Do Spiders Have Teeth? (Solved!)
Does your spider have teeth? The short answer is no, they don't, and that applies to any species of spider out there.
Spiders do not have teeth. They have fangs which act like pincers. They use these fangs to clamp down on prey, and some spiders use them to inject venom. These fangs are curved, and they are hollow.
So, in short, they don't have teeth. But then how do they manage to eat? We all know how important our teeth are to us, so how would a spider cope without them? Well, read on in order to find out a whole lot more about this rather interesting topic.
You see, we are guilty of thinking about teeth in a specific way. That's our problem, as the spider doesn't care about the fact that it's toothless.
Brown hairy tarantula
Spiders Do Not Have Teeth, They Have Fangs
Spiders do not have teeth in the sense that we tend to think. However, they can still crush down on their prey in order to help themselves to get some food.
What your spider does have are fangs, and some people will refer to them as teeth, but that's more a case of trying to give your spider some humanized touches that makes it easier for us to understand more about them.
These fangs are very powerful for their size. They are also called 'chelicere', and they can come in two different forms.
These forms will vary depending on the actual species of spider, but the most important thing for the spider is that they do generally perform the same actions.
First, they can be shaped like fangs, well sort of, and they can come down and clamp onto prey. The other form is more like a pair of pincers, with some spiders using them to grab their prey before they then go ahead and inject them with some kind of venom.
Oh, you may also see these fangs, or pincers, being referred to as jaws in some literature. No matter which term is being used, they all refer to the exact same thing, so don't worry about that.
More recently, we have discovered that their fangs are also curved. This makes it easier for them to hold their prey long enough for the venom to be injected.
It seems that their fangs are a well-honed killing tool. This curving of the fangs forms part of the way in which spiders have evolved. Their fangs are the perfect tool for catching prey, and they will find it impossible to then escape.
Saying your spider has fangs does add to the scary thoughts that people tend to have about these creatures. They sound horrific, but there's something about them that will make them even scarier than you ever thought possible.
A Spider's Fangs are Hollow
You should also know that these fangs are hollow inside, which is amazing when you then realize that there is so much power behind them.
However, there's a good reason as to why this is the case. After all, nature wouldn't give the spider hollow fangs unless there was some specific use in store.
They are hollow because they are connected to their venom glands.
The venom has to come from somewhere and to then be injected into prey, and this is how your spider is going to achieve that. When your spider grabs onto its prey with the fangs, it then sends venom down from the venom glands, through the teeth, and injects it into the prey. [Source]
It's a highly effective killing tool, and it's one that has allowed them to survive for millions of years.
The fangs are still made from protein, and our teeth also contain a lot of protein in the form of collagen, and even though they are hollow, they are still exceptionally strong.
Also, the length of the fangs will vary depending on the species of spider. However, they will always be in line with the overall size of the spider, so don't expect to see anything that is bizarre or strange when it comes to the dimensions.
As an example of size. If a spider is, for example, 25 mm in length, then their fangs will also tend to be in the region of 2 mm. That's not a set rule, but it does give some indication of how the length of their fangs are related to the length of their entire body.
Close up of tarantula face
But How Do Spiders Chew?
This is a common question that people ask when they discover that a spider doesn't have teeth, but don't worry as your spider has it all thought out. They have never had teeth, so evolution has taught them how to deal with that in order to still be able to ingest food.
Remember the venom that we mentioned earlier that comes through the fangs? Well, that's the key in all of this.
The venom not only kills the prey, but it also contains chemicals and enzymes that do something else.
Basically, it starts to liquidize the food, and that's going to make it easier for your spider to devour it.
What that means is that your spider can then go and suck up their food rather than chew on it. They then allow their digestive system to do the rest and break down the food.
Basically, they end up with some sort of liquidized mince, and even though that sounds disgusting, it's something your spider is going to love. [Source]
So, as you can see, they don't need teeth for that purpose. They have something even better, and it's far more efficient than spending all that energy on chewing away at something.
Remember, your spider has been eating like this since they were created, so it's a finely tuned approach.
But Won't Spiders' Jaws Do Some Chewing?
Some people also wonder if the jaws of your spider will do some chewing, and to a certain extent they do, but you must remember that they are external and not internal like teeth.
For some species of spider, their jaws help to mush things up, but it's after the venom has killed the prey and started to dissolve it.
Also, some spiders will basically vomit some of their digestive juices over their prey to aid the process even more. It really is a pretty horrible process when you think about it.
Their jaws will then help break things down into smaller mushy pieces. It does then make it easier for them to get what they need out of the prey, as you need to consider the size of the mouth of the spider and the size of some of their prey that you see caught in a web.
It wouldn't make sense for them to go ahead and consume the entire thing.
How Do Spiders Suck The Food In?
We use our teeth to also move food around our mouth, which then makes it easier for us to swallow stuff. So, as spiders do not have teeth, how do they manage to get the food into their mouth?
The sucking motion basically comes from their stomach.
They effectively power up their stomach to create a sensation that is almost like a vacuum cleaner which then pulls the food into their mouth and down into their stomach.
