally entitled to demand them back.
3. Windfalls
4.Fallen leaves
Tree owners are not responsible for sweeping up fallen leaves.
5.Trees blocking light
Under the Rights of Light Act, if a window has received natural light for 20 years or more, neighbours can't block it with a new tree.
5. Fences and boundaries
These can be tricky to resolve. The house deeds should indicate who owns fences and is responsible for boundaries (although there is no legal responsibility to keep boundaries well maintained, unless the deeds state otherwise). But boundaries can move over time and cause disputes later. You may need to contact HM Land Registry for help with boundary disputes.
6. Hedges


text:
Preschool Printable Lined Paper – Lined paper is a type of writing paper which contains horizontal lines that are utilized as a guides for a more consistent and clear writing. In the United States the three most common standard formats are: college ruled, wide ruled paper and narrow ruled paper
Developing a lined paper template doesn't appear difficult. The printable templates on this page could plainly attest to that. It is basic to develop lined paper design templates, though this depends mostly on how how basic it looks.


text:
Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition
The function make-condition is the basic means for creating condition objects.
make-condition type &rest slot-initializations
Constructs a condition object of the given type using slot-initializations as a specification of the initial value of the slots. The newly created condition is returned.
The slot-initializations are alternating keyword/value pairs. For example:
(make-condition 'peg/hole-mismatch :peg-shape'square :hole-shape 'round)


Why Do Women Like Tall Men?
We have all heard the universal adage of a lady seeking a man who is 'tall, dark and handsome,' and there seems there's more truth to the saying than meets the eye. Women tend to prefer taller men as their partners, but why?
Women like tall men for various reasons, such as adaptive evolutionary instincts, psychosocial preferences, and adaptive fear responses to external danger.
Cultural norms may also play a part where taller men are perceived to be more efficient leaders and given a higher social prominence than their shorter counterparts.
Our modern brains still bear the vestiges of our evolutionary past, which dictates in some measure what women find attractive in a male mate. Studies do support the notion of women's preference for taller men for several reasons discussed below.
Is There Scientific Evidence that Women Prefer Tall Men?
In an article in Personality and Individual Differences, called "Women want taller men more than men want shorter women," a team of experts conducted a scientific survey of women's preference for taller partners. The study showed that women are consistent in their height preferences, choosing partners much taller than themselves.
The survey found that women preferred men 21cm (8.26 inch) taller than themselves on average, while men were satisfied with only an 8cm (3.14 inch) difference between themselves and their female partners. This substantial difference in height selection is indicative of several factors that I will discuss below.
The Reasons Why Women Like Taller men
1. Biological Evolution
Our biological evolution determines much of what we instinctively find attractive in a mate. Sexual dimorphism is common in nature.
There is a substantial size difference between the sexes, such as spiders like the Golden Orb or Nephila senegalensis, where the female is substantially bigger than her mate. The female nephila may have a 30mmm abdomen in contrast to her diminutive suitor, who only reaches 5mm.
Did You Know?
In mammals, such as primates, the male tends to be larger and more muscular. For Example, the gorilla, chimpanzee, and orangutan males are not only larger and stronger but have more prominent canine teeth.
These physical characteristics ensured that the female primate had more chance of passing on her genetic material through the greater protection afforded by her larger mate.
Larger, more dominant males were also likely better food providers, and women and their young may have sough protection by attaching themselves to larger dominant partners. The reason why women prefer taller men may be seen as adaptive in evolutionary terms.
2. Women's Preference for Dominant Male Mates
In an article on Evolution and Human Behavior, a scientific survey found that women fearful of crime and tended to seek larger, more dominant, and aggressive mates. The inherent dangers of living with a potentially dangerous mate were seen as a 'trade-off' for the benefits of protection in a perceived environment of danger.
However, larger, more dominant males may prove to be more dangerous in terms of child-rearing and physical safety and are more likely to injure their partners through even low-level violence such as slapping or pushing.
3. Psychosocial Factors
Some experts suggest that women prefer taller men due to psychosocial factors. The act of looking up at somebody may translate to the unconscious brain to 'looking up' to their mate figuratively. A smaller, more diminutive stature in relation to their mates may make women feel protected by a more powerful person.
