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Synopsis of Philippine Mammals
To explore the Synopsis of Philippine Mammals, click here.
To explore the Supplement to the Synopsis of Philippine Mammals, click here.
The mammalian fauna of the Philippine Islands is remarkably diverse and species-rich, comprising what may be the greatest concentration of endemic mammals of any country on earth. Since 1988, the Field Museum of Natural History has been the primary base of operations for the Philippine Mammal Project, a multi-institutional, international collaborative effort to document the number of species that are present, the distributions of those species, their relationships within the tree of life, their ecology, and their conservation status. This website, the Synopsis of Philippine Mammals, is a summary of the information that is currently available.
The website was first implemented in 2002, using information from the 1998 publication by Heaney et al., entitled "A Synopsis of the Mammalian Fauna of the Philippine Islands". The Synopsis website was extensively revised and expanded in 2010, in order to incorporate extensive new data, include more photographs, and provide detailed maps of the known distribution of each species. To keep the website up to date, as additional species are discovered and formally described, or species of marine mammals are documented in Philippine waters for the first time, we add them to the Supplement, and will eventually merge these into the main site once site maintenance has been completed.
As documented on this website, the terrestrial fauna is now known to include at least 214 native species (plus seven introduced species), in an area of only a bit over 300,000 square kilometers, one of the highest densities of native mammals in the world. Moreover, most of the species are found nowhere else: of the 214 native terrestrial species, 125 (58%) are endemic, and among the 111 non-flying native mammals, 101 (91%) are unique to the Philippines. They constitute an astounding example of adaptive radiation by mammals in an oceanic archipelago, and may justifiably serve as a source of great pride to the Philippine nation.
This website has been developed as a collaborative project with the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau of the Philippine Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Primary funding for its development has come from the Negaunee Foundation.
Explore our Philippine mammal project further:
Videos from the Abbott Hall of Conservation-Restoring Earth:
Mammal Discoveries in the Philippines
Why Mossy Forests in the Philippines are important
Island Evolution: Why islands have so many endemic species
Science at FMNH: Mammal Conservation in Island Ecosystems
The Field Revealed: Cloud Rat
(Above photo by LR Heaney. Musseromys gulantang from Quezon Province, Luzon Island, Philippines.)


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- Low maintenance
- Versions for in-line, immersion or tank installation
- Ideal for evaporative towers, process waters, concentrated solutions
- Made from a polypropylene mold loaded with fiber glass
The S411/IND sensor uses the conductivity measurement system with inductive sensors, which has many advantages over other conventional methods, as the absence of electrodes in contact with the fluid to be measured makes the system virtually maintenance-free and re-calibrated for long periods of time.
The S411/IND sensor has a large tolerance with respect to the sensor coating phenomen, probably the most common problem found in measurements with traditional electrodes. The sensor is engineered to obtain a low cost product without sacrificing quality performance, this result was obtained by making a polypropylene mold loaded with glass fiber which contains the sensor.
The system thus allows to maintain all the advantages of the inductive measurement.
- Polluted surface water
- Process monitoring
- Waste water treatment plants

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Welcome to Vision Montessori in Ashburn where children are provided the opportunity to grow and begin their educational journey. Our teachers have a passion for education and achieve to inspire a love of learning in each child. The goal of our preschool program is to guide and equip our students, from infants through Kindergarten, with an academic foundation, critical thinking skills and the character to flourish. Visit our school and you will see our inviting classrooms carefully prepared to enhance your child's learning experience and why we are much more than just a daycare, child care center or a traditional private school. Learn more about what Vision Montessori can provide for your child.
We offer parents the benefits of an authentic Montessori education at the cost of traditional daycare. We are proud to extend a10% tuition discount to all federal, state, and county employees. Unlike many Montessori schools in area, we follow a year round schedule including offering programs during the summer and providing your family more consistency. During the winter months, we do not follow Loudoun County Public Schools during weather related closings and make every attempt to remain open.
Children 3 - 18 months
Children 18 - 36 months
Children 3 - 5 years
Children 5 - 6 years

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Why does LPG suffer price variation? – Panorama Offshore
Why does LPG suffer price variation?
A major concern for the pocket of Brazilians today is the price of cooking gas. In 2019 alone, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) had five price variations, including four increases and one adjustment.
According to a survey carried out by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), also released in the last year, the variation in the price of canisters has affected the way food is prepared. The analysis shows that more than 3 million Brazilians have chosen to use firewood or charcoal to cook, instead of cooking gas.
One of the reasons for the increase in the cylinder, according to experts, is the change in Petrobras' pricing policy, which leaves the oil market freer. Thus, products derived from petroleum, such as gasoline, diesel and gas depend on the international market price balance. Thus, the Brazilian currency depreciates in comparison to the international quotation, which directly affects the value of the gas cylinder.
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This story is especially for my students. We use two types of cameras, the red Kodaks, and the black Olympus ones. Both have strengths and weaknesses. The red Kodak cameras do not have earphone jacks, and the internal microphone is quite poor. The black Olympus camera instead has both a mic and earphone jacks, and has excellent stereo microphones.
Red Kodak cameras: Through the year, someone will forget to do a sound check, and record their speaking test with the microphone either switched off or pointed away from the speakers.
Black Olympus cameras: The video does not play with sound on Windows Media Player. WMP is a cheap simple player, and so it lacks some important codecs, including the one used by the Olympus cameras. Consequently, you'll need to download and use either:
If you still have problems, please ask.


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What is the conjugate training system?
Also known as the "Westside Method" because it was devised by Louie Simmons of Westside Barbell gym in Columbus, Ohio, the conjugate training system has its roots in powerlifting. However, the effectiveness of this program extends well beyond the world of powerlifting.
I first began training the conjugate method for powerlifting purposes, but quickly saw that it had a great carryover when training youth athletes. Why? Well, beyond the fact that the method gets results, young people have a tendency to get bored. The conjugate system sees you utilize the same movement pattern over and over, but frequently varies how you train that pattern. So while you may know that the "main" lift in a given workout will be a squat, it could be a Front Squat, Zercher Squat, Back Squat, etc. This constant variety keeps things interesting and also allows new PRs to be set quite often (since the more exercises you train, the more chances for PRs you give yourself).
This article is intended to be a basic primer on the conjugate training system. I'd like to outline the basic premise of the program and the reasons I believe it to be beneficial, and if it sounds like something that might intrigue you, I'd encourage you to research it further.
So what exactly separates the conjugate method from any other training system? It's attention to detail and accessory training. The conjugate method breaks training down into 4-5 weekly training sessions:
- maximum effort upper (Bench Press)
- maximum effort lower (Squat and Deadlift)
- dynamic effort upper
- dynamic effort lower
- one extra day for posterior chain and weak point training
Let's say you're training the Bench Press for max effort. You'll begin with a quick warm-up routine followed by lifting a Bench Press variation until you reach a one-rep max. As soon as the max is reached (without failing), you'll move on to accessory training. Accessory movements should make up roughly 80% of your session. Here's a quick mock-up of a max effort upper training day in the conjugate training system:
- Barbell Floor Press x 10/8/6/4/2/1/1
- Strict Pull-Ups 4x8
- Rope Face Pulls 4x12
- Tricep Skull Crushers 4x10
- Bicep Hammer Curl 3x15
As you can see, only 20% of the workout is barbell-specific work used to train the main lift. The remaining 80% is made of specialty exercises trained for volume to help build the supporting muscles of the main lift. Repeat in similar fashion for the lower body max effort day, remembering to rotate through variations of the main lift and accessory lifts.
So how do I train on the dynamic effort days?
Dynamic effort is essentially training a load that is less than your one-rep max for maximum speed. In similar fashion to the max effort, you'll train a barbell lift followed by accessory movements. The barbell lift will vary similar to max effort, but you'll choose a percentage of your max to train as fast as possible while maintaining good form.
It's important to note that the separation of max effort and dynamic effort should be approximately 72 hours. If you train max effort lower body on Tuesday, the dynamic lower body should be on Friday to allow for adequate recovery. I believe that the dynamic effort is key in building explosive power in athletes, because it forces the athlete to move a sub-maximal weight with the highest rate of force possible. In order to continually progress, the percentage should raise roughly 5-10% each training session until a new max is established.
For example, a person with a 400-pound squat max would squat 50% (200 pounds) week one, 55% (220 pounds) week 2, and 60% (240 pounds) week 3. These percentages can be changed to ensure the athlete is moving the bar with max force. Accommodating resistance can also be added by rotating various bands and chains to the bar. If you decide to add bands or chains, lower the bar weight, but make sure the bar and accommodating resistance don't total more than 60-80% of your max. If you have a 400-pound Squat max, the total weight of the bar and the accommodating resistance should never exceed 320 pounds.
The conjugate training system places a high priority on physical preparedness. Sled Walks, Lunges, Jumps and Carries ensure that the athlete is prepped and ready for their given event. The system is also easy to scale for novice athletes; if you're not able to bench with proper form, Chin-Ups, Push-Ups or dumbbells can replace the barbell lift. For lower body; swings, jumps and bounds can replace the Squat and Deadlift.
The conjugate system is great at allowing the coach and athlete to design a program that fits the athlete's specific needs. Instead of opting for a one-size-fits-all training system, the conjugate method can easily accommodate an athlete who has a weak low back or hips by swapping in exercises to address their individual needs. By changing the variation on max effort days, you allow the athlete to set a new PR each session, allowing them to physically and mentally become a stronger athlete.
Here's a sample week of the conjugate program:
Monday: Max Effort Upper
- Incline Barbell Bench up to a 1 rep max
- Lat Pulldowns 4x12
- Shrugs 4x8
- Tricep Rollbacks 3x20
- Planks 3 x 45 seconds
Tuesday: Dynamic Lower Body
- Box Back Squat (using 50% of Back Squat 1-Rep Max) 8x2
- DB RDL 3x15
- Goblet Squat 3x12
- Box Jump 30 total reps
- Palof Press 3x10 each side
Wednesday: Off Day
Thursday: Dynamic Upper Body
- Barbell Bench Press (using 50% of 1-Rep Bench Press max) 6x3
- DB Floor Press 4x12
- 1-Arm DB Row 4 x 8 each side
- DB Hammer Curl 4x12
- Close Grip Push Up 3 x Failure
Friday: Max Lower Body
- Sumo Deadlift up to a 1 rep max
- Heavy DB Lunge 4x8 Each
- Band Hamstring Curl 4x15
- GHR 3x10
- Ab Wheel 3 x Failure
Next time you're searching for a system that'll make training exciting while also catering to the needs of your athletes, consider the tried and true conjugate method!
Photo Credit: milijko/iStock
- Are KIND Bars Actually Healthy?
- 7 Reasons Why Your Bench Press Is Weak
- 4 Squat Variations Every Athlete Should Know


