The Better Cut Cellular Polycarbonate
Recently, in many construction operations, polycarbonate has replaced heavy, brittle, and relatively expensive silicate glass. This practical and affordable material is used for decorative glazing, the construction of urban infrastructure elements, the construction of greenhouses and greenhouses, the erection of the roof of arbors, sheds or terraces. The durability and reliability of the structure made of it depends on the observance of processing technology and the correct installation. A frequent reason for rejecting material during operation is incorrect cutting of sheets, so some inexperienced craftsmen wonder how and how to cut polycarbonate so as not to damage the panels. In this article we will tell you what tools you can use for processing, and how to use them correctly.
Angle Grinder
The most effective tool with which you can cut a sheet of polycarbonate plastic is a conventional angle grinder. Since this material, especially cellular, is quite easily processed, even the cheapest Chinese models can handle cutting. Experienced craftsmen note that it is better to perform angle cutters straight cuts of large lengths. You can cut polycarbonate with this tool in a curve, but it requires a lot of experience. In order not to spoil the material when cutting, the following rules must be observed:
 - For cutting sheets of this material, an angle grinder with a cutting wheel for metal with sharp, frequent teeth is used.
 - When cutting sheets of polycarbonate plastic, it is better to use an angle grinder at low speeds so that the cut is smooth and the edges of the material without burrs.
 - If it is necessary to cut cellular polycarbonate, the cutting wheel angle grinder can be placed strictly between the ribs.
READ Stihl Ts 420 Fuel Consumption
Note! Angle grinder refers to high-speed tools, it is quite difficult to work with it without experience. In order to properly perform the cut and not damage the material, you can practice the residues of polycarbonate.
The Better Cut Cellular Polycarbonate
Another tool that can be used to cut polycarbonate is a household electric jigsaw. It is considered a universal device for sawing materials of different density and thickness. The jigsaw cutting file is fixed only on one side, therefore it can be used for cutting holes and curved cuts in polycarbonate. To use this tool, you must follow a few rules:
Видео: The Better Cut Cellular Polycarbonate
 1. To process sheets of polycarbonate plastic, a jigsaw is used, the cutting blades of which have small teeth.
 2. In order to keep the edges of the polycarbonate straight after sawing, a new, sharp cutting blade must be used.
 3. To obtain an even, accurate cut, you can use a cutting blade for metal, which does not tear polycarbonate, but cuts it.
 4. When processing monolithic plastic of large thickness with a jigsaw, a large amount of chips is formed, which must be removed promptly so that they do not interfere with sawing.
READ How to Cut Chipboard Without Chips
Important! Professional masters with the help of a jigsaw only perform curly, curved cuts, since it is much longer to cut them in a straight line than an angle grinder.
Stationery knife
At home, polycarbonate can be cut with a regular clerical knife. With this tool, cellular plastic with a cellular structure is more often processed. Monolithic polycarbonate is not cut with a knife, as it is too hard. To make the cut smooth, it is better to adhere to the following technology:
 - To cut a sheet of polycarbonate plastic, you need a high-quality, sharp clerical knife.
 - Polycarbonate is cut in 2 stages using a stationery: first, a small incision is made so that the tool does not slip, and then the material is carefully cut.
 - A stationery knife is used to cut cellular polycarbonate with a thickness of not more than 4-6 mm.
Keep in mind that with the help of a clerical knife, small trimming and fitting of plastic sheets is performed, since it is long and inconvenient to make large-length cuts with them. An ordinary clerical knife can quickly become dull or break.
Cutting technology
When cutting panels made of polycarbonate plastic, it is easy to damage the material or spoil the edges of the sheet, violating the technology. Experienced craftsmen advise against saving on tool blades and cutting blades, since a blunt knife makes the cut uneven and sloppy. Cutting is carried out in the following sequence:
 1. First of all, the area where the sawing will be performed is cleared. To make the surface smooth, sheets of plywood or chipboard are laid out on it.
 2. Before cutting polycarbonate, markings are applied to the surface using a marker and a long ruler.
 3. Under a sheet of plastic, on both sides of the intended line, wooden blocks are laid with a thickness of at least 40 mm. From above along the markings also lay a wide board used for movement.
 4. Straight cuts are performed using an angle grinder at low speeds, and the curves are jigsawed.
 5. After completion of the operation, the chips are blown off the surface of the material with compressed air.
READ How To Cut The Pvc Skirting Board
Note! Cellular plastic up to 6 mm thick can be cut in a pile by folding several sheets on top of each other and placing plywood under them. In industrial conditions, this material is processed using a laser, which is much faster and easier than a hand tool.


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Malaysia – Protecting The National Cuisine
The Malaysian Tourism Minister's statement that Malaysia intends to stake its claim on recipes synonymous with the country's identity, has sparked controversy among the public. Reaction is especially high in Singapore, where people dispute the origins of certain dishes Malaysia intends to claim.
The Minister later said that Malaysia has no intention to patent local food: "We have to claim ownership on some dishes but I never said we must patent them."
This summarizes the state of IP awareness in Malaysia – confusion and ignorance. The Minister intends to claim proprietary ownership of the recipes, but maintained that the ownership will not mean domination of the product.
However, she was right in saying that Malaysia has no intention to patent the food, as it is impossible to patent food, although the Malaysian Patents Act 1983 does not actually prohibit the registration of a patent of a recipe. With the amount of variation and combination possible to prepare a dish, it is unlikely that it can be patented successfully.
This raises the question: how do we protect a recipe?
Lawyers and food consultants commented that it would be difficult for any country to lay claim to a certain dish. Generic names such as "chicken rice" would be rejected by the patent office. It is possible to stake a claim to a dish by geographical indication (GI) – Hainan, for example, can stake a claim for Hainanese chicken rice as it originated there.
This, however, does not offer any protection at all for recipes. The rationale is the same as patents. The amount of variety available for a dish will make it impossible for one to pin-point exactly the description of a dish which would enable it to be used as a GI.
The most appropriate way to protect a recipe is by a trade mark. Trade marks are not new in the food business. Trade marks like Coca-Cola, McDonalds and Subway have in fact gained international recognition, resulting in an indirect dominance of the recipes that they provided. Brands like Kentucky Fried Chicken, The Manhattan Fish Market and Old Town White Café do indicate the uniqueness of the dishes they provided, and the successful registration of the trade marks has resulted in what the Minister actually wanted – ownership of the dishes.
In light of this, it would be interesting to see how Malaysia goes about branding these famous dishes.


Why Does Rendering Take So Long Blender?
Does blender use CPU or GPU?
Blender has a user preference setting for utilizing CPU or GPU, it is totally up to you.
You can work with either CPU or GPU or both(If using blender 2.8).
If you want to render using blender engine, your CPU will work just fine(provided it is the latest version of i5 or higher)..
How long does it take to render an image?
It is up to you to decide when you think the render is clear enough for your purposes. Most renders will give their first image within 30 seconds, but it may take 3/4 hours to give a clear image. Large images (greater than 5 megapixels) may need to be left overnight to become clear.
How long does it take to render a 3d image?
Normally we turn around renderings in less than a week, 3-4 days is pretty typical, but sometimes we get a client that needs something in 24 hours.
Is 16gb RAM enough for 3d rendering?
What is the best render engine for Blender?
Price and Blender IntegrationRender EnginePriceIntegrationMaxwell$650Unofficial Add-onMitsubaFreeUnofficial Add-onOctane$460Separate Blender BuildV-Ray$350Separate Blender Build2 more rows•Aug 4, 2015
Do professionals use blender?
Why does rendering take so long?
Render times are CPU and project dependent. CPU: The faster your computer's CPU the faster your rendering will complete. In general, for shorter rendering times, a faster CPU is better. PROJECT: Larger, more complex projects will also have longer render times compared to shorter, simpler projects.
How do I speed up my blender render?
Speed Up Cycles Rendering with These 5 Easy Settings Tweaks1.Enable GPU Rendering in Blender's User Preferences.2.Decrease Light Bounces in the Render Tab.3.Decrease the Clamp Value Settings.4.Increase the Render Tile Size and Amount.5.Decrease the Sample Amount.Make Rendering in Blender Easy.
Is blender good for rendering?
Blender is amazing. … If you take the time to set everything up in Blender and you use the Cycles render engine, you should have no problem getting high quality animation and renders. Take a look as some of the movies that have been made with Blender, and also the high quality renders made using Blender on Artstation.
Will more RAM increase rendering speed?
Why is Final Cut rendering so slow?
Close other applications. Other applications running on your Mac can cause Final Cut Pro X to slow down. Even apps like Twitter and Google Chrome can have a big impact on your RAM and processing power. Close down everything you don't need to run to ensure FCPX can run at its best.
Why does Final Cut Pro keep rendering?
The render loop is usually cause by disabled clips, audio transitions and fades, and titles. Try close and reopen fcpx and toggle on and off all your disabled clips. If that doesn't work move on to audio transitions, then fades, then titles.
Why is Final Cut Pro so expensive?
Is 128gb RAM overkill?
How long do blender renders take?
Which render engine is best?
Without further ado, here are the 10 best architectural visualization renderers.1 | VRAY. There really is no other choice for the top spot.2 | MAXWELL. … 3 | BLENDER. … 4 | LUMION 3D. … 5 | VIZ RENDER. … 6 | OCTANE RENDER. … 7 | MODO. … 8 | AUTODESK REVIT. … More items…
Is 32gb RAM overkill?


