Land leases must be in writing to avail of tax exemptions
A Land Lease sets out both parties' obligations and provides useful legal protection
Leasing is appealing to farmers on many levels. Landowners who do not wish to farm the land are happy to lease their lands to active farmers who wish to expand their production.
The landowners may have recently retired or inherited the land, and may not wish to farm the land, and it is of interest to an active farmer who would like to farm the land, but does not want to bear the high costs of purchasing the land.
There are also tax incentives for farmers to enter into a Land lease arrangement.
A lease document is a written legal agreement between a lessor (the landowner or landlord) and a lessee (the active farmer or tenant).
The lease sets out the obligations of both parties during the period of the lease, providing useful legal protection to all parties.
The lease must be signed by both parties.
Signatures on the lease must be witnessed by an independent person or persons.
A Land lease must be in writing in order to avail of the favorable income tax exemptions.
Lease agreement templates are readily available, and the Irish Farmers Association has produced a precedent master agricultural lease.
But it is advisable to seek the advice of a solicitor, in order to adapt the lease agreement to the specific needs of both the lessor and the lessee in each individual case.
It is imperative that suitable terms are agreed for both parties, and that parties are aware of and understand the nature of the terms they are entering into, and they have obtained the appropriate legal advice in respect of what they are signing.
We recommend that the farmers consider the following points when entering into a lease agreement:
* The lands leased should be agreed beforehand normally, by referring to a folio and a map where the lands are clearly marked.
* What is the term of the lease, and how much rent is to be paid, and when should the rent be paid?
* Is there a rent review clause?
A farmer may be reluctant to become locked into high or low land rents. This can be rectified by making provision in the lease for regular rent reviews during the term of the lease.
* The specific purpose such as tillage or grazing for which the lessee intends to use the lands should be set out in the lease.
* The Land lease must provide that insurance is in place, in order that the lessor is indemnified for all claims or liabilities arising from the lessee's user of the property.
It is also important that the lessor has his or her own public liability insurance.
The lessor will also need to take out insurance.
* If a farmer is leasing the basic payment entitlements, appropriate clauses must be included in the lease, to ensure that the basic payment entitlements revert to the lessor, on the termination of the lease, and that in the event of the lessee not receiving his or her basic payment entitlements, this should not affect the validity of the agreement, and that the monies will still be due and owing to the lessor.
It is recommended a clause is put in, obliging the lessee to process and lodge all paperwork with the Department of Agriculture by the required deadline for the purpose of claiming any entitlements payable.
* A lessee should not have a right to sub-let the land without the lessor's prior written consent, and this should be provided for in the lease.
* A clause should be put in place in the Land lease, prohibiting automatic right of renewal, which is known as a renunciation clause.
The Landlord and Tenant (Amendment) Acts allow the renewal of the lease at market rent, where the property being leased consists predominantly of buildings, and where the land attached to those buildings is considered to be "subsidiary and ancillary" to the building.
Farmers should be aware of this.
Where there are buildings on the land it may be advisable to draft two separate leases.
* It is important that there is provision in the lease covering the manner and time in which notice of termination by either party must be served, if either party wishes to end the lease.
* It is important to make provision for all eventualities in the lease, such as a child who wishes to construct a dwelling house on part of the lands.
The above list is not exhaustive, and any farmer who is contemplating leasing his or her lands should consult a solicitor with experience in the area of agricultural leases, so as to ensure that he or she is fully protected against unexpected pitfalls.
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Charleston, SC Felony Gun Crimes Attorney
When you are facing a Charleston felony gun crime it is important to understand that both State and Federal law cover gun crimes in South Carolina. Understanding this is critical to your case which is why you need to consult an experienced Charleston Felony Gun Crimes Lawyer that is familiar with both forums when seeking legal guidance in your South Carolina firearm arrest.
What is a Felony Gun Crimes Crime?
This charge differs from "Unlawful Carrying" in two important ways. First, it is a felony gun charge and second, you can be charged with this offense even if you had the gun stored in a lawful place. For example, the gun was in a closed glove compartment of your vehicle but the serial number is obliterated or it is a stolen. What does the state have to prove?
 1. Possession or acquisition;
 1. Of a handgun;
 1. That is stolen;
 2. The serial number has been removed or obliterated.
 1. By
 1. Any person convicted of a crime of violence;
 2. A fugitive from justice;
 3. An habitual drunkard;
 4. A drug addict;
 5. Anyone adjudicated mentally incompetent;
 6. A person under 18 yrs. of age (with exceptions)
 7. Any person adjudicated unfit by a Circuit or County judge.
Mt. Pleasant Gun Crime Lawyer
What is a Crime of Violence?
Under this statute, crime of violence means:
Unlawful possession of a handgun is classified as a felony gun crime and carries 0-5 years in prison and confiscation of the weapon.
Contact a Charleston, SC Criminal Defense Attorney
If you need a Charleston Gun Crimes Lawyer, call Charleston Criminal Defense Attorney Dale Savage at _PHONE_ for your free consultation, all discussions are confidential.
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Conjunctive expressions
De DataFranca
en construction
Définition
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Français
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Anglais
conjunctive expressions
A conjunctive expression is an expression like: size=large and colour in {red, orange}
that is the conjunction of two or more simple predicates like size=large. The term conjunction refers to the presence of the logical operator and, which joins or conjoins the simple predicates. Occasionally the conjunctive expression might just consist of a single predicate.
See also propositional learning systems and covering algorithm.
Source : INWS machine learning dictionary ]


text:
COAL TRANSPORTATION: BELT CONVEYORS, COMBINED RAIL-BARGE, AND SLURRY PIPELINES
The capacity of the nation's transport system to move increasingly large tonnages of coal from mines to markets is a major energy problem. Coal accounts for more ton-miles of freight on the railroads and the waterways than does any other commodity. This work deals with belt conveyors, rail-barge combinations, and slurry pipelines as innovative additions to transport systems. In the past, both production and consumption have taken place within the same geographic regions. As late as 1969, the average length of coal hauls was only 225 miles. With the opening of the western mines along with increased emphasis on having new power plants designed to use coal, the market is becoming national in scope. Average hauls are much greater, with some being as long as 1200 miles. Each of the modes is considered, including its level of energy efficiency, its advantages and constraints, and how it can contribute to the overall capacity to transport this vital source of energy.
- Paper presented at ASME Meeting, December 10-15, 1978.
American Society of Mechanical EngineersTwo Park Avenue
New York, NY United States 10016-5990
- Campbell, T C
- Publication Date: 1978
- Features: References;
- Pagination: 9 p.
- TRT Terms: Barge operations; Barges; Belt conveyors; Bulk cargo; Bulk cargo handling; Bulk cargo terminals; Coal; Coal industry; Coal pipelines; Conveyors; Energy consumption; Freight traffic; Freight transportation; Manual safety belts; Marine terminals; Physical distribution; Pipelines; Rail marine interface; Slurry pipelines; Train operations; Unit trains; Water transportation
- Geographic Terms: Western States
- Old TRIS Terms: Barge transportation systems; Belt; Bulk coal; Energy intensiveness; Unitrain operations
- Subject Areas: Energy; Freight Transportation; Marine Transportation; Pipelines; Railroads; Terminals and Facilities;
- Accession Number: 00190372
- Record Type: Publication
- Source Agency: Engineering Index
- Report/Paper Numbers: 78-WA/MH-1
- Files: TRIS
- Created Date: Apr 25 1979 12:00AM

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Dating example sentence
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text:
GEOMETRIC CALIBRATION OF FULL SPHERICAL PANORAMIC RICOH-THETA CAMERA
Keywords: Fisheye Lens, Full Spherical Panorama, Omnidirectional Camera, Network Calibration
Abstract. A novel calibration process of RICOH-THETA, full-view fisheye camera, is proposed which has numerous applications as a low cost sensor in different disciplines such as photogrammetry, robotic and machine vision and so on. Ricoh Company developed this camera in 2014 that consists of two lenses and is able to capture the whole surrounding environment in one shot. In this research, each lens is calibrated separately and interior/relative orientation parameters (IOPs and ROPs) of the camera are determined on the basis of designed calibration network on the central and side images captured by the aforementioned lenses. Accordingly, designed calibration network is considered as a free distortion grid and applied to the measured control points in the image space as correction terms by means of bilinear interpolation. By performing corresponding corrections, image coordinates are transformed to the unit sphere as an intermediate space between object space and image space in the form of spherical coordinates. Afterwards, IOPs and EOPs of each lens are determined separately through statistical bundle adjustment procedure based on collinearity condition equations. Subsequently, ROPs of two lenses is computed from both EOPs. Our experiments show that by applying 3*3 free distortion grid, image measurements residuals diminish from 1.5 to 0.25 degrees on aforementioned unit sphere.


