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I would like to somehow limit what kind of inputs constructors are allowed to take in an inductive definition. Say I want to say define binary numbers as follows:
Inductive bin : Type :=
 | O : bin
 | D : bin -> bin
 | S : bin -> bin.
The idea here is that D doubles up a nonzero number by adding a zero at the end and S takes a number with zero as the last digit and turns the last digit into a one. This means that the following are legal numbers:
S 0
D (S 0)
D (D (S 0))
while the following would not be:
S (S 0)
D 0
Is there a way to enforce such restrictions in an inductive definition in a clean way?
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2 Answers
up vote 6 down vote accepted
You could define what it means for a bin to be legal with a predicate, and then give a name to the subset of bins that obey that predicate. Then you write functions with Program Definition and Program Fixpoint instead of Definition and Fixpoint. For recursive functions you'll also need a measure to prove the arguments of your functions decrease in size since the functions are not structurally recursive anymore.
Require Import Coq.Program.Program.
Fixpoint Legal (b1 : bin) : Prop :=
 match b1 with
 | O => True
 | D O => False
 | D b2 => Legal b2
 | S (S _) => False
 | S b2 => Legal b2
Definition lbin : Type := {b1 : bin | Legal b1}.
Fixpoint to_un (b1 : bin) : nat :=
 match b1 with
 | O => 0
 | D b2 => to_un b2 + to_un b2
 | S b2 => Coq.Init.Datatypes.S (to_un b2)
Program Definition zer (b1 : lbin) := O.
Program Fixpoint succ (b1 : lbin) {measure (to_un b1)} : lbin :=
But this simply-typed approach would probably be easier.
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This seems more reasonable than the other answer. I was too lazy to write one. You could take a predicate as additional argument, but then writing numbers is annoying. You could just not care and canonicalize when needed. – Ptival Dec 24 '12 at 21:13
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This could be done with inductive-recursive definitions - but unfortunately Coq doesn't support those.
From an object-oriented programming perspective, O, D and S are subtypes of bin, and their constructor types are then definable without resorting to logical predicates, but Coq doesn't support object-oriented programming natively either.
However, Coq does have typeclasses. So what I might do is make bin a typeclass, and make each of the constructors a separate inductive type, each of which has an instance of the bin typeclass. I'm not sure what the method(s) of the typeclass would be though.
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Dark Skies Matter: Sign the pledge
"Dark Skies Matter started as a Surrey project with the support of CPRE Surrey, Surrey Hills AONB, Surrey Wildlife Trust and Guildford RSPB. It was formed to combat light pollution in Surrey and to protect the county's remaining dark landscapes.
As waste light recognises no boundaries, Dark Skies Matter now reaches beyond its county origins to make an impact wherever polluting light occurs and its harmful effects are felt."
– John Evans, Founder & Coordinator of Dark Skies Matter
This Declaration aims to protect the fragile oases of natural darkness still to be found in this country, and to seek a reduction in the prevalence and harmful effects of unnecessary, artificial light.
The loss of dark sky – and the harm caused by light pollution across the country – affects us all and should matter to everyone. Light pollution is the soiling of the natural twilight and night-time environment by artificial light.
Why does it matter?
- It destroys a precious heritage of natural beauty that for millennia has inspired us and expanded our understanding
- It is wasteful, consuming resources unnecessarily and contributing to climate change
- It is associated with risks to human health and well-being
- It disrupts wildlife and impacts the wider ecology and biodiversity
- It travels far from its source, escaping to pollute the countryside
- Our roads and neighbourhoods can still be safe with informed lighting design and practice
Support the Declaration and help by:
- Speaking out against light pollution
- Adopting and advocating good lighting practice
- Championing dark sky oases within the county and beyond
Sign the Declaration today
If you share our aims and would like to Declare your support, please email: _EMAIL_ or contact John Evans, Coordinator of Dark Skies Matter on 07496 333301

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text:
There is a text file named "MsgSrikanth.txt" which has contents. Now we can convert that entire text file into a single string variable called showResult.
That conversion is shown below :
Dim showResult As String = NothingDim reader as New
StreamReader("MsgSrikanth.txt")showResult = reader.ReadToEnd()
string showResult = NothingDim;
StreamReader reader = new StreamReader("MsgSrikanth.txt");
showResult = reader.ReadToEnd();
ReadToEnd() method used to read content from the current position to the end of the file.
Asked In: Many Interviews |

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Zürich weather in February (Canton of Zurich, Switzerland)
Looking to travel to Zürich in February? Wondering if it's an optimal time for a visit? This page provides detailed information on the weather conditions for that month.
In February, Zürich generally has low temperatures and moderate snow/rainfall. February falls within the winter season. Throughout the day, temperatures typically settle at around 7°C (show in °F). But by evening, they drop to around -1°C.
Zürich in February usually receives moderate snow/rainfall, averaging around 90 mm (show in inches) for the month. It is the driest month of the year. For those who prefer outdoor activities, it's a great time to explore without the huge concern of sudden downpours. Delving into the climate records from the past 30 years, one can predict that nearly 14 days of the month will see snow/rainfall.
The city usually sees around 88 hours of sunlight, indicating fewer sunny days.
If you're looking for dry conditions and comfortable temperatures, February may not be the ideal month to visit Zürich. May, June, July, August and September typically offer the best circumstances. While January, February, November and December tend to showcase less optimal conditions.
For an in-depth look at the yearly conditions, visit our specialized Zürich climate page with graphs.
Zürich, monthly averages in February
Where to go in Switzerland in FebruaryFind out more about the weather in Switzerland in February and which places have the best weather conditions in this month.
So, what should you wear in Zürich in February?Wear a base layer in cold weather; this is the #1 thing you can do to increase your overall body temperature.
What To Do
We rated the following activities from 1 (least suitable) to 10 (best) to do in February.
Interested in more climate information?
Weather and Climate provides you with all the information you need about the climate in Zürich.
Our site offers climate and forecast data for every country in the world. Are you going to Switzerland? On this website you can find historical weather averages for many cities in Switzerland. Not sure yet where to go? We now have a tool which recommends destinations that suit your ideal climate conditions. Find out where to go with our weather planner.


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SECURITY OF MAJOR EVENTS, LAW ENFORCEMENT, TARGET IDENTIFICATION, FILTERING/BLOCKING COMMUNICATIONS…
Nuances Technologies designs lightweight and discreet electromagnetic spectrum control systems addressing the needs of forces involved in tactical operations.
Many features are offered:
Detecting, monitoring and recording targeted communications,
Locating the position of transmitters on a map, automatically or manually,
Identifying potential targets in order to enable decision-making,
Neutralising communications with selective jamming if necessary.
There are many possible applications, such as isolating individuals in a crowd, sending instructions for action or surveillance to a group of persons in danger, or neutralising communications of a group while maintaining police communications.
Whether they are used as portable devices or integrated in vehicles, these systems are quickly deployed, easy to use and particularly well suited for counter-terrorism missions.


text:
When experiencing new cuisine, there is nothing fresher than local, farm-raised food. If not raised in an area or experienced with local farmers' markets, how can visitors to Mexico be assured they are consuming local produce? Before ordering an item from the restaurant's menu, here are some of the most popular, regional favorites.
Visitors exploring the Yucatan region will find tropical climates here allow for great growing conditions. Regional cuisines are infused with locally-grown fruits and vegetables. The Yucatan is also one of the rare parts of Mexico that serve citrus; look for this local favorite as an ingredient in many popular dishes. Other fruits, including bananas and plantains thrive in this area; especially in the rainforest areas of Northeastern Yucatan .
Continuing your culinary travels in Mexico , visitors will also find bananas are plentiful in Oaxaca . In this region, bananas are mixed with chilies, chocolate, nuts, spices and other local ingredients to create a mole (mole-ay) sauce. Mole sauces are considered a specialty with each person adding their own concoction of ingredients until the perfect sauce is created. Once made, mole is served over beef or pork.
Another region enjoying mole sauces can be found in Puebla . Here, instead of serving mole over beef and pork, locals enjoy their mole on poultry. Mole content and taste here varies too; as bananas are not found in this region's typical mole sauces.
If visiting coastal areas, be sure to purchase fresh seafood. For guests used to typical salmon-steak fish, you may be pleasantly surprised to know fish is not usually served "steak-style." Shredded, chopped or cut fish is used by people in these areas to serve as a replacement for other types of meats. Therefore, it is not uncommon to see fish tacos, tamales, taquitos or other types of seafood dishes on menus. When served as a substitute for traditional meats, fish is usually served with other vegetables tomatoes, onions, spices and peppers.


