Online Civil Engineering Test - Railways Test
Instruction:
 - This is a FREE online test. Beware of scammers who ask for money to attend this test.
 - Total number of questions: 20.
 - Time allotted: 30 minutes.
 - Each question carries 1 mark; there are no negative marks.
 - DO NOT refresh the page.
 - All the best!
Marks : 2/20
Total number of questions
20
Number of answered questions
0
Number of unanswered questions
20
Test Review : View answers and explanation for this test.
1.
For holding a rail in position, no chairs are used for
flat footed rails
bull headed rails
double headed rails
both (a) and (b)
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
2.
The tread of wheels is provided an outward slope of
1 in 10
1 in 15
1 in 20
1 in 25
1 in 30
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
3.
Distance between inner faces of the flanges, is kept
equal to the gauge distance
slightly less than the gauge distance
slightly more than the gauge distance
none of these.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
4.
Coning of wheels
prevent lateral movement of wheels
provide smooth running of trains
avoid excessive wear of inner faces of rail
all the above.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
5.
Pick up the correct statement from the following :
Rails are directly laid over hard wooden sleepers and fixed with spikes
Adzing is done on hard wooden sleepers
Bearing plates are used on soft wooden sleepers
Chairs are used for bull headed rails
All the above.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
6.
To prevent percolation of water into formation, moorum is used as a blanket for
black cotton soil
sandy soil
clayey soil
all the above.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
7.
In India the rails are manufactured by
open hearth process
duplex process
both (a) and (b)
neither (a) nor (b)
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
8.
On Indian Railways standard length of rails for B.G. track, is
33 ft (10.06 m)
36 ft (10.97 m)
39 ft (11.89 m)
42 ft (12.8 m)
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
9.
Regional Indian railways use different types of sleepers according to their
availability
economy
suitability
design
all the above.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
10.
Minimum packing space provided between two sleepers, is between
20 to 25 cm
25 to 30 cm
30 to 35 cm
35 to 40 cm
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
11.
Monnier, the inventor of R.C.C., suggested the introduction of reinforced cement concert sleepers for the railways in
1857
1867
1877
1887
1897
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
12.
Pick up the incorrect statement from the following:
Ends of adjoining rails should be in true alignment
Rail joints should be as strong as the rail section itself
Rail joints should be elastic laterally as well as vertically
Ends of adjoining rails butt against to give a continuity
All the above.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
13.
Cast iron sleeper, is
pot sleeper
box sleeper
Duplex sleeper
plate sleeper
All the above.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
14.
Sand may be used as ballast for
wooden sleepers
steel sleepers
cast iron sleepers
all the above.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
15.
On Indian Railways, number of a crossing is defined as
sine of angle of crossing
consine of angle of crossing
tangent of angle of crossing
contangent of angle of crossing.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
16.
In a railway track, permissible gauge with tolerance under loaded condition, is
G + 0.1 mm
G + 1.5 mm
G - l.O mm
G - 1.5mm
G - 20 mm
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
17.
Smitch diamond is provided if the angle of diamond is less than
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
18.
Advantage of automatic signalling, is:
increased safety
reduction in delays
increase in track capacity
all the above.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
19.
Minimum composite sleeper index for wooden sleepers used over bridge girders, is
1455
1355
1255
1155
none of these.
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
20.
If D is the distance between parallel tracks G is the gauge and α is angle of crossings, the distance between theoretical noses of two crossings measured parallel to tracks, is
(D - G - G sec α) cot α
(D - G + G sec α) cot α
(D - G - G sec α) tan α
(D + G + G sec α) cot α
Your Answer: Option
(Not Answered)
Correct Answer: Option
*** END OF THE TEST ***
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text:
- Oral presentation
- Open Access
Are adjustable valves effective? Data from the UK Shunt Registry
Cerebrospinal Fluid Research volume 4, Article number: S30 (2007)
Adjustable (often-called programmable) CSF valves have been developed by several manufacturers. These valves are more expensive, but have an advantage in that the operating pressure of the valve can be altered by the use of an external magnet as a simple procedure. The proportion of these valves used in the UK and Ireland has increased from 4.9% in 2000 to 22.4% in 2006. We have used data collected by the UK Shunt Registry to assess the effectiveness of these valves in reducing valve replacement for under and over-drainage using a case-control design.
Materials and methods
The UK Shunt Registry contains data on nearly 30,000 CSF shunt-related procedures. Our data suggests that primary factors involved in shunt revision are patient age, diagnosis and the number of revisions a patient has had.
Procedures were identified where either a Medtronic Strata Valve or Codman Hakim Programmable Valve was used. Of these 1,389 had an accurate diagnosis and age entered and we were able to determine the exact number of shunt revisions.
A database search was performed for procedures matched for patient age, diagnosis and revision status but using Medtronic or Codman fixed-pressure valves. Matches were found for 943 procedures.
The one-year cumulative valve revision rate for the two adjustable valves was 4.8% as compared to 7.3% in conventional, non-adjustable valves. A logrank test suggests that adjustable valves perform significantly better (P < 0.05) for the first 98 weeks of use. After that point, there is no significant difference in the curves for the two types of valve.
Our data suggest that adjustable valves may be effective in overcoming short-term problems due to incorrect pressure selection. However the long-term problems associated with valve implantation still apply. Patient selection is probably the crucial factor in the effectiveness of adjustable valves.
About this article
Cite this article
Richards, H., Seeley, H. & Pickard, J. Are adjustable valves effective? Data from the UK Shunt Registry. Fluids Barriers CNS 4, S30 (2007). _URL_
- Valve Replacement
- Operating Pressure
- Revision Rate
- External Magnet
- Shunt Revision

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
MBTA Aquarium Station Modernization (Central Artery C17B1)
Blue Line station modernization, incorporating 150-foot section of Central Artery directly above platform extension. New entrances, top-down construction.
The Aquarium Station modernization included extension of existing platforms to accommodate six-car trains, construction of a new west entrance, and reconstruction of the existing east entrance. The project scope included incorporation of a 150-foot-long section of the Central Artery Tunnel (CA/T). Use of the Central Artery viaduct during construction required installation of an underpinning system and demolition of the existing foundations. Service was maintained on the Blue Line, Central Artery, and surface roads throughout construction. The section of the CA/T constructed directly above the MBTA platform extensions used Soldier Pile Tremie Concrete (SPTC) walls and steel transfer girders to span the platforms. Work proceeded in phases, with the west mezzanine built first, using top-down construction. The east entrance was then demolished and replaced, using traditional "cut-and-cover" construction.
The site is a major intersection of surface roads and pedestrian routes. The historic State Street Block (SSB) building is adjacent to the 65-foot-deep excavation for the new west entrance. The use of top-down construction mitigated the effects of construction on vehicular and pedestrian traffic and on the SSB building. Impact of deep excavation on the SSB building was further reduced by the use of T-panels. The stem of the "T" was composed of a temporary steel truss, increasing wall stiffness. The project was designed to accommodate the future North-South Rail Link project, a railroad tunnel that will connect Boston's North and South Stations.
Completion Date: 2004 Location: Boston, Massachusetts Owner or Client: Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Prime Consultant(s): Ellenzweig Associates


text:
What is bread sticks, breadsticks, grissini?
Bread sticks are long, thin pieces of crispy, dry bread. The origin of bread sticks can be traced back to the Italian city of Turin, as early as the 14th century. The original design for bread sticks was hand-rolled and sometimes twisted into various shapes.
A basic bread stick recipe uses flour, water and salt. However many chefs nowadays use some or the other variety of yeast dough to make bread sticks. Pizza dough is most suitable. The dough is rolled out flat, cut into strips, rolled into cylindrical sticks and then baked till golden and crispy. The trick is to always achieve the crisp and dry texture without allowing the bread to burn.
They can be baked plain, just seasoned with salt or flavoured with garlic, sesame seeds, poppy seeds, honey, paprika flakes, caramelised onions, herbs like rosemary, thyme, etc. Nowadays, several options such as whole wheat or even multi-grain bread sticks are available in the market.
Also known as
breadsticks, grissini, grissini sticks
How to select bread sticks, breadsticks, grissini
- While bread sticks are relatively easy to make, most people prefer to buy readymade ones.
- If purchasing from the bakery, ensure they are just out of the oven!
- If buying from the supermarket, choose a reliable brand and check the dates of manufacturing and expiry, and seal of the pack.
Culinary Uses of bread sticks, breadsticks, grissini in Indian Cooking
- Bread sticks are commonly served with soups, as part of the bread basket that also contains buns, dinner rolls, etc.
- Bread sticks can be flavoured with herbs, cheese, tomato puree, garlic etc. When flavoured, bread sticks add more flavour to soups.
- In fine dining restaurants, bread sticks are served with tossed salads, spaghetti etc.
- They can also be combined with ingredients like Prosciutto to form classical starters.
- They are often offered at wine tasting sessions to cleanse the palate in between tasting wines.
How to store bread sticks, breadsticks, grissini
Store bread sticks in airtight containers away from moisture. Use within a week.


text:
... including targeted forecasts at the time of your arrival to each point!
Holdrege, Nebraska has four distinct seasons and a wide range of temperatures throughout the year. In the winter months, temperatures can range from the low 30s to the low teens. January is typically the coldest month with an average high of 36°F and an average low of 17°F. Snowfall is common throughout the winter months, and temperatures can dip below 0°F at times.
Spring in Holdrege is mild with temperatures gradually increasing from the low 40s in March to the low 60s in May. Rainfall is common, especially in April and May.
During the summer months, temperatures range from the low 70s to the mid 90s. July is the hottest month with an average high of 90°F and an average low of 67°F. Thunderstorms are common during the summer months.
Fall is mild with temperatures gradually decreasing from the low 70s in September to the low 40s in November. Rainfall is common, especially in October and November. December is typically the driest month of the year.
As of 2020, the city population is 5406.
This map shows the current & 7-day weather forecast, weather alerts, and weather radar for Holdrege, Nebraska.


