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Did you know that the food our kids eat can play a crucial role in shaping their behaviour?
Food can even address aggressive behaviours like bullying?
A recent study, the 2019 Canadian Health Survey on Children and Youth (CHSCY), shed light on a concerning statistic – a whopping 71% of Canadian adolescents aged 12 to 17 reported encountering bullying in the past year. Bullying, whether it's physical, verbal, or emotional, has far-reaching consequences on social, physical, and mental well-being.
Let's look at an exciting solution to address children's aggressive behaviours through nutrition!
Nutrition & Bullying
What if I told you that nutrition can make a difference here?
Research suggests that implementing prevention programs, with a focus on supplementation or improved nutrition, can be a game-changer.
Picture this: in juvenile correctional institutions, adopting nutrient-dense diets aligned with World Health Organization guidelines led to a jaw-dropping 50% reduction in violence and antisocial behaviour. Now, don't get me wrong; I'm not saying we should turn our homes into mini correctional facilities. But the connection between nutrition and behavior is too fascinating to ignore!
And guess what: These positive outcomes extend beyond correctional facilities to our regular school-going kiddos aged 6-12.
The Power of Childhood Nutrition
In a fascinating study, school-aged kids who received low-dose vitamin-mineral tablets showed significantly less violence and antisocial behaviour compared to those given placebos.
This highlights the potential of supplementing with a good multivitamin to address antisocial and aggressive behaviours in our school-aged children. It's not just about boosting vitamin concentrations in their blood; it's about enhancing brain function, leading to a nearly 50% decrease in institutional violence and antisocial behaviour.
To sum it up, we've got a powerful tool in our hands – nutritional interventions.
Addressing Aggressive Behaviours
If we want to tackle bullying, we need to recognize the pivotal role of nutrition. Research strongly supports the significant impact of supplementing with essential vitamins and minerals, providing a cost-effective opportunity to reduce aggression and violence in both correctional institutions and regular school environments.
So, let's work together to foster healthier relationships and creating safer school environments for our incredible youth. Because when it comes to our kids, every little step toward a brighter future matters.
Recommended Nutrients / Vitamins for Kids 3-12:
The study mentioned above gave the inmates a daily multivitamin and an omega-3 supplement that contained about 50% of the RDA for 4 weeks. Here are some great multivitamins and omega-3 options for you to try at home:
Natural Factors Big Friends Multivitamin & Minerals


Wharton Customer Analytics
Research Paper Series
Portfolio Dynamics for Customers of a Multi-Service Provider
Multi-service providers, such as telecommunication and financial service companies, can benefit from understanding how customers' service portfolios evolve over the course of their relationships. This can provide guidance for managerial issues such as customer valuation and predicting customers' future behavior, whether it is acquiring additional services, selectively dropping current services, or ending the relationship entirely.
In this research, we develop a dynamic hidden Markov model to identify latent states that govern customers' affinity for the available services through which customers evolve. In addition, we incorporate and demonstrate the importance of separating two other sources of dynamics: portfolio inertia and service stickiness. We then examine the relationship between state membership and managerially relevant metrics, including customers' propensities for acquiring additional services or terminating the relationship, and CLV.
Through a series of illustrative vignettes, we show that customers who have discarded a particular service may have an increased risk of canceling all services in the near future (as intuition would suggest), but also may be more prone to acquire more services, a provocative finding of interest to service providers. Our findings also emphasize the need to look beyond the previous period, as utilized in much current research, and consider how customers have evolved over their entire relationship in order to predict their future actions.
Keywords: Customer Relationship Management, Dynamic Hidden Markov Model, Customer Value


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Huu-ay-aht First Nations
Innovative Technology and a Pipeline Rehabilitation Project
Chatwin Engineering was successful in rehabilitating a strategic piece of pipe in the Huu-ay-aht First Nations water supply system, which was buried under the Pachena River.
In 1985, Chatwin Engineering constructed a water supply and distribution piping system to supply a water storage reservoir in the higher land on their Reserve; this piping system was buried under the Pachena River.The pipe was made of ductile iron pipe and weighted down with large concrete blocks and buried beneath the Pachena River.
This year the Huu-ay-aht First Nations constructed a new water storage reservoir at a higher elevation on private lands that they purchased adjacent to their Anacla Reserve.This higher reservoir put higher pressure on the Pachena River pipeline crossing, which created leaks in the older piping system.Digging up the pipe beneath the Pachena River to try and locate the leak was an expensive option.
Chatwin Engineering proposed pulling a 3" diameter polyethylene pipe through the 4" diameter ductile iron pipe.Todd Wilson, P.Eng., the engineer for the project, said "we had no idea what condition the existing 4" ductile iron pipe was in and whether there had been any movement in the pipe, which could cause a restriction to sliding the new piping through it; so consequently there were sleepless nights over this procedure".
On April 12, 2011, the contractor, Locar Developments was successful in pulling the 3" polyethylene line through the pipe to create the permanent fix. Brian Chatwin of Chatwin Engineering commented "We are ecstatic at the success of this operation, as now the Huu-ay-aht First Nations water crossing will be secured for the next 50 years".

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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WATER QUALITY AND
LOGGING SEDIMENT CONTROL ACT (LSCA)
LSCA and Water Quality go hand-in-hand, making sure the water you use is clean. Approximately 1.8 million West Virginians rely on clean water for drinking, cooking, bathing, swimming and fishing to name a few. To help ensure your water quality is safe before, during and after a logging operation, the West Virginia Legislature passed the Logging Sediment Control Act in 1992 (19-1B).
This law sets guidelines for logging companies to use when timbering. Part of the Act states logging operations be registered and supervised by individuals who have completed Division of Forestry certification program. The law also requires loggers to follow Best Management Practices (BMPs) that prevents useless soil erosion or run-off that could potentially cause problems in nearby ponds, streams, rivers or other bodies of water.
You as a citizen can do your part to ensure logging jobs and your water continues to be safe. If you or someone you know is planning on harvesting timber, please check to make sure the logging company you use is licensed to complete timbering operations in West Virginia. Download the Licensed Loggers for the most current list of available licensed loggers in the state. By using a properly licensed timber operator AND a certified logger, you know the workers will use BMPs that reduce both soil erosion and water pollution.
For a list of Licensed Timber Operators or Licensed Certified Loggers in West Virginia, download the appropriate form on this page.
Licensed Timber Operators and Certified Loggers
Licensed Timber Operators Last updated 5/17/13
Licensed Certified Loggers Last updated 5/17/13
Once you decide to cut, make sure the following criteria will be completed:
- Timber Operator is licensed with the West Virginia Division of Forestry.
- Obtained logger certification by completing a WVDOF training class.
- Filed a timbering operation notification with the WVDOF within three days of start up.
- Posted a sign with company name and timbering license number.
FORESTS AND FLOODS
In 2001, at the request of State Forester Randy Dye, an expert committee consisting of representatives of state, federal and private agencies prepared a report that reviewed and summarized scientific literature regarding the effects of timber management activities on flooding. This report concerns the storms of July 2001 in southern West Virginia. No effort has been made to polish this report for widespread publication; however, due to continual interest in the issue, the Division of Forestry is making this publication available to the public through its website. This.pdf document is 89 pages in length and can be downloaded using Adobe Acrobat.
The following documents are in.pdf format and require Adobe Acrobat Reader to view or print. Click on the Adobe Icon to download a free version of this program.
Forests and Floods
2003 McCutcheon Report
In February 2003, Steven C. McCutcheon, Ph.D. prepared a report for the Division of Forestry entitled "Hydrologic Evaluation of the
Curve Number Method for Forest Management in West Virginia." This report is 38 pages and available for download as a.pdf document. To download the McCutcheon Report, click on the link below.
On January 8, 2006, Dr. McCutcheon testified before the Forest Management Review Commission. Download the file below to read his seven page presentation.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Siberian or Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica)
Beardsley Zoo's Siberian Tiger, Robeki, is a member of the Species Survival Plan (SSP) for Siberian Tigers.
They may be bred with other Siberian tigers in the United States or from other countries in order to keep their population healthy and stable. Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo is proud of its role in this conservation program that ensures the survival of these majestic predators for future generations.
9 to 12 feet. Height: 3 feet, 6 inches at the shoulder. Weight: 400 to 650 pounds. (record 850 pounds) These enormous cats have pale yellow-orange fur above that shades to creamy white below. They have a long fur I coat (up to 3 inches along the belly) to protect them in temperatures to 50 degrees below zero. All tigers have pale blackish stripes with a distinctive pattern on the face as unique as a fingerprint. Males are generally one-third larger than females.
Depending on the subspecies, tigers may be found in a variety of habitats. Siberian tigers are found in grasslands and evergreen forest.
The Amur-Ussuri region of Siberia, northern China and Korea.
Mostly deer, wild boar, elk, lynx, bear, fish, hares and birds.
12 to 14 years. Up to 25 years in captivity.
Males and females come together to breed and then separate. Females give birth to 2 to 3 cubs. The cubs may stay with their mom for up to two years.
11am - 3pm
10am - 4pm
We are open...
9am to 4pm every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Year's Day
Connecticut's Beardsley Zoo
1875 Noble Avenue
Bridgeport, CT 06610
Main Number: _PHONE_


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Klinger Scientific Ice Melting Kit
Demonstrates the difference in thermal conductivity of two different materials. The kit consists of two identical blocks, one made of aluminum and other made of plastic. When an ice cube is placed on aluminum it turns into water in seconds, while on plastic block, it melts slowly. The aluminum block has a larger heat capacity and a higher thermal conductivity, while the plastic block has lower values of both parameters. With instructions.