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The most inventive way a patient may use to pass an observed urine drug screen and how to prevent it
Article By: MichaelS76
Health and fitness
A review of the most devious yet ingenious way a patient will use in order to pass an observed urine drug screen and how to circumvent it.
Submitted:Aug 16, 2013 Reads: 68 Comments: 0 Likes: 0
The most desperate patient may perform the following:
1. The patient should abstain from illegal drug use for as many days as possible before the test. Within 24 hours of the test, the user should drink considerable quantities of water.
2. Just prior to the test, the user must void the bladder completely.
3. A fresh urine sample must be obtained from a donor, whose urine has the proper constituents or contains no illicit drugs.
4. A Foley catheter is then passed through the user's urethra and into the bladder.
5. The donor's urine is passed through the catheter and into the user's bladder.
6. Then the user must have the drug screen performed as soon as possible to prevent any drugs or metabolites from being processed by the kidneys and secreted into the donor urine.
7. The urine from the donor should match the sex of the patient. Estrogen levels appropriate for a woman would look mighty strange in a man's urine (although drug tests don't normally check for such things.
This is the most desperate attempt a patient may take in order to pass an observed drug screen. If a patient is suspected of tampering with his or her urine an observed drug screen should be performed. If that same patient is suspected of further tampering then the only way to ensure that a proper urine specimen is obtained is to have the patient urinate completely under observation, then have the patient drink copious amounts of water and wait at least 1 hour before collecting another observed specimen. This ensures that the urine contained in their bladder has actually come from the patient and not a donor patient. This is one of two ways to be 100 percent sure that a patient's urine drug screen is accurate, even under observation. The other way is to collect a blood specimen for analysis.
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text:
Study maps food poverty across England to see where food banks are needed
Statistics from food banks across England show a frightening rise in the number of people using their services, meaning that more and more people don't have enough money to feed themselves. Between April 1, 2016 and March 31, 2017, the Trussell Trust provided 1,182,954 three-day emergency food packages – up 73,645 from the previous year.
People affected by food poverty face severe threats to their health and well-being. As well as the stress, depression and anxiety that can result from not having enough money to feed their families, people experiencing food poverty also face a higher risk of obesity, because the only foods they can afford tend to be cheap, sugary, processed and fattening.
Some researchers have already mapped out who is using food banks, which is a big step towards understanding the problem. But academics like ourselves are increasingly concerned that just focusing on food bank data means we are not seeing the whole picture. After all, some people in need do not live near a food bank, or do not know about local services, or are too embarrassed or worried about what will happen if they tell people they cannot afford to feed their children properly.
These people are extremely vulnerable, since they're not getting the crucial emergency support offered by food banks. Identifying and helping the unseen victims of food poverty should be a national priority. The obvious answer is to create a national measure of food poverty, like the ones used in the US and Canada. This would allow the government to identify those in need, and target resources accordingly.
Shockingly, no such measure is used in England, though some efforts are being made in Wales and Scotland. But there is a way to use existing data, to figure out not just how many, but crucially where vulnerable people might need emergency food.
Mapping out food poverty
We already know what types of people are more likely to experience food poverty: single pensioners, low income households with children and people claiming benefits are at greater risk. By combining this knowledge with big datasets such as the Census and data from the Department for Work and Pensions, it's possible to find out where populations at risk of food poverty live.
As part of new research, we mapped out the number of people at higher risk of food poverty across all of England. Our map shows that some areas of the country face much higher levels of risk – and they're not always the ones you might expect.
A map of food poverty across England.Dianna Smith and Claire Thompson., Author provided
For example, when we updated our maps with the most recent data on benefits claimants, we found that areas in London such as Croydon and Southwark have a large proportion of residents facing a high risk of food poverty. Outside of London, some urban areas in the north (Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle) have higher risk – even where these areas don't always appear to be deprived using other measures.
When we compared those areas with a higher risk of food poverty with the locations of food banks from the Trussell Trust, we found that those areas don't always have a lot of food banks. In fact, based on the available data, we couldn't find a statistical relationship between the number of food banks in an area and the 2015 Index of Multiple Deprivation score, meaning that food banks are not always concentrated in the poorest areas.
Making a difference
Of course, this is not a criticism of food banks. They offer vital and often life-changing services. But more information about exactly where these invaluable services are needed could mean more vulnerable people receive the help and support they need to get through a difficult time.
Our maps can help with this, by helping local authorities put together food poverty action plans that target their resources more effectively. The data can be tailored for localities to account for the specific local problems which contribute to food poverty – such as the high housing costs in London boroughs, and the high rates of unemployment in many communities in the north-east of England. We are already working with local authorities around the country to this end.
This type of work is becoming more important, as controversial policy changes and cuts take hold. The roll out of Universal Credit looks set to make food poverty worse in some areas. By looking for food poverty hot spots in the local communities, researchers can help charities and local government to reach those in need.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Useful Fruit Software releases Pear Note 1.1 - Make sharing notes easier
December 19, 2008 in Utility (E)
[] Columbia, MD - Useful Fruit Software is proud to announce Pear Note 1.1, the latest version of their note-taking utility for Mac OS X. At its core, Pear Note integrates audio, video, and slides with traditional text notes and stores all of this on a timeline for easy navigation. Pear Note 1.1 adds the ability to share notes with others by exporting text, audio, or video. Also new, users can import externally recorded audio or video.
Pear Note records audio or video while the user takes notes, allowing the user to later find what was being said when they typed something. They can then play back the entire recording, or jump to the point they need to hear.
Pear Note 1.1 builds on Pear Note's recording capabilities by allowing users to share notes with coworkers and classmates that are not Pear Note users. Notes can be exported as plain text or rich text documents to share thoughts. Also, users can export recorded audio or video as AAC files or QuickTime movies so others can hear or see what they missed.
Pear Note 1.1 allows users to import externally recorded audio or video into a note. Users can import audio into a new note and take notes while playing back the recording. This is useful in situations where it is not feasible to take notes live. Alternatively, users can record audio on an external device instead of their Mac and later import that audio to sync with the notes they typed.
Additional new features in 1.1 include enhanced text editing capabilities such as lists, links, and tables as well as numerous user interface and stability enhancements.
Feature highlights include:
* Records audio, video, every keystroke, and slide changes
* Playback navigation utilizing text notes or slides
* Search to find notes quickly
* Rich Text Notes
* Spotlight support for pear note documents
* QuickLook support for pear note documents
* Spell Checking
* Export text, audio, and video
* Import audio and video
Minimum Requirements:
* Mac OS X Version 10.5 Leopard or later
* Universal Binary for PowerPC and Intel
* 6 MB Hard Drive space
* Spotlight must be enabled
* A microphone (if recording audio)
* iSight (if recording video)
Pricing and Availability:
Pear Note 1.1 can be purchased for $39.99 (USD). A free fully functional 14 day demo is available for download.
Slides | Video | Audio | Timeline | Notes


text:
Who Must Curtsy to Whom?
One of the most mystifying elements of royal protocol to us "commoners" is the proper way to greet the royal family and how they greet each other. While no one is under obligation to curtsy or bow to a member of the royal family, the rules are still put into practice in court settings, like when the family is at a state function or celebrating Christmas in Sandringham. If the royal family is in the mood to follow strict protocol, everyone must either bow or curtsy to the Queen. Then, according to order of precedence, the order of who bows to whom goes down in order of the Queen's sons (by birth order, so oldest first), then her grandsons, her brothers, her uncles, her nephews, and lastly, her cousins. However, as third in line to the throne, William is said to have gained precedence over the Queen's younger sons in recent years. Female members of the royal family are given lower rank than male members, and until recently, wives of the sovereign's sons are typically given higher rank than her daughters and granddaughters. However, now "blood princesses" are given precedence over women who have married into the royal family. This rule only applies when the woman's husband is present, otherwise she gets bumped on down the list. These rules go down from the Queen to the lowliest baronet and also determine how members of the aristocracy enter and leave a room during formal occasions.
So, for example, if Kate and William were at an event together with William's grandmother, parents, and Princesses Anne, Eugenie, and Beatrice, Kate would only curtsy to the Queen, Prince Charles, and Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, while Anne, Eugenie, and Beatrice would curtsy to her. However, if William was not present for some reason, Kate would have to curtsy to everyone, including "blood princesses" like Eugenie, Beatrice, and Anne. Confused yet? Let's not even get into how lower-ranking members of the aristocracy come into play.


%A Mao Zu-Mei, Yang Ge, Wang Chang-Gui %T Studies on Chromosome Numbers and Anatomy of Young Branches of Calligonum of Xinjiang in Relation to the Evolution of Some Species of the Genus %0 Journal Article %D 1983 %J J Syst Evol %R %P 44-49 %V 21 %N 1 %U {_URL_ %8 1983-02-18 %X There are more than 20 species of Calligonum in China, of which 17 are known from Xinjiang. They are divided into four sections. This paper aims to study the evolutionary relations of some species of Calligonum in Xinjiang. The chromosome numbers of 13 species and the anatomic structures of young branch of 8 species have been examined. Among 13 species, the, basic chromosome number x=9.9 species are diploids. 4 species are tetraploids. The evolutionary relations of these plants are arranged as follows: Section Calligonum (Fisch. et Mey.) Borszcz. 1. C. junceum (Fisch. et Mey.) Litv. Section Pterococcus (Pall.) Borszcz. 2. C. leucocladum (Schrenk) Bge. 3. C. aphyllum (Pall.) Gürke. 4. C. rubicundum Bge. Section Calligonum ,. 5. C. cordatum Eug. Kor. 6. C. densum Borszcz. 7. C. klementzii A. Los. Section Medusa Sosk et Alexandra 8. C. mongolicum Turcz. 9. C. pumilum A. Los. 10. C. ebi-nuricum Ivanova 11. C. arborescens Litv. 12. C. caput-medusae Schrenk 13.C. roborovskii A. Los.


