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How Bollywood was Established?
How Bollywood was Established?
There is no need for an introduction to Bollywood. The movies that are made in the Bollywood industry were like all over the world. From starting and till now, India is the country of art and artist, but Bollywood, India, differentiates worldwide. Bollywood is made from Mumbai old name Bombay and the Hollywood film industry name.
India has many other film industries like Tollywood, Punjabi, Marathi, Telugu, Gujarati, and many more, but the most popular and most earning and most movie industry of India is Bollywood.
 The starting of Bollywood word is in 1970 when India beat the United States for creating movies. This is just a naming.
Starting of Bollywood:
How Bollywood was Established?
The starting of India cinemas is in 1913 when the first India silent movie Raja Harishchandra release. This is the first movie made in India. After a few years from 1930, India cinema creates 200 films in a year. This is the era of silent cinema. In 1931 India's first voice video movie release and the name of the movie is Alam Ara.
The film is commercially successful. After the success of this movie, there is the starting of musical era movies. Now many movies create in India in different languages. The first color movie of India cinema is made in 1937, and the name of the film is Kisan Kanya.
After that, India faces many problems like world war 2, India Pak partition because of that, our India cinema is not that successful. Due to separation, many great artists are going to another country like Mohammed Rafi, Prithviraj Kapoor, Dilip Kumar, Dev Anand.
Golden Era Of Bollywood:
How Bollywood was Established?
After the independence of India in 1960, many Great Bollywood movies are released. This is the golden era of Bollywood.
The first time in 1957, Mehboob Khan made a movie Mother India. The Mother India movie is one of the biggest hits in all over the world.
Mother India movie is nominated for Academy Award for best foreign language.
But unfortunately, due to one less vote, Mother India movies not won Oscar. At the starting of Bollywood, many people do not like to work in Bollywood because they think it is not Indian culture. After the time change, people believe to be also changed, and many people give audition and show their talent to be selected in Bollywood.
In 1970 Bollywood is entirely changed. Now comedy, romance, action, every type of movie are created in Bollywood. 1970 is known as the classical era of Bollywood. From here, Bollywood famous all over the world. In 1983 for Gandhi movie Bhanu Athaiya won Oscar for best costume design.
 Today Bollywood industry is going through good times. The movies that are made in Bollywood are loved all over the world. The success of Bollywood is not because of one person, but it is because of all the hard work of the Bollywood industry in 100 years.
Exciting things may you know:
1. How did PUBG start?
2. How did Netflix start?
3. How did Tik Tok start?
4. How did ISRO start?
5. How did Google start?
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FOLKLORE PROJECTIONS OF THE HOLY SPIRIT FEAST
Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Studies
(Bulgarian Academy of Sciences)
Abstract: In the ecclesiastical Christian calendar, Holy Trinity or Holy Ghost is a moveable feast and is celebrated on the Monday after Pentecost, in May or June. In the folk calendar, this holiday marks the beginning of the so-called Whitsuntide or Midsummer Week (in Bulgarian Rusalska nedelya). It is believed to be the period of wood nymphs' special activity – during the week those supernatural creatures, who personify vegetation and greenery in the fields and the woods, provide the fertility of crops and vineyards. The analysis focuses on those notions and the respective practices, outlining that to a great degree Whitsuntide corresponds to the Dirty or Pagan days in the winter – the period between Christmas and Epiphany. As this is one of the most important periods in the agricultural calendar, it is bound with people's efforts to ensure fertility and water balance in their inhabited territory by offering sacrifices and propitiating the supernatural powers who are owners and hosts of vegetation and water resources.
Keywords: Whitsuntide, Wood Nymphs, Kurban, Water Source, Water Host

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Intake Days and Survey Integration
One day of dietary intake data, collected in person in the Mobile Examination Center, was released. The Day 1 files include 9,701 individuals with a complete intake and 182 breastfed infants.
The 2001-2002 release represents the integration of two nationwide dietary intake surveys conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Department of Health and Human Services. Survey integration of dietary data collection began in 2002.
The WWEIA 2002 data collection included a Day 2 telephone recall, in addition to the Day 1 in-person recall. The NHANES 2001 collection included only the Day 1 in-person recall. Because of confidentiality reasons concerning release of single-year data, dietary data for Day 2 were not publicly released. The 2002 Day 2 dietary data are available through the NCHS Research Data Center.
Data File Descriptions
Two dietary intake files are available.
- Individual Foods File: DRXIFF_B (Day 1)
The Individual Foods File contains one record for each food consumed by a participant. Each record identifies the intake day of week, the time and name of the eating occasion for the food, and the following food-specific data:
- Food, identified by a USDA food code
- Whether food was eaten in combination with other foods (for example, milk added to cereal)
- Amount of food consumed
- Amounts of food energy and 60 nutrients/food components provided by the food amount
Total Nutrient Intakes File: DRXTOT_B (Day 1)
The Total Nutrient Intakes File contains one record for each participant. Each record includes daily total intakes of food energy and 60 nutrients/food components, daily intake of water, salt use, and frequency of fish and shellfish consumption for population subsets.
The dietary intake data are collected in the Mobile Examination Center and all MEC participants are eligible for the dietary interview. The appropriate sampling weight variable to use with these data is WTMEC2YR (full sample 2-year MEC exam weight).


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A long summer came to an end with temperatures decreasing and occasional rainfall this week but water levels in dams supplying Istanbul are still very low. Indeed, the latest figures show the dams have an average occupation rate of 52%, the lowest in the past eight months. Ömerli dam had the highest rate at 81.46%, while the rate in Pabuçdere dam dropped as low as 2.85%.
Decreasing water levels are a source of concern for Turkey's most populated city, which faces a future water shortage. The data shows water levels in ten dams supplying water to the city dropped by 28.44% in the past five months.
On Aug. 4, the city's water utility agency announced that over 3.4 million cubic meters of water had been supplied to Istanbul, the highest in its history. The record that came amid soaring temperatures that reached 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit) was at a time when water levels were above the average 66%. Recent figures from the State Hydraulic Works (DSİ) indicate that the city has enough drinking water to last seven months, even without rain.
The threat of drought loomed large in big cities, where water levels diminished last year. The government readied an action plan when faced with the prospect of imminent drought and aims to introduce measures to promote more efficient use of water and decrease the amount of water being used from underground dams. The city's water supply can vary due to high temperatures. Last year, the average water supply to the city stood at over 2.9 million cubic meters.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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i have been searching for a simple power monitor that can be easily installed and has a number of inputs for current clamps
the emonTx seems perfect for this, but it looks like it can only be used in combination with the emonPi
My main concern is that the measurement device has to be SNMP enabled, but i cant find any reference to SNMP on the site or forum
does anyone know if i can use the emonTx as a stand alone unit that i can get measurements from using SNMP ?
No, the emonTx (and the emonTx Arduino Shield) does not have to be used with the emonPi. The emonTx can use the serial interface to talk to, for example, the ESP8266 and its Wi-Fi interface, or the emonTx Shield on an Arduino with Ethernet can do likewise over a wired connection. There are threads here about using the ESP8266, which a search will find.
Whether you can use the standard sketches, or whether modification will be needed to give your the SNMP protocol, I don't know. As it stands, the standard sketch sends the data autonomously every 10 s, but you could easily modify that to read and send on command.
Both the emonTx and the emonTx Shield have inputs for one voltage monitor and up to four current transformers, but if you are monitoring a 3-phase system, that means some assumptions have to be made regarding the voltage balance between phases.