text:
Background: Associations between levels of sedentary behavior and depressive symptoms independently and in combination with different levels of physical activity remain unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to examine independent and combined associations of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) with depressive symptoms among Japanese adults. Method: An Internet-based survey collected data on depression levels (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale), self-reported time spent in PA and SB (Japanese short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire), and sociodemographic variables from 2,914 adults in 2009. Binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the odds ratios (ORs) for being depressed (depression scores ≥16) according to independent PA levels (none, insufficient, sufficient), SB levels (low, moderate, high), and nine combinations of PA and SB categories. Results: After adjusting for potential confounders, sufficient PA level was found to be related to lower risk of depressive symptoms independently (OR = 0.61), whereas no significant associations were observed between SB levels and depression. In the combined associations, adults in the sufficient PA/high SB (OR = 0.44), sufficient PA/moderate SB (OR = 0.56), and sufficient PA/low SB (OR = 0.57) categories were significantly less likely to have depressive symptoms in comparison with the no PA/high SB category. Conclusion: Meeting physical activity recommendations is associated with a lower risk of depressive symptoms, regardless of time spent in total sedentary behavior. These results suggest that promoting physical activity may be an effective strategy against depressive symptoms among Japanese adults.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Applied Psychology

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How do i fix unreconciled layers in autocad?
What are unreconciled new layers in AutoCAD?
Unreconciled layers are layers that have been added to the drawing or to attached xrefs since the layer list was last evaluated. To reconcile a layer in the drawing you have to manually select it and mark it as reconciled.
How do I get rid of unreconciled new layers?
To Remove Layers From the Unreconciled Layers Filter
 1. Click Home tab Layers panel Layer Properties Find.
 2. In the Layer Properties Manager, Filters area, click the Unreconciled New Layers node in the Filters panel.
 3. In the layer list, right-click a layer, and click Reconcile Layer.
What does locking a layer do in AutoCAD?
Locking Layers
You can prevent objects on selected layers from being inadvertently modified by locking those layers. By default, objects on locked layers appear faded and a small lock icon is displayed when you hover over the object. … The locked layer fading value does not affect how objects appear when plotted.
Why are my layers not showing in AutoCAD?
Check layers to make sure they are all set to plot. … Check the Shade Plot setting in the plot options and change it from As Displayed to Wireframe. Check for layer states that could be overriding or misapplying layer settings. On the command line in AutoCAD, enter the LAYERSTATE command.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do i show the file path in autocad?
What are unreconciled layers?
Unreconciled layers are new layers that have been added to the drawing and have not yet been acknowledged by the user and manually marked as reconciled.
How do I turn off unreconciled layers?
Solution: For the active drawing, change the system variable LAYERNOTIFY to 0 (zero) or click the Settings button in the upper-right corner of the layers palette and uncheck "Evaluate New Layers Added to Drawings." To turn off the notification for all drawings, change the system variable LAYEREVALCTL to 0 (zero).
How do I reconcile layers in Autocad 2018?
To Reconcile New Layers in the Drawing
 1. If necessary, open the Layer Properties Manager by clicking Home tab Layers panel Layer Properties.
 2. In the tree view on the left, select the Unreconciled Layers group. …
 3. To reconcile a new layer, select the layer name or status, right-click, and click Reconcile Layer.
How do I unlock all layers?
Lock and Unlock All Layers
 1. On the command prompt, type -LA and press the Enter key.
 2. It'll prompt you to enter an option, type LO and press the Enter key.
 3. It'll ask for names of layers to lock, type * and press the Enter key. * selects all the layers.
 4. It'll prompt again for another option, just press the Enter key again to finish.
What are AutoCAD layers?
AutoCAD layers are a bit like transparent overlays. You can create as many layers as you like. You can use layers to control the colour, line type, line weight and plot style for your geometry (amongst other things) as well as the visibility of all the geometry on that layer.
IT IS INTERESTING: How do I match scale in AutoCAD?
How do I unlock a layer in CAD?
By Selecting an Object
 1. Click the Model tab.
How do I see layer properties in AutoCAD?
Click Home tab Layers panel Layer Properties.14 мая 2019 г.
How do I manage layers in AutoCAD?
About Managing Drawing Layers
 1. Create, rename, and delete layers.
 2. Change layer properties.
 3. Make a layer current.
 4. Add and remove viewport layer overrides.
 5. Get notified of new layers and reconcile them in the drawing.
 6. Filter and group layers.
14 мая 2019 г.
How do I show all layers in AutoCAD?
Hide or show layers in an AutoCAD drawing
 1. Right-click the CAD drawing, point to CAD Drawing Object, and then click Properties.
 2. Click the Layer tab.
 3. Select the layer, and click the Visible field.
Special Project


text:
People with urolithiasis — especially male teens and young women — are at a higher risk for bone fractures than the general population, according to a study from nephrologists at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia that was published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.
"We wanted to look across the lifespan to see how stones affected bone health, and we found compelling evidence of an association with increased risk of fractures," says Michelle Denburg, MD, MSCE, lead author. For the population-based retrospective cohort study, Denburg and her colleagues used The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database and analyzed electronic health record data on 51,785 people in the United Kingdom who were diagnosed with urolithiasis and 517,267 matched individuals without urolithiasis.
According to Denburg, the THIN database has the advantage of drawing from 10 million people followed by primary care physicians in the UK National Health Service.
Having a kidney stone was significantly linked with fractures. In males, there was an overall 10 percent greater risk in those with urolithiasis, and the risk was greatest in adolescence (55 percent higher). In females, there was a 17-25 percent higher risk of fracture in women 30-79 years old, with the highest risk in those 30-39 years old. Even when adjusting for potential confounding conditions and medications, the association between urolithiasis and fracture remained significant.
Individuals with limited mobility or who only had codes for renal colic, bladder/lower urinary tract calculi (presumed infectious), infectious calculi, hypercalciuria, or nephrocalcinosis were excluded from the entire cohort.
For those with urolithiasis, the median time between the first diagnosis of stones and the first fracture was 10 years. The most common fracture site for men was the hands, and for women was the forearm/wrist. There was no difference for either men or women in the distribution of fracture sites between the groups with and without stones.
Given the well-documented growth in the incidence of urolithiasis, this study points out profound implications for patient outcomes and healthcare costs in the future. It also opens up new questions.
"Given that the median time from diagnosis of urolithiasis to fracture was a decade, we might be able to intervene during this interval to reduce the burden of future fracture," Denburg says. "The THIN database does not have full metabolic profiles of urine, but it is worth trying to ascertain if there is an underlying metabolic abnormality that we could treat to prevent negative long-term outcomes. Are fractures the result of a cumulative burden of hypercalciuria over a person's lifetime?"
Denburg and senior author Lawrence Copelovitch, MD, are currently studying whether specific treatments for urolithiasis correlate with outcomes such as hypertension and chronic kidney disease.


Rails and Sidekiq logs contain fields starting with meta. with this context information.
Entry points can be seen at:
Adding attributes
When adding new attributes, make sure they're exposed within the context of the entry points above and:
 - Pass them within the hash to the with_context (or push) method (make sure to pass a Proc if the method or variable shouldn't be evaluated right away)
 - Change Gitlab::ApplicationContext to accept these new values
 - Make sure the new attributes are accepted at Labkit::Context
See our HOWTO: Use Sidekiq metadata logs for further knowledge on creating visualizations in Kibana.
The fields of the context are currently only logged for Sidekiq jobs triggered through web requests. See the follow-up work for more information.
Logging context metadata (through workers)
Additional metadata can be attached to a worker through the use of the ApplicationWorker#log_extra_metadata_on_done method. Using this method adds metadata that is later logged to Kibana with the done job payload.
class MyExampleWorker
 include ApplicationWorker
 def perform(*args)
 # Worker performs work
 #...
 # The contents of value will appear in Kibana under 'json.extra.my_example_worker.my_key'
 log_extra_metadata_on_done(:my_key, value)
Please see this example which logs a count of how many artifacts are destroyed per run of the ExpireArtifactsWorker.
Exception Handling
It often happens that you catch the exception and want to track it.
It should be noted that manual logging of exceptions is not allowed, as:
 1. Manual logged exceptions can leak confidential data,
 2. Manual logged exception very often require to clean backtrace which reduces the boilerplate,
 3. Very often manually logged exception needs to be tracked to Sentry as well,
 4. Manually logged exceptions does not use correlation_id, which makes hard to pin them to request, user and context in which this exception was raised,
 5. Manually logged exceptions often end up across multiple files, which increases burden scraping all logging files.
To avoid duplicating and having consistent behavior the Gitlab::ErrorTracking provides helper methods to track exceptions:
 1. Gitlab::ErrorTracking.track_and_raise_exception: this method logs, sends exception to Sentry (if configured) and re-raises the exception,
 2. Gitlab::ErrorTracking.track_exception: this method only logs and sends exception to Sentry (if configured),
 3. Gitlab::ErrorTracking.log_exception: this method only logs the exception, and DOES NOT send the exception to Sentry,
 4. Gitlab::ErrorTracking.track_and_raise_for_dev_exception: this method logs, sends exception to Sentry (if configured) and re-raises the exception for development and test environments.
It is advised to only use Gitlab::ErrorTracking.track_and_raise_exception and Gitlab::ErrorTracking.track_exception as presented on below examples.
Consider adding additional extra parameters to provide more context for each tracked exception.
class MyService < ::BaseService
 def execute
 rescue => e
 Gitlab::ErrorTracking.track_exception(e, project_id:
 error('Exception occurred')
class MyService < ::BaseService
 def execute
 rescue => e
 Gitlab::ErrorTracking.track_and_raise_exception(e, project_id:
Additional steps with new log files
 1. Consider log retention settings. By default, Omnibus rotates any logs in /var/log/gitlab/gitlab-rails/*.log every hour and keep at most 30 compressed files. On, that setting is only 6 compressed files. These settings should suffice for most users, but you may need to tweak them in Omnibus GitLab.
 2. If you add a new file, submit an issue to the production tracker or a merge request to the gitlab_fluentd project. See this example.
 3. Be sure to update the GitLab CE/EE documentation and the runbooks.