Double Dutch
Previous Page
Double Dutch : Phrases
Nonsense - a language one cannot understand.
The English used to hold the Dutch in very low regard, on account of the hostilities between their two countries in the 17th century. As a consequence of the previous antagonism, there are numerous English phrases which portray Dutch items in a poor light:
Dutch comfort = cold comfort
Dutch concert = pandemonium
Dutch courage = the courage of drink
Dutch crossing = crossing the street slant wise
Dutch treat = each pays for their own expenses
Going Dutch = sharing the bill
That 'coiled up against the sun' appendage is now defunct, but appears frequently in early citations of the phrase.
An earlier reference to the difficulty in the understanding of Dutch by English speakers comes from Dibdin's Poor Jack, 1789:
"Why 'twas just all as one as High Dutch."
Phrases Index
From Double Dutch to HOME PAGE


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Class: LinearModel
Add terms to linear regression model
mdl1 = addTerms(mdl,terms)
mdl1 = addTerms(mdl,terms) returns a linear model the same as mdl but with additional terms.
Input Arguments
Linear model, as constructed by fitlm or stepwiselm.
Terms to add to the mdl regression model. Specify as either a:
 - Text string representing one or more terms to add. For details, see Wilkinson Notation.
 - Row or rows in the terms matrix (see modelspec in fitlm). For example, if there are three variables A, B, and C:
 [0 0 0] represents a constant term or intercept
 [0 1 0] represents B; equivalently, A^0 * B^1 * C^0
 [1 0 1] represents A*C
 [2 0 0] represents A^2
 [0 1 2] represents B*(C^2)
Output Arguments
Linear model, the same as mdl but with additional terms given in terms. You can set mdl1 equal to mdl to overwrite mdl.
Wilkinson Notation
Wilkinson notation describes the factors present in models. The notation relates to factors present in models, not to the multipliers (coefficients) of those factors.
Wilkinson NotationFactors in Standard Notation
1Constant (intercept) term
A^k, where k is a positive integerA, A2,..., Ak
A + BA, B
A*BA, B, A*B
A:BA*B only
-BDo not include B
A*B + CA, B, C, A*B
A + B + C + A:BA, B, C, A*B
A*B*C - A:B:CA, B, C, A*B, A*C, B*C
A*(B + C)A, B, C, A*B, A*C
Statistics Toolbox™ notation always includes a constant term unless you explicitly remove the term using -1.
For details, see Wilkinson and Rogers [1].
expand all
Add a Term to a Model
Create a model of the carsmall data without any interactions, then add an interaction term.
Load the carsmall data and make a model of the MPG as a function of weight and model year.
load carsmall
ds = dataset(MPG,Weight);
ds.Year = ordinal(Model_Year);
mdl = fitlm(ds,'MPG ~ Year + Weight^2');
Add an interaction term to mdl.
terms = 'Year*Weight';
mdl1 = addTerms(mdl,terms)
mdl1 =
Linear regression model:
 MPG ~ 1 + Weight*Year + Weight^2
Estimated Coefficients:
 Estimate SE tStat pValue
 (Intercept) 48.045 6.779 7.0874 3.3967e-10
 Weight -0.012624 0._PHONE_ -3.0454 0._PHONE_
 Year_76 2.7768 3.0538 0.90931 0.3657
 Year_82 16.416 4.9802 3.2962 0._PHONE_
 Weight:Year_76 -0.00020693 0.00092403 -0.22394 0.82333
 Weight:Year_82 -0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ -1.7217 0.088673
 Weight^2 1.0121e-06 6.12e-07 1.6538 0.10177
Number of observations: 94, Error degrees of freedom: 87
Root Mean Squared Error: 2.76
R-squared: 0.89, Adjusted R-Squared 0.882
F-statistic vs. constant model: 117, p-value = 1.88e-39
[1] Wilkinson, G. N., and C. E. Rogers. Symbolic description of factorial models for analysis of variance. J. Royal Statistics Society 22, pp. 392–399, 1973.
Use stepwiselm to select a model from a starting model, continuing until no single step is beneficial.
Use removeTerms to remove particular terms.
Use step to optimally improve the model by adding or removing terms.
See Also
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Trinidadians and Tobagonians strike for higher wages and labor justice, _PHONE_
Trinidad and Tobago
Time period
1919 to 1921
Economic Justice
National/Ethnic Identity
Total points
7 out of 10 points
Name of researcher, and date dd/mm/yyyy
Kira Kern 10/03/2011
Following the end of World War I, Trinidadians faced unfair labor policies and low wages. They also dealt with inflation and racism. Unhappy Trinidadians formed the Trinidad Workingmen's Association (TWA) in response to the problems they faced. The TWA advocated for the working class in Trinidad and agitated for higher wages.


text:
We decided to present Jan Fricke's solution (thanks, Jan)
Lemma 1. Toggling a single lamp is possible, if and only if N and M are coprime, and M is odd.
Proof. Let N and M be coprime, and M be odd. Then there exists positive integers a and b such that aM - bN = 1. Since also (a + N)M - (b +M)N = 1, we can assume b is even. Now we can toggle a single lamp L in the following way: Use the tool for the lamps L,...,L+M-1, for L+M,...,L+2M-1, and so on until L+(a-1)M,...,L+aM-1. After that the lamp L is switched (b + 1) times, all others are switched b times.
Let N and M have a common prime factor p. Consider the p circles" each consisting by taking every p-th lamp. Since also M is divisible by p, any application of the tool switches the same amount of lamps in any of the p circles. So it is impossible to switch a single lamp.
Let M be even. For toggling exactly one lamp, this lamp has to be switched odd times, and any other even times. So the overall number of switchings has to be odd, which is impossible for even M.
Since we have to solve an equation system of N linear equations in N variables over F2, the possibility of solvability is equal to the possibility being in the image of the corresponding linear map. The dimension of the image can be estimated as follows:
Lemma 2. Let g be the greatest common divisor of M and N. Then the dimension of the coimage is at least g - 1.
Proof. Split the N variants to use the tool in g parts: part x consists of the applications starting at lamp x, x + M, x + 2M, and so on.
Applying all variants of a part always gives the same result, so even if we do not use the tool on the starting lamps 2, 3,..., g, we can reach the same set of configurations. As a result, the coimage has at least the dimension g - 1.
So, if a number N fulfills the following:
then N has the desired properties. The numbers less than 10, 000 with these properties are
1121, 1313, 1601, 2113, 3041, and 4001.
If you have any problems you think we might enjoy, please send them in. All replies should be sent to: _EMAIL_


text:
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Franchesca came up about 5000ft in elevation from her hometown of Miami,
Florida, to Fort Collins Colorado to study hurricanes! Finishing her junior
year, she is a mathematics major at Florica International University. Not
suprisingly, her research interest is tropical meteorology.
She worked alongside Professor Wayne Schubert this summer studying warm-ring structures in intense hurricanes. Typical hurricanes have a warm-core structure such that the warmest temperatures occur in the center of the hurricane. However, weather reconnaissance aircraft data has observed warm-rings in intense hurricanes. A warm-ring structure results when the warmest temperature anomalies occur on the outer edge of the eye. Franchesca's research derived the thermal wind equation from the hydrostatic and the gradient wind equations to analyze the temperature, tangential velocity, and the absolute vorticity profiles. Using observed hurricanes, a warm-ring structure was simulated with the thermal wind equation as the basis.
Warm-ring Structures in Intense Hurricanes is the title of Franchesca's research poster for the summer. Apart from school and tropical meteorology, Franchesca enjoys reading, drawing, and spending time with family.


text:
Rowland Tappan Berthoff (September 20, 1921 – March 25, 2001) was an American historian, working in the fields of immigration and social life in the USA. He is best known for his 1971 book An Unsettled People: Order and Disorder in American Life.
He was born in
Toledo, Ohio, attended Oberlin College, did graduate work at Harvard University where he received a doctorate in 1952, as a student of Oscar Handlin. Berthoff was an Assistant Professor of History at Princeton University from 1953, and then a Professor of History at Washington University in St. Louis, from 1962. He was made chairman of Washington University's history department and named William Elliott Smith Professor of History in 1971.
social history and ethnic history. His 1960 article on "The American Social Order: A Conservative Hypothesis," called for a conservative interpretation of American history.
Further reading [ edit ]
Berthoff, Rowland. "The American Social Order: A Conservative Hypothesis,"
American Historical Review, April 1960, Vol. 65 Issue 3, pp 495-514 in JSTOR
External links [ edit ]


Knockout isdirty custom data binding Knockout isdirty custom data binding
This is probably one of my favorite data bindings for Knockout.js: isdirty. The concept behind the function is to track when there is a change to any object including any of its properties. It's extremely powerful handling nested objects as well.
Let's take a look at how to use:
var customer = {
"firstName": ko.observable("End your"),
"lastName": ko.observable("If")
};
customer.dirtyFlag = new ko.dirtyFlag(customer);
The above code initializes a customer object with two parameters: first and last name. Both of these properties are defined as observables. When a change happens to either property, the following property on the customer object will return true: customer.dirtyFlag.isDirty()
You can apply logic to this computed observable to identify data on your page has changed.
And finally let's look at the actual code behind the function:
ko.dirtyFlag = function (root, isInitiallyDirty) {
var result = function () { },
_initialState = ko.observable(ko.toJSON(root)),
_isInitiallyDirty = ko.observable(isInitiallyDirty);
result.isDirty = ko.computed(function () {
return _isInitiallyDirty() || _initialState() !== ko.toJSON(root);
});
result.reset = function () {
_initialState(ko.toJSON(root));
_isInitiallyDirty(false);
};
return result;
};
Published on May 31, 2022
Tags: Knockout js Tutorial | JavaScript | isdirty | Knockout js Tutorial
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No matter the programming language you're looking to learn, I've hopefully compiled an incredible set of tutorials for you to learn; whether you are beginner or an expert, there is something for everyone to learn. Each topic I go in-depth and provide many examples throughout. I can't wait for you to dig in and improve your skillset with any of the tutorials below.