Mission Statement - NALMS
NALMS Mission Statement
The Mission Statement is Simple and Clear
The specific goals of the society, as spelled out in the Constitution and Bylaws, are as follows:
 1. To facilitate the exchange of information on the technical and administrative aspects of managing lakes and their watersheds.
 2. To promote public awareness of lake ecosystems.
 3. To encourage public support for national, state or provincial, and local programs promoting management of lakes and their watersheds.
 4. To provide guidance to public and private agencies involved in or planning management activities for lakes and their watersheds.
 5. To improve the professional status of all persons engaged in any aspect of managing lakes and their watersheds.


text:
Isopods, often referred to as woodlice or pill bugs, are detritivores that play a vital role in our ecosystem by decomposing organic materials and returning nutrients to the soil. They harbour a unique affinity for rotting wood. While providing isopods with rotting wood is essential for their diet and habitat, ensuring safety is equally important given the possible presence of harmful organisms or substances. Today, we'll dive into the process of making rotting wood safe to feed isopods in an eco-friendly manner.
- Sourcing the Wood
Finding the right type of rotting wood for your isopods is the first vital step. Note that hardwoods like oak, maple, and beech are perfect for isopods, while pine and other conifers should be avoided due to their high resin content. Source your wood from an uncontaminated site that hasn't been exposed to harsh chemicals.
- Initial Cleaning
Once you've found the right type of wood, clean it to remove visible contaminants. This process also helps to dislodge any unwanted insects or creatures that might harm your isopods. Gently scrub the wood using a soft brush and water. Allow the wood to air dry after the initial cleaning.
Though isopods love feeding on microorganisms that proliferate in rotting wood, some of these organisms may be harmful to them. Sterilizing the rotting wood is an effective way to neutralize these potentially harmful microorganisms.
One common and efficient method is baking the wood in an oven. Preheat the oven to around 200-250 degrees Fahrenheit, wrap the wood in aluminum foil, and bake for 2-3 hours. Remember, this process can emit smells as the wood heats up, so ensure that you have proper ventilation.
Another method is boiling the wood. This is ideal for smaller pieces, which can be fully immersed in water and boiled for about 2 hours. Make sure to cool and air-dry the wood before introducing it to the isopods.
- Introduction to the Habitat
Now, your rotting wood is safe for the isopods to consume. Gradually introduce the wood to their habitat. You can scatter small pieces around or create wood stacks, providing a nutritious food source and also an enriched environment for them to thrive.
Finally, regular monitoring is crucial to ensure the well-being of your isopods. Pay attention to any changes in their behaviour. If they avoid the wood, it might still contain unpalatable substances; however, this is less likely if the sterilization has been done properly.
Making rotting wood safe for isopods doesn't require professional expertise. All it takes is some knowledge about their dietary preferences and a few simple steps. By ensuring the cleanliness and safety of the wood you introduce to your isopods, you are not only contributing to their health and longevity, but also playing a vital role in maintaining our ecosystem's balance.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Gertrude Stein puts the "there" back in Oakland
Friday, February 03, 2012 at 9:52 AM
Gertrude Stein. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room.)
What exactly did renowned U.S. writer and art collector Gertrude Stein mean when she said "there is no there there" about Oakland, California? In honor of Gertrude Stein's 138th birthday today, we explore the meaning of this oft-quoted phrase.
In fall 2011, I attended the SF Museum of Modern Art's exhibit of Stein's groundbreaking Paris art collection. At the exhibit, a small display about her childhood in Oakland, California, sparked my interest. I was born in Oakland, and I'm currently writing a book about Oakland. I wondered what it was like for Gertrude Stein growing up there in the 1880s. I purchased The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas from the Google eBookstore to read about Stein's experiences in Paris and San Francisco with her companion, Alice Toklas. The more I read by Stein and saw how she plays with language, the more I wondered about the meaning of her "no there there" quote.
There is a "There" in Oakland. (Photo by Joe Sciarrillo)
Searching Google Books, I found the "no there there" quote on page 298 of Everybody's Autobiography, published in 1937. The full quote is:
Searching the Google News archive, I found that dozens of articles over the last several decades used her quote. Searching Google Scholar, I found over 1,000 scholarly articles referencing her quote. But still, I wanted to learn more. What was Oakland like in the 1880s? I went to the Oakland History Room at the Oakland Main Library to find out.
Newspaper clippings from Stein's file in the Oakland History Room referencing her "there" quote.
Stein's family moved to Oakland in 1880, when she was six, and lived at the Tubbs Hotel their first year. Author Robert Louis Stevenson also stayed at this hotel from March to April, 1880.
Tubbs Hotel, Oakland, California. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room)
Her family then moved to a home near today's 13th Avenue and East 25th Avenue. She lived in Oakland until 1891, and left at age 17 for Baltimore, after her parents passed away. Oakland was a much smaller town then, with a population of just under 35,000 in 1880.
Downtown Oakland in 1889. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room)
Children playing in a water hole near where Stein grew up in Oakland in this 1884 photo. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room)
Nearly 45 years later, Stein returned to Oakland on a lecture tour in 1935. By that time, the city had grown nearly 10 times to over 300,000 residents. When she tried to find her childhood home, it was no longer there. When she published Everybody's Autobiography two years later, saying there was "no there there," it was an expression of "painful nostalgia" about her home being gone and the land around it being completely changed. The house where she grew up was on a sprawling 10-acre plot surrounded by orchards and farms. By 1935, it had been replaced by dozens of houses. Oakland held a special significance to her, and on her return, she found that Oakland had urbanized and changed from the pastoral place she remembered.
Gertrude Stein writes in her autobiographical novel, The Making of Americans, about her childhood in Oakland, where a child "could have all anybody could want of joyous sweating, of rain and wind, of hunting, of cows and dogs and horses, of chopping wood, of making hay, of dreaming, of lying in a hollow all warm with the sun shining while the wind was howling." She won her first literary award as a student at Franklin School in Oakland for a piece she wrote about the sun "setting in a cavern of clouds." Returning to her home decades later to find it gone and to find Oakland no longer a place "of chopping wood, of making hay" struck her, and she wrote her famous "no there there" quote in response.
Stein's house, two miles south of this 1889 photo, was in a sparsely-populated section of Oakland. (Courtesy Oakland Public Library, Oakland History Room)
When researching Stein at the Oakland History Room, the literary portrait file had photos of Jack London, a contemporary of Stein's, who also grew up in Oakland. The file included other famous authors who visited Oakland in the late 1800s, including Mark Twain, Robert Louis Stevenson, and John Muir. Despite the misinterpretation of Stein's quote, there has always been a "there" in Oakland. Oakland has been blessed with several waves of artistic movements, stretching back to these authors. And in interviewing innovative artists and writers in Oakland today for my forthcoming book Oakland in Popular Memory, I've seen first-hand that now more than ever, there is a "there" in Oakland.
J and K said...
Thanks for the explanation of the "no there there" quote. I've heard secondhand about the actual context and meaning, but this is a more detailed account. I can't imagine what Stein would say if she saw Oakland today, though perhaps she'd be somewhat heartened by our budding urban gardening movement.
3011 said...
In a conversation today with a literary British colleague, he used this quote--"there's no there there," Gertrude Stein, to add to my description of Los Angeles, which, even we Americans know was totally changed from a city into a sphagetti-like system of limited access freeways... when GM bought up its rail system to sell their cars. Perhaps he had been reading the Google Blog!
Kay Walker said...
I had the same experience as Gertrude Stein did when I saw my early childhood home on Google Earth/Maps! The whole street has changed including the landscape. A mountain has been carved away at the end of the street and made my childhood street a divided cul-de-sac, going nowhere. There is no school over the back fence, but a bland estate crammed with cheap modern housesmy remembered "there" is not there, it only lives in my brain/mind. I never understood what Stein meant until todaythank you!
Rose Hoban said...
I was working on a radio program about Oakland in the early 2000s and we decided to do a story about the 'oldest building in Oakland'. It was amazing, there were no buildings older than, say, 1900. Almost all of them had been razed, including the lovely Victorian houses along Lake Merritt. Even the beautiful houses near Park Blvd were more recent. In effect, Oaklanders had decided that 'old' = 'bad' and expunged their prior landscape.
I could completely understand Stein in that context.
Incidentally, we were finally able to identify the oldest building, it's a brick railroad car barn close to the 880 onramp near the old railroad terminal station. (abandoned, yet still beautiful... see? The trend continues even now.) That was then. If memory serves (I no longer live there), that building has come down too.


text:
Definitions for crispiness
The noun crispiness has 1 senses? (no senses from tagged texts)
1. brittleness, crispness, crispiness
(firm but easily broken)
Paralegal Assistant Courses
How to Cite a Poem in MLA
What Courses Should I Take in College to Become a Family Doctor?
Meter & Rhyme in the Poem "Unharvested"
Definition of Alliteration in Poems
How to Include the Name of a Poem in MLA
Synonym.com © 2001-2013, Demand Media, all rights reserved. The database is based on Word Net a lexical database for the English language. see