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A recent experiment conducted revealed the importance of onsite safety training for supervisors and employers. As most workers have the tendency to follow orders before considering safety, it is essential that construction supervisors undergo online training classes for onsite safety. The experiment included a supervisor and an apprentice, both played by actors. Passers-by were asked to pass on a supposed 'live' wire to the apprentice.
More than 90% of the passers-by handed over the wire to the apprentice despite being warned of the 'danger'. Even when the apprentice faked a shock, they picked up the cable and gave it to him again. With more importance given to productivity rather than safety, it is the responsibility of the supervisor to ensure the safety of the workers. This is where extensive training for a white card proves useful.
The experiment showed that most people had respect for authority and did not question their safety when they were asked to do something. This attitude places the onus on employers and supervisors who must not ask workers to carry out unsafe activities. The attitude of the workers towards safety largely depends on their supervisor. If the supervisor does not place importance on safety, chances that workers value onsite safety also decreases.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Coins (also referred to as gold pieces, gp, gold, or simply money) are the most common form of currency in Old School RuneScape. They can be used to represent the value of virtually every single tradeable item in the game, as well as various services offered throughout.
When the number of coins in a single stack exceeds 99,999, then the examine text reads "____ x Coins", where the blank is the exact number of coins in the stack. If there is less than that, the examine text reads "Lovely money!" when examined in the inventory. When a stack of coins on the ground is examined, the examine will always show the exact amount.
Players often refer to one thousand (1,000) coins as 1k and one million (1,000,000) coins as 1m or 1mil. Both can be applied to larger numbers, for example, 10m refers to ten million coins (10,000,000). More rarely, 1b or 1bil refers to one billion coins (1,000,000,000).
Alchemy spells, which create coins, cannot be cast on coins. If a player attempts it, a message will inform the player that "Coins are already made of gold." You can, however, turn other items made of gold like gold ore and gold bars into coins.
The alternate terms for coins have seen seldom official usage since RuneScape Classic was replaced by RuneScape 2. One of the only NPCs who say "GP" ingame is the brewer dwarf in Keldagrim. The reason given is that he prefers to associate with gold at the expense of proper terminology. Additionally, when the glassblower was added to Entrana, he always referred to coins as 'gold pieces'. Another instance that a player may find coins referred to as "gp" is when attempting to pass through the gates to Al-Kharid, right-clicking upon the gate will give the player the option to spend 10 gp to go through.
- 3 coins respawn can be found from Varrock West Bank basement, more can be telegrabbed from the locked room.
- There are a few coin spawns in the room with Elvarg.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Taverley Dungeon near ghosts.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Haunted Mine.
- There are a few coin spawns in the King Black Dragon's den.
- There are a few coin spawns in the Asgarnian Ice Dungeon.
- There are some 5-coin spawns in Varrock Sewers near the red spiders.
- Asking Anja at Rimmington for some free stuff, will lead to a long dialogue, followed by Anja giving 1 to 3 coins.
- There are some gold spawns all over the Wilderness.
- There are 7 coins that spawn in the Edgeville Dungeon.
Real world trading
Some players purchase coins in exchange for real-world money using websites such as eBay. This is known as real world trading. Although players can potentially gain monetary value within RuneScape by such means, this method is not recommended, as Rule #12 of the RuneScape Code of Conduct forbids the trading of RuneScape items for items outside of RuneScape, and can result in a player ban.
- Coins appear in the inventory as plain flat cylinders, but during Grim Tales, it is revealed that coins have more intricate designs imprinted on their faces.
- During the quest Shilo Village, there is an item that looks like coins in one of the tunnels; however, the coins can be picked up only by use of Telekinetic Grab. They are not the same as normal coins, being non-stackable and untradeable. If a player tries to pick them up without Telekinetic Grab, they will be attacked and the coins will turn to dust.
- The maximum number of coins in a stack is 2,147,483,647, because RuneScape uses 32-bit signed integers to store values, which are unable to represent a higher number. Theoretically it would be possible to use higher values by storing them in larger data types like long (64-bit integer with a maximum value of 9,223,372,036,854,775,807).
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The electric and magnetic far fields are computed at every node on the far field sphere. These fields are then used to compute all of the antenna results and patterns, as well as the power flux density. You can view any of these fields with a standard field annotation, although you will have to zoom out to be able to see them. While the electric and magnetic far fields are computed at all frequencies, you can only view the fields indicated by the Antenna Far Fields > Output Frequency setting in the simulation setup dialog box.
You can also view the power flux density in the far field, again with a standard field annotation. The power flux density annotation uses the shaped far field meshes, so that power flux annotations show the 3D unscaled antenna pattern.


text: The hydraulic backfilling of abandoned room and pillar coal mines with ash-based grout holds promise as an environmentally beneficial method of ash disposal, capable of preventing acid mine drainage and subsidence. For this scheme to be economically viable, the grout must be sufficiently flowable so that mines can be filled from a small number of boreholes. This paper describes the development and testing of a water-ash-bentonite grout using ash from a coal and gob burning atmospheric pressure fluidized bed combustor. Bentonite was needed to prevent settling which would limit the ability of the grout to spread. Laboratory techniques were devised to measure the rheological parameters of the grout. A static model was developed to predict the maximum distance of spread due to gravity. A field injection of 765 m3 of grout into an inactive mine panel showed that the grout flows well enough to make hydraulic backfilling feasible.


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Canadian Language Benchmarks (version 2000)
The Canadian Language Benchmarks 2000: English as a second language for adults provides a set of descriptors of what learners can do with English at various levels, expressed as 12 benchmarks for each of the four skill areas: listening, speaking, reading and writing.
The purpose of the CLB is to describe accurately where the learner's ability to use English places him or her within the national descriptive framework of communicative language.
The CLB describe a personís ability to use the English language to accomplish a set of tasks at 12 Benchmark levels, in four language skill areas:
Each Benchmark contains:
- A global performance, or a short Benchmark performance profile
- Four selected competencies in social interaction, instructions, suasion and information
- Examples of communication tasks that may be used to demonstrate the required standard of proficiency
CLB 2000: Chart Overview
The following table illustrates how similar competencies require increasing complexity of performance across the three stages of proficiency.
Competency: Reading Instructional Texts
Follow very simple short everyday
instructions in a predictable context.
|Follow short common instructions and instructional texts.||Follow extensive, very complex|
and/or specialized instructions
and instructional texts.
Follow one-step instructions in educational materials in a classroom situation (e.g., print, copy, circle and underline, fill in, check and draw).
Explain/convey to someone health and safety warnings and instructions for use that are printed on chemical product labels (e.g., on dishwasher detergent containers).
Read selected personnel policy regulations and instructions, and apply the information to a specific case study situation.
|Competency: Writing Recording Information||Copy words and phrases to record short information for personal use.|
Reproduce and record simple to medium complexity information for various purposes (e.g., notes, summaries, main points and other formats).
Select and reproduce very complex information from multiple sources in a variety of appropriate formats.
Copy information from an appointment note into a calendar (e.g., name, address, time).
|Take point-form notes from onepage written text or from a 10- to 15-minute oral presentation on a practical topic.|
Write an article or paper for a public forum, presenting a synthesis or overview of an area of knowledge, based on multiple pieces of research or other publications.
Note: Competencies and tasks are only samples indicative of the range of a personís language ability at a particular Benchmark level.


