How Do Palm Trees Survive Hurricanes?
Hurricane footage often shows palm trees weathering the wrath; here's how they stand their ground.
palm trees in a hurricane
behindlens / Getty Images
When hurricane footage floods the airwaves it's always intense; the lashing winds and flying waves, torrents of rain and water taking over the streets. But this always makes me wonder: Pieces of houses and big trees are tossed around like toys during extreme weather, but palm trees seem able to stand their ground. Given their location they are obviously well suited to stand up to angry storms, but how?
Trees are masters of engineering – Mother Nature really has a handle on things, and this is especially true with the tall slender members of the botanical family Arecaceae. Plant ecologist Dan Metcalfe explains that palm trees have three distinctive features that help them survive the punishing conditions of hurricanes and cyclones, and even tsunamis.
Rambling Roots
First of all, most palm trees have a large number of short roots spread across the upper levels of the soil, which work to secure a large amount of soil around the root ball. As long as the soil is relatively dry to start off with, this works to create a super large, heavy anchor. As opposed to having just a few very strong roots, this wider network creates a bottom-heavy base that helps keep the tree in place.
A Wiry Trunk
The trunk of a pine or oak tree grows in a radial pattern; the annual rings effectively make a series of hollow cylinders inside each other, says Metcalfe. Meanwhile, the stem of a palm tree is made of many small bundles of woody material, which Metcalfe likens to the bundles of wires inside a telephone cable. He notes:
Palm trees do get snapped in extreme conditions, but they are much tougher in this regard than other trees.
Clever Leaves
While most trees rely on their beautiful canopy of branches, twigs, and leaves to spread out and grab as much sunlight as possible, the canopy can also grab a lot of wind and water. In a bad storm, the canopy can act as a sail and pull the poor thing over; branches can easily be shorn off, as well as the detachment of the whole canopy.
Meanwhile, think of a palm tree. They have no wide-spreading branches, rather huge leaves with a central, flexible spine – like enormous feathers, notes Metcalfe. In nice weather, the fronds spread out and make a fine canopy, but in instances of strong wind and water... what do the fronds do? They fold up. With less resistance against the elements, they are much more likely to make it through intact. Of course some leaves may suffer and palm detritus is part and parcel of storm clean-up, but as Metcalfe notes of lost leaves, "they are much 'cheaper' for the palm to replace than a whole canopy of branches would be."
So there you have it. If you're like me and feel twinges of empathy when seeing palms battling the harshest of elements, you can at least take solace in knowing that they are likely up to the task.


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Fibreglass Mesh is an essential component of our render systems. As demonstrated in the video below, Fibreglass Mesh is a key component of what holds the system together – without it, you're seriously missing out on ensuring strength and stability.
Fibreglass Mesh is made of neatly woven fibreglass thread. This type of mesh is widely used in plastering and rendering for wall reinforcement, external wall insulation and roof waterproofing.
There are different grades of Fibreglass Mesh – at EWI Store, we offer our standard mesh or you can go for our high strength panzer mesh. Our alkali-resistant Fibreglass Mesh is commonly used for the purpose of external wall insulation, because the alkali protects it from being broken down by the chemicals in the other mortars and adhesive materials.
So why is Fibreglass Mesh so integral to a EWI and render systems? What exactly does it do, and where does it go?
Fibreglass Mesh and External Wall Insulation
Fibreglass Mesh sits within the basecoat layer of an EWI system. This is the layer of adhesive mortar that is applied on top of the insulation boards after they have been secured to the substrate; the mesh is embedded within this adhesive before it sets.
Fibreglass Mesh not only offers high strength and good cohesion, but it can also prevent cracking within the render – it also works to help hold the insulation boards together.
Why do we overlap Fibreglass Mesh?
During weather and temperature changes, the external walls of your home expand and contract minutely due to the heating and cooling processes. When installing a render system on a property, it's necessary to consider this wall movement in order to ensure that the system remains crack free.
Embedding Fibreglass Mesh within this layer enhances crack-resistance and overlapping the Fibreglass Mesh increases the flexibility of the whole system and ensures that cracks do not form where there are gaps between the mesh.
Watch the video below to see how we test the strength of our Silicone render system with and without mesh!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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This Minecraft tutorial explains How to make a Blast Furnace in Minecraft with detailed screenshots and step-by-step instructed process.
When playing Minecraft, one of the tools that every player thinks they must necessarily use right from the start is definitely the blast furnace. In fact, through the use of the blast furnace you will be able to melt different materials such as metals, armor and various tools at twice the speed compared to the normal furnace. Remember that the Blast Furnace is essential for smelting ingots of iron, copper, gold, diamonds, coal, redstone dust, emeralds, coal and more.
These are all resources that you will find essential as you learn to play in Minecraft, because they can serve as a basis for other objects, sometimes as fuel for tools such as the brewing station and therefore their applications are practically endless! Follow this guide to learn about the various steps to take to build a blast furnace. Also remember that you can find a ready-to-use blast furnace by going to a gunsmith's house. Let's start!
Required Materials to create a Blast Furnace in Minecraft:
Creating a Blast Furnace is very simple: you can choose crafting if you are in survival mode, so follow the first option. If you are in creative mode, go directly to the second option.
OPTION ONE: CRAFTING A BLAST FURNACE IN SURVIVAL MODE
1. Open the workbench manufacturing grid
Lay out a workbench along the ground and open the manufacturing grid by right clicking on it. A grid similar to this will appear:
2. Insert the different materials in the grid squares:
Now follow these instructions carefully: insert five iron ingots into the manufacturing grid by placing them in the first three squares at the top and then in the central ones on the right and left. Then proceed by inserting the furnace in the central square. Finally, place three blocks of smooth stones in the remaining squares at the bottom. To better understand how to do this you can follow this image:
A blast furnace will appear as if by magic, ready to be used immediately! Easy right?
ADDITIONAL NOTE: If you don't have a ready-made furnace to be inserted in the grid, you can always create it by first inserting eight blocks of crushed stone into the manufacturing grid, leaving only the central square of the grid empty.
3. Collect the item
Once you have crafted the blast furnace through the workbench crafting grid, all you have to do is click on it and move it to your inventory.
4. Use the blast furnace
To use the blast furnace, just select it from the inventory and right click on any part of the land where you want to place it. Then right-click on it again and the grid will open where you can enter the casting instructions for the materials you want to blend.
OPTION TWO: FIND THE BLAST FURNACE IN CREATIVE MODE
You can easily find the blast furnace, if you are in creative mode, in the "Decorations" section
All screenshots are taken from Dreamtastix YouTube Channel

