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An end-stop occurs when a line of poetry ends with a period or definite punctuation mark, such as a colon. When lines are end-stopped, each line is its own phrase or unit of syntax. So when you read an end-stopped line, you'll naturally pause. In that sense, it's the opposite of enjambment, which will encourage you to move right along to the next line without pausing.
Bright Star, would I were as stedfast as thou art—
Not in lone splendor hung aloft the night,
And watching, with eternal lids apart,
Like nature's patient, sleepless Eremite,
See how the lines each have their own units of sense? And they each end in a punctuation mark that indicates a pause. These, Shmoopers, are end-stopped lines. In fact, "Bright Star" is mostly end-stopped, with only two examples of enjambment. Check out the poem, and see if you can find them.


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"A prototype of the battery-powered armor stopped a 7.62mm rifle round in a test to see how well it could stop bullets. The Raytheon team that built the battery says it can power military vehicles' electronics without running the engine, reducing the need for costly and dangerous fuel convoys."
Raytheon, one of the world's-largest military contractors, says it has developed a new type of vehicle armor that also doubles as a battery.
There's a big payoff for batteries that can stop bullets, the company says. Even as it can protect those in combat, it can also lighten their load by reducing the need for fuel convoys and lessening the need for engine run times.
First described in a 2015 patent—"Method and apparatus for armor having integrated battery power"—the armor was designed with multiple layers of electrical conductors, like what's called high-hardened steel with ceramic insulators, that happen to also be bullet-resistant.
That means, Raytheon claims, that while bullets can't penetrate the armor, power can go right through it.
The armor is said to be able to stop a 7.62mm sniper-rifle round. And even if a bullet penetrates the battery, only the affected cell will cease working while the others will continue to provide electricity.
Raytheon says the batteries are meant to store energy generated by the motion of the military vehicles. That means crews can switch to battery power when they stop moving, avoiding the necessity to keep the engine running simply to keep all the onboard electronics powered up.
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Level Curves of a Hamiltonian System
 1. Apr 16, 2008 #1
 Various problems in my textbook ask me to sketch the level curves for a Hamiltonian system, but they don't suggest how to go about it. I know that I need to determine the eigenvalues for each equilibrium point in the given system, and these values hint at the behavior of solutions near each respective equilibrium point. Do I need to sketch a direction field to help me see how the curves behave? What else might I be missing?
 Also, do the Hamiltonian level curves only suggest what the solutions to non-linear systems look like, or can it somehow lead explicit solutions?
 Any help is appreciated.
 2. jcsd
Can you offer guidance or do you also need help?
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 1. Bézier Curves (Replies: 0)


Home > Blogs > This Is Why Soda Tastes Better in Glass Bottles
This Is Why Soda Tastes Better in Glass Bottles
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Have you ever wondered why soda seems more delicious when it comes in a glass bottle? Most people will agree that sodas in different packaging—whether it's from the same brand—taste different. And no matter how the Coca-Cola company says that the taste is the same regardless of the packaging it comes in, consumers will always disagree.
Fortunately, science has an explanation for this long-debated question.
Why is soda better in glass bottles
Source: Freepik
Table of Contents
The Science Behind Soda in Glass Bottles
The real reason why soda tastes better in a glass bottle is because of the chemicals in aluminum cans and plastic bottles that alter its flavor.
Sara Risch, a food chemist who works with food and packaging companies, explains the science behind this. "While packaging and food companies work to prevent any interactions, they can occur."
She's pertaining to the Bisphenol-A (BPA), a polymer that is present in aluminum can liners. Worry not—the BPA present in soda cans is not enough to cause harm to your body no matter how many cans of soda you guzzle per day. However, when BPA absorbs small quantities of soluble flavor from the soda, it can alter its taste.
Source: Pexels
Another culprit is acetaldehyde, a chemical used to manufacture plastic bottles. When it reacts with soda, trace amounts of acetaldehyde could transfer to the drink. This gives it that noticeable 'plastic-y' taste. And while plastic packaging is regulated by the FDA to ensure that it's safe to drink, the soda's taste can still be affected.
Additionally, plastic is much more permeable to carbon dioxide compared to glass or aluminum. This means that the fizz will leak out of a plastic bottle faster, making it taste flat after a few weeks of storage.
The best and safest way to enjoy your soda is still by soda glass bottles. Glass is the most inert (less chemically reactive) material for soda packaging. This means that there is little to no chemicals in glass bottles that can change the taste of soda.
However, we still need to consider environmental factors. Even if the soda comes in a glass bottle, exposure to sunlight and temperature can still affect its taste.
Comparing Glass vs Plastic vs Aluminum
Aside from affecting the soda's flavor, its packaging can also make a huge difference in terms of production, transport, and sustainability. Let's compare the three soda packaging materials, then see which one is the most ideal.
Glass bottle vs plastic vs aluminum can
Source: Cgtrader
Production
Glass Bottle: It is made of liquified sand, which is the result of heating sand (silicon dioxide) until it turns into liquid. New glass bottles can also be made from recycled glass. The only disadvantageous effect of glassmaking is that it requires tons of fuel for melting sand. This produces a lot of carbon dioxide which is released into the atmosphere.
Aluminum Can: Aluminum cans are made from bauxite, a rock that contains alumina, silica, and titanium dioxide. Mining bauxite requires digging a large pit to extract the ores, which damages the environment. Making aluminum cans is also resource-intensive and produces toxic gases into the air.
Plastic Bottle: Plastic bottles may be a cheap option for soda packaging, but the cost of manufacturing them is our environmental welfare. It needs crude oil, which is obtained by drilling into the earth. It is then transported to a refinery to be distilled. Afterward, different types of plastic are created by manipulating polymers.
Glass bottle production
Source: Freepik
Transport
Glass Bottle: Since glass is heavy and fragile, it's quite difficult to transport between plants and factories.
Aluminum Can: Cans are small, lightweight, and can be packed tightly.
Plastic Bottle: Like aluminum cans, plastic bottles are also lightweight and can be packed together tightly.
Glass bottle transportation
Source: Freepik
Sustainability
Glass Bottle: The best thing about glass bottles is that they are completely recyclable. Even if they get broken, old glass pieces can still be turned into new ones (just be extra careful when disposing or packing them). That's why many soda companies use glass bottles since they can sterilize and reuse them. It's the most sustainable soda packaging among the three.
Aluminum Can: Aluminum cans are also recyclable, but only 49.8% of aluminum cans are recycled by consumers per year. The good thing about it is that it can be recycled unlimited times.
Plastic Bottles: It might be the most convenient packaging material, but it's also the most unsustainable. Only 6% of plastics are recycled each year; the rest of it is dumped into oceans and landfills.
Glass bottle sustainability
Source: Freepik
Why Soda Glass Bottles Are the Best Option?
If you're a beverage producer, then it's clear that glass bottles are the best packaging option for your drinks. First, glass bottles won't affect the taste of soda. They don't have chemicals that can leach into the drink and alter your drink's signature taste.
Glass bottles are also easier to clean and reuse. You can collect your empty soda bottles from the consumers, sterilize them, and reuse them for the next batch of sodas. It can cut back your packaging costs significantly.
Why are glass bottles better than plastic
Source: Unsplash
Additionally, glass is much more environment-friendly. A huge portion of plastics are thrown away and are currently polluting our oceans. Since glass is easier to recycle, it reduces your carbon footprint as a company.
Lastly, glass bottles are more attractive and aesthetically pleasing. Soda definitely looks tastier and more flavorful in glass bottles. Plus, you can choose between embossing your logo on the bottle (giving it a vintage look) versus having it printed (making it look more modern).
Conclusion
For your soda glass bottles and other packaging needs, contact Roetell Glass Packaging. Aside from the standard bottles, we also offer customized solutions to fit your brand and budget.
Consult Your Roetell Glass Bottles & Packaging Experts
We help you avoid the pitfalls to deliver the quality and value your glass bottle and jar need, on-time and on-budget.
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Powder Formula Recall: To learn more and to find out if your product is part of the recall, Click Here.
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Here are answers to some commonly asked questions about EleCare and EleCare Jr
Can EleCare be used for infants younger than 1 year of age?
Yes. EleCare is indicated for infants younger than 1 year. EleCare Jr is indicated for children older than 1 year.
What is done during the production of EleCare and EleCare Jr to maintain their hypoallergenicity?
All of the equipment used to make EleCare and EleCare Jr is thoroughly cleaned before manufacture. After cleaning, samples from the equipment and product contact surfaces are tested using ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) testing methods. ELISA testing detects casein, whey, and soy protein. Only after the equipment passes this testing does production of EleCare and EleCare Jr begin. After production, product is tested using both ELISA and PAGE (Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis) methods.
Can EleCare and EleCare Jr be fed to infants and children with lactose intolerance or galactosemia?
Yes, EleCare and EleCare Jr are lactose-free and galactose-free.
What is the importance of being "gluten-free"?
EleCare and EleCare Jr do not contain the protein gluten, so children with celiac disease can use them. People with celiac disease are sensitive to gluten, which is a protein found in wheat and other grains.
Can EleCare and EleCare Jr be frozen after mixing?
It is not recommended to freeze EleCare or EleCare Jr.
Can EleCare and EleCare Jr be used in cooking or baking?
EleCare and EleCare Jr should not be heated.
How long can EleCare and EleCare Jr be stored?
EleCare and EleCare Jr can be stored on the shelf, unopened, for 24 months. Be sure to check the expiration date on the can.
How long is it safe to use an open can of EleCare and EleCare Jr?
Once opened, the contents of a can of EleCare or EleCare Jr should be used within one month.
Can EleCare and EleCare Jr be tube-fed?
EleCare and EleCare Jr may be fed orally or by tube directly into the digestive system. It should not be fed intravenously (through a vein).
How long can EleCare or EleCare Jr hang for a tube feeding after being mixed?
EleCare and EleCare Jr can be fed safely for four hours under standard tube-feeding conditions.
Are EleCare and EleCare Jr Kosher?
Yes.
Abbott Nutrition uses Pareve ingredients in EleCare and EleCare Jr and uses appropriate methods of clean-in-place (CIP) to sanitize equipment prior to manufacturing EleCare and EleCare Jr. Abbott Nutrition's manufacturing plant in Sturgis, MI is under the supervision of the Kashruth Divison of the Orthodox Union (OU) and EleCare and EleCare Jr products manufactured there are kosher and use the dairy designation as the equipment also runs dairy ingredients. Abbott Nutrition conducts extensive testing to make sure the manufacturing equipment is milk protein free prior to production and also tests the product using sensitive techniques for the presence of milk protein.
Due to OU labeling requirements regarding use of equipment that manufactures both Pareve and dairy products, to put an OU designation on the label, the label would need to indicate "OU-DE (Orthodox Union - Dairy Equipment)." Abbott Nutrition has concluded that to have "OU-DE" on the label would lead to confusion by parents of children who are allergic to milk protein. Thus, Abbott Nutrition has decided not to put these designations on the label of EleCare or EleCare Jr. Abbott Nutrition recommends that consumers for whom this is an issue contact their Rabbi for approval to prior to consuming these products.
What are DHA and ARA?
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are two fatty acids that are important for mental and visual development in infants. They can be obtained directly from the diet or made naturally by the baby from two precursor essential fatty acids – alpha linolenic acid (precursor of DHA) and linoleic acid (precursor of ARA). DHA and ARA function as nutritional building blocks in brain and eye development, which occurs most rapidly during the first two years of life.
Can babies be allergic to DHA and ARA?
It would be highly unlikely for a baby to have an allergic reaction to DHA and ARA. Allergies occur in response to proteins. DHA and ARA are fatty acids and the sources of these are free of protein contamination.
Insurance Coverage and Product Delivery
Let us help navigate you through the insurance coverage process and connect you with a supplier who can deliver EleCare right to your door.
Learn More
Each health care provider is ultimately responsible for verifying codes, coverage, and payment policies used to ensure that they are accurate for the services and items provided. Providers should consult with the insurance plan for complete and accurate details concerning documentation for claims. Abbott does not guarantee reimbursement by any third-party insurance plan and will not reimburse physicians or providers for claims denied by third-party insurance plans.
EleCare Feeding Expert badge: Get live one-on-one feeding support at _PHONE_