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


module Data.Fin.Closure where
Closure of finite sets🔗
In this module, we prove that the finite sets are closed under "typal arithmetic": The initial and terminal objects are finite (they have 1 and 0 elements respectively), products of finite sets are finite, coproducts of finite sets are finite, and functions between finite sets are finite. Moreover, these operations all correspond to arithmetic operations on the natural number indices: [n][m]=[n+m][n] \uplus [m] = [n + m], etc.
Zero, one, successors🔗
The finite set [0][0] is an initial object, and the finite set [1][1] is a terminal object:
Finite-zero-is-initial : Fin 0
Finite-zero-is-initial .fst ()
Finite-zero-is-initial .snd .is-eqv ()
Finite-one-is-contr : is-contr (Fin 1)
Finite-one-is-contr .centre = fzero
Finite-one-is-contr .paths fzero = refl
The successor operation on indices corresponds to taking coproducts with the unit set, which is concisely phrased using the Maybe type:
Finite-successor : Fin (suc n) ( Fin n)
Finite-successor {n} = Iso→Equiv (f , iso g rinv linv) where
 f : Fin (suc n) Fin n
 f fzero = inl tt
 f (fsuc x) = inr x
 g : Fin n Fin (suc n)
 g (inr x) = fsuc x
 g (inl _) = fzero
 rinv : is-right-inverse g f
 rinv (inr _) = refl
 rinv (inl _) = refl
 linv : is-left-inverse g f
 linv fzero = refl
 linv (fsuc x) = refl
We can also phrase this equivalence in a particularly strong way, which applies to dependent products over finite successor types:
Fin-suc-universal
 : {} {n} {A : Fin (suc n) Type }
 (∀ x A x) (A fzero × (∀ x A (fsuc x)))
Fin-suc-universal = Iso→Equiv λ where
 .fst f f fzero , x f (fsuc x))
 .snd .is-iso.inv (z , f) fzero z
 .snd .is-iso.inv (z , f) (fsuc x) f x
 .snd .is-iso.rinv x refl
 .snd .is-iso.linv k i fzero k fzero
 .snd .is-iso.linv k i (fsuc n) k (fsuc n)
Addition🔗
For binary coproducts, we prove the correspondence with addition in steps, to make the proof clearer:
Finite-coproduct : (Fin n Fin m) Fin (n + m)
Finite-coproduct {zero} {m} =
 (Fin 0 Fin m) ≃⟨ ⊎-apl Finite-zero-is-initial
 ( Fin m) ≃⟨ ⊎-zerol
 Fin m ≃∎
Finite-coproduct {suc n} {m} =
 (Fin (suc n) Fin m) ≃⟨ ⊎-apl Finite-successor
 (( Fin n) Fin m) ≃⟨ ⊎-assoc
 ( (Fin n Fin m)) ≃⟨ ⊎-apr (Finite-coproduct {n} {m})
 ( Fin (n + m)) ≃⟨ Finite-successor e⁻¹
 Fin (suc (n + m)) ≃∎
Sums🔗
We also have a correspondence between "coproducts" and "addition" in the iterated case: If you have a family of finite types (represented by a map to their cardinalities), the dependent sum of that family is equivalent to the iterated binary sum of the cardinalities:
sum : n (Fin n Nat) Nat
sum zero f = zero
sum (suc n) f = f fzero + sum n (f fsuc)
In this case, the isomorphism is constructed directly:
Finite-sum : (B : Fin n Nat) Σ (Fin _) (Fin B) Fin (sum n B)
Finite-sum {zero} B .fst ()
Finite-sum {zero} B .snd .is-eqv ()
Finite-sum {suc n} B =
 Finite-coproduct .fst f ,
 --is-equiv (is-iso→is-equiv f-iso) (Finite-coproduct .snd)
 where
 rec = Finite-sum (B fsuc)
 module rec = Equiv rec
 f : Σ _ (Fin B) Fin (B fzero) Fin (sum n (B fsuc))
 f (fzero , x) = inl x
 f (fsuc x , y) = inr (rec .fst (x , y))
 f-iso : is-iso f
 f-iso .is-iso.inv (inl x) = fzero , x
 f-iso .is-iso.inv (inr x) with rec.from x
 ... | x , y = fsuc x , y
 f-iso .is-iso.rinv (inl x) = refl
 f-iso .is-iso.rinv (inr x) = ap inr (rec.ε _)
 f-iso .is-iso.linv (fzero , x) = refl
 f-iso .is-iso.linv (fsuc x , y) =
 Σ-pathp (ap (fsuc fst) (rec.η _)) (ap snd (rec.η _))
Multiplication🔗
Recall (from middle school) that the product n×mn \times m is the same thing as summing together nn copies of the number mm. Correspondingly, we can use the theorem above for general sums to establish the case of binary products:
Finite-product : (Fin n × Fin m) Fin (n * m)
Finite-product {n} {m} =
 (Fin n × Fin m) ≃⟨ Finite-sum _ m)
 Fin (sum n _ m)) ≃⟨ cast (sum≡* n m) , cast-is-equiv _
 Fin (n * m) ≃∎
 where
 sum≡* : n m sum n _ m) n * m
 sum≡* zero m = refl
 sum≡* (suc n) m = ap (m +_) (sum≡* n m)


Sedentary Work Exerting up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force occasionally and/or a negligible amount of force frequently or constantly to lift, carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.
Light Work Exerting up to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force occasionally and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force frequently, and/or negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of those for Sedentary Work. Light Work usually requires walking or standing to a significant degree. However, if the use of the arm and/or leg controls requires exertion of forces greater than that for Sedentary Work and the worker sits most the time, the job is rated Light Work.
Medium Work Exerting up to 50 (22.7 kg) pounds of force occasionally, and/or up to 25 pounds (11.3 kg) of force frequently, and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of forces constantly to move objects.
Heavy Work Exerting up to 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or up to 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.
Very Heavy Work Exerting in excess of 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or in excess of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.
Job Classification
In most duration tables, five job classifications are displayed. These job classifications are based on the amount of physical effort required to perform the work. The classifications correspond to the Strength Factor classifications described in the United States Department of Labor's Dictionary of Occupational Titles. The following definitions are quoted directly from that publication.
Sedentary Work Exerting up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force occasionally and/or a negligible amount of force frequently or constantly to lift, carry, push, pull, or otherwise move objects, including the human body. Sedentary work involves sitting most of the time, but may involve walking or standing for brief periods of time. Jobs are sedentary if walking and standing are required only occasionally and other sedentary criteria are met.
Light Work Exerting up to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force occasionally and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of force frequently, and/or negligible amount of force constantly to move objects. Physical demand requirements are in excess of those for Sedentary Work. Light Work usually requires walking or standing to a significant degree. However, if the use of the arm and/or leg controls requires exertion of forces greater than that for Sedentary Work and the worker sits most the time, the job is rated Light Work.
Medium Work Exerting up to 50 (22.7 kg) pounds of force occasionally, and/or up to 25 pounds (11.3 kg) of force frequently, and/or up to 10 pounds (4.5 kg) of forces constantly to move objects.
Heavy Work Exerting up to 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or up to 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.
Very Heavy Work Exerting in excess of 100 pounds (45.4 kg) of force occasionally, and/or in excess of 50 pounds (22.7 kg) of force frequently, and/or in excess of 20 pounds (9.1 kg) of force constantly to move objects.
Vertigo
Related Terms
 - Objective Vertigo
 - Pathological Vertigo
 - Physiological Vertigo
 - Subjective Vertigo
 - Vertiginous Syndrome
Differential Diagnosis
Specialists
 - Neurologist
 - Otolaryngologist
Comorbid Conditions
Factors Influencing Duration
Duration depends on the type of vertigo, the underlying cause for the vertigo, the individual's age and response to treatment, and the extent, if any, of complications. Acute vertigo is self-limited with a duration of a few days. Chronic vertigo may persist indefinitely.
Medical Codes
ICD-9-CM:
386.10 - Vertigo, Peripheral, Unspecified
386.11 - Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo; Benign Paroxysmal Positional Nystagmus
386.19 - Vertigo, Peripheral, Other and Unspecified; Aural Vertigo; Otogenic Vertigo
386.2 - Vertigo of Central Origin; Central Positional Nystagmus; Malignant Positional Nystagmus
438.85 - Late effects of cerebrovascular disease; Vertigo
780.4 - Dizziness and Giddiness; Light-headedness; Vertigo NOS
Prognosis
Acute vertigo is usually self-limited and resolves after several days of bed rest. The prognosis for other types of vertigo varies greatly, depending on the underlying cause. In many cases of chronic vertigo, changes in lifestyle may become necessary, such as avoiding positions of the head or body that aggravate or induce symptoms. Chronic diseases such as autoimmune disorders or multiple sclerosis that fail to resolve may cause continuing episodes of vertigo for an indefinite time. The success rates for various surgical procedures aimed at resolving or relieving the symptoms of more serious forms of vertigo range from 60% to 90%. Permanent hearing loss may accompany these surgical procedures.
Source: Medical Disability Advisor
Feedback
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Why You Should Take Your Kid to International Schools in Thailand
 - English
 - ภาษาไทย
Every parent wants a quality education for their children, which explains why more students are joining international schools in Thailand. If you are wondering if to follow this trend, read on to discover why need to take your kid to these learning institutions.
Harmony with Diversity
One of the unique qualities of international schools is providing a platform for different cultures to meet and interact. By learning how others from diverse backgrounds live, your kid develops harmony and expands their perspective. This makes them better global citizens when they finish school.
Emphasis on Moral Values
Besides focusing on academics, international schools also strive to make students better leaders for the future. That is why they teach moral values like diligence, discipline, empathy, etc. These are essential for character development and building holistic human beings.
Innovative Programs
Since their objectives is to offer quality education, international schools provide innovative programs that push the beyond normal academic standards. For example, scholars might go hiking to improve mental endurance, physical fitness, resilience, and teamwork.
Experiential Learning
International schools understand that the best way of learning incorporates classwork and experiments. This is why experiential learning is included in their curricula, as it enables students to learn through experience and reflection. Moreover, this approach gives scholars an opportunity to apply their knowledge practically.
Academic Excellence
International schools are renowned worldwide for their academic excellence. Some of the reasons behind their fantastic results are having first-class facilities and smaller class sizes.
When an institution has first-class amenities, it makes it easier for the teacher to transfer their knowledge. This is because there are more reference materials that the student can use to expand their thinking.
Likewise, smaller class sizes make teaching more effective, as the teacher can deal with the unique needs of every scholar.
Additionally, these schools have extracurricular activities that break the monotony of classwork, allowing your kid to be sharper for the next lesson.
For the reasons mentioned above and many others, Map Guide Thailand recommends taking your kids to international schools. This way, your child will be forever grateful to you for shaping their future positively.
To learn more about International Schools in Thailand please KIS.ac.th


text:
Trzebienie / woj. wielkopolskie / Poland
The post mill is the earliest type of European windmill. The defining feature is that the whole body of the mill that houses the machinery is mounted on a single vertical post, around which it can be turned to bring the sails into the wind. The earliest post mills in England are thought to have been built in the 12th century. The earliest working post mill in England still used today is to be found at Outwood in Surrey. It was built in 1665. The earliest remaining example of a non-operational mill can be found in Great Gransden in Cambridgeshire, built in 1612. Their design and usage peaked in the 18th and 19th centuries and then declined after the introduction of high-speed steam-driven milling machinery. Many still exist today, primarily to be found in Northern Europe and Great Britain. The term peg mill or peg and post mill (in which the "post" was the tailpole used to turn the mill into the wind) was used in north west England, and stob mill in north east England, to describe mills of this type.
Copyright © 2015 GregKmk