Factors affecting flowering
Whether a plant is cultivated for its flowers or its fruit, flowering is important to cultivators. Remember that all fruits start as a flower and to be more specific, a fruit is a part of the flower that holds the seeds. So basically, the more flowers that exist, the more the fruits will grow. Farmers and gardeners want to know the factors that affect flowering time and the flowering rate.
By learning about such factors, they can make necessary actions to increase their production.
 Project description:
In this project you will investigate the effect of one specific factor on flowering of one specific plant. You have many choices while selecting the specific plant and the specific factor that you want to study. In this project you will perform a plant growth experiment and record the plant's flowering related data.
 Details of this project:
More details or support on this project is available for the members of ScienceProject.com. Material needed for experiment (seeds, soil, pots,...) may be found at home or obtained locally.


When to use Java GSS-API vs. JSSE
Java GSS-API and JSSE provide you with the same basic set of security features:
 1. Client-server authentication
 2. Encryption and integrity protection of transmitted data
However, there are some key difference between the two. This document lists some of them to help you decide which might be more appropriate in your environment:
 1. Kerberos Single Sign-On Support
 In the Java 2 Standard Edition, GSS-API contains support for Kerberos as a mandatory security mechanism. This means that if your desktop has Kerberos support, you can write Java GSS-API based applications that never prompt the user for a password.
 At present JSSE does not support cipher suites to use Kerberos-based authentication. Support for such a cipher suite is dependent on its standarization in the TLS protocol at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
 2. Communications API
 JSSE supports a socket-based API. JSSE sockets extend the socket classes found in java.net and JSSE socket factories extend the socket factories found in javax.net. Thus, if your application is written such that its security needs to be configured via a socket factory, then JSSE might be more appropriate for you. JSSE sockets need to use some reliable transport. Typically, implementations use TCP.
 Java GSS-API, on the other hand, is a token-based API that relies on the application to do the communication. This means that the application can use TCP sockets, UDP datagrams, or any other channel that will allow it to transport Java GSS-API generated tokens. If your application has varying communication protocol needs, then Java GSS-API might be more appropriate for you. Java GSS-API can read and write its tokens using input and output streams. However, you will need to set up the streams yourself.
 3. Credential Delegation
 Java GSS-API allows the client to delegate its credentials to the server when using Kerberos. If your application will be deployed in a multi-tier environment where intermediaries need to impersonate clients when talking to backend layers, Java GSS-API might be more appropriate for you.
 4. Selective Encryption
 Because Java GSS-API is token-based, you can choose to selectively encrypt certain messages but not all. If your application needs to intersperse plaintext and ciphertext messages, Java GSS-API might be more appropriate for you.
 5. Protocol Requirements
 JSSE provides an implementation of the TLS protocol defined in RFC 2246. Java GSS-API provides an implementation of the GSS-API framework defined in RFC 2853, as well as an implementation of the Kerberos Version 5 mechanism defined in RFC 1964. (On Microsoft Windows platforms, this may be known as SSPI with Kerberos.) Some servers such as HTTPS servers will require you to use TLS, in which case JSSE will be appropriate for you. Other servers such as LDAP servers using SASL might need GSS-API with Kerberos, in which case Java GSS-API will be appropriate for you.


has provided UIAutomation API for nearly all of its UI technologies including WPF. For exposing elements for automation, we introduce AutomationPeer for elements. Generally, there is a 1:1 correspondence between a control type and its automation peer. It is the responsibility of control authors to provide automation peer for the controls for automation. We have discussed about AutomationPeer here [<a href="_URL_ about AutomationPeer].

In order to expose the elements defined under the control template, we need to introduce a new AutomationPeer for the new button type. The type inherits from ButtonAutomationPeer defined under System.Windows.Automation.Peers namespace in PresentationFramework assembly. In order to provide the automation peers for its children, an AutomationPeer needs to override GetChildrenCore method. The method returns a list of child automation peers for its children. Now don't go recursive, it just needs to do it for its immediate children.

Just look at how it is finding the expected children from Owner's Template using FrameworkTemplate.FindName() method [<a href="_URL_


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Programmers Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for professional programmers interested in conceptual questions about software development. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I am new to event driven development, and I feel lost when I try to implement events that should pass the core/UI boundary.
In my program I have the following (example in c#):
UI.RuleForm Core.RuleList UI.ResultForm
Cell 1 Rule 1
Cell 2 Rule 2
Cell 3 Rule 3
What I want is: when a RuleForm cell changes, it will update the corresponding rule in RuleList. And when the RuleList changes, the resultFrom will be recalculated from the rules.
My current thought is that, in order to keep core logic separated from UI logic (i.e. core should know nothing about UI), core should then only generate events, but not processing events generated by others.
So I have to create some kind of UI.RuleListWrapper which can process RuleForm change events, updating Core.RuleList. RuleList in term should fire OnChange events that UI.ResultForm can use.
So in summary, my questions are:
I want to know if my reasoning and purposed implementation is okay or not, which probably means: should a core module be able to process events generated by outside UI Is my separation some kind of "mysophobia", or has it been done before. Are there other better approaches?
share|improve this question

Switch to WPF and use MVVM problem solved ;) – Mike Brown May 1 '12 at 14:40

You have 3 good answers. Why not pick one. – KingOfHypocrites May 7 '12 at 15:32

sorry, was a bit busy lately. I want to study and understand INotifyPropertyChanged before I accept it. – lulalala May 8 '12 at 2:09
3 Answers 3
up vote 1 down vote accepted
What I want is: when a RuleForm cell changes, it will update the corresponding rule in RuleList. And when the RuleList changes, the resultFrom will be recalculated from the rules.
My current thought is that, in order to keep core logic separated from UI logic (i.e. core should know nothing about UI), core should then only generate events, but not processing events generated by others.
So I have to create some kind of UI.RuleListWrapper which can process RuleForm change events, updating Core.RuleList. RuleList in term should fire OnChange events that UI.ResultForm can use.
Look up "data binding" in .NET. That seems to be what you're after. It's handled differently depending on whether you do WinForms or WPF, but the concepts are the same.
Your idea on the approach you need to take is basically right, however you probably don't need a RuleListWrapper class (at least not in this specific case). Through data binding your cell changes will automatically update the corresponding rule. Then your rule can raise a property change event to be handled by your result form.
Specifically, look up the System.ComponentModel.INotifyPropertyChanged interface for your rules. If you're using WinForms, look up BindingSource for the UI, and for WPF just look up the built-in binding syntax.
share|improve this answer
By core do you mean business layer, presentation layer, etc? By presentation I don't mean UI. Depending on the pattern, the UI might raise events to the presentation layer who would then interface with the business layer. Typically your middle tier will respond to UI events and communicate back with the view via a viewmodel or through an interface (once again depending on the pattern). If it is truly a core model in the utility sense, then I would say have a middle layer handle the events being raised and then call into the core model and back into the view.
share|improve this answer

yes the whole program is a small utility WinFrom application. Core is just like the utility API, which the UI(just a bunch of forms) will use. – lulalala May 1 '12 at 13:45