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Definition and meaning of the idiom "foot the bill"
What does the idiom "foot the bill" mean? How can I use the idiom "foot the bill in a full sentence?"
You may even encounter a native speaker using the idiom "to foot the bill." This saying, counter-intuitively, has nothing to do with feet. By saying this, the speaker is stating that they will pay the bill.
For example, "William often dines with us, but he never foots the bill" which simply means, he never pays.
Moreover, the person who foots the bill only means he/ she pays the entire bill. The idiom is most often used with dining but can be applied to anything.
Examples of the idiom foot the bill
- Riley footed the bill as he had gotten a raise.
- Fran always has an excuse when it comes time to foot the bill.
- His father footed the bill for his college education.
- The company foots the bill for all business lunches.
- Ryo hates taking favors, hence always foots the bill when he goes for lunch with his friends.
Q1: Try and make your own sentence using the idiom "foot the bill".
Q2: Who foots the bill usually among your friends?
Q3: Should the man of the woman foot the bill on a date? Why?
Eigooo, the English Training Chat Application
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Are you a fan of spicy, flavorful dishes? If so, then you're in for a treat. In this article, we will dive into the world of drying chilis and explore the art behind preserving their intense flavor. From unlocking the benefits of drying chilis to discovering their versatility in various dishes, we'll take you on a culinary journey you won't want to miss. So grab your apron and get ready to master the art of drying chilis, as we guide you through creating your very own sweet paprika crushed. Get ready to add a dash of heat and a sprinkle of sweetness to your meals with chilicrushed and driedchiles.
- 1. "Unlocking the Intense Flavor: Exploring the Benefits of Drying Chilis"
- 2. "From Heat to Sweet: Discovering the Versatility of Dried Chiles"
- 3. "Mastering the Art of Drying: A Guide to Creating Your Own Sweet Paprika Crushed"
1. "Unlocking the Intense Flavor: Exploring the Benefits of Drying Chilis"
Unlocking the Intense Flavor: Exploring the Benefits of Drying Chilis
Drying chilis is a culinary technique that has been used for centuries to preserve their flavor and extend their shelf life. The process of drying chilis involves removing the moisture from the peppers, intensifying their taste and creating a unique flavor profile that cannot be achieved with fresh chilis alone.
One of the key benefits of drying chilis is that it enhances their natural spiciness. As the peppers lose moisture, the concentration of capsaicin, the compound responsible for the chili's heat, becomes more pronounced. This results in a more intense and fiery flavor that can add a delightful kick to any dish. Whether you are making a spicy salsa, a hearty chili con carne, or a zesty marinade, dried chilis can take your recipe to the next level.
Additionally, drying chilis allows you to preserve their flavor for an extended period of time. Fresh chilis have a relatively short shelf life and can spoil quickly if not used promptly. By drying them, you can keep them in your pantry for months, if not longer, without worrying about them going bad. This is particularly advantageous if you have an abundant chili harvest or want to stock up on your favorite chili varieties when they are in season.
Not only does the drying process intensify the heat, but it also enhances the overall flavor profile of chilis. As the moisture evaporates, the flavors become more concentrated, resulting in a richer and more complex taste. This concentrated flavor can bring depth and complexity to a wide range of dishes, from stews and sauces to rubs and spice blends. The versatility of dried chilis allows them to be used in both savory and sweet recipes, adding a warm and smoky note to everything from chili chocolate to sweet paprika-crushed desserts.
In conclusion, drying chilis is an art that unlocks the intense flavors and benefits of these fiery peppers. From increasing spiciness to extending shelf life and intensifying overall flavor, the process of drying chilis allows cooks and food enthusiasts to explore a whole new world of culinary possibilities. So, next time you come across a surplus of chilis or want to experiment with new flavors, consider drying them and discover the remarkable taste that dried chilis bring to your dishes. Don't forget to try using chili-crushed or sweet paprika-crushed variations for that extra burst of flavor!
2. "From Heat to Sweet: Discovering the Versatility of Dried Chiles"
From Heat to Sweet: Discovering the Versatility of Dried Chiles
Dried chiles are not just about adding heat to your dishes. In fact, they offer a wide range of flavors and can transform your recipes from spicy to sweet. Whether you're a fan of fiery dishes or prefer a milder flavor profile, dried chiles have something to offer everyone.
One popular variety of dried chiles is the chilicrushed. These small, dried chili peppers pack a punch of heat, making them ideal for those who enjoy spicy food. When crushed, they release their intense flavor, infusing your dishes with a fiery kick. Chilicrushed is a must-have ingredient for spicy chili con carne, salsas, and hot sauces. Its versatility lies in its ability to add heat to any dish without overpowering the other flavors.
But dried chiles aren't just about heat. They can also add a touch of sweetness to your culinary creations. One such example is sweet paprika, a dried chili known for its mild, slightly sweet taste. Sweet paprika comes in a crushed form as well, making it easier to incorporate into your dishes. Its vibrant red color adds visual appeal, while its subtle sweetness enhances the flavors of stews, soups, and even roasted vegetables.
For those who enjoy a balance between heat and sweetness, combining chilicrushed and sweet paprika crushed can create a harmonious flavor profile. This blend allows you to control the level of heat while infusing a hint of sweetness into your dishes. It's perfect for adding a unique twist to traditional recipes like enchiladas, tacos, and even marinades for grilled meats.
The versatility of dried chiles extends beyond their flavor profiles. They also have a long shelf life, making them an excellent pantry staple. Properly stored in airtight containers, dried chiles can retain their flavors and aroma for months, if not years. This means you can always have a variety of dried chiles, like chilicrushed and sweet paprika crushed, readily available to enhance your dishes whenever inspiration strikes.
In conclusion, dried chiles offer much more than just heat. They provide a diverse range of flavors, from the fiery kick of chilicrushed to the subtle sweetness of sweet paprika crushed. These versatile ingredients can transform your recipes and add depth to your dishes. So, the next time you're in the mood for some chili-infused goodness, don't limit yourself to just the heat. Explore the world of dried chiles and discover the art of balancing flavors to create culinary masterpieces.
3. "Mastering the Art of Drying: A Guide to Creating Your Own Sweet Paprika Crushed"
Drying chilis is a time-honored technique that not only preserves their flavor but also adds depth and complexity to various dishes. One popular way to utilize dried chilis is by creating your own sweet paprika crushed, a versatile spice that can elevate the taste of numerous cuisines. In this guide, we will walk you through the process of mastering the art of drying chilis to create your very own sweet paprika crushed.
1. Selecting the Right Chilis:
When it comes to making sweet paprika crushed, it's essential to begin with the right chilis. Opt for mild chili varieties like Hungarian wax, Anaheim, or Poblano, as they are ideal for creating a balanced and sweet flavor profile. Make sure the chilis are ripe, firm, and free from any blemishes.
2. Preparing the Chilis for Drying:
Start by washing the chilis under cold water and patting them dry with a paper towel. Next, remove the stems and cut the chilis in half lengthwise. Gently scrape out the seeds and discard them. Removing the seeds will reduce the heat level and allow the sweet flavors to shine through.
3. Drying the Chilis:
There are several methods to dry chilis, each with its own advantages. One popular method is air-drying. Simply place the chili halves on a baking sheet or hang them in a well-ventilated area, making sure they are not touching. This allows the air to circulate, promoting even drying. Alternatively, you can use a food dehydrator or an oven set to a low temperature (around 150°F or 65°C) to speed up the process. Whichever method you choose, drying can take anywhere from a few days to a couple of weeks, depending on the size and moisture content of the chilis.
4. Grinding the Dried Chilis:
Once the chilis are completely dried, it's time to transform them into sweet paprika crushed. Grind the chilis using a spice grinder or a mortar and pestle until you achieve the desired consistency. For a fine powder, grind the chilis for a longer period, while a coarser texture can be achieved by pulsing the grinder in short bursts. Remember to wear gloves and handle the ground chilis with caution, as they can irritate the skin and eyes.
5. Storing and Using Sweet Paprika Crushed:
Store your homemade sweet paprika crushed in an airtight container in a cool, dark place to maintain its flavor and potency. It can be used to add a sweet and smoky flavor to a wide range of dishes, including stews, soups, marinades, and rubs. Use it sparingly at first, as its intensity can vary depending on the chili variety and the drying method used.
By mastering the art of drying chilis and creating your own sweet paprika crushed, you can unlock a world of flavors and enhance your culinary creations. Experiment with different chili varieties and drying techniques to find your perfect balance of sweetness and heat. Enjoy the process and savor the rich flavors that dried chilis bring to your dishes.


The Kingdom Name Generator!
Jump down to the Generator
A kingdom is a state, province or city ruled by a King or a Queen at the heart of a monarchy. There are some countries around the world that are still monarchies such as in Brunei (2012). Kingdoms also appear in many fictional fairytales, books, films and games, such as in The Lord of the Rings where the Kingdom Of Rohan is ruled by the King; Théoden.
Whether you are writing a fantasy book, film or game, the right kingdom name can be a great way to add a sense of consolidated power in the hands of a single character, this can create pivotal decision points in any story or plot line which can add a twist to the whole story and keep the reader on the edge of their seat, so to speak. I hope this name generator will help you find a good kingdom name that will positively add to your project.
In ancient and medieval times, there were many kingdoms in Europe, Africa and Asia. Some major kingdoms appeared in France, Germany, Israel and many other countries. Some cool kingdom names from medieval times include: Kingdom of Powys, Kingdom of Strathclyde, Kingdom of Aragon and Kingdom of Asturias. For a list of Kingdom Names, have a look at the: List Of Kingdoms Wiki
Kingdom Names Generated:
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Click on the names you like the best.
 Copy your names before you leave.


text: A molecular definition of the mechanism conferring bacterial multidrug resistance is clinically crucial and today methods for quantitative determination of the uptake of antimicrobial agents with single cell resolution are missing. Using the naturally occurring fluorescence of antibacterial agents after deep ultraviolet (DUV) excitation, we developed a method to non-invasively monitor the quinolones uptake in single bacteria. Our approach is based on a DUV fluorescence microscope coupled to a synchrotron beamline providing tuneable excitation from 200 to 600 nm. A full spectrum was acquired at each pixel of the image, to study the DUV excited fluorescence emitted from quinolones within single bacteria. Measuring spectra allowed us to separate the antibiotic fluorescence from the autofluorescence contribution. By performing spectroscopic analysis, the quantification of the antibiotic signal was possible. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the intracellular accumulation of a clinical antibiotic could be determined and discussed in relation with the level of drug susceptibility for a multiresistant strain. This method is especially important to follow the behavior of quinolone molecules at individual cell level, to quantify the intracellular concentration of the antibiotic and develop new strategies to combat the dissemination of MDR-bacteria. In addition, this original approach also indicates the heterogeneity of bacterial population when the same strain is under environmental stress like antibiotic attack.


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Mr. Mushtaq Ahmad Shahid
Field Wing is the backbone of PASSCO, handling with procurement and disposal of agricultural commodities like wheat, pulses, and paddy. There are 13 zones working under the administrative control of GM (Field) spread all over the Pakistan. The Government policy of procurement of food grains has the broad objectives of ensuring effective price operation have resulted in sustaining the income of farmers also ensuring availability of food grains to the weaker section at affordable prices. It also ensures effective market intervention there, by keeping prices under check and overall food security of the country. Field wing plays a key role in all aspects the wing has established a large number of purchase centers in different zones. Though Government has decided their locations and various parameters. Where stocks are brought. The whole time senior management involved in the procedure of fumigation, satisfactory measures of stocks and its distribution.
FUNCTIONS – FIELD WING
- Procurement and handling wheat, pulses, paddy, sunflower or any other agricultural commodities including perishables and their disposal.
- Coordinate with national and other grain handling agencies for improvement in grain handling and storage systems of the Corporation.
- Plan and coordinate for transfer/posting of field staff and provision of facilities to the field Zones.
- Ensure smooth and economical commodity operations.
- Exercise control through visits and surprise checks during the procurement and other field operations.
- Ensure timely allocation and disposal of stocks held by the Corporation.
- Evaluate and recommend disciplinary actions, if needed, against inefficient employees.
- Evaluate and process movement plans and incidental requirements of Field Zones.
- Coordinate with all branches of the Head Office and Works Wing for assistance in field operations.
- Coordinate with Federal and Provincial Governments regarding procurement and disposal of wheat/other grains.
- Coordinate with Provincial Food Department, , Ministry of NFS&R and Banks, for procurement/disposal of food grains.
- Suggest programs/projects to the Managing Director, for improvements in overall functioning of the Corporation.
- Zero percent loss on account of storage and despatch of wheat.
- Maintained a high pitched grain procurement campaign, since its inception.
- Accrued handsome savings in procurement of bardana.
- Succeeded in minimizing storage-loss even during the floods of 2010 & 2011.
- Disposal of surplus stocks through local sale to minimize the burden on National Exchequer.
- Construction of state of the art storage accommodation in shape of Silos and House Type Godowns
- Procurement of wheat direct from the farmers through bulk handling.
- Elimination of role of middle man during procurement of wheat.
- Grading of seeds for farmers.