Home » How to Add a Title to Seaborn Plots (With Examples)
How to Add a Title to Seaborn Plots (With Examples)
by Tutor Aspire
To add a title to a single seaborn plot, you can use the .set() function.
For example, here's how to add a title to a boxplot:
sns.boxplot(data=df, x='var1', y='var2').set(title='Title of Plot')
To add an overall title to a seaborn facet plot, you can use the .suptitle() function.
For example, here's how to add an overall title to a relplot:
#define relplot
rel = sns.relplot(data=df, x='var1', y='var2', col='var3')
#add overall title to replot
rel.fig.suptitle('Overall Title')
The following examples show how to use these functions in practice.
Example 1: Add a Title to a Single Seaborn Plot
The following code shows how to add a title to a seaborn boxplot:
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#create fake data
df = pd.DataFrame({'points': [25, 12, 15, 14, 19, 23, 25, 29],
 'assists': [5, 7, 7, 9, 12, 9, 9, 4],
 'team': ['A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'B']})
#create boxplot
sns.boxplot(data=df, x='team', y='points').set(title='Points by Team')
Seaborn boxplot with title
And the following code shows how to add a title to a seaborn scatterplot:
sns.scatterplot(data=df, x='points', y='assists').set(title='Points vs. Assists')
Seaborn scatterplot with title
And the following code shows how to add a title to a seaborn regplot:
sns.regplot(data=df, x='points', y='assists').set(title='Points vs. Assists')
Seaborn regplot with title
Example 2: Add an Overall Title to a Seaborn Face Plot
The following code shows how to add a title to a seaborn facet plot:
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#create fake data
df = pd.DataFrame({'points': [25, 12, 15, 14, 19, 23, 25, 29],
 'assists': [5, 7, 7, 9, 12, 9, 9, 4],
 'team': ['A', 'A', 'A', 'A', 'B', 'B', 'B', 'B']})
#create relplot
rel = sns.relplot(data=df, x='points', y='assists', col='team')
#add overall title
rel.fig.suptitle('Stats by Team')
Seaborn facet plot with title
We can also use the subplots_adjust() argument to move the overall title slightly higher so that it doesn't get in the way of the individual plots:
#create relplot
rel = sns.relplot(data=df, x='points', y='assists', col='team')
#move overall title up
rel.fig.subplots_adjust(top=.8)
#add overall title
rel.fig.suptitle('Stats by Team')
Additional Resources
How to Adjust the Figure Size of a Seaborn Plot
How to Change the Position of a Legend in Seaborn
How to Change Axis Labels on a Seaborn Plot
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Question: What Are Two Lines That Intersect To Form Right Angles Called?
What are opposite angles called?
Another word for opposite angles are vertical angles.
Vertical angles are always congruent, which means that they are equal.
Adjacent angles are angles that come out of the same vertex.
Adjacent angles share a common ray and do not overlap..
When two lines intersect they create a?
Two intersecting lines form a pair of vertical angles. The vertical angles are opposite angles with a common vertex (which is the point of intersection).
When two lines intersect four angles are formed called?
Vertical Angles When two lines intersect, they create four angles. The angles opposite one another are called vertical angles. Vertical angles are equal to each other. Here 1 = 2, and 3 = 4.
When two lines intersect the opposite angles are?
Vertical angles are pair angles formed when two lines intersect. Vertical angles are sometimes referred to as vertically opposite angles because the angles are opposite to each other.
What do you call the lines that never intersect?
In geometry, parallel lines are lines in a plane which do not meet; that is, two straight lines in a plane that do not intersect at any point are said to be parallel. Colloquially, curves that do not touch each other or intersect and keep a fixed minimum distance are said to be parallel.
Is there a symbol for intersecting lines?
Straight lines that cross each other at some point are called intersecting lines. These lines will intersect at one point only over their entire length. There is no symbol to use when naming intersecting lines.
What are two lines in the same plane called?
Two lines, both in the same plane, that never intersect are called parallel lines. Parallel lines remain the same distance apart at all times.
What is the symbol for parallel lines?
Geometric SymbolInterpretation||Parallel⊥PerpendicularCongruentSimilar6 more rows
What are the types of angles in parallel lines?
Angles that are in the area between the parallel lines like angle H and C above are called interior angles whereas the angles that are on the outside of the two parallel lines like D and G are called exterior angles. Angles that are on the opposite sides of the transversal are called alternate angles e.g. H and B.


Diploma display ideas
Graduation day is one of the proudest moments in students' academic careers. Diplomas are symbolic of hours spent honing skills and working on assignments and, ultimately, success in the classroom. High school diplomas represent an opportunity to go on to higher learning or a trade, while college degrees indicate young people are ready to begin their professional lives.
Many graduates are excited about the prospect of receiving their diplomas. Once in hand, the document can be put on display. The following are some unique ways to showcase diplomas at home or at work.
One of the classic ways to display a diploma is in a frame. Many businesses offer customized framing where the frame material and the matting can be chosen. Some grads may want to include a photograph of the school or a picture of the graduate above the diploma. Graduates also may want to select a frame and mat that coordinates with school colors.
Create a shadow box
Consider displaying the diploma with other mementos from school. A shadow box is a large, deep display frame that can house items that are thicker than photographs or papers. Items such as a graduation tassel, medal or other award, a varsity jacket patch, or a program from a school performance or awards ceremony can be placed in the shadow box.
Create a photo wall
Display the diploma among other framed photos from school activities. This can elicit a trip down memory lane every time the wall is viewed. Some families may want to display their diplomas together, especially if multiple family members attended the same school.
Make a work of art
Various online art vendors can turn the diploma into different works of art. For example, engravers can laser engrave the diploma onto a wooden plaque. Then the diploma can be displayed in one location and the wood plaque in another.
Place it under glass
Display the diploma beneath the glass top of a coffee table. When entertaining guests, the diploma can make for a unique conversation piece.
A school diploma is worthy of recognition. There are various creative ways to display these documents that reflect the hard work and success of their recipients.
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text:
No burning before 4 p.m.
Virginia's 4 p.m. Burning Law went into effect Friday, February 15—the start of spring fire season in Virginia. The law prohibits burning before 4 p.m. each day until April 30 if the fire is in, or within 300 feet of, woodland, brushland or fields containing dry grass or other flammable materials.
This law has been on the books since 1950 and has been credited with saving hundreds of thousands of acres from the damages of wildfires. "The 4 p.m. Law is one of the most effective tools we have in the prevention of wildfires," said John Miller, director of resource protection at the Virginia Department of Forestry (VDOF). "By adhering to the law and not burning before 4 p.m., people are less likely to start a fire that threatens them, their property and the forests of Virginia."
Why 4 p.m.? After 4 p.m. the winds calm, the temperature decreases, and the humidity increases—factors that contribute to safer burning conditions.
A violation of the 4 p.m. law is a Class 3 Misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $500, the cost of damages, and the cost of fire suppression efforts.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
What Is the Frost Line in Colorado?
Colorado, known for its stunning landscapes and diverse climate, is a state that experiences harsh winters. One crucial factor to consider when building any structure in Colorado is the frost line. The frost line, also referred to as the freezing depth or frost depth, is the depth at which the ground freezes during the coldest winter temperatures. Understanding the frost line is essential for constructing durable and stable foundations, avoiding costly repairs, and ensuring the safety of structures in this beautiful state.
How Does the Frost Line Affect Construction?
The frost line plays a significant role in construction as it determines how deep foundations and footings need to be to prevent damage from freezing and thawing cycles. If a foundation is not deep enough, the frozen ground can heave and cause structural damage. Knowing the frost line is crucial for builders and homeowners to prevent issues related to soil movement and shifting foundations.
What Is the Average Frost Line in Colorado?
The average frost line in Colorado varies across the state due to its diverse topography and climate. In most areas, the frost line ranges from 36 to 42 inches (91 to 107 cm) deep. However, in some mountainous regions, it can reach depths of up to 60 inches (152 cm). It is important to consult local building codes or professionals to determine the specific frost line depth for a particular location.
Why Does the Frost Line Vary in Different Areas of Colorado?
The frost line depth varies in different areas of Colorado due to several factors, including elevation, temperature variations, and soil conditions. Higher elevations experience colder temperatures, resulting in a deeper frost line. Additionally, certain soil types, such as clay, retain more moisture and freeze at shallower depths compared to sandy or well-drained soils.
How Does the Frost Line Impact Plumbing?
The frost line has a significant impact on plumbing systems in Colorado. Water lines that are not buried below the frost line are susceptible to freezing and bursting, leading to expensive repairs. To prevent this, water lines should be installed below the frost line to ensure they remain unaffected by freezing temperatures.
Do I Need to Consider the Frost Line for Above-Ground Structures?
While the frost line mainly affects foundations, it is still essential to consider it for above-ground structures. Structures such as decks, fences, and retaining walls should be built with a solid foundation below the frost line to prevent shifting or heaving during freeze-thaw cycles. Neglecting to account for the frost line can result in structural instability and potential damage.
How Can I Determine the Frost Line Depth for My Property?
To determine the frost line depth for a specific property in Colorado, it is best to consult local building codes, contact the county's building department, or seek advice from a professional engineer or architect. These professionals have the knowledge and expertise to analyze local conditions and provide accurate information regarding the frost line depth.
How Can I Protect My Structure from Frost Damage?
To protect structures from frost damage, it is crucial to ensure proper foundations and footings are built below the frost line. Additionally, insulating below-ground pipes and using frost-resistant materials can help prevent freezing and bursting. Regular maintenance and inspection of structures can also identify potential issues and allow for early intervention, reducing the risk of frost-related damage.
In conclusion, understanding the frost line in Colorado is essential for any construction project. By considering the frost line depth, builders and homeowners can construct durable and stable foundations, protect plumbing systems, and prevent costly repairs. It is always advisable to consult local building codes and professionals to ensure compliance and make informed decisions when constructing in Colorado's unique climate.


temp table in data source, always evaluated first
 - Note that if you have a calcuated field that is dependant on a parameter in use as a context filter, changing the parameter value will not cause a regeneration of this temp table.