Then use an intermediate layer to respond to UI events. This may be a controller, presenter, etc. It will then call into the utility and communicate back with the UI. The UI publishes the event... The middle layer subscribes, calls into the utility, responds back to UI. – KingOfHypocrites May 1 '12 at 15:06
To keep concerns separate the core should not respond to UI events. That doesn't mean it can't respond to other events, generated say by the UI event handlers.
Keeping abstractions completely isolated is a difficult problem; sometimes there is only so much you can do. You may need to make the core interface aware of the existence of the UI, for example. But that doesn't mean it needs to know how the UI works. That can be taken care of by the UI/presentation layer.
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text:
Solving Connection timed out Error The Isle Evrima Dedicated Server
This post is going to be in a collection of posts dedicated in resolving common issues with setting up a dedicated server for the Isle Evrima. This one is the most common I see, so lets talk about what it is, and why it's showing up. IF you are unable to connect, but others are see "Your router doesn't have Hairpinning enabled." Below. This is the most common issue.
The biggest reason for this error comes from users attempting to connect to a server running on the same computer or the same local network. Lets explain why. If you are running your own server, you need to know the details of what is happening in your own network.
The client server architecture
For a server/client connection to work(the client being the game itself), a server has to bind a an ip address. The isle server binds to the local network address, for example "192.168.1.100". This local address is tied to a computer/server. Everyone with an internet connection has this "LAN" with a collection of IP addresses that are typically in the same format, but can be different. In a Local network we can easily connect between devices because everyone has a unique IP and there is no firewall. BUT, the Isle dedicated server is meant to be ran publicly with outside access. Others can't use our LAN ip address, so our server advertises its "public" ip address to the server list.
- When someone sees your server, They attempt to connect to the public ip address advertised by your server, which is sent out over yourservers Query port(typically 7778)
- The client attempts to connect via your Game Server Port(typically 7777), which has the public IP address, and manages what goes "inside" to the local area network, and where it goes.
- The router checks the incoming connections port to see if it has any forwarding rules, and if it does, it sends the connection to the ip address you have forwarded (your isle server)
Back to the problem
As you can see in the error message, the users client failed to connect. We see the IP address and the port. What could this mean? Well our game client could not connect. But notice this is your networks public ip address that is being advertised by your server, not the private address that you need to use within your local network. So that leads us to 3 possible issues you are having.
Your router doesn't have Hairpinning enabled.
You're game client is grabbing the public IP address, but you need to connect to a device in the local are network (your own computer or another inside your home). In this case, most modern routers have something called "Hairpinning" enabled, but some don't, and in that case, you won't be able to do this. The resolution here is to run the server in a place other than your local network, enable hairpinning on your router, or buy a router that supports it. You can also try to use a VPN on your game computer, and then try to connect, so that you go out, and then back inside your network, using your public IP. Other than that, there is no way to direct 1 IP to another on windows.
"NAT hairpinning, also known as NAT loopback or NAT reflection, is a feature in many consumer routers where a machine on the LAN is able to access another machine on the LAN via the external IP address of the LAN/router".
You are forwarding your Query port, but not the game port.
In this case, your server is being listed, but the client can't connect because the actual game server port is blocked. Your resolution here is checking _URL_ with port "7777" If it failed, the port is blocked at either your router, or computer/server firewall. If this fails, please don't spam dedicated server hosting communities with issues involving port forwarding. It over shadows people with real issues, and can usually be resolved with a few google searches.
The Server has an internal issue that caused the game thread to fail.
This can be identified by red text within the console. This is the least likely issue, but looks for an error indicating that the game server listen port (usually 7777) failed to find to an interface. In this case, something on the computer your server is running on is currently using that port. This can be identified by viewing the "resource monitor" in windows, and checking the tcp bind section to see if a program is using port 7777/7778. If it is, stop it and try again.
Anyways, I'll be linking this back to those that have issues.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Siblings)
Types of siblings[change | change source]
There are several different types of siblings.
- Full siblings (brother, sister): These siblings have the same father and mother.
- Half siblings (half-brother, half-sister): These siblings have one parent that is the same. They either have the same father or the same mother.
- Step siblings (stepbrother, stepsister): These sibling have different fathers and mothers but one of their parents is married to a parent of the other one.
- example: John and Tom are step brothers because John's father is married to Tom's mother.
- Siblings by breastfeeding: In Islam someone who is breastfed by a woman who is not their birth mother become siblings to the children of that woman if they are less than 2 years old and have been breastfed five times or more by that woman.


text:
Background: After a patient death, experienced physicians have reported feelings of sadness, guilt, and self-doubt. Residents and interns experience a strong emotional impact to these deaths as well, and previous studies have shown that they only feel adequately supported 50% of the time. Residents feel more supported by their attendings and are better able to emotionally cope if debriefs occur after adverse events or deaths. There are few studies on how frequently hospitalists hold debriefs after patient deaths and how best to conduct such discussions.
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to understand current practices in coping with patient deaths and to create a debrief tool to guide residents and hospitalists in conducting debriefs after a patient mortality or adverse event.
Description: The study was conducted at a large urban academic medical center. An initial anonymous survey was administered to Internal Medicine residents and hospitalists to understand current debrief practices. There were 13 hospitalist respondents and 31 resident respondents. The survey found that debriefs do not happen consistently, with only 31% of hospitalists reporting that they always debrief after a patient death or adverse event and 0% of residents reporting that their attending always leads debriefs. Although 77% of hospitalist respondents reported recognizing when trainees are having difficulty coping with a patient death or adverse event, only 55% of residents agreed that their attendings recognized that they were having difficulty coping. Furthermore, 65% of resident respondents reported that they were not aware of mental and emotional health resources and 69% of hospitalists reported that they have never provided such resources. Survey data also showed that 100% of the hospitalists had not received training on how to conduct debriefs, but 100% would want a tool to help them debrief.A debrief tool was created based on the need indicated from the survey (figure 1). Specific elements were selected from best practices when discussing difficult events and from a survey question related to physician perception of the purpose of debriefs. Further input was taken from focus groups of residents and hospitalists. Using the mnemonic SEEK, the tool emphasizes the following 4 components: Setting a stage, creating Expectations and a blame-free environment, discussing Emotions and providing additional Knowledge and resources. This tool also includes sample questions to guide the discussion when leading a debrief and resources for emotional and mental care. Laminated cards with the tool were published and made available online. Training sessions were conducted with both residents and hospitalists, and they were guided through elements of a debrief, sample questions to facilitate discussion, and how to use the tool. At the end of the training session, hospitalists and residents applied their newly learned skills to challenging clinical scenarios.
Conclusions: The development and implementation of a tool helped to establish an easily adopted method to facilitate debriefs. Follow-up comments from attendings and residents have shown that debriefs are occurring more frequently after adverse events and deaths, and that they have been helpful and very much appreciated by the residents. Further evaluations and results will need to be collected. Additionally, applying the tool to specialty services, in ICUs, and continuing to train additional residents and hospitalists will broaden the practice of debriefs.
To cite this abstract:Kochar, A; Radcliffe, M; Vinh-Tung, N. A TOOL TO GUIDE DEBRIEFS AFTER PATIENT DEATHS. Abstract published at Hospital Medicine 2019, March 24-27, National Harbor, Md. Abstract 314. _URL_ Accessed December 6, 2019.


text:
Event ID 3001 — RD Gateway Server Configuration
Applies To: Windows Server 2008 R2
For remote clients to successfully connect to internal network resources (computers) through a Remote Desktop Gateway (RD Gateway) server, the RD Gateway server must be configured correctly. The RD Gateway server must be configured to use an appropriate Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)-compatible X.509 certificate, and authorization policy settings must be configured correctly. Remote Desktop connection authorization policies (RD CAPs) specify who can connect to the RD Gateway server. Remote Desktop resource authorization policies (RD RAPs) specify the internal network resources that clients can connect to through an RD Gateway server.
|Product:||Windows Operating System|
|Message:||The RD Gateway server certificate cannot be changed. The following error occurred: "%2". Verify the certificate and try changing the certificate again.|
Ensure that the required permissions are granted to the private key of the SSL certificate
To resolve this issue, ensure that required permissions are granted to the private key of the SSL certificate.
To perform this procedure, you must have membership in the local Administrators group, or you must have been delegated the appropriate authority.
To grant the required permissions to the private key of the SSL certificate:
- On the RD Gateway server, open the Certificates snap-in console. If you have not already added the Certificates snap-in console, you can do so by doing the following:
- Click Start, click Run, type mmc, and then click OK.
- On the File menu, click Add/Remove Snap-in.
- In the Add or Remove Snap-ins dialog box, in the Available snap-ins list, click Certificates, and then click Add.
- In the Certificates snap-in dialog box, click Computer account, and then click Next.
- In the Select Computer dialog box, click Local computer: (the computer this console is running on), and then click Finish.
- In the Add or Remove Snap-ins dialog box, click OK.
- In the Certificates snap-in console, in the console tree, expand Certificates (Local Computer), expand Personal, and then navigate to the SSL certificate for the RD Gateway server.
- Right-click the certificate, point to All Tasks, and then click Manage Private Keys.
- In the Permissions for private keys dialog box, under Group or user names, click NETWORK SERVICE. Under Permissions for NETWORK SERVICE, if Read is not allowed, select the Allow check box adjacent to Read.
- Click OK.
To verify that the RD Gateway server is configured correctly, examine Event Viewer logs and search for the following event messages. These event messages indicate that the Remote Desktop Gateway service is running, and that clients are successfully connecting to internal network resources through the RD Gateway server.
To perform this procedure, you do not need to have membership in the local Administrators group. Therefore, as a security best practice, consider performing this task as a user without administrative credentials.
To verify that the RD Gateway server is configured correctly:
- On the RD Gateway server, click Start, point to Administrative Tools, and then click Event Viewer.
- In the Event Viewer console tree, navigate to Application and Services Logs\Microsoft\Windows\TerminalServices-Gateway, and then search for the following events:
- Event ID 101, Source TerminalServices-Gateway: This event indicates that the Remote Desktop Gateway service is running.
- Event ID 200, Source TerminalServices-Gateway: This event indicates that the client is connected to the RD Gateway server.
- Event ID 302, Source TerminalServices-Gateway: This event indicates that the client is connected to an internal network resource through the RD Gateway server.


text:
When space is limited, an image pre-processor can be used in place of multiple vision
There are multiple visions
. As Guzman and Silver (2018) note, sociological canons are spaces of contention and sites where social inequalities are reproduced, as is evident in their summary of most frequently listed authors in Canadian sociological theory syllabi.
Prime Minister Imran Khan has come to power on a wave of promises and multiple visions
of what Pakistan can be, including the exemplary models of 'Riasat-e-Medina' and China.
The Music of Trees elaborates on this concept across three series of tree photographs: Tree Portraits, Memoria, and Multiple Visions
. Each series explores a different way of seeing, progressing from representational images to multiple exposures to a final series of great abstraction with graceful perspicacity.
The effect is trippy, wonderful; a conjured scene that holds multiple visions
in check without closing any windows.
What might appear first to be a book of parts serves to underline the existence of multiple visions
and cultures cohabiting and competing with each other within curial Rome.
Not at all coincidentally, the market is across the Museum Hill plaza from the renowned Museum of International Folk Art--don't miss Multiple Visions
, the late designer Alexander Girard's collection of works from around the world, which anchors the museum.