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2019 年 17 巻 3 号 p. 327-332
For all common satellite attitude determination sensors, star trackers provide the most accurate measurement. However, these devices can be both large and expensive, and for some CubeSat applications it would not be suitable. Star trackers have in the past been successfully made for CubeSats. This paper investigates star tracker algorithms, implemented with a smartphone, so it may be used for testing attitude determination on a CubeSat. By testing through a proposed implementation, star centroids should be found by the moment method, stars should be identified by planar triangles, and QUEST should be used for attitude estimation. Smeared star images should be avoided and blurred images provide greater accuracy. Using these techniques, a star tracker using a smartphone may be constructed for attitude determination testing and software development, applied in the lost-in-space situation. This may be applied to QKD CubeSats, which require an attitude precision below 0.01°.


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O SEU PORTAL COMPLETO
LOGIN / CADASTRE-SE
O cadastro é rápido, fácil e você passa a ter acesso a muitos benefícios exclusivos, além de ter a oportunidade de realizar bons negócios. Entre e conheça tudo o que o site oferece a você e a sua empresa.
The Port of Pacem's role in Brazil's fruit export industry is growing, with produce movement between January and September 38% higher year-on-year.
In total, 82,176 metric tons (MT) of fresh fruit moved through the port, based in the northeastern state of Ceará.
The most important fruit commodities were melon (39,600MT), mango (21,200) and watermelon (11,500MT).
The Ceará Port Integration Company (Cearaportos) reported the growing number of fresh fruit exports through the terminal was due to its excellent location, translating into shorter transit times to many key markets.
The port is one of the biggest in the state, and ships fresh fruit produced in the states of Ceará, Rio Grande del Norte, Bahía and Pernambuco.
The main destinations for fruit shipped from the port were the Netherlands (36%), U.S. (24%), U.K. (25%), and Spain (6%).


User Tools
Record Set Mapping
The purpose of this mapping is to define an heterogeneous set of record IDs. Simply a bunch of CRMIDs of records from different modules. This could be used to define a set of records to launch a mass operation upon or a set of records which must be excluded from some global process.
In concept it is very similar to the Condition Query Mapping where you can retrieve a set of records from a query. The big difference is that this mapping easily mixes records from different modules and with no special condition that the query must fulfill, you just put the IDs, no fuss.
Obviously the set must be small or will get to complex to maintain.
The accepted format is:
 <map>
 <records>
 <record>
 <id>1</id> if given, module and value are ignored
 <module>ModuleName</module>
 <value>EntityCustomNumberValue</value> we only search on the uitype 4 field
 <action>include</action> Include | Exclude | Group The default action is Exclude
 </record>
 .....
 </records>
 </map>
You will be able to ask for CRMids in each action group and module, if a given CRMid is in the group and also get a list of module names which have some CRMid in the record set.
Only IDs that are not DELETED will be returned.
coreBOS Documentación


Indian sub-continent voters to play a decisive role in general election
Over 25 constituencies have 40 per cent voters from ethnic minorities
14th April 2010: Indian sub-continent voters will play a more decisive role in the 2010 general election than ever before.
A new research suggests nothing less than 25 parliamentary constituencies have more than 40 per cent of their voting population from ethnic minorities. In fact, the voters are from the Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities.
The parliamentary constituencies where over 40 per cent of the population was categorised as being from an ethnic minority in the 2001 census include East Harrow 66.3 per cent, Birmingham Ladywood 64.9 per cent, Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath 64.8 per cent, and Brent South 64.6 per cent.
The research, by Prof. Muhammad Anwar of the University of Warwick, even suggests they are more likely to turn out to vote than their white neighbours.
Prof. Anwar has asserted that ethnic minorities voter registration is approaching levels of white voters; and their turnout is now higher than the national average.
In the previous general election held in 2005, the national average turnout was 61.4 per cent, but for Bangladeshi voters it was 76 per cent, Pakistanis 70 per cent and Indians 67 per cent.
The higher levels of turn-out among Asians and particularly Muslim groups are likely to continue in future.
The findings come just about for weeks before the general elections.
The research says the minorities are still 'massively undervalued and under-represented', even though the ethnic minority vote will be more important than ever before.
Prof. Anwar says in recent years Muslims in Britain and elsewhere have become a focus of attention for politicians and the media. As such, Muslims themselves have become more conscious of their rights and responsibilities as British citizens, including participation in the electoral process.
UKIP calls for end to mass uncontrolled immigration
Let illegal immigrants become British citizens: Lib-dem


Definitions for angerˈæŋ gər
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word anger
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
an•ger*ˈæŋ gər(n.)
 1. a strong feeling of displeasure and belligerence aroused by a real or supposed wrong; wrath.
 2. Obs. grief; trouble.
 3. (v.t.)to arouse anger or wrath in.
 4. (v.i.)to become angry.
* Syn: anger, indignation, rage, fury describe deep and strong feelings aroused by injury, injustice, etc. anger is the general term for sudden violent displeasure accompanied by an impulse to retaliate: insults that provoked a burst of anger.indignation, a more formal word, implies deep and justified anger, often directed at something unworthy: The scandal aroused public indignation.rage is vehement, uncontrolled anger: rage at being fired from a job.fury is rage so great that it resembles insanity: He smashed his fist against the wall in a drunken fury.
Origin of anger:
1150–1200; < ON angra to grieve, der. of angr grief; akin to OHG angust, L angor anguish
Princeton's WordNet
 1. anger, choler, ire(noun)
 2. anger, angriness(noun)
 the state of being angry
 3. wrath, anger, ire, ira(verb)
 4. anger(verb)
 make angry
 "The news angered him"
 5. anger, see red(verb)
 become angry
 "He angers easily"
Kernerman English Learner's Dictionary
 1. anger(noun)ˈæŋ gər
 a strong feeling when you are annoyed
 She screamed in anger.
 1. anger(Noun)
 You need to control your anger.
 2. anger(Noun)
 Pain or stinging.
 3. anger(Verb)
 To cause such a feeling of antagonism.
 Don't anger me.
 4. anger(Verb)
 To become angry.
 You anger too easily.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Anger(noun)
 trouble; vexation; also, physical pain or smart of a sore, etc
 2. Anger(noun)
 3. Anger(verb)
 to make painful; to cause to smart; to inflame
 4. Anger(verb)
 to excite to anger; to enrage; to provoke
 1. Anger
 Anger is an emotion related to one's psychological interpretation of having been offended, wronged, or denied and a tendency to react through retaliation. Sheila Videbeck describes anger as a normal emotion that involves a strong uncomfortable and emotional response to a perceived provocation. Raymond Novaco of UC Irvine, who since 1975 has published a plethora of literature on the subject, stratified anger into three modalities: cognitive, somatic-affective, and behavioral. William DeFoore, an anger-management writer, described anger as a pressure cooker: we can only apply pressure against our anger for a certain amount of time until it explodes. Anger may have physical correlates such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, and levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline. Some view anger as part of the fight or flight brain response to the perceived threat of harm. Anger becomes the predominant feeling behaviorally, cognitively, and physiologically when a person makes the conscious choice to take action to immediately stop the threatening behavior of another outside force. The English term originally comes from the term anger of Old Norse language. Anger can have many physical and mental consequences.
The Roycroft Dictionary
 1. anger
 1. A violent blushing and scampering up and down of the blood upon hearing the truth about ourselves; an epileptic condition produced by the presentation of a bill that is not yet due, just due, or overdue. A sudden tumescence of the ego and a furious exaltation of verbal powers upon losing a collar-button. 2. Before election, the righteous wrath of a candidate in the presence of evils that he has invented; after election-day, his wail in the presence of the grave he did not dig. _E. g._, The devil (taking final leave of the Lord): "I am in anger with thee, Sire." The Lord: "For thee, son, 't will be a long time between heavens. So go to Hell and take thine Anger with thee."
U.S. National Library of Medicine
 1. Anger
 A strong emotional feeling of displeasure aroused by being interfered with, injured or threatened.
British National Corpus
 1. Spoken Corpus Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'anger' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #2932
 2. Nouns Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'anger' in Nouns Frequency: #1283
Translations for anger
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
a violent, bitter feeling (against someone or something)
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The South China sea project: Establishing a regional system of fisheries refugia
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Details are given of activities carried out within the framework of the UNEP/GEF project 'Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand', considering in particular the integration of fisheries and habitat management through the establishment of a regional system of fisheries'refugia'. This project is unique in that it represents the first attempt to develop regionally coordinated programmes of action designed to reverse environmental degradation, particularly in the areas of coastal habitat degradation and loss, halt land-based pollution and address the issue of fisheries over-exploitation. The key themes emerging from the fisheries component of the project relate to the important role that coastal and marine habitats of the Gulf of Thailand and South China Sea play in sustaining regional fisheries, and the general low level coordination between fisheries and environmental management in the region. The partner network created through this project provides an ideal basis for efforts to improve the integration of environmental and habitat considerations into regional fisheries management, and the project activity of establishing a regional system of fisheries'refugia' aims to provide a conduit for this. This latter activity is being implemented in close collaboration with SEAFDEC. Countries participating in the project have a useful foundation for the identification and evaluation of approaches to fisheries management at both the national and regional level.