The Medieval Liberal Arts Curriculum: Geometry
Geometry during the Middle Ages, was construed narrowly as the science of measurements.As with the other disciplines, the focus of Medieval geometry was on the relational values or ratios between objects. Just as Arithmetic was thought to quantitatively express the ratio between things, and Music the expressive means of doing the same thing, Geometry was seen as an additional method of determining ratios.It was used primarily as a means of measuring and calculating the then-known world. However, the concern with ratios also extended into the concepts about God's relationship with his creation and ultimately with humans. To the Medieval mind, this relationship was conceived in geometric terms, and the whole design and structure of God's universe was one that was based on geometry.
Medieval and Renaissance Home Page
Medieval Universities
Medieval University Curriculum
God Using Geometry to Create the World
The Medieval Curriculum
The Trivium
The Quadrivium


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There is an important distinction: lo mismo means that the two things are actually the same object (or idea, or person, or whatever), while igual means that they have many characteristics in common. For example, say you are walking down the street and see a random person. The next day, you happen to see that person again. You'd probably think "Debe de ser la misma persona", that is, it probably was the same person you see both days. However, if you somehow found out it was actually a pair of twins you saw, you'd think something like "Con razón; eran iguales", meaning "No wonder; they looked the same".
In short, lo mismo is about identity, igual is about appearance or characteristics. Let's say your grandma says "Estás igual a tu padre" (You look just like your father). It makes sense, because igual doesn't mean you are the same person, it just means you look alike.
As a further example, say a couple is getting divorced. The man asks why, and his wife says "No eres la misma persona que cuando te conocí" (You are not the same person as when I met you). Physically, the man may look just like the time they met, but he may have changed in other ways, and therefore is not considered the same person.


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National Youth Day!
Youth of a nation is an integral and an important part of a nation. It is celebrated every year on 12th January. This day is celebrated to celebrate the power of youthful energy. This day is celebrated to mark the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda. This day is celebrated across many countries to mark the prosperity and propensity of the youth. Every nation wishes to give a proper direction to their youth, this is a day to enjoy the freedom as well as identify our duties towards our nation and society.
National Youth Day-How to Draw Swami Vivekananda Drawing for Kids
Swami Vivekananda's birthday is the inspiration behind the celebration of this day. So, let us begin with making a portrait of Swami Vivekananda. Tart with the headgear of Swami. Draw the right portion of the headgear and then come to the left part. Move on to the face portion and then, draw the outer figure and make the eyes, ears and nose of the Swami. Now go on to draw the clothes of the Swami. Raw Swami's signature pose: him standing with his folded arms. Shade the sketch wherever you feel necessary or you can colour the white picture and the background. You can write 'Happy National Youth Day' in the background. For better understanding of this subtle and easy to draw portrait look up:
Read more: Summer Art Ideas To Have Fun This Summer
National Youth Day-Youth Day Drawing Tribute
We can also show the youth voicing their concerns on this day. We can make posters or sketch some art related to youth uprisings or any other such movements. You can draw a group of students. You can take ideas from already existing uprisings or imagine some of your own. Like here we have drawn three teenagers with their fists high in solitude. We have not used any colours, just the black and white contrast. This contrast reflects so much towards the observers. You can draw players, or unconventional occupations taken up by the youth to feed their families or to support them financially. Every child grows into his or her youth believing to help his/her parents in running the household. You can take inspiration from this easy time-lapse tutorial video:
National Youth Day-Mental Health Matters Youth day Art Showcase
'Mental Health Matters' this can become one of the best themes for the youth day presentation. We can easily inculcate this topic in our drawings or posters. So many youngsters suffer from mental illness but stigma stops them from owing up. We must make sure every teenager opens up about their issues and problems. we can make this happen through awareness drives and posters. Posters showing their issues as a general widespread issue will make them feel comfortable and homely. Or we can make posters showing the suffering of the youth in dire conditions. Organizing such poster making competitions can also help, along with informative sessions. For better understanding and more ideas for such posters lookup this very much informative video:
National Youth Day-Raising your voice -International Youth day
This video is two years old but still relevant. It shows many quirky and relatable posters which can be realized easily by anyone. One just needs to try. First poster which comes up is of a girl sticking out her tongue with 'Happy Youth Day' written in the background. The vides shows the fun, frolic and exuberance shown by the youngsters. It also shows the support which each of them is to the other. The fun we all have at college or functions are shown in this vudeo.The video also tells us the vision Swami Vivekananda had for the youth. He wanted the youth to be obedient with good character and selfless. It also shows a poster with so many children standing in a line with a dog and speaking something collectively. It also shows us important quotes by Swami Vivekananda for the new generation. In the end the video gives a message to enjoy the young age and be responsible. For a look up to this video go to:
Read more: Creative Use of Plastic Bags for Art & Craft
How to Draw Swami Vivekananda face pencil Drawing – National Youth Day
Moving on to the next pencil sketching of Swami Vivekananda. In this video, the artist starts with the robe drawing at first. He keeps every detail of the robe in mind while sketching it. Then the artist moves to the face of the Swami. He goes on to the complete face formation and then draws the details of the face later. The artist draws the headgear of the Swami. The details and expression on the face of the Swami. In the end the artist shades the required parts. You can shade the figure or colour it, in whatever way you like it. Look up this easy tutorial at:
Read more: Paper Mache Art To Decorate Your Home
We hope that you understand your duties very well. Duties are an integral part of your life. You must have fun and enjoy your rights but as the responsible youth of your country you must consider your duties seriously. We wish you a very Happy National Youth Day and hope that you will celebrate it wisely.
You'll also like:
- International Tiger Day Special Crafts For Kids
- Sui Dhaaga (Made in India) Logo Reveal On 4th National Handloom Day
- Music Drawings To Celebrate International Music Day
- International Yoga Day Special Artwork
- Recycled Craft Ideas To Celebrate World Environment Day

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


retire.dynaTree: Retire (i.e. remove) data from the a dynaTree model
Description Usage Arguments Details Value Note Author(s) References See Also Examples
View source: R/dynaTree.R
Description
Allows the removal (or "retireing" of X-y pairs from a "dynaTree"-class object to facilitate online learning; "retireed" pairs ar absorbed into the leaf prior(s)
Usage
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## S3 method for class 'dynaTree'
retire(object, indices, lambda = 1, verb = 0)
Arguments
object
a "dynaTree"-class object built by dynaTree
indices
a vector of positive integers in 1:nrow(object$X) indicating which X-y pairs to "retire"; must have length(indices) <= nrow(object$X)
lambda
a scalar proportion (forgetting factor) used to downweight the previous prior summary statistics
verb
a nonzero scalar causes info about the "retireed" indices, i.e., their X-y values, to be printed to the screen as they are "retireed"
Details
Primarily for use in online learning contexts. After "retireing" the predictive distribution remains unchanged, because the sufficient statistics of the removed pairs enters the prior in the leaves of the tree of each particle. Further update.dynaTree calls (adding data) may cause changes to the posterior predictive as grow moves cannot keep the "retires"; see a forthcoming paper for more details. In many ways, retire.dynaTree is the opposite of update.dynaTree except that the loss of information upon "retireing" is not complete.
Drifting regression or classification relationships may be modeled with a forgetting factor lambda < 1
The alcX.dynaTree provides a good, and computationally efficient, heuristic for choosing which points to "retire" for regression models, and likewise link{entropyX.dynaTree} for classification models.
Note that classification models (model = "class") are not supported, and implicit intercepts (icept = "implicit") with linear models (model = "linear") are not supported at this time
Value
returns a "dynaTree"-class object with updated attributes
Note
In order to use model = "linear" with dynaTree and retirement one must also specify icept = "augmented" which automatically augments an extra column of ones onto the input X design matrix/matrices. The retire function only supports this icept case
Author(s)
Robert B. Gramacy [email protected],
Matt Taddy [email protected], and
Christoforos Anagnostopoulos [email protected]
References
Anagnostopoulos, C., Gramacy. R.B. (2013) "Information-Theoretic Data Discarding for Dynamic Trees on Data Streams." Entropy, 15(12), 5510-5535; arXiv:_PHONE_
_URL_
See Also
dynaTree, alcX.dynaTree, entropyX.dynaTree, update.dynaTree, rejuvenate.dynaTree
Examples
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n <- 100
Xp <- runif(n,-3,3)
XX <- seq(-3,3, length=200)
Yp <- Xp + Xp^2 + rnorm(n, 0, .2)
rect <- c(-3,3)
out <- dynaTree(Xp, Yp, model="linear", icept="augmented")
## predict and plot
out <- predict(out, XX)
plot(out, main="parabola data", lwd=2)
## randomly remove half of the data points
out <- retire(out, sample(1:n, n/2, replace=FALSE))
## predict and add to plot -- shouldn't change anything
out <- predict(out, XX)
plot(out, add=TRUE, col=3)
points(out$X[,-1], out$y, col=3)
## now illustrating rejuvenation, which should result
## in a change to the predictive surface
out <- rejuvenate(out)
out <- predict(out, XX)
plot(out, add=TRUE, col=4)
legend("top", c("original", "retired", "rejuvenated"),
 col=2:4, lty=1)
## clean up
deletecloud(out)
## see demo("online") for an online learning example
## where ALC is used for retirement
dynaTree documentation built on May 29, 2017, 10:14 p.m.