Guide
Garmin Lily: Does It Vibrate? Uncovering The Smartwatch's Hidden Features
Greg is an IT support specialist with over 15 years of experience troubleshooting a wide range of tech issues. He launched gcdev2.com to share solutions with others in convenient, step-by-step guides. In his spare time, Greg enjoys learning about new devices and staying up to date on the latest operating...
What To Know
 - The technology behind vibration in smartwatches typically involves a small motor known as a haptic motor or vibration motor.
 - Clean the Garmin Lily thoroughly using a soft cloth and mild detergent, paying particular attention to the area around the vibration motor.
 - In addition to its vibration capabilities, the Garmin Lily offers a range of other features that contribute to its appeal.
Garmin Lily, a sleek and stylish smartwatch, has captured the attention of many with its elegant design and impressive features. However, one question that often arises is whether the Garmin Lily vibrates. This blog post delves into the intricacies of the Garmin Lily's vibration capabilities, providing comprehensive answers and insightful explanations.
Understanding Vibration in Smartwatches: A Technological Perspective
Vibration is a common feature in smartwatches, serving as a means of providing tactile feedback to users. This feedback can be used for various purposes, such as notifications, alarms, and fitness tracking. The technology behind vibration in smartwatches typically involves a small motor known as a haptic motor or vibration motor. This motor generates vibrations when an electric current is applied, creating a noticeable sensation on the user's wrist.
Garmin Lily's Vibration Capabilities: A Comprehensive Overview
The Garmin Lily smartwatch does indeed possess vibration capabilities, allowing users to receive tactile feedback for various functions. Here's a comprehensive overview of the Garmin Lily's vibration features:
1. Notification Vibrations:
The Garmin Lily vibrates when you receive notifications from your paired smartphone. These notifications can include incoming calls, text messages, emails, and app alerts. The vibration pattern can be customized to suit your preferences, ensuring that you never miss an important update.
2. Alarm Vibrations:
The Garmin Lily also features vibration alarms, providing a gentle wake-up call or reminder. You can set multiple alarms, each with its own vibration pattern, allowing you to personalize your alarm experience.
3. Fitness Tracking Vibrations:
During fitness activities, the Garmin Lily vibrates to provide feedback on your progress. For instance, it may vibrate when you reach a certain distance, time, or heart rate goal. These vibrations serve as motivators, encouraging you to stay active and achieve your fitness objectives.
Customizing Vibration Settings: Tailoring Your Garmin Lily to Your Needs
The Garmin Lily offers customizable vibration settings, enabling you to tailor the smartwatch's vibrations to your preferences. Here's how you can adjust the vibration settings:
1. Vibration Intensity:
You can adjust the intensity of the vibrations to suit your sensitivity. Choose from various intensity levels, ranging from subtle to strong, ensuring that the vibrations are noticeable yet comfortable.
2. Vibration Patterns:
The Garmin Lily allows you to select from a variety of vibration patterns. This customization feature lets you assign different patterns to different types of notifications or alarms, making it easier to identify the source of the vibration.
3. Vibration Duration:
You can also control the duration of the vibrations. Whether you prefer short, sharp vibrations or longer, sustained ones, the Garmin Lily's customizable settings cater to your preferences.
Troubleshooting Vibration Issues: Resolving Common Problems
If you're experiencing issues with the Garmin Lily's vibration function, here are some troubleshooting tips to help resolve the problem:
1. Check Vibration Settings:
Ensure that the vibration settings are properly configured. Verify that vibrations are enabled for the desired functions, such as notifications, alarms, and fitness tracking.
2. Clean the Smartwatch:
Dirt or debris can sometimes interfere with the vibration motor, causing it to malfunction. Clean the Garmin Lily thoroughly using a soft cloth and mild detergent, paying particular attention to the area around the vibration motor.
3. Update Software:
Outdated software can occasionally lead to vibration issues. Check for available software updates and install them to ensure that your Garmin Lily is running the latest version.
4. Contact Garmin Support:
If the vibration issues persist despite trying the above steps, contact Garmin support for further assistance. They can provide expert advice and help resolve any underlying problems.
Beyond Vibrations: Additional Features of the Garmin Lily
In addition to its vibration capabilities, the Garmin Lily offers a range of other features that contribute to its appeal:
1. Stylish Design:
The Garmin Lily boasts a sleek and stylish design, making it a fashionable accessory that complements any outfit. Its compact size and lightweight construction ensure comfortable wearability throughout the day.
2. Health and Fitness Tracking:
The Garmin Lily tracks various health and fitness metrics, including steps taken, calories burned, heart rate, and sleep patterns. This data helps you stay informed about your overall well-being and make informed choices to improve your health.
3. Smart Notifications:
The Garmin Lily displays notifications from your paired smartphone, allowing you to stay connected without constantly checking your phone. This feature is particularly useful when you're on the go or engaged in activities where you need to stay focused.
4. Long Battery Life:
The Garmin Lily features an impressive battery life, lasting up to 5 days on a single charge. This extended battery life ensures that you can rely on the smartwatch throughout your day without worrying about running out of power.
The Bottom Line: Embracing the Garmin Lily's Vibrant Experience
The Garmin Lily's vibration capabilities, coupled with its stylish design, health tracking features, and smart notifications, make it an ideal smartwatch for those seeking a blend of fashion and functionality. Whether you're looking for a gentle reminder of an upcoming meeting or a motivating nudge during your workout, the Garmin Lily's vibrations provide a discreet yet effective way to stay connected and informed.
What People Want to Know
Q1. Can I turn off the vibrations on the Garmin Lily?
A1. Yes, you can disable vibrations for specific functions or turn off vibrations entirely through the Garmin Lily's settings menu.
Q2. How do I adjust the vibration intensity on my Garmin Lily?
A2. You can customize the vibration intensity by accessing the vibration settings on your Garmin Lily. Choose from various intensity levels to suit your preference.
Q3. Can I create custom vibration patterns for different notifications or alarms?
A3. Yes, the Garmin Lily allows you to assign different vibration patterns to various notifications or alarms. This feature helps you easily identify the source of the vibration without looking at the smartwatch's screen.
Q4. What should I do if the vibrations on my Garmin Lily are too weak or not working at all?
A4. If you're experiencing issues with the Garmin Lily's vibrations, try cleaning the smartwatch, checking the vibration settings, updating the software, or contacting Garmin support for further assistance.
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Greg Clayton
Greg is an IT support specialist with over 15 years of experience troubleshooting a wide range of tech issues. He launched gcdev2.com to share solutions with others in convenient, step-by-step guides. In his spare time, Greg enjoys learning about new devices and staying up to date on the latest operating systems and apps. He lives in California with his wife and two children, where he passes down his tech know-how while also picking up new tricks from the next generation of digital natives. Greg holds a degree in Computer Science and is A+ certified. In addition to running the site, he authors many of the hands-on tutorials and how-to articles to help users fix problems and get the most out of their devices.
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Child Process
What Does Child Process Mean?
A child process is the creation of a parent process, which can be defined as the main process that creates child or subprocesses to perform certain operations. Each process can have many child processes but only one parent. A child process inherits most of its parent's attributes.
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Techopedia Explains Child Process
A parent process can create multiple child processes. If a process does not have a parent, it is assumed to be created directly by the kernel.
In systems such as Unix and Linux, the first process, "init", is created by the kernel at boot time and never terminated as long as the system is running. Other parentless processes may be launched to perform different daemon tasks.
In some situations, a child process is orphaned when its parent dies. The orphaned child process is then shortly adopted by the init process.
However in Unix, a child process created using the fork system call is generally a clone of the original parent process. After forking a child process, both the parent and the child continue to run their own way. In Windows, when a new process is created by one of the CreateProcess family of functions, a new process handle is returned. This handle is then created with full access rights and is subject to security access checking. The process handle can be inherited by a child process based on the inheritance flag specified during creation.
When a child process is created, it is associated with a unique process ID number. The lifetime of a process ends when a termination signal is reported to the parent process, resulting in the release of the process ID and resources.
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Margaret Rouse
Margaret Rouse is an award-winning technical writer and teacher known for her ability to explain complex technical subjects to a non-technical, business audience. Over the past twenty years her explanations have appeared on TechTarget websites and she's been cited as an authority in articles by the New York Times, Time Magazine, USA Today, ZDNet, PC Magazine and Discovery Magazine.Margaret's idea of a fun day is helping IT and business professionals learn to speak each other's highly specialized languages. If you have a suggestion for a new definition or how to improve a technical explanation, please email Margaret or contact her…


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Many important applications in biology have underlying datasets that are relational, that is, only the (dis)similarity between biological objects (amino acid sequences, gene expression profiles, etc.) is known and not their feature values in some feature space. Examples of such relational datasets are the gene similarity matrices obtained from BLAST, gene expression data, or gene ontology (GO) similarity measures. Once a relational dataset is obtained, a common question asked is how many groups of objects are represented in the original dataset. The answer to this question is usually obtained by employing a clustering algorithm and a cluster validity measure. In this article we describe a cluster validity measure for non-Euclidean relational fuzzy c-means that is based on the correlation between a relation induced on the data by the cluster memberships and the original relational data. This validity measure can be applied to partitions made by any fuzzy relational clustering algorithm. We illustrate our measure by validating clusters in several dissimilarity matrices for a set of 194 gene products obtained using BLAST and GO similarities.