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
QUILT OF HONOUR CAMPAIGN
A speaker, mother, widow, and award-winning volunteer, Susan Hess speaks from the heart of real life experience. She moves audiences to both laughter and tears with stories about bringing up a child with mental illness.
While others ask what can be done about "out-of-control" kids, sad kids or angry kids, Susan is providing answers and changing lives.
Choose from among Susan's distinctive, informative, motivational and inspirational presentations. If you live or work with children in any way, you will gain fresh insight and understanding from Susan's presentation.
Please don't forget my daughter: Stories behind the Quilt of Honour
A strong advocate on behalf of children with mental health problems, Susan uses the Quilt of Honour as a visible testament to all children who struggle with mental illness. Susan shares the compelling stories of the children on the Quilt of Honour, including her own daughter's journey from chaotic violent illness to award-winning volunteer.
The stories of the children who are featured on the Quilt of Honour emphasize the importance of mental health services, treatments and supports for the child as well as the family.
Stigma: We Can, We Will, We Must
A gripping presentation about how stigma affects people's reactions to traumatic illness or tragedy in the lives of others. Drawing from her family's experience with suicide, cancer, and mental illness, Susan tells what stigma looks like, its impact on people's lives, and how to overcome stigma in yourself and others.
A note for high schools:
Susan has developed a special stigma presentation suitable for teenage audiences. Working with selected student leaders, she presents an interactive demonstration of the impact of bullying, name-calling and labeling. Susan's no-holds-barred approach holds the students' interest and helps them understand clearly the reality of stigma and how to triumph over it. Students have said, "Thank you for telling our story.
School is both the social and work environment for children. Using examples from her daughter's experiences at school, and her own knowledge as a teacher, Susan distinguishes between discipline and punishment in the schools, and how those terms might have different applications for children with mental health problems. The presentation includes practical suggestions for educators on recognizing and nurturing children with mental health problems.
Coping with mental illness tears families apart, destroys lives, and plunges survivors into darkness. Children and families can become victims, adapt and survive. By following a small light of hope and finding the fragments of joy, Susan Hess tells the story of how she held herself and her family together and brought them successfully into a new life. In this presentation, Susan inspires her audience to believe that finding the light in the darkness is not only possible, but the only choice.
From Here to There: Parent Mobilization
Susan outlines the steps taken to develop the Quilt of Honour Campaign and expand it into a model of parent mobilization that works. From an idea to presentations to workshops, Susan talks about the vision, the risks and the results of giving parents a voice.
Workshop: Caring for the Caregiver
This workshop is especially designed for anyone caring for someone who is seriously physically or mentally ill. Find out how to be selfish in a positive way, recognize warning signs of overload, and techniques of caring for yourself so you can care for others.
Workshop: Coping with Suicide
This workshop follows Susan Hess' personal journey as she describes the impact of suicide on her family and her community. The workshop includes a discussion of the reality of stigma associated with suicide, and the family's eventual triumph over it.
What do people say about the Quilt of Honour presentation?
"Thank you for telling your story and removing the stigma and isolation that exist for those of us affected by children's mental illness."
"Your gentle and compassionate spirit invites warmth and love in all you do."
"You have moved my soul."
"Your seminar reminds us of why we come to work each day. We understand that we do make a difference."
"No book can teach in the way a person sharing their personal journey can."
Past Volunteer President of Parents for Children's Mental Health, Susan is available to speak to your organization, church, school, community or business about the impact of children's mental health problems on the children and their families. Susan draws universal truths from her experiences that resonate with many types of audiences including social workers, medical professionals, high school students, teachers, parents, business leaders, legal professionals and politicians.
For more information or to book Susan Hess, please call or email:
Susan Hess _PHONE_ _EMAIL_


1. Go to the Playbook Tab from left nav
3. Click '+ Add a card' (if you don't see this, we can make you a playbook curator - just ask)
4. Give your card a title
5. Choose your signals—add in keywords separated by the 'Enter' key.
There's no limit to how many keyword signals you choose
6. Optional: Add a stage signal by choosing to decide when in the sales cycle your card can pop up. If you leave this section blank, it will pop up across all stages
7. Optional: Add a role signal. This is based on your team's Salesforce role assignment
8. Write your talking points -- Use bullets and numbered lists for the most impactful content
Test it out by typing your keyword into a note and watch the magic happen ✨
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text:
Use the Text Conversation feature to show text messages sent by characters.
Create a conversation, format each message, then configure your Style to choose how you want messages to appear in your book.
- Adding a Text Conversation
- Configuring Content
- Keep Lines on Same Page
- Sideloading on Kindle for iPhone
Adding a Text Conversation
To add a Text Conversation to your book, select the paragraphs you wish to format and choose the Text Conversation item from the Text Feature menu.
✨ This feature was added in Vellum 3.4. Make sure you are up-to-date.
A conversation consists of any number of messages sent between characters, as well as optional names for the sender of the message. To format the conversation, you can configure the type of content for each line of text:
You can make these assignments in the Text Editor:
Note: Any Contact Name will be automatically associated with the following message.
In your book, the conversation will be styled to resemble a series of text messages:
The appearance shown above is one of several options for how messages are displayed. You can find more options in the Text Conversation section of Styles:
Keep Lines on Same Page
It's possible for a page break to occur within the middle of a conversation. If you'd prefer this not happen, you can make use of Keep Lines on Same Page, accessible from the gear menu:
With Keep Lines on Same Page enabled, the whole conversation will stay together on the same page of your book.
Note: Keep Lines on Same Page is not supported by Kobo or Google Play. Vellum's Preview will reflect this.
Sideloading on Kindle for iPhone
In the Kindle app for iOS, text message bubbles (and other styling) can only be seen in ebooks purchased from Amazon. The Kindle app displays extremely limited formatting for books that are sideloaded, so text messages will only be left and right aligned. This only applies to the Kindle app, and only on iPhone and iPad.


text:
From Valve Developer Community
Bug: This entity is incomplete and does not function.
- Linked liquid portal.
- To do: add description
- Fill Time (sec)
- How long the volume takes to fill in seconds.
- Origin (X Y Z)
- The position of this entity's center in the world. Rotating entities typically rotate around their origin.
- Pitch Yaw Roll (Y Z X)
- This entity's orientation in the world. Pitch is rotation around the Y axis, yaw is the rotation around the Z axis, roll is the rotation around the X axis.
- The liquid portal this should link to. Will update linked portal to point back.
- How long the area takes to fill.
- Start filling NOW. Entities teleport when finished.
- Add the activator entity to the list of entities to teleport when filling is finished.
- Remove the activator entity from the list of entities to teleport when filling is finished.
- These Outputs each fire in response to the firing of the like-numbered
FireUser4Input; see User Inputs and Outputs.
OnKilled(Only in the Left 4 Dead series)
- This Output fires when the entity is killed and removed from the game.


Automate Azure SQL Size using Azure Automation (Manual)
Recently a customer asked me how to save cost on their Azure SQL database without moving away from DTU based subscription model. In this case this customer knows exactly at what time their database is heavily utilized, and when it's idling. So with a script its easy to automate.
In this manual we are going to size a SQL database from S4 to S3.
Step 1: In this first step we are going to add some modules to your Automation Account. Go to modules, and click on Browse gallery
From the Gallery search for az.accounts, click on it
Next make sure to Import the module
Now browse the Gallery again, this time search for az.sql and make sure to import this module as well.
STEP 2: This next step is important. We will need to create and assign a Run As Account when you've chosen not to create a run as account on the setup of your automation Account. Go to Run as Account, and click on Create Azure Run As Account
Click on Create
STEP 3: Now we will need to add some variables to your automation account. These variables will need to be filled with information about your Azure SQL Database and Server. Create the following variables, and make sure that you fill them.
 - Resourcegroup
 - Servername (without database.windows.net)
 - Database
STEP 4: Now go to runbooks, and create a new runbook!
Give your runbook a name, as type select PowerShell!
In the new opened window copy and paste the code from below. Adjust the variables $Edition and $PricingTier to your needs.
 $ResourceGroupName = Get-AutomationVariable -Name "Resourcegroup"
 $ServerName = Get-AutomationVariable -Name "Servername"
 $DatabaseName = Get-AutomationVariable -Name "Database"
 $Edition = "Standard"
 $PricingTier = "S4"

# Keep track of time
$StartDate=(GET-DATE)

# Log in to Azure with AZ (standard code)
Write-Verbose -Message 'Connecting to Azure'

# Name of the Azure Run As connection
$ConnectionName = 'AzureRunAsConnection'
try
{
 # Get the connection properties
 $ServicePrincipalConnection = Get-AutomationConnection -Name $ConnectionName

 'Log in to Azure...'
 $null = Connect-AzAccount '
 -ServicePrincipal '
 -TenantId $ServicePrincipalConnection.TenantId '
 -ApplicationId $ServicePrincipalConnection.ApplicationId '
 -CertificateThumbprint $ServicePrincipalConnection.CertificateThumbprint
}
catch
{
 if (!$ServicePrincipalConnection)
 {
 # You forgot to turn on 'Create Azure Run As account'
 $ErrorMessage = "Connection $ConnectionName not found."
 throw $ErrorMessage
 }
 else
 {
 # Something else went wrong
 Write-Error -Message $_.Exception.Message
 throw $_.Exception
 }
}

# Getting the database for testing and logging purposes
$MyAzureSqlDatabase = Get-AzSqlDatabase -ResourceGroupName $ResourceGroupName -ServerName $ServerName -DatabaseName $DatabaseName
if (!$MyAzureSqlDatabase)
{
 Write-Error "$($ServerName)\$($DatabaseName) not found in $($ResourceGroupName)"
 return
}
else
{
 Write-Output "Current pricing tier of $($ServerName)\$($DatabaseName): $($MyAzureSqlDatabase.Edition) - $($MyAzureSqlDatabase.CurrentServiceObjectiveName)"
}
# Set Pricing Tier Database
# Check for incompatible actions
if ($MyAzureSqlDatabase.Edition -eq $Edition -And $MyAzureSqlDatabase.CurrentServiceObjectiveName -eq $PricingTier)
{
 Write-Error "Cannot change pricing tier of $($ServerName)\$($DatabaseName) because the new pricing tier is equal to current pricing tier"
 return
}
else
{
 Write-Output "Changing pricing tier to $($Edition) - $($PricingTier)"
 $null = Set-AzSqlDatabase -DatabaseName $DatabaseName -ServerName $ServerName -ResourceGroupName $ResourceGroupName -Edition $Edition -RequestedServiceObjectiveName $PricingTier
}

# Show when finished
$Duration = NEW-TIMESPAN –Start $StartDate –End (GET-DATE)
Write-Output "Done in $([int]$Duration.TotalMinutes) minute(s) and $([int]$Duration.Seconds) second(s)"