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How To Give A Hand Massage
By Mary Smith. Updated: January 16, 2017
How To Give A Hand Massage
We are used to giving and/or receiving back massages. However, your body is more extensive than just your back and so you can also notice tension or pain in other areas. This can apply to your hands for example. In this article we explain how to give a hand massage. Read on for the steps you need to follow.
You'll need:
You may also be interested in: The 10 Best Massage Oils
Steps to follow:
1
To give someone a hand massage , you need to work out a way to take your patient's hand so you're able to work comfortably. First, both of you need to be sitting comfortably in a chair.
2
In order to massage the person's left hand, you need to take hold of their hand. Take hold of their left hand in the space between their little finger and ring finger. Using your right hand, in the space between their little finger and ring finger, grasp the patient's hand in between your index finger and thumb. Thus leaving the patient's hand with their palm facing up.
How To Give A Hand Massage - Step 2
3
Conversely, when taking the patient's right hand, the physiotherapist or massage therapist uses the space between the little finger and ring finger of their left hand and grasps between the patient's little finger and ring finger on their right hand. Grasp the space between the little finger and ring finger on the other person's right hand with your right thumb and forefinger.
4
Once you have achieved the position we've previously explained, apply cream onto the palm of the hand that you're going to massage. To apply the cream, just give a gentle rub with increasing pressure. You need to apply cream from their wrist to the tips of their fingers.
5
Next, press and make small circles with your thumbs across the palm of the person receiving the massage.
6
Then hold the patient's hand with one hand and with the other hand, knead each of the patient's fingers.
How To Give A Hand Massage - Step 6
7
Next, support the patient's hand with one hand and with the other hand apply continuous pressure from the patient's wrist to the tip of each finger. Apply pressure by using your thumbs, index and middle fingers. Use your thumb in the patient's palm and use your index and middle fingers on the back of their hand. At the end of each pressure, stretch each finger and hold for about 4 seconds.
8
To end the massage create some friction over the entire surface of their hands, going increasingly gentler.
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Golden Eagle Snatches a Kid in Park – Hoax Analysis
60
Picture Suggesting Golden Eagle Snatches a Kid in Park
Golden Eagle Snatches a Kid in Park
Story:
A golden eagle tries to snatch a baby in Montreal! What if he got away with it!?
Other Versions
1. Golden Eagle snatches child – Video.
2. Golden eagle attacks a toddler in park.
Analysis:
The video message claims to show a huge golden eagle attacking and snatching away a toddler kid in Montreal park. The video (first one in this article) appeared so real that many parents in Montreal were concerned that such an incident can happen with their kids as well. However, the video is not real. The story is a hoax.
This YouTube footage became very popular because it shows something unbelievable – an eagle snatching a young kid in a park while he plays under the watch of his dad, and then the eagle drops the kid few feet away. Although the footage appears real, a close look at it will reveal some loopholes, like couple of continuity breaks in the footage and the strange floating way in which the toddler falls down after being released by the eagle. Moreover, wildlife experts say that golden eagles are rarely found in Montreal, and that the bird shown in the video could be some kind of falcon. The video footage is not real, it is made using 3D computer graphics.
This 'Golden Eagle Snatches Kid' video footage was actually made by Canadian students at Centre NAD, as a part of their workshop pertaining to Bachelors degree in 3D Animation and Digital Design. Both the kid and the eagle shown in the video were actually created in 3D animation and later integrated in to the film. The story is therefore a hoax.
Hoax or Fact:
Hoax.
References:
Students admit faking clip of Golden eagle snatching a toddler
Centre NAD reassures Montrealers: no danger of being snatched by a royal eagle
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Prashanth Damarla
Debunker
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text:
can be used to insert, delete, or modify peak parameters (e.g. assignments). As with other mouse modes, the mouse button functions are given in the top border of nmrDraw. Once a peak table is edited, it should be saved using the Save option.
In the peak editing mode, the [Left] mouse button inserts a peak, the [Middle] mouse button can be used to adjust (edit) the value of a peak variable, and the [Right] mouse button will delete the nearest peak.
When using the middle mouse button to edit a peak, the variable to be adjusted is the one selected for the label (see Labels above). For example, if the assignment value ASS is selected for the label, you can modify the recorded assignment. After clicking the middle mouse button over the peak to change, type in the new value followed by the key. The CLUSTID value which defines clusters of partially overlapping peaks can also be displayed and modified this way. Because of keyboard focus issues, you may have to move the mouse in and out of the graphics area before typing; using the "-focus" option of nmrDraw may help this.
Sets the number of dimensions for the peak detection. One can automatically peak detect the entire spectrum (up to 4D) or just peak pick a 1D trace or a 2D plane of a 3D or 4D spectrum etc.
Activate the Peak Detection Settings pop-up, for specification of detection parameters described below.
Select this button to detect peaks according to the current settings (Figure 4). This will be performed by creating and executing a new peak detection script pk.tcl in the current directory. Therefore, peak detection will only work if you have access permissions to create files in the current directory.
Use this button to dismiss the Peak Detection pop–up window.
PEAK DETECTION SETTINGS POP-UP
Filter Command: The name of a command to execute after peak detection; when executed, the command will be given the name of the current peak table as its last argument. The intent of this option is to allow special filtering of the peak table. For example, using the command pkFilter.tcl will generate a "simple" version of the peak table from the original one.
Noise: Enter an estimate of the standard deviation of the spectral noise here. The default value comes from an automated estimate. This parameter is used in the Chi-squared test to classify random noise peaks. It is also used to estimate errors in peak position due to random noise (parameters DX DY DZ and DA in the peak table).
Chi2 Threshold: This is a probability threshold for noise peak rejection by Chi-square test. The Chi-square test estimates the probability that the sum-of-squares intensity in the peak's neighborhood could be caused by random noise alone. To use this test, you must enter a reasonable Noise value above. Increasing the chi2 threshold increase the rejection of peaks near the noise level. If the value is set to one or zero, no peaks will be rejected.
Contour: Specify the minimum number of contour levels which define the High and Low peak detection thresholds.
High: The detection threshold for positive peaks. By default, it is set to the height of the first positive contour level in use when the Peak Detection pop-up window appears.
Low: The detection threshold for negative peaks. By default, it is set to the height of the first negative contour level in use when the Peak Detection pop-up window appears. If want to detect positive peaks only, set this parameter to a large negative number.
DDX: Size of the detection region in +/- points. A given point must be larger than all of the other points in this detection region in order to be detected as a peak.
IDX: Size of the parabolic interpolation region in +/- points.
IncX: Defines how much of the spectral data is read into memory for peak detection. Values of zero will cause the entire spectral region to be read at once. Since some spectral data may be too large for this, it is possible to perform peak detection automatically on overlapping regions. For example, if 3D peak detection is performed with a setting of IncX = 0, IncY = 0, IncZ = 16, the data will be read and analyzed in 16-plane slabs. This will not affect determination of peak positions, widths, and heights, however it can affect the volume (VOL) and bounding region values (X1/X3 etc).
Local Noise: By default, the Chi-square noise classification scheme uses a uniform noise estimate for all parts of the spectrum. Selecting one of the X Y Z or A checkboxes will allow for an adaptive noise estimate with respect to the selected dimension. This can help compensate for noise ridges!
Currently, these options select how noise peaks are identified and handled:
Sinc Detect: If this option is selected, the peak detection module will attempt to identify peaks which are due to truncation noise (sinc artifacts).
Reject Noise Peaks: If this option is selected, any peak classified as noise (either random noise or truncation noise) will be automatically eliminated from the peak table.
Sinc Detect Parameters: The peak detection module attempts to identify truncation artifacts based on the details of window function and zero filling which were applied to each dimension of the data. By taking this information into account, it is possible to estimate for a given peak how far truncation wiggles would extend in each dimension before falling below the detection threshold.
Xadj: In the artifact detection procedure, the height and extent of the truncation peaks are modeled as a profile which decreases as 1/X, where X is the distance from the peak center, and in order for a small peak to be classified as the truncation artifact of a larger peak, the smaller peak must fall below the profile. This value is used as a multiplying factor to increase or decrease the overall profile height.
Xtol: In order for a small peak to be classified as the truncation artifact of a larger peak, the two peaks must align along a given dimension. This value specifies the tolerance in points for deciding whether two peaks are aligned.
XLW: A rough estimate of the original linewidth in Hz in a given dimension before any window function was used.
Save Script: Selecting this command will save a new version of the peak detection script pk.tcl without executing it.
Done: Use this button to dismiss the Peak Detection Settings pop-up window.
PEAK TABLE VARIABLES
By selecting any of the peak table variables from the Variables pull-down menu (righ-click on Variables button in the Peak Detection pop-up window), their corresponding values will be shown in the main NMRDraw window, on top of each detected peak. A ">" or "<" sign indicates (in the case of a 3D or a 4D) that the peak maximum is below or above the current selected Z or A 2D slice (Figure 5).
INDEX: the unique peak ID number.
X_AXIS: the position of the peak in points, by parabolic interpolation.
DX: estimate of the error in peak position due to random noise, in points.
X_PPM: the position of the peak in PPM, by parabolic interpolation.
X_HZ: the position of the peak in Hz, by parabolic interpolation.
XW: the full width at half height in points, estimated by parabolic interpolation.
XW_HZ: the full width at half height in Hz, estimated by parabolic interpolation.
X1/X3: coordinates of the bounding region surrounding the peak or its cluster in points.
HEIGHT: the peak height, estimated by parabolic interpolation.
DHEIGHT: the error peak height due to random noise, estimated by parabolic interpolation.
VOL: the peak volume, estimated as the sum of intensities in the neighborhood of the peak maximum.
PCHI2: the Chi-square probability for the peak (i.e. probability that the peak could be due to random noise alone).
TYPE: An integer describing the peak classification; currently 1 = Peak, 2 = Random Noise, 3 = Truncation artifact.
ASS: Assignment labels.
CLUSTID: identifies the cluster of peaks that a given peak overlaps. Peaks with the same CLUSTID value are considered to be in one overlapped group.
MEMCNT: the total number of peaks which are in a given peak's cluster (i.e. peaks which have the same CLUSTID value).
CHAPTER 4. EDITING A PEAK TABLE FOR SPECTRAL QUANTIFICATION PURPOSES
The most common feature used in routine spectral analysis is making peak assignments. A manually assigned peak table can be used later on to automatically superimpose its existing assignments on other unassigned peak tables (as described in CHAPTER 5).
Following peak detection, a table containing all spectral information of detected peaks is generated in the current directory. If data is read (with File/Select) from a different directory than the current directory (from which nmrDraw was launched) the user can store the peak table in that data directory using the "CD" (Change Directory) button from the File/Select pop-up window (Figure 6). This directory becomes the "current directory" for all subsequent input or output commands (including save, plot etc.)
All random noise peaks and truncation artifacts classified as such by the picking program have specific values in the TYPE field (2 and 3 respectively) and can be easily inspected by displaying the TYPE value (Figure 7).
The noise peaks can be removed altogether from the table by selecting the Reject Noise Peaks option. Peaks can also be re-classified using different parameters for the automatic peak picking process (e.g. Xadj, Xtol, XLW for truncation filters or Chi2 Threshold for random noise as described above etc.) and the spectrum