Monthly Archives: August 2016
Producing HTML links from a CSV Using Python
Recently in work I had to generate a long list of html links from two columns that I had extracted from a MySQL database to a.csv file. The example below shows what steps are needed to generate html urls from a csv file that has the text of the link in one column and the url in the other. The columns that I extracted from the database into a.csv file looked like the following:
Master of Arts in Learning
Postgraduate Diploma in Arts
Postgraduate Diploma in Computing
In the file, there were roughly 400 rows. I needed to add the name of the courses with their link to a website as a list. The list created would allow students to browse for their course and follow the correct link to their course.
I had access to the html so I needed to add roughly 400 html links. To do this manually would take hours. So I decided I would need a script to produce the html. The script I came up with looks like the below:
import csv, sys
sys.stdout = open('links.txt', 'w')
for row in csv.reader(open('courses.csv'),delimiter=","):
print ("'"' + row[0] + ' ')
 1. Line one in the script; Import csv, sys. imports modules that I needed. The csv module facilitates the opening of.csv files while the sys module allows the redirection of output to a file.
 2. The second line; sys.stdout = open('links.txt', 'w') Creates and opens a file in write mode called links.txt.
 3. Line three, is a for loop, that opens the courses.csv file and goes through it line by line.
 4. As the loop goes through the file line by line, it prints tag and finally a tag which will insure that each link exists on a new line on our webpage.
When we run our script the output produced to the links.txt looks like:
 Master of Arts in Learning
 Post Graduate Diploma in Arts
 Post Graduate Diploma in Computing
This code can then be copied to our website which will then display a list of links that users can select.


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The Centre for Radio Cosmology (CRC) at UWC is internationally recognised for its research in cosmology and galaxy evolution with MeerKAT, the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and other telescopes. The CRC is heavily involved in the South African and international SKA Projects. In 2021, 25 PhD/ MSc students and 13 postdoctoral fellows are doing astrophysics research at UWC. See _URL_ for further details. The CRC is closely linked to IDIA (Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy) at UWC: see _URL_
The CRC is offering MSc and PhD bursaries for 2022. Successful applicants will be supervised by Prof Mario Santos, Prof Roy Maartens, Prof Lerothodi Leeuw, Dr Ed Elson or Dr Michelle Lochner, on cutting-edge projects described briefly below. The available topics cover the Key Science goals of the SKA in cosmology and galaxy evolution – which have synergies with the science goals of the major upcoming optical/ infrared surveys, such as DESI, Euclid and LSST.
Students also have the possibility to be co-supervised by UWC IDIA researchers Prof Russ Taylor and Prof Mattia Vaccari, and by visiting Professors Romeel Davé (University of Edinburgh), Matt Jarvis (Oxford University), Stefano Camera (University of Turin), Phil Bull, Chris Clarkson and Alkistis Pourtsidou (Queen Mary University of London). Students will also have opportunities to spend time in institutions abroad (depending on the pandemic), in particular the ones just mentioned.
Applicants should email a single PDF document containing the following:
- a CV
- transcripts of all university-level results
- a brief statement of research interests, related to the topics below (1 page)Applicants should also arrange for 2 reference letters to be sent directly to us by referees, with the same closing date.
Email address: _EMAIL_
Deadline: 24 May 2021
Preference will be given to students who fit into the demographic guidelines provided by the NRF and SARAO (SA Radio Astronomy Observatory).
CRC bursaries are at the same level as bursaries from the SARAO. The 2022 levels for Full Cost of Study are:
MSc: 2 years at R172,900 per year
+ travel grant (up to R29k/year) + equipment grant (up to R27k for 2 years)
PhD: 3 years at R180,430 per year
+ travel grant (up to R36k/year) + equipment grant (up to R40k for 3 years)
(Please check NRF/SARAO rules for eligibility requirements.)
Bursaries are granted on a year by year basis – i.e. continuing into the next year depends on satisfactory progress.
We offer a range of topics that tackle some of the big questions at the forefront of international cosmology and galaxy evolution. Research students in South Africa have a historic opportunity provided by MeerKAT and the future SKA. In each topic below, there is a focus on MeerKAT and SKA, and their synergy with other surveys.
Training in cutting-edge theory, computation, simulations and data science will be provided.
1. Measuring neutral hydrogen (HI) across cosmic time with MeerKAT.
We will use MeerKAT observations to make statistical detections of neutral hydrogen intensity on cosmological scales. There are several projects, from more technical data analysis to simulations of the signal. These include the measurement of the power spectrum and detection of the elusive Baryon Acoustic Oscillations that can constrain Dark Matter and Dark Energy. The data analysis techniques use state of the art statistical methods including machine learning algorithms.
2. Unveiling the properties of HI galaxies.
Using existing multi-wavelength observations and upcoming MeerKAT data, we will investigate the properties of HI in galaxies, giving new information on the HI and Dark Matter content of the Universe. There are 2 possible projects. (a) Statistical techniques like 'stacking' will allow us to probe the mass function of HI galaxies down to low flux limits. (b) Using HI spectral line observations from current data, in particular MeerKAT, to study nearby HI galaxies and quantify their dynamics, mass distribution and star formation properties.
3. Probing the first galaxies in the Universe.
We will investigate the Epoch of Reionization and use HERA (_URL_) data to probe the HI 21cm signal from the early Universe. There are several projects, including simulations of the signal, the observation pipeline and data analysis techniques (such techniques can include machine learning methods as well).
4. The radio continuum sky below the detection threshold.
We will develop and apply statistical techniques (e.g. stacking, P(D)) to radio continuum data from current surveys, in particular MeerKAT, to study the properties of radio galaxies below the detection threshold. This will allow us to constrain their source counts, luminosity functions and even 2-point correlation functions at very low flux limits.
5. Machine Learning in Astronomy
Telescopes such as the SKA and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile will produce enormous quantities of data that will require novel techniques to analyse. This research topic aims to develop machine learning techniques for astronomical datasets, including those from MeerKAT. Of particular interest is the development of anomaly detection algorithms capable of discovering rare or even never seen before objects in large data.
6. Probing Dark Energy.
Dark Energy is thought to be the source of the accelerating expansion of the Universe, and its properties can be accurately measured by using the probes extracted from HI and other surveys – such as the power spectrum, bispectrum, BAO scale, redshift-space distortions (RSD) and weak lensing. There are several possible projects, associated with different probes.
7. Testing Einstein's theory of General Relativity.
We will explore whether the acceleration of the Universe is possibly not from Dark Energy, but instead from a modification of General Relativity – again, using the probes from HI and other surveys (especially RSD). There are several possible projects, associated with different probes and different tests.
8. Extracting 'fossil' information from the very early Universe.
The primordial fluctuations generated in the first instants of the Universe provide the seeds for the formation of CMB anisotropies and large-scale structure. Imprints of the primordial Universe are 'frozen' in the large-scale distribution of matter. Using HI and other surveys, we can extract this 'fossil' information using some of the probes listed in Topic 5. There are several possible projects, associated with different probes and different properties.
We can also consider other topics on a case by case basis.