FtpTraceLog
The FtpTraceLog method causes all FTP commands and responses in the current trace buffer to be written to a log file.
Syntax:
>>--myftpobj~FtpTraceLog(filename--+---------------+--)------------------><
 +--, "REPLACE"--+
Arguments:
filename
The filename and optional path to the log file.
'REPLACE'
If this argument is given then if the log file exists it will be replaced. The default is to append the trace output to the log file. Only the first letter of the argument is significant.
Return Values:
A value of 0 indicates successful execution of the method. The value -1 indicates an error. You can get the specific error code by inspection of the method FtpErrno. Possible values:
FTPCOMMAND
The internal FTP command or the arguments to the method are in error.


Heartbeat Plugin
Component: ServiceControl Heartbeats
NuGet Package ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb6.Heartbeat (2.x)
Target NServiceBus Version: 6.x
The following documentation describes deprecated packages ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb5.Heartbeat and ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb6.Heartbeat. To learn about the replacement package see NServiceBus.Heartbeat. To learn how to upgrade consult the upgrade guide.
The Heartbeat plugin enables endpoint health monitoring in ServicePulse. It sends heartbeat messages from the endpoint to the ServiceControl queue. These messages are sent every 10 seconds (by default).
An endpoint that is marked for monitoring (by ServicePulse) will be expected to send a heartbeat message within the specified time interval. As long as a monitored endpoint sends heartbeat messages, it is marked as "active". Marking an endpoint as active means it is able to properly and periodically send messages using the endpoint-defined transport.
Note that even if an endpoint is able to send heartbeat messages and it is marked as "active", other failures may occur within the endpoint and its host that may prevent it from performing as expected. For example, the endpoint may not be able to process incoming messages, or it may be able to send messages to the ServiceControl queue but not to another queue. To monitor and get alerts for such cases, develop a custom check using the CustomChecks plugin.
If a heartbeat message is not received by ServiceControl from an endpoint, that endpoint is marked as "inactive".
An inactive endpoint indicates that there is a failure in the communication path between ServiceControl and the monitored endpoint. For example, such failures may be caused by a failure of the endpoint itself, a communication failure in the transport, or when ServiceControl is unable to receive and process the heartbeat messages sent by the endpoint.
It is essential to deploy this plugin to the endpoint in production for ServicePulse to be able to monitor the endpoint.
Deprecated NuGet Packages
The following Heartbeat plugin packages have been deprecated and unlisted. If using one of these versions replace package references to use NServiceBus.Heartbeat.
 - ServiceControl.Plugin.Heartbeat
 - ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb5.Heartbeat
 - ServiceControl.Plugin.Nsb6.Heartbeat
ServiceControl Queue
Plugins send messages using the defined endpoint transport to ServiceControl. The plugin must be configured with the location of the ServiceControl input queue. This queue is created during the installation of ServiceControl. The queue name is based on the ServiceControl instance name which is visible in the ServiceControl Management utility.
Service Control Instance Name
Configure the ServiceControl queue via code:
var endpointConfiguration = new EndpointConfiguration("myendpoint");
 serviceControlQueue: "ServiceControl_Queue");
Configure the ServiceControl queue via config:

Heartbeat Interval
ServiceControl heartbeats are sent, by the plugin, at a predefined interval of 10 seconds. The interval value can be overridden on a per endpoint basis adding the following application setting to the endpoint configuration file:


text:
Wuepper Family History
Wuepper Surname History
This page is the home for a detailed history of the Wuepper surname, Wuepper origins, and stories of Wuepper family members. Wuepper family history has rich origins of which the particulars have been accumulated over the years by Wuepper family researchers. The Wuepper family is an old lineage that has migrated all across the world over the centuries, and as the name Wuepper has spread, it has evolved making its etymology a challenge to unearth.
No content has been submitted here about Wuepper. The following is speculative information about Wuepper. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The evolution of Wuepper starts with the origins of thefamily name. Even in the early generations of a name there have been changes in that name simply because surnames were infrequently written down that long ago.
It was not unusual for a surname to change as it enters a new country or language. As Wuepper families emigrated between countries, the Wuepper name may have changed with them. Wuepper ancestors have moved around the world all throughout history.
Wuepper country of origin
No content has been submitted about the Wuepper country of origin. The following is speculative information about Wuepper. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The nationality of Wuepper is often very difficult to determine in cases which countries change over time, making the original nationality a mystery. The original ethnicity of Wuepper may be difficult to determine depending on whether the surname came in to being organically and independently in various locales; e.g. in the case of surnames that come from a professional trade, which can appear in multiple places independently (such as the surname "Archer" which was given to people who were bowmen).
Meaning of the last name Wuepper
No content has been submitted about the meaning of Wuepper. The following is speculative information about Wuepper. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
The meaning of Wuepper come may come from a profession, such as the name "Baker" which refers to the craft of baker. Many of these craft-based surnames might be a profession in another language. Because of this it is essential to know the country of origin of a name, and the languages spoken by its early ancestors. Many names like Wuepper originate from religious texts such as the Bhagavadgītā, the Quran, the Bible, and so forth. Commonly these names relate to a religious expression such as "Grace of God".
- Henry K Wuepper 1922 - 2003
- Grace E Wuepper 1913 - 2003
- Hilda Wuepper 1909 - 1978
- Helene Wuepper 1896 - 1978
- Mary Wuepper 1888 - 1984
- Bernard Wuepper 1892 - 1965
- Rudolph Wuepper 1895 - 1968
- Clarence L Wuepper 1913 - 1992
- Florence J Wuepper 1933 - 2010
- Howard Wuepper 1929 - 1957
- Juanita Wuepper 1909 - 1982
- Earl Wuepper 1908 - 1985
- Kirk J Wuepper 1938 - 1994
- Claude W Wuepper 1919 - 2001
- Dixie S Wuepper 1907 - 1990
- Anna P Wuepper 1923 - 1997
- Emma Wuepper 1903 - 1995
- Edna M Wuepper 1894 - 1991
- Minna Wuepper 1891 - 1981
- Emil J Wuepper 1903 - 1992
Wuepper Family Tree
Famous people named Wuepper
No famous people named Wuepper have been submitted. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Nationality and Ethnicity of Wuepper
No content has been submitted about the ethnicity of Wuepper. The following is speculative information about Wuepper. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
We do not have a record of the primary ethnicity of the name Wuepper. Many surnames travel around the world throughout the ages, making their original nationality and ethnicity difficult to trace.
More about the name Wuepper
Fun facts about the Wuepper family
We have no fun facts about Wuepper. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
Wuepper spelling variations
No content has been submitted about alternate spellings of Wuepper. The following is speculative information about Wuepper. You can submit your information by clicking Edit.
In times when literacy was uncommon, names such as Wuepper were transcribed based on how they sounded when people's names were recorded in public records. This could have led to misspellings of Wuepper. Knowing spelling variations and alternate spellings of the Wuepper name are important to understanding the possible origins of the name. Family names like Wuepper transform in how they're written as they travel across tribes, family unions, and countries across time.


text: In millimeter-wave-over-fiber (MWoF) feeder systems, the received millimeter-wave signals at the remote antennas (RAs) can suffer from signal fading by chromatic dispersion of optical fiber. This can be substantially mitigated by Mach-Zehnder modulator (MZM) based photonic up-conversion technique. In this technique, the data signals at intermediate frequency (IF) are frequency up-converted to millimeter-wave frequency by an MZM biased at its transmission null point. However, this scheme requires a costly, high-speed MZM. which will hinder the widespread of this technique for cost-sensitive MWoF applications. Hence, we propose and demonstrate a cost-effective way of reducing the cost of MWoF optical transmitters based on photonic up-conversion technique. We employ a dual wavelength source composed of a directly modulated laser and a polarimetric filter. This source is used to generate a millimeter-wave tone signal and to frequency up-convert the IF data signals to millimeter-wave frequency. The dual wavelength source is also shared with numerous RAs for further cost reduction. Our experimental demonstration performed with 30 Msymbol/s 16-quadrature amplitude modulation signals shows that we can transmit the 20 GHz millimeter-wave signals over 25 km standard single-mode fiber without any transmission penalty. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


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Michigan State University Extension
Preserving Food Safely - 01600734
Some old pickle recipes call for a bluestone to be added to the pickling brine to give the pickles a blue-green color. Bluestone is copper sulfate and is also known as blue vitro. In earlier days, pickles were usually made in metal pans containing copper. They turned a bright bluegreen as the copper ions interacted with the chlorophyll molecules in the pickle. A similar color was sought for pickles brined in enameled pan or crocks, and it wasn't long before copper sulfate, or bluestone, was found to do the job. Since high levels of copper can produce toxicity symptoms in humans, particularly gastrointestinal problems, the use of copper sulfate in pickling should be avoided. Since its only function is to color the pickles, the bluestone can be simply eliminated from the recipe without affecting the overall quality of the final product.


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Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in the Eurasian dog breed - inheritance and exclusion of two candidate genes
Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is considered an inherited disease in several dog breeds. Affected dogs show polyphagia, weight loss and voluminous faeces of light colour due to the lack of pancreatic enzymes. In the study described herein, we performed a segregation analysis using the SINGLES method for three families of the Eurasian dog breed. Our data were consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. In addition, we performed a linkage analysis in these families using four microsatellite markers on CFA3 and two microsatellites on CFA23. Based on our results, we excluded the canine orthologs of the human cholecystokinin (CCK) and the cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR) genes as candidates for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
|Number of pages||3|
|Publication status||Published - 2007|
- Former LIFE faculty - canine, cholecystokinin, Eurasian dog, exocrine pancreaTIC insufficiency, inheritance, segregation


Convert OTT to MHTML using Python
OTT to MHTML, HtmlFixed and HTML conversion in your Python Applications without installing Microsoft Word®.