Use the menu to Save your runbook, use the Test pane to review the output of your PowerShell script. When ready Publish your runbook!
STEP 5: Last step is to create a schedule. From your workbook go to Schedules, and Add an schedule.
Create a new schedule based on your requirements/needs.
Click create to finalize the process. Now go back to your SQL database. When the change is happening, you should see a update line like below that shows that the pricing tier is being updated!
How to re-enable inactive mailbox from litigation hold in exchange online using Power Shell(Manual)
When users leave the company you might want to retain the email for a longer period than the default 30 days. By enabling litigation hold you can retain mailboxes longer than 30 days, before you disable a user you can set the litigation hold to any value you would like. But at some point you might need the mailbox to be re-enabled for some reason. In this manual I am going to explain how to do it.
STEP 1: Open a new Power Shell window and type the following command
Import-Module ExchangeOnlineManagement
Continue reading "How to re-enable inactive mailbox from litigation hold in exchange online using Power Shell(Manual)"
Azure Automation: Run SQL command on Azure SQL (Manual)
How cool would it be to automate your daily SQL tasks using Azure Automation? Well, really cool off course! So lets start using Azure Automation! So go ahead, if you don't have an automation account yet, create one by going to Automation Accounts.
Give your automation account an name, choose a subscription, resource group and a location and hit the create button!
Continue reading "Azure Automation: Run SQL command on Azure SQL (Manual)"
How to use Azure Automation to maintain SQL indexes and statistics
When you migrate to Azure SQL, you might think that Azure does all SQL maintenance, including the maintenance of your database… But the truth is, you will need to setup some maintenance yourself for your databases. Microsoft doesn't know what is best for your application or database. With this manual you should be able to setup basic database maintenance on Azure SQL.
Prerequisites
Manual
STEP 1: Login to your Azure SQL Database using SQL Management studio.
Continue reading "How to use Azure Automation to maintain SQL indexes and statistics"
Setup Azure File Share with AD authentication (Manual)
With the traditional file server coming to a end, it is time to move along with Azure File Share and AD authentication.
This image has an empty alt attribute; its file name is image-1.png
Pre-requisites:
STEP 1: First, let's create a new storage account
Continue reading "Setup Azure File Share with AD authentication (Manual)"
Lock down Microsoft Team creation (Manual)
By default everyone may create a new team in Microsoft Teams. As an organisation admin you might want to control this, or release it a some point. With this manual you should be able to lock down team creation to users that are member of a Azure AD Security group.
STEP 1: First we will need to install the Preview version of the Azure Active Directory PowerShell module for Graph. Open a PowerShell window with Adminstrator privileges and run the following 2 commands:
Uninstall-Module AzureAD
Install-Module AzureADPreview
STEP 2: Now we will need to connect to Azure-AD to perform the necessary actions. Sign in with an admin account when prompted.
#Connect to AAD
$AzureAdCred = Get-Credential
Connect-AzureAD -Credential $AzureAdCred
STEP 3: In Azure AD using the Azure portal (_URL_), create a new security group.
STEP 4: Enter the name of your security group on the top line, and run the following script.
$GroupName = "Your Security Group Name"
$AllowGroupCreation = "False"
$settingsObjectID = (Get-AzureADDirectorySetting | Where-object -Property Displayname -Value "Group.Unified" -EQ).id
 if(!$settingsObjectID)
 {
 $template = Get-AzureADDirectorySettingTemplate | Where-object {$_.displayname -eq "group.unified"}
 $settingsCopy = $template.CreateDirectorySetting()
 New-AzureADDirectorySetting -DirectorySetting $settingsCopy
 $settingsObjectID = (Get-AzureADDirectorySetting | Where-object -Property Displayname -Value "Group.Unified" -EQ).id
 }
 $settingsCopy = Get-AzureADDirectorySetting -Id $settingsObjectID
 $settingsCopy["EnableGroupCreation"] = $AllowGroupCreation
 if($


text:
Double Torah Portion
I enjoy attending synagogue every Shabbat morning. When it comes to the weekly Torah reading, sometimes we read two parshas. Why is that?
The Aish Rabbi Replies:
The Torah is split up into 54 portions, called parshas. The entire Torah is completed once per year, which works out to approximately one per week.
More precisely, though, there are 54 weekly portions in the Torah, but only 50 or 51 Shabbats in a year. In addition, there are at least two, and sometimes as many as 4 or 5, times when Shabbat falls on a holiday, and the normal weekly portion is not read that week. How are the calendars and the Torah reconciled?
The normal Jewish year (i.e. not a leap year) is generally 354 days long. 354 divided by 7 is 50 weeks, with a remainder of 4. In other words, there are 50 or 51 Shabbats during a normal Jewish year.
There are also certain times when the normal weekly portion is not read on Shabbat. Such instances are during Passover and Sukkot, when at least one day of the holiday happens on Shabbat, and other holidays which sometimes fall on Shabbat. Thus, there are at least two times during the year where the normal weekly portion is not read on Shabbat.
So now we're down to approximately 48 Shabbats each year when the weekly portion is read. (Actually, we only read 52 of the 54 portions on Shabbat: The first portion of the Torah, Breishis, is always read on the Shabbat immediately following Simchat Torah. The last portion is always read on Simchat Torah, even though that holiday can never fall on Shabbat.)
The way these problems get reconciled is that certain portions can be combined:
- Vayakhel (Exodus 35:1–38:20) and Pekudei (Exodus 38:21–40:38)
- Tazria (Leviticus 12:1–13:59) and Metzora (Leviticus 14:1–15:33)
- Acharei (Leviticus 16:1–18:30) and Kedoshim (Leviticus 19:1–20:27)
- Behar (Leviticus 25:1–26:2) and Bechukotai (Leviticus 26:3–27:34)
- Chukat (Numbers 19:1–22:1) and Balak (Numbers 22:2–25:9)
- Matot (Numbers 30:2–32:42) and Masei (Numbers 33:1–36:13)
- Nitzavim (Deuteronomy 29:9–30:20) and Vayelech (Deuteronomy 31:1–31:30).
Some of these seven pairs of portions are combined each year to reconcile the number of Shabbat readings with the need to complete the annual Torah cycle.
During a Jewish leap year, an extra 30-day month is added to the year in the winter. This allows for at least four more weeks in the year, meaning that there is still a need to combine portions, but not as many as in a regular year.
Thankfully, all this is determined by a pre-set calendar, so there is no guesswork involved. If you're interested to see how this plays out over many years, you can download user-friendly Jewish calendar software at _URL_


[jdom-interest] empty xmlns
Elliotte Rusty Harold elharo at metalab.unc.edu
Fri Jan 9 06:08:59 PST 2004
At 9:59 AM +0000 1/9/04, wrote:
>When I create MyFavourite with the Element constructor, I am not
>adding a Namespace or any type of attribute so why is it there?
That's exactly why it's there. You created an element that is in no
namespace. Because the parent element is in a namespace, the
serializer must add xmlns="" to the child element to prevent it from
inheriting the default namespace of its parent. If you don't want the
child to be in a namespace, this is correct. If you do want the child
element to be in a namespace, you need to specify this namespace URI
in the Element constructor.
 Elliotte Rusty Harold
 elharo at metalab.unc.edu
 Effective XML (Addison-Wesley, 2003)
More information about the jdom-interest mailing list


text:
The Twelve Dogs of Christmas, by Kevin Whitlark, is a lovely take on 'The Twelve Days of Christmas', with each day being represented by a different breed of dog doing the things dogs love to do!
Here are some activities:
- Sing 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' or 'The Twelve Dogs of Christmas' – you could even make up your own version of the songs about another animal…what would 'The Twelve Cats of Christmas' sound like?
- There is a movie of this name that has some nice reviews that you might like to explore – let us know if you think it's worth a watch! 🙂
- Practice counting while reading this book with a younger child.
- Talk about the similarities and differences between different dog breeds and sort them out according to their characteristics.
Watch out for our next Christmas book review and activities, and happy reading!
Jenna Golab – Speech Pathologist, Listening & Spoken Language Specialist


text:
Volume 8 (1996) Issue 1 Pages 1-4
In this study, forty-one hemodialysis outpatients performed a daily walking exercise. For this exercise, patients were instructed to walk beyond a daily target number of steps for three consecutive weeks. The target number of steps was defined as 120% of the average number of steps per day prior to the exercise. The effects of this exercise were examined by comparing the six-minute walking distance (6MD), and physiological cost index (PCI) before and after performing the exercise. The results were as follows: the target numberof steps during the exercise period was achieved by 19 of 41 patients; 6MD of target achieving patients was significantly increased by this exercise; the difference in PCI before and after this exercise was not statistically significant. This study suggests that the present exercise triggered an increase in the number of steps per day and improved the actual walking performance as measured by 6MD.


Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: A Comprehensive Analysis
By | December 21, 2020
Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
The Doctrine of Harmonious Construction: The Parliament makes a separate set of statutes, rules and legislation as well as constitutional provisions under their well-defined powers. While the framing of these provisions has to be done very carefully, conflict still occurs sometimes due to overlapping in their enforcement. This is because there are chances of certain gaps being left while framing of these provisions, which could not have been foreseen by legislators. To deal with such conflicts, certain doctrines and rules are propounded by courts that are used in the interpretation of statutes. One such rule of interpretation is the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction.
This article provides an overview of the doctrine along with case laws.
I. Meaning of the Doctrine of Harmonious Construction
The Doctrine of Harmonious Construction is considered as the thumb rule to the rule of interpretation of statutes. The doctrine states:
"Whenever there is a case of conflict between two or more statutes or between two or more parts or provisions of a statute, then the statute has to be interpreted upon harmonious construction. It signifies that in case of inconsistencies, proper harmonization is to be done between the conflicting parts so that one part does not defeat the purpose of another."
The doctrine is based on a cardinal principle in law that every statute has been formulated with a specific purpose and intention and thereby should be read as a whole. The normal presumption is that what Parliament has given by one hand is not sought to be taken away from another. The essence is to give effect to both the provision. To avoid conflict, the adopted interpretation of the statute should be consistent with all its provisions.
If there seems an impossibility to harmoniously construe or reconcile the parts/provisions, then the matter rests with the judiciary to decide and give final judgment. The aim of the courts is to do interpretation in a manner that it resolves the repugnancy or inconsistency between the provisions and enables the statute to become consistent as a whole and read accordingly.
II. Origin of the Doctrine
The Doctrine of Harmonious construction was originated through interpretations given by courts in a number of cases. The evolution of the doctrine can be traced back to the very first amendment made in the Constitution of India with the landmark judgment of Shankari Prasad v. Union of India [1]. The case dealt upon the conflict between part III (Fundamental Rights) and IV (Directive Principles of State Policy) that form as basic features of the Indian Constitution.
The court applied the rule of Harmonious Construction and held that Fundamental rights being rights given against the state can be taken away in certain situations and can be amended as well by the Parliament to bring them in conformity with constitutional provisions. Preference was given to both and it was decided that FRs and DPSPs are just two different sides of the same coin that requires working together for the public good.
Historically, this doctrine was evolved through the rule of conciliation first propounded in the case of C.P and Berar Act [2]. The court applied this rule of interpretation to avoid overlapping or inconsistency between entry 24 and entry 25 of State list and read them harmoniously by determining the extent of the concerned subjects.
III. Applicability of the Doctrine
To quote courts view on the application of the doctrine of harmonious construction:
"When there are in an enactment two provisions which cannot be reconciled with each other, they should be so interpreted that; if possible, the effect should be given to both." [3]
It is a well-settled principle that a statute must be read as a whole and in a manner that one part/provision of the act is harmoniously construed in reference to the other provisions of the same Act so as to provide a consistent enactment of the whole statute. [4]
There are five principles of this Doctrine as laid down by the apex court of India in the case of CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carrier:
 1. "While interpreting, the court has a duty to avoid a "head-on clash" at all cost between two sections of the same act
 2. The interpretation should be done such that the provision of one section doesn't defeat the purpose of another unless it is impossible to effect a reconciliation between them
 3. When it is impossible to reconcile the contradictory provisions, then courts must interpret in a way to give as much as possible effect to both provisions
 4. A Construction that reduces one of the provisions to a "useless lumber" or "dead letter" is not harmonious construction
 5. Lastly, to harmonize is not to destroy any other statutory provisions." [5]
The aforesaid principles give the basic yet clear explanations on the usage of the rule of Harmonious Construction while interpreting parts of any statute.
Moreover, when two provisions of a statute are in apparent conflict with each other, then both must be interpreted in a way that it gives effect to both and no such construction should be adopted that renders either of the provisions useless or inoperative except in the last resort. The Supreme Court has clearly illustrated the use of this principle in Raj Krushna v. Binod Kanungo [6] case.
Section 33(2) and 123(8) of ROPA, 1951 were in apparent conflict. Where section 33(2) talks about the power of a government servant to nominate or second a person in an election, the other section 123(8) specifies that a government servant cannot assist any candidate in the election except by casting his vote [7]. The court interpreted both sections harmoniously and held that a government servant has both the right to nominate or second a candidate but forbidden to assist in any other manner and he also has the right to vote.
IV. Relevant Case Laws
To have a fair understanding of the concept of this interpretation rule, it is important that we read upon its actual applicability in relevant case laws.
The first is the landmark judgment in the history of the Indian Constitution, M.S.M Sharma v. Krishna Sinha. The Petitioner in the case was alleged with that he has breached the privileges of the speaker for publishing a speech which was delivered by the member. A show-cause notice was issued to the Petitioner for why action should not be taken against him.
Issue of the case: Whether the privileges under Art. 194(3) prevail over the fundamental right under Art. 19 (1)(a)? [8]
Petitioner's Contention: The action taken by the Committee and the notice sent stands in violation of his fundamental rights under Art 19 (1)(a) and Art. 21. However, since the respondent relied on the Art. 194(3), the rule of interpretation was involved as to which provision shall prevail.
Held: The Supreme Court applied the rule of harmonious construction and held that though Art. 194 (3) is subordinate to Art. 21 but Indian Constitution is the supreme law in the country and therefore, a person can be expunged from publishing the official records of the Assembly. This is not a complete prohibition on FR of that person.
Further, in the case of M. Nanavati vs. State of Bombay [9], the matter was related to the power conferred to the Governor under Art 161 and the court has to interpret the scope of Art 161 and Art 142 (1) of the constitution. In the present case, Bombay HC passed sentence against the accused. The petitioner then approached the Governor who passed a suspension order against the sentence of Bombay HC.
When the matter reached before Hon'ble Supreme Court, the court applied the rule of Harmonious Construction and held that the absolute power of granting suspension to the Governor under Art 161 becomes absolved when the matter becomes sub judice. In such situations, there is a complete scope of interference with the judicial power of the court under Art 142.
Recently in the case of Department of Customs vs Sharad Gandhi [10], the Hon'ble Supreme Court has again applied the principle of Harmonious construction to resolve the inconsistency between the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972 and Customs Act, 1962. The Bench observed the "inconsistency" found in Article 254 of Indian Constitution between laws made by Parliament and state legislatures stating: If the law made by the state is repugnant to the law made by the parliament, then law made by the parliament shall prevail to the extent of repugnance [11]. However, in the present case, the court observed that both the said act have been made by Parliament.
V. Conclusion
It is clear that there is always a possibility of ambiguity or gaps in the laws made by the legislature. To fill those gaps, Harmonious construction as a rule of interpretation of statutes plays a huge role in giving maximum effect to the statutory provisions. Today, considered as a chief tool in hands of our Judiciary, the rule helps two confronting laws work together harmoniously in delivering justice to society at large.
[1] Shankari Prasad v. Union of India, AIR (1951) SC 455.
[2] Re C.P. and Bera Act, AIR (1939) FC 1.
[3] Venkataramana Devaru v. State of Mysore, 1958 AIR 255.
[4] Justice GP Singh, Principles of Statutory Interpretation, 9th edn (2004) 131.
[5] CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carriers (2003) 3 SCC 57.
[6] Raj Krushna Bose v. Binod Kanungo & ors, 1954 AIR 202.
[7] Representation of People Act, 1951 Section


text:
Lake Creek Reservoir
Lake Creek Lake (Lake Creek Reservoir) is on Manos Creek in the Brazos River basin four miles west of Riesel in eastern McLennan County. The project is owned and operated by the Texas Power and Light Company and is used to provide water for condenser cooling for a steam electric generating station; it also provides irrigation water. Runoff from Manos Creek is supplemented by pumping from the Brazos River. Construction of the Lake Creek Dam (at 31°27' N, 96°59' W) began on September 8, 1951, and was completed in May 1952. Deliberate impoundment of water began in June 1952, and the first generating unit began operating in April 1953. The reservoir has a normal capacity of 8,500 acre-feet and a maximum impoundment capacity of 10,580. The dam is made of earth and has a 596-foot-wide uncontrolled spillway. The drainage area above the dam is seventeen square miles.
- ✅ Adoption Status:
- This place is available for adoption! Available for adoption!
Lake Creek Reservoir is part of or belongs to the following places:
- Surface Area (in acres): 550
- Storage Capacity (in acre-feet): 8,400
Lake Maintained or Owned by
TXU Electric Co.
Date of Origin1952 (72 years ago)
Lake Creek Reservoir is classified as a Lake