It's an approach that works exceptionally well.
But What About Bite Marks From Spiders On Humans?
Let's quickly address the issue of bite marks appearing on us humans from a spider. People then make the mistake of thinking that some teeth were involved, and that's simply because of how we link teeth to bites.
Of course, as we have already seen, that's not going to be possible from your spider, as they don't have them.
Instead, if you did see a bite from a spider, then what you have are two puncture wounds caused by the fangs.
That's why it's always going to be two marks.
However, keep in mind that their fangs are generally not powerful enough to puncture our skin. Even the spider knows that type of information, and they will then seek to avoid those kinds of confrontations unless they feel that there's no other option left.
Losing Their Fangs Is Not Good For spiders
If we lose some of our teeth, then it's not the end of the world. However, the same cannot be said for your spider if they somehow end up losing their fangs.
Not only will they be unable to clamp down on any prey, but they will also lose access to their venom, so they would find it impossible to kill their prey in the first place.
Thankfully for the spider, it would be very rare for them to lose their fangs. It seems that evolution has helped with this to make sure that your spider can indeed survive, or they would starve to death in next to no time.
But then, nature also understands that things can happen when a spider could lose its fangs, so some species have a rather neat trick.
You may be aware that a crocodile will grow back its teeth throughout its life. Well, some spiders are capable of doing that with their fangs. However, it must be under certain circumstances before that even becomes possible for them.
How A Spider Can Regrow Their Fangs
This isn't something that a spider can do throughout its life. Instead, it's only at specific times.
The spider doesn't have a skeleton like we do. They have an exoskeleton, and they must molt in order to grow. A spider will do this on several occasions before they enter adulthood, and this is where timing is important.
If a young spider loses its fangs before it enters adulthood, it can then grow them back.
It's all to do with this final molt, so as long as it happens before that, then the spider could survive by the simple fact that their body is going to replace the


Measurements of the heat transfer by natural convection across vertical and inclined air layers are reported. The air layer is bounded by two parallel isothermal flat plates and around the edges by a low thermal conductivity wall of thickness B. A critical wall thickness Bc was determined by solving the two-dimensional conduction equation in the bounding wall region: for B>Bc the convective heat transfer should be insensitive to B. Measurements are reported for air layers with B>Bc and an aspect ratio of 5. They cover a range in Rayleigh number from 103 to 108, and a range in orientation from horizontal to vertical. The effect of the emissivity of the bounding wall on the heat transfer across the air layer was evaluated from measurements obtained respectively with a low and a high value of the wall emissivity. The paper proposes terminology required to define the thermal conditions, and discusses the impact of these boundary conditions on the total heat transfer.
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The Jackson-Gwilt Medal is an award that has been issued by the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) since 1897. The original criteria were for the invention, improvement, or development of astronomical instrumentation or techniques; for achievement in observational astronomy; or for achievement in research into the history of astronomy. From 2017 onwards, the history of astronomy category has been removed and transferred to a new award, the Agnes Mary Clerke Medal.
The frequency of the medal has varied over time. Initially it was irregular, with gaps of between three and five years between awards. From 1968 onwards it was awarded regularly every three years; from 2004 every two years; and since 2008 it has been awarded every year.
The award is named after Hannah Jackson née Gwilt. She was a niece of Joseph Gwilt (an architect and Fellow of the RAS) and daughter of George Gwilt (another Fellow); Hannah donated the original funds for the medal. It is the second oldest award issued by the RAS, after the Gold Medal.
List of winnersEdit
- Webb, Annette. "Agnes Mary Clerke Medal for Historical Research in Astronomy or Geophysics". _URL_. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- Down, Emily. "Jackson-Gwilt Medal". _URL_. Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
The Jackson-Gwilt Medal, after the Gold Medal the oldest offered by the Society, derives from a gift by Mrs Hannah Jackson-Gwilt, niece of the well-known architect and former fellow, Joseph Gwilt. She gave the Society a capital sum which was to be used after her death for the award of a medal and a cash prize.
- "Lists of Medallists, Prize Winners and Lecturers". _URL_. Royal Astronomical Society.
- "The award of the Jackson-Gwilt Medal and Gift jointly to Mr F. M. Bateson and Mr A. F. A. L. Jones (address)". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 1: 27. 1960. Bibcode:1960QJRAS...1...27.
- "RAS honours leading astronomers and geophysicists". Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
- "2013 winners of the RAS awards, medals and prizes". Royal Astronomical Society. 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2013.
- "Winners of the 2014 awards, medals and prizes - full details". Royal Astronomical Society. Archived from the original on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
- "2015 winners of the RAS awards, medals and prizes". Royal Astronomical Society. 9 January 2015. Archived from the original on 10 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- "RAS honours leading astronomers and geophysicist". RAS. 8 January 2015. Archived from the original on 20 July 2016. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
- Hollis, Morgan. "Winners of the 2017 awards, medals and prizes - full details". _URL_. Royal Astronomical Society. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- "List of winners" (PDF). ras.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
- "Citation for the 2019 RAS Jackson-‐Gwilt Medal:Professor Anna Scaife" (PDF). ras.ac.uk. Retrieved 2020-10-18.