For a Python developer, who is trying to add a OTT to MHTML (Web archive format) conversion feature or HtmlFixed mean want to save the document in the HTML format using absolutely positioned elements within application. Aspose.Total for Python via .NET API can help to automate the conversion process. It's a full package of various APIs dealing different formats.
We use Aspose.Words for Python via .NET API that is part of Aspose.Total for Python via .NET Package to add the OTT to MHTML conversion feature. In case the OTT file is simple then its just two lines of code. Load the OTT file and call the save method with appropriate file path along with SaveFormat enumeration as MHTML or HTML_FIXED. But in case if there is need to restore the document model as close to original one then there is need to save some extra information within resultant document called round-trip information.
How to Convert OTT to MHTML in Python
 - Load source OTT file using Document class
 - Create the instance of HtmlSaveOptions
 - Set the export_roundtrip_information as True
 - Specify the SaveFormat as MHTML
 - Call the save method while specifying output file path & SaveFormat as parameters. So your OTT file is converted to MHTML at the specified path
Conversion Requirements
 - For OTT to MHTML or HtmlFixed format conversion, Python 3.5 or later is required
 - Reference APIs within the project directly from PyPI ( Aspose.Words )
 - Or use the following pip commands pip install aspose.words
 - Moreover, Microsoft Windows or Linux based OS (see more for Words ) and for Linux check additional requirements for gcc and libpython and follow step by step instructions INSTALL

Save OTT To MHTML in Python - Simple

OTT To MHTML Conversion in Python

Explore OTT Conversion Options with Python
Convert OTT to CSV (Comma Seperated Values)
Convert OTT to DIF (Data Interchange Format)
Convert OTT to EMAIL (Email Files)
Convert OTT to EML (E-Mail Message)
Convert OTT to EMLX (Apple Mail Message)
Convert OTT to EXCEL (Spreadsheet File Formats)
Convert OTT to FODS (OpenDocument Flat XML Spreadsheet)
Convert OTT to ICS (Calendar File)
Convert OTT to MBOX (Email Mailbox File)
Convert OTT to MSG (Outlook Message Item File)
Convert OTT to ODP (OpenDocument Presentation Format)
Convert OTT to ODS (OpenDocument Spreadsheet)
Convert OTT to OFT (Outlook File Template)
Convert OTT to OST (Outlook Offline Storage Table)
Convert OTT to POT (Microsoft PowerPoint Template Files)
Convert OTT to POTM (Microsoft PowerPoint Template File)
Convert OTT to POTX (Microsoft PowerPoint Template Presentation)
Convert OTT to POWERPOINT (Presentation Files)
Convert OTT to PPS (PowerPoint Slide Show)
Convert OTT to PPSM (Macro-enabled Slide Show)
Convert OTT to PPSX (PowerPoint Slide Show)
Convert OTT to PPT (PowerPoint Presentation)
Convert OTT to PPTM (Macro-enabled Presentation File)
Convert OTT to PPTX (Open XML presentation Format)
Convert OTT to PST (Outlook Personal Storage Table)
Convert OTT to SXC (StarOffice Calc Spreadsheet)
Convert OTT to TSV (Tab-separated Values)
Convert OTT to VCF (vCard File)
Convert OTT to XLAM (Excel Macro-Enabled Add-In)
Convert OTT to XLS (Microsoft Excel Binary Format)
Convert OTT to XLSB (Excel Binary Workbook)
Convert OTT to XLSM (Macro-enabled Spreadsheet)
Convert OTT to XLSX (Open XML Workbook)
Convert OTT to XLT (Excel 97 - 2003 Template)
Convert OTT to XLTM (Excel Macro-Enabled Template)
Convert OTT to XLTX (Excel Template)


text:
Australian Administrative Law
Publication Date 24 Sep 2007
OverviewThe growth of administrative law in Australia has continued in an unabated form since the introduction of innovative reforms in the mid-seventies. The centre plank of these reforms was the establishment of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal with follow-on reforms relating to the Ombudsman, judicial review and freedom of information legislation. The impact of these reforms has been vast and significant. This 2007 book seeks to take stock of the growth and development of administrative law principles. Particular attention is paid to the important cases and key doctrines which provide the theoretical underpinnings of these principles. In this book a team of highly respected administrative law scholars and jurists aim to provide a lucid exposition of the relevant case law, principles and doctrines. The book should illuminate the fundamental features of Australian administrative law and should prove useful to students and practitioners interested in this field.


Get the whole document from an add-in for PowerPoint or Word
You can create an Office Add-in to provide one-click sending or publishing of a Word 2013 or PowerPoint 2013 document to a remote location. This article demonstrates how to build a simple task pane add-in for PowerPoint 2013 that gets all of the presentation as a data object and sends that data to a web server via an HTTP request.
Prerequisites for creating an add-in for PowerPoint or Word
This article assumes that you are using a text editor to create the task pane add-in for PowerPoint or Word. To create the task pane add-in, you must create the following files:
 - On a shared network folder or on a web server, you need the following files:
 - An HTML file (GetDoc_App.html) that contains the user interface plus links to the JavaScript files (including office.js and host-specific .js files) and Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) files.
 - A JavaScript file (GetDoc_App.js) to contain the programming logic of the add-in.
 - A CSS file (Program.css) to contain the styles and formatting for the add-in.
 - An XML manifest file (GetDoc_App.xml) for the add-in, available on a shared network folder or add-in catalog. The manifest file must point to the location of the HTML file mentioned previously.
You can also create an add-in for PowerPoint by using Visual Studio or any editor or for Word by using Visual Studio or any editor.
Core concepts to know for creating a task pane add-in
Before you begin creating this add-in for PowerPoint or Word, you should be familiar with building Office Add-ins and working with HTTP requests. This article does not discuss how to decode Base64-encoded text from an HTTP request on a web server.
Create the manifest for the add-in
The XML manifest file for the add-in for PowerPoint provides important information about the add-in: what applications can host it, the location of the HTML file, the add-in title and description, and many other characteristics.
 1. In a text editor, add the following code to the manifest file.
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
 <OfficeApp xmlns="_URL_
 xmlns:xsi="_URL_
 xsi:type="TaskPaneApp">
 <Id>[Replace_With_Your_GUID]</Id>
 <Version>1.0</Version>
 <ProviderName>[Provider Name]</ProviderName>
 <DefaultLocale>EN-US</DefaultLocale>
 <DisplayName DefaultValue="Get Doc add-in" />
 <Description DefaultValue="My get PowerPoint or Word document add-in." />
 <IconUrl DefaultValue="_URL_ />
 <Hosts>
 <Host Name="Document" />
 <Host Name="Presentation" />
 </Hosts>
 <DefaultSettings>
 <SourceLocation DefaultValue="[Network location of app]/GetDoc_App.html" />
 </DefaultSettings>
 <Permissions>ReadWriteDocument</Permissions>
 </OfficeApp>

 2. Save the file as GetDoc_App.xml using UTF-8 encoding to a network location or to an add-in catalog.
Create the user interface for the add-in
For the user interface of the add-in, you can use HTML, written directly into the GetDoc_App.html file. The programming logic and functionality of the add-in must be contained in a JavaScript file (for example, GetDoc_App.js).
Use the following procedure to create a simple user interface for the add-in that includes a heading and a single button.
 1. In a new file in the text editor, add the following HTML.
 <!DOCTYPE html>

 <meta charset="UTF-8" />
 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"/>
 <title>Publish presentation</title>
 <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="Program.css" />

 <form>

Publish presentation

<input id='submit' type="button" value="Submit" />

Status

 </form>

 2. Save the file as GetDoc_App.html using UTF-8 encoding to a network location or to a web server.
 Note
 Be sure that the head tags of the add-in contains a script tag with a valid link to the office.js file.
 We'll use some CSS to give the add-in a simple, yet modern and professional appearance. Use the following CSS to define the style of the add-in.
 3. In a new file in the text editor, add the following CSS.
 body
 {
 font-family: "Segoe UI Light","Segoe UI",Tahoma,sans-serif;
 }
 h1,h2
 {
 text-decoration-color:#4ec724;
 }
 input [type="submit"], input[type="button"]
 {
 height:24px;
 padding-left:1em;
 padding-right:1em;
 background-color:white;
 border:1px solid grey;
 border-color: #dedfe0 #b9b9b9 #b9b9b9 #dedfe0;
 cursor:pointer;
 }

 4. Save the file as Program.css using UTF-8 encoding to the network location or to the web server where the GetDoc_App.html file is located.
Add the JavaScript to get the document
In the code for the add-in, a handler to the Office.initialize event adds a handler to the click event of the Submit button on the form and informs the user that the add-in is ready.
The following code example shows the event handler for the Office.initialize event along with a helper function, updateStatus, for writing to the status div.
// The initialize function is required for all add-ins.
Office.initialize = function (reason) {
 // Checks for the DOM to load using the jQuery ready function.
 $(document).ready(function () {
 // Execute sendFile when submit is clicked
 $('#submit').click(function () {
 sendFile();
 });
 // Update status
 updateStatus("Ready to send file.");
 });
}
// Create a function for writing to the status div.
function updateStatus(message) {
 var statusInfo = $('#status');
 statusInfo.innerHTML += message + "
";
}
When you choose the Submit button in the UI, the add-in calls the sendFile function, which contains a call to the Document.getFileAsync method. The getFileAsync method uses the asynchronous pattern, similar to other methods in the JavaScript API for Office. It has one required parameter, fileType, and two optional parameters, options and callback.
The fileType parameter expects one of three constants from the FileType enumeration: Office.FileType.Compressed ("compressed"), Office.FileType.PDF ("pdf"), or Office.FileType.Text ("text"). PowerPoint supports only Compressed as an argument; Word supports all three. When you pass in Compressed for the fileType parameter, the getFileAsync method returns the document as a PowerPoint 2013 presentation file (.pptx) or Word 2013 document file (.docx) by creating a temporary copy of the file on the local computer.
The getFileAsync method returns a reference to the file as a File object. The File object exposes four members: the size property, sliceCount property, getSliceAsync method, and closeAsync method. The size property returns the number of bytes in the file. The sliceCount returns the number of Slice objects (discussed later in this article) in the file.
Use the following code to get the PowerPoint or Word document as a File object using the Document.getFileAsync method and then makes a call to the locally defined getSlice function. Note that the File object, a counter variable, and the total number of slices in the file are passed along in the