text:
|OSIAN Open Source Community
|Embedded operating systems
|2.0.0 / October, 2010
|Wireless sensor networks
OSIAN, or Open Source IPv6 Automation Network, is a free and open-source implementation of IPv6 networking for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). OSIAN extends TinyOS, which started as a collaboration between the University of California, Berkeley in co-operation with Intel Research and Crossbow Technology, and has since grown to be an international consortium, the TinyOS Alliance. OSIAN brings direct Internet-connectivity to smartdust technology.
Architecturally, OSIAN treats TinyOS as the underlying operating system providing hardware drivers, while OSIAN itself adds Internet networking capabilities. Users are able to download and install OSIAN-enabled firmware to their embedded hardware, form a PPP connection with their computer, and communicate raw IPv6 UDP to other wireless sensors from their favorite programming language on their computer.
- SuRF Developer Kit supporting OSIAN


text:
The name given to the fertile farming area of central Fife in the valley of the River Eden between Strathmiglo and Cupar. The term 'howe' is derived from an old Scots word meaning a hollow, valley or flat tract of land.
Use the tabs on the right of this page to see other parts of this entry
If you have found this information useful please consider making
a donation to help maintain and improve this resource. More info...


text:
Orthopedic Surgical Helmet Systems Significantly Impair Speech Intelligibility
Surgical suits provide protection to orthopedic surgeons, but the suits and fan noise may interfere with communication between operative team members. The goal of this study was to quantify the fan sound and effect of the suit, fan, and N95 mask. Sound levels were measured using a specialized manikin and evaluated using preferred speech interference levels (PSILs), noise criterion (NC) ratings, and comparison with speech sound levels from the literature. Additionally, sound blocking due to the surgical suit was measured and combined effects of the fan and suit were described using a signal to noise ratio (SNR). The noise with the fan at medium and high speed was louder than average speech and the PSILs at these speeds were significantly higher than with the fan off. The fan NC rating of 50 to 60 exceeded the recommended range of 25 to 30 for operating rooms. The N95 mask, space suit, and distance between speaker and receiver all reduced the sound signal at the receiver's ear, with the worst case being full personal protective equipment on both and speaker distanced from receiver. The estimated SNR for the suit and fan system was negative for many frequency bands used in speech, indicating more noise than signal. Multiple measures indicated that the fan noises were at levels associated with speech interference. This noise combined with sound blocking provided by the suit produced SNRs commonly associated with noisy to very noisy environments. This study suggests the combined effects of the suit, fan, and distance may negatively impact operating room communication. [Orthopedics. 2021;44(4):208–214.]
Print: 0147-7447, Electronic: _PHONE_
Copyright 2021, SLACK Incorporated
Atkinson, Patrick; Adams, Nathaneal; Ludwigsen, Daniel; Baes, Travis; Srivastava, Ajay; and Atkinson, Theresa, "Orthopedic Surgical Helmet Systems Significantly Impair Speech Intelligibility" (2021). Mechanical Engineering Publications. 219.


text:
Expectations, Learning and Business Cycle Fluctuations
This paper develops a theory of expectations-driven business cycles based on learning. Agents have incomplete knowledge about how market prices are determined and shifts in expectations of future prices affect dynamics. In a real business cycle model, the theoretical framework amplifies and propagates technology shocks. Improved correspondence with data arises from dynamics in beliefs being themselves persistent and because they generate strong intertemporal substitution effects in consumption and leisure. Output volatility is comparable with a rational expectations analysis with a standard deviation of technology shock that is 20 percent smaller, and has substantially more volatility in investment and hours. Persistence in these series is captured, unlike in standard models. Inherited from real business cycle theory, the benchmark model suffers a comovement problem between consumption, hours, output and investment. An augmented model that is consistent with expectations-driven business cycles, in the sense of Beaudry and Portier (2006), resolves these counterfactual predictions.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w14181
Published: Stefano Eusepi & Bruce Preston, 2011. "Expectations, Learning, and Business Cycle Fluctuations," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 101(6), pages 2844-72, October. citation courtesy of
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded* these:


text:
Scrabble word: ASTERN
In which Scrabble dictionary does ASTERN exist?
Definitions of ASTERN in dictionaries:
- adv - stern foremost or backward
- adv - at or near or toward the stern of a ship or tail of an airplane
- adv - (of a ship or an airplane) behind
- Behind a vessel.
- At or to the stern of a vessel.
- With or having the stern foremost; backward.
- adv - at or toward the rear of a ship
There are 6 letters in ASTERN: A E N R S T
Scrabble words that can be created with an extra letter added to ASTERN
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Computing Text Similarity
Introduction
This article explains the text similarity algorithm that is used in "Find and Delete Duplicate Pages" operation available in AutoSplit plug-in for Adobe Acrobat.
Modified Cosine Metric
The "Find and Delete Duplicate Pages" operation is using a modified cosine similarity metric to compare page text. The cosine similarity metric is widely used to calculate how similar are the two pages or documents based on their text content. With cosine similarity, all words on each page are enumerated and their frequencies are calculated. Next, two pages are compared by computing an "angle" between two pages. The more words two pages have in common, the more similar they are. The cosine similarity metric ranges from 0 to 1 (0 to 100%). The value of 1 is indicating that two pages are identical. However, the original cosine similarity may return 1 (100%) for two pages with a different number of words. For example, if a first page contains just one word - {Invoice}, and the second page contains 3 words { Invoice Invoice Invoice}, then the cosine similarity metric will consider these pages identical. This is a desirable behavior for the information retrieval applications, but it is not suitable for the detecting page duplicates. This is why the "Find and Delete Duplicate Pages" is using a modified version of the cosine similarity. It will only consider two pages identical if the frequencies of the words are identical on both pages. This metric computes a much lower similarity value for the above example and will not consider such pages identical. Here is the equation for the modified cosine metric:
Formula for the modified cosine metric
Text Order and PDF Format
The cosine similarity metric does not take into account the order of the words. This is an important and necessary condition, because PDF documents (unlike regular text documents), do not require words to appear in any particular order. PDF format is actually a graphic format, where each letter or group of letters is placed at specific page location (x,y). The order of the words does not really matter, because it is possible to shuffle all words or even letters in any arbitrary order without affecting the visual appearance of the page. This fact is important to remember when comparing pages that may have been produced by different applications or at different conditions. For example, if two pages where produced by scanning and OCR-ing paper documents at two different facilities, then the order of the words of each page may be different. This is why PDF page similarity is computed without taking into account the order of the text.


text:
Honda GHX50 Motorized Bike Engine Review
HONDA GXH50 is a motorized bicycle engine model manufactured by one of the worlds leading engine manufacturer Honda. It starts up very easily with a nice sound and causes very little vibrations as compared to other models. It has a wide range of operation, operating between 4000 to 8000 rotations per minute (rpm). It has a good centrifugal mechanical governor to maintain a safe operating rpm and the engine also an idling speed which can be brought up or down to achieve the desired performance.
- The GHX50 is fuel efficient with a high turnout operation. HONDA GXH50 uses precision camshaft complete with 15.88 mm (5/8") shat design with OHV (overhead valve) for elevated efficiency and maximum fuel transfer. Its torque has a high compression ratio of about 8:1.
- The engine operates with very little vibrations which is possible due to the quality engineered components with a ball bearing supported shaft for stability.
-Honda GHX50 produces a smooth sound and it is generally very quiet. It has a large multi chamber exhaust system with advanced air intake system. It is also made of lesser materials making it lightweight and therefore minimizes noise.
-Easy maintenance practices as the critical parts are accessible with large fuel tank. The instructions that come with the package are also very simple to follow.
-The engine starts easily with the strong recoil starter and an automatic mechanical decompression system.
- Honda GXH50 is an Air cooled 4-Stroke Overhead valve type of an engine.
- The bore by stroke measures 41.8mm X 36mm.
- It has a displacement volume of 49.4 cm3.
- Overall power output of the engine is 2.1 HP (1.6 kW) ranging between 4000 rpm to 8000 rpm.
- Net torque of 2.0 lb-ft (2.7 Nm) in about 4500 rpm.
- It has Float type carburetor and transistorized magnets ignition system.
- Uses recoil start system.
- Uses centrifugal mechanical governor system.
- Uses unleaded 86 octane or higher rank fuel.