Exporting a Deformed Body in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
Article by GoEngineer on Jan 18, 2018
The Professional and Premium versions of SOLIDWORKS Simulation allow for the creation of a solid or surface body from the deformed shape calculated in a linear static or nonlinear static study. This can be useful for manufacturing and simulation purposes.
A manufacturing example could be a formed solid plate, that is difficult to accurately model, is needed for an assembly model for interference check purposes. A nonlinear static analysis could be run, simulating the forming process and the resulting plastically deformed body could be saved and used in the assembly model.
Another use could be to run a secondary nonlinear static analysis on a deformed body in which residual stresses are not present. The functionality is available for solid, shell, and mixed mesh studies for both part and assembly models. It is not available for studies including sheet metal bodies and solid bodies meshed using beam elements. This document will cover how to export a deformed body from SOLIDWORKS Simulation.
Linear Static Analysis
To export a deformed body, right-click on the results folder in the Simulation study tree and select "Create Body from Deformed Shape…"
Create Body from a Deformed Shape in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
You can specify the option to create the body as a new configuration or save it as a new part document in the location of the active document.
How to Export a Deformed Body in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
The deformed body is saved as an imported solid body with no feature history or external references. If the analysis is rerun with a different boundary condition setup or with updated model geometry, the deformed body will not update. A new deformed body will have to be exported to reflect the updated results. If the new configuration option is used, a new configuration is created with the original part model features suppressed and a new imported feature is inserted at the end of the feature manager design tree.
Feature Manager Design Tree in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
For an assembly analysis, the resulting deformed body is saved as a multi-body part. If the configuration option is selected, a multi-body part is saved and added to a new assembly configuration. Both the part and configuration share the same specified name. The original assembly components are suppressed in the new configuration.
Deformed Body as Multi-Body Part in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
Nonlinear Static Analysis
The deformed body is exported using the same process. The difference is that a plot step can be specified for the export. If a loading condition is specified using a user defined time curve, then the deformed body could be saved out at specified load increments. For instance, the deformed shape could be exported after half the load is applied.
Nonlinear Static Analysis in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
Troubleshooting
Error Creating Deformed Body
Two potential issues may arise during the creation of a deformed body. The first issue is when an error message appears after selecting the green checkmark to create the deformed body.
Error: Unable to sew faces together. Creation of deformed body failed.
The error message usually appears due to an ill-defined mesh. The mesh is too coarse to capture the geometry correctly in the deformed state. The resolution to the issue is to rerun the analysis with a more refined mesh and retry saving the deformed body.
To complicate things, the error message may pop up when working with a good mesh, but created using the "Standard mesh" option. The failure seems to occur when the deformation levels go beyond small displacements. The "Curvature based mesh" option has been very consistent with saving a deformed body. When the process fails due to a poorly resolved mesh, adjusting the auto mesher settings and/or applying additional mesh controls to refine the mesh usually resolves the problem.
Unable to Sew Faces Together SOLIDWORKS Simulation ErrorCurvature-Based Mesh in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
Resulting Deformed Body Does Not Match Result Output
The second potential issue that may arise during the creation of a deformed body is the resolution of the deformed body saved from the analysis results. When the deformed body is opened in SOLIDWORKS, some surfaces may be missing or highly distorted. The process the software uses to create the deformed body is listed below.
When the deformed shape of the model is exported, the software creates a cloud of points with a standard number of locations coming from deformed node locations to represent each surface in the model. From the cloud of points, the deformed surface geometry is then created.
For complex surfaces, the number of points is too small to correctly represent the shape of the surface. A workaround is to split the complex surfaces into a subset of smaller simpler surfaces and rerun the analysis. The resulting deformed body should then have a better surface resolution.
The images below depict the original and deformed bodies of a hand wheel. The filleted surfaces where the spokes meet up with the rim were highly distorted in the deformed body. Solving the analysis with a more refined mesh along the surfaces did not resolve the export issue.
Hand Wheel Design in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
Hand Wheel Design with Deformed Bodies in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
The deformed body export problem was resolved by using the SOLIDWORKS split line feature to break up each surface into four separate simpler surfaces. The images below depict the updated hand wheel's original and deformed bodies.
SOLIDWORKS Split Line Feature
Split Line Feature SOLIDWORKS Simulation
Best Practices for Exporting a Deformed Body in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
 - Use the SOLIDWORKS split line feature to break up complex surfaces into smaller simpler surfaces
 - Use the curvature based mesh option
 - Add mesh controls to resolve the mesh in areas where high strains are expected
Expand Your SOLIDWORKS Simulation Skillset
7 Steps to Perform a Fatigue Analysis
Performing a Thermal Analysis in SOLIDWORKS Simulation
Troubleshooting SOLIDWORKS Simulation No Penetration Contact Sets Recommendations
How to Change Units and Number Formats
A Guide for Using Bearing Connectors
About GoEngineer
GoEngineer delivers software, technology and expertise that enable companies to unlock design innovation and deliver better products faster. With more than 35 years' experience and tens of thousands of customers in high tech, medical, machine design, energy and other industries, GoEngineer provides best-in-class design solutions from SOLIDWORKS CAD, Stratasys 3D printing, Creaform & Artec 3D scanning, CAMWorks, PLM, and more
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text:
Department of Forestry Records Guide
Record Series Descriptions
1944, 1948-50, 1954, _PHONE_
.1 cubic feet
Arrangement: chronological by biennium
Series used to report Forestry Department activities and accomplishments to the Governor. Reports include date, transmittal, and narrative description of activities. Some reports also include illustrations and photographs. Subjects include organizational structure, forest land management, budgets, fire prevention, farm forestry, forest taxation, and department administration.


text:
Facebook Canada announced its election integrity plan to provide protection from cyberhacks and the spread of misinformation during the 2019 election.
The initiative puts the onus on citizens, politicians, staffers, parties, and candidates to be prepared for threats online. It will give key players access to a crisis email line linked to Facebook's security team in case their page is compromised.
"We know that Facebook plays an important role in facilitating public dialogue," said Kevin Chan, head of public policy for Facebook Canada. "That's why we take the threats identified by the CSE very seriously and why we're starting now to proactively address them."
The Canadian Election Integrity Initiative includes a cyber hygiene guide that outlines how hackers gain control of accounts, and outlines specific ways MPs and political parties can guard against them. The company will also launch the Facebook Cyber Hygiene Training Program open to all federal political parties.
During the 2016 US election, the social media network was used to place ads for Russian-linked groups to spur discord. This is why the platform is developing a system to prevent the dissemination of misinformation from occurring in Canada's 2019 election.
MediaSmarts, a digital news literacy campaign led by a non-profit agency in Ottawa, will be heading this initiative through a two-year partnership.
"Media literacy – including the ability to evaluate information – is essential in today's digital world," said Matthew Johnson, director of education at MediaSmarts. "More than ever we rely on online sources to be informed, engaged citizens. Knowing how to verify information effectively and share it responsibly is now not just a life skill, but a cornerstone of our democracy."
The company first announced its intention to launch an integrity initiative in September.
See the full report here.
Photo via Unsplash


text:
When substances do not mix thoroughly and evenly (like sand and gravel), the mixture is said to be heterogeneous
Both substances could be seen
When solid materials are mixed with solid materials, each of the mixed materials can be easily identified from one another.
Sand is a crystalline quartz that (if clean) Homogeneous.
answer:Sand ang Gravel is HETEROGENOUSExplanation:When substances do not mix thoroughly and evenly (like sand and gravel), the mixture is said to be heterogeneous. A heterogeneous mixture consists of visibly different substances. Another example of a mixture is salt dissolved in water.
Explanation: gravel only refers to the size of a rock
Sand ang gravel is a heterogenous mixture


text:
Answer (Detailed Solution Below)
Detailed SolutionDownload Solution PDF
The correct answer is 'carefully'.
- The word 'carefully' means in a way that deliberately avoids harm or errors (एक तरह से जो जानबूझकर नुकसान या त्रुटियों से बचा जाता है)
- Example - They must be carefully handled and stored.
- In the given sentence, the word 'carefully' is used to show that the report must be read in a way that avoids errors so that the performance can be improved.
- Thus, the correct option to fill in the blank is 'carefully'.
Hence, the correct answer is option (4).
- Mischievously: in a way that causes or intends to cause harm or trouble (एक तरह से जो नुकसान या परेशानी का कारण बनता है या इरादा करता है)
- Example - I believe he has mischievously misled the Committee.
- Sorrowfully: in a very sad way (बहुत ही दुखद तरीके से)
- Example - Soldiers marched in groups and sorrowfully discussed the situation and its causes.
- Awfully: very badly or unpleasantly (बहुत बुरी तरह या अप्रिय ढंग से)
- Example - we played awfully.
Last updated on Dec 29, 2022
The HTET Additional Results released on 29th December 2022 on the official website. Earlier, the results were released on 19th December 2022. The HTET exam was conducted on the 3rd and 4th of December 2022. This exam was an MCQ based on a total of 150 marks for each level with no negative marking. The exam is conducted by the Board of School Education, Haryana to shortlist eligible candidates for PGT and TGT posts in Government schools across Haryana.


text:
Stimulation of Growth of Peppermint (Mentha piperita) by Phosfon, a Growth Retardant
Journal/Book: Physiol Plant. 1986; 37: 163-165.
Abstract: The shoot growth and fresh weight of Mentha piperita grown in soil were stimulated at concentrations of 1.26 x 10-5 m to 7.77 x 10-4 M phosfon(2,4-dichlorobenzyltributylphosphonium chloride) while higher concentrations resulted in retardation of growth. Concentrations of 6.30 x 10-7 M to 3.78 x 10-5 M caused retardation of growth in mineral nutrient solution, and even death at the highest concentrations. However, when the M. piperita plants were grown in mineral nutrient solutions at concentrations of phosfon which had been sequentially lowered from 2.52 x 10-8 M to 2.52 x 10--12 M, the shoot growth and fresh weight were stimulated as in the case of plants grown in phosfon treated soil.