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Surviving a Workplace Emergency: Don't Overlook this Key Evacuation Essential
Stay Prepared
Preparing for an emergency is like buying insurance, you hope you'll never need to use it, but you don't regret having it when it's there. For anyone in a multi-story building, this is one evacuation essential that you absolutely need to have. It's the stair chair or evacuation chair.
What does a Evacuation Stair Chair do?
In the same way that a wheelchair helps you easily transport a person on flat ground, a stair chair, or evacuation chair helps easily transport a person up or down flights of stairs. This lightweight device is available in a number of different models.
Why is an Evacuation Stair Chair so Important?
While it varies by state, and your specific place of work, federal accessibility standards and OSHA standards require an emergency action plan. For organizations larger than 10 people, more work needs to be done to ensure that there are people in the case of an emergency who are able to help supervise and coordinate the execution of the Emergency Action Plan.
Where does an evacuation stair chair come into play? It could be of use in any multi-story building or facility. The chair can be used to help transport employees who are disabled or have limited mobility for any reason.
In a private residence, an evacuation stair chair may be an item to keep on the upper floor for any family members who have limited mobility or are disabled. Unlike workplace evacuation situations, a single-operator stair chair may be a better choice.
About the Single Operator Stair Chair
For more information:


TWS105 - Troubleshooting - Can't adjust volume
Keywords: TWS105, true wireless, can't adjust, volume
TWS105 does not design with volume control, so you can only adjust volume on the connected device.
-For Cell Phones
You can adjust volume from the volume control on your cell phone
- For PC or tablet
You can adjust volume from the volume control in the PC(or tablet)'s task bar or music / video player application.
- For transmitter
 - If the transmitter supports volume control itself, you can adjust volume on the transmitter, such as Avantree Oasis.
 - If the transmitter does not support volume control itself, you need to adjust volume on the audio source(for example: if your transmitter connect to your TV, you can adjust the TV's volume).
Have more questions? Submit a request


PHP Jdtofrench () Function
| | | | | | | | |
👻 Check our latest review to choose the best laptop for Machine Learning engineers and Deep learning tasks!
Syntax:
jdtofrench($jd)
Parameters:The function takes one required parameter $jd , which defines the Julian day.Returned value:The function returns a French date. Date return format: $month / $day / $year. If a Julian day integer is passed as 0, then 0/0/0 is returned as a day off.Examples:
Input: _PHONE_ Output: 5/8/10 Input: _PHONE_ Output: 1/7/13
The programs below illustrate the jdtofrench() function.Program 1:The program below illustrates the use of the jdtofrench() function.
// PHP demo program
// using the jdtofrench() function
// converts the date to a Julian integer $jd = frenchtojd (1, 7, 13);
// prints a whole Julian day echo "The julian day integer is" , $jd , "" ;
// converts Julian day to French date $date = jdtofrench ( $jd );
// prints the date echo "The french date initially taken was" , ( $date ), "" ;
?>
Output:
The julian day integer is _PHONE_ The french date initially taken was 1/7/13
Program 2:The program below shows the output when an invalid integer is passed in Julian days.
// PHP demo program
// using the jdtofrench() function
// if the parameter is out of range
// converts the date to a Julian integer $jd = frenchtojd (1, 7, 18);
// displays the Julian day integer as 0, since the year is out of range echo "The julian day integer is" , $jd , " " ;
// converts Julian day to French date $date = jdtofrench ( $jd );
// prints the date as 0/0/0 since french year out of range echo "The french date initially taken was" , ( $date ), "" ;
?>
Output:
The julian day integer is 0 The french date initially taken was 0/0/0
Link:
_URL_
👻 Read also: what is the best laptop for engineering students?
We hope this article has helped you to resolve the problem. Apart from PHP Jdtofrench () Function, check other code Python module-related topics.
Want to excel in Python? See our review of the best Python online courses 2023. If you are interested in Data Science, check also how to learn programming in R.
By the way, this material is also available in other languages:
Dmitry Galleotti
Warsaw | 2023-03-22
Thanks for explaining! I was stuck with PHP Jdtofrench () Function for some hours, finally got it done 🤗. Will use it in my bachelor thesis
Schneider Nickolson
London | 2023-03-22
Thanks for explaining! I was stuck with PHP Jdtofrench () Function for some hours, finally got it done 🤗. Will use it in my bachelor thesis
Schneider Richtgofen
Boston | 2023-03-22
Thanks for explaining! I was stuck with PHP Jdtofrench () Function for some hours, finally got it done 🤗. I just hope that will not emerge anymore
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The RefSerialize package
[Tags: bsd3, library]
Read, Show and Data.Binary do not check for pointers to the same address as a result, the data is duplicated when serialized. This is a waste of space in the filesystem and also a waste of serialization time. but the worst consequence is that, when the serialized data is read, it allocates multiple copies for the same object referenced multiple times. Because multiple referenced data is very typical in a pure language such is Haskell, this means that the resulting data loose the beatiful economy of space and processing time that referential transparency permits. This package allows the serialization and deserialization of large data structures without duplication of data, with the result of optimized performance and memory usage. It is also useful for debugging purposes. There are automatic derived instances for instances of Read/Show. Lists of non-chars have its own instance. The deserializer contains a subset of Parsec.Token for defining deserializing parsers. Every instance of Show/Read is also a instance of Data.RefSerialize the serialized string has the form expr( var1,...varn) where var1=value1,..valn=valueN so that the string can ve EVALuated. So the entire deserialization can be substituted by eval. See demo.hs and tutorial. I presumably will add a entry in To develop: -derived instances for Data.Binary -serialization to/from ByteStings
Dependenciesbase, containers
AuthorAlberto Gómez Corona
Upload dateMon Nov 3 17:24:38 UTC 2008
Uploaded byAlbertoCorona
Downloads130 total
Maintainers' corner
For package maintainers and hackage trustees


text:
For boating and fishing enthusiasts, knowing the depth of the bordering body of water is crucial to understanding the value and capability of the property. While the depth of a body of water is subject to change (sometimes abruptly), the ability of owners to get their crafts in and out of the creeks and rivers that feed the Chesapeake Bay has remained fairly constant over time.
Generally speaking, the creeks and rivers that surround the Bay are classified in the three ways:
- Deep Water (6′ or deeper) that can handle most types of recreational motorized boating as well as most sailboats.
- Shallow Draft (2-6′) that can handle most motorized recreational boats up to roughly 25′ in length
- Kayak/Canoe Depth (2′ or less) that are not safe to expect consistent ingress/egress for any craft other than those that are flat-bottomed and/or self-propelled.


text:
spas, restaurants and even a. Dec 25, 2016 for structural reasons, the emphasis in the design of a tall building is to reduce weight, and so the shard is a lightweight building in terms of its ability to store heat.
The shard tower has about 54,000 cubic metric tons of concrete and the steel system has a weight of about11,000 tons. This vision involved a highly unorthodox geometrical shape that came into conflict with many structural systems, resulting in multiple design programs. The glazing of the shard was a feat in itself with the upper floors past the height limit of the cranes at floor level having to be glazed by abseiling installers. As structural engineer, wsp was responsible for the design of the shard and our team was on site throughout its construction.
The awards jury praised the shards unique glass fragmentshaped form and its sophisticated architectural implementation, resulting in a skyscraper that is. The shard was one of the most ambitious projects of the london south bank regeneration and since its inauguration in july 2012 it has become one of the most recognisable and iconic buildings of the london skyline. The shard design underwent wind tunnel analysis to understand its likely windinduced movement. The tapered pyramid that crowns the top of the building has a square base of steel weighing 500 tonnes, equivalent to 15 stories high, the last 15, and is made of 800 pieces of steel. Also known as the shard, the recently opened london bridge tower, designed by renzo piano, is the centrepiece of the redevelopment of the area around london bridge station, one of londons key transport nodes, whose trains, busses and underground rail lines carry 200 thousand passengers a day. Of equal importance was a study for offsite manufacture. Wsp parsons brinckerhoff optimizes structural design. The shards acceleration as structural engineers somewhat unnervingly put it. Levels 1 to 41 are composite steel deck, levels 42 to 72 are reinforced concrete and the remainder comprise the steel spire.
At the heart of the structural design was a massive concrete core to provide the lateral. Shard is a web based application to monitor the structural health. This allows engineers to design structures and applied fire protection to achieve prespecified performance. Take romance to new heights with the ultimate proposal experience. Wsp parsons brinckerhoff optimizes structural design of. It is also the secondtallest freestanding structure in the united kingdom, after the 330metre 1,083 ft concrete tower at the emley. The new contender is shard london bridge, better known as just the shard, a tripodlike concrete, steel and glass construction that will be 310m tall when completed in 2012. Feb 11, 2018 the shard engineer has long been fascinated by the technical ingenuity of design. Exceedance is checked and warnings are issued upon incidents. Maximize interoperability between your structural products, projects, and people. A mixeduse vertical city, it offers more than 55,000 square meters of office space on 25 floors, three floors of restaurants, a 17story hotel, floors of apartments and a tripleheight viewing gallery, as well as an openair viewing floor on level 72. The shard was built to meet the vision renzo piano had when he sketched the spire of the building during his meeting with sellar in 2000. Our priority was to design a building that would be economical and financially viable from a structural point of view, while adhering to the architectural concept of the project, and to deliver it rapidly and safely. Architecturaldesign building case study structural engineering urban infrastructuretransport keywords.685 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_ 695 47 1486 89 900 473 _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_ _PHONE_