 2. Top and Condition Filters - In the filter dialog for discrete dimension pills (blue pill, non-agg), you have two tabs for Top and Condition. When these are set, they will generate a sub query and join with the data before the where clause is evaluated.

 3. General Filters on Non-Aggregated Pills - This includes pills that are dimensions (blue or green pills, non-agg), ad hoc groups, bins, sets and action filters. These are evaluated in the where clause of the query sent to the underlying data source.
 - Note that your non-aggregateion calcuation formulas will be evaluated before this point, so you could consider it filtering with a IF statement in a formula that will be evaluated before these normal and context filters.

 4. Filters on Aggregated Pills - This includes aggregrations that are a continious measure (green pills, with agg). You cannot place a pill that is a discrete aggregation (blue pills, with agg) on the filter shelf. The work around is to use a calcuated field and hare the test condition performed in an IF statement that returns a number.

 5. Filters on Custom Table Calcuations - All Table calculations will be evaluated before filtering on custom table calcuation pills is applied. Generally this is the latest useful filtering

 6. Other Late Filtering - you can filter on the fields "Latitude (generated)" and "Longitude (generated)" and filtering on them will be applied after table calculations are evalated. Also you can select dimension values in a view and select "Hide" from the right-click context menu. While this Hide operation is not really a filter, it will remove the display of the marks in that dimension value from view after table calcuations have been evaluated.

 7. Pages shelf - I think of the pages shelf like creating a "table shell" that only displays the marks for the current selection. The panes/cells and axis ranges will be bases on all possible page selections. A dimension pill on the pages shelf will be available to table calculations because the pages shelf filtering happens after table calculations are evaluated.

 Additionally of note, you can effectivly filter data inside of the formula of a calcuated field, by using things such logical or User functions, and those will be evaluated depending on your formula, either before context filters, after aggregration, or after table calcuations.

 This is my current understanding, and I welcome your corrections if I am incorrect in any of these points.
 1 of 1 people found this helpful
 - 12. Re: Question on how to create a product velocity calculation
 Jonathan Drummey
 Months later this continues to be a reference I return to. Thanks for all your work on this, Joe!

 One point to add, based on what I found in the course of researching issues on this post: _URL_ The default reference line calculations (the ones you get by adding a Reference Line and using Tableau's default options) appear to occur sometime after 5. Filters on Custom Table Calculations. I found this when I was using a filter based on INDEX() and Tableau was doing the reference line on the post-filtered data. In my case, this was an issue because I wanted the mean and standard deviation calculated at the level of detail, however (based on the filter) Tableau was calculating reference lines based on the reduced data set.
 - 13. Re: Question on how to create a product velocity calculation
 Matt Lutton
 Bump so others may find this reference easily -- it still helps me regularly
 1 2 Previous Next


text:
Plant Creation Wizard
The Plant Creation Wizard can be used to create a new plant
using the appearance of the currently selected plant. This is useful for when
you wish to use an existing plant as a starting point for your own
Note: Due to their complexity, you cannot
currently create custom variations of UltraRes Plants®.
To create a custom plant:
Add the plant that you would like to use to your landscape design. For
instructions, see Adding a Plant.
Modify the color and brightness of the plant as needed. Either adjust the Color and Brightness of the plant, or
edit it using the Realtime
Ensure that the plant is selected.
Click Tools and Plant Creation Wizard.
Click the Next button.
Click the Set File Name button, enter the desired Common Name for
the new plant, and then click the Next button.
Enter the desired information for your plant and then click the Next
button. This information is optional, but it is recommended to accurately enter
the Mature age and Mature height as they affect how the plant is
sized when it is added to your landscape design.
Click the Finish button to complete the wizard.
Your new plant will appear in the Custom category of
the plant library.
you wish to import a 3D plant in 3ds or skp format, use the Model Import Wizard.
Variations of 3D plants can also be added using the Model Creation Wizard.
import a picture of a plant, use the Picture
Custom plants are saved to the following directory:
\Users\user\Documents\Realtime Landscaping Plus version\Custom
is your Windows user name, version is the software version number, and
type is "plant" for 3D plant models, and "plant_picture" for 2D plant
Model Import Wizard
Model Creation Wizard


text:
World Bank Grants 210 Million USD to Develop Ground Water Resources in Ethiopia - ENA English
World Bank Grants 210 Million USD to Develop Ground Water Resources in Ethiopia
Addis Ababa June 7/2014/ENA/ The World Bank has granted 210 million USD to Ethiopia to develop ground water resources in Ethiopia, according to Ministry of Water and Energy.
The grant will be used to develop ground water resources in lowland and arid climate areas reach with ground water resources in the country.
The fund will be utilized to execute projects designed to enhance drinking water, sanitation and irrigation schemes by developing ground water resources.
Ministry of Water and Energy will implement the project over the coming 5 years in partnership with Irrigation and Lowland Ministry.
The project is expected to benefit citizens residing in lowland areas and arid climate.
Officials and experts of Ministry of Water and Energy have today held discussion with the World Bank delegation on the planned project.
It was indicated during the occasion that the grant will be implemented after it is signed with Ministry of Finance and enacted by the House of Peoples' Representative.
The grant is part of the World Bank's project that aims at developing ground water in the East African region with abundant ground water resources.


text:
The purpose of the 'Linking Land Protection & Stewardship' project was to bring together conservation partners in key communities, identify common goals and seek opportunities for enhanced cooperation. The Ontario Farmland Trust along with the Ontario Stewardship and the Ontario Land Trust Alliance began the initiative in early 2012. A web-based survey was designed to gather information about current levels of collaboration among local land conservation groups was first distributed. Additionally, the survey was also intended to help identify challenges and opportunities relating to stewardship and securement of natural heritage and agricultural lands. The survey groups included stakeholders such as land stewardship organizations, land trusts, conservation authorities, municipalities, agricultural groups and farmers. Following the administration of the surveys, OFT co‐hosted six information and networking workshops in six different regions throughout Southern Ontario:
- Prince Edward County
- Perth-Huron Counties
- Niagara Region
- Wellington County
- York Region
- Halton Region
The workshops were intended to bring local conservation groups together to share information about each others' work and brainstorm opportunities for enhanced collaboration. The goal of this one‐year initiative were to:
- – Develop strong working relationships between OFT, stewardship organizations, local land trusts, conservation authorities, municipalities and other environmental and agricultural groups;
- – Enhance the ability of stakeholders to collaborate on common goals related to land securement, stewardship and conservation, and landowner outreach and education;
- – Strengthen awareness of land protection and stewardship options among farmland owneroperators and other rural landowners for agricultural and natural heritage lands.
This project provided a forum for meaningful dialogue between groups that previously lacked opportunities to discuss challenges, overlapping priorities and mutual interests. Workshops also provided a learning opportunity for those working in land protection and stewardship, particularly around the work of the Ontario Farmland Trust, the multitude of land securement tools available to them, and understanding how to build stronger relationships with the farming community.
Workshop participants shared over 100 unique recommendations for new or enhanced cooperation between conservation groups in their local communities. Despite variation in comments between geographic areas, common themes emerged that highlight substantial opportunities for expanded collaboration in the pursuit of common land conservation goals. The project was completed in February 2013.
This project was generously supported by the Ontario Trillium Foundation
(an agency of the Government of Ontario).