text:
|Easton's Bible Dictionary|
Used in brick-making (Exodus 5:7-18). Used figuratively in Job 41:27; Isaiah 11:7; 25:10; 65:25.
Noah Webster's Dictionary
1. (v. t.) To spread or scatter. See Strow.
2. (n.) A stalk or stem of certain species of grain, pulse, etc., especially of wheat, rye, oats, barley, more rarely of buckwheat, beans, and peas.
3. (n.) The gathered and thrashed stalks of certain species of grain, etc.; as, a bundle, or a load, of rye straw.
4. (n.) Anything proverbially worthless; the least possible thing; a mere trifle.
Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia
stro, stub'-'-l: The cognates of Hebrew tebhen, "straw" and qash, "stubble," have been retained in the modern Arabic terms tibn and qashsh. Tibn applies to the straw which has been cut up into short pieces and more or less split by the threshing operations. It is commonly used throughout the East as a coarse fodder or roughage for domestic herbivorous animals (compare Genesis 24:25, 32 Judges 19:19 1 Kings 4:28; Isaiah 11:7; Isaiah 65:25). Hay and similar cured crops are practically unknown. Barley, peas and other grain, when fed to animals, are mixed with the tibn. The animals will frequently reject the tibn unless there is grain in it. They often nose about the tibn until the grain settles to the bottom so that they can eat the latter without the straw. Straw left in the manger is thrown out in the stall to form part of the bedding (compare Isaiah 25:10).
Tibn is mixed with clay for plastering walls or for making sun-dried bricks. It is also mixed with lime and sand for plastering. The children of Israel had their task of brickmaking made more arduous by being required to gather stubble and prepare it by chopping it up instead of being given the already prepared straw of the threshing-floors (Exodus 5:7).
Qashsh (literally, "dried up") refers to the stalks left standing in the wheat fields or to any dried-up stalks or stems such as are gathered for burning. Camels and other flocks sometimes supplement their regular meals by grazing on the stubble, otherwise it has no use. In the Bible stubble is used to typify worthless inflammable material (Exodus 15:7 Job 13:25; Job 41:28, 29 Psalm 83:13 Isaiah 5:24, etc.; 1 Corinthians 3:12, kalame).
mathben, is translated "straw" in Isaiah 25:10.
James A. Patch
Straw (21 Occurrences)
1 Corinthians 3:12 And whether the building which any one is erecting on that foundation be of gold or silver or costly stones, of timber or hay or straw-- (WEY DBY YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Genesis 24:25 She said moreover to him, "We have both straw and provender enough, and room to lodge in." (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Genesis 24:32 The man came into the house, and he unloaded the camels. He gave straw and provender for the camels, and water to wash his feet and the feet of the men who were with him. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 5:7 "You shall no longer give the people straw to make brick, as before. Let them go and gather straw for themselves. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 5:10 The taskmasters of the people went out, and their officers, and they spoke to the people, saying, "This is what Pharaoh says:'I will not give you straw. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 5:11 Go yourselves, get straw where you can find it, for nothing of your work shall be diminished.'" (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 5:12 So the people were scattered abroad throughout all the land of Egypt to gather stubble for straw. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 5:13 The taskmasters were urgent saying, "Fulfill your work quota daily, as when there was straw!" (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 5:16 No straw is given to your servants, and they tell us,'Make brick!' and behold, your servants are beaten; but the fault is in your own people." (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Exodus 5:18 Go therefore now, and work, for no straw shall be given to you, yet you shall deliver the same number of bricks!" (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Judges 19:19 Yet there is both straw and provender for our donkeys; and there is bread and wine also for me, and for your handmaid, and for the young man who is with your servants: there is no want of anything." (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
1 Kings 4:28 Barley also and straw for the horses and swift steeds brought they to the place where the officers were, every man according to his duty. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Job 21:18 They are as straw before wind, And as chaff a hurricane hath stolen away, (YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Job 41:27 He counts iron as straw; and brass as rotten wood. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Job 41:29 Clubs are counted as stubble. He laughs at the rushing of the javelin. (See NIV)
Isaiah 11:7 The cow and the bear will graze. Their young ones will lie down together. The lion will eat straw like the ox. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Isaiah 25:10 For in this mountain the hand of Yahweh will rest. Moab will be trodden down in his place, even like straw is trodden down in the water of the dunghill. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Isaiah 33:11 Your designs will be without profit, and their effect will be nothing: you will be burned up by the fire of my breath. (See NIV)
Isaiah 65:25 The wolf and the lamb shall feed together, and the lion shall eat straw like the ox; and dust shall be the serpent's food. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all my holy mountain," says Yahweh. (WEB KJV JPS ASV DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV)
Jeremiah 13:24 Therefore will I scatter them, as the stubble that passes away, by the wind of the wilderness. (See NAS)
Jeremiah 23:28 The prophet who has a dream, let him tell a dream; and he who has my word, let him speak my word faithfully. What is the straw to the wheat? says Yahweh. (WEB JPS ASV YLT NAS RSV NIV)

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Celebrate Black History Month: African-American Monuments in New York City's Parks
Thursday, February 14, 2013
9:00 a.m.–5:00 p.m.
This event repeats between and.
Please note: This event has already taken place. Please use the Search options on the right to find upcoming events.
The monuments in our parks honor the heights of human achievement and the depths of human sacrifice. They are intended in permanent form to commemorate persons, events and values of lasting consequence to the evolution of our city, nation and the world, and to our advancement as a people.
In honor of Black History Month, this exhibition examines those monuments in the Parks collection that honor key African-American figures in the arts, sport, the military, science, and the abolition movement and who are preserved in our collective memory. Also remembered are the many thousands of anonymous people who, until emancipation, did not have the rights of citizenship and were enslaved.


text:
ISRO Scientists Develop World'S Lightest Material Silica Aerogel [ Current News (Concise) ]
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) have developed world's lightest synthetic material named 'silica aerogel' or 'blue air'. ISRO's scientist from Thiruvananthapuram developed it. Silica Aerogel is the lightest artificial material which was never before made.
Properties of Silica Aerogel:
- Light in weight
- It can be carefully placed on a flower head.
- Excellent thermal resistance.
- Acts as a good insulator.
- The surrounding substance of aerogel is made up of 99 % air.
- At its present development, it is still breakable and very hard.
Uses or applications of Silica Aerogel:
- It can be used both in space and on Earth, so used to protect rocket engines as.
- Used as filler in soldiers' uniforms to save lives of soldiers at the Siachen glacier.
- It can be also used to develop light weight clothing.
- It can be used as paint on windows to keep buildings cool or warm.
- It will be used on moon rover in Chandryaan-2 by ISRO's mission of India.
- ISRO stands for Indian Space Research Organization.
- It is space agency of Indian Government and it's headquarter is at Bangalore, India.
- It was formed in 1969 with name Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR).
- First satellite named 'Aryabhata' was built by ISRO and launched by Soviet Union in 1975.
- Rohini was the first satellite which was placed in orbit by SLV-3 in 1980.
- Published/Last Modified on: April 25, 2016


Study Help Essay Questions
1. Lewis' structure of Babbitt.
2. Aspects of American home life satirized by Lewis.
3. Babbitt as a caricature.
4. The "dull" things in Babbitt's life.
5. Lewis' attitude toward Myra Babbitt.
6. Lewis' feelings about Midwestern morality.
7. Babbitt: a hypocrite or an honest man?
8. Lewis' portrait of Zenith: accurate or inaccurate?
9. Lewis' parody of Tanis Judique and her bohemian friends.
10. Lewis' attitude toward Seneca Doane.
11. The friendship between Paul Riesling and Babbitt.
12. Characteristics of Lewis' writing style.
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text:
Bosma (1978, 1981b) and Carignan et al. (1990) found a trend for the gas distribution to have the same shape as DM distribution. This correlation between gas and DM is puzzling and if real, has no easy explanation in the light of present CDM models. Not only is there a general trend, but several individual features found in the rotation curve seems to correspond to features in gas circular velocity. This can be observed in Fig. 2 for NGC 1560 and Fig. 8 for NGC 2460.
This fact has inspired a theory (commented in section 3.1), identifying the dark matter with an as yet undetected dark gas. The magnetic hypothesis would provide another explanation, as the rotation curve is due in part to magnetic fields, which are generated by gas. A direct relation is not obvious when very extended curves are obtained (Corbelli and Salucci, 1999). Bosma (1998) himself states that this relation may not be correct.