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The smallest AI chip in the world called Mipy chip is here. The makers of the chip claim that Mipy is not only the smallest but also the lowest in cost available in the AI chip market.
Developed by the collaboration of a team of Taiwanese researchers from the National Taiwan Normal University and an IC design house 'AVSdsp,' this chip has a production cost as low as $1 — yep, you read it right!
This chip has a deep-learning image-recognition AI circuitry incorporated in it that can be used in various large-quantity applications such as home, advertising, education, car, police, security, industrial and toy products.
According to the developers, Mipy is a cooperative integrated circuit that manufacturers can place alongside the main controller chip. It can also be built into any printed circuit board very easily if it has a primary audio-video processing function.
AI-capable chips are the future and will be implemented in pretty much every device in the coming years. All the biggest tech players have already embraced the AI revolution and right from smartphones to self-driving cars, these chips are going to change the way they work now.
Presently, smart speakers like Amazon Echo or Google Home are the cutting edge of artificial intelligence for us, but they mostly rely on network links for their intelligence.
However, that is going change with the inclusion of built-in AI chips that would let them process the voice commands faster and get the tasks done more efficiently. With the production costs getting as low as one dollar for an AI chip, the floodgates for AI-based devices are going to open real soon.
Also Read: This Bizarre AI Turns Your Sentences To Horrifying Images


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If you're in the restaurant business, have you considered expanding your offerings to include catering services? Catering can be a lucrative opportunity to provide customers with more than just an in-house dining experience. It allows you to extend your reach and cater to larger events, such as weddings, corporate meetings, and parties. But what does a caterer do exactly? In this blog post, we will explore what is a caterer and what their job description entails. Read on!
What Is a Caterer?
A caterer is a person or business that provides food and other services for events such as weddings, parties, corporate functions, and other special occasions. They are responsible for all aspects of food preparation, including menu creation and selection, ingredient purchasing, cooking, serving, and cleaning up. Caterers simplify the host's planning process and provide an enjoyable experience for guests by offering an extensive knowledge of menus, food safety practices, sanitation, food preparation laws, and customer service.
Caterers typically offer a portfolio of menu options for customers to choose from, or they can customize menus based on customer preferences. In addition to food, they may provide a range of services, including wait staff, bartenders, rental equipment, decorations, linens, tableware, cake cutting, and more. This allows customers to choose which services are included in the package and eliminates the hassle of coordinating with multiple vendors. Some caterers may also have access to venues and can provide advice on where to host an event.
What Does a Caterer Do?
A caterer is a professional who provides food and beverage services for various events and occasions. The responsibilities of a caterer can vary depending on the type and size of the event but generally include the following:
- Menu planning: A caterer works with the client to plan a menu that suits the event and fits within the client's budget.
- Food preparation: A caterer is responsible for preparing the food for the event. This includes cooking, baking, and assembling dishes.
- Food presentation: The caterer ensures an attractive and appetizing presentation of the food. This may include decorating platters, arranging food displays, and garnishing dishes.
- Delivery and set-up: A caterer is often responsible for delivering the food to the event location and setting up the food service area.
- Service: A caterer may be responsible for serving the food to guests during the event, maintaining the food service area, and keeping it clean.
- Clean-up: After the event, a caterer is responsible for cleaning up the food service area and disposing of any leftover food or waste.
In addition to these responsibilities, a caterer may also be involved in coordinating other aspects of the event, such as renting restaurant equipment, hiring catering staff, and arranging for entertainment. Ultimately, the goal of a caterer is to provide a high-quality dining experience that meets the needs and expectations of the client and their guests.
Caterer Job Description
Responsibilities for a caterer include:
- Planning menus and estimating the amount of food needed for events
- Creating shopping lists to purchase ingredients and supplies
- Preparing meals using various cooking techniques such as grilling, roasting, and sautéing
- Setting up buffet tables and other displays
- Monitoring food safety, quality, and portion control
- Maintaining a clean and safe working environment
- Interacting with customers to ensure their satisfaction
- Managing staff, including assigning tasks and overseeing work.
- Resolving customer complaints professionally.
- Planning budgets and controlling costs.
- Negotiating contracts with vendors.
- Maintaining documentation such as invoices and receipts.
- Assisting in the recruitment, training, and scheduling of staff.
- Working with event planners to create special menus for events.
- Monitoring inventory levels and ordering necessary items.
- Following health and safety regulations.
- Developing creative dishes and recipes.
- Using marketing techniques to promote catering services.
- Coordinating with event venues or other vendors as needed.
- Working flexible hours, including evenings, weekends, and holidays.
- Staying up to date on industry trends and changes.
These are some of the responsibilities associated with a caterer's job.
To be successful in this role, caterers must have excellent organizational and communication skills. They should also have knowledge of food safety laws, a strong understanding of flavors and ingredients, and the ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously.
Additionally, they must be able to work well with their staff and customers.
Caterers must also possess the physical stamina to handle the demanding nature of their job. With experience, caterers may advance to higher-ranking positions such as executive chefs or catering managers. With these positions come additional responsibilities, including hiring and training new staff, managing budgets, and overseeing events from start to finish.
Frequently Asked Questions About Caterers
Are you interested in starting a catering business and catering to clients for their upcoming events? Understanding what qualities make a good caterer and the nuances of being an independent caterer is crucial. This knowledge will ensure your clients' events are successful and your catering business thrives. In this section, we'll explore some frequently asked questions about caterers, including the definition of an independent caterer, the essential qualities of a catering business, and how to succeed in the industry.
What Is an Independent Caterer?
An independent caterer is a self-employed catering business rather than being part of a larger corporation. Independent caterers have the freedom to focus on their unique strengths and service offerings as corporate catering policies or procedures do not bind them.
What Is Most Important for a Caterer?
For caterers, the most important thing is providing quality food and service.
How Do I Become a Successful Caterer?
Tips for becoming a successful caterer:
- Understand the different types of events that require catered services: Corporate events, weddings, and private parties all have different needs. Knowing what services are required for each event is crucial to creating a successful catering business.
- Gain knowledge of the food business: Understanding the various types of cuisine and how to prepare, cook, and serve them is essential. Additionally, knowing the types of equipment needed for food preparation and service will help build a successful catering business.
- Learn about the local catering industry: Knowing the competition and what they offer is vital to creating a successful catering business. Understanding the different types of menus available and customer preferences will also aid in developing a successful catering business.
- Develop excellent customer service skills: A successful caterer must be able to understand customers' needs, provide prompt and courteous service, and handle any situations that may arise.
By following these tips and putting in hard work and dedication, anyone can build a successful catering business.
What Is Party Food Caterers?
Party food caterers are professionals who specialize in providing an array of delicious and innovative catering services for special events. Whether it's a birthday, graduation, anniversary, corporate event or any other special occasion, party food caterers can provide custom packages designed to fit the needs of every budget and style.
Is Caterer a Profession?
A caterer is often considered a profession, but there are key differences between caterers and other professionals. Caterers generally work on a freelance or contract basis. They lack the long-term commitment or stability that many other professions offer.
Additionally, caterers often work with event coordinators, chefs, and other service providers to create a successful event. Caterers are also not typically responsible for the overall management of an event but rather focus on food-related aspects such as menu planning and meal preparation.
Although caterers may have some formal training in culinary arts or business management, their primary responsibility is ensuring that the food served at an event is both delicious and safe. While caterers may be considered a profession in their own right, they are typically not held to the same standards as other professionals, such as doctors or lawyers. In short, while caterers can certainly be considered a profession, their work generally does not require formal education and training like some other professions do.


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Evaluation of carrier RNA and low volume demineralization for recovery of nuclear DNA from human teeth
- 446 Downloads
Teeth and bones are frequently used in the genetic analysis of degraded and ancient human and animal remains. Standard extraction methods, including most commercially available systems, may not yield sufficient DNA to enable successful genetic analysis. Addition of a carrier molecule and demineralization (via EDTA) can increase yields from samples containing limited amounts of DNA. However the benefits of carrier molecules have not been demonstrated for bones and teeth and demineralization introduces large reagent volumes that are difficult to integrate into commercial DNA extraction systems.
We compared nuclear DNA yields recovered from small samples of partially decomposed human teeth using a commercial silica-based DNA extraction system with and without the addition of carrier RNA and/or a low-volume demineralization step.
DNA yield was significantly improved with demineralization, but there was no significant effect of carrier RNA. The DNA content of a sample did not influence the significance of the effect of demineralization.
Using a simple low-volume (1 mL) demineralization step, prior to DNA extraction with the QIAmp DNA Investigator kit (Qiagen), as little as 50 mg of tooth powder can yield more than 500 ng of nuclear DNA.
KeywordsDemineralization Carrier RNA DNA extraction Teeth
- 7.Qiagen. QIAamp DNA investigator handbook. Qiagen: Hilden Germany; 2007.Google Scholar