Studies show that taller men are favored somewhat in society and are seen as leaders. In fact, they tend to be elected to office more often than their shorter counterparts. This cultural bias towards the taller male may be yet another reason why women gravitate towards taller men.
Do Women Always Favor Taller Men?
Luckily for the shorter suitors out there, height is only one of the myriad of factors that play into a woman's choice of partner. If one looks around, there are not many couples showing the 21cm differences women are supposedly hardwired to find the perfect height difference.
In Fact
Our World in Data cites the mean height difference between men and women to be only 4 ½ inches or 12 cm throughout the globe.
Tall men tend to favor taller women, on the other hand, not as tall as they are., but taller than average. Studies suggest that taller men prefer women only 3 inches shorter on average in what biologists define as an assortative mating tendency.
Assortative mating is a form of sexual selection in which individuals with similar phenotypes mate more frequently with each other. Body size is one of these phenotype preferences in mates that may also ameliorate the incidence of taller men selecting women substantially shorter than themselves.
Are Women Defined By Their Instincts to Choose Taller Men?
Females are attracted to the masculinity and dominance evoked by taller men and the stereotypically masculine features indicating high testosterone. However, one should strive to separate this instinctual evolutionary impetus from the cultural norms that reinforce them.
In a culture where we may criticize the gender norms that reinforce the desirability of dominant males, we may go a long way in changing them. Although we might be slaves to our biological imperatives to a certain degree, we are also free-thinking individuals with insight into our deeper evolutionary instincts.
Simply being tall is not a deciding factor in women's mate preferences any more than large breasts are a deciding factor in a man's choice of a woman.
Although these features may inspire superficial attraction, there are a variety of characteristics such as charisma, intelligence, kindness, and confidence that determine a suitable choice of partner.
Although women's attraction to men who are taller than them may have some deeper biological and evolutionary imperative, they are by no means a deciding factor in choosing a suitable mate. Women can and do choose mates in various heights and form successful partnerships despite pairing with men the same height or shorter than themselves.
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ClusterApp.
Start the Ambari portal
 1. In Azure Explorer, right-click your Spark cluster name, and then select Open Cluster Management Portal (Ambari).
 2. When you're prompted, enter the admin credentials for the cluster. You specified these while provisioning the cluster.
Manage Azure subscriptions
By default, HDInsight Tool in Azure Toolkit for Eclipse lists the Spark clusters from all your Azure subscriptions. If necessary, you can specify the subscriptions for which you want to access the cluster.
 1. In Azure Explorer, right-click the Azure root node, and then select Manage Subscriptions.
 2. In the dialog box, clear the check boxes for the subscription that you don't want to access, and then select Close. You can also select Sign Out if you want to sign out of your Azure subscription.
Run a Spark Scala application locally
You can use HDInsight Tools in Azure Toolkit for Eclipse to run Spark Scala applications locally on your workstation. Typically, these applications don't need access to cluster resources such as a storage container, and you can run and test them locally.
Prerequisite
While you're running the local Spark Scala application on a Windows computer, you might get an exception as explained in SPARK-2356. This exception occurs because WinUtils.exe is missing in Windows.
To resolve this error, you need download the executable to a location like C:\WinUtils\bin, and then add the environment variable HADOOP_HOME and set the value of the variable to C\WinUtils.
Run a local Spark Scala application
 1. Start Eclipse and create a project. In the New Project dialog box, make the following choices, and then select Next.
 - In the left pane, select HDInsight.
 - In the right pane, select Spark on HDInsight Local Run Sample (Scala).
 New Project dialog box
 2. To provide the project details, follow steps 3 through 6 from the earlier section Setup a Spark Scala project for an HDInsight Spark cluster.
 3. The template adds a sample code (LogQuery) under the src folder that you can run locally on your computer.
 Location of LogQuery
 4. Right-click the LogQuery application, point to Run As, and then select 1 Scala Application. Output like this appears on the Console tab:
 Spark application local run result
Known problems
When link a cluster, I would suggest you to provide credential of storage.
Interactive sign-in
There are two modes to submit the jobs. If storage credential is provided, batch mode will be used to submit the job. Otherwise, interactive mode will be used. If the cluster is busy, you might get the error below.
eclipse get error when cluster busy
eclipse get error when cluster busy
Feedback
If you have any feedback, or if you encounter any other problems when using this tool, send us an email at _EMAIL_.