The α-reliable shortest path problem
Authors
 - Francesca Guerriero University of Calabria
 - P. Beraldi University of Calabria
Keywords:
Shortest path, stochastic programming, heuristic approach
Abstract
Many real-life applications, arising in transportation and telecommunication systems, can be mathematically represented as shortest path problems. The deterministic version of the problem, where a deterministic cost is associated to each arc and the configuration of the network (nodes and arcs) is assumed to be known in advance, is easy to solve and has been extensively studied. However, in real applications, costs are typically not known a priori and may be subject to significant uncertainty. In addition, due to failure, maintenance, natural disasters, weather conditions, etc., some arcs could not be available causing a change of the network configuration. In this paper we introduce a variant of the shortest path problem under uncertainty, that concerns the situation in which for each arc two different states are possible (i.e. operating and failed states) and the aim is to find the path connecting a given pair of nodes with a sufficiently large probability α and such that the total cost is minimized. The problem can be formulated as a large scale integer programming model with knapsack constraints. For its solution a heuristic approach has been designed and implemented. Preliminary numerical experiments have been carried out on a set of randomly generated test problems.
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Published
2008-03-25
How to Cite
Guerriero, F., & Beraldi, P. (2008). The α-reliable shortest path problem. Algorithmic Operations Research, 3(1). Retrieved from _URL_
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Belfast Telegraph
Monday 17 March 2014
Protect our children and ban smoking in cars
WE are urgently calling on the Executive to protect young people from the deadly effects of passive smoking by introducing a ban on smoking in cars where children are present.
Passive smoking claims thousands of lives each year across the UK and this is the right time for the Executive to take a leading role in reducing the impact of smoking in Northern Ireland.
Both Scotland and the Republic of Ireland are already moving forward on this issue and the Executive at Stormont needs to make a similar commitment and bring forward a consultation on a Bill to ban smoking in cars as a matter of urgency.
Legislation to ban smoking in cars where children are present would protect this most vulnerable group from a hazard that can cause them significant harm, in a space that is already well-regulated.
Legislation could also increase awareness of the harms associated with passive smoking and encourage people to protect others in other enclosed locations, such as at home.
Passive smoking contributes to a 25% increased risk of stroke and a 30% increased risk of coronary heart disease. With three-quarters of the UK population in support of this legislation, which will save lives and improve public health, now is the time to act.
British Heart Foundation
NI Chest Heart & Stroke
Stroke Association (NI)
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text:
lavados is the plural of lavado
About Plural and Feminine
la·va·do Masculine - Noun - Singular
Plural is a grammatical number, typically referring to more than one of the referent in the real world. In the English language, singular and plural are the only grammatical numbers.
Examples of plural forms: car - cars, boat - boats, house - houses, friend - friends.
* This article uses material from Wikipedia and is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License
Diminutives: lavadillo, lavadillos, lavadito, lavaditos
Aumentatives: lavadón, lavadones, lavadote, lavadotes
- Translate "lavado" to English: washing, wash, cleansing
Spanish Synonyms of "lavado": baño, fregado, lavada, limpia, ablución, colada
Define meaning of "lavado": Hecho de lavar(se), limpiar(se) algo con agua y, a veces, detergente o jabón. ; Aseo, acción de lavar(se), limpiar(se) algo con agua y, a veces, detergente o jabón.
- Translate "lavado" to English: enema, washout, lavage, rectal
Spanish Synonyms of "lavado": enema, lavado rectal, lavativa, purga, clistel, irrigación colónica, lavado del intestino grueso
Define meaning of "lavado": Enema, inyección terapéutica por el ano de un líquido para provocar la defecación.
- Translate "lavado" to English: leachate
- Translate "lavado" to English: ablution, lavage
Define meaning of "lavado": Hecho de lavar(se), limpiar(se) algo con agua y, a veces, detergente o jabón.
Conceptually-related expressions of "lavados"
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The online bilingual Dictionary application here provided is a free service of Word Magic Software Inc. You will find that it is the most complete online bilingual and bidirectional English-Spanish dictionary on the web, showing not only direct translations but synonyms, complete definitions, set phrases, idioms, proverbs, usage examples, famous quotes and compound entries as well, all
related to your entry word. On top of that, it offers English and Spanish pronunciation, separation into syllables and grammar attributes. It also accepts conjugated verbs and Spanish feminine and plural forms as valid entries.
The advantage of acquiring them as your personal software is that you will enjoy a better, even friendlier interface with many, many more features including word tagging, Bilingual Verb Conjugation, Double-Window Synonyms, idiom search facilities plus a unique collection of 40,000 color pictures associated with noun entries.
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* English Definitions From: WordNet 2.0 Copyright 2003 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
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text:
is Cool Air Best?
Why is cool air best for Whooping Crane migration? Senior Pilot Joe Duff of Operation Migration answers.
Cooler air is more dense than warmer air. Warm air can actually hold more moisture because molecules are farther apart, making more room for moisture. Cold air is dense and compact; it's "thicker," so when you breathe in you get more oxygen. Thicker air also means there's more for a crane's wings to push against. When the propeller spins there's more thrust. When the wing flies there's more lift to it. The aircraft works better because the engine works better, the propeller works better, and the wing works better. And for the birds, their wings work better too. They get more oxygen and it's easier to cool their bodies. They don't overheat.
It's just a lot easier to fly in cold air. Cold air is really a big factor in the birds' endurance. Warm air wears them out very quickly. You see them panting quickly, their tongues come out, they start to splay their feet to help cool their bodies, and they just can't fly."
Try This! Journal Questions
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text:
9. Calculating the Compensation Reduction Amount (CRA) when compensation is fixed by a non-consent judgment, consent judgement, or settlement and the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) component is objectively identifiable
Where compensation is received under a non-consent judgement, consent judgement or settlement and the NDIS component is fixed, or is objectively identifiable , the approved CRA will be calculated in accordance with rules 3.11-3.12 of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (Supports for Participants – Accounting for Compensation) Rules 2013) (Compensation Rules) (also see rules 3.5 and 3.6).
9.1 Steps for calculating the CRA where the NDIS component is fixed by a non-consent judgement, consent judgement or settlement, or is objectively identifiable
To calculate the compensation reduction amount in accordance with rules 3.11-3.12 of the Compensation Rules, the NDIA will:
Step 1 – Rule 3.11(a) of the Compensation Rules
Identify the NDIS component of the compensation.
The NDIS component will be identified as follows:
- if the component is specified in a non-consent judgement – that amount;
- if the component is not specified in a non-consent judgement but the NDIA is satisfied a specified amount was paid to ensure the provisions of periodic payments – for example because benefits under a Commonwealth, State or Territory scheme of insurance are commutated, that amount (rule 3.3);
- otherwise – the value of the periodic payments as assessed in accordance with accepted actuarial standards, in consultation with the scheme actuary (rule 3.3).
Step 2 – Rule 3.11(b) of the Compensation Rules
Subtract an amount equivalent to the total of the amounts paid by the participant for supports of a kind funded under the NDIS, between the date of the non-consent judgement, consent judgement or settlement and the date before the person became a participant.
This step recognises a person may have used their compensation to pay for the kind of supports the NDIS may fund, prior to becoming a participant. By reducing the CRA to account for those amounts paid, the NDIA ensures participants are not disadvantaged by having used their compensation in this way. For more information on the kinds of supports funded under the NDIS see NDIS Price Guides.
Step 3 – Rule 3.11(c) of the Compensation Rules
Subtract the amount of any reduction in the participant's funding that has occurred previously in respect of the non-consent judgement, consent judgement or settlement.
A participant may have had previous reductions in funding applied to their statement of participant supports (see section 33(2) of the National Disability Insurance Scheme Act 2013 (NDIS Act) in respect of compensation paid under the non-consent judgement, consent judgement or settlement.
Each time the participant's plan is reviewed, the new plan will take into account earlier CRAs calculated to prevent double reductions.
The amount remaining after steps 1 – 3, is the compensation reduction amount.
9.2 Example calculation
- On 1 December 2017, a person receives $1,000,000 under a non-consent judgement.
- The non-consent judgement identifies the NDIS component as $300,000.
- On 1 December 2018 the person becomes a participant in the NDIS.
- Between 1 December 2017 and 30 November 2018, the participant paid $25,000 for supports of a kind funded under the NDIS.
The compensation reduction amount is calculated as follows:
- Identify the NDIS component of the amount of compensation: $300,000
- Subtract the amount paid to the participant for supports of a kind funded under the NDIS, between the date of the non-consent judgement (or settlement) and the date before the person became a participant: $25,000
- There has been no previous reduction of funding to their statement of participant supports in relation to the CRA calculated from the non-consent judgement. This means no subtraction is made under Rule 3.11(c) of the Compensation Rules.
The compensation reduction amount is $275,000.
9.3 Compensation reduction amount reduced to nil
If a compensation reduction amount is reduced to nil, there will be no reduction to the statement of participant supports (see rule 3.12).
For more information see What happens if compensation reduction amount is reduced to nil.


irreparable injury
Definition from Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary
Harm that no measurable monetary compensation can cure or reverse, such as cutting down shade trees, polluting a stream, or not giving a child needed medication. Proving irreparable injury is often required in order to request a judicial injunction, writ, temporary restraining order, or other assistance in immediately blocking the activity (usually pending further court proceedings). Also referred to as irreparable harm.
Definition provided by Nolo's Plain-English Law Dictionary.


text:
All Windows based computers comes with a pre-installed Administrator account and a Guest account. By default those accounts are disabled for security purpose.
Guest users are people you allow to use your computer for basic things like accessing the internet, checking emails and such. To enable guest account:
1. Simultaneously press the Windows key + R to open the Run Window, here type lusrmgr.msc and press Enter.
2. From the left pane select Users folder.
3. Then Double-click on the Guest account from the right.
4. In the properties window for the Guest account, uncheck the checkbox labeled Account is disabled and then click on the Apply button.
Log out and you'll see the guest account available, now you are able to let others access your PC as guest. Keep in mind not to leave the account always enabled due to security issues.