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Red Claw Crab (Perisesarma bidens)
From The Aquarium Wiki
You can contribute to the Aquarium Wiki by expanding this article. Dont be shy!.
Red Claw Crab
1.001 - 1.025
7.5 - 8.5
This animal is available captive bred
- Red Claw Crab, Red Crab, Thai Crab
- Sesarma bidens
- Males are more brightly coloured than females. Females also have a different shaped abdomen, only visible on the underside.
- Really best kept in species tanks and can live with other crabs but may fight with other crabs if not enough space to set up territories, but if kept with fish they must not be kept with long-finned fish, bottom dwellers or small fish species. Top dwelling and fast-swimming fish that prefer brackish conditions only.
- An omnivorous crab which will take most foods including blanched vegetables, flakes and pellets, brine shrimp, bloodworm and fish.
- Feed once or twice a day.
- Must have access to an area above the water line, and prefers brackish conditions, an SG of 1.005 is sufficient. A secure fitting lid is essential as these are excellent escape artists. Red crabs are particularly sensitive to copper, which is an ingredient in many fish-disease treatments and snail-eradication chemicals, avoid at all costs.
- Red Claw Crabs are very good escape artists, and will take advantage of any opportunity to escape from the aquarium they are kept in. They can easily climb up airline tubing and filter tubes, so a tight fitting lid is essential. They can be kept with fish, but it is not a good idea to do this. They will catch and eat small fish if given the opportunity. Avoid keeping them with bottom dwellers or long finned fish at all costs.
- In a planted tank they will snip pieces off the plants and eat them. Adding a weighted piece of lettuce will allow them to drag it off and graze in private.
- Flattened deep red/brown shell with protruding eye stalks and 2 equal-sized orange to bright red claws.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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WmlScript Disassembler
, 30 Dec 2005
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A useful tool for WmlScript disassembling.
DWmlsc UI Screen-shot
Introduction
About WMLScript
Today, more and more cell-phones (or other mobile clients) support WAP browsing functions. To enhance the ability of the browser side, now many WAP browsers support WMLScript. The WMLScript language is based on the ECMAScript [ECMA262] but it has been modified to better support low bandwidth communication and thin clients. WMLScript can be used not only with WML but also as a standalone tool.
One of the main differences between ECMAScript and WMLScript is the fact that WMLScript has a defined bytecode and an interpreter reference architecture. That can give better performance in narrowband and small memory environments. To make the language smaller, and easier to compile into bytecode, many advanced features of the ECMAScript have been dropped. For example, WMLScript is a procedural language and it supports locally installed standard libraries.
What DWmlsc can do
Since WMLScript can be compiled into bytecode (usually using extension file name .wmlsc), sometimes we need to decompile the bytecode to view the source. So I wrote a tool named "DWmlsc" to do this job.
Background
Resources about WML and WMLScript can be found at:
Implementation
DWmlsc is a MFC SDI program. When a user open a .wmlsc file, this function will be called:
void CDWmlscDoc::Serialize(CArchive& ar)
{
 if(ar.IsStoring() == FALSE)
 {
 m_codeLen = ar.GetFile()->GetLength();
 m_binCodeBuf = new BYTE[m_codeLen];
 ar.Read(m_binCodeBuf,m_codeLen);
 m_result_code.RemoveAll();
 if(DeCompile(m_binCodeBuf,m_codeLen,m_result_code) == false)
 {
 MessageBox(NULL,"Sorry,Decompile faild!","Error",MB_OK|MB_ICONSTOP);
 return;
 }
 SetModifiedFlag(TRUE);
 }
 //...
}
In the function Serialize, I read the whole file into a buffer, and then call the core function.
bool DeCompile(BYTE *bin_code,int len,CList<CString,CString&> &result);
The output parameter result will be used to store the de-compilation result.
The WMLScript bytecode consists of the following sections: HeadInfo, ConstantPool, PragmaPool and FunctionPool. (Refer to the WMLScript specifications please.)
The function DeCompile reads and parses the file into these parts:
 - The information read from ConstantPool is stored in a list g_ConstTable.
 - The information of PragmaPool is almost ignored.
 - The information of FunctionPool is stored in a list g_FuncTable.
Now, we can start to decompile the bytecode in the functions. The following code segment visit through the g_FuncTable:
struct Function
{
 BYTE findex;
 CString func_name;
 BYTE arg_num; //arguments num
 BYTE lvar_num; //local variable num
 unsigned int func_size;
 BYTE *CodeArray;
};
The function TransCode will do the real decompiling job:
 //...
 i = 0;
 while(i < func.func_size)
 {
 int n = TransCode(func.CodeArray + i, i,func.arg_num);
 if(n < 0)
 {
 return false;
 }
 CString code;
 //...
 }
 //...
The function TransCode will translate the bytecode into textual instructions.
int TransCode(BYTE *data,int addr,int arg_num)
To make the bytecode smaller, WMLScript uses the "Inline parameters" technique.
Signature Available Instructions Used for
1XXPPPPP 4 JUMP_FW_S, JUMP_BW_S, TJUMP_FW_S, LOAD_VAR_S
010XPPPP 2 STORE_VAR_S, LOAD_CONST_S
011XXPPP 4 CALL_S, CALL_LIB_S, INCR_VAR_S
00XXXXXX 63 The rest of the instructions
TransCode parses these "Inline parameter" instructions with an "if/else..." statement.
The other 63 instructions will be parsed by indexing the array: Instruction InArray[].
 //...
 const ins_count = sizeof(InArray)/sizeof(InArray[0]);
 if(op_code >= ins_count)
 {
 return -1;
 }
 Instruction *ip = InArray + op_code;
 if(ip->parser == NULL)
 {
 sprintf(tmp,"%s",ip->ins_name);
 }
 else
 {
 int n = ip->parser(data,addr,arg_num);
 i = i + n - 1;
 }
 //...
What then is "InArray"? See this:
Instruction InArray[] =
{
 {"",NULL}, //0
 {"JUMP_FW", JUMP_FW}, //1
 {"JUMP_FW_W", JUMP_FW_W}, //2
 {"JUMP_BW", JUMP_BW}, //3
 {"JUMP_BW_W", JUMP_BW_W}, //4
 {"TJUMP_FW", TJUMP_FW}, //5
 {"TJUMP_FW_W", TJUMP_FW_W}, //6
 {"TJUMP_BW", TJUMP_BW}, //7
 {"TJUMP_BW_W",TJUMP_BW_W}, //8
 {"CALL", CALL}, //9
 {"CALL_LIB", CALL_LIB}, //10
 //...
}
JUMP_FW, JUMP_FW_W etc...are all function pointers of type parser_t (see decompiler.h):
typedef int (* parser_t)(BYTE *data,int addr,int arg_num);
The program checks the instruction parsing function by indexing "InArray". Simple, and very fast.
Points of Interest
Multi-byte Integer Format
In many places, the byte code uses the "Multi-byte Integer Format" to represent an integer.
A multi-byte integer consists of a series of octets, where the most significant bit is the continuation flag and the remaining seven bits are a scalar value. The continuation flag is used to indicate that an octet is not the end of the multibyte sequence. A single integer value is encoded into a sequence of N octets. The first N-1 octets have the continuation flag set to a value of one (1). The final octet in the series has a continuation flag value of zero.
The remaining seven bits in each octet are encoded in a big-endian order, e.g., the most significant bit first. The octets are arranged in a big-endian order, e.g. the most significant seven bits are transmitted first. In the situation where the initial octet has less than seven bits of value, all unused bits must be set to zero (0).
For example, the integer value 0xA0 would be encoded with the two-byte sequence 0x81 0x20. The integer value 0x60 would be encoded with the one-byte sequence 0x60.
The function get_mb_uint helps us to decode the "Multi-byte Integer".
unsigned int get_mb_uint(BYTE *data,int len,int &k)
{
 unsigned int r = 0;
 int i = 0;
 for(i=0;i<len;i++)
 {
 BYTE b = data[i];
 r = (r << 7) | (b & 0x7F);
 if( (b & 0x80)==0 )
 {
 break;
 }
 }
 k = k + i + 1;
 return r;
}
Name Translation of WMLScript Standard Libraries
WMLScript bytecode uses "lib index" and "func index" to identify which standard library function is to be called.
char * make_call_name(int lindex,int findex);
Check the lib index and function index in the internal string table, and return the result. Users can read the library and function name in the decompiled text result directly, instead of checking documents.
Summary
Currently, the DWmlsc can only decompile the bytecode into "


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What is horseback archery? And where can I do this?
Horseback Archery
There is something magical about archery. The precision at which archers release their arrows to hit the intended targets is a joy to watch. Now, imagine the thrill of seeing an archer shoot targets while riding a horse at high speed. That's horseback archery. However, to excel in this sport, you must have high levels of agility, coordination, balance, and have a good connection with your horse.
Where can I do Horse Archery?
Horseback arching is growing in popularity. In different states, you will find regional competitions for horseback archers. You can always participate in these competitions as they will enable you to interact with other horse archers while gauging your skills against them.
You can also join the Mounted Archery Association of the Americas (MA3), which is the body responsible for the National Ranking Systems of horse archery in the United States. The rankings are based on results garnered from live competitions, and it includes all horse archers in the US, irrespective of their affiliation.
Some of the areas where MA3 competitions are held include;
 - Eagle Point in Oregon
 - Bluff Park farm in Alaska
 - Soldier Follow in Midway, UT
The benefit of joining an association like the MA3 is that you get exposure to different events, competitions, and clinics. The more you participate in these activities, the more you improve your sport and grow as an athlete. You also get the chance to become part of a community that shares a common interest, and you can even create long-lasting friendships with other horse archers.
If you are a pro in horse archery, you can also be selected for major events such as the IHAA and WHAF World Championships, where you get to compete with horse archers from other parts of the world.
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What is horseback archery
The difficulty of Doing Archery on a Horse
Shooting an arrow while standing on the ground requires a lot of precision and accuracy to hit the intended target. Now, can you imagine what it takes to hit a target while on the back of a horse that is galloping at top speed? Indeed, it's not easy. Horseback archers are never stationary when shooting their arrows. This means that the distance from their target keeps on changing, and they must maintain a vision of the target; otherwise, they will lose their focus and shoot aimlessly.
As a horse archer, you also don't have the luxury of looking down at your bow as you nock your arrow on the string. Instead, you must rely on your instincts and touch, which is not easy, especially for a beginner.
Again, there is no arrow rest as you shoot, and it takes lots of practice to master the art of shooting with an arrow that is not steady.
Preparing Your Horse for Horseback Archery
The relationship between a horse archer and their horse is crucial to their success in this sport. Typically, it takes about two years to train a horse for horseback arching properly. This process will involve daily feedings and practice riding to ensure that the horse fully understands and appreciates the sport.
You should also incorporate frequent fun rides and fun shoots so that the horse does not get bored doing the same things over and over again. A change of scenery once in a while will also ensure you and your horse have a happy and healthy relationship. Before your horse adapts to the sport, you will need to be patient with them because learning takes time and consistency.
Additional Skill Required to Excel in Horse Archery
As a horse archer, both hands are used to hold the arrow and the bow. You might ask – how will I control my horse then? Typically, you must learn to gallop your horse and maintain proper balance without using your hands. You will need to master that skill, but the good thing is that with the right training and practice, you will be good to go. Again, this also calls for the need to foster a good relationship with your horse.
Bottom Line
The popularity of horseback archery is growing every day. With more competitions, both regionally and internationally, being organized, the future certainly looks bright for horse archers. If you are aiming to get in this sport, focus on improving your skills, engage in different events and competitions, and you will surely go far.
Graham Mitchell
Graham Mitchell
What started out as a fun summer camp activity, has become a passion of mine over the years. Whether it's target shooting, competitive archery or bow hunting, I hope you find this site to be a valuable resource of archery information.
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text: Due to the high aero to inertia ratio and the presence of strong aerodynamic forces, the low Earth orbit nanosatellites are not very appropriate to depend on a set of momentum wheels for attitude controlling. A method of utilizing aerodynamic disturbance torque as control input based on mass moment technology is innovatively proposed for the Nano-satellite in the low Earth orbit to solve the problem of the external aerodynamic force. The exclusive use of moving mass actuator would lead to an underactuated as the aerodynamic torque was perpendicular to the relative flow vector. To achieve full three-axis stabilization, a three-axis magnetorquer is used to complement the moving mass system to generate a torque along the orbital velocity. The whole dynamic equations are derived, which describes the system with two actuators, the movable mass and the magnetorquer, actuating simultaneously. According to the influence of disturbance items, the equations are simplified. Considering the uncertainty of the aerodynamic forces, the error of system parameters, and unknown environmental disturbance, a sliding mode control scheme based on disturbance observer is designed for ideal control input. An optimal torque allocation strategy is designed in order to generate the torque determined by the aforementioned nonlinear control law by moving the masses and commanding the magnetotorquer, and therefore combining the subspace of two actuators. Finally, a semi-physical simulation platform was built for two actuators and the results indicate that, additional inertia torque, related to the mass acceleration, is the main disturbance torque during the attitude maneuver and can be significantly reduced by optimal torque decomposition strategy. Meanwhile, during the attitude maintenance, the disturbance observer can effectively observe the system disturbances and improve the attitude control accuracy. The error of attitude angle is less than \pm 0.1^\circ. The results verify the feasibility of the use of the moving mass actuator to actively control the aerodynamic torque.