See also
Scenarios
Creating and running applications
Tools and extensions
Managing resources


text:
Comparison of the Navy Working Capital Fund and mission funding as applied to Navy shipyards [electronic resource] /
Abstract (Summary)The dramatic political and economic events, both globally and within the United States, during the early 1990s led to significant changes to the Navy shipyard organizational structure. As part of the Navy maintenance regionalization and consolidation program, the financial management system used to manage these commands has been changed. Specifically, the Navy has shifted two of its four shipyards, with authorization to shift the other two in FY07, from the Navy Working Capital Fund to mission funding through direct congressional appropriations. This funding shift has raised questions about the advantages and disadvantages each financial system provides shipyards, the operating differences that occur due to the funding change, and the future financial consequences of funding Navy shipyards using direct appropriations. This thesis identifies the advantages and disadvantages of the Navy Working Capital Fund and the mission funding model in the context of a Navy shipyard environment and determines whether the change in financial structure provides an overall benefit that should be pursued for all shipyards.
School Location:USA - California
Source Type:Master's Thesis
Date of Publication:


ANNEX 5: formulae for calculating optimal allocation of survey effort among strata.
Optimal allocation formulae
Buckland et al. (1993; chapter 7.2.3) provide formulae for optimal sample allocation for line transect surveys. They assume
 1. the squared coefficient of variation of total count in a stratum, is inversely proportional to expected total count, E(n), and that this relationship is the same in all strata. Put another way, var(n) is proportional to E(n).
 2. the squared coefficient of variation of effective strip width, is also inversely proportional to E(n), and that this relationship is the same in all strata.
 3. effective strip width,is the same over strata, but is estimated separately in each stratum (so that the estimates,
, are independent).
Given that
where is the estimate of density in stratum v, is the total count in stratum v and is the estimate of effective strip width for stratum v. Under the above assumptions,
where L is total line length, and Av is the area of stratum v.K is a constant, given by
where and.
For fixed L, is minimized when
where is the ratio of sample effort in stratum v divided by total sample effort.
Since we will be systematically placing sample locations on a grid, a useful quantity is the optimal relative density of sample locations in a stratum. This is given by
where is the density in the reference stratum (usually the one with the highest density).
We originally considered stratifying both by density and by ease of access (i.e., by cost of sampling). In this case, Lagrange multipliers can be used to show that, under the same assumptions as outlined for (3), the optimal allocation is
where Cv is the cost of visiting a sample unit in stratum v. (Since the formula is scale-invariant, it does not matter how Cv is measured.)
Assumption 1, above, implies the relationship - i.e. that total count forms an overdispersed Poisson distribution. This has been found to apply to a wide variety of wildlife abundance studies (Buckland et al. 1993). However, other relationships are possible. For example, one may suspect that counts follow negative binomial distribution, leading to. In an analysis of elephant dung recce-transect data from the Gamba, Walsh et al (2001) tested three related models. They did not work directly with n or e, so the results are not exactly comparable with those presented here. However, they found that a "Taylor's power law" relationship of the form was the best fit to their data, with for their data.
The optimal allocation equation (5) can be further generalized to allow for any of the above forms for var(n). Assume. Assumptions 2 and 3 are as before. Again using Lagrange multipliers, it can be shown that
where l is the survey effort per unit length of line at a sample location and is the Lagrange multiplier. In general, (3) and (4) no longer hold; however when b4 is in the plausible range of 1 - 2, the optima should not be too far from these. (This statement needs to be confirmed, using simulation!) Specifically, when b4 = 2 (as in, for example, the negative binomial distribution), the first term of (6) disappears, leaving the optima of (3) and (4). (Trivially, (3) and (4) also hold when b4 = 0 or 1.)
Assumption 2 is a mild one, given that is likely to make up only a small proportion of the total variance of the final density estimate, for any feasible extensive program. At the three pilot sites, made up between 5% and 14% of (Thomas and Buckland, unpublished). Assumption 3 is unrealistic, but again violation of it is unlikely to have much affect on the optimal allocation. Buckland et al. (1993) show that if this assumption is moderated, to assume that a commonis estimated across strata, then the optimal allocation falls somewhere between (3) and
Given that will make up a small proportion of the total CV, whether pooled by stratum or not, we expect the optimal allocation to be much closer to (3) than (7).