Small Conveyor Chains Technical Information and facts
Calculation of Chain Tension
Normally, to start with, tentatively determine the chain dimension to become utilised referring to "Tentative determination of chain size". Then, obtain "Theoretical chain tension (T)" (P213) to the tentatively established chain, and multiply the worth by "Speed coefficient (K)", to obtain "Substantial chain tension (Ta)". For safety, the substantial chain tension needs to be decrease compared to the "maximum allowable tension" stated while in the table of dimensions of respective chains. Consequently, the condition under should be satisfied.
Safety condition of chain stress
Substantial chain stress (Ta) ＝Theoretical chain tension (T) ×Speed coefficient (K)
Substantial chain tension (Ta) ＜Maximum allowable tension
If this situation is not happy, pick a larger chain by one dimension and re-calculate.
Tentative determination of chain dimension
qDetermine the mass (excess weight) per unit length of parts this kind of as chain and attachment ωc (kg/m or kgf/m) assuming that it's ten % of your mass (fat) in the conveyed object ω1 (kg/m or kgf/m).
wIn reference towards the calculation formulas on, obtain "Theoretical chain tension (T)" (kN or kgf) and "Speed coefficient (K)", and calculate "Substantial chain tension (Ta)" (kN or kgf).
eIn reference to your table of dimensions of chains,identify the minimal chain, whose "maximum allowable tension" is increased compared to the "Substantial chain stress (Ta)", and regard it as "tentatively decided chain".
Value of velocity coefficient (K)
The velocity coefficient (K) expresses the severity of operation ailment according to the traveling pace of chain because the situation turns into severer as the traveling velocity of chain turns into greater.
Multiply "Theoretical chain tension (T)" by "Speed coefficient (K)" to get "Substantial chain tension (Ta)".
If you style various conveyor methods applying small conveyor chains, the following simple situations have to be happy.
a. Chain stress: The actual tensile strength in operation need to be considerably reduce compared to the specified strength in the chain.
b. Strength of loaded parts of chain: The real loads applied to attachments, this kind of as rollers of base chain, leading rollers, side rollers, etc. in operation have to be appreciably smaller sized compared to the strength of these components.
c. Wear lifestyle of chain: Lubrication ailments to make sure the put on lifestyle of chain need to be fulfilled.
d. Sag adjustment of chain: The sag with the chain must be stored optimum by tension adjusters, take-up products, guides, and so forth.
e. Others: Suitable measures are taken to stop rail wear, machine vibration together with other complications.
The following complement the above.
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Background Workers
Introduction
Background workers are simple independent threads in the application running in the background. Generally, they run periodically to perform some tasks. Examples;
 - A background worker can run periodically to delete old logs.
 - A background worker can run periodically to determine inactive users and send emails to get users to return to your application.
Create a Background Worker
A background worker should directly or indirectly implement the IBackgroundWorker interface.
A background worker is inherently singleton. So, only a single instance of your worker class is instantiated and run.
BackgroundWorkerBase
BackgroundWorkerBase is an easy way to create a background worker.
public class MyWorker : BackgroundWorkerBase
{
 public override Task StartAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
 {
 //...
 }
 public override Task StopAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
 {
 //...
 }
}
Start your worker in the StartAsync (which is called when the application begins) and stop in the StopAsync (which is called when the application shuts down).
You can directly implement the IBackgroundWorker, but BackgroundWorkerBase provides some useful properties like Logger.
AsyncPeriodicBackgroundWorkerBase
Assume that we want to make a user passive, if the user has not logged in to the application in last 30 days. AsyncPeriodicBackgroundWorkerBase class simplifies to create periodic workers, so we will use it for the example below:
public class PassiveUserCheckerWorker : AsyncPeriodicBackgroundWorkerBase
{
 public PassiveUserCheckerWorker(
 AbpAsyncTimer timer,
 IServiceScopeFactory serviceScopeFactory
 ) : base(
 timer,
 serviceScopeFactory)
 {
 Timer.Period = 600000; //10 minutes
 }
 protected async override Task DoWorkAsync(
 PeriodicBackgroundWorkerContext workerContext)
 {
 Logger.LogInformation("Starting: Setting status of inactive users...");
 //Resolve dependencies
 var userRepository = workerContext
 .ServiceProvider
 .GetRequiredService<IUserRepository>();
 //Do the work
 await userRepository.UpdateInactiveUserStatusesAsync();
 Logger.LogInformation("Completed: Setting status of inactive users...");
 }
}
 - AsyncPeriodicBackgroundWorkerBase uses the AbpTimer (a thread-safe timer) object to determine the period. We can set its Period property in the constructor.
 - It required to implement the DoWorkAsync method to execute the periodic work.
 - It is a good practice to resolve dependencies from the PeriodicBackgroundWorkerContext instead of constructor injection. Because AsyncPeriodicBackgroundWorkerBase uses a IServiceScope that is disposed when your work finishes.
 - AsyncPeriodicBackgroundWorkerBase catches and logs exceptions thrown by the DoWorkAsync method.
Register Background Worker
After creating a background worker class, you should to add it to the IBackgroundWorkerManager. The most common place is the OnApplicationInitialization method of your module class:
[DependsOn(typeof(AbpBackgroundWorkersModule))]
public class MyModule : AbpModule
{
 public override void OnApplicationInitialization(
 ApplicationInitializationContext context)
 {
 context.AddBackgroundWorker<PassiveUserCheckerWorker>();
 }
}
context.AddBackgroundWorker(...) is a shortcut extension method for the expression below:
context.ServiceProvider
 .GetRequiredService<IBackgroundWorkerManager>()
 .Add(
 context
 .ServiceProvider
 .GetRequiredService<PassiveUserCheckerWorker>()
 );
So, it resolves the given background worker and adds to the IBackgroundWorkerManager.
While we generally add workers in OnApplicationInitialization, there are no restrictions on that. You can inject IBackgroundWorkerManager anywhere and add workers at runtime. Background worker manager will stop and release all the registered workers when your application is being shut down.
Options
AbpBackgroundWorkerOptions class is used to set options for the background workers. Currently, there is only one option:
 - IsEnabled (default: true): Used to enable/disable the background worker system for your application.
See the Options document to learn how to set options.
Making Your Application Always Run
Background workers only work if your application is running. If you host the background job execution in your web application (this is the default behavior), you should ensure that your web application is configured to always be running. Otherwise, background jobs only work while your application is in use.
Running On a Cluster
Be careful if you run multiple instances of your application simultaneously in a clustered environment. In that case, every application runs the same worker which may create conflicts if your workers are running on the same resources (processing the same data, for example).
If that's a problem for your workers, you have two options;
 - Disable the background worker system using the AbpBackgroundWorkerOptions described above, for all the application instances, except one of them.
 - Disable the background worker system for all the application instances and create another special application that runs on a single server and execute the workers.
Quartz Integration
ABP Framework's background worker system is good to implement periodic tasks. However, you may want to use an advanced task scheduler like Quartz. See the community contributed quartz integration for the background workers.
See Also
In this document