text:
How to Structure an SL Business Management Internal Assessment
The SL Business IA is worth 25% of your final mark in SL Business Management class. Conveniently, it's also out of 25 marks, so every point you score on your IA gives you an extra 1% in the course. Here is how to get all of those points.
Your job is to choose an interesting business question and then use 3 to 5 documents (for data) and 3 or 4 course tools (for analysis) to answer it. Your IA can have a maximum of 1500 words.
You'll focus on a single business and then also a certain aspect of that business. You wouldn't, for example, write an IA about the shipping industry (too broad and not a specific business). But you could write about about how Amazon has begun to compete within this market and how this has affected the company.
How the SL IA is different than the HL IA
Let's first make sure you're clear on the differences between the SL and HL Business Management IAs. This will help to keep you from accidentally doing things you don't need to do.
- The SL word count is less and you don't need a Research Proposal section
- All (or almost all) of your data for the SL IA should come from just a few supporting documents that you choose.
- In the HL IA most information comes from primary sources. SL IA information comes entirely (or almost entirely) from secondary sources.
- SL students are limited to using just 3, 4 or 5 main sources. Whereas HL students can use as many as they want. Note that you (SL students) are allowed to use additional sources to fill in small details (to get an additional few facts, or to define a word), but mostly you'll be using your 3-5 main documents (so choose them carefully).
Choosing your documents
Here's what matters when you're choosing your 3 to 5 sources:
- Variety of views. It's important when choosing your documents to represent a variety of different documents that are relevant to the issue you've chosen.
- Variety of types. In addition to different views, also gather information from different types of sources. This will help you look at the topic in different ways and draw on different types of insights. You might use 2 (very different) business articles, an Annual Report (which contains financial data) and an academic paper. Students (especially weaker students) will sometimes rely solely on business articles (i.e. BBC and CNN news stories). However, it's more useful to also look at academic papers, annual reports, company website, available market research or similar documents.
- Something impressive. Try to include at least one source which shows your willingness to work hard and go beyond the minimum requirements. Trade journals and advanced academic papers are good for this.
- Sources which fit your tools. Of course, you'll want to be thinking about the types of analysis you're wanting to do (to answer your question), so keep that in mind as well. In particular try to find at least one source which contains numbers, so you can do some financial analysis.
- All sources are recent. The supporting documents MUST be written within a maximum of three years prior to when you're doing your final exams. So, if you are taking your final IB exams in May 2021, all of your sources should be written later than June 2018.
Videos and audio clips
Many students don't realize you're allowed to use a video or an audio clip, as long as your sources for these are "reputable." Avoid the random youtuber who happens to love Supreme clothes. (Actually, avoid everyone who likes Supreme. That's a good rule.) But a Bloomberg news clip of the same company (also on Youtube) could be just fine. A video produced by the company themselves is also a good source.
If you do use a video or audio file, you'll need to include a document in the appendix that is either a full transcript of the video or at least a clear summary of the main points you used in your IA. This way it's clear to the marker what information was actually in the file, without them needing to access the file (which might not work out for some reason). Also, please make sure to provide very clear referencing of the file (again using MLA _URL_ so we can trace the source)
How to Structure Your SL Business Management IA
- Your Research Question
- Intended Audience (i.e. To Company X)
- The IB Number (Something in the format "abc123" (i.e. fjk932)
- Session (i.e. May 2021)
- IA word count. (Note that if you include an Acknowledgments section, that part isn't included in your word count. More word count tips to come).
- (Also, notice that the student's name, school, candidate number and student number should not be on the cover sheet anymore).
Include (with corresponding page numbers):
- Analysis and Discussion
- Works Cited
Acknowledgments (Not included in the word count)
You're allowed to have an Acknowledgments section, where you thank people like your teacher and anyone else (i.e. a Librarian) who helped you with your IA. It's customary in Business IAs. It's not mandatory though.
Introduction (approx. 150 words)
The IB says they want the introduction to "set the scene".
- State the company name and clearly explain what the company does.
- State and briefly explain your research question.
- Explain why this topic (your research question) is important for the company to understand.
Methodology (approx. 200 words)
Overall this is where you can begin to convince us that you chose your sources thoughtfully and that they give a range of viewpoints/perspectives, which aided your analysis.
- Mention the parts of the course (chapters and tools) that you're going to use to explore the issue and why you chose these. (Watch this YouTube clip if you aren't sure about how to choose your tools, because using the right tools is essential to scoring well in your IA.) Here is detailed advice for members for what to watch out for with each of the most popular course tools. (You can join here).
- Explain some of the sources of information you used and why you chose them (i.e. what data they provided).
- Explain how valid and reliable your data collection was. We actually want to see you noting some potential weaknesses here. For example, how there may have been room for bias or a limited scope to your research.
- Mention at least one change made to your IA approach (i.e. a change of tool, source, or question) as the work progressed. Ideally there would be several.
Analysis and discussion (approx. 900 words)
This is the section where you'll do your analysis. Use the JAM structure, using one of the analytical techniques of the course. Use 3 or 4 techniques for analyzing. Give yourself around 300 words per tool, if you're using 3 tools.
If you haven't watched this yet, here is my YouTube video on choosing your tools.
In your mini-conclusions, make sure to explore what insights and themes emerge from your analysis of that tool. And try to do some synthesis as you go --linking the insights of this tool with the insights of the tools that have preceded it. Make it really clear how the insights of your tool have been helpful (or not) in answering your research question.
As you write, comment on the reliability of your sources. You will get points (in Criterion E) for these insights. If you happen to also take History, this is similar to OPVL
A few more tips that will make your Analysis work better:
- Don't rely too much on just one or two documents.
- Of course make sure you've cited all of the facts. The majority of these will come from your 3 to 5 documents, but you should cite all of your sources using standard MLA formatting, even though you've put a copies of all of your documents the Appendix.
- Include a clear justification of the use of the theory (how it will help answer the RQ),
- Include as much of your information as possible within the tools (rather than in paragraph form).
- Make sure your mini-conclusions are linked to the research question.
- Try to include at least one financial tool. If you do, it should go after your qualitative tools. In general we like to see qualitative tools (such as SWOT and PEST) come before the quantitative ones (like ratio analysis and decision trees). Partly this is because the qualitative tools set the scene and provide context for the financials. Also it's just conventional in this course.
- As much as possible, try to use key words from the course in the main body. (Here are some words you can use). This will help you with Criterion F.
- Make sure that you've used data from all of your sources in your tools.
Conclusion (Approx. 250 words)
- The conclusion should not introduce facts or arguments that have not been discussed previously, in the JAM sections of your analysis.
- Make sure the conclusions are well supported by your analysis.
- Don't hold your best insights for the conclusion. Instead try to include them in an earlier analysis part (and mini-conclusions) and then (in your big conclusion) synthesize them with other parts of your analysis to make more nuanced/interesting points.
- Make sure you've included a clear answer to your question.
- Try to include some "evaluative insights". For example, consider the pros and cons, short-term vs long-term effects,


text:
Mishal Saeed al-Shahrani has joined NASA's research team to become the first Saudi engineer at the space agency.
Shahrani is working on a project in the field of microgravity. He and his team earned the best proposition among other participants who hoped to join this project.
Speaking to Okaz Saudi newspaper, Shahrani explained that the project they are working involves designing a device that can stop the force of gravity (zero gravity environment) for a period exceeding 21 days.
This would help engineers and scientists in biological engineering to intricately analyze organic samples under a weak force of gravity, he added.
According to Shahrani, the device will be sent to space to compare results achieved on earth. The project is in its final stages and will be delivered at the end of this year, he said.
Prior to joining NASA, Shahrani was a mechanical engineer working for Saudi Aramco. He is currently studying at San Jose State University which is considered one of the top universities in engineering in the world.
- Here's how NASA is allowing you to send your name to Mars
- Record-breaking NASA astronaut coming back to Earth
- Nine-year-old boy applies to become NASA's next 'guardian of the galaxy'
- You can become the next guardian of the galaxy at NASA
- NASA names one of its asteroids after young Saudi female researcher