Auxiliary Programs — EnergyPlus 8.8
<< Prev | Table of Contents | Next >>
RunEPlus details[LINK]
A procedure (batch) file is the normal way to run a console application. The installed procedure file RunEPlus.bat can be used to execute EnergyPlus and deal with all the file handling and postprocessing. It can accommodate running the EPMacro program if you name your files appropriately. And it can use ExpandObjects to expand the special "HVACTemplate" objects into "normal" IDF objects.
The "set" statements near the beginning of the procedure file can be customized for each local system. Thus "program_path" should be set to the directory path where the program executable resides on your local computer, "program_name" should be set to the name of the EnergyPlus executable file, "input_path" should be set to the directory path containing the input (IDF) file, and so forth. Each of the path environment variables must have "\" as the final character or things won't run correctly. As mentioned before, the batch file is executed by typing:
RunEPlus <input_filename> <weather_filename>
where <input_filename> is the name of the IDF file, without the file extension, and <weather_filename> is the name of the weather file, without the file extension.The <input_filename> can also be a complete path to the file (without extension) and it will work.
In addition, RunEPlus can be called from a different directory and the temporary files will be created in the directory it is called from. This enables multiple RunEPlus.bat to be used with multiple processors or a multiple-core processor without the temporary files of one set of simulations interfering with another. Each call to RunEPlus.bat should be from different directories.
Instructions appear at the top of the batch file:
:Instructions:
: Complete the following path and program names.
: path names must have a following \ or errors will happen
: does not have the capability to run input macro files (yet)
: %program_path% contains the path to the executable as well as IDD and is
: the root directory
: %program_name% contains the name of the executable (normally EnergyPlus.exe)
: %input_path% contains the path to the input file (passed in as first argument)
: %output_path% contains the path where the result files should be stored
: %post_proc% contains the path to the post processing program (ReadVarsESO)
: %weather_path% contains the path to the weather files (used with optional argument 2)
: %pausing% contains Y if pause should occur between major portions of
: batch file (mostly commented out)
: %maxcol% contains "250" if limited to 250 columns otherwise contains
: "nolimit" if unlimited (used when calling readVarsESO)
 echo = = = = = %0 (Run EnergyPlus) %1 %2 = = = = = Start = = = = =
 set program_path =
 set program_name = EnergyPlus.exe
 set input_path = ExampleFiles\
 set output_path = Test\
 set post_proc = PostProcess\
 set weather_path = WeatherData\
 set pausing = N
 set maxcol = 250
: This batch file will perform the following steps:
:
: 1. Clean up directory by deleting old working files from prior run
: 2. Clean up target directory
: 3. Copy %1.idf (input) into In.idf
: 4. Copy %2 (weather) into In.epw
: 5. Execute EnergyPlus
: 6. If available Copy %1.rvi (post processor commands) into Eplusout.inp
: 7. Execute ReadVarsESO.exe (the Post Processing Program)
: 8. If available Copy %1.mvi (post processor commands) into test.mvi
: or create appropriate input to get meter output from eplusout.mtr
: 9. Execute ReadVarsESO.exe (the Post Processing Program) for meter output
: 10. Copy Eplusout.* to %1.*
: 11. Clean up working directory.


text:
Silver Hake is a fast-growing cod-like-fish found from Newfoundland to South Carolina. Two populations occur in U.S. waters, with the northern population having medium abundance while the southern population has low abundance. The US populations are managed by the New England Fishery Management Council under a small mesh multispecies management plan. The Hake fishery off the Scotian Shelf is managed by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, and abundance appears to be low.
Silver Hake is primarily caught in bottom trawls, which cause substantial damage to the seafloor. Bycatch is low due to the use of selective gear and area restrictions.
This fish may have high levels of mercury that could pose a health risk to adults and children. More mercury info here.


text:
Average Temperatures in Palmerston N, New Zealand
- The annual mean temperature in Palmerston N, New Zealand is mild at 13.3 degrees Celsius (55.9 degrees Fahrenheit).
- Average monthly temperatures have a variation of 9.7 °C (17.5°F) which is a very low range.
- The hottest month (February) is somewhat warm having a mean temperature of 18 degrees Celsius (64.4 degrees Fahrenheit).
- July is the coldest month (a little cool) having a mean temperature of 8.3 degrees Celsius (46.94 degrees Fahrenheit).
Average Temperatures Table for Palmerston N
|Average Temperature °C ( °F)
Palmerston N Average Temperatures Chart
The average temperature charts use a fixed scale so that you can easily compare temperatures between two or more locations. Simply line up the charts in separate tabs in your browser and toggle between tabs to visualise the differences. The charts have major grid lines at intervals of 10 °C on the left axis corresponding with intervals of 18 °F on the right axis. Minor gridlines mark intervals of 2.5 °C and 4.5 °F. The charts show the relationship between the Celsius and Fahrenheit measuring scales. Locations in the northern hemisphere run from January to December and in the southern hemisphere from July to June so that the middle of the chart always corresponds with the high sun period (for the hemisphere).
Average Temperatures Nearby Palmerston N


text:
Parents of Kindergarden students at a school in Larchmont, NY are protesting because they feel that the school is practicing segregation by grouping all of the minority Kindergarteners into one classroom with an African American teacher.
The parents took their case to Washington, DC and informed the federal government of the school's practices. The parents say that they informed the school that what they were doing was wrong, but their concerns were ignored.
The town of Larchmont is made up of 91 percent white residents so there isn't a lot of diversity.
The parents claim of discrimination was reviewed by the Federal Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights who found that "minority students were disproportionately assigned to one particular kindergarten class for two years reviewed."
The school district has denied any wrongdoing and agreed to have the federal government oversee race platement in the classroom for the next two years.
Some parents are now calling for other classrooms to be investigated for the same discriminatory practices.


ArcMap
Concatenate Row Values
In a table you can concatenate field values or row values.
Concatenating field values
Learn more about concatenating field values from this blog.
Concatenating row values
Download the script tool from here. This tool is based on a python script that takes an input table, selects a row(s) based on a field value, and concatenates the row values of any other specified field. This tool does not create a new output, but updates the input data.
Example of using Concatenating Row Values tool
Usually, in field sampling data a single point (e.g. the center or the intersection of a quadrant) is linked to an area in the field, and the data recorded for each species (grass/shrubs vegetation) within the quadrant is added as a separate entry linked to the same point as shown below:
This data has multiple records for the same center point of the quadrants. In such cases, if you want to concatenate the vegetation values for the same quadrant you can run the Concatenate Row Values tool (as shown below):
After concatenating the row values, you don't need all the multiple points because one point has all the information you need (the All_Vegetation field). The Delete Identical tool can then be used to delete all but one of the multiple points (as shown below):
This workflow is shown below in a simple model:
Since both the tools modify the input, creating a backup copy of the input is strongly recommended.
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 1. nadinewazen says:
 Thank you this is a very helpful tool.
 I used it to concatenate values in English and it worked just fine.
 However I am having a problem using it to concatenate values in Arabic.
 I am getting the following error:
 Executing: ConcatenateRowValues22 Union_Munip_Concatenated Union_Na_1 Short_Name VillagesAr ", "
 Start Time: Mon Apr 02 12:11:14 2012
 Running script ConcatenateRowValues22…
 PYTHON ERRORS:
 Traceback Info:
 File "C:Documents and SettingsNadineMy DocumentsArcGISNW_DB_UN_HabitatConcatenateRowValues10ScriptsConcatenaterowvalueArc.py", line 106, in
 value = str(lastvalue) + Delimiter + str(value)
 Error Info:
 : 'ascii' codec can't encode characters in position 0-4: ordinal not in range(128)
 ArcPy ERRORS:
 Completed script ConcatenateRowValues22…
 Failed to execute (ConcatenateRowValues22).
 Failed at Mon Apr 02 12:11:15 2012 (Elapsed Time: 1.00 seconds)
 If I got it right the problem is in the fact that Arabic is not encoded in ASCII. Is there a way to modify the script to make it identify it as UTF-8?
 Would appreciate any help i can get,
 Thank you !!
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text:
Budget and Spending:
Redesigning Shipping Containers To Reduce Food Costs
CED-78-81, Apr 28, 1978
The cost of food distribution is an important element in food costs. Processed and fresh products for retail sale are transported in shipping containers to their destinations. The variety of container sizes and shapes has made it difficult to develop efficient handling techniques.
Modularization, a concept that geometrically relates food shipping container sizes to one another, offers a way of reducing food costs. This concept has been used in European countries with good results, but little has been done in the United States to implement such standardization. If used, it would permit more efficient transportation and handling of goods, eliminating wasted space and resulting in less damage to goods. Because of diverse package sizes and large capital investments in the packaging industry, modularization can involve high initial equipment costs, but costs can be reduced as size changes are coordinated with new products and normal equipment replacement. Manufacturers would bear the greatest burden of conversion costs and benefit least, while wholesalers would benefit most. Conversion to the metric system would simplify geometric relationships which could help in modularization. If the food industry should convert to the metric system, some manufacturers may design new packages in modular units. Increased food system efficiency could lead to lower food prices, but with neither government nor industry promoting modularization, this is unlikely.
- Review Pending
- Closed - implemented
- Closed - not implemented
Recommendation for Executive Action
Recommendation: The Department of Agriculture should initiate the advancement of modularization and enlist the participation of the food industry. Such an effort should include: (1) identifying and quantifying costs and benefits of modularization; (2) determining the most feasible method to coordinate modularization with industry changes; (3) exploring with the food industry what further steps may be necessary; and (4) obtaining the assistance of the National Bureau of Standards. The U.S. Metric Board, when formed, should consider modularization in actions to change food package sizes. Congress should examine the status of efforts to coordinate metrication and modularization and examine food industry progress toward modularization. (HTW)
Comments: Please call 202/_PHONE_ for additional information.