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Lugalbanda is a character found in Sumerian mythology and literature. His name is composed of two Sumerian words meaning "young king" (lugal: king; banda: young, junior; small). Lugalbanda is listed in the postdiluvian period of the Sumerian king list as the second king of Uruk, saying he ruled for 1,200 years, and providing him with the epithet of the Shepherd. Whether a king Lugalbanda ever historically ruled over Uruk, and if so, at what time, is quite uncertain. Attempts to date him in the ED II period are based on an amalgamation of data from the epic traditions of the 2nd Millennium with unclear archaeological observations.
Lugalbanda prominently features as the hero of two Sumerian stories dated to the Ur III period (21st century BCE), called by scholars Lugalbanda I (or Lugalbanda in the Mountain Cave) and Lugalbanda II (or Lugalbanda and the Anzu Bird). Both are known only in later versions, although there is an Ur III fragment that is quite different than either 18th century version These tales are part of a series of stories that describe the conflicts between Enmerkar, king of Unug (Uruk), and Ensuhkeshdanna, lord of Aratta, presumably in the Iranian highlands. In these two stories, Lugalbanda is a soldier in the army of Enmerkar, whose name also appears in the Sumerian King List as the first king of Uruk and predecessor of Lugalbanda. The extant fragments make no reference to Lugalbanda's succession as king following Enmerkar.
Lugalbanda appears in Sumerian literary sources as early as the mid-3rd millennium, as attested by a mythological text from Abu Salabikh that describes a romantic relationship between Lugalbanda and Ninsun.
A deified Lugalbanda often appears as the husband of the goddess Ninsun. In the earliest god-lists from Fara, his name appears separate and in a much lower ranking than Ninsun, but in later traditions, until the Seleucid period, his name is often listed in god-lists along with his consort Ninsun. Ample evidence for the worship of Lugalbanda as a deity comes from the Ur III period, as attested in tablets from Nippur, Ur, Umma and Puzrish-Dagan. In Old Babylonian period, Sin-kashid of Uruk is known to have built a temple called É-KI.KAL dedicated to Lugalbanda and Ninsun, and to have assigned his daughter Niši-īnī-šu as the eresh-dingir priestess of Lugalbanda.
In royal hymns of the Ur III period, Ur-Nammu of Ur and his son Shulgi describe Lugalbanda and Ninsun as their holy parents, and in the same context call themselves the brother of Gilgamesh. Sin-Kashid of Uruk also refers to Lugalbanda and Ninsun as his divine parents, and names Lugalbanda as his god.
In the Akkadian Epic of Gilgamesh and in earlier Sumerian stories about the hero, the king of Uruk, Gilgamesh, calls himself the son of Lugalbanda and Ninsun. In the Gilgamesh and Huwawa tale, the hero consistently uses the assertive phrase: "By the life of my own mother Ninsun and of my father, holy Lugalbanda!". In Akkadian versions of the epic, Gilgamesh also refers to Lugalbanda as his personal god, and in one episode presents the oil filled horns of the defeated Bull of Heaven "for the anointing of his god Lugalbanda".
See also
- Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary Project
- Vanstiphout, H. (2002) "Sanctus Lugalbanda" in Riches Hidden in Secret Places, T. Abusch (ed.), Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, p.260; The name has no such connotations of 'crown prince'.
- English translation of Sumerian King List in The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
- Lugalbanda, Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.117.
- Michalowski, P. (2009) "Maybe Epic: The Origins and Reception of Sumerian Heroic Poetry" in Epic and History, D. Konstans and K. Raaflaub (eds.), Oxford: Blackwells. p.13 and n.8; Tablet 6N-T638; as of March 2011 tablet awaits publication.
- For a detailed treatment of Enmerkar and Lugalbanda stories see: Vanstiphout, H. (2003). Epics of Sumerian Kings, Atlanta: SBL. ISBN 1-58983-083-0
- Jacobsen, Thorkild (1989) "Lugalbanda and Ninsuna", Journal of Cuneiform Studies Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 69-86
- Ninsun (dLamma-Nin-sún) in Tablet I line 15, Lugalbanda in Tablet VII line 15.
- Exceptions exist. For a full summary of the god-list references refer to Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.118.
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.119-20. Nippur tablets indicate that all Ur III kings have made offerings to the deity Lugalbanda
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p.120
- Reallexikon der Assyriologie 7, p. 131. See also Ur-Namma hymns and Shulgi hymns
- Sjöberg, Äke W. (1972) "Die Göttliche Abstammung der sumerisch-babylonischen Herrscher," Orientalia Suecana 21, p.98
- Ninsumun is another name for Ninsun. Both names Lugalbanda and Ninsun are written with divine determinatives. For two separate Sumerian versions of Gilgamesh and Huwawa see ETCSL.
- For a discussion of parentage of Gilgamesh and further references see: George, Andrew (2003), Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814922-0, p.107 ff.
- George, p.629.
|Lugal of Uruk
ca. 2600 BC or legendary
Dumuzid, the Fisherman
|Ante-Diluvian kings||Alulim · Dumuzid the Shepherd · Ziusudra||3rd Dynasty of Kish||Kubaba|
|1st Dynasty of Kish||Etana · Enmebaragesi||3rd Dynasty of Uruk||Lugal-zage-si|
|1st Dynasty of Uruk||Enmerkar · Lugalbanda · Dumuzid, the Fisherman · Gilgamesh||Dynasty of Akkad||Sargon · Tashlultum · Enheduanna · Rimush · Manishtushu ·
Naram-Sin · Shar-Kali-Sharri · Dudu · Shu-turul
|1st Dynasty of Ur||Meskalamdug · Mesannepada · Puabi|
|2nd Dynasty of Uruk||Enshakushanna||2nd Dynasty of Lagash||Puzer-Mama · Gudea|
|1st Dynasty of Lagash||Ur-Nanshe · Eannatum · En-anna-tum I · Entemena · Urukagina||5th Dynasty of Uruk||Utu-hengal|
|Dynasty of Adab||Lugal-Anne-Mundu||3rd dynasty of Ur||Ur-Nammu · Shulgi · Amar-Sin · Shu-Sin · Ibbi-Sin|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Creating VM Filters for Azure Stack HCI
You can create a filter for a VM group to exclude VMs from backups.
Before You Begin
To select VMs based on views or automatic discovery rules, see "Views and Rule Options" (below).
Considerations
If a virtual machine is explicitly added to the content of a subclient, the virtual machine will be discovered by its GUID. If the display name changes later, the machine is still included in the subclient as long as its GUID remains the same. Any virtual machines identified in a subclient and discovered by their GUIDs will not be filtered from backups.
Procedure
 1. From the navigation pane, go to Protect > Virtualization.
 The Virtual machines page appears.
 2. Click the VM groups tab.
 The VM group page appears. The VM groups area displays summary information for any existing VM groups.
 3. Click the VM group that you want to create a VM filter for.
 4. In the Content section, click Manage.
 The VM group content dialog box appears.
 1. On the Filters tab, specify the VMs to exclude:
 2. To select specific VMs, click Add virtual machines, and then select the VMs.
 3. To select VMs by rules, complete the following steps:
 1. Click Add filter rule.
 The Add rule dialog box appears.
 2. From the Select rule for list, select a rule type.
 3. From the Which matches with list, select the option for how to match the string in Name.
 4. In the Name box, enter the string for the rule.
 5. Click OK.
Views and Rule Options
When you define content or filters for a VM group, you can change the view and select specific entities, or define rules to automatically select VMs that meet specific criteria.
Views
When you browse to select VMs for VM group content or filters, you can select a browse method for the Browse and select VMs list, and then expand the tree below the list to select hosts, specific VMs, or VM storage locations for the VM group, or to clear previous selections.
You can select one of the following options from the list to control the browse display:
 - Group by host: Select this option to view hosts and the VMs running on each host. Select a host entry to protect all VMs on the host, or expand the tree to select specific VMs.
 Virtual machines are shown directly under the host.
 - Storage: Select this option to view storage containing virtual machine data. Select the storage entry to protect all VMs on the storage, or expand the tree to select specific VMs.
 - VMs: Select this option to browse and select specific VMs.
Rules
You can define rules to discover virtual machines automatically.
When you add a rule, from the Select rule for list, choose one of the following rules and then, from the Which matches with list, select Equals, Contains, Starts with, or Ends with:
 - Guest DNS hostname: In the Name box, type a hostname or a pattern to identify a hostname or domain (for example, myhost.mycompany.com to identify a specific host or *mycompany.com to identify all hosts on that domain).
 - Guest OS: In the Name box, type the exact name of the operating system or a pattern to identify an operating system group (for example, Microsoft* to identify any virtual machine that has a version of the Windows operating system).
 - Host: In the Name box, type the host name, the IP address of the host, or a host name pattern using wildcards. When you add a host, all virtual machines on the host are included in the backup.
 - Notes: In the Name box, type a pattern to identify virtual machines based on notes text contained in annotations for the VM summary (for example, Test* to identify VMs with a note that begins with "Test").
 - Power state: From the Name list, select the power on status of virtual machines to be included in the VM group content. You can select On to identify VMs that are powered on, Off to identify VMs that are powered off, or Other to identify VMs with a different power on status, such as Suspended.
 - Virtual machine name/pattern: In the Name box, type the display name of the virtual machine or a pattern using wildcards (for example, Test* to identify VMs for which the VM name begins with "Test").
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I will start by apologizing as many will not like this question.
I am reading the paper COHOMOLOGY THEORY OF GROUPS WITH A SINGLE DEFINING RELATION and having focused on typology throughout my studies i finding myself to be in a lost notation wise.
 1. Let $F$ be a free subgroup in $G$ with generators $x_i$, then elements in $F$ are represented by "words" or a final sequence of $x_i^{\pm1}$. In Page 650 (first one in this article) and 658 they state that every such word $R$ "can be expressed uniquely as a power $R=Q^q$ for $q$ maximal" Nowhere do they explain what is this $Q$, any ideas, links, resources for me to search in?
 2. Let $R$ be a normal subgroup in $G$, what does the notation $(R, R)$ symbolize? they used it in pages 650 and 658 without ever explaining.
Am i reading this paper wrong? Or are these notation so common they are never introduced?
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1. $R=xyz$ can be written as $R=(xyz)^1$, so here $Q=xyz$. $R=xyxy$ can be written as $R=(xy)^2$, so here $Q=xy$. 2. Is probably the commutator. – user641 Dec 1 '12 at 21:38
Oh, that makes sense, thank you very much, What about (R,R)? – user44874 Dec 1 '12 at 21:42
The general references for one-relator groups are two books, both called "combinatorial group theory" (the second was named in honour of the first!). The first was by Magnus, Karrass and Solitar, the second by Lyndon (he who wrote the paper you are reading) and Schupp. I suppose they're pretty out of date now, but they are excellent places to start: the tools laid down by Magnus in his 1931 thesis are still used today! – user1729 Dec 3 '12 at 10:24
1 Answer 1
 1. Maybe you prefer more elaborate would be a formulation like this: "For every word $R$ over the alphabet $A$ there exist $(Q,q)$ such that $Q$ is a word over the alphabet $A$ and $q\in\mathbb N$ and $R=Q^q$ is the $q$-fold concatenation of $Q$ with itself. One example of such a pair for arbitray $R$ is $(R,1)$ as trivially $R=R^1$. If $R$ is not the empty word, then $Q$ in such a pair cannot be the empty word and hence $q$ is bounded from above by the length of the word $R$. Hence there exist such pairs $(Q,q)$ for which $q$ attains te maximal possible value. Since $Q_1\ne Q_2$ implies $Q_1^q\ne Q_2^q$ (if $q\ge 1$), the word $Q$ for which the maximal possible $q$ is attained, is uniquely determined."
 2. Since they refer in passing to $R/(R,R)$ as the abelianized group, $(R,R)$ should denote the commutator. Today, writing $[R,R]$ seems to be the preferred notation.
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In this paper, we propose a new multilevel regularization technique for solving nonlinear inverse problems of reconstruction of remote sensing (RS) imagery acquired with low resolution radar sensor systems of different modalities operated in the scenarios with perturbed (uncertain) system operators. We infer the proposed generalized multilevel regularization from the unified experiment design regularization (EDR) framework based on the conditioned minimum risk reconstruction strategy. The first two regularization levels perform the range-azimuth factorization and low resolution image despeckling adapted to the particular uncertain scenario; the third level balances the image gradient sparsity over the homogeneous scene regions with edge preservation, and at the fourth level, the projection onto positive convex solution set is incorporated to speed-up the resulting parallelized contractive mapping iterative RS image reconstruction procedure. The addressed multilevel EDR (M-EDR) technique endows the previously addressed EDR approaches to cope with the perturbed RS imaging models exploiting in the same time the image model sparsity combined with structured parallelized implementation. The simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed technique in comparison with the recently proposed most competing nonparametric radar imaging approaches that do not employ the M-EDR.


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Woody Plants of the Southeastern United States, A Field Botany Course on CD ver. 2.0 (WPSEUS) is a computer based visual training program that helps students become experts in plant identification. It is the best way to learn plant identification. It can be used as a stand-alone learning tool, or can provide a significant boost to any course that involves plant identification. It allows students to learn plant identification in a fraction of the time that is normally required. The program does this by adapting active learning techniques from the cognitive psychology literature. WPSEUS uses active learning to promote holistic visual processing, the visual processing mode used by experts. Active learning coupled with holistic visual processing has been shown to result in statistically significant improvement in test performance over more traditional study techniques. Active learning engages the brain areas associated with visual expertise, while passive learning does not.
This is the update to our award winning program Woody
Plants of the Southeastern United States: A Field Botany Course on CD.
You can watch short introductory videos of the product in use on YouTube
this version of the software entitles you to free downloads of tutorial
scripts that teach plant identification. When loaded (see File
Menus/Load Script), a script puts the program in automatic mode, leading
you through learning sessions designed by our experts.
The Mac version requires OS 10.5 or later.


Why You Should Eat Duck Eggs
1. Duck eggs taste great! They are creamier and richer than chicken eggs
2. Duck eggs are larger, 50% larger than jumbo chicken eggs, and stay fresher longer due to harder shells
3. Duck eggs have larger yolks with higher levels of omega 3 fatty acids
4. Duck eggs contain more vitamin D and other essential vitamins, including thiamine, niacin, vitamin B12, and vitamins A and E, than chicken eggs
5. Duck egg whites have higher levels of protein, creating taller meringues and lighter, fluffier cakes, they are prized by pastry chefs!
6. People with chicken egg allergies can often eat duck eggs
© 2017 by Red Flower Organics.


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The British Postal Museum in London houses a collection of objects, archives and works of art which trace back over 400 years of postal heritage. This historical collection is designated as being of outstanding national importance by the Arts Council and is on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register. The museum's archives are protected by a pressurised watermist fire protection system, designed, installed and maintained by Fireworks.
Why use pressurised watermist for archives?
Fireworks' watermist solutions are ideal for archives, as they offer the fastest, safest protection against fire and smoke. Automatic systems incorporate sensors that detect heat and/or smoke, long before fire is noticeable by the human eye. Pressurised water is then emitted exactly at the point of fire, to provide a highly effective, localised solution. The spread of harmful smoke is dramatically reduced and unlike traditional sprinkler systems, watermist only uses very small amounts of water.
The watermist fire protection system
The watermist solution designed for the British Postal Museum comprises a compact, powerful pump unit and a series of watermist nozzles. In the event of a fire been detected, the pump drives pressurised water through a system of fine diameter stainless steel pipes to the affected nozzle. Water is released through the nozzle, in the form of mist. These atomised water droplets are drawn directly to the point of fire, lowering the temperature and suppressing the fire in seconds.
A unique property of watermist is its ability to reduce the spread of smoke – the biggest cause of casualties and damage to assets during fire. Because of the minute size of water droplets, watermist is airborne and is able to bond with smoke particles, which then fall harmlessly to the floor.
Contact 0800 _PHONE_ for advice on fire protection for your library, museum or archive.
To learn how Fireworks' solutions protect architecturally important heritage buildings visit
For more information, contact _EMAIL_


text:
Stickmen's Guides To How Things Work: Trains And Automobiles
1 in stock
In Trains and Automobiles, find out about the combustion engine and electric and solar power, how Formula 1 racing cars stay on the road, how high-speed diesel, electric and 'magnetic levitation' trains zoom along, and more.
-Fun learning, with the Stickmen as your guide.
-Easy-to-understand cut-away illustrations explaining how things work.
-Packed with facts to engage curious minds.
-Essential reading for those who want to explore how things work.