Meps At a Glance
meps recruits 380x253
MEPS stands for Military Entrance Processing Station. Once you have gone through initial questioning phases with your recruiter and have discussed your options, your recruiter will set an appointment for you to go to the nearest MEPS. Here you will take the ASVAB, have a physical, and (if you pass) - choose your job and swear in. Everything together should take 2 days, though there are some situations that may make things shorter or longer. Some people will go into their branch's DEP (Delayed Entry Program), and go home after MEPS to wait until their ship out date. Others will embark to basic training immediately following MEPS. Remember, you have NOT joined the military before going to MEPS, but by the end of it you will be asked to. Do you still want to join? Be sure of this before you go!
Here are some helpful hints for BEFORE you go to MEPS:
3. Remove earrings (they obstruct the headset used for the hearing test).
4. Profanity and offensive wording or pictures on clothing is not tolerated.
5. Hats are not permitted inside the MEPS.
7. Bathe or shower the night before your examination.
8. Wear underclothes.
10. Wear neat, moderate, comfortable clothing.
The typical process at MEPS is:
1. ASVAB test
2. Physical
3. Job selection
4. Swearing in
About MEPS
The MEPS is a Department of Defense joint-service organization staffed with military and civilian professionals. MEPS personnel determine applicants' physical qualifications, aptitude and moral standards as set by each branch of military service.
Each applicant for military service is required to take the CAT-ASVAB, which measures aptitude in a broad range of career fields. Each service combines the test section results to produce its own unique scores for various career fields.
Physical examinations are vitally important because everyone entering the armed forces must be in good health to endure the challenges of basic training and military service. You will have to remove your outer clothing during parts of the examination. Your physical examination consists of:? Height and weight measurements? Hearing and vision examinations? Urine and blood tests? Drug and alcohol tests? Muscle group and joint maneuvers, in underclothing (NOT exercises and running, just a few simple flexibility and balance tests to make sure you have proper ranges of motion)? Complete physical examination and interview? Specialized tests if required. Examples: fat percentage test (if you're overweight), secondary vision and hearing tests, other tests if you have an unusual medical history) Remember that many conditions can be waivered, but you must provide appropriate documentation! Check with your recruiter BEFORE you go: you will need to bring all documents with you, or else MEPS will disqualify you.
For Women Only
Medical History
Meals & Lodging
If you are entering the Delayed Entry Program, or not enlisting at this time, return transportation to your home will be coordinated by your recruiter. Those of you entering active duty will receive instructions on your transportation arrangements to basic training.
For the MEPS nearest you, check this list:
 - Check with your parents/guardians about any medical conditions in your past.
 - Check with your recruiter about ALL of your medical history. Talking with your recruiter in private does NOT disqualify you from the service - lying does. Remember, there are waivers for many things.
 - Bring all medical documentation with you to MEPS.
 - Get a good nights' sleep - you'll be waking up early!
 - Prepare well for the ASVAB - taking time to study can make a world of difference for your entire military career.
 - Bring a book to read during MEPS - there is a LOT of waiting.
 - Wear comfortable but presentable warm clothing.
 - Wear normal underwear. You will be sorry if you don't!
 - Listen to directions - there are lots of them!
© 2014 Military Advantage
A Monster Company.


text:
View your list of saved words. (You can log in using Facebook.)
(born 1715, Kirkharle, Northumberland, Eng.died Feb. 6, 1783, London) British master of naturalistic garden design. He worked for years at Stowe, Buckinghamshire, one of the most talked-of gardens of the day, under William Kent (1685–1748). By 1753 he was the leading improver of grounds in England. At Blenheim Palace he created masterly lakes and almost totally erased the earlier formal scheme. His landscapes consisted of expanses of grass, irregularly shaped bodies of water, and trees placed singly and in clumps. His style is often thought of as the antithesis of that of André Le Nôtre, designer of the formal Versailles gardens. Brown's nickname arose from his habit of saying that a place had capabilities.
Variants of BROWN, CAPABILITY
Brown, Capability orig. Lancelot Brown
This entry comes from Encyclopædia Britannica Concise. For the full entry on Brown, Capability, visit Britannica.com.
Seen & Heard
What made you look up Brown, Capability? Please tell us what you were reading, watching or discussing that led you here.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
In Greek mythology, the Oneiroi were the sons of Hypnos, the god of sleep. They were personifications of dreams—black-winged daemon—and were said to live on the shores of the Ocean in the far West, in a cavern near the border of Hades. The gods sent dreams to mortals from one of two gates located there: true dreams emerged from a gate made of horn, whereas false dreams threaded their way from a gate fashioned of ivory. They are described in the Odyssey, Hesiod's Theogony, and Ovid's Metamorphoses. According to Euripides, their mother was Gaea.The most powerful of the Oneiroi was Morpheus. His brothers Phobetor (also known as Icelus) and Phantasos crafted parts of dreams, while he formed the dream in general. Morpheus shaped human figures, Phobetor animal, while Phantasos shaped inanimate objects.
Oneiroi in Pop Culture
Fates Warning, a progressive metal band, has a side long epic on their 1988 release No Exit titled The Ivory Gate of Dreams which touches on this myth.