Dental Periosteal Elevators: Surgical Instruments for Teeth Cleaning
Dental periosteal elevators are surgical instruments that are used to remove tissue from around teeth. They have a sharp blade at one end that is used to cut the tissue and a blunt end that is used to push the tissue aside. There are several different types of periosteal elevators, each of which has a different shape and size. Dentists use periosteal elevators to remove calculus, plaque, and other dental debris from around teeth. Periosteal elevators are also used to prepare teeth for root canal therapy and other dental procedures.
Dental Periosteal Elevator is a precision instrument used to surgically remove excess bone or other material from around teeth. The thin, curved blade is inserted between the tooth and gum tissue, allowing the surgeon to gently pry the tissue away from the tooth. The Elevator is also useful for removing ligaments or other soft tissues from around teeth.
Benefits of Using Dental Periosteal Elevator
Some of the benefits of using the periosteal elevator include:
 - Ability to remove soft tissue and bone from around teeth quickly and easily.
 - Can be used to loosen teeth for removal.
 - Safe to use with minimal risk of injury or damage.
 - It provides better visualization of the underlying bone structure, which can be helpful in assessing damage or planning surgery.
 - Periosteal Elevators are designed to provide optimal comfort and control to the user. They are also ergonomically designed with a slim profile that fits easily into the hand, making them easier to use.
 - It helps to loosen and separate the periosteum from the bone, making it easier to cut or remove.
 - It can reduce trauma and damage to the surrounding tissue.
What does Dental Periosteal Elevator do?
A dental periosteal elevator is a surgical instrument used to separate the tissues that attach the tooth to the bone. It is also commonly used to remove impacted wisdom teeth. The elevator has a curved blade with a sharp edge that is inserted into the tissue between the tooth and the bone. The blade is then lifted upward, separating the tissue from the tooth and bone.
How to use a Dental Periosteal Elevator?
A dental periosteal elevator is a tool used by dentists to pry open the gum tissues surrounding the teeth. It is inserted into the space between the gum and tooth and then gently twisted in a back-and-forth motion in order to separate the two tissues.
The periosteal elevator is especially useful for removing calculus (tartar) from around the teeth, as well as for performing root canals. It is important to be careful when using this tool, however, as it can easily damage the gum tissue if used too aggressively.
When to use a Dental Periosteal Elevator?
A dental periosteal elevator is typically used to remove the periosteum (a thin membrane of fibrous connective tissue that covers bone) from a bone. This can be useful when attempting to access the bone surface for drilling or placement of a dental implant.
The periosteum can also be detached with a scalpel, but using a periosteal elevator is thought to be less traumatic and cause less damage to the surrounding tissue. When looking for a dental periosteal elevator, it's important to make sure that the blade is at a right angle to the shaft so that it can smoothly cut through the periosteum.
Precautions when using a Dental Periosteal Elevator
A dental periosteal elevator is a delicate instrument and, if used improperly, may cause damage to the tissues. Some general precautions to take when using this tool include:
 - Make sure the beveled end of the elevator is pointing towards the tooth being lifted.
 - Applying pressure gradually and evenly to the surface of the tooth being lifted.
 - Avoiding sudden jerking motions.
 - Not using excessive force when elevating a tooth.
Review
This dental periosteal elevator is perfect for elevating the periosteum during extractions. It is easy to use and very effective. The sharp blade makes it easy to get under the periosteum, and the comfortable grip ensures a steady hand.
Want to buy now? This is the perfect opportunity for you! Get an exclusive discount that won't be here long.
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Google+ Sign-In Localisation
Had a couple of questions recently about Google+ Sign-In in different languages. While its rather common to want to use custom graphics instead of the supplied sign-in button, one of the nice benefits of using the supplied buttons on Android, iOS and the web is that they automatically adapt to the language of the user. Pretty much this post could end there, but there are a few interesting edge cases that are worth mentioning.
Javascript
On the web the Javascript Google+ buttons will attempt to choose the language based on the browser settings. This should be (mostly) fine, but if you have a specific user setting for language you can output some configuration to force the language for all buttons (including the sign-in, +1 and so on).
These kind of global parameters are generally configured in the ___gfg property of the window, which the Google Javascript API checks when it loads. You'll need to put the following before (or in the same script tag where you load the Javascript:
Which looks like this (assuming your browser language wasn't already set to arabic, in which case there will be no change!):
Android
On Android, the language is chosen by the Locale, which you can force by updating the Configuration.locale parameter (h/t to +Lee Denison for this):
All of the strings for the translation are actually part of the resources supplied with the client library (as mentioned in the docs), which means you can actually retrieve the text directly if you'd like. This gives you the ability to have a custom button, and still pick up the localised text. There are entries for the wide and short versions of the button, for example:
iOS
On iOS, its important to make sure that your app is configured for the languages you support. In the project settings, make sure you have added each language your app supports:
In general, its a bit of a pain to force the language on iOS - you could update the UserDefaults configuration, but you'll generally need to do that very early in the execution for it to work. The easiest way during testing is just to change your language in the Settings on your device or simulator. However, if you are creating your own button and just want to get the string, that's a bit easier, using the GooglePlusPlatform bundle. Note that this isn't an official part of the API, so the name or the translation string could always change - make sure to test when upgrading between SDK versions!
It is a bit easier to hint the language to be used in the consent screen, using the [GPPSignIn sharedInstance].language property - you can pass language code there, e.g "es", or "en-US".
One additional thing you might notice though is that different languages actually cause the button to render at slightly different sizes. Particularly if you're not using constraint based layouts, this could cause some unexpected results.
There is actually a bit of help in the comments of the header, where you are given the maximum dimensions for each variant of the button:
// kGPPSignInButtonStyleStandard: 226 x 48
// kGPPSignInButtonStyleWide: 308 x 48
// kGPPSignInButtonStyleIconOnly: 46 x 48 (no text, fixed size)
Make sure your app accounts for these, or inspect the frame size of the GPPSignInButton after setting the style, and you shouldn't have a problem.
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Find file structure APIedit
This functionality is in technical preview and may be changed or removed in a future release. Elastic will apply best effort to fix any issues, but features in technical preview are not subject to the support SLA of official GA features.
Finds the structure of a text file. The text file must contain data that is suitable to be ingested into Elasticsearch.
Requestedit
POST _ml/find_file_structure
Prerequisitesedit
 - If the Elasticsearch security features are enabled, you must have monitor_ml or monitor cluster privileges to use this API. See Security privileges.
Descriptionedit
This API provides a starting point for ingesting data into Elasticsearch in a format that is suitable for subsequent use with other machine learning functionality.
Unlike other Elasticsearch endpoints, the data that is posted to this endpoint does not need to be UTF-8 encoded and in JSON format. It must, however, be text; binary file formats are not currently supported.
The response from the API contains:
 - A couple of messages from the beginning of the file.
 - Statistics that reveal the most common values for all fields detected within the file and basic numeric statistics for numeric fields.
 - Information about the structure of the file, which is useful when you write ingest configurations to index the file contents.
 - Appropriate mappings for an Elasticsearch index, which you could use to ingest the file contents.
All this information can be calculated by the structure finder with no guidance. However, you can optionally override some of the decisions about the file structure by specifying one or more query parameters.
Details of the output can be seen in the examples.
If the structure finder produces unexpected results for a particular file, specify the explain query parameter. It causes an explanation to appear in the response, which should help in determining why the returned structure was chosen.
Query parametersedit
charset
(Optional, string) The file's character set. It must be a character set that is supported by the JVM that Elasticsearch uses. For example, UTF-8, UTF-16LE, windows-1252, or EUC-JP. If this parameter is not specified, the structure finder chooses an appropriate character set.
column_names
(Optional, string) If you have set format to delimited, you can specify the column names in a comma-separated list. If this parameter is not specified, the structure finder uses the column names from the header row of the file. If the file does not have a header role, columns are named "column1", "column2", "column3", etc.
delimiter
(Optional, string) If you have set format to delimited, you can specify the character used to delimit the values in each row. Only a single character is supported; the delimiter cannot have multiple characters. If this parameter is not specified, the structure finder considers the following possibilities: comma, tab, semi-colon, and pipe (|).
explain
(Optional, boolean) If this parameter is set to true, the response includes a field named explanation, which is an array of strings that indicate how the structure finder produced its result. The default value is false.
format
(Optional, string) The high level structure of the file. Valid values are ndjson, xml, delimited, and semi_structured_text. If this parameter is not specified, the structure finder chooses one.
grok_pattern
(Optional, string) If you have set format to semi_structured_text, you can specify a Grok pattern that is used to extract fields from every message in the file. The name of the timestamp field in the Grok pattern must match what is specified in the timestamp_field parameter. If that parameter is not specified, the name of the timestamp field in the Grok pattern must match "timestamp". If grok_pattern is not specified, the structure finder creates a Grok pattern.
has_header_row
(Optional, boolean) If you have set format to delimited, you can use this parameter to indicate whether the column names are in the first row of the file. If this parameter is not specified, the structure finder guesses based on the similarity of the first row of the file to other rows.
line_merge_size_limit
(Optional, unsigned integer) The maximum number of characters in a message when lines are merged to form messages while analyzing semi-structured files. The default is 10000. If you have extremely long messages you may need to increase this, but be aware that this may lead to very long processing times if the way to group lines into messages is misdetected.
lines_to_sample
(Optional, unsigned integer) The number of lines to include in the structural analysis, starting from the beginning of the file. The minimum is 2; the default is 1000. If the value of this parameter is greater than the number of lines in the file, the analysis proceeds (as long as there are at least two lines in the file) for all of the lines.
The number of lines and the variation of the lines affects the speed of the analysis. For example, if you upload a log file where the first 1000 lines are all variations on the same message, the analysis will find more commonality than would be seen with a bigger sample. If possible, however, it is more efficient to upload a sample file with more variety in the first 1000 lines than to request analysis of 100000 lines to achieve some variety.
quote
(Optional, string) If you have set format to delimited, you can specify the character used to quote the values in each row if they contain newlines or the delimiter character. Only a single character is supported. If this parameter is not specified, the default value is a double quote ("). If your delimited file format does not use quoting, a workaround is to set this argument to a character that does not appear anywhere in the sample.
should_trim_fields
(Optional, boolean) If you have set format to delimited, you can specify whether values between delimiters should have whitespace trimmed from them. If this parameter is not specified and the delimiter is pipe (|), the default value is true. Otherwise, the default value is false.
timeout
(Optional, time units) Sets the maximum amount of time that the structure analysis make take. If the analysis is still running when the timeout expires then it will be aborted. The default value is 25 seconds.
timestamp_field
(Optional, string) The name of the field that contains the primary timestamp of each record in the file. In particular, if the file were ingested into an index, this is the field that would be used to populate the @timestamp field.
If the format is semi_structured_text, this field must match the name of the appropriate extraction in the grok_pattern. Therefore, for semi-structured file formats, it is best not to specify this parameter unless grok_pattern is also specified.
For structured file formats, if you specify this parameter, the field must exist within the file.
If this parameter is not specified, the structure finder makes a decision about which field (if any) is the primary timestamp field. For structured file formats, it is not compulsory to have a timestamp in the file.
timestamp_format
(Optional, string) The Java time format of the timestamp field in the file.
Only a subset of Java time format letter groups are supported:
 - a
 - d
 - dd
 - EEE
 - EEEE
 - H
 - HH
 - h
 - M
 - MM
 - MMM
 - MMMM
 - mm
 - ss
 - XX
 - XXX
 - yy
 - yyyy
 - zzz
Additionally S letter groups (fractional seconds) of length one to nine are supported providing they occur after ss and separated from the ss by a ., , or :. Spacing and punctuation is also permitted with the exception of ?, newline and carriage return, together with literal text enclosed in single quotes. For example, MM/dd HH.mm.ss,SSSSSS 'in' yyyy is a valid override format.
One valuable use case for this parameter is when the format is semi-structured text, there are multiple timestamp formats in the file, and you know which format corresponds to the primary timestamp, but you do not want to specify the full grok_pattern. Another is when the timestamp format is one that the structure finder does not consider by default.
If this parameter is not specified, the structure finder chooses the best format from a built-in set.
The following table provides the appropriate timeformat values for some example timestamps:
Timeformat Presentation
yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ssZ
2019-04-20 13:15:22+0000
EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss Z
Sat, 20 Apr 2019 13:15:22 +0000
dd.MM.yy HH:mm:ss.SSS
20.04.19 13:15:22.285
See the Java date/time format documentation for more information about date and time format syntax.
Request bodyedit
The text file that you want to analyze. It must contain data that is suitable to be ingested into Elasticsearch. It does not need to be in JSON format and it does


Driver's Education for the Self-Driving Database
With Oracle Autonomous Database, DBAs can avoid the mundane, embrace strategy, and schedule those meetings.
By Tom Haunert
February 12, 2018
If DBAs are the drivers of databases, what happens to DBA responsibilities on a self-driving database?
Oracle Magazine sat down with Maria Colgan, master product manager for Oracle Database, to talk about how Oracle Autonomous Database will change the role of the DBA and how the DBA will in turn improve business processes and application development.
Oracle Magazine: At the highest level, what is Oracle Autonomous Database?
Colgan: Oracle Autonomous Database combines the flexibility of the cloud with the power of machine learning to deliver data management as a service.
It will allow businesses to safely run their mission-critical database workloads on the most secure, most available, and most performant platform—Oracle Database 18c on Oracle Exadata.
Beyond Oracle Database 18c and Oracle Exadata, Oracle Autonomous Database includes machine learning and other features (or "secret sauce," if you will) to deliver this high level of service. Oracle Autonomous Database customers will simply define the service level they need and Oracle Autonomous Database will make it happen.
Oracle Magazine: How does Oracle Autonomous Database affect the role of the DBA?
Colgan: If you look at what a DBA does today, you can probably divide the tasks into two buckets: generic database and infrastructure tasks would be in one bucket and the other bucket would be more application-focused or business-focused tasks.
With the transition to Oracle Autonomous Database, the generic database and infrastructure tasks go away, because the cloud provider—Oracle—is going to take care of them. These tasks include provisioning new database systems, upgrading or patching existing databases, and making backups.
Biz2Credit 1
With Oracle Autonomous Database, applicationand business-focused DBA activities do not go away, says Maria Colgan, master product manager for Oracle Database.
Those tasks are going to go away because DBAs are simply going to select the service levels they want, and Oracle Autonomous Database will take care of it for them. But that doesn't mean the other DBA activities—the applicationand business-focused activities in that second bucket—go away.
Anything that's business-driven or application-focused is still in the hands of the DBA. These areas tend to be the ones that fall off the DBA's plate right now when DBAs focus on those more generic database and infrastructure tasks. Removing those tasks allows the rest of the DBA's world to expand.
Oracle Magazine: What kind of new or different opportunities does the self-driving database offer to DBAs?
Colgan: Oracle Autonomous Database gives DBAs an opportunity to really spread their wings and learn some new skills.
For example, we believe that DBAs working with Oracle Autonomous Database are going to become more involved with their development teams and work hand in hand with them, as well as with the business, to execute more projects, reduce backlogs, and get more value from their company's data. The DBA role will transform to include defining things such as the data model, optimizing data access, and improving end user experience. DBAs can help developers use the features that are included with Oracle Autonomous Database so that the developers can make the best use of the database technology and get their projects up and running much faster.
DBAs who are not currently experts in data modeling, security, data lifecycle management, or application tuning will have an opportunity to move into those areas.
Oracle Magazine: What can DBAs who want to plan for what's next in the autonomous database world do now?
Colgan: One of the things I'm always telling DBAs is that you need to get familiar with the features and functionality in the latest versions of Oracle Database and how to use them, and that's still the case with Oracle Autonomous Database.
DBAs need to start educating themselves on the areas I mentioned, including security, performance tuning, data modeling, and architecting a full solution with a development team. These are areas they may not currently operate in, but they're going to have to grow into them.
And when it comes to which database service a company needs, the business and the developers are going to look to the DBA to know that. Do you really need Oracle Autonomous Database based on your latest requirements? Sometimes the answer may actually be no, and a service such as Oracle Exadata Express Cloud Service might be sufficient.
As far as working with developers, DBAs should get ready to be the advocates for the features, functionality, and technology that are in the database that can improve the agility of development teams so that developers are not spending months and years reinventing the wheel in their application code.
Next Steps
LEARN more about Oracle Autonomous Database.
WATCH Oracle Autonomous Database: The Role of the DBA.
TRY Oracle Database Cloud services.
Photography by Bob Adler/The Verbatim Agency