Car window sealant repair
To reseal a windshield, our service professionals:
 1. Carefully remove exterior trim pieces.
 2. Locate the leak beneath the trim.
 3. Thoroughly clean the area.
 4. Apply a new, liquid sealant overtop the leak.
 5. Test the fix.
 6. Let dry.
 7. Replace exterior trim pieces.
Click to see full answer
What adhesive is used for windshield?Urethane Windshield Adhesive3M™ Auto Glass Urethane Windshield Adhesive is a medium viscosity, one-part, moisture-curing urethane adhesive. We formulated this adhesive to be fast-curing and non-sagging for rapid results and a clean and simple application process.
How much does it cost to replace seals on car windows?
The national average cost to repair a window seal is $70-$120. Repairing a glass window seal could mean several things. You may need to replace a window sash (the part of the window that holds the glass and framework around the glass) with damaged panes letting air inside the panes.
How much does it cost to replace the seal around a windshield?
How much does it cost to reseal a windshield? Resealing a windshield is fairly inexpensive, you'll need a sealant which normally costs around $50 or less.
What is the rubber around the windshield called?
Weatherstripping is a rubber material that seals the edges of your vehicle's doors, windows, windshield and other areas. Also known as "weather seals" or "weatherstrips," they prevent outside elements such as rain, snow, wind and pests from reaching the inside of your vehicle.
Related Questions
Can I use Flex seal on my windshield?
No more window leaks. Grab your can of Flex Shot and seal your windows with no hassle. It dries into a thick, rubber, adhesive sealant protecting almost any surface, that won't drip, crack or sag. Plus, it's easy to dispense.
What glue is used for windshields?
UrethaneUrethane – The Windshield Glue
The glue, or adhesive, used for windshield installations is called urethane . It is a deep black type of glue that gets onto everything it touches.
How do you fix a leaking car window seal?
Use Pliable Sealant for Improper Seals
 1. Clean the area where the leak is.
 2. Apply the sealer on the leak/missing part of the gasket.
 3. Allow it to cure for a couple of minutes.
 4. Repeat the water test and soap test to make sure the leak has been sealed entirely.
 5. If the leak is still there, apply the sealant again.
How much does it cost to replace car window seals?
The national average cost to repair a window seal is $70-$120. Repairing a glass window seal could mean several things.
What is used to hold a windshield in place?
Car glass technicians often use a retention tape to hold the windshield moldings in place and guarantee that the seal is protected from the elements while it's in the process of drying. It may not look great, but it's best to leave this tape in place for the first day or two after the new glass has been installed.
What adhesive does Safelite use?
3M Auto Glass Urethane Windshield Adhesive is a medium viscosity, one-part, moisture-curing urethane adhesive. This adhesive is formulated to be fast-curing and non-sagging for rapid results and a clean and simple application process.
How do you replace the rubber seal on a car window?
A Guide to Replacing Your Car Window Rubber Seals
 1. 1) Remove the Rubber with a Flathead Screwdriver.
 2. 2) Scrub the Glue with WD-40® Multi-Purpose Product.
 3. 3) Sand the Metal.
 4. 4) Apply New Adhesive.
 5. 5) Put in the New Rubber Seals.
 6. 6) Give the Rubber a Layer of Protection with WD-40 Specialist Silicone Lubricant.
Are broken window seals a big deal?
Fortunately, a broken window seal is not a serious issue in most cases. While window seal failure removes much of the energy saving features found with double or triple pane windows, it does not negatively impact the function or look of the window aside from the occasional presence of window condensation.
How do you fix a leaking windshield seal?
Windshield Leak Repair: a Job for the Professionals
 1. Carefully remove exterior trim pieces.
 2. Locate the leak beneath the trim.
 3. Thoroughly clean the area.
 4. Apply a new, liquid sealant overtop the leak.
 5. Test the fix.
 6. Let dry.
 7. Replace exterior trim pieces.
How do you fix rubber seal on windshield?
A Guide to Replacing Your Car Window Rubber Seals
 1. 1) Remove the Rubber with a Flathead Screwdriver.
 2. 2) Scrub the Glue with WD-40® Multi-Purpose Product.
 3. 3) Sand the Metal.
 4. 4) Apply New Adhesive.
 5. 5) Put in the New Rubber Seals.
 6. 6) Give the Rubber a Layer of Protection with WD-40 Specialist Silicone Lubricant.
What do you use to seal a windshield?
Silicone sealant can be a great quick fix for minor cracks around the edge of a windshield and gasket.
Can I use superglue on my windshield?
Use Super Glue or Nail Polish as a Temporary Fix
These household products should only be used to stop a windshield crack from spreading if the crack is small. Superglue: Very gently apply the glue in an even layer over the crack. Clear Nail Polish: Clear nail polish can work in a similar way to superglue.
How do you fix the rubber seal on a car window?
A Guide to Replacing Your Car Window Rubber Seals
 1. 1) Remove the Rubber with a Flathead Screwdriver.
 2. 2) Scrub the Glue with WD-40® Multi-Purpose Product.
 3. 3) Sand the Metal.
 4. 4) Apply New Adhesive.
 5. 5) Put in the New Rubber Seals.
 6. 6) Give the Rubber a Layer of Protection with WD-40 Specialist Silicone Lubricant.
What kind of adhesive do you use to install a windshield?
Unlike most automotive components, your windshield isn't attached to your car by bolts or screws. Instead, urethane auto glass adhesive specifically designed for cars is used to keep your windshield in place.
Can you replace car window seal?
When the seal of your car window is cracked or damaged, you can replace it easily at home. Doing so will save you money by helping you avoid a mechanic — and protect against water damage to your car. Even if the cracks aren't big enough to let water seep through, the wind noise while driving can get annoying.
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want to remove hidden data and personal information from presentations you save in the OpenDocument Presentation. PowerPoint presentation can save several types of hidden data and personal information. While this information might not be immediately visible, it can still be retrieved from your presentation.
 Hidden information can include the data that PowerPoint adds to let you collaborate on creating the presentation with other people. It can also include information that you deliberately designate as hidden. PowerPoint presentations can contain the following types of hidden data and personal information:.
 This information can allow other people to see the changes that were made and the names of those who worked on your presentation, along with comments from reviewers. If you used specific features, your document might also contain additional kinds of personally identifiable information PII , such as email headers, send-for-review information, routing slips, and file path information for publishing Web pages. This off-slide content can include text boxes, clip art, graphics, and tables. In PowerPoint, the Document Inspector displays several different Inspectors that enable you to find and remove hidden data and personal information that is specific to PowerPoint presentations.
 For a list of the different types of hidden data and personal information that the Document Inspector can find and remove from presentations, review the following table. If your organization customized the Document Inspector by adding Inspector modules, you might be able to check your presentations for additional types of information. This feature is only available to Office subscribers who have joined the Office Insider program. If you are an Office subscriber, make sure you have the latest version of Office. Content or objects that are not immediately visible in a presentation because they are located outside the slide area, including:.
 The Document Inspector cannot remove pictures that are added to the Notes section of a presentation. The Document Inspector detects the following items that might have data that isn't visible in your presentation. Document Inspector can't remove these items for you because it might cause the presentation to not work properly. Revision tracking data, introduced in PowerPoint build for Office Insiders, illustrates a limitation of Document Inspector.
 Revision tracking data that is, user names and the times when they made edits is added to the presentation. If Mohammed subsequently opens Presentation A in PowerPoint and runs Document Inspector on the file to remove personal data, the Document Inspector in that version of PowerPoint won't be able to detect and remove the revision tracking data added to the presentation by the newer, Office version of PowerPoint used by Kelly and Linda. You can remove hidden information in Visio, just like you can from other apps for Office. Sign in.
 Browse Search. Ask a question. User profile for user: Apple ID Speciality level out of ten: How does one go about reading the metadata on a file written in Microsoft Word?
 Was this information helpful?
 I read all kinds of entertaining stories about embarrassing editing left in Word metadata by inexperienced users. I use Word myself and know to turn off the "track changes" tool. But how do I snoop on what other people may have left in their files? All replies Drop Down menu. Loading page content. Don Archibald Don Archibald.
 Reply Helpful Thread reply - more options Link to this Post.
 How to Find Metadata in Word Documents
 Simon Teale Simon Teale. Every time MS Word auto-saves, or you select to Save the current document, Word simply attaches all the editing changes you have made to the end of the file. So anything that was previously in the file while it was saved, or auto-saved, will still be visible in the file if opened with something like BBEdit Lite. Only selecting Save As MS Word is also famous for saving a lot more into the file that you would think it needs. Computer name, OS, etc. I recently came across some old Word 5 or 6 for Windows documents I'd been working on many years ago, probably from Windows 95 days.
 My first attempt to open them was in a plain text editor, I was horrified to see all the extra stuff in there.