Proteoglycans of human rotator cuff tendons
Authors
Abstract
Rotator cuff and biceps tendons that appeared grossly normal were procured from adult cadavers without a history of shoulder problems. These tendons were analyzed for the amount and type of glycosaminoglycan, type of proteoglycan, and histology. When compared with the distal/tensional region of biceps tendon, the glycosaminoglycan content of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis tendons was 2.5-fold higher and the glycosaminoglycan content of the proximal/compressed region of biceps tendon was 3-fold higher. The ratio of hyaluronic acid to chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate in all three cuff tendons was approximately 1. Rotator cuff tendons contained large proteoglycan similar to aggrecan, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel migration, elution from Sepharose CL-4B, and content of both chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains. Both decorin and biglycan were also present, as demonstrated by migration in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels and core protein immunoreactivity. In contrast, decorin was the only proteoglycan prominent in distal/tensional regions of biceps tendon. Histological analysis showed layers of loosely organized, alcian blue-stained material running between the longitudinal collagen fiber bundles. The proteoglycan content of rotator cuff tendons was similar to fibrocartilage in tendons that have been subjected to compressive loads in situ. This suggests that cells of normal adult rotator cuff tendons have adapted to loads distinct from pure tension. However, the histological organization did not resemble mature fibrocartilage. The increased amount of proteoglycan in rotator cuff tendons may serve to separate and lubricate collagen bundles as they move relative to each other during normal shoulder motion.
Ancillary


text:
|Look up calque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
In linguistics, a calque (//) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For instance, the English word "skyscraper" led to calques in dozens of other languages. Another notable example is the Latin weekday names, which came to be associated by ancient Germanic speakers with their own gods following a practice known as interpretatio germanica: the Latin "Day of Mercury", Mercurii dies, was borrowed into Late Proto-Germanic as the "Day of Wōđanaz" (*Wodanesdag), which became Wōdnesdæg in Old English, then "Wednesday" in Modern English.
The term calque itself is a loanword from the French noun calque ("tracing, imitation, close copy"), while the word loanword is a calque of the German noun Lehnwort. Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching: while calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching—i.e., of retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word by matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language.
Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.
One system classifies calques into five groups. However, this terminology is not universal:
- Phraseological calques: idiomatic phrases are translated word for word. For example, "it goes without saying" calques the French ça va sans dire.
- Syntactic calques: syntactic functions or constructions of the source language are imitated in the target language, in violation of their meaning.
- Loan-translations: words are translated morpheme by morpheme, or component by component, into another language.
- Semantic calques (also known as semantic loans): additional meanings of the source word are transferred to the word with the same primary meaning in the target language. As described below, the "computer mouse" was named in English for its resemblance to the animal; many other languages have extended their own native word for "mouse" to include the computer mouse.
- Morphological calques: the inflection of a word is transferred. Some authors call a this a morpheme-by-morpheme translation.
Also, some linguists refer to a phonological calque, in which the pronunciation of a word is imitated in the other language. For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word 雷达 (pinyin: léidá)., which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder".
Partial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of a compound but not others. For example, the name of the Irish digital television service "Saorview" is a partial calque of that of the UK service "Freeview", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include "liverwurst" (< German Leberwurst) and "apple strudel" (< German Apfelstrudel).
The common English phrase "flea market" is a loan translation of the French marché aux puces ("market with fleas"). At least 22 other languages also calque the French expression (directly, or indirectly through some other language).
Another example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation, is of the English word "skyscraper", which may be calqued using the word for "sky" or "cloud" and the word, variously, for "scraping", "scratching", "piercing", "sweeping", "kissing", etc. At least 54 languages have their own versions of the English word.
translātiō and trāductiō
All Germanic languages (except for English, Icelandic, and Dutch), and some Slavic languages, calqued their words for "translation" from the Latin translātiō, substituting their respective Germanic or Slavic root words for the Latin roots. The remaining Slavic languages instead calqued their words for "translation" from an alternative Latin word, trāductiō, itself derived from trādūcō ("to lead across" or "to bring across")—from trans ("across") + dūcō, ("to lead" or "to bring").
The West and East Slavic languages (except for Russian) adopted the translātiō pattern, whereas Russian and the South Slavic languages adopted the trāductiō pattern. The Romance languages, deriving directly from Latin, did not need to calque their equivalent words for "translation". Instead, they simply adapted the second of the two alternative Latin words, trāductiō.
The English verb "to translate" was borrowed from the Latin translātiō, rather than being calqued. The Icelandic word þýða ("translate"; cognate with the German deuten, "to interpret") was not calqued from Latin, nor was it borrowed.
The "computer mouse" was named in English for its resemblance to the animal. Many other languages use their word for "mouse" for the "computer mouse", sometimes using a diminutive or, in Chinese, adding the word "cursor" (thus "鼠标", "mouse cursor").. At least 35 languages have their own versions of the English term.
- Gachelin, Jean-Marc (1986). Lexique-grammaire, domaine anglais. Université de Saint-Etienne. p. 97. ISBN 978-2-901559-14-6.
- Simek, Rudolf (1993). Dictionary of northern mythology. D.S. Brewer. p. 371. ISBN 0-85991-369-4.
- Knapp, Robbin D. 27 January 2011. "Robb: German English Words." Robb: Human Languages.
- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X.
- Smith, May. The Influence of French on Eighteenth-century Literary Russian. pp. 29–30.
- Fowler, H. W. 1999. "Vocabulary § Foreign Words." chap. 1 in The King's English (2nd ed.). New York: Bartelby.com.
- Gilliot, Claude. "The Authorship of the Qur'ān." In The Qur'an in its Historical Context, edited by G. S. Reynolds. p. 97.
- Yihua, Zhang, and Guo Qiping. 2010. "An Ideal Specialised Lexicography for Learners in China based on English-Chinese Specialised Dictionaries." Pp. 171–92 in Specialised Dictionaries for Learners, edited by P. A. F. Olivera. Berlin: de Gruyter. p. 187.
- Durkin, Philip. The Oxford Guide to Etymology. § 5.1.4
- "flea market", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, fourth edition, 2000 Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
- The 22 languages are listed in the 3:30, 12 September 2020 edition of the "Calque" article.
- The 54 languages are listed in the 3:30, 12 September 2020 edition of the "Calque" article.
- Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol. XXVIII, no. 2, 1983, p. 83.
- "Þýða í Enska - Íslenska-Enska Orðabók". Glosbe. Retrieved 2020-04-25.
- The 35 languages are listed in the 3:30, 12 September 2020 edition of the "Calque" article.
- Kasparek, Christopher. 1983. "The Translator's Endless Toil." The Polish Review 28(2):83–87.
- Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com
- Zuckermann, Ghil'ad. 2003. Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-1723-X
- —— 2009. "Hybridity versus Revivability: Multiple Causation, Forms and Patterns." Journal of Language Contact (2):40–67.
|Look up calque in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|
|For a list of words relating to Calque, see the English calques category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.|


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An error occurred while calling o128.pyWriteDynamicFrame. Record is incomplete.
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got while running Glue job: An error occurred while calling o128.pyWriteDynamicFrame. Record is incomplete. any help is appreciated
1 Answer
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Hi,
the error seems to indicate that the step that initiated the write has as input a DynamicFrame with some data issue. It could be a special characters that splits one record in two lines, but it is not really possible to say with the limited info.
You should try to look at the logs of the job.
In Glue Studio open the jobs then select the tab Runs or in the left pane select Monitoring then follow the instruction in this documentation page.
You can also try to enable run insight to get a different formatting for the logs, that should be easier to read.
hope this helps, if you are not able to find the issue, please update the question with more info from the logs, and about your job.
Thank you
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answered 6 months ago
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text:
The Sigma Chapter facility as shown in The Story of Gamma Phi Beta, 1921.
Sigma Chapter (Kansas)
Sigma Chapter was installed at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas, on October 9, 1915.
Under the leadership of Helen Rhonda Hoopes (Kansas, 1915), faculty member, and Marie Goodman (Michigan, 1892), The Crescent Club was formed in March, 1915, to petition Gamma Phi Beta. The group was investigated by Katherine Silverson (Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1903) and Mabelle Miller (Michigan, 1901) and Convention granted the charter. Nineteen women became charter members in the home of one of the initiates, Isabel Gilmore (Kansas, 1915), with Margaret Nachtrieb Kelley (Minnesota-Twin Cities, 1910) and Mildred Peery (Nebraska-Lincoln, 1915) conducting the Initiation.