text:
NASA Releases Interactive Space Communications Mobile Game App
MOFFETT FIELD, Calif. -- Just in time for World Space Week, NASA has released a new mobile application that challenges gamers to take on the role of a space communications network manager and puts them in charge of building a communications network to support scientific missions.
The educational application, "Space Communications and Navigation: NetworKing," was developed at NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., for the iPad and iPhone. NetworKing provides an interactive, 3-D experience with an insider's perspective into how mission controllers and scientists communicate with spacecraft and satellites using the space, deep space and near Earth networks.
"This game introduces the complex world of space communications to gamers," said Barbara Adde, policy and strategic communications director for the Space Communications and Navigation Division at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "It gives players the opportunity to enjoy a challenging game while absorbing the basic concepts of space communications. The game provides an engaging way to increase interest in the areas of science, technology, engineering and mathematics and opens minds to potential careers in these fields."
NetworKing allows players to build increasingly large and complex communication networks to support client satellites conducting scientific missions. Players who upgrade their communication networks can acquire more complex clients, such as the International Space Station and NASA's Hubble and Kepler space telescopes.
By providing insight into the complex world of communications between astronauts, mission controllers, scientists and satellites in real mission scenarios, the game is not only challenging, but also entertaining.
In addition to the mobile application, NetworKing also is available free on the NASA 3-D Resources website. Players can access the game on their web browsers or it can be downloaded and run on PC or Macintosh operating systems.
For links to download the app, download the game or play in a web browser, visit:
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Overgrown Beak, hook beak, parrot beak
Sometimes a pigeon's upper beak will longer than it should, usually in a downward curve or a hook. This will eventually make picking up seed impossible and the pigeon will become starved.
Beaks can be trimmed or filed to a more acceptable length, but trimming too far back can cause a serious bleed so trim off a tiny bit at a time
On white beaks identifying how much can be trimmed safely is relatively simple as the overgrown bit will be transparent making it easy to see where the blood supply starts, but in dark beaks it is much more difficult and it might be best to ask a veterinary nurse to do the job the first time so that you can observe!.
 If you plan to trim a beak yourself have a supply of Cornflour ready and dip the beak in it if it starts to bleed and trim off only a fraction at a time, wiping your finger over the end of the beak each time. If there is the tiniest trace of blood on your finger, then stop..
File down any rough bitsThe trimmed beak is likely to overgrow again so pigeons with this condition would be better kept as pets or placed in the permanent care of a sanctuary.


User-defined plugins
Siconos proposes a 'plugin' system that allows users to provide their own function(s) to describe some specific behavior for some classes components.
For example, consider a lagrangian linear dynamical system, where \(M\ddot q + C \dot q + K q = F_{Ext}(t,z) + p\).
Suppose you want to set \(F_{Ext}(t,z) = cos(t)\), then you can define a C function to compute this cosine and 'plug' it to the dynamical system so that each time the system needs to compute its external forces, your cosine function will be called.
At the time, plug-in are available for DynamicalSystems and Relation. For both of them and for their derived classes, a list of the variables that can be plugged is given in ds_plugins and relation_plugins.
 - find the variable you want to plug and check what is the expected list of arguments for a function plugged to this variable (check ds_plugins or relation_plugins).
 - write a C function:
 extern "C" external_forces(double time, int size, double* fext, int zsize, double *z)
 (*fext)(i) = cos(time);
 - connect your function to the variable. For each 'plugable' variable, a setComputeVARNAMEFunction exists
ds->setComputeFExtFunction('myPlugin', 'external_forces');
//...
// --> call external_forces with time == 2.
Plugins overview
plugins in siconos classes
Class Name
plugin name
\(g(\dot x, x, t, z)\)
(double time, int x_size, double *x, int lambda_size, double * lambda, double * y, int z_size, double * z)
Suppose that you defined a LagrangianDS named lds, and want to set two parameters in the external forces, say mu and lambda.
Then cpp input file looks like:
// In the main file:
double mu, lambda;
//... give mu and lambda the required values
//... declare and built your dynamical system
SP::DynamicalSystem lds(new LagrangianDS(...));
// Link with the plug-in function
lds->setComputeFExtFunction("", "myFExt");
// === First way, with setZ function (copy) ===
// declare and built a SimpleVector of size 2
SimpleVector myZ(2);
myZ(0) = mu;
myZ(1) = lambda;
// In this case, if parameters values are change after this step,
// this won't affect param values inside the dynamical system.
//=== Second way, with setZPtr function (pointer link) ===
// declare and built a pointer to SimpleVector of size 2
SP::SimpleVector myZPtr(new SimpleVector(2));
(*myZPtr)(0) = mu;
(*myZPtr)(1) = lambda;
// Warning: in that case, from this point any change in parameters
// will affect param value in the dynamical system.
// Then in the plug-in file, you have access to the parameter values:
extern "C" void myFExt(double time, unsigned int sizeOfq, double *fExt, unsigned int sizeOfZ, double *z)
for(unsigned int i = 0; i


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This paper investigates the use of an AC-AC matrix converter, as an alternative to AC-DC-AC converter system, to interface a high-speed micro-turbine generator (MTG) to a utility grid as a distributed generation unit. A new switching strategy and a control mechanism for the converter are presented. Based on time-domain simulations in the PSCAD/EMTDC environment, the dynamic behavior of a micro-turbine generation system, including the dynamic models of the micro-turbine (thermodynamics), generator, matrix converter, converter control and micro-turbine control, is studied. The studies conclude that a matrix converter is technically a viable option to interface a MTG to a utility grid.