text:
How do you ask a girl for pictures?
Here's how to politely and respectfully ask to see more photos of her:
- 1) Begin by starting a conversation! It's better to ask for more photos once you've been talking back and forth a bit, first.
- 2) Wait a couple of solid message exchanges. Get the conversation going first.
- 3) Ask politely to see more pics!
What to say to a girl when she sends you a picture?
- "You have the prettiest eyes."
- "You have the best cheekbones."
- "You Are Gorgeous"
- "You Have Such a Positive Charisma"
- "I Like Your Style"
- "You Hair Looks Amazing"
- "There's Something About You"
- "You are Different than the Other Girls"
Should I ask a girl for pics?
In my experience, the best practices for asking a girl for sending pictures of herself are as following: Don't ask unless you've already gotten to know her a bit and are already somewhat close to her. Don't even think about asking her for more pictures unless she is expressing interest in continuing to talk to you.
How do you ask someone to take a picture?
- Put your camera on the Auto mode. Make it as easy as you can for your potential photographer.
- Look around for someone to take your picture. Some people to look for are:
- Make eye contact and smile. Don't just walk up to your camera and hand it to them.
- Ask them.
- Relax and trust your instincts.
- Thank the person.
What do I ask a girl?
12 Best Questions to Ask a Girl You Like
- What's something you thought you'd grow out of but haven't?
- What age do you feel right now and why?
- As the only human left on Earth, what would you do?
- How different was your life one year ago?
- What is your best childhood memory?
- What's something you've always wanted to try?
What does it mean when a girl asks for a selfie?
What does it mean when a girl asks you to send her a picture of yourself that you took with your camera or phone? It means the girl would like a picture of you, one that looks like you took it with your camera or phone.
What does? mean from a girl?
? Meaning – Two Hearts
This emoji is widely used to express warm feelings, love and romance. This emoji is present in many romantic texts, and can mean everything that is related to it: from "love is in the air" to the deeper and mature emotions. Sometimes used by girls simply to decorate warm friendly letters.
What does? mean from a girl?
Mwah! The winky-kissy face throwing a kiss emoji, or kissing face, is mostly used to express romantic affection or appreciation for someone or something.
What does ☺ mean from a girl?
☺ Smiling Face
Conveys a wide range of warm, positive feelings, including love, happiness, and gratitude. Similar to? Smiling Face With Smiling Eyes, which has a broader smile, no eyebrows, and smiling eyes. This smiley predates Unicode emoji support.
What is a dirty picture?
The Dirty Picture is a 2011 Indian biographical musical drama film inspired by the life of Silk Smitha, a South Indian actress noted for her erotic roles. The filmmakers have clarified that the story is not officially or literally based on Smitha alone, but on many of her southern contemporaries such as Disco Shanti.
How do you get a girl to send you?
How Do I Get a Girl to SEND NUDES? –
How do you talk to girls?
Here are 4 simple things to talk about with a girl to keep the conversation going:
- Talk About Your Day. One easy trick to keep the conversation flowing is to talk about your day.
- Talk About Yourself. Another go-to topic is yourself.
- Talk About Her. Finally, just encourage her to talk about herself!
- Ask The Right Questions.


text:
Using data from every mouse click a student makes doing online course work, researchers from three University of Wisconsin institutions hope to identify students at risk of doing poorly and potentially dropping out of school.
The goal of the project by the University of Wisconsin Colleges, UW-Madison and UW-Platteville is to help more students succeed.
The project is funded by a three-year grant worth about $650,000. The grant comes from the UW System, which spends about $2 million annually on grants aimed at improving retention and graduation rates, according to Mark Nook, the system's senior vice president for academic and student affairs.
Using principles similar to those that Amazon.com uses for book recommendations, a computer program will track students' activity during online course work, looking at things such as how long a person is logged on, how much time is spent on particular problems and whether discussion boards are being used, said Aaron Brower, UW-Madison vice provost for teaching and learning.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Globally Unique Identifiers
To classify as a node in a VSCP net all nodes must be uniquely identified by a globally unique 16-byte (yes that is 16-byte (128 bits) not 16-bit) identifier. This number uniquely identifies all devices around the world and can be used as a means to obtain device descriptions as well as drivers for a specific platform and for a specific device.
The manufacturer of the device can also use the number as a serial number to track manufactured devices. In many other environments and protocols there is a high cost in getting a globally unique number for your equipment. This is not the case with VSCP. If you own an Ethernet card you also have what is needed to create your own GUID's.
The GUID address is not normally used during communication with a node. Instead an 8-bit address is used. This gives a low protocol overhead. A segment can have a maximum of 127 nodes even if the address gives the possibility for 256 nodes. The 8-bit address is received from a master node called the segment controller. The short address is also called the nodes nickname-ID or nickname address.
Besides the GUID it is recommended that all nodes should have a node description string in the firmware that points to a URL that can give full information about the node and its family of devices. As well as providing information about the node, this address can point at drivers for various operating systems or segment controller environments. Reserved GUID's
A general discussion of UUID's/GUID's is here.
Some GUID's are reserved and unavailable for assignment. This page list these and also assigned IDs.
Grodans Paradis AB controls the rest of the addresses and will allocate addresses to individuals or companies by them sending a request to _EMAIL_. You can request a series of 32-bits making it possible for you to manufacture _PHONE_ nodes. If you need more (!!!) you can ask for another series. There is no cost for reserving a series.
This page contains a list of currently assigned guid's.
Predefined VSCP GUID's
It is possible to create your own GUID without requesting a series and still get a valid VSCP GUID.
Assigned Global Unique IDs IDs Series Reserved to/for
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY Dallas Semiconductor GUID's. This is the 1-wire/iButton 64-bit ID. The device code is in the MSB byte and CRC in the LSB byte.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FE:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:XX:XX Ethernet Device GUID's. The holder of the address can freely use the two least significant bytes of the GUID. MAC address in MSB - LSB order. Also called MAC-48 or EUI-48 by IEEE
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FD:YY:YY:YY:YY:XX:XX:XX:XX Internet version 4 GUID's. This is a 32-bit ID so the holder of the address can freely use the four least significant bytes of the GUID. IP V4 address in MSB - LSB order.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FC:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX Private. Use for in-house local use. The GUID should never appear outside your local segments.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FB:YY:YY:YY:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX ISO ID. This is a three byte ID so the holder of the ISO ID can freely use the five least significant bytes of the GUID.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FA:YY:YY:YY:YY:XX:XX:XX:XX CiA (CAN in Automation) vendor ID. This is a 32-bit ID so the holder of the vendor ID can freely use the four least significant bytes of the GUID.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F9:YY:YY:YY:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX ZigBee 802.15.4 OID. This is a 24-bit ID so the holder of the OID can freely use the five least significant bytes of the GUID.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F8:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:XX:XX Bluetooth MAC. This is a 48-bit ID so the holder of the OID can freely use the two least significant bytes of the GUID.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F7:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY IEEE EUI-64. This is a 64-bit ID. The upper three bytes are purchased from IEEE by the company that releases the product. The lower five bytes are assigned by the device and must be unique.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F6:00:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY Reserved for RAMTRON MRAM (and compatible), seven byte IDs.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F6:01:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY- \ FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F6:FF:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY Reserved for other future seven bit ID (memory devices) that may have ID, such as PRAM etc.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F5:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX Reserved for VSCP & Friends demo and example usage.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F4:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:YY:YY Reserved for VSCP grouping where YY defines the group id. XX is not currently used.
FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00- \ FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:F3:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF Reserved
00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:xx:xx:xx:xx Lab usage. You can use this range for your own development or for in-house local use. The GUID should never appear outside your local segments.
FE:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY Reserved for a generated 128 bit GUID where the most significant byte is replaced by FE Only use for Level II and on internal net. _URL_
FD:AA:BB:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY:YY Reserved for MCU internal id's provided by some manufacturers. AA is manufacturer id. BB is circuit family. There is room for a 13-byte id. If the particular CPU have a an id that is shorter than put used bits to the right and set unused MSB bytes to zero. See information below.
MCU stored GUID's
As explained above GUID's with 0xFD in the most significant byte is reserved for MCU's with an on-ship stored id. If your MCU is not in the list below please let us know and we will add it (or you can add it yourself). Thus new MCU's will be added as they are needed by someone.
Manufacturer code
Code Description
0 Microchip
1 Atmel
2 ST
3 NXP
4 Freescale
5 Renesas
6 Gecko
7 Texas Instrument (+ Luminary Micro)
Family codes
Microchip
tbd
Atmel
Code Description
0 Xmega Family, use [DEVID2:1][LOTNUM5:4:3:2:1:0]:[WAFNUM]:[COORDX1:0][COORDY1:0] as bytes 13::0 of the GUID. DEVID0 not used because it is always a constant. DEVIDx is from "MCU Control registers", rest from "Production Signature Row".
1-255 t.b.d
Notes on other families:
 - No serial number: ATiny, AtMega, AT91SAM, SAM7 S/SE/X/XC, SAM9 XE n/M/N/CN/R/G/X, complete 8051 architecture
 - AT32 UC3 = 120 Bit
 - SAM


text:
Hello readers! Welcome. In this article on 'above vs over', we are going to learn the correct usage of both the words with some example sentences. You will have an exercise at the end of the article. Once you are done with reading the article try to finish the exercise so that you can easily consolidate what you have learned.
Above vs Over
Both 'Above' and 'Over' are prepositions used to express the vertical relationship between two things. But the basic difference is that the word Above tends to suggest the meaning 'on a higher level than' whereas the word Over is used to suggest closeness between two things.
- ABOVE – a higher level than
- OVER – closeness
Let's see the following example sentences with the above words.
- The mother dog stood over her pups to save them from rain
- His house was on a hill above a beautiful beach
Both the words 'Above' and 'Over' in the above examples show a vertical relationship. In the first sentence, 'over' suggests closeness between the mother dog and her pups, and in the second example, the word 'above' suggests a higher altitude of the hill compared to the beach.
Some more examples:
- There was a picture above the door
- There was a picture over the door
Both above and over can be used in the above example. The first one suggests that there was a picture on the wall above the door and the second one suggests that the picture was on the door itself. Thus we can use the words above and over to show a higher level and closeness respectively.
Exercise: Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with either above or over.
- My house is _______ the tree
- The maid spreads a blanket _______ the mattress
- The clouds are moving fast ________ the city
- He slept _______ the bench
- He applied red paint _______ the white paint
Post your answers in the comment section below
Also read: It's vs Its – Avoid the basic Mistake
Follow us on Facebook to get a daily vocabulary dose