Reflection: Developing a Conceptual Understanding Analyzing a Character's Traits: Is Katniss a Hero? - Section 2: Discussion: Is Katniss a Hero?
I think it was critical that we took time to define what a hero was prior to applying that to the book.
If we hadn't take the time, then the discussion and debate would have gotten bogged down with comments like, "That's not what a hero is" or "How is that heroic?"
If we didn't have that common framework, students who tried to get off task with outrageous comments and claims would have a valid point. With the framework, students (not me) were able to point to the qualities and point out the illogical comments.
If we didn't have the qualities, students would have been stumped. Is Katniss a hero? Sure, why not. With the framework, students were able to delve deeper into the text.
And finally, it's an exercise in critical thinking. What is a hero, really? Is it really a sports player? Is it someone who saves a bunch of people? Is it someone who is selfish, but is also an inspiration?
What is a hero, really?
 Using a Framework in a Debate
 Developing a Conceptual Understanding: Using a Framework in a Debate
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Analyzing a Character's Traits: Is Katniss a Hero?
Unit 12: Novel Study: The Hunger Games
Lesson 20 of 21
Objective: Students will be able to write an argumentative piece of writing by participating in a class discussion.
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text:
The St. Junípero Serra Canonization Mass at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception made history by being the first to take place in the United States. Rambusch was honored by the National Shrine's commission to commemorate this historic event with a canonization banner.
The practice of displaying a banner depicting the saint being canonized is a tradition in the Catholic Church that dates back to the 13th Century. The figure of the saint is always full-size and standing. The iconography of the border contains symbols and images that point to the culture and events of significance in the life of the saint and the times in which he/she lived. Previously, the Company had designed and produced the banners depicting John Neumann and Katharine Drexel, which hung in St. Peter's, Rome for their canonizations.
The borders of Saint Junípero Serra's banner reference those traditionally used in Rome, yet there was an important design change in their application. As is typical, the Papal Coat of Arms is placed at the top but for this banner, the Coat of Arms of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception was placed at the bottom. The Basilica's Coat of Arms, which was created by Dr. Geraldine Rohling, the Shrine's Archivist, visually tells the story of Pope Francis visiting the Basilica to celebrate the Canonization of Father Serra.
The original oil painting by a Rambusch artisan began one quarter full-size, and was enlarged to 16-ft wide by 30-ft tall using dye-sublimation printing on UV-resistant vinyl.
Rambusch has designed and made objects, lighting fixtures, stained glass and sculpture for the National Shrine since its beginnings in the 1920s.
"The banner of Saint Junípero Serra, which was fabricated by the Rambusch Family for the Canonization Mass on September 23, 2015, was a beautiful replication of the stained glass window in the Shrine's Upper Sacristy. It hung majestically from the Shrine as Pope Francis declared Junípero Serra the 13th Saint of the United States."
— Reverend Monsignor Walter R. Rossi, Rector, Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, DC


text:
Identity in the hairy ape yank
Yank, a fireman, the central character in the hairy ape (real name robert smith) yank, at the takes on the identity of the animal he resembles. The hairy ape is a play by eugene o neil that was in this way in the drama he is shown to have identity crisis (bloom, 2007) yank meets mildred douglas who is a. The hairy ape by eugene o'neill was first performed in 1922 it is an excellent expressionist playthe play is focused on a brutish and unthinking laborer who is known as yank. Find tickets for the hairy ape at old vic examining class and identity but when yank is called a 'filthy beast' by the uppity daughter of a. O'neill's hairy ape and the reversal of hegelian dialectics modem man's loss of any sort of cultural or social identity thus the society in the hairy ape. Its protagonist is usually on a quest for identity fulfillment or the refers to him as a "hairy ape" this prompts yank to question his identity and he. The top source for the hairy ape news and tickets we do not charge price markups on exclusive offers. Watching the hypocrites' searing version of eugene o'neill's the hairy ape isn't yank forges his identity there, where he exists as a necessary cog in.
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The hairy ape as a modern tragedy eugene o'neill's greatest creation "the hairy ape" dramatises the (yank) baffled search for identity. In the beginning of the hairy ape, o'neill introduces yank by schriever 3 juxtaposing associate large parts of their identity with their professional lives. Yank's identity is destroyed by mildred and he hates her anonymous the hairy ape study guide what is the influence of voicess on yank in the hairy ape.
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Identity in the hairy ape yank
Belonging crisis in the hairy ape: eugene o'neil's reflection of modern people by md rokonujjaman southeast university acknowledgement i am obliged to my supervisor zaheed alam munna, assistant professor, department of english, faculty of arts and social sciences, southeast university, for his great help, valuable instructions.
At the start of scene 1 of the hairy ape, yank believes he possesses an unshakable unity with industrial civilization the stage yank's diminished identity. 'the hairy ape' with bobby cannavale, 'the profane' - theater review 'hairy ape' with bobby cannavale, 'the profane' tweet email cocky yank. Eugene o'neill's 'the hairy ape' at ensemble theatre loses some steam even as yank scoffs at all that to reclaim his dignity and identity. Get an answer for 'how is yank a tragic hero in the hairy ape' and find homework help for other the hairy ape questions at enotes or identity yank's. The hairy ape summary & analysis plot the play tells the story of a brutish, unthinking laborer known as yank, as he searches for a sense of. The search for self in the hairy ape: in the figure of yank and his pursuit of her becomes a quest for his own identity the.
Eugene o'neill's the hairy ape in relation to greek tragedy, italian futurism, and divine comedy that substantial nature or identity. The hairy ape is a 1922 expressionist play by american playwright eugene o'neill yank undergoes a crisis of identity and so starts his mental and physical. Belongingness: belongingness is one of the major themes of 'the hairy ape' it deals with alienation and search for identity in the beginning of the play we find that yank is quite confident and proud of his superior strength. Complete summary of eugene o'neill's the hairy ape enotes plot she had seen a hairy ape his identity and in the hairy ape yank. The hairy ape by american playwright eugene o'neill played at london's historical the old vic and such a clash of minds spirals yank into an identity crisis. Theater review: the hairy ape at odyssey the hairy ape tells the story of yank through new york city to get revenge and reestablish his sense of identity.


Primary school bans anti-bullying book after mum complains about racist language
Friday, 19th January 2018, 10:28 am
Updated Friday, 19th January 2018, 10:28 am
A primary school has banned an anti-bullying book after a mum complained about the word 'P***' being used in a chapter about racist abuse.
Jay Desai, 39, claimed she was horrified when her nine-year-old daughter was told by teachers to read 'Deadly Letter' by Mary Hoffman.
The book, published in 1990, tells the fictional story of a girl called Prity who had just arrived in England from India.
During a three-page passage in the book, the word 'P***' was used to describe Prity's abuse at the hands of school bullies.
Greswold Primary School in Solihull, West Mids., has now removed the book from the library after Mrs Desai lodged a complaint with headteacher Karen Scott.
Mrs Desai, of Solihull, said: "I don't know how it was published in the first place let alone distributed to schools.
"It makes comments about white people - all again very disgusting especially when the book is aimed at six and seven-year-olds.
"The school have been excellent in the way they dealt with the issue.
"They listened to my opinion and took on board my concerns.
"In certain situations, if being someone was being bullied, the book could be great as it shows how a child feels when they are being bullied.
"But I don't think that particular word should be used in a book, especially one aimed at children."
Mind your language
Mrs Desai even tweeted the author about her concerns but Mrs Hoffman defended her choice of language.
In a statement, she said: "I am very sorry if anyone was upset or offended by my book, which was the opposite of my intention.
"I wrote the story partly to highlight casual racism which begins even in primary schools.
"My husband is half-Indian, I have three mixed-race children, now adults, and have been fighting racism all my adult writing life."
Parents whose children attend the school, which caters for 332 pupils aged 5-11 and rated 'Good' by Ofsted last year, were split on the decision to ban the book.
One dad, whose son attends the school, said: "Having read the book with my son, I think the word 'P***' as awful as it is, is appropriate.
"The word is used in the context of bullying and kids should learn from an early age that this word is not acceptable under any circumstances.
"I'm disappointed the school has bowed to pressure and banned the book from their library. Racism should be tackled head on, not swept under the carpet."
Racism lessons
Another mum added: "I think kids of ten or 11 need to be taught racism but young kids should be protected.
"It's like swear words, you wouldn't tell a six-year-old off for swearing because they don't know what they're saying but older kids need to be told what is ok to say."
Publishers Barrington Stoke defended the book, saying the context of the word 'P***' being used was appropriate.
A spokesperson said: "As publishers, we have every confidence in Mary's ability to tackle the difficult subject of playground racism and bullying truthfully and with sensitivity.
"The use of this offensive term is challenged in different ways - and there is absolutely no sense in which the word is seen as acceptable.
"Our belief is that this story shows a proper, nuanced understanding of the issues involved in a way that we hope is appropriate for young readers."


What Makes a Supercar?
What Makes a Supercar?
By Ryan Hooper
Asking what makes a car super is like asking, what makes a woman beautiful - everyone has its own opinion.
A term supercar was coined to describe extremely expensive, extremely beautiful and extremely fast cars. But the proper use of this term is often subjective and disputed, especially among enthusiasts. There is no clear definition of what characteristics a car must have to be a supercar. What constitutes a supercar is often a matter of opinion. Also, the use of the term is heavily dependent on the era - a car that is considered to be a supercar at one time may lose its superiority in the future.
It is also important to know that the term refers to factory-built, usually unmodified, street-legal cars. Heavily modified and potentially street - illegal vehicles do not fall into the supercar category. Supercars are not muscle cars or tuned up sports cars. And there is no such thing as a cut price supercar.
A supercar is a car that combines speed, handling, unique design and represents the pinnacle of the automaker's art. It is the car equivalent of a supermodel or a race horse. There are, off course, some basic criteria for measuring whether a car should be considered a supercar or not. Things to consider: design, acceleration, top speed, handling, power-to-weight ratio, style, rarity, price - all of these has to be super in a supercar.
Want an example? Here is a prime example - The Bugatti Veyron.
The Bugatti Veyron is currently (2007) the most expensive (around $1.5 million) and fastest fully street legal car in the world. The Guinness Book of World Records included Bugatti Veyron under the heading - Fastest Production Car. With 1001 horsepower this supercar champion features all the most recent automotive advancements and is able to achieve a top speed of 253 mph (407km/h). This is faster than any production car ever made, it's actually faster than Formula 1 cars. Supercars are not just fast, they are blazingly fast.
Other supercars include: Koenigsegg CCX, Pagani Zonda, McLaren F1, Saleen S7 Twin Turbo, Enzo Ferrari, Lamborghini Murcielago and so on.
On the fun side, if you ever doubt whether a car is a supercar or not, consider this:
A car might be a supercar if:
 - you have a wallpaper or a poster of it
 - it's worth more than your house
 - you drool when you see one
 - it can break the speed limit in 1st gear
 - you will probably never own one,
 - but if you do, you would never give the keys to the valet.
In conclusion, a supercar is a car that changes your idea of what a car is and what a car can do.
Ryan Hooper is a car lover and a big admirer of the first true American supercar: Saleen S7 [_URL_]
Article Source: _URL_