Listnr: Start a podcast without recording anything - TechPP
Listnr: Start a podcast without recording anything
Easiest way to start a podcast
by: - Last updated on: March 29th, 2021
Key Takeaways
 - Listnr is a podcasting solution that lowers the barrier to entry in podcasting by allowing you to create a podcast without having to record anything.
 - You can use Listnr to convert your blog posts into audio and embed them on your website or share them across different social platforms. Additionally, you can also use it to transform your ebooks into audiobooks.
 - When you create a podcast with Listnr, it takes care of everything from creating a podcast to customizing its elements and publishing it across different podcasting platforms.
Audio consumption, when compared to other media verticals like text, images, and videos, has been steadily growing over the past few years. So much so that Google is building an audio search engine. One that will solely focus on curating content in the audio vertical and making podcasts and audience discovery faster.
IMAGE: Listnr
The sudden rise in audio consumption over the past few years can be attributed widely to the increase in audio creation and consumption platforms and tools that are empowering creators to churn out audio versions of their content to cater to a larger audience. Listnr happens to be one such tool that we are discussing today. It is an all-new podcasting solution that helps you convert blog posts into audio (speech) content, which you can distribute or embed across various online platforms. Listnr drastically brings down the barriers involved in Podcast production.
Let's check out Listnr in detail and see how you can take use it to increase your content's reach on the internet.
What is Listnr, and how does it work?
Listnr is a podcasting solution that helps you convert text into audio. You can use it to convert your blog posts or any other written content into speech and distribute it across different audio platforms. Founded by Anan Batra, Listnr offers support for over 100 voices, in 20+ languages including English (US, UK, Indian), German, and Spanish in both male and female versions, which you can use to diversify your content. Listnr is using the APIs from some of the best in the business – Google, Amazon and IBM.
Listnr podcasting solution
One of the best things about Listnr is that you can either use its speech synthesis engine to transform your text into audio or upload your own audio.
In general, when you plan to start a podcast, you need two things: content and distribution platform. For the former, you can either record the entire episode talking yourself or convert a written piece of content into audio using a text-to-audio program like Listnr.
However, when it comes to distributing your podcast, there are numerous factors that you need to consider. Of these, one of the most crucial ones is ensuring your podcast gets a good reach. Although distribution platforms have a significant part to play in this, the vital constituent in the mix is how you present and optimize your podcast for these platforms.
This is where Listnr comes into the picture — to help you create episodes and customize them to your preference.
What can you do with Listnr?
By now, it's well established that Listnr is a text-to-audio conversion tool of sorts that simplifies the podcast production process for you. But the question that still remains is, what all can you do with it?
Well, to put it simply, you can put Listnr to use to transform all your written content, be it blog posts, essays, etc., into audio — kind of like voice-over — and embed it in your blog/website or broadcast it on some other distribution platform. Likewise, you also get the ability to add voice-overs for your YouTube videos in a range of different languages on the platform to reach a diverse audience.
Listnr usage
Besides, Listnr can even help you convert your e-books into their audiobook equivalent, which you can then distribute in an audio form over the internet.
Listnr Features
Now that you know what Listnr is and what you can use it for, here's a quick rundown of its features that you can employ in producing, editing, and hosting your podcast.
Listnr features
1. Support for over 100 natural (human-sounding) voices in more than 22 different languages and more than 4 dialects.
2. Automatic RSS feed updates to update the RSS feed across all podcast platforms as soon as you upload new content.
3. Email subscribers feature to give your audience the ability to subscribe to your podcast right from the audio player using email capture.
4. Freedom to publish your podcast on popular hosting platforms like Spotify, Google Podcasts, Transistor, and more.
5. Social sharing to let you share your podcast on various social media handles such as Twitter, Facebook, etc.
How to use Listnr to create a podcast?
Creating a podcast is as simple as following a few steps. Here's how.
Step 1. Go to Listnr and log in to your account. If you don't have an account, create one.
Step 2. Click on the hamburger-like menu button on the top-left to expand the sidebar and choose Dashboard.
Step 3. On the Dashboard window, click on the Start a Podcast button.
Creating a podcast with Listnr
Step 4. You will now be redirected to the Podcast Gallery. Here, click on the Create New Show button, and in the show form, fill in the details about your show. And hit Create a Show.
Creating a podcast with Listnr
Step 5. Now, you have two options: you can either start your own show by using Listnr's speech synthesis engine or upload your own audio and use Listnr's hosting.
Step 6. With either option selected, add your episode script into the Show Editor window and customize its elements to your preference. Listnr allows you to change settings for speech emphasis, volume, rate, and pitch.
Creating a podcast with Listnr
Listnr Pricing
Listnr is available as both a free (trial) and a paid service. With the free plan, you get a limited balance of 500 credits that you can use to convert 500 words per month. Since that won't be sufficient for most users, Listnr also has three paid plans: Solo, Startup, and Agency.
Listnr pricing
The Solo plan costs $90 per year and allows 30,000-word conversions per month with free podcast hosting and 3 podcast shows. On the other hand, the Startup and the Agency plan come in at $200 and $500 per year, respectively, and they allow 5 podcast shows and access to some more functionalities.
It's not like Listnr has no competition. There has been a surge in companies working on speech synthesis and deep learning algorithms to reproduce human-sounding voices. But Listnr is one of the few which provides the scale required to achieve greatness without breaking the bank. Take Play.ht for example. They charge $90 per year for a total of 120,000 words (translates to 10,000 words a month) and go up to $640 per year for 1,200,000 words. Listnr is roughly one-third cheaper.
As per its roadmap, Listnr is soon coming out with a Google Chrome extension that can convert any article into a podcast with just a click (like Podcastle.ai) and Podcast templates with intro/outro music like BuildBubbles. There's also a mobile app in the works alongside a standalone podcast hosting platform. The best of the lot is the ability to Podcast in your own voice by uploading a 90-second voice clip and letting Listnr synthesize the podcast in your own voice.
Listnr Lifetime deal
Listnr is currently running a lifetime deal for its product on Dealify. It starts at just $69 for 45,000 words per month and goes up to $329 for 300,000 words per month. These are one-time payments to keep using the platform forever. Absolute steal. Check out Listnr LTD here.
Creating podcasts with Listnr
With a pretty straightforward process to transform blog posts and turn them into episodes and all the essential podcasting features, Listnr lowers the barrier to entry in the podcasting space, and in the process, makes it easier for anyone to create a podcast, modify it, and distribute it on any platform on the internet.
The ability to convert written content into audio, in particular, is one of the interesting functionalities of Listnr since you can use it to create audio versions of your blog posts and embed them on your websites to cater to those who prefer audio over text. And in turn, grow your audience.
Check out Listnr
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- Color$ - HTML Color Code of BR Color Attribute to color the Progress Bar. Defaults to Green.
 - ProgressAfter - This value can be used to prevent the progress bar from loading when the job takes only a short time.
 - ProgressThreshhold - This value can be used to prevent the progress bar from loading when the job takes only a short time.
 - UpdateThreshhold - This value can be used to prevent the progress bar from loading when the job takes only a short time.
 - Caption$ - Optional message to display above the progress bar.
 - MessageRow$ - Optional message to display on the progress bar.
fnCloseBar
fnCloseBar
Call this function to close the progress bar window when your task is done running.
fnCopyFile
fnCopyFile(FromFile$*255,ToFile$*255)
 - FromFile$ - The file to copy.
 - ToFile$ - The destination file name including path.
This function copies any file, by opening it as an external file and reading and writing the data to the destination file. The advantage of this technique, over using the BR copy command, is this routine is more reliable when run on client server where you may be transferring large files from one side to the other over the internet.
This fnCopyFile also has a progress bar that displays as the file is transferred, so the user knows your software is busy.
This function works over Client Server. Under Client Server, specify @: at the beginning of your filename, to specify that the file is on the client. If the file is on the server, simply leave the @: off. See the chapter on using BR's copy command under Client Server for more details on the "@:".
This function's parameters and syntax are modeled off of the built in BR copy command, and like that one, this should work for local transfers, LAN transfers, or even internet transfers. This function will work better for internet transfers then the built in BR Copy Command, however.
fnCopyDataFiles
fnCopyDataFiles(DestinationFolder$*255)
 - DestinationFolder$ - the folder to copy your data files to.
This function reads your file layouts and makes a copy of every data file (and key file) in your system to the destination folder, utilizing fnCopyFile above, for better performance and reliability when running over the internet, as well as a progress bar for each individual file.
It also displays a listview while its copying so you can watch the progress while its transferring your data files.
This can be used for making backups of your BR data, or for transferring the latest data onto a laptop for access to it while you're on the road away from the internet.
fnReIndex
This function reindexes a single data file
fnReIndex(DataFile$*255;CallingProgram$*255,IndexNum,Path$*25)
 - Datafile$ - the file layout of the file to index
 - CallingProgram$ - used for logging, pass Program$ in here
 - IndexNum - The index to rebuild - if not given, rebuilds all indexes
 - Path$ - the optional alternate path to use for rebuilding the data file.
fnReIndexAllFiles
This function reindexes all your data files. It doesn't require any parameters.
fnReIndexAllFiles
fnUpdateFile
This function checks and Updates a data file if it needs to be updated, by opening and then closing the data file.
fnUpdateFile(FileLayout$)
 - FileLayout$ - The name of the file to update
fnRemoveDeletes
This function, written by Susan Smith, removes deleted records by copying the file with the -D option.
fnRemoveDeletes(LayoutName$*255;Path$*255,CallingProgram$*255)
 - LayoutName$ - the file layout
 - Path$ - Optional Alternate Path
 - CallingPRogram$ - used for logging, pass Program$ in here
Layout Interrogation
Layout interrogation functions are provided for convenience and to enable future dictionary changes without disrupting any programs that interrogate it.
fnMakeSubProc
This function obtains the subscript assignments that were assigned by fnOpen according to the file layout. The fnMakeSubProc$ routine obtains the subscript assignments without actually opening the file. This is useful when a file record is passed as arrays into a library function in another program, or when you chained to another program and you need to know how to reach the data in the arrays without actually reopening the file.
fnMakeSubProc(filelay$;mat Subscripts$)
 - FileLay$ - The name of the file layout from which to read the subscripts.
 - mat Subscripts$ - If you give this optional array, fnMakeSubProc passes the subscripts back in this array rather then in the subs.$$$ file. This is much faster and helps avoid sharing conflicts.
When this routine returns, you can set the subscripts in your program by executing every element of the Subscripts$ array in a for/next loop.
If you did not pass in a subscripts array, then the a procedure file named subs.$$$ is created. If you proc that file, the proper subscripts will be set.
fnReadLayoutArrays
This function reads the fields in a file layout into arrays. You call it like the following
fnReadLayoutArrays(filelay$,&prefix$;mat SSubs$, mat NSubs$, mat SSpec$, mat NSpec$,mat SDescription$, mat NDescription$,Mat Spos,Mat Npos)
 - filelay$ - the name of the layout to read
 - prefix$ - the return value for the prefix for the file
 - mat SSubs$ - the return value for all the string subscripts in the layout
 - mat NSubs$ - the return value for the numeric subscripts in the layout
 - mat SSpec$ - the return value for the string fields specs
 - mat NSpec$ - the return value for the numeric fields specs
 - mat SDescription$ - the return value for the Descriptions of the String Specs
 - mat NDescription$ - the return value for the Descriptions of the Numeric Specs
 - mat SPos - the return value for the starting positions of the String Specs
 - mat NPos - the return value for the starting positions of the Numeric Specs
This function call would read the fields from the layout in filelay$, and it would return the prefix to prefix$. The Subs would be returned in mat SSubs$ and mat NSubs$.
The Spec statements are returned in mat SSpec$ and mat NSpec$ and the Descriptions are returned in mat SDescription$ and mat NDescription$. The start positions on disk of each element are returned in mat SPos and mat NPos.
All the arrays are optional. If you don't pass them the information they are supposed to record is simply not returned.
fnReadLayoutHeader
This function reads the header for a given file layout.
fnReadLayoutHeader(Layoutname$*255;&Filename$,Mat Keys$,Mat KeyDescription$)
 - LayoutName$ - Name of the layout to read
 - Filename$ - The file name read from the layout
 - Mat Keys$ - Array to be populated with the list of keys for the file
 - Mat KeyDescription$ - Key Description String returned from the file
fnReadEntireLayout
This function reads the entire layout by calling fnReadLayoutHeader and fnReadLayoutArrays.
fnReadEntireLayout(Layoutname$*255;&Filename$,&Prefix$,Mat Keys$,Mat KeyDescription$,Mat Ssubs$,Mat Nsubs$,Mat Sspec$,Mat Nspec$,Mat Sdescription$,Mat Ndescription$,Mat Spos,Mat Npos)
 - LayoutName$ - Name of the layout to read
 - Filename$ - The file name read from the layout
 - prefix$ - the return value for the prefix for the file
 - Mat Keys$ - Array to be populated with the list of keys for the file
 - Mat KeyDescription$ - Key Description String returned from the file
 - mat SSubs$ - the return value for all the string subscripts in the layout
 - mat NSubs$ - the return value for the numeric subscripts in the layout
 - mat SSpec$ - the return value for the string fields specs
 - mat NSpec$ - the return value for the numeric fields specs
 - mat SDescription$ - the return value for the Descriptions of the String Specs
 - mat NDescription$ - the return value for the Descriptions of the Numeric Specs
 - mat SPos - the return value for the starting positions of the String Specs
 - mat NPos - the return value for the starting positions of the Numeric Specs
fnReadSubs
This function reads the subscripts from a layout into Subs arrays.
fnReadSubs(Layout$,mat SSubs$,mat NSubs