text:
Self contained ignition angle, time, and speed measurement module with CAN-Bus output
The imc CANSAS-IGN ignition timing measurement module is a compact measurement unit which provides universally compatible CAN-Bus outputs of RPM and per-cylinder ignition timing for any spark-ignited engine up to 12 cylinders.
- CAN-Bus output of all processed signals
- High speed transient signal capture in "Snapshot mode" with transfer of buffered signals via CAN-Bus
- Cylinder recognition determines which piston(s) fire based on a camshaft position sensor
- High sampling rate and high resolution for even the highest RPM engines
To learn more, click on the tabs below...
Particularly now in the age of hybrid vehicles, efficient and environmentally friendly combustion engines are assuming a central role in the development program of every leading automotive manufacturer. So it's no wonder that many car companies and their suppliers and service providers are again intensively developing the science of internal combustion engines.
To date, measurements of ignition angle required elaborate combustion analysis equipment. These dedicated analyzers, while quite capable in their own right, generally lack methods for easily integrating into existing test systems.
The compact and economical imc CANSAS-IGN overcomes these hurdles:
...with high speed:
imc CANSAS-IGN captures a signal's crossing through defined thresholds at a resolution of a fraction of microseconds. From this, the ignition angle can be calculated with a high precision of 0.1 degree of the crankshaft, up to 20,000 RPM. The module has a sampling rate of 3 MS/s.
...with ease of integration:
From test stands to mobile applications—imc CANSAS-IGN is simple to integrate into virtually any existing test environments due to its configurable CAN-Bus outputs.
...with its adaptability:
Results can be recorded by any CAN data acquisition system, and combined and compared with other measurement data.
Four isolated inputs are provided for connecting the ignition signal (SPARK), crankshaft rotation pulse (ANGLE), absolute angle reference signal (REF), and the camshaft position signal (CAM). With 3 MSamples/second inputs, the imc CANSAS-IGN module processes all signals with software selectable settings and outputs RPM and timing angle for each cylinder via configurable CAN-Bus outputs.
To aid in setup and diagnostic work, the imc CANSAS-IGN module also includes a high speed transient "snapshot" mode to capture the high speed signal envelope, buffer and transfer it to the data logger via the CAN-Bus interface.
And thanks to the built-in display, the imc CANSAS-IGN module can also be used as a high-speed assistant for investigating the ignition angle, even when data logging isn't required.
Based on a high speed measurement of the ignition signal, crankshaft rotation pulse, and optional absolute angle reference signal, and camshaft position signal, ignition angle and engine RPM can be simultaneously computed and transferred via CAN-Bus or as voltage signal.
All input signals are isolated and fully conditioned (low-pass, AC coupled, including individually selectable signal level and hysteresis.
Supports a variety of ignition signal detection methods, including ignition clamp, both primary and secondary coil taps, and logic level signals.
Several available measurement points may be used for engine speed, sincluding the engine's own inductive pickup sensors, external Hall effect sensor or encoder, as well as logic level signals.
The "zero" or "index" pulse input for use when the relative TDC position is indicated by a separate logic-level signal.
An optional logic-level signal for use in determining which cylinder is firing for each ignition pulse. Up to 4 cylinders may be specifically selected for individual evaluation.
Thus, the results of the high speed ignition angle measurement and engine RPM can be easily recorded via any CAN-Bus equipped data logger, such as the imc BUSDAQ or more full featured
Using the included imc CANSAS software and any compatible PC-to-CAN interface, the imc CANSAS-IGN may be user configured for a wide range of input signal combinations. This includes angle determination from a missing tooth (if appropriate), conditioning of the threshold, edge and hysteresis, and filter properties necessary for a variety of ignition and crankshaft/camshaft signal electrical standards. With a sampling rate of 3 MS/s, imc CANSAS-IGN may be used with even high RPM engines.
Cylinder Specific Measurements
With help of the camshaft position signal, the ignition signal common to all cylinders may be used for cylinder specific firing angle determination. For up to 4 cylinders (user selectable which cylinders on engines of greater than 4 cylinders), imc CANSAS-IGN will transmit a running min, max, and average ignition angle.
Configuration Stored Onboard
Since the imc CANSAS-IGN stores its configuration in internal flash memory, you have the added advantages of being able to use the module for diagnostic work without a PC, as well as pre-configuring the module for use by colleagues.
Although normal operation would process the high sample rate down to a rate manageable for a long duration measurement, the Snapshot Mode allows the imc CANSAS-IGN to provide a view of the original high speed input signals, but without the need for extra high speed equipment. In this mode, the module takes a snapshot of the input signal at a high data rate, buffers it and transfers via the CAN-Bus at a slower rate for vieweing in your CAN-Bus data logger.
With the Snapshot Mode you...
- Obtain precise signal information
- Can check the signal level to configure the thresholds
- Can check the signal level to configure high pass and low pass filter
This snapshot eliminates the need for extra high speed equipment (e.g. an oscilloscope) when selecting appropriate signal levels for detecting signal edges. But it also enables the user to investigate the effects of pre-processing techniques such as smoothing filters, AC coupling, etc.
Productive testing is essential for the success of our customers—hence, our driving force. Since 1988 we have been committed to support industrial innovations with optimal measurement solutions. We are manufacturing our productive test and measurement systems at our headquarters in Berlin, Germany, operating worldwide in Europe, the US and Asia.
imc Test & Measurement is part of Axiometrix Solutions, a leading test solutions provider comprised of globally recognized measurement brands.
imc Test & Measurement GmbH
13355 Berlin (Germany)
Headquarters | _EMAIL_
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USA | _EMAIL_
China | _EMAIL_
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As a character of an algebraic group is defined to be any morphism (of algebraic groups) from this group to $\mathbb{G}_m$, how to prove:
$\mathbb{G}_a$ has no nontrivial characters.
If I take the ground field $K=\mathbb{C}$, and define a map $\phi: \mathbb{G}_a \rightarrow \mathbb{G}_m$, $a+bi \mapsto $exp$(a+bi)$, why isn't $\phi$ a character of $\mathbb{G}_a$? (Why isn't it a morphism of algebraic groups?)
Many thanks.
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What exactly is $\mathbb{G_m}$? – Thelonius Sep 16 '12 at 2:29
4 Answers 4
up vote 9 down vote accepted
One way to establish that there is no nontrivial homomorphism of algebraic groups from $\mathbb{G}_a$ to $\mathbb{G}_m$ is via the Jordan decomposition: every element $x$ in a linear algebraic group may uniquely be written as the product of a semisimple element $x_s$ and a unipotent element $x_u$, and this decomposition is preserved by homomorphisms of algebraic groups. See for instance Theorem 6 of these notes of Ryan Reich.
Now we can realize $\mathbb{G}_a$ as the subgroup of matrices $\{ \left[ \begin{array}{cc} 1 & a \\ 0 & 1 \end{array} \right], \ a \in K \}$,
which shows that every element of $\mathbb{G}_a$ is unipotent. On the other hand, every element of $\mathbb{G}_m$ is semisimple. Since an element which is both unipotent and semisimple is the identity, the only homomorphism from $\mathbb{G}_a$ to $\mathbb{G}_m$ is the trivial one.
As for your example with the exponential map: that's not an algebraic function! Remember that in dealing with homomorphisms of algebraic groups, we restrict to maps which are locally given by polynomials.
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Thank you very much! This answer is really detailed and impressing! Many thanks! – ShinyaSakai Jul 22 '11 at 18:40
You might be interested in this answer of mine from MO. Over a base ring $R$ which contains $\mathbb{Q}$, I show that the hom's from $\mathbb{G}_a$ to $\mathbb{G}_m$ are in canonical bijection with the nilpotent elements of $R$. In particular, if $R$ is itself a field, then the only nilpotent is $0$, giving the trivial hom.
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I am really very very lucky to see admirable and helpful teachers here. Thank you very much, Mr Speyer. This answer gives me a deeper look into this question. – ShinyaSakai Jul 22 '11 at 18:57
Since these are affine algebraic groups, there is an equivalent ring-theoretic statement. Namely, a character over a commutative ring $R$ is an $R$-Hopf algebra map from $R[x,x^{-1}]$ to $R[y]$, where the comultiplication is $x \mapsto x \otimes x$ on the left and $y \mapsto y \otimes 1 + 1 \otimes y$ on the right.
To be an $R$-algebra map, $x$ has to go to an invertible element of $R[y]$. We will write it as $f(y) = \sum_{i=0}^n r_i y^i$, where $r_0 \in R^\times$. Taking tensor square is a functor on algebras, so we get a map $$R[x,x^{-1}] \otimes_R R[x,x^{-1}] \to R[y] \otimes_R R[y] = R[y,z]$$ that in particular yields the assignment: $$x \otimes x \mapsto f(y) f(z) = \sum_{j=0}^n \sum_{k=0}^n r_j r_k y^j z^k.$$ To have a Hopf algebra map, it is necessary and sufficient that this be equal to the image of $f(y)$ under the comultiplication map, which is $$\sum_{i=0}^n \sum_{j=0}^i \binom{i}{j} r_i y^j z^{i-j}.$$ Comparing the coefficients of $y^j z^k$ yields the system of equations $r_jr_k = \binom{j+k}{j} r_{j+k}$, where $r_m = 0$ for $m > n$.
We find that $r_0 = 1$ (since $r_0$ is an invertible idempotent), and all $r_i$ for $i \geq 1$ are nilpotent. Since the complex numbers have no nonzero nilpotents, all characters defined over $\mathbb{C}$ are trivial.
A little more work shows that there is a functor from schemes to sets that takes the spectrum of a ring $R$ to the character group of the additive group over $R$. This functor is formally represented by the multiplicative formal group $\widehat{\mathbb{G}_m}$, whose reduced subscheme is $\operatorname{Spec} \mathbb{Z}$. This is an example of Cartier duality where one has to allow formal schemes to take duals of commutative affine groups.
Regarding the exponential function, it does not yield a map from $R[x,x^{-1}]$ to $R[y]$, but in characteristic zero, there is a formal exponential map to the completion $R[[y]]$, which is the coordinate ring of the formal additive group $\widehat{\mathbb{G}_a}$. This is given by sending $x$ to $\exp(y) = \sum_{i = 0}^\infty \frac{y^i}{i!}$, and it is straightforward to check that the assignment $r_i = 1/i!$ satisfies the system of equations $r_j r_k = \binom{j+k}{j} r_{j+k}$. In positive characteristic, you can't divide by $i!$, but there is a formal exponential to a formal divided power series algebra, which yields a sort of PD-additive group. In other words, the exponential does yield a homomorphism when restricted to an infinitesimal neighborhood of the identity, but that homomorphism cannot be extended to a homomorphism (in group schemes) on the whole additive group.
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Thank you for giving me a deeper insight into this quesiton. Thank you very much. – ShinyaSakai Jul 27 '11 at 0:02
If ${\Bbb G}_a$ had a non-trivial character, then there would be a systematic (in fact, functorial) way to produce invertible elements in any ring $R$ (or maybe in any $R_0$-algebra, where $R_0$ is the ring of definition of the character) from its additive structure.
This would be quite strange........
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Thank you very much. Now I understand why I am wrong. – ShinyaSakai Jul 22 '11 at 18:45
Your Answer


text:
Hierarchical refinement in isogeometric analysis for flexible multibody impact simulations
Detailed impact simulations in flexible multibody systems can be simulated based on reduced isogeometric analysis (IGA) models. However, a precise simulation of an impact requires a high element resolution in the contact area. Usually in IGA, global refinement methods are used, which are easy to implement. However, in the literature, also the use of hierarchical local refinement is proposed. The local refinement generates fewer countable degrees of freedom compared to an equivalent global refinement. Numerous application areas can be found in the literature, such as contact simulations, where the computational effort is reduced by local refinement. In this work, we introduce the inclusion of hierarchically refined IGA models within the floating frame of reference formulation. Thereby, the hierarchically refined IGA model is reduced and applied in impact simulations. In two application examples, we simulate the impact of twoand three-dimensional spheres and compare with an analytical solution. The focus here is on the comparison of calculation times and accuracy of globally and locally refined reference models. The third application example consists of two flexible double pendulums and is devoted to systems in which the bodies undergo both arbitrary rigid body motions and small elastic deformations.
Floating frame of reference formulation