Trend sensitivity formulae
Walsh and White (1999) provide a simple method for assessing the sensitivity of a survey program to detect a chance in abundance between two time points. Their method assumes that the difference between density estimates is normally distributed, that the coefficient of variation of density is the same in the two years, and that the test for trend is being performed at =0.05. Under these circumstances, the percent change in abundance detectable is given by
Optimal allocation
Here, we use the pilot data to estimate b1 and b2, from (2), and therefore the optimal allocations, from pilot survey data.
We first examine the assumption that ("Model 1"). Unfortunately, with only 3 pilot sites, it is difficult to adequately judge the fit of the data. Table 1 gives the data, and Figure 1 shows a scatterplot of against n for the pilot sites, with a fitted linear regression line constrained to go through the origin. A plausible alternative distribution for var(n) is negative binomal, which implies the relationship ("Model 2", the dashed line in Figure 1). With so few data, it is not possible to distinguish between the alternatives: Figure 2a), using nt appears to favour Model 1, while Figure 2b), using nc, appears to favour the Model 2.
It would be informative to combine this pilot data with those of Walsh et al (2001) to form a combined analysis. Meanwhile, as both Model 1 and Model 2 produce the same optima (see above), we will proceed as if Model 1 is the correct model. Choosing the incorrect model will, however, affect the predicted variances.
Buckland et al. (1993; section 6.3.2) give two methods for estimating b1 under Model 1:
where kv is the number of sample locations at site v (v = 1, 2, 3), and, and
From the pilot data, the two estimates are 7.34 and 9.21 for transect data, and 25.6 and 29.4 for the combined data.
Estimates of b2v are given in Table 2 - they are not at all similar between sites, but as stated earlier this is unlikely to affect the optimization. These site estimates can be combined to form a common estimate in a similar way to the b1vs in equation 9. The combined estimates are b2t = 0.54 and b2t = 2.06.
An estimate of, pooled in a similar way, is 2.25m. (One could argue that this estimate should be weighted by n rather than k). The estimates of K, using the estimate of b1 from equation 5, are therefore Kt = 8.87 and Kc = 31.11.
The optimal allocation, calculated according to (3) and (4), is shown in Table 3. The expected variance at differing sampling intensities, and predicted trend sensitivity is presented in the text.
Table 1. Total count and estimated count variances from the pilot sites. Total count for transect data alone, nt, (after truncation at 4m) and total combined adjusted count, nc are shown. k is the number of sample locations at each site; line lengths per site are 1km for transect data alone and 4km for the combined adjusted count. For more information about how these were calculated, see Thomas and Buckland (unpublished).
Table 2. Estimates of the constant for each site, using either nt or nc.
Table 3. Optimal allocation of effort to each stratum, using equations (3) and (4). is the proportion of effort to allocate to each stratum, and is the relative density of sample locations in the two strata, relative to the Medium/High stratum.
Area (km2)
D (ele/km2)
879 544
MIKE sites
127 855
44 749
2 405 352
ANNEX 6: accessibility of survey sites in central africa
An initial map showing accessibility is given in the following figure (figure 1). The survey region has been divided into three strata – accessible, difficult to access and not accessible. Areas that are not accessible are excluded from the survey programme altogether. Here, we will assume that accessible sites take on average 1 week to reach (total travel time, not including the 1 week surveying at the site), and difficult to access sites take 3 weeks travel time. This means that total survey time including the 1 week surveying at each site is 2 weeks for accessible sites and 4 for inaccessible.
When the whole study area cannot be surveyed in a given year, we propose that survey blocks be assembled. These would be large contiguous areas (at least 50,000 km 2) where accessibility is not precluded from any area of the survey block. These areas would also contain a wide range of conditions within the range of elephant occurrence, including projected high and low-density zones, and both protected and unprotected areas. The survey blocks would then constitute the study area. Figure 2 gives an example of three selected survey blocks in the Central African Forest region and figure 3 gives