Skip to definition.
Noun: Falkland Islands
 1. A group of over 100 islands in the southern Atlantic off the coast of Argentina; a British Crown Colony
Type of: island
Part of: Atlantic, Atlantic Ocean
Encyclopedia: Falkland Islands


text:
Spring 2022 in Berlin and Brandenburg was characterized by little precipitation, relatively mild temperatures and numerous hours of sunshine. With only around 55 liters of precipitation per square meter from March to May, the capital was the driest area in Germany, as the German Weather Service (DWD) announced on Monday. For comparison: the long-term average was around 132 liters per square meter.
According to initial calculations by the DWD, the average temperature in Berlin was 9.9 degrees, above the long-term average of 8.7 degrees, so that the capital was classified among the comparatively warm regions. The sun showed up for more than 680 hours (507 hours).
Coal phase-out, climate change, sector coupling: The briefing for the energy and climate sector. For decision makers
According to the data, Brandenburg was the second driest federal state this spring with a rounded up of 60 liters of precipitation per square meter. With locally less than 40 liters per square meter, the Uckermark and the Oderbruch were among the regions with the lowest rainfall.
The DWD climate experts calculated an average temperature of 9.1 degrees for the country, which was also well above the long-term average of 8.2 degrees. In addition, the sun also shone much longer in Brandenburg – namely 685 hours.
Nationwide, spring 2022 was clearly too warm again, after temperatures that were clearly too cool last year interrupted a series of springs that were too warm in Germany.
[If you want to have all the latest news live on your mobile phone, we recommend our app, which you can download here for Apple and Android devices.]


impala-shell Command Reference
Use the following commands within impala-shell to pass requests to the impalad daemon that the shell is connected to. You can enter a command interactively at the prompt, or pass it as the argument to the -q option of impala-shell. Most of these commands are passed to the Impala daemon as SQL statements; refer to the corresponding SQL language reference sections for full syntax details.
Command Explanation
Changes the underlying structure or settings of an Impala table, or a table shared between Impala and Hive. See ALTER TABLE Statement and ALTER VIEW Statement for details.
compute stats
Gathers important performance-related information for a table, used by Impala to optimize queries. See COMPUTE STATS Statement for details.
Connects to the specified instance of impalad. The default port of 21000 is assumed unless you provide another value. You can connect to any host in your cluster that is running impalad. If you connect to an instance of impalad that was started with an alternate port specified by the --fe_port flag, you must provide that alternate port. See Connecting to impalad through impala-shell for examples.
The SET statement has no effect until the impala-shell interpreter is connected to an Impala server. Once you are connected, any query options you set remain in effect as you issue a subsequent CONNECT command to connect to a different Impala host.
Shows the columns, column data types, and any column comments for a specified table. DESCRIBE FORMATTED shows additional information such as the HDFS data directory, partitions, and internal properties for the table. See DESCRIBE Statement for details about the basic DESCRIBE output and the DESCRIBE FORMATTED variant. You can use DESC as shorthand for the DESCRIBE command.
Removes a schema object, and in some cases its associated data files. See DROP TABLE Statement, DROP VIEW Statement, DROP DATABASE Statement, and DROP FUNCTION Statement for details.
Provides the execution plan for a query. EXPLAIN represents a query as a series of steps. For example, these steps might be map/reduce stages, metastore operations, or file system operations such as move or rename. See EXPLAIN Statement and Using the EXPLAIN Plan for Performance Tuning for details.
Help provides a list of all available commands and options.
Maintains an enumerated cross-session command history. This history is stored in the ~/.impalahistory file.
Writes the results of a query to a specified table. This either overwrites table data or appends data to the existing table content. See INSERT Statement for details.
invalidate metadata
Updates impalad metadata for table existence and structure. Use this command after creating, dropping, or altering databases, tables, or partitions in Hive. See INVALIDATE METADATA Statement for details.
Displays low-level information about the most recent query. Used for performance diagnosis and tuning. The report starts with the same information as produced by the EXPLAIN statement and the SUMMARY command. See Using the Query Profile for Performance Tuning for details.
Exits the shell. Remember to include the final semicolon so that the shell recognizes the end of the command.
Refreshes impalad metadata for the locations of HDFS blocks corresponding to Impala data files. Use this command after loading new data files into an Impala table through Hive or through HDFS commands. See REFRESH Statement for details.
rerun or @
Executes a previous impala-shell command again, from the list of commands displayed by the history command. These could be SQL statements, or commands specific to impala-shell such as quit or profile.
Specify an integer argument. A positive integer N represents the command labelled N in the output of the HISTORY command. A negative integer -N represents the Nth command from the end of the list, such as -1 for the most recent command. Commands that are executed again do not produce new entries in the HISTORY output list.
Specifies the data set on which to complete some action. All information returned from select can be sent to some output such as the console or a file or can be used to complete some other element of query. See SELECT Statement for details.
Manages query options for an impala-shell session. The available options are the ones listed in Query Options for the SET Statement. These options are used for query tuning and troubleshooting. Issue SET with no arguments to see the current query options, either based on the impalad defaults, as specified by you at impalad startup, or based on earlier SET statements in the same session. To modify option values, issue commands with the syntax set option=value. To restore an option to its default, use the unset command. Some options take Boolean values of true and false. Others take numeric arguments, or quoted string values.
In Impala 2.0 and later, SET is available as a SQL statement for any kind of application, not only through impala-shell. See SET Statement for details.
In Impala 2.5 and later, you can use SET to define your own substitution variables within an impala-shell session. Within a SQL statement, you substitute the value by using the notation ${var:variable_name}.
Executes the specified command in the operating system shell without exiting impala-shell. You can use the! character as shorthand for the shell command.
Displays metastore data for schema objects created and accessed through Impala, Hive, or both. show can be used to gather information about objects such as databases, tables, and functions. See SHOW Statement for details.
source or src
Executes one or more statements residing in a specified file from the local filesystem. Allows you to perform the same kinds of batch operations as with the -f option, but interactively within the interpreter. The file can contain SQL statements and other impala-shell commands, including additional SOURCE commands to perform a flexible sequence of actions. Each command or statement, except the last one in the file, must end with a semicolon. See Running Commands and SQL Statements in impala-shell for examples.
Summarizes the work performed in various stages of a query. It provides a higher-level view of the information displayed by the EXPLAIN command. Added in Impala 1.4.0. See Using the SUMMARY Report for Performance Tuning for details about the report format and how to interpret it.
The time, memory usage, and so on reported by SUMMARY only include the portions of the statement that read data, not when data is written. Therefore, the PROFILE command is better for checking the performance and scalability of INSERT statements.
In CDH 5.5 / Impala 2.3 and higher, you can see a continuously updated report of the summary information while a query is in progress. See LIVE_SUMMARY Query Option (CDH 5.5 or higher only) for details.
Removes any user-specified value for a query option and returns the option to its default value. See Query Options for the SET Statement for the available query options.
In CDH 5.7 / Impala 2.5 and higher, it can also remove user-specified substitution variables using the notation UNSET VAR:variable_name.
Indicates the database against which to execute subsequent commands. Lets you avoid using fully qualified names when referring to tables in databases other than default. See USE Statement for details. Not effective with the -q option, because that option only allows a single statement in the argument.
Returns Impala version information.