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Often I have campaigns that are inspired by things that are outside of genre and easily recognizable.
Lets take Vikings in Space for example. I could have a race of blond haired people with helmets on longboat shaped ships and laser axes raiding nearby settlements and praising Thor, but that would be campy, and would break immersion in most science fiction games.
How do you blend your inspiration or idea seamlessly into the destination environment, in a way that's not campy and doesn't break immersion? How do you know when you've gone far enough?
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10 Answers 10
up vote 13 down vote accepted
The seamless integration of inspiration requires an inspiration's deconstruction into tropes, each trope being fitted into the narrative framework of your setting, given a surface gloss to match the elements that are not being innovated, and then the consideration of the combination of characterizations, motifs, narrative devices, plots, settings, and spectacle to insure that it makes sense.
In more detail, a discussion of literary elements:
Looking at the elements of the narrative from Tv Tropes, the GM is control of the following:
"Inspiration" can inform any and all of the above narrative elements. Genres are formal groupings of the above.
Noir, for example, has requirements of Characterization (gritty detectives, femme fatale dames, angry captains) Motifs (stranger in a strange land (for the back-from-the-war feel), desperation, etc..) And so on and so forth.
The term "viking" (those people from camps across the bay) informs (or inspired) each of the narrative elements differently.
For example, in a hard sci-fi genre, we can apply the idea of vikings:
 - Vikings as characterization:
 - A race of travelling pirates
 - Looters
 - From a resource poor land, taking our stuff
 - Our brave warriors
 - They go out in ships, and fight for what's ours
 - We live in small space-stations (villages) and those people on the planets won't support us
 - Norse
 - Pale-skinned race
 - Use axes instead of swords because axes are way cheaper and last way longer. (The wood breaks, you replace the wood. Very hard to break an axe-head compared with a sword.)
 - Mapping the idea of axes v. swords onto space could be a "they use slow orbits instead of torching the whole way" (conserving fuel and reMass)
 - It could be a "force fields instead of metal" idea
 - It could be a ceramics v. metal (as seen in the Reaches books by Drake)
 - Quick to anger
Here, all of these are tropes that can be applied to characterization. They are things that inform how certain NPCs behave, look, etc... The chosen tropes then echo into motifs (oh no, not energy ships again!) spectacle "The raiders flew across the sky, their shining green force-ships igniting the atmosphere behind them..." setting, etc..
You seamlessly apply inspiration into your setting (of which the actual setting is only a component) by breaking down the inspiration into useful tropes, then applying the gloss of your setting to those tropes.
Vikings is a header for a huge host of tropes. If you try to apply all of them, your setting will either have to give, or you get the cognitive dissonance (which camp celebrates) of having tropes that don't fit the setting inside the setting.
If, instead, you look at the interesting tropes of the viking, then apply them one at a time to your "setting as a whole" you can seamlessly blend inspiration.
For an excellent example of Space Vikings, I suggest Space Viking by H. Beam Piper. The central theme is barbarism v. civilization (destruction v. creation) and the rest of the book explores that idea. By deciding on a motif first, "barbarism v. civilization" and then using the theme of vikings to elaborate on that motif, Piper combines the ideas.
There are many instances of low-tech and resource poor raiding foreigners in sci-fi, and all of those are inspired by various forms of the viking idea. By considering the different tropes involved, they can be mapped back to real-world tropes. If the raiders sell to merchants, then they're pirates. If they keep what they take, they are vikings (very broad generalization, there.) Applying a "gloss" means fitting setting-appropriate elements to the innovative trope introduced, such that the presence of the trope reinforces the setting, rather than distracts.
The Soetti from Retief! are an excellent example of the viking tropes being heavily glossed. The desperate need for resources is there as is the danegeld trope, but they exist within the setting quite neatly. It is only after thorough reflection that the Soetti can be given the "Viking" label, rather then casting them as blond-haired berserkers in a proud warrior tradition.
In both books, we have vikings. In Space Viking, they inform the whole setting. In Retief! they inform some of the antagonists, quite seamlessly. By comparing and constrasting the two books (and getting awfully decent reads out of both of them) I suspect the differences and similarities will offer inspirations to you that don't need to be re-glossed to fit into your sci-fi setting.
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I really don't like it when something borrows "too much" from source material. It destroys immersion. I've sat through many adventures where some clever author thought "Oh, I'll just do X in D&D!" and it usually ends up sucking. I remember an early third party 3e adventure which was an Aliens rip-off, and some modern adventure that was Dean Koontz' Phantoms. The German word for this is "abklatsch," which means "a low quality copy/ripoff." Oh, or the Alternity Living Verge adventure where you fought a thinly disguised Pac-man, Donkey Kong, and Dig-Dug. That bordered on the retarded.
Sure, if you are running a high camp campaign, Marvel Super Heroes style, it's fine. But for any kind of serious game, especially a simulation or immersion oriented game, you do need to file off the serial numbers.
When I use inspiration, I use little bits and a light hand. And try to stick to source material my players may not be expecting or super familiar with. "Oh, I'll borrow that from the hit movie we all went and saw last month" is bad; "Oh, I'll borrow that from an obscure nonfiction book I just read" is good.
An example. In our super serious Pathfinder campaign, I loosely based some NPCs on characters from the Disney movie "The Princess and the Frog."
First, I didn't take the whole plot and frog-transformation schtick - just two characters, the bad shadow voodoo man and the helpful voodoo mambo lady who lived up in a boat in a tree. And when the voodoo man's shadow demon talisman took his soul, I was somewhat inspired by the villain's death scene. That's the most I'd ever take from one source at once.
Second, I knew that most of the other players are single-no-kids and likely had not seen the movie, even though it was recent.
Third, I didn't use the same names and mixed in other inspirations - for the mambo, I used a heavy dose of Mami Wata and didn't base descriptions or dialogue exactly off the movie.
The best use of source material is when no one knows that you borrowed or what you borrowed it from. Unless you want an analogue - fantasy human societies are a good example where you can get away with a "Viking-like" group and it's more of a conceptual convenience for people to use, but make sure and spice them up - like the Ulfen in the Land of the Linnorm Kings in Paizo's Golarion, which are Vikings but have trouble with Baba Yaga and kill dragons to become kings...
In the "Space Vikings" adventure the question is what are you trying to convey, what role do they play? Is it that you want raider types for the PCs to fight? In that case, they don't need to be blond or have spiky helmets or anything, you just want them to be distinctive. Take the part of the metaphor that is important to you and change the aspects that are not important to you. Even if you change one thing they alter - like if they're from a high-G world and therefore short and then people don't think "Viking" as much (though in the Viking example, that unfortunately makes them into dwarves, but you get the idea).
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Yeah, You want to break it down. First, do you want them to be mnis-guided allies or enemies? Second, What part of the idea (in this case, space vikings) do you dig? for instance, if it is the religion, then just port that. If it is the savagery, then use that. If it is the cunning (trading with strong foreigners, raiding the weak), the go with that. Or is it just the aesthetic? In this case, you can fabricate a whole new culture, and then just make them look like vikings. Finally, use that concept to make a culture, NPC, faction, etc. that you dig. It may seem like diluting the idea


Asking questions about animal behaviour
There are many approaches to asking questions about animal behaviour. Firstly we should have an idea in mind defining what behaviour is.
Behaviour can be defined as;
All observable processes an animal responds to in the external world or in the internal state of its body & Any action that can be observed and described, and must be observable and describable.
The latter is a relatively broad definition, ranging from slight muscle twitches to sophisticated displays.
Methods in asking questions about behaviour
Repeatable measures
There is an inherent consistency to many behaviour patterns displayed by animals. Repeatable measures allow for reliable repeatable observations of individuals, of a species. This is because members of a species share behaviours that are general and recurring. These patterns are identifiable activities, recognisable and distinguishable from other identifiable patterns preformed by the species.
Functions of behaviours
Animals appear to do things in order to achieve something, i.e. carry out particular behavioural patterns or sequences of behaviours that have a functional response, and this is reflected in how we describe behaviour:
 - Searching for food
Hiding from predators
Attracting a mate
Displaying to a competitor
The means to an end
We can interpret apparent purposefulness as indicating some kind of internal representation of what has to be achieved, this could be a mental image; a squirrel sets out with an image of food in its head or a bird weaves twigs to its internal mental notion of a nest.
Goal directedness (Goal directed behaviour) describes this purposefulness based on internal representations. An example: The goal directed digging wasp digs burrows and stocks them with provisions for their larvae, when the burrow is finished and the larvae and rations are in place, the wasp moves on to dig another burrow. But how does the wasp know when a burrow is finished? Perhaps she works to an internal representation of what a burrow should be, expressing goal directed behaviour or she may simple be digging down for X number of minutes and laterally for Y number of minutes.
A manipulative experiment was carried out, artificially extending and filling in burrows digging wasps were working on.
The experiment showed; wasps would extend burrows which were filled in, and fill in burrows which were artificially extended. This indicates the digging wasp exhibits goal directed behaviour and have an internal representation, some criterion for deciding when a burrow is finished.
Goal achieving behaviour is where an animal has no internal representation of its goal. The goal is only recognised when it has been encountered, woodlice express goal achieving behaviour.
Woodlice are found in dark moist environments, but do not set out to find them. If an individual finds itself in a bright and dry environment, it starts walking. The louse moving somewhat randomly does not know where it's going, just where it prefers not to be. The brighter and drier the conditions of this unsavoury environment the quicker the woodlouse will move. When the louse finds itself in a sufficiently dark and moist environment it will recognise this as where it wants to be. The goal is recognised once it is encountered.
Locomotory responses are taxes and kineses: Taxes are orientated responses – Phototaxis is a direct response to light. Kineses are non-orientated responses – Hydrokinesis is a somewhat random response to moisture.
There are different levels at which you can study animal behaviour:
Tinbergen is one of the founders of the modern study of animal behaviour for which he won a noble prize in 1973. Tinbergen split the study into four questions:
1) Mechanism: how is a particular behaviour achieved? How does an animal use its sensory and motor abilities to achieve/modify its behaviour? It's the mechanism within the animal of the body itself.
2) Development: How does behaviour develop? How does an animal's behaviour change during growth in response to experience (a = gene, b = environment: it could be a or b, or an interaction between a + b) e.g. pollutants in the environment can change an animal's behaviour.
 - Mechanism and Development approaches are proximate approaches looking at proximate measures in the animal to discover how behaviour is achieved and developed.
3) Function: What is the behaviour for? How does it promote survival and reproduction? How is it selected for over time?
4) Evolution: Where has the behaviour come from? We can compare the behaviour of closely and distantly related species, what does this tell us about the origins of the behaviour? In birds, simple pecking can evolve into complex displays, for example.
 - Function and Evolution are ultimate approaches relating to the survival, reproduction and evolution of the animal.
There are several techniques used to answer Tinbergen's questions:
1) Experiments: Manipulating variables of interest and controlling or remove confounding factors. Manipulative experiments are the most powerful way to distinguish between rival explanatory hypotheses.
2) Observations: Useful when manipulation is not possible or unethical. You can record unwanted variables and control in subsequent analysis'. Analysis must be driven by a priori predictions e.g. you should always test specific hypotheses.
3) Comparison: You can compare across different species and environments. Different selection pressures are expected to mould behaviour in predictable ways.
4) Theoretical modeling: Mathematical equations or computer programs can take essential elements of a system and can; make precise predictions, simulate outcomes and compare these to the real world.
The road to the modern study of animal behaviour.
Ethology led to behavioural ecology using hypotheses driven investigation, it is the biological study of behaviour. Ethology is an all encompassing European approach to how and why animals achieve things, covering the four different aspects. A wide range of species were studied in their natural context. It gave detailed descriptions of behaviour but declined due to lack of experimental support.
Comparative psychology is the American approach looking for general laws of behaviour applicable to all species, focusing on mechanisms and development. Contrasted with Ethology, by studying adaptive specialisation, with an emphasis on fixed behaviour patterns.
Behavioural ecology is the dominant field in the study of animal behaviour. It is a mixture of Ethology, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology focusing on questions of evolution and function. It's a very successful predictive science e.g. Evolutionary Stable Strategies (ESSs), where adaptive decision making is often frequency dependent. Criticism include: Has a reduced focus on mechanism and development and it views many aspect if an organism as a perfect adaptation to something.
Evolutionary psychology is a relatively new discipline and primarily focuses on human cognition. In the past psychologists talented to focus on mechanisms of learning but ignored it adaptive value, how it evolved over time but have since recognised the importance of natural selection.
Is the study of animal behaviour what you thought it would be?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
 - Barnard, C (2004). Animal Behaviour: Mechanism, Development, Function and Evolution. Pearson Education Limited, Essex.
 - Salonen, A. & Peuhkuri, N (2006). The effect of captive breeding on aggressive behaviour of European grayling, Thymallus thymallus, in different contexts. Animal Behaviour 72: 819-825
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