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|Title:||Use of service choreography principles in the context of systems of systems with focus on safety and security - a mapping study|
Systems of systems (SoS) are built as a collection of systems that share their resources and capabilities in order to achieve new functionalities, provide better performance or higher level of efficiency, when compared to traditional systems. The major challenges in such systems are their complexity and providing analysis of properties of SoS, given that system behaviours may change. Ensuring safety of such systems is becoming a challenging task due to their dynamic nature, as well as the possible impact of security threats on safety.
In order to address these challenges adequately, one has to learn about interaction of these properties and ways how they can be handled.
Service choreography defines ways of service composition between several services through some interaction protocol. The main idea is that at run-time, each service in choreography executes its part, and contributes to the overall purpose of the large service.
The focus of this thesis is to explore possibilities to use service choreography principles in context of SoS using a mapping study approach. The thesis outcomes should describe the elements of service choreographies and map them to the appropriate element of SoS.
|IDT supervisors:||Aida Causevic, Elena Lisova|


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Date of Award
Doctor of Philosophy
Educational Leadership and Policy Studies
Jerry W. Gilley
Organizations invest significantly in training programs and estimates are that only 10 percent of the learning in training programs is transferred to the workplace. While it is appropriate for Human Resource Development professionals to be advocates for training, it is imperative for the profession not only to increase the training transfer, but also to make connections between the training investment and broader business goals and objectives. Plentiful studies exist which identify various mediating factors for training transfer, including improved training content, learner motivation and ability, and exterior organizational factors such as workplace transfer climate. However, few studies focus on the impact of training transfer factors to the accomplishment of the broader business goals and objectives.;Within the literature, a newer strand of inquiry focuses specifically on the impact of workplace transfer climate as a promising transfer catalyst. In the wider organizational development field, Value-Profit Chain studies are beginning to uncover links between employee situational factors (loyalty, commitment, satisfaction) and both customer satisfaction and other organizational key performance indicators (i.e. sales growth, profit growth, turnover). The intent of this study was to determine potential links between workplace transfer climate and the attainment of business goals and objectives in a particular firm, and in so doing, to provide a possible connection between training transfer research and Value-Profit Chain analysis.;Results of the study indicate that stores with a more positive workplace transfer climate showed stronger operational results than did stores with a less positive workplace transfer climate. Further, the study found that the individual factors relating to workplace transfer climate were not homogeneous. Finally, study results indicated employees' perceptions regarding certain workplace climate factors were mediated through their perceptions of the managerial support variable.;Past studies have suggested that workplace climate supports transfer of trained skills to the workplace. This study supports and extends that knowledge and indicates that workplace transfer climate is supportive in the attainment of business goals and objectives. As such, this study provides a preliminary, yet important, link between training transfer research and Value-Profit Chain analysis of organizational effectiveness.
Digital Repository @ Iowa State University, _URL_
Hoekstra, Erik, "An exploration of the value profit chain for training transfer: a study of the relationship of workplace transfer climate to business goals and objectives in one firm " (2003). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 591.


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Estimated Time Until Zero Stock Explained
One of the most popular methods of calculating when you should order is the estimated time until zero stock method. Simply keep your estimated time until zero stock number above your lead time and you're in the safe zone. If it approaches or goes below, then you are running the risk of a stock outage.
It's important to note that it is a primitive method of inventory management and doesn't account well for unexpected spikes in sales.
There are two methods through which you can see the estimated time until zero stock.
- Select "Dashboard" and scroll down until you see SKUs – you can sort them by fastest or slowest moving, and you can see whether a reorder is recommended.
- Select "Reorder Point". Use the "Column" button to activate and deactivate filters – select the "Estimated Time until Zero Stock" filter, and optionally the "Reorder" filter to let the app show you which SKUs you need to reorder.


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White Cloud Moutain Minnow
White Cloud Mountain Minnow Profile Aquarium Advice Aquarium Forum Community Fish White Cloud Minnow Cool Fish
The Meteor Minnow A Long Finned Variant Of The White Cloud Mountain Minnow Feed It Color Foods To Maintain The R Freshwater Fish Aquarium Fish Tropical Fish
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It was believed to be extinct for over 20.
White cloud moutain minnow. Place in a spawning tank 100 l or 26 gal equipped with a grid and tufts of plants a couple or a group a few more males than females. Livebearers such as guppies platies mollies swordtails etc. Actinopterygii ray finned fishes cypriniformes carps cyprinidae minnows or carps ex danioninae etymology.
For over a half century the white cloud mountain minnow was the only species in the newly defined genus. White cloud mountain minnow tropical fish learn all about the white cloud mountain minnow s feeding habits and food types its behaviour its origins its natural habitats is it male or female breeding advice and information suitable tank mates its sizing and growth range minimum tank size water ph and more. Here is a list of possible tankmates.
Named for chinese boy scout leader tan kan fei who first collected the type species plus the greek ἰχθύς ichthus meaning fish. White cloud mountain minnow stats minimum tank size. Aphyocypris pooni herre 1939.
Very easy water conditions. White cloud mountain minnows are small colorful fish once termed the working man s neon because they compared to neon tetras in color but were not as expensive. 10 gallons care level.
Use our fish community creator tool to plan your tank set up and ensure that the. From the latin albus meaning white and nubes meaning cloud in reference to the species type. The hong kong minnow has pale gold scales and blue lateral lines while the golden cloud is cream colored with a lateral line that has a white band.
Tanichthys albonubes has quickly become a staple in the fish trade affordable and easy to find these freshwater fish are a popular choice for beginners and those who want a species that s easy to take care of. Tanichthys albonubes lin 1932 white cloud mountain minnow synonymstop. 18 26 c 64 79 f maximum size.
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- Yellow Multi Banded Pipefish
- Yellow Cowfish
- Yellow Seahorse For Sale
- Yellow Cichlids
- Yellow Eye Kole Tangs
- Zebra Angelfish
- Zebra Tetra
- Yellow Cobra Guppy
- Yellow Goby Fish
- Yellow Gourami
- Yellow Parrot Cichlid Fish
- Yellow Peacock
- Yellow Damsel
- Yellow Peacock Cichlid Fish
- Yellow Damselfly
- Yellow Watchman Goby
- Yellow Box Fish
- Zebra Loaches
- Zebra Snail With Betta
- Zebra Snails


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Version history >>
What's new in QuickField 6.3
Initial temperature in transient heat transfer problems (2D)
The default initial temperature for the transient heat transfer analysis in previous QuickField versions was always 0. To define other initial temperatures it was necessary to prepare a separate QuickField problem with the resulting temperature distribution then used as an initial condition.
In new version it is simple to specify initial temperature as the problem property defined for the whole model. The initial temperature could be a constant or a function of coordinates.
Surface integrals calculation in 3D problems
Previous QuickField versions allowed integral calculation for 3D models only along the whole body surface.
In new version the list of calculated 3D integral values is extended. It is now possible to select separate body surfaces for integration or use the cross-section plane as an integration surface.
User-defined contour in 3D problems 2D section window
In previous version it was possible to select of the group of connected edges as a contour and look at the field parameters distribution along this contour on XY-plot.
In new version it is possible to build any custom contour in 2D cross-section window and construct both XY-plot and table with the field parameters distribution along the contour.


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There's an interesting piece in New Scientist today about how non-governmental organization Medecins Sans Frontières (MSF) is exploring the potential of using satellite images to estimate population counts for international medical and disaster relief efforts.
Currently, non-governmental organizations delivering humanitarian aid to war-torn areas, locations gripped by famine or regions battling epidemics rely on the "quadrat" approach to estimate population size. Using this method, a sample of individual households are surveyed and the data are used in calculating town or refugee camp populations. The process requires an ample number of samplers and careful post-survey analysis, which tends to make it slow.
So MSF partnered with London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine researcher Chris Grundy and colleagues to develop a way to use satellite images to speed up the population count process and tested it for a project in Am Timan in Chad. Andy Coghlan writes:
Preliminary results presented last week in London at the annual research meeting of MSF revealed that the satellite method matched the quadrat method for accuracy. Also, it took about half the time to deliver an answer, although Grundy says that with refinement it has the potential to be much faster.
Surveyors … still had to visit households in Am Timan to estimate how many people typically lived in each kind of building, but they could then make a city-wide estimate by counting the total number of each type of dwelling in the satellite image, either through a computer automated analysis or by manual counting.
The quadrat method, which required sampling visits to 1160 dwellings, gave a population of 49,722. The satellite technique, which required sampling visits to only 348 dwellings, gave estimates of 46,625 for the manual and 45,400 for the automated method.
"These results are very good, and there's no doubt they'd be good enough for what MSF wants to do," says Grundy. But the team hopes to make it faster still, potentially eliminating the need to sample dwellings first.
Researchers are continuing to test the satellite method at 11 global refugee camps.


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I am seeking to understand that "average" file size for a folder on my computer. I have calculated the true average of files (total size / no. of files), however I would, ultimately, love to group together files into file-size categories as follows;
Files < 1kb: 23 files.
Files < 100kb: 276 files.
Files < 1mb: 786 files.
Is this possible using a batch script?
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I smell XYZ problem here... – Hello71 Jul 21 '11 at 16:36
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1 Answer
Yes this is possible.
You will need to write some code that follows along an algorithm of your choice, using variables to store values.
The algorithm could look perform actions like this:
 - define File-Size-Range-Groups ( < 1kb, < 100 kb, etc )
 - Sum the number of files in each File-Size-Range-Group
 - Sum the individual file sizes for a File-Size-Range-Group total
 - Output the sum value of files in a File-Size-Range-Group
 - Output the average (total file size sum for File-Size-Range-Group / number of files in File-Size-Range-Group)
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Depth and thermal sensor fusion to enhance 3D thermographic reconstruction
Three-dimensional (3D) geometrical models with incorporated surface temperature data provide important information for various applications such as medical imaging, energy auditing, and intelligent robots. In this paper we present a robust method for mobile and real-time 3D thermographic reconstruction through depth and thermal sensor fusion. A multimodal imaging device consisting of a thermal camera and a RGB-D sensor is calibrated geometrically and used for data capturing. Based on the underlying principle that temperature information remains robust against illumination and viewpoint changes, we present a thermal-guided iterative closest point (T-ICP) methodology to facilitate reliable 3D thermal scanning applications. The pose of sensing device is initially estimated using correspondences found through maximizing the thermal consistency between consecutive infrared images. The coarse pose estimate is further refined by finding the motion parameters that minimize a combined geometric and thermographic loss function. Experimental results demonstrate that complimentary information captured by multimodal sensors can be utilized to improve performance of 3D thermographic reconstruction. Through e ective fusion of thermal and depth data, the proposed approach generates more accurate 3D thermal models using significantly less scanning data.
Publication Source (Journal or Book title)
Cao, Y., Xu, B., Ye, Z., Yang, J., Cao, Y., Tisse, C., & Li, X. (2018). Depth and thermal sensor fusion to enhance 3D thermographic reconstruction. Optics Express, 26 (7), 8179-8193. _URL_


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Cultural Differences in Marriage
Begin by seeking knowledge and understanding of each other's culture. Then you can move into acceptance and appreciation. Your cultures are different, and one is not right and the other wrong.
Cultural exploration is especially important before a couple marries and has children. Your cultures will affect most aspects of your relationship. Areas affected include family relationships, roles of women and men, communication skills, physical hygiene, role of religion, importance of education and careers and clothing/manner of dress. Knowing each other as partners includes knowing each other's culture.
When you are in a committed relationship/marriage, it is wise to have your cultures be a source of harmony rather than disunity. Some ways that you can do this are being sensitive to each other's needs and choices, nurturing appreciation for each other's culture, being flexible, focusing on loving one another and having both a spirit of adventure and sense of humor.