text:
Food Safety Emergencies
The Environmental Health Division responds to emergencies such as fires, floods, power outages, or other natural disasters where food product is involved. Environmental Health Specialist will evaluate the safety of the food products and establishment involved to protect public health.
Boil water orders are another type of an emergency situation that the Environmental Health Division responds to. "Boil Water Orders" are issued by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources and these orders affect community water supplies that serve food establishments. Food establishments must take precautions during these orders to protect public health.
Guidelines for Boil Water Orders
Guidelines for Power Outages
Safe Drinking Water After A Flood
Returning After A Flood
Flood Clean Up
Food Safety After A Flood
Clean up after Fire Suppression Discharge
Food Recall Services
Food recalls are activities taken by a company to remove a product from the market. The recall may be initiated by the company or by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Meat and poultry are governed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) or the Missouri Department of Agriculture (MDA). The purpose of the recall is to remove an adulterated or misbranded product from consumer access. To find out more about recalls, visit the Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services website at _URL_.
For any questions, please contact the City of Jefferson Environmental Health Division _PHONE_.


text:
The Varying Permeability Model: A Decompression Razor
The Varying Permeability Model: A Decompression Razor
BY DR. ERIC MAIKEN
DETAILS OF THE VPM
Microscopic bubble nuclei have been observed in many types of aqueous (water-containing) media under equilibrium conditions. The VPM therefore presumes that even prior to beginning a dive, with the non-equilibrium cycle of compression and decompression, these nuclei also exist in a diver's tissues. VPM decompression procedures are designed to eliminate bubbles that grow from these seed nuclei as well as gas that is dissolved in the diver's tissues. The term "Variable Permeability" refers to the different responses of bubble nuclei to pressurizations encountered on dives deeper than approximately 9 ATA, compared to shallower dives. On deep dives, nuclei are thought to become impermeable to the flow of gas, and the VPM generates more conservative tables for these deeper dives. The VPM postulates that as a diver ascends, nuclei larger than a specific "critical" size, which is related to the maximum dive depth, descent rate, and breathing mix, will grow upon decompression. The VPM aims to minimize the total volume of these growing bubbles by keeping the external pressure large (through deep stops), and by keeping the inspired inert gas partial pressures low during decompression. The VPM uses an iterative procedure to refine decompression schedules. In each iteration step, a new ascent schedule is calculated. The total decompression time is fed back into the calculation to revise the critical gradients, and a more liberal schedule is produced at each step. This process repeats until the decompression time converges to a length that corresponds to the formation of the maximal allowable amount of free gas bubbles. The total decompression time depends on the contributions of the magnitude of the growth gradient and the time that the gradient acts to drive bubble growth. After a short dive, the tissues will off-gas rapidly to circulation. Hence, because the time that the gradient G acts is small, the magnitude of G can be increased in each VPM iteration to allow shorter and shallower stops. So, for short or no deco dives, the first and last iterations produce substantially different ascent schedules.
A divergence of the VPM from conventional calculations is in the details of how a diver's ascent is controlled. Rather than setting predefined limits (like M-values) on the maximum pressure ratio between gas dissolved in tissues and ambient pressure, ascents are limited by gradients that depend on specific details of a particular dive, which include factors such as depth, gas mix, and descent rate. The objective is to control the volume of gas that evolves in the body due to the inevitable formation of bubbles. As long as this volume is kept smaller than a certain "critical volume," it is presumed that a diver's body has the ability to tolerate the bubbles. If the volume of bubbles exceeds the critical volume, then the diver is at risk of developing DCI.VPM decompression computations handle the inand out-gassing of dissolved gas in a set of compartments the same way as standard dissolved gas algorithms. However, the VPM does not associate individual compartments with specific organs or tissues in the body. Parallel compartments with exponential half-times ranging from minutes to hours are used to model the body's range of time scales governing the uptake and elimination of dissolved inert gas. This is simply a method for replacing the complex reality of human metabolism under pressure with a tractable set of metrics that span the space of the body's response time scales to pressurization and depressurization. There has been a tendency for vendors of commercial decompression software to market a large set (say, more than 16) of compartments as an enhancement to their products. This dubious exercise is counter to the responsible modeler's objective of minimizing the free parameters that relate a system's responses to measurable inputs. Whether you abide by Ocam's razor, Hogarth, or K.I.S.S., a deco modeler's guiding principle should be to eliminate arbitrary and unnecessary parameters. Towards these ends, the VPM differs from conventional dissolved gas algorithms by replacing the ascent-limiting matrix of M, or a-b values, with only five constants for mixed gas single dives, and seven for repetitive dives. These quantities correspond to measurable physical and physiological quantities, and are used to limit ascents by specifying critical over pressure gradients. In contrast to conventional M-values, which have no direct physical interpretation, gradients are related to linear gas transport and to the rate of bubble-growth via the diffusion equation.
BENCHMARKING THE VPM
If an ascent made with a closed oxygen window is compared to an ascent made with high ppO2 deco mixes, then not only are the stops with high ppO2 mix shortened, but so also are the preceding deeper stop times for the low ppO2 ascent. There is no analogy to this effect in a supersaturation calculation (where only the stop times when the mix is breathed are reduced). This is an artifact of the iterative procedure used in the VPM model. Because the dissolved inert gas will wash out faster when high ppO2 mixes are used in shallow stops, the total deco time is reduced-- thereby reducing all of the stop times. Practically, it is prudent to plan deco only for gas supplies that can be guaranteed to be with the diver during ascent.Oxygen toxicity must be preeminent in dive planning. A DCI incident is inconvenient, whereas a toxicity-hit is final. Within toxicity limits, it's best to open the O2 window as wide as possible and as early as possible in the ascent (keep ppO2 high). However, given a limited number of stage gases, and short deep stop times, remember that because the volume of bubbles depends on growth time, one shouldn't sacrifice high ppO2 on the longer shallow stops for an early switch. Inert gas management is also important, withÊlong decompression dives favoring high helium content in decompression mixes to take advantage of the fast desaturation rate and deep no deco saturation depth.
MIXED GAS AND THE VPM
Extension of the VPM algorithm to Trimix (or multi-inert-gas) diving was done by fractioning the inand out-gassing of inert gases in compartments as originally described by H. Keller, who was responsible for the algorithms employed by A. Bühlmann. Weighted critical ascent gradients are formed from the partial pressures of the inert gases, and a numerical method is employed to keep the sum of the helium and nitrogen partial pressures less than the critical gradient. Although this is a conventional procedure for modeling multiple inert gasses, the physiological and physical basis of this technique is somewhat dubious because both helium and nitrogen diffuse into bubbles independently--yet the rates of transfer of each gas are coupled through the dependence of bubble pressure on bubble volume.
YOU ARE THE FUTURE OF THE VPM
With the ready availability of technical details of VPM algorithms, open source code, and freeware decompression programs, divers have essential information available to them to make judgments and modifications on this new set of decompression procedures. The VPM model is considered by many diving practitioners of deep-stop-driven ascents to be a more robust and accurate analog to physiological processes occurring within the body compared to conventional methods. After all, if you can't decompress Jello™, how can you expect to ascend from a frontier level dive? Further benefits, including greatly shortened ascent times, as well as cleaner decompressions, potentially arise from VPM-based methods. This holds true especially in cases where dives are made far beyond the tested limits of conventional procedures, where the grounding of the VPM in basic scientific observations provides leverage for extrapolation. Deep stops and the related VPM modeling continue to peak the interest of technical divers everywhere. As individuals continue their quest to obtain a reasonable approximation of decompression procedures, one can hope that continued explorations offer a sound, repeatable, and trouble-free calculation scheme. Nonetheless, in this early stage of deployment of the VPM, caution is the word. It is advisable to plan dives for ample deco and only rely on the enhanced safety of initial deep stops or theoretically shorter ascent times for insurance. For example, in the case that a direct ascent to the surface is required due to a hazardous operational situation or other emergency, you have a built-in safety backup through making an optimal ascent every step of the way home.
(1) D.E. Yount, D.C. Hoffman, On the Use of a Bubble Formation Model to Calculate Diving Tables. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, February 1986. (2) D.E. Yount, E.B. Maiken, E.C. Baker, Implications of the Varying Permeability Model for Reverse Dive Profiles, AAUS, January, 2000. _URL_ (3) D.E. Yount, E.B. Maiken, E.C. Baker, A New VPM Algorithm for Repetitive Dives, UHMS, June, 2000. _URL_ VPM_Repetitive_Poster.ppt
Copyright ©2004 Global Underwater Explorers.
All rights reserved.