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The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of using three-channel video to explore the impact of the computer on general practitioner (GP) consultations. A previous study had highlighted the limitations of using single-channel video: firstly, there was a lack of information about exactly how the computer was being used, and secondly difficulty in interpreting the body language of the consulting clinician. More information was needed to understand the impact of the computer on the consultation, and in this pilot three-channel video was used to overcome these constraints. Four doctors consulted, with the patient's role played by an actor with a preset script and preloaded personal and family history record programmed into the computer. The output was analysed using the Roter Interaction Analysis System (RIAS) and observational methods were used to explore the effect of computers on aspects of verbal and non-verbal behaviour and the completeness of the computer data record. Three-channel video proved to be a feasible and valuable technique for the analysis of primary care GP consultations, with advantages over single-channel video. Interesting differences in non-verbal and verbal behaviour became apparent with different types of computer use during the consultation. Implications for the three-channel video technique for training, monitoring GP competence and providing feedback are discussed.
Original publication
DOI
10.14236/jhi.v11i3.563
Type
Journal article
Journal
Informatics in Primary Care
Publication Date
01/01/2003
Volume
11
Pages
149 - 156


text:
Do you own a plot and are looking for Construction your own house? Then the first question that might have hit your mind is how much it costs to construct my own house.
If you are confused with different contractors quoting differently and don't know really which one to believe in, then you are at the right place. In this blog we will discuss the various aspects like how to arrive at the total cost of house construction, what are the factors that might influence the cost of construction and give you a House Construction Cost Calculator where you can calculate the approximate cost for your house construction.
Please note this blog is targeted to answer questions of individual house constructions so we might not have covered aspects that influence cost in high rise construction such as height of structure, shape of the building, type of formwork used etc.,
Cost of House Construction
The cost of house construction in India typically starts from Rs. 1349/- per sqft. That means a 1000 sqft of house will cost 13,49,000/- to construct. This cost may vary depending on the finishing materials you choose.
Individual house construction involves lot of complex construction activities but in small quantities.
So it is highly difficult to prepare a Bill of Quantities and arrive at rates individually.
The commonly used way to calculate the cost of construction is to arrive at an approximate unit rate for construction and multiply it by the build-up area.
Cost of construction = Build-up area X Unit rate for construction
What Constitutes Cost of Construction
1. Area of Construction (or Build Up Area)
The cost of construction depends on Build up area (or Area of construction). Area of construction is not the plot area. It is the total slab area that is constructed.
Say, if you are constructing a 3 Floor building (G+2) with 1000 sqft floor plate area on each floor, then the total build-up area of the building will be counted as follows:
Build-up area = 3 X 1000 sqft = 3000 sqft
If you are planning for stilt parking, then obtain the cost of stilt parking separately (since no finishing is required) or use of factor of 0.7 while calculating build-up area.
Suppose in the above case if we are considering the ground floor as stilt parking, then the build-up area would be 2.7 X 1000 = 2700 sqft.
2. unit Rate of Construction (Rate per Sqft)
The Unit rate of construction usually depends on what specifications you choose. Although some might call it as quality of construction we wouldn't prefer using that term.
Quality of construction is not about just choosing the best of all materials in the market but by achieving the required degree of standard by using the materials available and by employing the best practices.
So what do we mean when we say specifications of construction?
Specifications mostly mean the types and brands of materials you choose for construction.
Say you are planning to get flooring done for you house. There are variety of materials available in the market you can choose from.
You can go with a simple concrete flooring or go with vitrified tile flooring or with marble flooring. Now the rates for construction of each of these types of flooring varies.
Vitrified tiles are available from Rs. 30 – Rs .150 per sqft in the market
Indian Granite might cost you between Rs. 80 – Rs. 500 per sqft and above also.
Italian granite might cost you anywhere between Rs. 250 – Rs. 2000 and above also.
Now it might be hard for you to understand what these types/brands of materials that are used in construction. So we would like to simply them for you.
We have created a House Construction packages section. Here we have given 3 packages (Silver, Gold & Platinum) and shown how the cost varies depending on specifications/brands you choose in as much detail as possible. You may refer to these packages to understand how construction cost varies depending on specifications.
Why to finalize the basic cost of materials and not just the brands Used?
Many might have wondered why fix the basic cost of materials like tiles, bathroom fixtures etc., when the brands of these materials are finalized.
Let's consider a brand like Jaguar. There are a number of series of materials available in jaguar for same kinds of materials.
In each of those series, the size, shape, design and cost of similar fittings (say table top counter as shown in below case) varies drastically.
Likewise many series of materials with varying prices are also available in electrical wires, switches, sockets, bathroom fittings, Painting etc., So it is always advisable not just to finalize the brands used in construction but also the basic rates of materials used.
If there is any difference in the landed cost of all the materials from the base cost. This will help removing any uncertainty in obtaining quotes for House Construction from contractors.
Here is an example for you to understand:
Say while agreeing on house construction with your contractor, you have agreed for a lump sum amount of Rs. 12,000/- (per bathroom) for all the fittings and fixtures from Jaguar Brand. While construction, say you have selected the following materials from Jaguar Brand.
Wall Hung WC (Continental Series) – Rs. 5,720/-
Metropole Concealed Flush Valve with Plate – Rs. 2,775/-
Table Top Basin (Continental Series) – Rs. 1,925/-
Pillar Cock (Continental Series) – Rs. 560/-
Wall Mixer (Continental Series) – Rs. 2,400/-
Overhead Shower – Rs. 1,650/-
Hand shower (health faucet or Jet spray) – Rs. 700/-
The total amount for fittings in this case would be Rs. 15,730/-. You will have 2 options, one pay Rs. 3,730/- apart from the agreed amount of Rs. 12,000/- per bathroom or choose fittings according to the price. You may go with brands like hindware which costs 15-20% less as compared to Jaguar or choose change your fittings like going with Floor mounted WC with tank. This will reduce the cost of the fixture by more than 30% (Considering the combined cost of Wall hung WC and Concealed Flush Valve).
By finalising on the basic prices of materials, you can always keep a check on the house construction costs and remove any uncertainty while comparing quotes from multiple contractors.
How to Calculate the Cost of Construction In Your Case
Now that you have understood how the cost of construction varies, you can talk to few contractors and get quotes from them for your house construction project.
You may refer our House Construction Packages which shows how costs varies depending on the specifications you choose.
Alternatively, you can use our House Construction Calculator if you want to arrive at a customised costing based on the specifications you have finalised.


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Pretty much what the title says. My base question is this. Assuming I take a piece of steel, and a piece of PVC plastic and I measure both their temperatures and find they are the same. I then take a look at the vibration speeds of the individual molecules would they be the same as well?
Here's a rough example:
I measure both the steel and PVC and find them both at 100F, and then I measure the vibrations of a molecule in the steel and find it to be moving at 10 miles an hour. Would the PVC molecules also be moving at 10 miles an hour?
I'm sure I'm not using the correct units of measure to measure the vibration, but I didn't know what the correct unit of measure is for something like that. Hopefully it gets the point across.
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No, because the atoms in steel and plastic have different masses.
Your example is a bit more complicated than it need be because steel (well iron) is an element while plastic is a compound. This complicates things because molecules can have internal motions that contribute to the energy. A better comparision might be between lead and lithium. These are both elements to you just need to consider the motions of the Pb and Li atoms. For a given kinetic energy a lead atom will be moving more slowly than a lithium atom because it's heavier.
You could think of it this way: if you touch the piece of lead to the piece of lithium the atoms will be in contact so they'll swap energy by bashing into each other. If a lead atom hits a lithium atom the Li atom will recoil a lot faster than a Pb atom.
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Its probably simpler to think of gases. From the Wikipedia article on the Kinetic Theory of Gases, the average kinetic energy of molecules in an ideal gas is 3/2 k_b T. But since molecules of nitrogen (28) are lighter than molecules of oxygen (32), it follows that at the same temperature, an "average" nitrogen molecule is moving about 7% faster than an "average" oxygen molecule. – Anonymous Jun 2 '12 at 17:05
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Band Parents Scholarship
Each year the West Milford Highlander Band Parents Association awards a limited number of scholarships to deserving members of the Highlander Marching Band each year. Below and attached is information regarding the scholarship application process including the qualifications and selection requirements. Both the application and the essay must be mailed.
Please remember that the Band Parents Association awards these scholarships for the student's contributions above and beyond regular band responsibilities. The scholarship committee will carefully review all applications and essays. We will make selections according to the criteria. The decision of the scholarship committee is final.
To qualify for consideration, the student must be in good standing and meet the following requirements:
 1. Participation in the Highlander Marching Band for four years.
 Note: Transfer students may count their participation in another high school band program.
 2. Submit with application, an essay addressing:
 "What the Highlander Band Experience Has Meant to Me."
 3. Apply to an institution of higher learning, including a 2 or 4 year college, trade school, etc. The applicant need not be a music major to be a recipient of the Band Parents Scholarship.
Criteria for selection include:
 1. Contributions to the band above and beyond regular responsibilities expected of all members.
 2. A high level of citizenship and character.
 3. Potential for continued success, as indicated by high school record, personal motivation, and leadership qualities.
 4. Support of the many activities and programs of the band as a whole, including four years of fundraising participation.
 5. The essay should address the criteria and provide other important information that will assist the committee in making a decision.
NOTE: Financial needs, the receipt of other scholarships, grade point average, or activities outside of band are not prime considerations for choosing recipients.
Band Director Scholarship
Students have the opportunity to be selected not only for the Band Parents Scholarships, but also for the Band Director Scholarship. In addition to meeting the guidelines and criteria for the Band Parents' Scholarships, the following is the criteria that will be used in the selection of the recipient of this scholarship.
Criteria for the Band Director Scholarship
 1. Music major at an accredited four year college/university planned.
 Strong history of band participation and musical performance.
 2. Demonstrated musical achievement.
 Competence on instrument (i.e., private lessons, sections leader, "first chair", and so on)
 3. Service to organization.
 Actions above and beyond the normal.
 4. Demonstrated attributes of caring for others.
 5. Show by example a sincere attempt to exemplify the "Guiding Principles."
 (See text of the Highlander Band Guiding Principles here.)
Note: Application must be returned to scholarship committee by mail, postmarked no later than the published date. No applications will be accepted after this date. Applications are to be mailed to the address indicated on the application.