Monthly Archives: March 2016
Why Seek Initiation
In answer to the question, "Please could you talk to us about why a person should seek Initiation and follow a Spiritual Path, and how does it help a person on death?" When someone gets Initiated, immediately it sets up a potential link with the Higher Planes. How much a person works with the Energies of Light and Sound, will… Read more →
Light and Sound Meditation
Light and sound energies are mentioned in countless numbers of books and spoken about by many meditation groups. However, there are many different types of these energies which fall into 3 main categories: physical, imagined and Spiritual. We want to make it absolutely clear that the Energies we speak of have nothing to do with the lower levels which are… Read more →


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A Transition in the Law: Transgender Discrimination
Published: February 3, 2017
On February 2, 2017, Attorney Timothy M. Netkovick hosted a roundtable-style seminar discussing how to navigate through the legal landscape of the evolving and challenging area of discrimination law: transgender discrimination
Discrimination based on transgender status or gender identity is a developing area of the law. There has been a lot of debate on the local, state, and national level over access to bathrooms for transgender individuals. As the public debates this issue, legislators, administrative agencies, and courts are shaping the law that prohibits gender discrimination, including discrimination against transgender individuals.
If you have any questions about transgender discrimination and workplace accommodation, please contact the attorneys at Royal, P.C.


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the crispy fallen leaves.
The autumn colours are mirrored by Willow Pond and contrast with a fluorescent blue sky. The scene is exceptionally photogenic and well worth a Sunday drive to experience.
Stop 9: Salix sp., Weeping willow (grove)
Weeping willows naturally propagate themselves along river banks or country streams and are perfect for lining the banks of a parkland pond.
They are characterised by their drooping branchlets that gently sweep the pond surface and are reminiscent of the Victorian-style tradition which is synonymous with Centennial Park's design.
These three trees are some of the oldest willows in the Park, planted in the 1930's and epitomise the romantic nature and feeling of a peaceful river bank for me.
When standing between them, it wouldn't feel out of place to witness a game of croquet and a Victorian-style picnic. They frame one of the most serine vistas in the Park and at whatever time of year, you are bound to share the moment with a few ducks under their hirsute canopies.
During autumn these two trees turn butter yellow as they begin to transform into their bare, leafless state through winter.
Stop 10: Melaleuca quinquenervia, Broad leaved paperbark (grove)
Melaleucas are the most abundant tree in Centennial Parklands and were introduced to this park setting by Joseph Maiden, Director of the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney from 1896 to 1924. He considered paperbarks to be "shapely, shading objects of sylvan beauty".
This native species selection was possibly his most visibly powerful planting contribution. A lesser known feature of Maiden's planting style was his signature planting pattern, which can be seen (if you know what you're looking for) around the Park in a few remaining locations.
This spot is one of the original plantings of Maiden and is recognised by the planting pattern, 3-1-3-1 etc. A tribute to Maiden's contribution to Centennial Parklands was made by my predecessor, Ted Hoare, Senior Arborist of Centennial Parklands for over 30 years.
Ted organised the planting of 'Maiden's Row' in 1999, which spans for hundreds of metres in between Kensington Pond and Alison Road of this species, replicating this planting pattern. Ted showed me this bit of history and inspired many about the history of the Parklands whilst he worked here and during his famous tree walks.
This particular group of trees dates back to 1896 and reminds me of the rich history of this place, as well as the invaluable contributions to the Parklands by key personalities like Ted. I love these paperbarks, which are synonymous with the 'People's Park'. Their presence today is a testament to Maiden as they continue to grow and thrive harmoniously with the various ponds and wetlands within our beautiful Park.
Hope you enjoy it!
If you've always wondered about the history and wildlife of Centennial Park, our self-guided walks help to bring the fascinating story of the 'People's Park' to life. We have self-guided walks, which you can find out more here.


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Explore Japan's Kibo space laboratory with your mobile phone or VR headset in this panorama.
This 360° panorama lets you explore the International Space Station's seventh module, Kibo. It was launched in three parts in 2008 and 2009 aboard Space Shuttles Atlantis and Endeavour.
The laboratory is renowned for its volume and extra features such as its external robotic arm, an airlock to send experiments outside, and an external facility to expose experiments to space. Nanosats can be launched from Kibo through the airlock, making the Station a base for deploying satellites as well as a weightless research centre for biology, physics and medicine.
Explore Kibo in YouTube, Flickr or Facebook format with your mobile phone and virtual-reality headset, or take the full tour including all Space Station modules with videos and extra information below. We will release a new Space Station module in 360° every week on Thursday.
Space Station 360: Harmony (Node 2)
Space Station 360: Columbus
Space Station 360: Destiny
Space Station 360: Zarya
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I have a table called 'individuals'. It has 5 entities i.e. ID (int,) name (String), surname (String), Age (Int) and currencyBalance(double). These are stored in a mySql Database.
I would like to make a GUI that allows the user to enter a value (as currency). This value is then added to the currencyBalance in the database.
I was thinking of making 2 SQL queries. One that returns the balance as an integer and the other updates the Balance by adding the balance returned to the user input. However how do i enter the user data in the SQL query? The idea is to have a simple working application.
I think the SQL Query queries should read something like this am i right?
SELECT balance FROM individuals WHERE ID='1'
UPDATE individuals (SELECT balance FROM individuals WHERE ID='1') SET balance=USERDATAGOESHERE WHERE name='George'
Any better refinement on the logic? Is there a better and more effective way to do this?


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AbstractWe have analyzed the long-term temperature trends and extreme temperature events in Saudi Arabia between 1979 and 2019. Our study relies on the high resolution, consistent and complete ERA5 reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). We evaluated linear trends in several climate descriptors, including temperature, dewpoint temperature, thermal comfort and extreme event indices. Previous works on this topic used data from weather station observations over limited time intervals and did not include temperature data for recent years. The years 2010-2019 have been the warmest decade ever observed by instrumental temperature monitoring and comprise the eight warmest years on record. Therefore the earlier results may be incomplete and their results no longer relevant. Our findings indicate that over the past four decades, Saudi Arabia has warmed up at a rate that is 50% higher than the rest of land mass in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, moisture content of the air has significantly increased in the region. The increases of temperature and humidity have resulted in the soaring of dew point temperature and thermal discomfort across the country. These increases are more substantial during summers, which are already very hot compared to winters. Such changes may be dangerous to people over vast areas of the country. If the current trend persists into the future, human survival in the region will be impossible without continuous access to air conditioning.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Journal||Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology|
|State||Published - Jun 30 2021|
Bibliographical noteKAUST Repository Item: Exported on 2021-07-02
Acknowledgements: We would like to acknowledge the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), a part of the Copernicus Earth Observation Programme of the European Union, and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for providing to us the open access, highquality ERA5 hourly data on temperature and other weather parameters. We also wish to thank Prof. Georgiy L. Stenchikov, Dr. Sergey Osipov, and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful remarks regarding the manuscript.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Atmospheric Science


Validate Field = Field1 from outbound message
How to build a Segment/Field rule validating that a message received field has the same value as a field from the previous sent message
In this example, we'll validate values for PID.3.1 in the received message is equal to PID.3.1 in the previous sent message.
 1. In the inbound HL7 task, select the Validation tab
 2. Select the Segment/Field Validation tab
 3. Add the rule: PID.3.1 is = _USER_("Scenario\Action\Send HL7 Message","PID.3.1″) where refers to the PID.3.1 value of the message defined in the previous task (Send HL7 Message)
You can download the rule file for use in Caristix Workgroup or Test software.
Download the rule file (Field = Field1 from outbound msg.cxf)
Learn more about how to import validation rules into an inbound HL7 task.