text:
AlNGaNAlGaN coupled quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been developed and characterized via intersubband absorption spectroscopy. In these structures, an AlGaN layer of sufficiently low Al content is used to achieve strong interwell coupling without the need for ultrathin inner barriers. At the same time, AlN is used in the outer barriers to provide the large quantum confinement required for near-infrared intersubband transitions. The composition of the inner barriers also provides a continuously tunable parameter to control the coupling strength. Double intersubband absorption peaks are measured in each sample, at photon energies in good agreement with theoretical expectations.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)


text:
Garage door openers
While cleaning my garage, I found a garage-door opener that I had replaced several years ago and naturally saved it thinking that someday I would try to figure out why it stopped working. So I started wondering about the history of garage-door openers. Who was the ingenious person who figured that out? We are all spoiled by this convenience, but it sure is nice.
The garage door follows the history of the automobile. Early on there were parking garages not at the house, or a carriage house was used. But folks did not want to walk to the parking garage or put their brand new automobile in with their horses. As a result a building similar to the carriage house was built to house their new cars. The name garage comes from the French word "garer" which means to shelter or protect. Naturally these buildings needed doors, so they were originally built like barn doors and strap hinges were used for the doors and opened outward. The disadvantage of this type of door was that they were difficult to open. Also, after a snowstorm, the snow had to be shoveled out of the way first. A better way was needed.
In 1921, C. G. Johnson invented the first overhead door. This door could be lifted upward, folding parallel to the garage ceiling. Five years later, in 1926, Mr. Johnson also invented the electric automatic garage-door opener.
The first garage doors that I remember were very heavy wooden doors that required heavy counter-balance. As time went along, lighter materials were used. Our garage has doors of translucent fiberglass. The doors are very light and were installed almost 40 years ago.
Now most of the doors are better insulated to keep the garage warmer, and we have remote control so the door can be opened from the comfort of our home or car. They also have more safety features. Just be sure the electric eye is not hindered by a leaf or cobweb to make the door go back up. That has happened to us a few times.


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Reading: Quandle and Biquandle Homology Calculation in R
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Quandle and Biquandle Homology Calculation in R
Authors:
Roger Fenn,
University of Sussex, GB
About Roger
Associate Tutor, Department of Mathematics
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Ansgar Wenzel
University of Sussex, GB
About Ansgar
PhD Student, Department of Mathematics
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Abstract
In knot theory several knot invariants have been found over the last decades. This paper concerns itself with invariants of several of those invariants, namely the Homology of racks, quandles, biracks and biquandles. The software described in this paper calculates the rack, quandle and degenerate homology groups of racks and biracks. It works for any rack/quandle with finite elements where there are homology coefficients in Zk. The up and down actions can be given either as a function of the elements of Zk or provided as a matrix. When calculating a rack, the down action should coincide with the identity map. We have provided actions for both the general dihedral quandle and the group quandle over S3. We also provide a second function to test if a set with a given action (or with both actions) gives rise to a quandle or biquandle. The program is provided as an R package and can be found at _URL_

AMS subject classification: 57M27; 57M25
How to Cite: Fenn, R. and Wenzel, A., 2018. Quandle and Biquandle Homology Calculation in R. Journal of Open Research Software, 6(1), p.3. DOI: _URL_
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 Published on 16 Jan 2018
 Accepted on 31 Aug 2017 Submitted on 16 Jul 2014
(1) Overview
Introduction
This introduction is divided into two parts: First, we are going to give some mathematical background before introducing the software itself.
Mathematical Background
Racks and Quandles were first described by John Conway and Gavin Wraith in 1959 in unpublished correspondence. In [2], David Joyce showed that racks are indeed a knot invariant. Subsequently, Fenn and Rourke introduced racks as proper knot invariants in [3]. It is instructive to consider racks as groups without their multiplicative elements. Formally, a rack is defined as a set of elements endowed with a binary operation which satisfies the following axioms (where the third axiom holds only for a quandle, not for a rack) for all a, b, c in the rack/quandle R:
 1. a, bR∃! cRs.t.ac = b
 2. ba(c)(bc)(c)=ac
 3. aa = a (only quandle)
Biracks and Biquandles are defined similarly, now with two operations, satisfying the following axioms:
 1. abcb = acbc
 2. abcb = acbc
 3. abcb = acbc
 4. aa = aa (only biquandle)
In addition, both operations satisfy the rack axiom 1.
Here, the up and down actions allow us to introduce a switch map via fa(x) = xa, fa(x) = xa as S(a, fa(b)) = S(b, fb(a)). The utility of this is clear when one observes that the axioms can be reformulated using the switch map:
 - S, fa and fa are all bijective.
 - Yang Baxter Equation: S1S2S1 = S2S1S2, where S1(a, b, c) = (S(a, b), c) and S2(a, b, c) = (a, S(b, c)).
This reformulation is more amenable to computational work.
The homology of the biquandle is defined as follows:
Let X be a birack. Then CnR(X) be the free abelian group generated by n-tuples (x1x2xn), xiX, that is, CnR(X)=ZXn.
We define a boundary homomorphism by:
(x1x2xn)=i=2n(1)i[(x1xi^xn) x1xi xi1xi(xi+1)xi(xn)xi]
and (CnR(X), ) is called a chain complex of X.
Furthermore, we have a subchain complex CnD(X) CnR(X), generated by degenerate n-tuples (x1x2xn), xiX with xi = xi+1 for some i. Together with the boundary homomorphism, (CnD(X), ) is is called the degenerate chain complex of X.
Using both of those chain complexes, we can define the biquandle chain complex via the quotient chain complex, CnQ(X)=CnR(X)/CnD(X). This gives the following short exact sequence of chain complexes:
0CnD(X)CnR(X)CnQ(X)0.
We can then define the birack, biquandle and degenerate homology groups in the usual way. In addition, we have the following long exact sequence of homology groups:
HnD(X)HnR(X)HnQ(X)Hn1D(X)
The algorithm for the homology calculation is described in [1] for this specific software.
Software
The software, which is provided as an R package, can be accessed on github. It provides two primary functions. One of these calculates the homology of racks and biracks, whilst the other verifies if a rack or birack is induced by a given set with one or two actions.
Implementation and architecture
This software is implemented in R. It has been tested on MacOS X, CentOS/Ubuntu and Windows without any problems.
The algorithm for the homology calculation is described in the paper [1].
The program is divided into the following two main parts: The calculation of the boundary matrix and the subsequent calculation of the Homology. For a graphical description see the following Figure 1, which was created with the following code:
 - library(proftools)
 - Rprof(tmp <- tempfile(), line.profiling = T); homology(4,5,F);Rprof(append=F); pd <- readProfileData(tmp)
 - plotProfileCallGraph(pd,style=google.style,score="total",nodeSizeScore = "none",layout="dot",rankDir = "LR")
Figure 1
Call graph for the calculation of the H4R(Z5).
The boundary matrices are computed using the functions boundary_matrix (for quandle and rack boundary matrices) and boundary_matrix_degenerate (for degenerate boundary matrices), respectively. The methodology of both functions is similar, differing only in the manner in which degenerate or non-degenerate entries are removed where required. In particular, after creating a right-sized matrix, they call boundary_names or boundary-names_degenerate to create the row and column names of the boundary matrix. After this, they loop through the column names to calculate their boundaries and construct the matrix (for details see [1]). These boundary matrices represent the boundary maps of the simplicial complex of the rack/birack.
After both boundary matrices have been calculated, they are returned to the homology and degenerate_homology functions, respectively. As is the case for the boundary matrices functions, these two functions only differ in the boundary functions called and in their respective output texts.
As an aside, those two functions should be the only ones that would have to be called by the user in order to calculate a homology.
Following on with the algorithm described in [1], those two functions calculate the image and kernel of the boundary map representations (the boundary matrices) before finding a representation of the homology group. For this, they call various functions, namely findX, which "finds X" (this is defined in [1]), row_space, which calculates a basis of the row space of a matrix, matrix_rank, which calculates the rank of a matrix and GaussianElimination, a function written by Prof John Fox (see [4] for a source) which does a Gaussian Elimination on a matrix and returns its reduced row echelon form.
Using the function smith, the smith natural form is obtained from the representation matrix of the homology. This is done via repeated calculation of the hermite normal form of the matrix and its transpose, using the hermiteNF function from the numbers package, [8]. In addition, this function checks if the diagonal of the matrix is in the correct form via the function check_more_push and, if required, will call push_down to do what the name implies.
Finally. The homology group is obtained using the diagonal of the smith normal form.
The second function of this package, the testing if a give operation or operations give rise to a quandle or biquandle is done via the function S_test. This function receives as input the order of the underlying set and then proceeds to test the two requirements for a quandle/biqua


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This research focuses on the comparison of existing macroscopic DTA-models. The comparison should focus on the functionality and properties of propagation models. The most important points of interest are the behaviour of the models with respect to spillback effects and the effect of intersections in urban areas. The comparison could be done in two steps. Firstly, a methodological comparison using theoretical test networks should be conducted to isolate and qualitatively describe the individual differences. Secondly a (small) case study using a realistic network from an existing strategic transport model combined with (big) data (traffic counts and observed travel times and speeds from floating car data) should be done to quantitatively describe the differences between the models in a realistic setting. Also, other models could be included in the research, such as the 2nd order Cell Transmission model (MADAM) and/or the event based Generalized Link Transmission Model (eGTLM).
January 1, 2020