text: Assume that K is an arbitrary field. Let (I,⪯) be a poset of finite prinjective type and let KI be the incidence K-algebra of I. A classification of all sincere posets of finite prinjective type with three maximal elements is given in Theorem 2.1. A complete list of such posets consisting of 90 diagrams is presented in Tables 2.2. Moreover, given any sincere poset I of finite prinjective type with three maximal elements, a complete set of pairwise non-isomorphic sincere indecomposable prinjective modules over KI is presented in Tables 8.1. The list consists of 723 modules.


text:
An Improved Matrix Perturbation Method for Modified Structures
- _URL_ to use a DOI?
- Matrix perturbation method, iterative; eigensolution, natural frequency, Rayleigh quotient.
In this paper, an improved matrix perturbation method for modified structures is presented. First we construct an iterative format on the basis of the matrix perturbation theory. By introducing a pair of initial eigensolution, we can obtain the natural vibration mode of the modified structure, and then use the Rayleigh quotient to compute the corresponding natural frequency. In this way, the computation accuracy can be greatly improved. Finally, a numerical example is included to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method.
- © 2017, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press.
- Open Access
- This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC license (_URL_
Cite this article
TY - CONF AU - Zhong-hai XU AU - Zhong-yuan NIU AU - Jian-zhao ZHANG AU - Rong-guo WANG PY - 2016/12 DA - 2016/12 TI - An Improved Matrix Perturbation Method for Modified Structures BT - Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Networks and Communication Technology (CNCT 2016) PB - Atlantis Press SP - 695 EP - 705 SN - 2352-538X UR - _URL_ DO - _URL_ ID - XU2016/12 ER -


ieves or Scouts who are scouting ahead, and depending on the lens chosen (if any), they can pick up a lot of out-of-combat utility.
Saturday, October 26, 2013
Magic Economics: How much should spellcasting cost?
GURPS Magic has a section on the economics of creating magic items, which is fairly reasonable: it starts by assuming the monthly wages of wizards capable of enchantment, and works from there to determine how much enchantments would need to cost for them to be able to earn those enchantments. Which is fine, but it's something of a static analysis: if a wizard earns an Average wage (as defined by the GURPS rules), then magic items cost so much. But it doesn't really address what a wizard should earn, assuming that should be a setting detail.
The thing is that a wizard's earnings should be based on the opportunity cost of not paying a wizard to cast some particular spell. If a wizard can produce some service that people would want to buy for less than other providers, then people seeking that service are going to bid up the wizard's payments until the cost matches the other providers. Since many things that a wizard can theoretically provide have no easy to price equivalent service (what's the value of a Teleport Other spell?), this exercise can't necessarily determine how much a wizard should get paid, but it can put a lower bound on a wizard's wages. If a wizard can maintain a Wealthy lifestyle by casting Create Food, there's little reason to think that he's going to work for Average wages by enchanting objects.
The Opportunity Costs of Candles and Continual Light
As mentioned, a lot of spells provide services that don't have an easy to price equivalent. But some spells do. For example, Continual Light provides enough light to eliminate darkness penalties in a 1, 2, or 3 yard radius for an average of 7 days. $7 of tallow candles provides 1 yard of light for 7 days; a $20 lantern and $14 of lantern oil provides 2 yards of light for 7 days. A wizard who can make an acceptable living by casting Continual Light for $7 or less can undercut candlemakers and oil salesman; a wizard who needs more money than that might have a niche market (underwater lighting, for instance) or need to find other spells to earn money.
Continual Light is an interesting spell for this example because it is easy to learn: it requires Magery 0 and a single prerequisite within the same college. Even an IQ11, Magery 0 spellcaster can learn with not much effort: learning two hard skills, one to a professional level, is equivalent to getting a BS with a major and a minor. It has a linear energy cost of 2 per yard of light produced, so 2 energy for a 1 yard light and a 4 energy for a 2 yard light, nicely matching the doubled cost of moving from candles to lantern oil.
Using the standard magic system, a hypothetical IQ11, Magery 0 spellcaster with Light-9 and Continual Light-13 can recover 6 FP per hour, succeeds in casting Continual Light 86% of time, and can expect to produce 20 castings of a 1 yard Continual Light per 8 hour working day. Selling these spells for a mere $6 each and leaving some leeway for disastrous critical failures (roughly twice a year, our wizard forgets how to cast Continual Light for an average of 2 weeks and every other year he summons a demon) gives an income that is high end Comfortable, if not Wealthy, in GURPS terms. A delving or enchanter grade wizard, with IQ15, Magery 3+, and Recover Energy-15 puts out 95 castings a day and is Very Wealthy if not Filthy Rich.
In a Threshold system, a wizard's spellcasting frequency is limited by the lower of his Threshold or his Recovery Rate. Thaumatology suggests a Recovery Rate of 8, which puts the sample minimal spellcaster at a low Average wage, and a delving grade wizard (without an increased Recovery Rate) at Average or possibly Comfortable. My College Ritual Book system suggests that Recovery Rate should be purchased as an advantage. A low end spellworker with Recovery Rate 10 makes at least Average wage, and a delving wizard can earn Comfortable to Wealth wages, depending on his exact Recovery Rate.
So what does this mean?
This is a pretty simple thought experiment, but it strongly suggests that most lighting in a world of magic should either be Continual Light spells, or that wizards should be paid more than the standard GURPS model. The standard model assumes that wizards get paid Average wages and that spells cost about $1/FP to cast. More realistically, wizards should get paid Wealthy to Filthy Rich wages and spells should cost $5/FP to cast (or probably more, since this analysis doesn't begin to factor in the rarity costs of being the only IQ16 wizard in 200 miles who knows how to cast Teleport Other).
Which isn't to say that all PC wizards should be rich and well-employed, casting Continual Light all day. PC wizards tend to have all kinds of issues that make them unsuitable for employment, such as Obsessions with becoming liches or an Elder Thing ancestry. It just means that NPC wizards who lack those issues should be well paid, and willing to charge people a pretty penny for spell-casting services.
Aside: What About Enchantment?
At the start of this discussion, I noted that the GURPS Magic treatment of the enchantment of magic items assumes certain wages and works out the cost of magical items from there. It does have a brief section on changing those assumptions. The cost of Quick and Dirty enchantment goes from $1/point to $25/point (Filthy Rich enchanters with Enchantment-20 could easily have Continual Light-20 and be raking it in on the lighting market, so they don't come cheap) while Slow and Sure enchantment goes from $33/point to $666/point.
Alternately, people can ditch the GURPS Magic enchantment rules, which don't produce very fun or interesting results anyway. In Dungeon Fantasy, PCs can't become enchanters, and the exact details of the enchanting process are unknown. It's entirely possible that Q&D items are still $1/point because it doesn't take a master enchanter and a circle of five enchanter-grade wizards costing $6600/day to produce 4 Q&D items/day. Maybe a single enchanter can pump out 6 of them a day.
Thursday, October 24, 2013
Rationalizing Damage Spells in GURPS
GURPS Magic presents a variety of combat spells that do direct damage: Stone Missile, Fireball, Sunbolt, Deathtouch, Lightning Bolt, Explosive Fireball, and many others. They're scattered across the colleges, and while there's something of a theme of a touch spell, a jet spell, a basic missile spell, an explosive missile spell, a rain spell, and a breath spell, not every college has all of those spells and the damage and side effects of the various spells vary tremendously, even within the same college. A lightning bolt has different side effects than a shocking touch, even though they're both supposed to represent hitting someone with a huge jolt of electricity.
Arguably, magic should be mysterious, organic, and off-beat. Not every college should have every type of spell, and maybe the effects of lightning should differ depending on how it is used. I don't hold to that view. Magic in GURPS is consistent and organized.
This is an attempt to rationalize the spells, so that there is a common list of elemental effects and common list of spell forms. It also makes most direct damage spells a bit cheaper, so as to encourage blaster style casters over utility casters.
Revamping Missile Spells
Currently, missile spells in GURPS have their own set of rules. A missile spell creates some object that can be thrown, with a base damage related to the caster's Magery. If the caster has time, she can concentrate on it more, building up the damage for up to 3 seconds - if she has the energy to do so.
In practice, this model is not particularly satisfactory in play. Spellcasters normally only build up spells in ambush situations, when they know they have time to do so safely and recover the energy before starting the fight. In those circumstances, a caster creates a 9d missile spell, and then potentially does a huge amount of damage to a single target - more than anyone else in the game with a single strike. The rest of the time, the caster only builds the missile spell for a second, and does somewhere between 1d and 6d damage, depending on Magery and available FP. Sometimes a caster will use an explosive spell to damage multiple targets, but the poor damage propagation makes this futile, as even an explosive spell that does 18d to the target at the center of the blast does only 3d to people 2 hexes away, and the more reasonable 6d explosive spell rarely penetrates the armor of targets more than a yard away.
I want a system where wizards can contribute reasonably to fighting a single big monster, without having to burn all their fatigue on a single all-or-nothing attack, and can also do reasonable amounts of damage to clustered targets. So I'm changing the rules for Melee, Missile, and other damaging spells.
Fast progression damaging spells (such as Lightning Bolt or Flame Jet) can do a base damage of Sw