text:
Tailings storage facilities (TSFs) and embankment dams play a vital role in the mining and infrastructure sectors, serving as impoundments for the storage of waste materials and water, respectively. The seepage of water through these structures presents a significant stability challenge, with potential geotechnical, environmental and safety implications. Traditionally, seepage monitoring methods have primarily relied on groundwater monitoring wells, piezometers and downstream weirs/flumes. However, temperature cables, while not commonly deployed for seepage monitoring, offer a promising solution. In this blog post, we will explore how temperature data from these cables can serve as a valuable tool for monitoring seepage in tailings storage facilities and embankment dams, providing a more cost-effective and efficient approach.
Tailings dams are reservoirs used to store waste materials generated from mining activities, such as rock fragments, which have often been crushed into sand and fine grained particle sizes, and liquid discharge. While these dams serve a crucial purpose in managing waste, the seepage of liquids can lead to geotechnical instability of these structures and can pose a significant environmental risk if contaminated fluids seep into the surrounding area. According to the latest statistics, approximately 3,500 tailings dam facilities exist globally, with a substantial number displaying signs of seepage issues. In fact, a recent report indicated that more than 10% of active tailings dams have experienced concerning levels of seepage, leading to potential contamination of nearby water sources (Piciullo, et. al., 2022). These alarming figures call for immediate action and emphasize the need for effective monitoring systems.
Understanding Dam Seepage
Understanding the dynamics of tailings dam seepage begins with acknowledging the seasonal temperature variations within impounded water in tailings ponds or reservoirs. As water permeates through the dam, it carries the temperature signature of the reservoir, providing a unique opportunity for monitoring using temperature cables. Detecting changes in seepage is vital for safeguarding dam safety and environmental integrity, as any breaches can result in severe downstream consequences, including fatalities, infrastructure loss, water source contamination and habitat destruction. It's important to recognize that seepage, inherent in all dams, must be carefully managed to control both its velocity and quantity. Seepage can manifest anywhere on the downstream face, beyond the toe, or on the downstream abutments (EGLE, n.d.).
According to a study by Yun, Butler, and MacQuarie (2023), 'Seasonal subsurface temperature monitoring, which exploits the fact that increased seepage flow may locally alter the temperature distribution, is a useful approach for leakage monitoring and evaluation within embankment dams and their foundations' (p. 1).
Therefore, leveraging temperature data to detect and model seepage is crucial for ensuring the long-term sustainability and safety of tailings storage facilities and embankment dams.
Using Temperature Cables for Seepage Monitoring
Temperature cables serve as a sophisticated tool for monitoring seepage in TSFs and embankment dams, leveraging their unique capabilities to detect subtle changes in temperature. These cables typically consist of multiple thermistors distributed along their length, allowing for precise measurement of temperature variations. The installation process of temperature cables within dams varies depending on the construction phase. During initial construction, horizontal installation is integrated into the dam structure, providing continuous monitoring capabilities from the outset. For existing dams, temperature cables can be retrofitted into abandoned standpipes or inclinometer casings, or buried horizontally along the toe, avoiding the need for extensive drilling. This retrofitting approach minimizes disruption to the existing infrastructure while enhancing the dam's monitoring capabilities. The aim is to create a grid of temperature sensors within the dam to detect spatial temperature changes due to water flow (See Fig. 1).
The significance of capturing spatial variability of seepage cannot be overstated, as it provides critical insights into the integrity of the dam structure. By strategically placing multiple thermistors along each cable, engineers can monitor seepage changes and patterns with precision, enabling thermal modeling of the structure and leading to proactive intervention when necessary. Additionally, recording reservoir temperature serves as a vital reference point for comparing temperature variations within the dam. This comprehensive approach to temperature cable installation and monitoring facilitates efficient and cost-effective seepage detection, ensuring the continued safety and stability of TSFs and embankment dams.
Digital Temperature Cables (DTCs) vs Distributed Fiber Optic Systems (DFOS)
According to the Canadian Dam Association's webinar1 on Detection of Seepage through Dams/Abutments using Non-Destructive Investigation Techniques (2023), Digital Temperature Cables (DTCs) and Distributed Fiber Optic Systems (DFOS) stand as two prominent methods for temperature monitoring in dam seepage detection. DFOS, although sporadically implemented in practice and more prevalent in the literature, is commonly utilized in Swedish dams. It provides extensive coverage, featuring fiber optic sensor cables that span several kilometers and offer continuous measurements along their length. DTCs instead provide a practical alternative with distinct advantages. beadedstream's DTCs, for instance, utilize 1-wire technology, enabling up to 125 discrete, digitally addressable sensors on a single cable (with user defined spacing), all powered and transmitting data through the same set of 3 conductors (See Fig. 2). This innovative design allows for tight, although not continuous, measurements of temperature of lengths of up to 750m.
DTCs can be connected to simple geotechnical data loggers, including the same or similar models already in use to read other dam instrumentation such as VW piezometers, in-place inclinometers and SAA's, for a seamless monitoring experience. DFOS, on the other hand, requires an interrogator to monitor the cables which can be cost prohibitive for many projects. The data output from a DTC is a simple array of temperature data in °c or °f, while DFOS requires specialized data interpretation of the raw output to result in temperature readings.
Despite DFOS's continuous monitoring advantages, it comes with certain complexities, including costly installations, intricate data processing, and advanced technological understanding requirements. Conversely, temperature cables present a simpler and more cost-effective solution, enabling straightforward installations and integration at any phase of the project (Mohamed, et. al., 2021). This makes them particularly advantageous for dam seepage monitoring, where the ability to detect subtle temperature changes with precision is paramount for early intervention and mitigation.
Monitoring Seepage with Temperature Data
Monitoring seepage with temperature data involves a meticulous process that utilizes the capabilities of digital temperature cables to measure seasonal variations as water permeates through the dam structure. Equipped with multiple sensor points at regular intervals, these cables accurately capture temperature fluctuations, providing insights into the movement of impounded water within the dam. These fluctuations include spatial and temporal changes. By monitoring these variations over time, engineers can detect subtle changes indicative of seepage, facilitating early intervention and mitigation measures to uphold dam integrity and environmental safety.
One crucial aspect of temperature-based seepage monitoring involves analyzing the time offset between temperature readings within the dam and those recorded in the reservoir. The temperature in the reservoir changes seasonally, depending on the location's climate, and the water seeping through the dam carries this seasonal temperature to the location of the temperature sensors. Monitoring this time offset from the reservoir to each sensor, to establish a baseline, allows engineers to observe changes from this standard.
Maximizing the Value of Thermal Data
Harnessing the insights gained from temperature-based seepage monitoring, engineers and consultants can take proactive steps to ensure the structural integrity and safety of embankment dams. By employing advanced numerical modeling techniques, such as finite element methods, they can delve into the complexities of thermal behavior within the dam body. These models enable the simulation of heat conduction, advection, and dispersion, providing a comprehensive understanding of seepage dynamics (Yousefi, et. al, 2013). Armed with this knowledge, engineers can estimate quantities of seepage flow rates and predict potential leakage, crucial for assessing dam safety.
Furthermore, engineers can leverage the power of thermal data to optimize monitoring strategies. By analyzing temperature fluctuations over time, they can detect subtle variations indicative of seepage, facilitating early intervention and mitigation measures. Monitoring the time offset between temperature readings within the dam and those in the reservoir allows for real-time assessment, promptly identifying potential issues. Moreover, observing temperature changes within specific areas of the dam provides valuable insights into flow patterns and potential breach points, enabling targeted interventions to address seepage effectively. Through the strategic utilization of thermal data and advanced modeling techniques, engineers can proactively safeguard dam infrastructure and environmental integrity.
Taking Action Based on Monitoring Data
Timely intervention is paramount in mitigating the risks associated with seepage. Engineers interpret temperature data rigorously, implementing tailored mitigation strategies to address identified issues promptly. These strategies may encompass reinforcing dam structures, adjusting operational procedures, or augmenting monitoring measures to bolster the facility's resilience against seepage-related risks. The proactive use of temperature data empowers decision-makers to safeguard critical infrastructure and surrounding ecosystems from potential harm.
In conclusion, the utilization of temperature cables offers a cost-effective and efficient solution for seepage monitoring in TSFs and embankment dams. When combined with complementary monitoring instruments and systems, such as piezometers and remote sensing technologies, temperature-based monitoring methods provide a holistic approach to assessing dam integrity and mitigating risks effectively. beadedstream stands at the forefront of this innovative landscape, offering digital temperature cables, data loggers, and the capability to seamlessly connect to major 3rd party data loggers already in use in many tailings and embankment dams. Additionally, beadedstream provides a cloud-based temperature


Documentation Center
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Manipulate Entity Attributes
Access Entity Attributes
The table describes some ways that you can use data that you have attached to an entity.
Use Attribute Values To...Technique
Create a signal
Use the Get Attribute block.
For example, see the subsystem of the model described in Lesson 3: Add Event-Based Behavior.
Create a plot
Use the Attribute Scope block and name the attribute in the Y attribute name parameter of the block.
Alternatively, use the X-Y Attribute Scope block and name two attributes in the X attribute name and Y attribute name parameters of the block.
For example, see the reference page for the X-Y Attribute Scope block.
Compute a different attribute value
Use the Attribute Function block.
For example, see Unique and Accessible Attribute Names in Composite Entity.
Help specify behavior of a block that supports the use of attribute values for block parameters. Examples are the service time for a server and the selected port for an output switch.
Name the attribute in the block dialog box as applicable.
For example, see Use an Attribute to Select an Output Port.
 Tip Suppose that your entity possesses an attribute with one of these quantities:
 - Service time to be used by a downstream server block
 - Switching criterion to be used by a downstream switch block
 When an entity with one of these attribute quantities arrives at a server or switch block, you can directly reference the attribute using an option on the server or switch block dialog box. This approach is better than creating a signal with the attribute value and ensuring that the signal is up-to-date when the entity arrives. For a comparison of the two approaches, see Use a Signal or an Attribute.
Options for Manipulating Attributes
The table compares options for manipulating attributes of entities.
Use the Get Attribute, Set Attribute, and Single Server blocks to structure the computation correctly. Use blocks inside the subsystem to perform the specific computation.
 - Computation can use signal data that is not in an attribute.
Use Block Diagrams to Manipulate Attributes
Write a function that uses MATLAB® code to modify an attribute or define a new attribute. Use the Attribute Function block to invoke your function for each entity that arrives at the block.
 - Setup requires only one block.
 - Many computations are simpler to express in code than in blocks.
Write Functions to Manipulate Attributes
Use Block Diagrams to Manipulate Attributes
To manipulate attributes using blocks to perform the computation, use an arrangement as in the following figure.
Top-Level Model
Subsystem Contents
In your own model, you can vary:
 - The number of outputs of the Get Attribute block
 - The number of inputs of the Set Attribute block
 - The connections or contents of the subsystem, where all input signals of the subsystem are event-based signals
The key components are in the table.
Get AttributeQueries the entity for its attribute value.
Atomic SubsystemEnsures that the computation executes as an atomic unit. To learn more, see Perform Computations in Atomic Subsystems.
Content of Atomic Subsystem
Models your specific computation.
The earlier figure shows one example: 5|Attr+x|, where Attr is an attribute value and x is a time-based signal converted into an event-based signal. The subsystem executes if and only if Attr has a sample time hit.
Single Server with Service time set to 0Ensures that the Set Attribute block uses the up-to-date results of the computation. For details, see Interleaving of Block Operations.
Set AttributeAssigns new value to the attribute.
Write Functions to Manipulate Attributes
To manipulate attributes using code, use the Attribute Function block. The block lets you access existing attributes of the arriving entity, modify the values of existing attributes, or create new attributes.
For examples that use the Attribute Function block, see
Procedure for Using the Attribute Function Block
The Attribute Function block has one entity input port and one entity output port. The block manipulates attributes of each arriving entity. See Attribute Value Support for the characteristics of attribute values. To edit the computation, use this procedure:
 1. Display the block's associated function in an editor window by double-clicking the Attribute Function block.
 2. Write the first line of the function using arguments that reflect the attributes that the function manipulates. The arguments do not reflect input or output signals.
 Argument-Naming Rules
 - Input argument names must match the entity's attribute names.
 - Output argument names must be out_ followed by the names of attributes to assign to the departing entity.
 The entity must possess any attributes named as input arguments of the function. If the entity does not possess an attribute named using an output argument of the function, then the block creates the attribute.
 The default function definition, below, indicates that the function called fcn uses the value of the attribute called Attribute1 to compute values of the attributes called Attribute1 and Attribute2.
 function [out_Attribute1, out_Attribute2] = fcn(Attribute1)
 3. Write the function to implement your specific computation. The value of each attribute can be a realor complex-valued array of any fixed dimension and double data type, but cannot be a structure. For each attribute, the dimensions and complexity must be consistent throughout the model. Also, the function must use only those MATLAB functions and operators that are suitable for code generation. For more information, see MATLAB Language Features Supported for C/C++ Code Generation in the Simulink® documentation.
 Note: If you try to update the diagram or run the simulation for a model that contains the Attribute Function block, then you must have write access to the current folder because the software creates files there.
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Saravana Kumar Saravana Kumar - 25 days ago 24
C# Question
Detect windows logon attempts programmatically using C#
I want to develop a windows forms application to monitor my network computers do login, logoff and login attempts details and do something based on detection. (For example send some notification for admin)
What I have tried:
I read about windows service, Windows Task Scheduler and Event auditing using Task Scheduler But I want to do it pragmatically. So my question is How can I detect windows logon attempts programmatically using C#?
Answer
To detect logon attempts you can rely on windows security events. Here you can see a list of security events and their meanings. Common events which you may be interested in are:
4624: An account was successfully logged on.
4625: An account failed to log on.
4648: A logon was attempted using explicit credentials.
4675: SIDs were filtered.
Detect Events using an Application/Service
You can detect logon attempts yourself by code using EventLog class and handling its EntryWritten event. The code sample below just logs the event in a file to show you can be informed of event and use it. Instead of writing in a file, you can send notification by email or run an application or do something else.
To test the code you should Run as Administrator. Also in a real environment you should make it like a service or configure it to run before user login.
private void Form1_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
 EventLog logListener = new EventLog("Security");
 logListener.EntryWritten += logListener_EntryWritten;
 logListener.EnableRaisingEvents = true;
}
void logListener_EntryWritten(object sender, EntryWrittenEventArgs e)
{
 //4624: An account was successfully logged on.
 //4625: An account failed to log on.
 //4648: A logon was attempted using explicit credentials.
 //4675: SIDs were filtered.
 var events = new int[] { 4624, 4625, 4648, 4675 };
 if (events.Contains(e.Entry.EventID))
 System.IO.File.AppendAllLines(@"d:\log.txt", new string[] {
 string.Format("{0}:{1}", e.Entry.EventID, e.Entry.Message)
 });
}
Note: As also you said in the question you can use Windows Scheduled Task to do something when an Event Occurred.
You can ask the Windows to do something for you when an unsuccessful logon attempt detected, for example run an application (which sends an email or somethings else). To do so, use Windows Task Scheduler and say the task run when an specific event occurred and specify suitable event source and Id. Also to see an example of complete steps see Getting event log contents by email on an event log trigger.
Comments