Acta Biotechnol. volume 19, issue 2, P147-_PHONE_ DOI: 10.1002/abio.370190207 View full text
K. Czaczyk, A. Olejnik, K. Trojanowska
Abstract: In the first part of the experiments, the mechanical properties of 1%, 2% and 3% carrageenan and 1%. 2% and 3% carrageenadlocust bean gum (LBG) gels stored in various concentrations of propionic and acetic acids and their mixtures were examined:The stability of these materials was measured by uniaxial compression between two parallel plates using the Instron Universal Testing Machine. A mathematical model explaining the dependence of the destroying force on the storage time was chosen for data analysis. Using…
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ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite)
ADEOS (Advanced Earth Observing Satellite) was a series of two Japanese Earth resources satellites. ADEOS 1, also known by its national name Midori meaning "green," was the first resources satellite to observe our planet from space in an integrated way. Developed and managed by Japan's NASDA (National Space Development Agency), it carried eight instruments supplied by NASDA, NASA, and CNES (the French space agency) to monitor worldwide environmental changes, including global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, and shrinking of tropical rainforests. Due to structural damage, the satellite went off-line after only nine months in orbit.
ADEOS 2 continued where its predecessor left off, but also studied the global circulation of energy and water. It contributed to NASA's EOS (Earth Observing System) by carrying NASA's Seawinds scatterometer, a microwave radar to measure near-surface wind velocity and oceanic cloud conditions, which scientists hoped would improve their ability to forecast and model global weather. However, all communication with ADEOS 2 was lost in Oct 2003, probably as a result of heightened solar flare activity at the time. Its active lifetime had been roughly the same as that of its predecessor. See also Japan in space.
launch date Aug 17, 1996 Dec 14, 2002
launch vehicle H-2 H-2A
launch site Tanegashima Tanegashima
orbit 800 × 800 km × 98.6° 804 × 806 km × 98.7°
size (stowed) 4.0 × 4.0 × 5.0 m 4.0 × 4.0 × 5.0 m
mass at launch about 3,500 kg 3,730 kg


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Falcons in Hawaii (Are There Any?)
The beautiful Hawaiian islands are known for all sorts of exotic and unique flora and fauna. But its remote, isolated location means some groups of animals have evolved to fill very specific niches, while other groups of animals are entirely absent. When it comes to falcons in Hawaii, there are no native species. However there are two falcons that may visit Hawaii in the winter, the Peregrine Falcon and the Merlin.
2 Falcons in Hawaii
The Peregrine Falcon is really the only falcon that regularly visits the islands. Even then, it is estimated that maybe only about 2 per year spend time on the islands during the winter months. The second falcon we talk about here, the Merlin, is pretty rare and only a few sightings have been recorded.
Other birds of prey that may be mistaken for falcons in Hawaii are hawks are and Osprey's. Check our our article here to learn about the hawks in Hawaii.
1. Peregrine Falcon
 - Scientific name: Falco peregrinus
 - Length: 14.2-19.3 in
 - Weight: 18.7-56.4 oz
 - Wingspan: 39.4-43.3 in
Peregrine Falcons have been spotted on nearly every Hawaiian island, but they aren't very common. It is not currently believed that any live in Hawaii year-round, nor do they breed here. But some do end up visiting from Canada or the U.S. west coast as they wander during the winter months. In fact, it often makes the local news when a Peregrine visits downtown Honolulu. They like to use tall buildings for perching, a great way to find a food source – pigeons!
Most Peregrines in the continental U.S. migrate far north to arctic regions of Canada and even Greenland each year to breed. Their name, "peregrine" means wanderer / pilgrim. This hints at their widespread nature, being found on early every continent world wide.
Due to pesticide poisoning, populations in eastern North America were almost totally wiped out by the middle of the 20th century. Thankfully, they have made a strong comeback.
Males and females look the same. These crow-sized falcons have a dark back and head, with a light chest and streaked underparts. They have a bright yellow coloring on their legs, around their eye and at the base of their beak.
Peregrines are not only the fastest bird, but also the fastest animals on the planet reaching speeds of well over 200 mph when diving for prey. Their prey is mainly birds, almost any species is on the menu. In urban settings, pigeons can be a large part of their diet. They also eat bats and rodents.
These falcons nest on cliff faces, even incredibly steep ones like those found in the Grand Canyon. They will also sometimes use abandoned eagle, owl or red-tailed hawk nests if there aren't any cliffs available.
2. Merlin
merlin with prey
Merlin
 - Scientific name: Falco columbarius
 - Length: 9.4-11.8 in
 - Weight: 5.6-8.5 oz
 - Wingspan: 20.9-26.8 in
Merlins spend the winter from northern parts of South America up through the U.S. west coast, then head further north through the U.S. to Canada and Alaska to breed in the summer.
Hawaii is not part of their official range, however a few rare sightings have been noted. They would most likely wander to Hawaii between December and March, when they are less concerned about territory and are looking for a warm place to spend the winter.
Their primary food source is other birds, such as house sparrows, dickcissels, sandpipers and other shorebirds. Merlins are experts at the high speed attack, zooming across the ground horizontally or even chasing their prey from below, forcing them higher and higher until they get tired. They have sometimes been observed hunting large flocks of birds in pairs.
Merlins are slightly larger than kestrels, with a stocky body and squarish head. They have a heavily streaked chest and belly, but their coloring can differ slightly from gray to brown due to geographic location. In flight, they are heavily barred on the underside of their wings.
Merlins are usually on the move stalking sparrows and other small birds so they aren't easy to spot. When they aren't in flight they're perched high in the treetops and thinking about their next meal. So keep an eye out near forest edges and on low perches in open grasslands.
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A shoehorn or shoe horn (sometimes called a Shoespooner or Shoe Tongue) is a tool that lets the user put on a shoe more easily. Additionally, expensive shoehorns were made from ivory, shells, silver, or bone in the 15th century.
Shoehorns appear to have originated in the late Middle Ages or Renaissance; in English a "Schoying Horne" is mentioned in the 15th century, though the French word chausse-pied is only found during the last half of the 16th century. Elizabeth I of England bought 18 shoehorns from her shoemaker Garrett Johnson between 1563 and 1566, then in 1567 ordered four more in steel from the blacksmiths Gilbert Polson and Richard Jeffrey yet needed no more until 1586. Presumably, these were used by many people in her household.
A group of more than 20 known English shoehorns are all signed and dated, to between 1593 and 1613, and made by Robert Mindum. All also are inscribed with the names of their owners; these include both men and women, including "Jane his wife" in 1612. There is also other engraved decoration on all, including heraldic medallions, geometric designs and flowers, covering most of the surfaces, in a style characteristic of later scrimshaw. Their shape is very similar to modern examples, and the longest is 11 inches long; five are turned back at the narrow end in a kind of hook. Several have holes pierced in them, presumably for a cord or leather thong used for pulling them out of the shoe or hanging them up. One owner "Hamlet Radesdale", 1593 is described as a citizen of London who is a cooper; none of the owners seem to be recorded otherwise. Joan Evans suggested, given the nature of the inscriptions, that Robert Mindum made them as a hobby and gave them to his friends. A powder horn similarly inscribed and decorated by him also survives. The British Museum also has a similar inscribed and decorated horn by another maker.


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Mathematics Curriculum Specialist
Mathematics Curriculum Specialist, Durham, NC Office
We are an education company seeking a full-time Mathematics Curriculum Specialist. CASE Assessments provides benchmark assessments and a test item bank for school districts in Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee. We are seeking a math specialist to develop Common Core and state standards assessment products for delivery in print and online.
This mathematics curriculum specialist position is a full-time position in our Durham, NC office. At this time, we will not be considering applicants unable to work in the Durham office.
- Bachelor's degree in mathematics and/or education with a focus on mathematics
- Mastery of mathematical content knowledge relevant to teaching experience
- Minimum 2-3 years' experience as a certified classroom teacher
- Strong command of Common Core Standards
- Demonstrated aptitude for writing and reviewing summative assessment items for Common Core content
- Proficiency in Microsoft Office, primarily Word and Excel
- In addition to professional knowledge, the candidate should have:
- The ability to work well in a group
- The ability to be a critical thinker who is able to give and receive constructive feedback on assessment products
- The ability to work under deadlines by prioritizing and organizing work effectively
- The ability to work in a flexible, dynamic environment
- Preference may be given to a candidate with more teaching experience and/or with additional experience writing mathematics items for use in print and online educational platforms.
- Preference may be given to a candidate with strong content knowledge of Elementary through Algebra I/Math I math curriculum.
- Preference may be given to a candidate with additional experience using graphics software (e.g., Microsoft Paint and/or Adobe Illustrator).
- Preference may be given to a candidate with a Master's Degree in mathematics or education or with National Board Certification.


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|Illustration 1: High pressure descaling of a
|Illustration 2: High pressure descaling of steel|
Because the interface bond between the scale and the steel surface can be very different a proper descaling nozzle setup is of major importance to reach best descaling results. The setup of a descaling system includes nozzle parameters and the nozzle arrangement. Both have a major influence on the descaling factors, hence the descaling performances (illustration 2). The impact with which the descaling water impinges on the surface is the main criteria to measure the efficiency of a descaling nozzle; this is given in N/mm2.