How to Brew Smoked Beer: Rauchbiers, Smoked Stouts, and More
Smoked beer can be polarizing. While some people love it, others can't stand it. Is it an acquired taste? Or are there not enough great quality smoked beers available on the market? We're here to shed some light on this often misunderstood area of brewing.
With many breweries reviving this historic style, smoked beer is becoming increasingly popular. Still though, for the best and freshest versions, you'll need to brew it yourself!
How To Brew A Great Smoked Beer
Fans of Scotch, Southern barbecue, smoky bacon, and smoked salmon should all try brewing a smoked beer. And even if you don't love other smoked food and drinks, smoked beer might bring a new and interesting aspect to your brewing repertoire.
What is a Smoked Beer?
Smoked beers refer to all beers with a smoky flavor. No… the beer isn't put in a smoker like making smoked ribs!
Instead, smoked beer is made with malt that has been dried in wood-fired kilns. This malt absorbs the flavor of the burning wood smoke, which is transferred into beer during the mashing process.
Smoked beer comes in a wide range of flavors, styles, strengths, and colors. The one common thread is the use of smoked malt, in varying percentages.
What is Smoked Malt?
Smoked malt is the key to smoked beer. Interestingly, all beer was once brewed with smoked malt. That's because malted barley was exclusively kilned over wood-fired ovens, where the smoke passed through the malt. This imparted that unmistakable smoky taste in all brewer's malt as it dried.
During the industrial revolution, through the 17th century, coal fired kilns began to replace most wood-fired ones. Smoke from the burning coal was diverted to chimneys, and the residual heat produced by the coal was what was used for drying the malt.
Because of this, smoked flavor was eliminated from nearly all malt. Brewers and consumers alike began enjoying the more neutral flavored malts. The shift allowed brewers to have more flexibility in highlighting hop and yeast expression.
Wood smoked malt was relegated to traditional breweries and specialty beers. Today, several maltsters make specialty smoked malt, and some breweries even produce their own. The largest smoked malt producing maltster is Weyermann, in Bamberg, Germany.
Types of Smoked Malt
Smoked malt is usually malted barley, but smoked wheat malt is also fairly common. Malt can be smoked with any type of wood, but the most commonly available are:
 - Beechwood: Traditional and most common type of smoked malt, often sold as Rauch Malt or Rauchmalz. Very smoky but pleasantly balanced.
 - Oak: Rounded and subtle smoke flavor. Often used for smoked wheat production.
 - Cherrywood: Commonly found in the U.S. Balanced smokiness much like beechwood smoked malt.
 - Peat: High smokiness and an almost acrid flavor. This is what Single Malt whisky is made from for that intensely smoked profile.
Smoked Beer Styles
Smoked Marzen
General in name, Rauchbier directly translates to "smoke beer" from German. In Germany, the term Rauchbier refers to all types of beers made with smoked malt. Confusing perhaps, outside of Germany, Rauchbier generally refers to a specific style of beer: smoked marzen.
Smoked marzen is dark, malty, and very smoky but backed by delicious malt sweetness. Hop bitterness is subdued but present, adding to drinkability. It's a marzen, a classic German lager, but made with nearly 100% smoked malt.
The most quintessential smoked beer, Aecht Schlenkerla Rauchbier Märzen, is world-class and a must-drink for any fan of smoked beer.
Smoked Pale Lager
Less common, but equally delicious, are smoked pale lagers, like smoked helles and smoked pilsner. With all of the thirst-quenching and crisp qualities of the base style, the added layer of smoke creates a delicious new dimension.
Brewed with 40 to 60% smoked malt, smoked pale lagers come across exceptionally smoky due to the subtle base malt and hop flavors. Served cold and highly carbonated, there may be no better pairing for barbecued foods like sausages and pulled-pork.
Grodziskie is a historic smoked beer from Poland. Dating back to the 14th or 15th century, the style is a light and refreshing ale brewed with oak-smoked wheat malt. It's very effervescent and bright, with a rounded body and soft mouthfeel from the wheat malt.
At around 3 to 4% ABV, Grozsikie is similar to Belgian grisette, but brewed with 100% oak-smoked wheat malt and fermented with a clean German ale yeast.
Smoked sour ale – certainly not a beer for everyone. You might be surprised by the complex mix of flavors that Lichtenhainer puts forth. The style originates in Thuringia, Germany and is usually brewed with equal parts pilsner malt, wheat malt and smoked malt.
It's light in body, low in alcohol, pale and refreshing, very much like Berliner Weisse, but not quite as tart. The subtle layer of smoke adds to its drinkability and complexity, creating a very unique and quaffable beer.
Smoked Porter and Smoked Stout
Porters and stouts are common candidates to be smokified. Whether you're brewing a session strength porter or a sticky imperial stout, a bit of smoked malt can complement the roasted and chocolatey malt.
When brewing smoked stouts and porters, be sure to retain some residual sweetness. Too dry, black smoked beers can come across burnt tasting. Using an English yeast, like Wyeast 1318 London Ale III, or incorporating some caramel malts can help soften the mouthfeel.
What makes a good Smoked Beer?
Smoked beer can vary widely in style and level of smokiness. Depending on the brewer's vision, beers can range from very subtly smoked to face-in-a-campfire levels. There are no minimum or maximum thresholds for smokiness.
Generally, smoked beer should be balanced. If it's very smoky, malt sweetness and balanced bitterness should complement those intense flavors. For lightly smoked beers, like smoked pilsner or helles, crisp malt backbone and herbal hoppiness is desirable.
For those unaccustomed to smoked beer, it does take some getting used to. Many people directly associate smoked flavors with food – like bacon or smoked ham – which can be a bit mind-bending in the context of beer.
Per Schlenkerla, the masters of smoked beer:
How to brew Smoked Beer
Brewing smoked beer takes experimentation and an ambitious brewing spirit. Using smoked malt, you need to be willing to accept that the beer might come out a little "too much" or "not enough". The more you brew with smoked malt, the more consistent you'll be able to design recipes.
Generally, smoked beers are not overly hoppy. Assertive hop character can clash with smoked flavor, or the smokiness can overwhelm hoppiness. That said, a smoked NEIPA may be possible with the right mix of ingredients – I've certainly been considering experimenting.
Recipe design
Smoked malt can replace a certain percentage of the base malt from most beer recipes. If you have a favorite helles or pilsner recipe, swap out 40 to 50% of the pilsner malt with smoked malt.
Here's a handy guide that can help with smoked beer recipe decisions:
Style Average Smokiness Smoked Malt % Other Malts Yeast
Smoked Marzen (Rauchbier) ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤◯◯ 90 – 100% CaraMunich (2%), roasted barley (2%) Lager
Smoked Helles ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤◯◯◯◯ 20 – 50% Pilsner Lager
Smoked Pilsner ⬤⬤⬤⬤◯◯◯◯◯◯ 10 – 30% Pilsner Lager
Grodziskie ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤◯ 100% oak-smoked wheat German Ale
Smoked Stout and Porter ⬤⬤⬤⬤⬤◯◯◯◯◯ 15 – 40% Pale malt, roasted barley, chocolate malt, caramel malt Ale or Lager
Lichtenhainer ⬤⬤⬤◯◯◯◯◯◯◯ ~33% Wheat (33%), Pilsner (33%) Lactobacillus and Ale
Recipe: Smoked Pilsner
This is a simple Smoked Pilsner recipe that's a great introduction to the world of smoked brewing. A touch of wheat helps round out the mouthfeel, and a heavy hand of smoked malt comes across smoky but balanced.
It's extremely refreshing and drinkable like a Pilsner, but with a layer of unique smoked complexity.
Final Volume Original Gravity Final Gravity ABV IBU SRM
5 Gallons 1.048 1.008 5.3


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Ohio did not make it a law to keep birth records until 1867.
Ohio made it a law to record births in 1867. County probate courts kept birth records between 1867 and December 19, 1908. There is no statewide index to birth records from 1867 through December 19, 1908. Births were recorded in a log book. Birth certificates were not created until 1908.
Special Collections and Archives has the birth records for the following counties:
The state of Ohio began issuing certificates for births on December 20, 1908. The Ohio Department of Health holds birth certificates for the state of Ohio from December 20, 1908 to the present. Researchers should contact the Ohio Department of Health.
3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45435. Phone: _PHONE_