1. Anaplan User Experience
 2. Build apps and pages in the User Experience
 3. Pages
 4. Board pages
 5. Add cards to a board
 6. Add an image card to a board
Image cards provide a visual identifier for a line item. For example, you can use an image to identify office locations, products, or different employees in your company.
You can include multiple image cards on a board.
To add an image card to a board, the source model of the board must contain a line item with the format Text and type Link. The line item must contain a valid image URL.
Note: To edit an existing image card, open the board in designer mode and click the Edit icon on the card. The Card configuration panel opens. Follow the procedure below from step 4 to edit the card.
To add an image card to a board:
 1. Open the board in designer mode.
 2. In the Cards panel, under Add card, double-click the Image tile, or drag it onto the board.
 By default, the card displays, full-width, on the board.
 3. Click Configure image on the image card.
 On the right, the Card configuration panel displays.
 4. In the Overview tab select the module that contains the image from the Module drop-down list.
 Only modules that contain Link type line items display in the drop-down.
 5. Select the image from the Line item drop-down list.
 If the URL is valid, the image you select displays in the image card.
 If the URL is invalid a message notifies you on the image card. You or your workspace administrator must update the URL.
 6. Optionally:
 - Enter a title in the Title field.
 The default title for an image card is the name of the selected line item.
 - Enter a description of the card in the Description field.
 The description displays in a tooltip when you hover your cursor over the icon in the top-left of the card.
 - Select a page from the Link to a page drop-down list.
 The card title links to the page you select.
 If you have not entered a card title, the name of the page you link to displays as the card title.
 - In the Image tab, toggle Display card background to display or hide the background of the image card.
 The background of cards is enabled by default.
 - Configure context selectors.
 7. Click Publish to save the image card to the board.
If the module has multiple dimensions, a context selector displays in the top-right of the page. To select a different image to display, click into the context selector and select the URL of the replacement image.


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text:
widget is compatible with the existing element, it'll be updated instead of re-inflated. This allows existing render objects to be mutated instead of being recreated. Depending on the mutation, this might involve any combination of layout, painting, and compositing.
Element.reassemble) marks the element as being dirty; most subclasses do not override this behavior. This causes the element tree to be rebuilt during the next frame. Render object elements update their render objects in response to
Element.performRebuild and therefore also benefit from hot reload.
Only widgets associated with
ProxyWidget) participate in the build process;
RenderObjectWidget subclasses, generally associated with
RenderObjectElements, do not; these simply update their render object when building.
ComponentElement instances only have a single child, typically that returned by their widget's build method (
ProxyElement returns the child attached to its widget)..
When the element tree is first anchored to the render tree (via
RootRenderObjectElement) assigns a
BuildOwner for the element tree. The
BuildOwner is responsible for tracking dirty elements (
BuildOwner.scheduleBuildFor), establishing build scopes wherein elements can be rebuilt / descendant elements can be marked dirty (
BuildOwner.scheduleBuildFor), and unmounting inactive elements at the end of a frame (
BuildOwner.finalizeTree). It also maintains a reference to the root
FocusManager and triggers reassembly after a hot reload.
ComponentElement is mounted (e.g., after being inflated), an initial build is performed immediately (via
ComponentElement._firstBuild, which calls
Later, elements can be marked dirty using
Element.markNeedsBuild. This is invoked any time the UI might need to be updated implicitly (or explicitly, in response to
State.setState). This method adds the element to the dirty list and, via
BuildOwner.onBuildScheduled, schedules a frame via
SchedulerBinding.ensureVisualUpdate. The actual build will take place when the next frame is processed.
Some operations trigger a rebuild directly (i.e., without marking the tree dirty first). These include
ComponentElement.mount. In these cases, the intention is to update the element tree immediately.
Other operations schedule a build to occur during the next frame. These include
Proxy elements use notifications to indicate when underlying data has changed. In the case of
InheritedElement, each dependent's
Element.didChangeDependencies is invoked which, by default, marks that element as being dirty. This causes the descendant to rebuild when any of its dependencies change.
Once per frame,
BuildOwner.buildScope will walk the element tree in depth-first order, only considering those nodes that have been marked dirty. By locking the tree and iterating in depth first order, any nodes that become dirty while rebuilding must necessarily be lower in the tree; this is because building is a unidirectional process -- a child cannot mark its parent as being dirty. Thus, it is not possible for build cycles to be introduced and it is not possible for elements that have been marked clean to become dirty again.
As the build progresses,
ComponentElement.performRebuild delegates to the
ComponentElement.build method to produce a new child widget for each dirty element. Next,
Element.updateChild is invoked to efficiently reuse or recreate an element for the child. Crucially, if the child's widget hasn't changed, the build is immediately cut off. Note that if the child widget did change and
Element.update is needed, that child will itself be marked dirty, and the build will continue down the tree.
Element maintains a map of all
InheritedElement ancestors at its location. Thus, accessing dependencies from the build process is a constant time operation.
Element.deactivateChild because a child is removed or moved to another part of the tree,
BuildOwner.finalizeTree will unmount the element if it isn't reintegrated by the end of the frame.
InheritedElement provides an efficient mechanism for publishing heritable state to a subset of the element tree. This mechanism depends on support provided by
All elements maintain a set of dependencies (
Element._dependencies, e.g., elements higher in the tree that fill a dependency) and a mapping of all
InheritedElement instances between this element and the root (
Element._inheritedWidgets). The dependencies set is mainly tracked for debugging purposes.
The map of inherited elements serves as an optimization to avoid repeatedly walking the tree. Each dependency is uniquely identified by its instantiated type; multiple dependencies sharing a type shadow one another (in this case, shadowed dependencies may still be be retrieved by walking the tree).
This mapping is maintained by
Element._updateInheritance. By default, elements copy the mapping from their parents. However,
InheritedElement instances override this method to insert themselves into the mapping (the mapping is always copied so that different branches of the tree are independent).
This mapping is built on the fly (via
Element._updateInheritance) when elements are first mounted (via
Element.mount) or are reactivated (via
Element.activate). The mapping is cleared when elements are deactivated (via
Element.deactivate); the element is removed from each of its dependency's dependent lists (
InheritedElement._dependents). As a result, it's usually not necessary to manually walk an element's ancestors.
Inherited relationships are established via
Element.inheritFromElement is a simple wrapper). In general, the inherited ancestor should be available in
Element._inheritedWidgets. This process causes the inherited element to add the dependent element to its list of dependencies (via
When an element is reactivating (e.g., after grafting), it is notified of dependency changes if it had existing or unsatisfied dependencies (e.g., a dependency was added but a corresponding
InheritedElement wasn't found in
Elements are notified when their dependencies change via
Element.didChangeDependencies. By default, this method marks the element as being dirty.