Universe Guide
HomeFactsConstellationsIndus
Rho Indi - HD216437 - HIP113137
Rho Indi is a white to yellow subgiant star that can be located in the constellation of Indus. The star can be seen with the naked eye, that is, you don't need a telescope/binoculars to see it. The star has an estimated age of 7.80 Billion of Years but could be as young as 7.00 to 8.70 according to Hipparcos.
Rho Indi is the Bayer Classification for the star. HIP113137 is the reference name for the star in the Hipparcos Star Catalogue. The Id of the star in the Henry Draper catalogue is HD216437. Rho Indi has at least 1 Extrasolar Planets believed to be in orbit around the star.
Location of Rho Indi
The location of the star in the galaxy is determined by the Right Ascension (R.A.) and Declination (Dec.), these are equivalent to the Longitude and Latitude on the Earth. The Right Ascension is how far expressed in time (hh:mm:ss) the star is along the celestial equator. If the R.A. is positive then its eastwards. The Declination is how far north or south the star is compared to the celestial equator and is expressed in degrees. For Rho Indi, the location is 22h 54m 39.56 and -70d04'26.0 .
Proper Motion of Rho Indi
All stars like planets orbit round a central spot, in the case of planets, its the central star such as the Sun. In the case of a star, its the galactic centre. The constellations that we see today will be different than they were 50,000 years ago or 50,000 years from now. Proper Motion details the movements of these stars and are measured in milliarcseconds. The star is moving 73.04 ± 0.26 miliarcseconds/year towards the north and -43.89 ± 0.36 miliarcseconds/year east if we saw them in the horizon.
Physical Properties (Colour, Temperature, Metallicity, Age, Mass, Radius) of Rho Indi
Rho Indi has a spectral type of G4IV-V. This means the star is a white to yellow subgiant star. The star is 7386.00000000 Parsecs from the Galactic Centre or terms of Light Years is 24090.4245878400000000s. The star has a B-V Colour Index of 0.66 which means the star's temperature has been calculated using information from Morgans @ Uni.edu at being 5,689 Kelvin.
Rho Indi Radius has been calculated as being 1.58 times bigger than the Sun.The Sun's radius is 695,800km, therefore the star's radius is an estimated 1,099,708.24.km. However with the 2007 release of updated Hipparcos files, the radius is now calculated at being round 1.60. The figure is derived at by using the formula from SDSS and has been known to produce widely incorrect figures. The star's solar mass is 1.00 times that of the Sun's. The Sun's Mass is 1,989,100,000,000,000,000,000 billion kg. which to calculate using this website is too large. To give idea of size, the Sun is 99.86% the mass of the solar system.
The star's metallicity is 0.250000, this value is the fractional amount of the star that is not Hydrogen (X) or Helium (Y). An older star would have a high metallicity whereas a new star would have a lower one.
The stars age according to Hipparcos data files put the star at an age of about 7.80 Billion years old but could be between 7.00 and 8.70 Billion years old. In comparison, the Sun's age is about 4.6 Billion Years Old.
Rho Indi Apparent and Absolute Magnitudes
Rho Indi has an apparent magnitude of 6.04 which is how bright we see the star from Earth. Apparent Magnitude is also known as Visual Magnitude. If you used the 1997 Parallax value, you would get an absolute magnitude of 3.92 If you used the 2007 Parallax value, you would get an absolute magnitude of 3.90. Magnitude, whether it be apparent/visual or absolute magnitude is measured by a number, the smaller the number, the brighter the Star is. Our own Sun is the brightest star and therefore has the lowest of all magnitudes, -26.74. A faint star will have a high number.
Distance to Rho Indi
Using the original Hipparcos data that was released in 1997, the parallax to the star was given as 37.71 which gave the calculated distance to Rho Indi as 86.49 light years away from Earth or 26.52 parsecs. It would take a spaceship travelling at the speed of light, 86.49 years to get there. We don't have the technology or spaceship that can carry people over that distance yet.
In 2007, Hipparcos data was revised with a new parallax of 37.39 which put Rho Indi at a distance of 87.23 light years or 26.75 parsecs. It should not be taken as though the star is moving closer or further away from us. It is purely that the distance was recalculated.
The star's Galacto-Centric Distance is 7,386.00 Parsecs or 24,090.42 Light Years. The Galacto-Centric Distance is the distance from the star to the Centre of the Galaxy which is Sagittarius A*.
Source of Information
The source of the information if it has a Hip I.D. is from Simbad, the Hipparcos data library based at the University at Strasbourg, France. Hipparcos was a E.S.A. satellite operation launched in 1989 for four years. The items in red are values that I've calculated so they could well be wrong. Information regarding Metallicity and/or Mass is from the E.U. Exoplanets. The information was obtained as of 12th Feb 2017.
Rho Indi Facts
Alternative Names
Bayer DesignationRho Indi
Hipparcos Library I.D.113137
Henry Draper Designation216437
Visual Facts
Star Typesubgiant star
Age7.80 Billion Years Old
Age Range7.00 - 8.70 Billion Years Old
Metalicity0.2500
Absolute Magnitude3.92 / 3.90
Visual / Apparent Magnitude6.04
Naked Eye VisibleYes - Ref: Wiki
Right Ascension (R.A.)22h 54m 39.56
Declination (Dec.)-70d04'26.0
Galactic Latitude-43.91 degrees
Galactic Longitude316.27 degrees
1997 Distance from Earth37.71 Parallax (milliarcseconds)
 86.49 Light Years
 26.52 Parsecs
2007 Revised Distance from Earth37.39 Parallax (milliarcseconds)
 87.23 Light Years
 26.75 Parsecs
Galacto-Centric Distance24,090.42 Light Years / 7,386.00 Parsecs
Proper Motion Dec.73.04 ± 0.26 milliarcseconds/year
Proper Motion RA.-43.89 ± 0.36 milliarcseconds/year
B-V Index0.66
Radial Velocity-4.00 ± 0.92 km/s
Iron Abundance0.21 ± 0.01 Fe/H
Spectral TypeG4IV-V
Colour(G) White to Yellow
Companions (Multi-Star and Exoplanets) Facts
Exoplanet Count1
Estimated Facts
Calculated Effective Temperature5,689 Kelvin
Mass Compared to the Sun1.00
Metallicity0.25000
Sources and Links
SIMBAD SourceLink
Related Stars
List of Extrasolar Planets orbiting Rho Indi
NameStatusMass (Jupiters)Orbital Period (Days)EccentricityDiscoveredSemi-Major AxisPeriastron
Hd 216437 BConfirmed1._PHONE_._PHONE_.3263.000
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Playing a Part in the Performance of a Child's X-ray Procedure
A poster presented virtually due to COVID-19 at the UK Imaging and Oncology (UKIO) congress June-July 2020.
This PhD study aims explore the communication that occurs during a child's non-urgent X-ray procedure and examine children and their parent's perceptions of this communication and the procedure. There is increasing evidence of children's engagement in health services. Less is known about children's experiences of X-ray procedures or the ways they communicate during the procedure. Data were generated through non-participant observations of children undergoing X-ray procedures. Children and their parents were invited after the procedure to take part in a semi-structured interview. Children, parents and radiographers played specific parts during the X-ray procedures and this influenced communication. Three different categories of communication were developed but are not presented as a hierarchy of the communication children preferred. The first category was communication where a child was involved; children's voices were sought with the expectation that they could influence what happened during the procedure. The second category was communication where a child was interrupted; children's voices were replaced because of the bigger roles adults played. The third category was communication where a child was ignored; children's voices were overlooked, silenced or not sought by adults. Children in these procedures had a small role and little power to influence what happened during their procedure. The findings have been discussed using dramaturgical metaphors of roles, scripts and front and back stage performances that unified the three developed categories and lead to the theorisation of a core category of 'Playing a Part in the Performance'. Children are able and value being engaged in meaningful communication during their X-ray. Different roles and interactions can close down or open up children's opportunity and ability to play an active role in their procedure.


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- Dry Transfer is a definitely more realistic medium than existing water
slide decals for modeling.
- It is an easier and faster method than decals in transferring and finishing.
- There is no silvering effect after transferring.
- In most finishing cases, you do not need to try to spray and spray with
top coats to hide decal film on your work.
- Of course, you also do not need to use other decal solutions or solvents.
- The surface of marking after transferring can be polished flatter than
- Missing transfer dots or fragments can be easily fixed with modeling
enamels or paints of the same color.
- Effective long-term preservation
(Well preserved Dry Transfers over 10 years old have been successfully
applied without failure)
Yes there are some Defects.
- You need to be more careful not to scratch or crack the transferred
marking with rough handling.
- It is impossible to change location after transferring.
- It is harder to transferring on the surface of irregularly curved, sharply
bent or tightly cornered areas.
- You need to be more careful in multi transferring than multi decaling
(other color markings over the first transferred marking)
- Printing requires a more difficult process, resulting in higher prices.
Things you should be careful in working on NMF(Natural Metal Finish) surface
Thank you Mr. Derek Bradshaw for this comments
There could be adjustment problems with dry tranfers when used on models that have been finished in buffable metallic coatings (Alclad, for example).
The transfers adhere imediately with little pressure (before burnishing), and are likely to tear if repositioned, so please be careful if you are applying these transfers to any model finished with this type of paint.
If the model has a sealing coat of varnish, and then has the tranfers applied, the problem does not occur.
We also advise that, after application of the transfers, that an additional (light) sealing coat of varnish is applied to the model.
Foil finishes, and car type (or other hard silver finishes) are OK, and are not affected in this manner, only the buffable finishes that use powdered metal in conjunction with the paint.


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1 Department of Marketing and Statistics, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University2 MAPP - Centre for Research on Customer Relations in the Food Sector, Aarhus School of Business, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University3 Department of Management, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University4 Department of Management, Aarhus BSS, Aarhus University
This paper discusses the food distribution systems of six Eastern European countries. It considers the macro and task environments of distribution systems, discussing the constraints and opportunities the environments present to companies. The institutional structure of retailing and wholesaling are analysed and important developments in the institutional structure are noted. The internal political economy of distribution channels in Eastern Europe is analysed and the modernisation of distribution systems discussed. Finally, some conclusions are offered and areas for future research suggested.
MAPP; Food distribution systems; Eastern Europe; Fødevaredistribution; Østeuropa