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SC Native Americans – Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown
South Carolina SC Native Americans SC Indian Tribes SC Wassamasaw Indians
- Alternate spellings: Wasamasaw may have been the orginial spelling, but over time it has changed to Wassamasaw. The group is also known as the Varner Town (or Varnertown) Indian Community.
- Possible meanings: Wassamasaw may mean "connecting water"
- Language family: Muskogean
- Active – Group received state recognition in 2005.
SC Location, Territory
- Traditional: Berkeley County, Charleston County, Dorchester County
- Today: Headquartered in Moncks Corner, Berkeley County
The Varner Town Indian Community is located in Moncks Corner on 17A about ¼ of a mile from the intersection of US 17A and SC 176 (Carnes Crossroads). Members of the tribe have lived in or near this location for hundreds of years, though they have also lived in the neighboring counties of Charleston and Dorchester.
- The Varnertown Indians are descendants of the Etiwan and Edisto tribes, which were members of the Cusabo family of tribes. They also descend from the Catawba and Cherokee tribes, as well as other tribal entities.
- Known as "Settlement Indians" in several historical records, the Varnertown Indians maintained a close and friendly relationship with the colonial settlers and lived among or near the colonial settlements. Several Native American families of Catawba and Cherokee heritage also settled in the same area in the late eighteenth century and became part of the community. In addition to helping defend colonists against invading hostile Indians during the Yemassee War, the ancestors of this community continued to defend the colonists against hostile Indians for many years after the war. Several ancestors also served in the Revolutionary War and some were members of Marion's Brigade.
- 1880s to 1960s – Before desegregation, there were a total of five Indian schools that served the children of the Varner Town Community from 1883 to around 1963. Four of these schools were located on US 17A from the corner of Galliard Road in St. Johns Berkeley to the intersection of US 78 and US 17A in Summerville.
The Varner Indian School was located in Varner Town and was established by the South Carolina Board of Education in the 1930s. The school closed in 1963 forcing integration of its pupils into the public school system. The Indian school located in St. Johns Berkeley was known as the Barrows Mission School and operated from 1887 until the 1920s or 1930s. The Pine Ridge or Ridge School was located on 17A between Carnes Crossroads and Ridge Baptist Church. The Red School, part of the St. Barnabas Mission, was located in Summerville at the intersection of US 17A and US 78; it operated from 1883 until the 1940s. The fifth school, the Pine View Indian School, was located in the Ten Mile Hill area (present-day Rivers Avenue) in North Charleston. This school was created for the children of some family members who moved to that area to find work in the 1930s and early 1940s.
- October 7, 2007 – The Varner Town Indian Community received a Berkeley County Historical Marker near Carnes Crossroads at US 17A and SC 176 in Berkeley County. The roadside marker pays tribute to the tribe's history and culture. Read the Post and Courier article documenting the event.
The front of the sign reads: "Varner Town (or Varnertown) is a distinct Native American community including descendants of the Etiwan, Catawba, Cherokee, Edisto, and other area tribes. This area, located near Carnes Crossroads and Goose Creek, was named for William Varner (d. 1927) and his wife Mary Williams Varner (d. 1924).
The back of the sign reads: "Several Indian schools served this community. The Varner School, also called the Varner Indian School, was built here in 1939 and closed in 1963. The church nearby has been the center of the community for many years. Nearby Williams Cemetery was named in honor of William W. Williams, an Indian ancestor.
- The following photos were taken in 1938 by Marion Post Wolcott. They show Geneva Varner Clark and her family, their home, and their grinding mill. According to Bo Petersen, reporter for the Post and Courier newspaper, Ms. Clark "was the only resident who identified herself as an Indian. Today, her photo is the only one of a Lowcountry Indian in the Library of Congress."
You can click on the thumbnails of all these photos to enlarge them.
Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina
Home of Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina, with sorghum cane grinder in foreground
Grinding mill for sorghum cane made by Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina
Mud chimney on home of Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina - shows children in front of the Varner porch
Mud chimney on home of Indian family near Summerville, South Carolina - shows mud chimney and children
Beliefs and Practices
Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indian People
(Submitted by Heidi Varner, 2005)
The Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians is a Native American group consisting of bloodline members from the Varnertown Indian community. The Varnertown Indians are descendants of ancient historical tribes that were in the areas of Charleston and Berkeley Counties including Catawba, Cherokee, Edisto and Etiwan, and other tribal entities. The Varnertown Indian Community has over a 150 year history of existence in the Berkeley County area as a Native American Tribal community.
In early times, most of the families were farmers, and the community also established its own local church and the extended family opened their own stores and bars in the community. Other historical documentation includes pictures of family member Geneva Varner Clark and her family. They were taken in 1938 by Marion Post Wolcott. A picture is currently in the Library of Congress entitled "An Indian Family Near Summerville."
The mission of the Wassamasaw Tribe of Varnertown Indians is to provide economic enhancement to the Varnertown Community, to educate its members in their history and culture, to provide opportunities for its people to share their arts, to preserve the history and traditions of its ancestors, and to promote public awareness of the community's existence and contributions to the general population.
Varnertown Indians are proud to be one of the five organizations recognized in 2005. We hope this is the first step in the process to bring programs and services to the Native Americans in this State.


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The Leominster canal ran just over 18 miles from Mamble to Leominster through 16 locks and a number of tunnels, some of which suffered engineering problems even before the canal opened.
Originally the canal was part of a much more ambitious plan to run 46 miles from Stourport to Kington.
Following the opening of the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal in 1772, which linked the industrial Midlands to the River Severn at Stourport, the engineer Robert Whitworth proposed a canal to link Stourport to Hereford, passing through Pensax and Leominster in 1777.
Meetings were held at Leominster and Tenbury in 1789, at which it was decided to survey possible routes from Leominster to Stourport. Thomas Dadford Jr carried out the survey, and presented a plan to a meeting in December 1789 for a 31-mile (50 km) canal, costing £83,000, with estimated receipts of £4,300 per year. Three tunnels would be required, at Putnal Field, Southnet and Pensax.
Despite the low returns, a meeting in January 1790 decided to proceed with Dadford's Canal. A further meeting was held in Kington in April, and there were calls to build a connecting canal to the town. The two schemes became one, and the total length of the canal would be 46 miles (74 km). From Kington, locks would raise the level of the canal by 48 feet (15 m), and then it would fall by 496 feet (151 m) to reach the River Severn.
The lack of major towns or industries did not seem to worry the proposers, and an Act of Parliament was obtained on 13 May 1791, which allowed the Proprietors to raise £150,000, with another £40,000 if necessary. Dadford was appointed as Engineer, a position which he held until 1795, although he only devoted one-quarter of his time to the Leominster Canal, as he performed the same role for the Monmouthshire Canal and was contracted to them for the remaining three-quarters of his time.
Work began soon afterward his appointment, and by October 1794, the section from Woofferton near Tenbury to Marlbrook near Mamble was open for traffic.
The following year saw most of the section from Leominster to Woofferton completed, while beyond Marlbrook the 1,254-yard (1,147 m) Southnet tunnel was finished and work started on an aqueduct over the River Lugg at Kingsland. Around £90,000 had been spent to reach this stage.
There were problems with the Southnet tunnel, part of which collapsed in 1795. The Proprietors sought the advice of John Rennie, who criticised Dadford's work. He estimated that £20,000 would be required to rectify the existing works from Southnet to Leominster, and that another £135,937 would be needed to complete the project.
Undaunted, the Proprietors applied for a second Act of Parliament, which they obtained on 26 April 1796, authorising them to raise or borrow a further £180,000. The 330-yard (300 m) tunnel at Putnall Fields, which had proved very difficult to construct, was completed in July 1796, completing the route to Leominster, and creating a working canal which was 18.5 miles (29.8 km) long.
On 1 June 1797, a ceremonial cut was made on the banks of the River Severn, where the canal was eventually planned to join it, but only £62,582 had been raised under the terms of the second Act, and with some £25,000 owing, all work ceased.
In 1803, the Proprietors sought the advice of John Hodgkinson, as to how the canal could be completed. As a railway engineer, Hodgkinson recommended that railways should be built at either end of the existing section of canal, to connect to Kingston and Stourport. Although another Act of Parliament was obtained, no construction work took place.
Nine years later, they again approached Hodgkinson, and this time he suggested that they should abandon the authorised route to Stourport and extend the canal on a new alignment to the River Severn at Worcester. Nothing came of this plan, either.
In January 1794 the canal opened from Marlbrook to Woofferton and seven boatloads of coal were transported from the Mamble collieries on the first day.
Engineering difficulties delayed the opening of Putnall Tunnel (south of Woofferton) until 1796.
By the end of that year an 18.5 miles (29.8 km) stretch of the canal was open between Marlbrook and Leominster and on the first day 14 boatloads of coal arrived in Leominster. Coal from the Mamble collieries was brought down the hill on tramways to Southnet wharf, where it was loaded onto barges and transported to Leominster.
For the next 60 years the canal carried coal to Leominster, enabling the Mamble collieries to prosper. However the traffic from Mamble Colliery was not sufficient to run the canal at a profit, so the owners were constantly seeking to extend it eastwards to meet the River Severn, although this never materialised.
The canal never paid a dividend. What little money was collected was mostly paid for tolls on the transport of coal.
In 1858, after sustained pressure by the Canal Company, the Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway paid £12,000 for the canal, which valued each £100 share at £16, and drained it soon after to sell the land.
Part of the route was subsequently used for the railway that connected Woofferton to Bewdley via Tenbury Wells station, which was actually in Burford, not Tenbury Wells.
Although the canal has been closed for over 150 years, there are some remains left, including an aqueduct over the River Rea, and parts of a 3-arched aqueduct over the River Teme. The centre arch of the latter was destroyed as part of an explosives exercise during the Second World War.


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Wrong Sounding Stories: Paintings by Adam Mysock
Wrong Sounding Stories is a wacky show. Rounding out a season of history-based exhibits, Adam Mysock applies his own artistic equivalent of genetic engineering to some well-known history paintings reworked to feature Abraham Lincoln in a starring role. For instance, his remake of Emanuel Leutze's Washington Crossing the Delaware is very similar to the original, and his deft brushwork insinuates an "old master" touch, but yes, that's Lincoln's head on Washington's torso. And that vague glint in the distance is a motorcycle doing a wheelie. Some less famous originals may prove more amenable to this approach. Elihu Vedder's mystical 1863 painting, Questioner of the Sphinx, depicts a traveler from the past with his ear pressed to the Sphinx's lips as if awaiting an oracular revelation, only here he has Lincoln's head as mythic dancers cavort around a golden calf in the background. An accompanying Bible quote, "And there was a famine in the land and Abram went down into Egypt..." is typically zany, but not as much as his remake of Whistler's Mother with Lincoln dressed as Whistler's mom. While Mysock's nihilistic approach may be liberating in some ways, anything that suggests an attempt to fabricate history may inadvertently put him in the same boat with Rupert Murdoch, Fox News and the Tea Party despite his best philosophical intentions.
Written by D. Eric Bookhardt


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The need for chilling hours for apple trees in Himachal Pradesh has been fulfilled. The average temperature required for apples is more than 1200 hours. The February snowfall keeps the apple orchards moist for a long time. With the increase in temperature in March, it is considered auspicious to bloom together in apple trees. In the year 2021, apple production was 3.20 crore boxes. In the previous year also, the production of apple has been three and a half crore boxes.
The snowfall in the state on Thursday is being considered as a good dose for the gardens. Horticulturalists have suggested that gardeners should get involved in managing the gardens when the weather is clear. In February, the gardeners will have to complete the pruning of fruit trees. At this time, after pruning fruit trees, take measures to protect them from serious diseases like canker. According to scientific advice, to prevent the attack of pests, apply a solution by mixing blue cloth, lime and linseed oil in apple trees.


text: House alterations have always been associated with sustainability for the future. However, a research at three low cost housing schemes in Shah Alam, Malaysia involving residences, housing contractors and neighbours showed that the construction activities or materials used caused problems and risks to social health, safety and the environment. These problems are related to lack of knowledge, skills and experiences in the building construction. Despite the presence of health and safety requirements, there remains a significant scope for improvement in Malaysia. From the findings, several recommendations are made to improve the living conditions for a sustainable future.