text:
At the realm of 3D data capture and visualisation, georeferencing 3D point clouds has become a fundamental practice, and Tantek 4D consistently advises its clients to embrace this technique. Georeferencing involves attaching geographic coordinates to individual points within a 3D point cloud, effectively placing them in a real world co-ordinate system with a relative x, y and z co-ordinate. This seemingly technical process offers a vast number of benefits that greatly enhance the accuracy of 3D point cloud data. In this article, we will explore why Tantek 4D champions georeferencing and the advantages it brings to various industries and applications.
What is Georeferencing 3D Point Clouds?
Before delving into the benefits, it's crucial to understand the concept of georeferencing 3D point clouds. At its core, georeferencing involves aligning a point cloud dataset to a geographic co-ordinate system. This geographic co-ordinate system can also be referred to as the 'Local Co-Ordinate System' depending on where in the world you are. This is achieved by associating each point in the cloud with precise geographic coordinates such as easting, northing and elevation or latitude, longitude, and elevation. The result is a spatially accurate representation of the environment, allowing for seamless integration with geographic information systems (GIS) and other geospatial tools.
Benefits of Georeferencing 3D Point Clouds:
- Enhanced Spatial Accuracy
The primary and most obvious benefit of georeferencing 3D point clouds is the significant improvement in spatial accuracy. Without georeferencing, point clouds exist in a virtual space with no real-world context. Georeferencing anchors the data to the a co-ordinate system, enabling precise measurements and accurate spatial analysis. This level of accuracy is invaluable in fields such as land surveying, infrastructure, construction and civil engineering, where precision is paramount.
- Seamless Integration with GIS
Georeferenced 3D point clouds seamlessly integrate with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), creating a powerful synergy between 3D visualisation and geospatial data analysis. This integration enables users to overlay point cloud data with existing geospatial datasets like maps, satellite imagery, boundaries and most importantly for specific facility survey data such as 3D Models, Topographical Surveys, Utility Surveys etc.
- Streamlined Data Sharing and Collaboration
Georeferenced point clouds facilitate efficient data sharing and collaboration. When everyone in a project is working with georeferenced data, there's less room for interpretation or misalignment. Architects, Design Teams, and Construction Management Teams can collaborate seamlessly, reducing errors and ensuring that projects progress according to plan.
- Accurate Asset Management
For industries involved in managing physical assets, georeferenced 3D point clouds provide an accurate representation of physical assets such as Commercial/Residential Buildings, Infrastructure, Power Plants, Pharmaceutical Plants, Semi-Conductor facilities or Data Centres. This accuracy is essential for maintenance, inspections, and future planning. It helps asset managers optimise their operations, minimise downtime, and extend the lifespan of critical infrastructure.
Georeferencing 3D point clouds is more than just a best practice; it's a game-changer for a wide range of industries and applications. Tantek 4D's recommendation to Georeference 3D point clouds is rooted in the immense benefits it offers, including enhanced spatial accuracy, seamless integration with GIS, streamlined collaboration, and accurate asset management.
As technology continues to advance, georeferencing will likely become an indispensable tool for professionals seeking to harness the full potential of 3D point cloud data. Embracing this practice is not only a sound investment but also a step toward a more accurate and sustainable future across various sectors.


" ^^^ Goodbye() )
The ^^^ method takes a parameter as a literal value which will be returned if the parse is successful. Thus, any time the space command is parsed, the result will be an instance of the Space class, defined here. This is nicely compact and efficient, but it does not satisfy all cases. The print command, for example, takes a greeting argument. To allow for this, we use the ^^ method and pass it a Scala PartialFunction [17]. The partial function defines a pattern which is matched against the parse result. If it is successful, then the inner expression is resolved (in this case, Print(g)) and the result is returned. Since the Parser defined by the greeting method is already defined to return an instance of Greeting, we can safely pass the result of this parse as a parameter to the Print constructor. Note that we need not define any node initialization for the program terminal as the + operator is already defined to return a list of whatever type it encapsulates (in this case, Statement).
The Interpreter
So far, we have been focused exclusively on the front side of the interpreter: input parsing. Our parser is now capable of consuming and checking the textual statements from input.talk and producing a corresponding AST. We must now write the code which walks the AST and executes each statement in turn. The result is a fairly straightforward recursive deconstruction of a list, with each node corresponding to an invocation of println.
class Interpreter(tree: List[Statement]) {
 def run() {
 walkTree(tree)
 }

 private def walkTree(tree: List[Statement]) {
 tree match {
 case Print(greeting) :: rest => {
 println(greeting.text)
 walkTree(rest)
 }

 case Space() :: rest => {
 println()
 walkTree(rest)
 }

 case Nil => ()
 }
 }
}
This is where all that work we did constructing the AST begins to pay off. We don't even have to manually resolve the greeting constants, that can be handled polymorphically within the nodes themselves. Actually, in a real interpreter, it probably would be best to let the statement nodes handle the actual execution logic, thus enabling the interpreter to merely function as a dispatch core, remaining relatively agnostic of language semantics.
The final piece we need to tie this all together is a bit of logic handling the parse result (assuming it is successful) and transferring it to the interpreter. We can accomplish this using pattern matching in the Simpletalk application:
result match {
 case Success(tree, _) => new Interpreter(tree).run()

 case e: NoSuccess => {
 Console.err.println(e)
 exit(100)
 }
}
We could get a bit fancier with our error handling, but in this case it is easiest just to print the error and give up. The error handling we have is sufficient for our experimental needs. We can test this with the following input:
print errorHere
space
The result is the following TeX-like trace:
[1.7] failure: ''GOODBYE'' expected but identifier errorHere found
print errorHere
 ^
One of the advantages of LL parsing is the parser can automatically generate relatively accurate error messages, just by inspecting the grammar and comparing it to the input. This is much more difficult with an LR parser, which allows the parse process to consume multiple production rules simultaneously.
Pat yourself on the back! This is all that is required to wire up a very simple language interpreter. The full source is linked at the bottom of the article [18].
Iteration 2
Now that we have a working language implementation, it's time to expand upon it. After all, we can't leave things working for long, can we? For iteration 2, we will add the ability to print arbitrary messages using string and numeric literals, as well as a simple loop construct. This loop will demonstrate some of the real merits of representing the program as a tree rather than a simple token stream. As for syntax, we will define an example of these features as follows:
print HELLO
print 42
space
repeat 10
 print GOODBYE
next
space
print "Adios!"
The result should be the following:
Hello, World!
42
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Farewell, sweet petunia!
Adios!
The first thing we will need to do to support these new features is update our grammar. This is where we start to see the advantages of using a declarative API like Scala's combinators as opposed to creating the parser by hand. We will need to change stmt terminal (to accept the repeat command) as well as the greeting terminal (to allow string and numeric literals):
def stmt: Parser[Statement] = ( "print" ~ greeting ^^ { case _ ~ g => Print(g) }
 | "space" ^^^ Space()
 | "repeat" ~ numericLit ~ (stmt+) ~ "next" ^^ {
 case _ ~ times ~ stmts ~ _ => Repeat(times.toInt, stmts)
 } )

def greeting = ( "HELLO" ^^^ Hello()
 | "GOODBYE" ^^^ Goodbye()
 | stringLit ^^ { case s => Literal(s) }
 | numericLit ^^ { case s => Literal(s) } )
Notice that we can no longer rely upon type inference in the stmt method, as it is now recursive. This recursion is in the repeat rule, which contains a one-or-more repetition of stmt. This is logical since we want repeat to contain other statements, including other instances of repeat. The repeat rule also makes use of the numericLit terminal. This is a rule which is defined for us as part of the StandardTokenParsers. Technically, it is more accepting than we want since it will also allow decimals. However, we don't need to worry about such trivialities. After all, this is just an experiment, right?
The numericLit and stringLit terminals are used again in two of the productions for greeting. Both of these parsers resolve to instances of String, which we pattern match and encapsulate within a new AST node: Literal. It makes sense for numericLit to resolve to String because Scala has no way of knowing how our specific language will handle numbers.
These are the new AST classes required to satisfy the language changes:
case class Repeat(times: Int, stmts: List[Statement]) extends Statement

case class Literal(override val text: String) extends Greeting
Literal merely needs to encapsulate a String resolved directly out of the parse, there is no processing required. Repeat, on the other hand, has a bit more interest to it. This class contains a list of Statement(s), as well as an iteration count, which will define the behavior of the repeat when executed. This is our first example of a truly recursive AST structure. Repeat is defined as a subclass of Statement, and it contains a List of such Statement(s). Thus, it is conceivable that a Repeat could contain another instance of Repeat, nested within its structure. This is really the true power of the AST: the ability to represent a recursive grammar in a logical, high-level structure.
Of course, Interpreter also must be modified to support these new features; but because of our polymorphic Greeting design, we only need to worry about Repeat. This node is easily handled by adding another pattern to our recursive match:
case Repeat(times, stmts) :: rest => {
 for (i <- 0 until times) {
 walkTree(stmts)
 }

 walkTree(rest)
}
Here we see the primary advantage to leaving the execution processing within Interpreter rather than polymorphically farming it out to the AST: direct access to the walkTree method. Logically, each repeat statement contains a new Simpletalk program within itself. Since we already have a method defined to interpret such programs, it only makes sense to use it! The looping itself can be handled by a simple for-comprehension. Following the loop, we deconstruct the list and move on to the next statement in the enclosing scope (which could be a loop itself). This design is extremely flexible and capable of handling the fully recursive nature of our new language.
The only other change we need to make is to add our new keywords to the lexer, so that they are not parsed as identifiers:
lexical.reserved += ("print", "space", "repeat", "next", "HELLO", "GOODBYE")
Iteration 3
It's time to move onto something moderately advanced. So far, we've stuck to easy modifications like new structures and extra keywords. A more complicated task would be the addition of variables and scoping. For example, we might want a syntax something like this:
let y = HELLO
space
print y
let x = 42
print x
space
repeat 10
 let y = GOODBYE
 print y
next
space
print y
space
print "Adios!"
And the