AAAI Publications, Twenty-Second International FLAIRS Conference
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A Surprise-based Qualitative Calculus
Zina M. Ibrahim, Ahmed Y. Tawfik, Alioune Ngom
Last modified: 2009-03-18
Abstract
This paper introduces a qualitative ranking function that uses signed integers to describe the surprise associated with the occurrence of events. The measure introduced, kappa++, is based on the kappa calculus but differs from it in that its semantics enable an explicit representation of complements. As a result, the kappa++ is more capable of enforcing probability theory-like constraints to carry on reasoning.
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)} and at most {n^{O(\frac{1}{\log\log n})}}. They also showed that for constant {\epsilon}, it is possible to delete an {\epsilon} fraction of the integers in {[n]}, so that the remaining set system has hereditary discrepancy at most polylogarithmic in {n}. Gil guessed that the truth is closer to the lower bound.
Alex Nikolov and I managed to show that this is not the case. Since hereditary discrepancy is, well, hereditary, a lower bound on the hereditary discrepancy of a submatrix is also a lower bound on the hereditary discrepancy of whole matrix. In the EDP matrix on {[n]}, we will first find our subcubes-juntas-contingency-tables matrix {A} above as a submatrix; one for which {d} is {\Theta(\frac{\log n}{\log \log n})}. Having done that, it would remain to prove a lower bound for {\mathsf{herdisc}(A)} itself.
The first step is done as follows: associate each dimension {i \leq d} with {2i}th and the {(2i+1)}th prime. A point {v = (v_1,v_2,\ldots,v_d)} in the hypercube is naturally associated with the integer {f(v)=\Pi_{i} p_{2i+v_i}}. A subcube query can be specified by a vector {q \in \{0,1,\star\}^d}: {q} is set to the appropriate {0}-{1} value for the coordinates that we fix, and {\star} for the unconstrained coordinates. We can associate a subcube {q} with the integer {f(q)=\Pi_{i: q_i \neq \star} p_{2i+q_i}}. It is easy to see that {x} is in the subcube corresponding to {q} if and only if {f(q)} divides {f(x)}. Thus if we restrict ourselves to the integers {\{f(v): v \in \{0,1\}^d\}} and HAPs corresponding to {\{f(q): q \in \{0,1,\star\}^d\}}, we have found a submatrix of the EDP matrix that looks exactly like our contingency tables matrix {A}. Thus the hereditary discrepancy of the EDP matrix is at least as large as that of this submatrix that we found.
Lower bounds for private mechanisms for {A} can be derived in many ways. For constant {k}, the results of Kasiviswanathan et al. referred to above suffice and it is likely that they can be pushed to get the {2^{\Omega(d)}} lower bounds we are shooting for. A very different approach of extracting from weak random sources also implies such a lower bound. It is likely that from these, one could get a lower bound on {\mathsf{herdisc}} of the kind we need.
However, given what we know about {A}, we can in fact remove the privacy scaffolding and get a simpler direct proof of the lower bound of {2^{\Omega(d)}} on {\mathsf{herdisc}(A)}, and can write a proof of the lower bound without any mention of privacy. This implies that the hereditary discrepancy for the EDP is at least {2^{\Omega(d)} = n^{\Omega(\frac{1}{\log\log n})}}, which matches the upper bound up to a constant in the exponent. A brief note with the proof is here.
Of course the EDP itself is wide open. Head on here to help settle the conjecture.
Many thanks to Alex Nikolov for his contribution to the content and the writing of this post.
14 Comments leave one →
 1. September 6, 2012 12:57 am
 Great post. Reminds me of a talk Avi once gave titled something like "why it's worthwhile sitting in talks in different fields." I should add that sometimes fields don't only borrow ideas but also borrow the researchers from other fields. So beware guys … :-)
 2. September 11, 2012 12:19 pm
 Where did you define EDP?
 - Kunal Talwar permalink
 September 11, 2012 3:31 pm
 My bad. EDP is the Erd\"os discrepancy problem that we started the post with. Now fixed.
 3. Gil Kalai permalink
 September 11, 2012 7:04 pm
 Great! Just saw the post.
 4. September 13, 2012 5:18 pm
 Very nice post! I have always thought about constructing DP lower bounds as equivalent to showing the existence of large packings around the optimal value. For example, our sample complexity bounds for learning in [1] and statistics [2] are all based on this concept of packings. Do you know if there's a formal relationship between the two concepts?
 [1] Sample Complexity Bounds for Differentially Private Learning
 Kamalika Chaudhuri and Daniel Hsu, COLT 2011
 [2] Convergence Rates for Differentially Private Statistical Estimation
 Kamalika Chaudhuri and Daniel Hsu, ICML 2012
 - Kunal Talwar permalink
 September 14, 2012 5:56 pm
 Thanks for the pointers.
 For (eps,0)-differential privacy, pretty much all lower bounds I know of are based on packing arguments. For linear queries, Moritz and I showed[1] that this is tight up to a polylog factor. We can go a little further than packing based lower bounds[2] by"adding up" packing-based lower bounds over orthogonal subspaces. It is a good question if packing based LBs are nearly tight in some more general setting.
 For (eps,delta)-differential privacy, the picture is quite different. Packing based lower bounds only apply when delta is really small, and do not apply for say polynomially small delta. In fact, you can sometimes get (eps,1/poly(n))-DP mechanisms with accuracy significantly better than the packing based lower bounds for (eps,0) [3].
 So in most settings, for proving non-trivial lower bounds of (eps,delta), one must go beyond packings. Many of the lower bounds go via lower bounds for some variant of blatant non-privacy. As this post mentions, these are often lower bounds on discrepancy, or on the smallest eigenvalue of an associated matrix.
 [1] Hardt and Talwar, The Geometry of Differential Privacy. _URL_
 [2] Bhaskara et al. Unconditional Differentially Private Mechanisms for linear queries. _URL_
 [3] Anindya De, Lower bounds on Differential Privacy, _URL_
 - Adam Smith permalink
 September 19, 2012 12:59 pm
 Another paper from the same period that uses the packing technique:
 A. Beimel, S. P. Kasiviswanathan, and K. Nissim. Bounds on the Sample Complexity for Private Learning and Private Data Release. In the Seventh Theory of Cryptography Conference, 2010. _URL_
 - Kunal Talwar permalink
 September 19, 2012 10:23 pm
 The references [2] and [3] were flipped. Just fixed that.
 Also, just to clarify, I did not mean to suggest that [1] introduced packing arguments. There are earlier papers with a packing argument, and certainly people in the community knew of it independently well before it appeared in print. What I find surprising is that in many settings, it is tight or nearly tight for (eps,0). Our failure to come up with more clever lower bounding techniques is, in many cases, not our fault. :)
 5. Alec Edgington permalink
 October 7, 2012 6:46 am
 The definition of EDP given above is not quite correct. The problem is to bound all partial sums of the function along HAPs, not just the sums that go all the way up to n.
 (Indeed, the conjecture as stated is trivially false: one can take C=1 and define f by f(m) = +1 if m \leq n/2 and f(m) = -1 if m > n/2.)
 (The definition given in the paper is correct …)
 - Kunal Talwar permalink
 October 7, 2012 4:19 pm
 Thanks for the correction. Now fixed.
Trackbacks
 1. The Quantum Debate is Over! (and other Updates) | Combinatorics and more
 2. A Few Mathematical Snapshots from India (ICM2010) | Combinatorics and more
 3. From Discrepancy to Privacy, and back Part 2: Approximating Hereditary Discrepancy « Windows On Theory
 4. Open Collaborative Mathematics over the Internet – Three Examples | Combinatorics and more
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Aims: Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) play a role in medial vascular calcification, which can be stimulated by high levels of serum phosphate and inflammatory mediators. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK) and protein kinase A (PKA) can participate in inorganic phosphate (Pi)- and inflammation response-stimulated SMC calcification. Main methods: We examined the change of Pi- and/or inflammation-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) calcification in the presence and absence of inhibitors or small interfering RNAs. Key findings: Ca levels were increased in HASMCs incubated with 1.5–3.9 mM Pi, but not with 0.9 mM Pi or compared with non-Pi-treated HASMCs. Furthermore, the addition of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) increased pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1α IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)] in media containing Raw 264.7 cells. Ca levels were significantly increased in HASMCs cultured in IFN-γ-treated medium, compared with non-IFN-γ-treated medium in the presence of Pi (0.9–2.4 mM). The inhibition of p38 MAPK and PKA decreased HASMC calcification stimulated by Pi and IFN-γ-treated medium, though PKA inhibition produced a more significant reduction in calcification than p38 MAPK inhibition. Significance: These results indicate that PKA inhibition can efficiently reduce Pi- and inflammation-stimulated SMC calcification.
!!!All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


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Scripts are about as close to programming Doom 3 as you can possibly get without having to purchase Visual C++. The language is similar to C++, but is arguably a bit easier to learn and use.
There are three major components in Doom 3 that are controlled by scripts:
The scritping system is based around the idea of objects and events.
Objects are referenced with $name where "name" is the name of the object in DOOMEdit.
Events look like C++ member function calls, and you can really think of them that way. To send the 'hide' event to speaker_280, you'd write $speaker_280.hide();
There is a special object known as'sys' which is where all the system calls (like print)
hide. All the events (including system calls) can all be found in "doom_events.script"
|Copyright © 2004 id software|