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By Matt Ballman, Ellen Dudzinski, Danny Livingston, Kathleen Wright
Recommended Further Reading:
Bio-electrical Impedance Analysis
Comparison of single- or multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and spectroscopy for assessment of appendicular skeletal muscle in the elderly.
Electrical Impedance Myography: Background, Current State, and Future Directions
Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis and bioimpedance spectroscopy for monitoring fluid and body cell mass changes after gastric bypass surgery
What Does Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy (BIS) Measure?


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SMP Buffer for Lime Requirement Frank Sikora Application and Principle The SMP buffer method was developed for lime requirement determination on Ohio soils in 1961. The method is suited for silt loam soils with a wide range of extractable Al. Prior to 1962, the Woodruff buffer method (1948) was observed to underestimate lime requirement for Ohio soils with appreciable extractable Al (McLean et al. 1958). Shoemaker, McLean and Pratt developed the SMP buffer method to remedy this problem (Shoemaker et al., 1961). The SMP buffer is added to a soil-water slurry after measurement of soil pH. The SMP buffer has an initial pH of 7.5. Bases in the buffer react with soil acidity to reduce the pH of the buffer from 7.5 to some measured soil-buffer pH. The greater a decline in soil-buffer pH from an initial value of 7.5, the greater the lime requirement for neutralizing soil acidity. Equipment and Apparatus 1. Soil scoop and leveling rod 2. pH cups 3. Holding rack for pH cups 4. Dispenser for water or electrolyte solution added to soil 5. Manual pH meter or automated pH analyzer 6. Glass pH electrode with an internal reference element or a separate reference electrode 7. Analytical balance and glassware for making electrolyte solutions if they are added to soil Reagents 1. Following are directions for making 1 L of SMP buffer. Multiply quantities by the appropriate factor for making larger volumes of the buffer. a. Add 800 mL deionized water to a container. b. Add 1.8 g parnitrophenol and dissolve. c. Add 3 g potassium chromate (K2CrO4) and dissolve. d. Add 53.1 g calcium chloride dehydrate (CaCl2.2H2O) and dissolve. e. Add 2 g calcium acetate (Ca(CO2CH3)2) and dissolve. f. Add 2.5 mL triethanolamine and dissolve. g. Bring solution to a volume of 1 L with DI water. h. Adjust the pH of the solution to 7.5 with dropwise addition of 40% (w/w) NaOH or 50% (v/v) HCl. Procedure 1. Follow the procedure for making a 1:1 soil:water pH measurement (see Chapter X). 2. Add a volume of SMP buffer to the soil slurry that is twice the volume of water used. For example, if 10 g of soil and 10 mL of DI water was used for soil pH, add 20 mL of SMP buffer. 3. Shake the soil-water-buffer solution on an end-to-end shaker for 10 minutes and let set for 30 minutes after shaking. Alternatively, shake for 15 minutes and let set for 15 minutes after shaking. If using an automated pH analyzer, stir the buffer with soil vigorously and allow solution to set for at least 30 minutes. 4. Ensure room temperature is between 20 and 25oC before proceeding with pH measurement. 5. Calibrate pH meter and electrode using pH 4 and 7 buffers. 6. Place electrode in the soil slurry to measure pH. Measurement may be taken with or without continuous stirring. If measurement is made without continuous stirring, stir the sample with a stir bar before placing electrode in the sample. Allow adequate time for pH to reach a stable reading. Stability can be ascertained by pH meter settings for manual measurements or software settings for automated instruments. Software settings used by 4 Southeastern USA laboratories for automated LabFit instruments range from 5 to 30 second delay time before pH measurements begin, 4 to 10 similar pH measurements obtained (one pH measurement per second) before stability has been reached, similar pH measurements ascertained with pH differences equal to or less than 0.01 to 0.03 pH units, and maximum time for pH measurement for a single sample ranging from 20 to 90 seconds. Analytical Performance Range and Sensitivity 1. Soil-buffer pH is most often within a range from 6.3 to 7.5. For very acidic soils, the soil-buffer pH can be as low as 5.3. Precision and Accuracy 1. pH measurements can be made to the nearest 0.1 or 0.01 pH unit. There is no need to measure pH with more than 2 decimal places since this level of accuracy is not achievable or required. If measurements are made to the nearest 0.01 pH unit, pH can be rounded to 0.1 pH units before reporting to clients. 2. Typical measurements of interlaboratory precision for SMP buffer pH are shown below. Method Number of Mean Standard measurements deviation SMP soil-buffer pH 10 6.78 0.09 Interferences 1. The SMP soil-buffer pH reaches stability quicker than pH measured in DI water due to the pH buffering capacity of the SMP buffer and the presence of electrolytes in the buffer. Differences in pH may still occur with electrode placed in a soil-slurry or in the supernatant after the soil has settled. To avoid this variability in pH, it is important to stir the soil slurry right before measurement. 2. The junction potential of electrodes can become clogged during storage or after repeated measurements. Make sure to clean electrodes periodically to ensure proper measurements. When electrodes fail to measure pH of calibration buffers or quality control samples show more error than expected, replace electrodes. Interpretation 1. Lime requirement is obtained from the SMP soil-buffer pH. Shoemaker, McLean and Pratt (1961) calibrated the SMP soil-buffer pH to lime requirement for achieving a target soil-water pH of 6.0, 6.4, or 6.8 as shown in the table below. Lime requirement is shown as pure CaCO3 for a 6 inch plow depth. Laboratories may have different recommendation tables obtained from calibration data specific to soils in their region. Pure CaCO3 required (tons/acre) to increase soil-water pH to following values Soil-buffer pH pH 6.0 pH 6.4 pH 6.8 6.7 1.0 1.2 1.4 6.6 1.4 1.7 1.9 6.5 1.8 2.2 2.5 6.4 2.3 2.7 3.1 6.3 2.7 3.2 3.7 6.2 3.1 3.7 4.2 6.1 3.5 4.2 4.8 6.0 3.9 4.7 5.4 5.9 4.4 5.2 6.0 5.8 4.8 5.7 6.5 5.7 5.2 6.2 7.1 5.6 5.6 6.7 7.7 5.5 6.0 7.2 8.3 5.4 6.5 7.7 8.9 5.3 6.9 8.2 9.4 2. To adjust to a rate of agricultural limestone that is less effective than pure CaCO3, multiply the CaCO3 rate by 100 / (% effectiveness of agricultural limestone). A common % effectiveness of agricultural limestone is 67% which results in a multiplication factor of 1.5. 3. To adjust lime requirement to a soil depth other than 6 inches, multiply the agricultural limestone rate by soil depth / 6. For a soil depth of 8 inches, the multiplication factor would be 1.33. Effects of Storage 1. Air-dried soils may be stored several months without affecting the soil-buffer pH measurement provided they are stored in an ammonia free environment or in a tightly sealed container. 2. The electrodes used for pH measurement should be maintained and stored according to the manufacturer's instructions. Any automated instrument used for pH measurement should be maintained according to manufacturer's directions. Safety and disposal 1. Paranitrophenol and potassium chromate are defined as hazardous chemicals by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act due to toxicity (USEPA, 1980a). A laboratory generating more than 100 kg of material in a month is considered a hazardous waste generator that needs to follow hazardous waste disposal protocols defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1980b). References McLean, E.O., Heddleson, M.R., Bartlett, R.J., and N. Holowaychuk. 1958. Aluminum in soils: I. Extraction methods and magnitude in clays and Ohio soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 22:382- 387. Shoemaker, H.E., E.O. McLean, and P.F. Pratt. 1961. Buffer methods for determining lime requirement of soils with appreciable amounts of extractable aluminum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 25:274-277. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980a. Title 40. Protection of Environment. Part 261– Identification and Listing of Hazardous Wastes. Revised as of 1 July 2004.U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1980b. Title 40. Protection of Environment. Part 262— Standards applicable to generators of hazardous wastes. Revised as of 1 July 2003. U.S. Gov. Print. Office, Washington, DC. Woodruff, C.M. 1948. Testing soils for lime requirement by means of a buffered solution and the glass electrode. Soil Sci. 66:53-63.
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Purpose: The use of medical scribes has emerged as a strategy to increase clinic workflow efficiency and reduce physician burnout. While oncology clinics may be ideally suited to scribe integration because of the high burden of documentation, oncology-specific scribe research has been limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of scribe integration on clinic workflow efficiency and physician satisfaction and quality of life in outpatient oncology clinics.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective, concurrent qualitative and quantitative analysis of patient visit durations and survey data for 129 attending physicians affiliated with an academic hospital's cancer center between January 2017 and January 2019. Thirty-three physicians were paired with scribes in each physician's individual clinic or clinics.
Results: In terms of clinic efficiency, physicians with scribes had a 12.1% decrease in their overall average patient visit duration compared with their own time before receiving a scribe (P <.0001) and spent significantly less time completing charts at the end of the day (P =.04). Compared with their peers, oncologists with scribes showed a 10%-20% decrease in the duration of all patient visits. Scribes also contributed to patient care, as shown by 90% of physicians surveyed who strongly agreed that they spent less time at the computer and more time with patients; 100% of physicians surveyed strongly agreed that scribes improved their quality of life.
Conclusion: The integration of medical scribes into oncology clinics across several oncologic disciplines has the potential to reduce burnout through increasing physician satisfaction and quality of life, improving patient care, and streamlining clinic workflow.


1969 Photo Contest, Others, Stories, Individual awards
Leif Engberg
Dagens Nyheter
01 May, 1969
The papyrus boat 'Ra', based on ancient Egyptian drawings, sets sail from the old Phoenician seaport of Safi, Morocco. Norwegian adventurer and anthropologist Thor Heyerdahl attempted to prove that a similar boat could have survived the voyage across the Atlantic. The vessel broke apart a few weeks into the journey, but the following year, Heyerdahl managed to reach Barbados with 'Ra II'.
About the photographer
Leif Engberg
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