text:
August 13, 2016 12:59:56 pm
A new study says that students who receive more negative attention from teachers, experience increases in problems with emotional regulation, concentration and disruptive behaviour.
The researchers at University of Missouri-Columbia also found that teachers gave Afro-American students and students who received free or reduced lunch more negative attention than other students.
"Finding an efficient, accurate and consistent way to observe teachers' interaction with students is important, not only for educational research, but also for evaluating and coaching teachers," said researcher Wendy Reinke.
"Student-teacher interaction is important because students will repeat actions if those actions garner attention. If a teacher gives attention to a student for prosocial behavior, such as praising them for good work, then the student is more likely to do similar good work in the future. If a teacher gives attention to a student for problem behavior, such as reprimanding them for disrupting the class, the student also may be more likely to repeat this behavior–especially if this is the only way to get a teachers' attention," she added.
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The observational model developed by Reinke and her fellow researchers is called the Brief Student-Teacher Classroom Interaction Observation (ST-CIO) model and features a five-minute observation developed to quickly assess teacher interactions.
Classroom observers can use the ST-CIO to monitor short student-teacher interactions to determine the nature of those interactions (positive or negative) and is efficient enough to allow observers to make note of teacher interactions with every student in the classroom in a relatively short period of time.
In their study, Reinke and her team used the ST-CIO to observe 53 teachers and 896 students in K-3 classrooms. They found that their observational method allowed them to capture nuanced interactions that were consistent with previous research.
She said this model can help researchers more efficiently study student-teacher interaction, as well as serve as a tool for principals.
"We have shown that this method is an effective and efficient tool for researchers. However, the method is very simple to practice and could provide principals doing classroom observations or coaches and consultants working with teachers with a tool to observe teachers and give them consistent, valuable feedback. This feedback can be helpful to provide teachers with awareness of how they interact with students. This will help teachers learn to direct positive attention toward students with whom they may be having regular negative interactions," Reinke further said.
The study has been published in Assessment for Effective Intervention.
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Nat (spirit)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Nat oun (Suxorimus) hung on a post in a house.
The nats (နတ်; MLCTS: nat; IPA: [naʔ]) are spirits worshipped in Burma (or Myanmar) in conjunction with Buddhism. They are divided between the 37 Great Nats and all the rest (i.e., spirits of trees, water, etc.). Almost all of the 37 Great Nats were human beings who met violent deaths (စိမ်းသေ, lit. "green death"). They may thus also be called nat sein (နတ်စိမ်း; lit. green spirits). The word'sein', while meaning 'green', is being used to mean 'raw' in this context. There are however two types of nats in Burmese Buddhist belief.
Nat spirits are termed lower nats or auk nats (အောက်နတ်), whether named or unnamed, whereas ahtet nats (အထက်နတ်) or higher nat dewas inhabit the six heavens.[1] Much like sainthood, nats can be designated for a variety of reasons, including those only known in certain regions in Burma. Nat worship is less common in urban areas than in rural areas, and is practised among ethnic minorities as well as in the mainstream Bamar society. It is however among the Buddhist Bamar that the most highly developed form of ceremony and ritual is seen.[2]
Every Burmese village has a nat sin (နတ်စင်) which essentially serves as a shrine to the village guardian nat called the ywa saung nat (ရွာစောင့်နတ်). An offertory coconut (နတ်အုန်းသီး) is often hung on the main southeast post (ဥရူတိုင်) in the house, wearing a gaung baung (headdress) and surrounded by perfume, as an offering to the Min Mahagiri (Lord of the Great Mountain), also known as the ein dwin (အိမ်တွင်းနတ်) or ein saung (အိမ်စောင့်နတ်) (house guardian) nat. One may inherit a certain member or in some instances two of the 37 Nats as mi hsaing hpa hsaing (မိဆိုင်ဖဆိုင်; lit. mother's side, father's side) from one or both parents' side to worship depending on where their families originally come from. One also has a personal guardian spirit called ko saung nat (ကိုယ်စောင့်နတ်).[3]
Nat worship and Buddhism[edit]
A nat kadaw dressed as U Min Gyaw at a nat pwè in Mingun, August 1989
Some disagreement in fact exists in academic circles as to whether Burmese Buddhism and Burmese spirit worship are two separate entities or just different dimensions of a single entity. Many Burmese themselves would say it is merely superstition and tend to downplay its role in society. Since the institution of the official 37 Nats was founded by King Anawrahta (1044–1077) of Bagan, albeit with later alterations, it has been argued that this may be interpreted as a process of Burmanisation and establishment of Bamar supremacy in the Irrawaddy valley after the unification of the country and founding of the First Burmese Empire was achieved by the king.[2] Worship of nats predates Buddhism in Burma. With the arrival of Buddhism, however, the nats were merged, syncretistically, with Buddhism.
Nat worship and ecology[edit]
Mount Popa from Kyaukpadaung road, the smaller precipice Taung Kalat with its nat shrines atop to left of picture
The widespread traditional belief among rural folks that there are forest guardian spirits called taw saung nats (တောစောင့်နတ်) and mountain guardian spirits called taung saung nats (တောင်စောင့်နတ်) appears to act as a deterrent against environmental destruction up to a point. Indiscriminate felling particularly of large trees is generally eschewed owing to the belief that they are dwellings of tree spirits called yokkazo (ရုက္ခစိုး) and that such an act would bring the wrath of the nat upon the perpetrator.[4]
Popular nat festivals[edit]
Mount Popa and Taung Kalat to left of picture seen from a distance across a dry riverbed
Offerings of alcohol and liquor to Min Kyawzwa at a nat pwe in Amarapura
The most important nat pilgrimage site in Burma is Mount Popa, an extinct volcano with numerous temples and relic sites atop a mountain 1300 metres tall located near Bagan in central Burma. The annual festival is held on the full moon of the month of Natdaw (December) of the Burmese calendar.[5] Taungbyone, north of Mandalay, is another major site with the festival held each year starting on the eleventh waxing day and including the full moon in the month Wagaung (August).[6] Yadanagu at Amarapura, held a week later in honour of Popa Medaw ("Mother of Popa"), who was the mother of the Taungbyone Min Nyinaung ("Brother Lords"), is also a popular nat festival.[3]
Nats have human characteristics, wants, and needs. They are flawed, having desires considered derogatory and immoral in mainstream Buddhism. During a nat pwè, which is a festival during which nats are propitiated, nat kadaws (နတ်ကတော် "lord-consort",[7] i.e. "medium, shaman") dance and embody the nat's spirit in a trance. Historically, the nat kadaw profession was hereditary and passed from mother to daughter. Until the 1980s, few nat gadaws were male. Since the 1980s, persons identified by outsiders as transgender women or gay male transvestites have increasingly performed these roles.[7]
Music, often accompanied by a hsaing waing ("orchestra"), adds much to the mood of the nat pwè, and many are entranced. People come from far to take part in the festivities in various nat shrines called nat kun or nat naan, get drunk on palm wine and dance wildly in fits of ecstasy to the wild beat of the Hsaing waing music, possessed by the nats.[5]
Whereas nat pwès are annual events celebrating a particular member of the 37 Nats regarded as the tutelary spirit in a local region within a local community, with familial custodians of the place and tradition and with royal sponsorship in ancient times, hence evocative of royal rituals, there are also nat kannah pwès where individuals would have a pavilion set up in a neighbourhood and the ritual is generally linked to the entire pantheon of nats. The nat kadaws as an independent profession made their appearance in the latter half of the 19th century as spirit mediums, and nat kannahs are more of an urban phenomenon which evolved to satisfy the need of people who had migrated from the countryside to towns and cities but who wished to carry on their traditions or yo-ya of supplicating the mi hsaing hpa hsaing tutelary spirit of their native place.[2]
List of official nats[edit]
Traditional offerings of bananas and coconut at a nat shrine
King Anawrahta of Bagan (1044–1077) designated an official pantheon of 37 nats after he had failed to enforce a ban on nat worship. His stratagem of incorporation eventually succeeded by bringing nats to Shwezigon Pagoda portrayed worshipping Gautama Buddha and by enlisting Śakra, a Buddhist protective deity, to head the pantheon above the Mahagiri nats as Thagyamin.[5][8] Seven out of the 37 Nats appear to be directly associated with the life and times of Anawrahta.[8]
The official pantheon is made up predominantly of those from the royal houses of Burmese history, but also contains nats of Thai (Yun Bayin) and Shan (Maung Po Tu) descent; illustrations of them show them in Burmese royal dress. Listed in proper order, they are:
 1. Thagyamin (သိကြားမင်း)
 2. Min Mahagiri


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We are using Selenium webservices for our automated functional testing.
I have a test which tests creation of some objects. If I run the same test again, I need to make sure that each test has a different business key - else it will run into unique-constraint violation.
One way, I can fix this is to reset the database before\after every run of test suite so that each test suite doesn't conflict with another. However my individual tests within the same run are not isolated from each other.
How do I get to the point, where all my tests are isolated and do not conflict with each other?
Right now we query the databse to generate random IDs which do not exist in the database. But I am sure there must be a more elegant way of solving this.
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
You've got several options here. One is, as you mentioned, to reset the database before each run. That's probably a good idea anyway to ensure that you've got the same starting condition and the beginning of the run.
For the individual tests within the run, you can operate a simple counter through the run and use that to generate your business key - that is, your list of objects includes an object number in its data, and your key is generated using that object number.
Some possible options are a timestamp to milliseconds (e.g. 201112081110526) which you save for the test to allow you to check the saved object against your input. An iterator of 1, 2, 3... etc will also give you the same result.
Using something like this will give you a set of tests that aren't going to conflict with each other. Unless you have tests that depend on another object having been created in an earlier test, they should also be independent of each other. Whether your end-of-run database will match your baselines if one test fails will depend on how intelligent your baseline checking is - if you check each object individually after creation, one failed test won't impact baselines, where if all the object checks occur at the end of all creation tests, one failed test could have a major impact. Either way, you'll still have a cleaner test set with known unique IDs that you don't have to run a SQL query to generate.
share|improve this answer
Kate's answer was very good. Instead of a simple counter, you could generate a GUID to ensure uniqueness if needed. – Joe Strazzere Dec 8 '11 at 20:24
I like the GUID idea! – RN. Dec 9 '11 at 1:36
One possibility is to reset the database before every test, not only before every run of the suite.
This will likely make each run take longer. If you can tolerate the increased duration, that's they way I'd go.
And it may require adding setup to tests that now depend on earlier tests to establish their initial conditions. But that's another way of saying that it makes the tests independent, which is your stated goal.
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A part of me thinksthis would be too extreme, but then it would get me the isolation that I am trying to achieve. But honestly, not sure if that level of isolation is necessary or even a good idea. – RN. Dec 9 '11 at 1:40
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text:
The Indian Air Force Day Celebrated Across India on 8 October
The Indian Air Force Day is celebrated on 8 October 2013. It is the 81st anniversary of the Indian Air Force.
8 October: The Indian Air Force Day
The Indian Air Force Day is celebrated on 8 October 2013. It is the 81st anniversary of the Indian Air Force. On this day, various celebrations are organised across the country along with parades at the airbases all over India.
About the Indian Air Force
- The Indian Air Force is the air arm of Indian armed forces.
- The primary responsibility of Indian Air Force is to keep the Indian airspace protected as well as conduct aerial warfare during the wars.
- The Indian Air Force was officially established on 8 October 1932 as an auxiliary air force of the British Empire. Therefore, every year 8 October is celebrated as the Indian Air Force Day.
- After the independence of India in the year 1947, the Royal Indian Air Force served India and the word Royal was thereafter dropped after India became Republic in the year 1950.
- After the year 1947, the Indian Air Force has been involved in four major wars, two of which included the wars with Pakistan and China.
- The major operations of IAF include Operation Poomalai, Operation Cactus, Operation Meghdoot and Operation Vijay.
- It is important to note that at present, the President of India Pranab Mukherjee serves as the ex-officio Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Air Force.
- The Air Force is commanded by the Air Chief Marshal (ACM), who is the four-star commander and the Chief of Air Staff.