Investigation into the spontaneous dissolution of tungsten using acid media
K. A. Smith, John Dean
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
3 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
An acid-decomposition method, using hydrofluoric and nitric acids, was found to require no external heat source to dissolve tungsten wire. This spontaneous decomposition method was compared with an established method based on hydrogen peroxide as the dissolution medium. The determination of trace elements (potassium, nickel and iron) in tungsten wire by the two methods was compared; no significant differences between the methods were noted. The effects of varying the acid-decomposition mixture and sample mass are noted.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1445-1447
JournalThe Analyst
Volume118
Issue number11
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 1993
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I have a vine-type plant that is growing on areas of my Jacaranda tree (me + the tree live in Australia). It has little leaves. The roots of the vine grow on the outer-layer of bark on the tree.
Does anyone know what it is and if it will cause any probs over time or hurt the tree in any way?
roots and leaves coming out jacaranda tree
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The plant is an orchid. They like to establish themselves on the bark of a tree, because they are an epiphytic plant. They like the shade that a tree provides. This plant will in no way harm that huge tree. Most plant lovers would be thrilled to have such a lovely plant given to them for free by nature. Good luck with plant.enter image description here
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PRODUCT NAME: Mrigmad Tailam (Jaanbaaz Oil)
PACK SIZE: 15ml
Mrigmad Tailam (Jaanbaaz Oil) is a purely herbal and natural oil made with natural herbs, to boost male fertility. It works by increasing the blood circulation in the penile region resulting in penis erection and reduce premature ejaculation. This alcohol and drug-free formula also help in treating impotency, increases libido, and turgidity. In addition, the oil contains natural aphrodisiacs and testosterone releasers that help in increasing the libido in men.
It contains natural ingredients like Akarkara, Javitri, Karpas Beej, Laung, Gunja, Kesar, Somal, Badaam Tail, and Til Tail.
- Natural and Effective remedy for men's problems
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DIRECTIONS TO USE:
- First, take 5-6 drops of the oil
- Apply it on the genitalia area
- Use it daily.
- No rinsing necessary.
- For external use only.
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- Store in a cool, dry place. Away from direct sunlight.
- Use the medicine within three months of breaking the seal.
- Discontinue use, if any problems.
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USE UNDER MEDICAL SUPERVISION


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Dealloying is a corrosion process in which one or more elements are selectively dissolved, leaving behind a porous residue of the remaining elements. This article describes the dealloying in various systems, namely, dezincification, graphitic corrosion, dealuminification, and noble metal alloys dealloying. The current-potential behavior of a binary alloy undergoing selective dissolution is reviewed. The article highlights the four mechanisms required for the formation of porous metals: ionization-redeposition, surface diffusion, volume diffusion, and percolation model of selective dissolution.
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Ultrafast optical measurements of spin polarization in semiconductors
University of Michigan
We are interested in understanding mechanisms that generate and manipulate electron spin polarization in non-magnetic materials using applied electric fields. In this talk, I will describe optical techniques that can measure the magnitude and direction of spin-orbit fields and electrically-generated spin polarization in non-magnetic semiconductors and the modification of the electron spin precession frequency in a bulk semiconductor using an applied in-plane electric field . These techniques can sensitively measure and distinguish changes in the electron g-factor from changes in the effective magnetic fields produced by spin-orbit splitting and nuclear spin polarization. I will also discuss our recent development of resonant and time-resolved spin noise spectroscopy, which uses a train of short laser pulses to measure the spin correlation function with a temporal resolution that is limited by the optical pulse duration .
 B. M. Norman et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 112, 056601 (2014)
 M. Luengo-Kovac et al., Phys. Rev. B 91, 201110(R) (2015)
 B. C. Pursley et al., arXiv:1508.07383.
2400 Computer and Space Sciences
College Park, MD 20742


Groat (coin)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the hulled and crushed grains of various cereals, see groats. For the surname, see Groat (surname).
Edward I of England
AR Groat. _PHONE_.
The groat is the traditional name of a long-defunct English silver coin worth four English pennies, and also a Scottish coin originally worth fourpence, with later issues being valued at eightpence and one shilling.
The name has also been applied to any thick or large coin, such as the Groschen (grosso), a silver coin issued by Tyrol in 1271 and Venice in the 13th century, which was the first of this general size to circulate in the Holy Roman Empire and other parts of Europe. The immediate ancestor to the groat was the French gros tournois or groat of Tours, which was known as the groot (Dutch for "great" or "large") in the Netherlands.
The name groat also refers to a range of other European coins such as those of the Italian peninsula known as a grosso including the grosso of Venice and the Kraków grosz. Marco Polo referred to the groat in recounts of his travels to East Asia when describing the currencies of the Yuan Empire.[1] His descriptions were based on the conversion of 1 bezant = 20 groats = 133⅓ tornesel.[2]
David II of Scotland
++DAVID x REX x SCOTORVm Crowned bust left holding sceptre before; star at base of sceptre Outer circle: +DNS PTECTOR MS F LIBATOR MS - inner circle: VILL A ED InBV RGh Long cross quartered with of five points mullets.
AR Groat (3.11 g). Light coinage, _PHONE_. Edinburgh mint.
Henry VIII: Irish groat
Henry VIII minted these irish groats, crowned coat-of-arms over cross fourchee; mm: trefoil FRAnCIE ET hIBERnIE REX, crowned harp; crowned h and crowned R flanking (henricus Rex).
AR Groat (25 mm, 2.32 g, 12h). Second harp issue, as king of Ireland, _PHONE_. London mint (exported).
It was after the French silver coin had circulated in England that an English groat was first minted under King Edward I.
Scots groats were not issued until the reign of David II. Scots groats were originally also worth fourpence, but later issues were valued at eightpence and a shilling.[3][4]
Irish groats were minted first in 1425 and the last ones were minted under the reign of Elizabeth I of England. There were also two more issues, both emergency coinage.[5]
While strictly speaking, the English groat should have contained four pennyweights or 96 grains (6.2 grams) of sterling silver, the first ones issued weighed 89 grains (5.8 g) and later issues became progressively lighter. The weight was reduced to 72 grains (three pennyweights or 4.7 g) under Edward III, 60 grains (3.9 g) under Henry IV, and 48 grains (3.1 g) under Edward IV. From 1544 to 1560 (the weight being reduced to 32 grains (2.1 g) in 1559) the silver fineness was less than sterling, and after the 1561 issue they were not generally issued for circulation again for about a hundred years.
From the reigns of Charles II to George III, groats (by now often known as fourpences) were issued on an irregular basis for general circulation, the only years of mintage after 1786 being in 1792, 1795, and 1800. After this the only circulating issues were from 1836 to 1855, with proofs known from 1857 and 1862 and a colonial issue of 1888. These last coins had the weight further reduced to about 27 grains (1.9 grams) and were the same diameter as the silver threepenny pieces of the day although thicker. They also had Britannia on the reverse, while all other silver fourpenny pieces since the reign of William and Mary have had a crowned numeral "4" as the reverse, including the silver fourpenny Maundy money coins of the present. Some groats continued to circulate in Scotland until the 20th century.
At times in the past, silver twopenny coins have been called "half-groats."
The groat ceased to be minted in the United Kingdom in 1856, but in 1888 a special request was made for a colonial variety to be minted for use in British Guiana and the British West Indies. The groat remained in circulation in British Guiana right up until that territory adopted the decimal system in 1955.
Royal Navy chaplains[edit]
In the 1600s and 1700s, chaplains were employed in English Navy ships of war by the Captain, and paid out of a "groat" per month deducted from the wages of the seamen. The Navy's wages did not rise between 1653 and 1797 (see Spithead and Nore mutinies), during which time the Ordinary Seaman was paid 19 shillings, as was the chaplain.[6]
Cultural references[edit]
The word "groat" has entered into a number of English and Scottish expressions, many of them now archaic.
In the north of England, there is the saying "Blood without groats is nothing" meaning "family without fortune is worthless." The allusion is to black pudding, which consists chiefly of blood and oats formed into a patty. "Not worth a groat" is an old saying meaning "not worth a penny", i.e. worthless.
Benjamin Franklin, in his book, Necessary Hints gives the following thrifty advice:
He that spends a groat a day idly, spends idly above six pounds a year." (actually £6 plus one shilling eightpence)
In Beatrix Potter's The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin, there is the following riddle:
"Riddle me, riddle me, rot-tot-tote! A little wee man in a red red coat! A staff in his hand, and a stone in his throat; If you'll tell me this riddle, I'll give you a groat."
The answer is "a cherry."[7]
According to Hawkins' History of the Silver Coins of England,[8] groats were also known as "Joeys",
"so called from Joseph Hume, M.P., who strongly recommended the coinage for the sake of paying short cab-fares, etc."
This refers to the Victorian fourpenny piece. The mention of cab fares is related to the fact that the standard minimum was fourpence, so many passengers paid with a sixpenny piece, allowing the cabbie to keep the twopence change as a tip. The slang name "Joey" was transferred to the silver/cupronickel threepenny pieces in use in the first third of the twentieth century.
In A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett, Sara Crewe picks up a fourpenny piece from the street and uses it to buy buns. The original story was set in 1888.
John o' Groats, a place name in the north of Scotland, is not derived from "groat" but is a corruption of "Jan de Groot", the name of a Dutchman who migrated there in the reign of James IV.[9][10]
The monetary unit of Federation, the forerunner of the currently active Federation II text-based roleplaying game, was the groat.
Terry Pratchett's first book in the Moist von Lipwig series of novels, Going Postal, introduced a supporting character named Tolliver Groat.
As Anne Boleyn is being crowned in the film Anne of a Thousand Days, the gathered crowd give her a negative reception. Thomas Cromwell asks Thomas Boleyn: "How much did you pay them to cheer?", to which he responds: "A groat each".
Although not used in the monetary system of his fictional world of Westeros, author George R. R. Martin uses the term to refer to things of little worth in his series, A Song of Ice and Fire. For example, in the fourth book, A Feast for Crows, Cersei Lannister, in reference to Margaery Tyrell, thinks: "For half a groat she would have slapped the blushing bride right there upon the dais, in view of half the court."
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Yule, Henry; Cordier, Henri. The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition. Third edition (1903), revised and updated by Henri Cordier. Plain Label Books. p. 1226-27. (ISBN _PHONE_)
 2. ^ Henry Yule. The Travels of Marco Polo: The Complete Yule-Cordier Edition. Third edition (1903), revised and updated by Henri Cordier. Plain Label Books. p. 1229-30. (Note) (ISBN _PHONE_)
 3. ^ Mackay: Coin...
 4. ^ Stewart: Scottish...
 5. ^ Gr