While many of us either take it for granted or don't give it a second thought, ice matters — especially in cocktails. It influences the concentration, flavor, and temperature of our mixed drinks. The large, clear cubes that are commonplace at craft cocktail bars and on Instagram represent the pinnacle of frozen water. Lots of bartenders spend hours making ice to produce not just the best-looking drinks, but the best-quality cocktails they can. The process is surprisingly simple, if time-consuming, and can easily be adapted at home.
Before the how, though, here's why: Large ice melts at a slower rate than standard cubes popped from a tray or dispensed by a fridge, meaning less dilution. This, in turn, keeps cocktails cooler for longer. When frozen in large blocks, ice can also be carved into specific shapes and customized with individual glassware and drinks in mind. For example, in the case of the Whiskey Highball, singular ice spears not only keep the drink refreshingly chilled but help to maintain the cocktail's fizz.
Although pre-made silicone molds designed specifically to freeze large cubes exist, anyone who owns one will know the ice never turns out crystal clear. Beyond aesthetics, there are solid reasons for putting in the extra effort to make clear ice. The process works as a form of filtration, pushing out the cloudy mass of solid impurities and trapped air that typically forms in the center of standard cubes.
Clear Ice 101
The method for making clear ice relies on "directional freezing," a technique first popularized by drinks writer Camper English in 2009 on his blog, Alcademics. There, English has created something of a shrine to the process of clarifying frozen H2O, with numerous explainer articles and experiments devoted to topics such as "Distilled vs. Tap Water" and "Melting and refreezing water."
English explains that conventional ice trays form cubes with a cloudy center because the water is being frozen at the same rate on all six surfaces. This pushes water's trapped air and impurities into the center of the cube where they are frozen solid. (If you have some ice cubes on hand, you'll note that the edges for each appear clear.) His method for making clear ice works instead by slowing the rate of cooling on five out of the six sides of the cube, using an insulated container such as a picnic cooler.
By leaving one side (the top) exposed, the water freezes down vertically, pushing the cloudiness to the bottom of the container. If allowed to freeze solid, the bottom quarter or third of the block of ice will end up cloudy. But if the cooler and cube are removed from the freezer beforehand, the impurities will remain unfrozen in the still-liquid portion, while the frozen ice will be crystal clear.
What You Need to Make Clear Ice
English's directional freezing method requires little more than an insulated picnic cooler, but there are certain factors to consider if you're going to buy one new, as well as fancy tools to facilitate the process.
First and foremost, you'll want to make sure the cooler will fit in your freezer. As a rough guide, a 5-quart cooler, which tends to be the smallest available, yields more than half a dozen 2-by-2-inch cubes.
Another factor to check prior to purchasing is whether the cooler contains a removable lid. Those that don't will take up more space in the freezer as the process relies on the water being left uncovered, and may even prevent the ice from being removed, as one unlucky member of the r/clearice subReddit discovered.
Otherwise, all that's needed are the tools to cut and shape the large block into smaller pieces. Sophisticated solutions abound on professional bar supply websites, including picks, chippers, chisels, and saws. But it's easy to get by with just a large cutting board, some clean dish towels, a serrated knife, and a wooden mallet or hammer.
How to Make Clear Ice
Start by filling your cooler with water and place it inside the freezer with the lid removed. Filtered water will subtly improve things on the flavor front, but won't impact the clarity of the final ice. The popular idea that boiling water prior to freezing also has little to no impact on the final clarity.
After 24 hours, or once the majority of the water appears to have frozen, remove the cooler and leave it out on a countertop at room temperature. If the bottom section of the ice appears cloudy at this point, all the water has likely frozen solid. This doesn't mean you have to start the process again, but will require some extra steps later down the line.
In the meantime, set up a workstation for breaking down the ice into smaller cubes. Line a large cutting board with a clean kitchen towel, and have the serrated knife and mallet on hand nearby. If possible, work over or next to a sink as things are about to get wet.
When it seems like the ice has become unstuck from the sides of the cooler (around five minutes), turn it over onto the towel and chopping board. The block should release easily, and if the mass hasn't frozen completely solid, will be followed by some water. Tidy up any protruding edges or shards using the mallet, leaving a solid, clear block of ice.
Now it's time to break it down into smaller pieces. Measure the diameter of your rocks or Highball glass, and subtract a few millimeters to arrive at the perfect width for your cubes or rectangular prisms. Cut slowly into the ice with the serrated knife and when the incision is at least 1 centimeter deep, tap down on the top of the blade using the hammer. Inserting a food-safe stainless steel chisel instead of a knife admittedly makes this process easier, but either way, a few firm knocks will do the job.
This step should then be repeated until all the ice has been processed into your desired shapes. In cases where the entire block froze in the cooler, the cloudy mass (now) on the top side of the upturned ice will need to be removed. Rather than throwing this section away, keep it in the freezer and use it to stir or shake cocktails. And always store all your ice in resealable plastic bags or containers to ensure cubes don't pick up food odors from their surroundings.
Finally, when the time comes to serve a drink with your clear ice, remove it from the freezer and allow it to temper for a minute or two before mixing. This extra step helps to avoid any cracking, which can occur when the ice comes into contact with liquids because of the temperature differences. Then enjoy the fruits of your labor, making sure to marvel at your perfectly clear cube of ice until it's gone.


Here is a second tip for debugging that requires a slight.h file change. If you have the VSIP SDK installed and you need advanced assert help, use VSASSERT. VSASSERT is a nifty utility that is installed with the VSIP SDK that will put up an assert message. The advantage of this assert technology over the CRT or ATL's assert is that you can hide all the VS asserts for that instance of VS, selectively choose to hide a particular assert, copy the assert text to the clipboard, break into the debugger at the line of the offending assert, etc. To use this assert, you need to _TAG_ the file vsassert.h into your code, and then for the debug build of your code link to vsassert.lib. Then, rather than using VC's assert mechanism, you use VS's like so:
VSASSERT(false, "This is a failed assert.");
Even though the assert ships with the VSIP SDK, your code does not need to be VSIP related to use VSASSERT, the code can be a VSIP package, an Add-in, or even code that is not related to VS, you just need to be using C++.
Now to the problem: To use VSASSERT, you will need to change a header file to get everything to work. If you were to compile anything that _TAG_ vsassert.h, you will get the following error message:
c:\Program Files\VSIP 7.1\EnvSDK\common\inc\vsassert.h(249): fatal error C1017: invalid integer constant expression
You can fix this by opening vsassert.h, and on line 249 change the text from:
 _TAG_ DEBUG
 _TAG_ _DEBUG
This simple change will fix up the problem, and you can start using a much better assert tool. (And yes, there is a bug tracking this to have somebody fix it)