text:
Andrew Barclay - No.2217 'Henry Ellison' - Overhaul
The Association's steam locomotive 'Henry Ellison' No.2217 has been withdrawn from traffic to begin its 10-year overhaul following the expiration of its boiler certificate in September 2022. This is the second steam locomotive that was restored and operated by the Association.
Progress of its overhaul will be documented below.
These small steam locomotives were built at the Caledonia Works, Kilmarnock, of Andrew Barclays and Sons Ltd in Scotland. They are 0-4-0 wheel arrangement saddle tank engines (meaning the water tank is on top and around the boiler).
"2217" spent its working life at the Kilnhurst Tar Works of Yorkshire Tar Distillers near Swinton in Rotherham, a period of some 23 years, before being made redundant about 1970. This locomotive was despatched to store at Tinsley in Sheffield where they were to remain for some 35 years until being acquired on long-term loan by the Ecclesbourne Valley Railway Association, who have restored it.
There are a large number of this type of locomotive in preservation, in particular with the Ayrshire Railway Preservation Society, the Swindon and Cricklade Railway, Bowes Railway, East Anglian Railway Museum, Buckingham Railway Society etc.
In the case of "2217", on arrival, it was in a perfectly filthy condition, as the method of keeping it intact was to pour lorry sump oil on it from time to time. Primitive, but effective. It had (possibly) a black or dark green livery, or that may just be tar. Following the return to traffic after restoration, "Henry Ellison" is mainly used shuttling up and down the 1 in 27 incline to Ravenstor on special events but occasionally forays further down the line too.
Donate to our Locomotive & Carriage Club
£5 - text LCC 5
£10 - text LCC 10
£20 - text LCC 20
Alternatively, to give any other whole amount between £1 and £20 text LCC followed by a space and then the amount you wish to donate to 70085
Texts cost your donation + one standard network rate message.
Download our 'Locomotive & Carriage Club' leaflet 'here'


text:
NRC Shelter Handbook: Implementation through the 18 assistance methods
NRC understands there to be 18 shelter assistance methods that are normally combined to support the affected population, depending upon the nature of the shelter or settlement programme. Most of these are commonly used by NRC shelter programmes while some, such as loans and credit, are generally outside our standard capacity but can be considered, if the context requires. The 18 assistance methods are summarised below and then elaborated further in this chapter. Case study examples are offered, in order to illustrate how past responses can be understood using the 18 methods. Although the details of how each assistance method is used in each project will vary, the values of using a comprehensive and consistent description include improving communication between stakeholders, as well as making more visible lessons learnt from previous projects.
Resources on this Collection


How to Tighten a Drive Belt on a Craftsman Riding Lawnmower, step by step
Ever witnessed your Craftsman lawnmower not mowing properly or leaving patches of uncut grass? A loose drive belt might be the very reason. Luckily, the entire process is relatively easy, and all you'll need for the adjustment is just a socket wrench. If you've never performed self-maintenance on your Craftsman lawnmower before, then don't worry as we dissect this information for you in a step-by-step approach.
How to tighten a drive belt on a Craftsman riding lawnmower, step by step:
 - Step 1: Test the tension in your existing lawnmower drive belt
 - Step 2: Inspect the components on the mower such as the pulleys, belt, spring, and swingarm and check for any damage
 - Step 3: Pull back the clamp holding the cable and tighten it so that the spring attached to it is stretched
 - Step 4: Start the engine and engage the blade lever to check for the belt operation after adjustment
How to Tighten a Drive Belt on a Craftsman Riding Lawnmower, step by step 1
Drive belts are components that connect the engine's transmission shaft to the transaxle pulley and are responsible for the transmission of torque and power to the blades. It is situated underneath the mowing deck in case of riding lawnmowers. The belts usually wear out after continued use. Due to elongation in their tensile cords, drive belts have been known to become loose with time. Most often, the remedy is a replacement. However, in cases when elongation isn't much, you can always adjust the belt tension, and we are looking at that in this article.
The article covers all the steps needed to tighten the drive belt in case of your Craftsman lawnmower. Furthermore, we also provide a brief overview of some frequently asked questions regarding drive belts and lawnmowers. Stay tuned.
Troubleshooting and Adjusting the Drive Belt on a Craftsman Riding Lawnmower, step-by-step:
The steps that need to be followed for fixing the Craftsman lawnmower drive-belt are mentioned below:
- Step 1: Test current drive belt for operation:
Before we dig into it, we first need to see whether the current drive belt is worth tightening or not. Most Craftsman models have a blade engagement lever next to the steering wheel. After the cutting deck is lowered on the ground, the lever engages the blades to make contact with the grass and perform their function.
To see if your current drive belt is loose or not, start your engine and push your throttle lever to the highest. Next, engage the cutting blades by pushing the lever upwards. If you hear the blades' cutting sound right after you push the engagement lever, it indicates that the drive belt has the requisite tension in it and doesn't need any adjustment. However, if you notice that the blades aren't cutting the grass after the very instant you push the lever and give a whirring sound, it means that your drive belt is slipping, thus pointing out the need for adjustment or replacement.
- Step 2: Inspect the mower deck components:
As we've seen, the drive belt is slipping; we need to troubleshoot this for the components located on the mower deck. To do this, lower the deck as much as you can and pull back your blade engagement lever. Then, you need to inspect the following components:
Belt: Make sure that your drive belt is intact and doesn't appear damaged with chunks missing and cracks. If it seems damaged, then you should replace it right away.
Swingarm: The swingarm is a component on the deck where the springs are connected, and a pulley is mounted. The arm is pivoted at one end and free to rotate at the other end. Make sure that the arm is free to rotate. If it is not, drop some oil or a lubricant at the pivoted end, which might have been jammed.
After the above components are functioning correctly, push the lever again to engage the blades.
Spring: The cable that comes from the lever is connected to a spring. Touch the spring to see if it's completely stretched or loose. Also, touch your belt at the same time and notice if it appears loose. If it does, we shall move on towards the next step, adjusting the belt tension.
- Step 3: Tighten the belt by adjusting the cable:
After you've seen your belt loosened up, disengage the blade lever again. You would have noticed the wire that comes from the blade lever and is attached to the springs. On the deck, it is mounted on a bracket.
Loosen the bolts on the bracket is push it back in the direction away from the spring. You now feel that the spring is tightened up.
- Step 4: Test the belt for tension:
After the bracket has been pulled back, start your lawnmower engine at full throttle. Now, push the blade engagement lever upwards and immediately notice the cutting action of the blades. If the blades begin cutting without delay, it means that the belt tension is now optimal. However, If the belt still seems loose enough, it indicates that this method didn't add the required tension, and therefore you should think about replacing the belt.
Related Questions:
1. How to remove and replace the drive belt on a riding lawnmower?
In most cases, tightening the drive belt does not solve the problem, and you often need to replace it altogether with an identical one. The steps for doing that are listed below:
Step 1: Disconnect the spark plug
First, you should turn off the ignition switch and remove the key. Next, you need to pull the mower hood upwards and disconnect the spark plug wire.
Step 2: Disassemble the mower deck
Next, you need to disconnect the entire mower deck from the main body of the lawnmower.
– Step 2.1: Lower the mower deck
As a first step, lower the mower deck on the ground to the lowest position and disengage the blades.
– Step 2.2: Roll the belt off
Roll the belt off the engine pulley and release the belt keepers.
– Step 2.3: Detach the deck
Now, you need to remove all the linkages that connect the mower deck to the upper portion from both sides of the mower deck. To do this, remove the retaining pins and washer supports from the lift link, suspension arm, and rear end bracket on both the left and sides of the mower deck. The deck should now be detached completely.
Step 3: Pull out the old belt
– Step 3.1: Take a picture
Note the routing of the blade belt on the mower deck. We recommend taking a picture to record the layout.
– Step 3.2: Remove the old belt
You might see three pulleys on the deck, namely one idler pulley along with belt keepers and two mandrel pulleys. Remove the old drive belt from the three pulleys.
Step 4: Install the new belt
Loop the new drive belt around the mandrel pulleys and pass it around the idler pulley through the belt keeper. Push the deck back under the mower.
Step 5: Reconnect the mower deck
Reconnect all the removed links such as the lift links, suspension arms, and rear end bracket back onto the mower deck through the retaining pins and washers. Attach the belt back to the engine pulley.
With the mower deck assembled, reconnect the spark plug wire and insert the key in the switch. Start your mower and test the new belt for performance.
2. How long is the drive belt on a Craftsman riding lawnmower?
Drive belts are responsible for transferring power from the engine pulley to movable parts in the mower, such as the blades. Craftsman lawnmower models consist of primary and secondary drive belts. Both belts have a length ranging from 42-55 inches depending on the particular model.
3. Why does the belt keep slipping off the lawnmower?
The drive belt of your lawnmower may come off for various reasons. The exact reasons may depend on the design of your machine. However, some general reasons resulting in this problem are listed below:
– Damaged parts:
The drive belts and idler pulleys may affect the belt operation if they are not in working condition. Moreover, the swing arm should be able to rotate freely about its pivot. You need to check the mower deck's adjustment as well. For normal conditions, the deck's front is generally lower 1/8 to 1/4 inch than the back. A pitch greater than this may cause the belt to keep slipping off.
– Debris Buildup:
The buildup of dirt and dust between the pulley and bracket may also reduce the friction attaching the belt onto the pulley. Make sure that no soil, grass, or sticks are found along the drive belt. This condition is quite imminent under rough operating conditions and low maintenance.
4. What are the two significant forms of drive belts used?
Transmission belts in machine design may be of the V-type or synchronous design. V-belts have a wedge-shaped cross-section. Friction is the only force keeping the belt attached. On the other hand, synchronous belts have a notched profile along their inner circumference, much like gears. They are generally mounted on gears and pinions and are used in timing operations.
Final Comments:
Lawnmower belt maintenance may be one of the most frequently occurring instances, mainly if the mower hasn't been well maintained in the past. We recommend cleaning your lawnmower occasionally and adequately checking the mower deck working components to see if they are