BRJ Alpha Creation Enterprise Biofuel Research Journal 2292-8782 Alpha Creation Enterprise 150967 10.18331/BRJ2022.9.3.4 Review Paper Oxidative torrefaction and torrefaction-based biorefining of biomass: a critical review Devaraja Udya Madhavi Aravindi 1 Dissanayake Chamini Lakshika Wickramarathna 1 Gunarathne Duleeka Sandamali 1 Chen Wei-Hsin 2 3 4 4 Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, 10400, Sri Lanka. Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan. Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan. Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan. 01 09 2022 9 3 _PHONE_ 08 03 2022 12 08 2022 2022 _URL_
Torrefaction is a vital pretreatment technology for thermochemical biorefinery applications like pyrolysis, gasification, and liquefaction. Oxidative torrefaction, an economical version of torrefaction, has recently gained much attention in the renewable energy field. Recent literature on inert and oxidative torrefaction was critically reviewed in this work to provide necessary guidance for future research and commercial implementations. The critical performance parameters of torrefaction for thermochemical biorefinery applications, such as solid yield, energy yield, carbon enhancement, higher heating value (HHV) enhancement, and energy-mass co-benefit index (EMCI), were also analyzed. Agricultural waste, woody biomass, and microalgae were considered. The analysis reveals that woody biomass could equally benefit from oxidative or inert torrefaction. In contrast, inert torrefaction was found more suitable for agricultural wastes and microalgae. Using flue gas as the oxidative torrefaction medium and waste biomass as the feedstock could achieve a circular economy, improving the sustainability of oxidative torrefaction for thermochemical biorefineries. The significant challenges in oxidative torrefaction include high ash content in torrefied agricultural waste, the oxidative thermal runaway of fibrous biomass during torrefaction, temperature control, and scale-up in reactors. Some proposed solutions to address these challenges are combined washing and torrefaction pretreatment, balancing oxygen content, temperature, and residence time, depending on the biomass type, and recirculating torrefaction gases.
Oxidative torrefaction Inert torrefaction Biochar Sustainability thermochemical Biorefineries Circular Economy
Abdulyekeen, K.A., Umar, A.A., Patah, M.F.A., Daud, W.M.A.W., 2021. Torrefaction of biomass: production of enhanced solid biofuel from municipal solid waste and other types of biomass. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 150, 111436. Abelha, P., Mourão Vilela, C., Nanou, P., Carbo, M., Janssen, A., Leiser, S., 2019. Combustion improvements of upgraded biomass by washing and torrefaction. Fuel. 253, _PHONE_. Acharya, B., Pradhan, R.R., Dutta, A. 2015. Qualitative and kinetic analysis of torrefaction of lignocellulosic biomass using DSC-TGA-FTIR. AIMS Energy. 3(4), 760-773. Adnan, M.A., Fuad, M.A.H.M., Hasan, M.F., 2017. Oxidative torrefaction for pulverized palm biomass using air. J. Teknol. 79(7-4). Álvarez, A., Migoya, S., Menéndez, R., Gutiérrez, G., Pizarro, C., and Bueno, J.L., 2021. Torrefaction of short rotation coppice willow. characterization, hydrophobicity assessment and kinetics of the process. Fuel. 295, 120601. Atienza-Martínez, M., Fonts, I., ábrego, J., Ceamanos, J., Gea, G., 2013. Sewage sludge torrefaction in a fluidized bed reactor. Chem. Eng. J. 222, 534-545. Bach, Q.V., Chen, W.H., Lin, S.C., Sheen, H.K., Chang, J.S., 2016. Wet torrefaction of microalga Chlorella vulgaris ESP-31 with microwave- assisted heating. Energy Convers. Manage. 141, 163-170. Balagurumurthy, B., Singh, R., Ohri, P., Prakash, A., Bhaskar, T., 2015. Chapter 6-Thermochemical biorefinery. Recent Adv. Thermochem. Convers. Biomass. 157-174. Balat, M., 2008. Mechanisms of thermochemical biomass conversion processes. Part 1: reactions of pyrolysis. Energy Sources A: Recovery Util. Environ. Eff. 620-635. Barskov, S., Zappi, M., Buchireddy, P., Dufreche, S., Guillory, J., Gang, D., Hernandez, R., Bajpai, R., Baudier, J., Cooper, R., Sharp, R., 2019. Torrefaction of biomass: a review of production methods for biocoal from cultured and waste lignocellulosic feedstocks. Renewable Energy. 142, 624-642. Boateng, A.A., Mullen, C.A., 2013. Fast pyrolysis of biomass thermally pretreated by torrefaction. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis. 100, 95-102. Brachi, P., Chirone, R., Miccio, M., Ruoppolo, G., 2019. Fluidized bed torrefaction of biomass pellets: a comparison between oxidative and inert atmosphere. Powder Technol. 357, 97-107. Cahyanti, M.N., Doddapaneni, T.R.K.C., Kikas, T., 2020. Biomass torrefaction: an overview on process parameters, economic and environmental aspects and recent advancements. Technol. 301, 122737. Cen, K., Chen, D., Wang, J., Cai, Y., Wang, L., 2016. Effects of water washing and torrefaction pretreatments on corn stalk pyrolysis: combined study using TG-FTIR and a fixed bed reactor. Energy Fuels. 30(12), 10627-10634. Cheah, W.Y., Sankaran, R., Show, P.L., Ibrahim, T.N.B.T., Chew, K.W., Culaba, A., Jo-Shu, C., 2020. Pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic biofuels production: Current advances, challenges and future prospects. Biofuel Res. J. 7(1), _PHONE_. Chen, W.H., Lu, K.M., Liu, S.H., Tsai, C.M., Lee, W.J., Lin, T.C., 2013. Biomass torrefaction characteristics in inert and oxidative atmospheres at various superficial velocities. Bioresour. Technol. 146, 152-160. Chen, W.H., Lu, K.M., Lee, W.J., Liu, S.H., Lin, T.C., 2014a. Non-oxidative and oxidative torrefaction characterization and SEM observations of fibrous and ligneous biomass. Appl. Energy. 114, 104-113. Chen, Y., Liu, B., Yang, H., Yang, Q., Chen, H., 2014b. Evolution of functional groups and pore structure during cotton and corn stalks torrefaction and its correlation with hydrophobicity. Fuel. 137, 41-49. Chen, W.H., Peng, J., Bi, X.T., 2015. A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densi fi cation and applications. Renew. Sust. Energy Rev. 44, 847-866. Chen, W.H., Zhuang, Y.Q., Liu, S.H., Juang, T.T., Tsai, C.M., 2016a. Product characteristics from the torrefaction of oil palm fiber pellets in inert and oxidative atmospheres. Bioresour. Technol. 199, 367-374. Chen, Y., Cao, W., Atreya, A., 2016


text: Copper trimesate (Cu-BTC) MOF has been pointed out as a promising adsorbent for separating carbon dioxide from methane. However, MOF's need to be shaped prior to their use in packed bed adsorbers in order to reduce pressure drop; on the other hand, the production of mechanically resistant shaped bodies reduces their adsorption performance. In this work, Cu-BTC tablets provided by BASF are evaluated to perform CO2/CH4 separation through adsorption. The adsorption capacity of pure carbon dioxide from methane was measured in a magnetic suspension balance between temperatures of 308 and 373 K up to a pressure of 700 kPa. The evaluated material presents higher adsorption capacity than previously studied shaped samples with a carbon dioxide and methane adsorption capacity up to 3.07 and 0.63 mol/kg at 100 kPa and 308 K respectively. Moreover, the experimental data were fitted with the Langmuir model. Isosteric heats of adsorption were obtained to be 22.8 and 15.1 kJ/mol for CO2 and CH4 on Cu-BTC tablets respectively, which indicates a strong adsorption of carbon dioxide on these adsorbents. Also, single and binary breakthrough curves were measured in the same temperature range and atmospheric pressure by using Cu-BTC tablets as the adsorbent. The preferential adsorption capacity of CO2 on nanoporous copper trimesate (Cu-BTC) indicates that this material can be used for methane purification from natural gas.


FIG Foundation - Building a Sustainable Future
FIG Foundation Grant for Young Surveyors' educational and training activities
The FIG Foundation may contribute a maximum of 5000 euro's to support travel and accommodation costs for young surveyors to participate in surveying (See the FIG Definition of the Functions of a Surveyor education or training activities. Funded events are likely to be part of a Commission's Working Plan or part of the activities associated with a FIG Working Week/Conference.
Young surveyors are those as defined by the FIG Young Surveyors Network. Preference will be given to young surveyors from countries listed by the World Bank as a low-income, lower-middle or upper-middle income economy.
The application and post grant reporting procedure should be as follows:
 1. The grant covers travel and accommodation costs. Registration costs are excluded. These shall be covered by the event organisers or through other funding sources.
 2. The application may be prepared and submitted by the organisers of the activity / event. If the event is tied to or part a Commission's activities, the Commission Chair shall co-sign the application.
 3. The application shall be submitted to the FIG Foundation at least 90 days before the activity.
 4. The application shall be structured as follows:
 1. A description of the Commission (s) involved / FIG Working Week / Conference,
 2. A description of the activity,
 3. The benefits to the young surveyors who are intending to participate in the activity / event,
 4. The benefit to FIG of the young surveyors participation,
 5. The selection procedure of potential participants (e.g. education levels),
 6. A description of how the grant will be managed,
 7. Intended dedication of the grant,
 8. Other sources of funds.
 9. A budget and a justification for the budget. If airfares are part of the budget, applicants should do a search of fares for travel from different possible locations.
 6. Within 60 days after the activity, the organisers and the Commission Chair(s) as co-signatories shall send a report to the FIG Foundation which covers:
 1. A brief report of the activity,
 2. The outcomes realised for the young surveyors as measured against the proposed outcomes,
 3. The benefit to FIG of the young surveyors participation as compared with the proposed benefits,
 4. The management of the granting process as compared with what was proposed
 5. An appendix explaining and comparing budgeted expenses against actual expenses
Send your proposal by email to:
FIG Office August 2019


text:
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Decades of research have demonstrated that disease risk varies in relation to culture. Much of this research has focused on blood pressure, given its relative ease of measurement under difficult field conditions. Community average blood pressures in more developed, industrialized societies are higher than those in less developed, traditional societies. These differences can be accounted for only in part by differences in body composition and nutrient intake. A portion of the difference is accounted for by more direct effects of culture on individual behaviour and physiology. This chapter reviews this evidence. Approaches to this research have included studies of communities differing in exposure to modernizing influences; studies of sociocultural stresses generated within the process of social change and modernization; and, studies of how individual differences in the ability to act on shared cultural models (referred to as 'cultural consonance') are associated with disease risk. Clinical implications of these results are briefly discussed.


mne.minimum_norm.prepare_inverse_operator#
mne.minimum_norm.prepare_inverse_operator(orig, nave, lambda2, method='dSPM', method_params=None, copy=True, verbose=None)[source]#
Prepare an inverse operator for actually computing the inverse.
Parameters
origdict
The inverse operator structure read from a file.
naveint
Number of averages (scales the noise covariance).
lambda2float
The regularization factor. Recommended to be 1 / SNR**2.
method"MNE" | "dSPM" | "sLORETA" | "eLORETA"
Use minimum norm, dSPM (default), sLORETA, or eLORETA.
method_paramsdict | None
Additional options for eLORETA. See Notes of apply_inverse().
New in version 0.16.
copybool | str
If True (default), copy the inverse. False will not copy. Can be "non-src" to avoid copying the source space, which typically is not modified and can be large in memory.
New in version 0.21.
verbosebool | str | int | None
Control verbosity of the logging output. If None, use the default verbosity level. See the logging documentation and mne.verbose() for details. Should only be passed as a keyword argument.
Returns
invinstance of InverseOperator
Prepared inverse operator.