- "Log in | The Royal Astronomical Society". ras.ac.uk.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Tian'anmen Square Beijing / Peking
The Square of Heavenly Peace is the symbolic center and political heart of Beijing. On this square, Tian'anmen Square, located apart from the gate of the Forbidden City, is the immense mausoleum of former leader Mao Zedong.
The square measuring 880 by 500 meters and has a total area of 440,000 sqm oppervakte ware a million people can come together. In the middle of the square stands the Monument to the People's Heroes.
The square is flanked by tall buildings from the fifties, the Great Hall of the People and the National Museum of China.


Guide to funding 2019-20
How the Office for Students allocates money to higher education providers
This guide is to help those working or studying in higher education, and anyone else wishing to understand how the Office for Students will manage funding for higher education providers for 2019‑20. It explains how we calculate the amount of funding each higher education provider is allocated, the principles that underpin those calculations, and the components of a provider's grant.
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9 May 2019
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New resource available for Argentine blueberry industry
Researchers are helping fill in the information gap for the relatively new Argentine blueberry industry.
With the aim of bringing Argentine producers, technicians and managers a practical tool to diagnose blueberry diseases, researchers from Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT) have developed the Spanish-language book "Diseases in Blueberry Cultivation: A Manual for Recognition."
In a conversation with _URL_, author Silvia Hongn commented that the book is not intended to make up for a scientific void but to fill in the gap of practical tools identify blueberry diseases.
"The research is a result of practical application. The information from the book is based in that spirit," said Hongn from the UNT Department of Plant Pathology in the College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry.
The book has over 200 photographs, representing the biotic and abiotic disorders studied by the working group in plantations from Tucumán, Salta, Entre Rios and Buenos Aires.
"Every disease is described with signs and symptoms, which will be useful to the producer or technician. There is also a description of the fungus because the idea was also to collaborate with those diagnostic laboratories," she said.
The researcher explained that blueberry diseases present with different characteristics depending on the area of cultivation.
"We had a lot of information on diseases primarily from various U.S. states, but they were more for guidance. You could not apply that information directly to our problem," she said.
"The disease impact is different from the information we have from there (U.S.). We must bear in mind that development in Tucumán is sustained by incorporating new varieties developed in Georgia and Florida, which in North America were the last areas incorporated into blueberry production.
"We are working with such varieties, patented varieties that have been slowly replacing the varieties we started with in the late 90′s. So we don't have many terms of comparison because the only literature that has some parallels is generated in Georgia and Florida.
"Here diseases have formed that are not described elsewhere in the world where blueberries are cultivated," the researcher explained.
This occurrence stems, in some cases, from the inability to access information relating to certain diseases and in other cases, correct interpretation is made difficult from using results generated under different production systems.
A book with history
Hongn detailed the book's long history. UNT began to study phytosanitary problems during the first Tucumán planting and has continued to comprehensively address the development of diseases.
"We got the first blueberry sample in '98-'99 and at that time, we knew nothing about blueberries or even what the fruit was like. It caught my attention and I paid a lot of attention to the diagnosis and that was received by the producer. So I was invited to run through the first farm in Tucuman," she said.
"There we began to take the first steps, getting involved with the crop. Beginning in 2002, we started to make systematic checks on all farms established in the province and I became enormously involved with the issue because there was so much to be done," she added.
Since then, Hongn has been consistently working on the issue and in that time, producers have shown great interest in the progress made.
"Thanks to the support of producers, we were able to form a collaborative team and work on the area," she said, a fact that added to the personal motivation of the researchers in the field.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Oxytocin definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms
Definition of Oxytocin
Oxytocin: A hormone made in the brain that plays a role in childbirth and lactation by causing muscles to contract in the uterus (womb) and the mammary glands in the breast. Animal studies have shown that oxytocin also has a role in pair bonding, mate-guarding, and social memory.
Oxytocin is a peptide (a compound consisting of 2 or more amino acids) that is secreted by the hypothalamus and transported to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland at the base of the brain. Oxytocin is related to another hormone called vasopressin.
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Context: An optimal therapeutic strategy has not yet been identified for the pharmacological treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) in the treatment of ICP, both individually and in combination.
Evidence acquisition: A meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing UDCA, SAMe, and combination therapy was performed. We carried out a literature search using pubmed, embase, the cochrane register of controlled trials, and the science citation index of web of science. The maternal clinical and biochemical responses, including pruritus scores, total bilirubin, total bile acids, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase, were evaluated. Safety assessments, including preterm delivery, cesarean section, and meconium-stained amniotic fluid, were also analyzed.
Results: Five RCTs including 311 patients were evaluated. In comparison to SAMe, UDCA significantly reduced the pruritus score (OR = -0.45, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.66 to -0.25, P < 0.0001) and improved the levels of total bile acids (TBAs; OR = -0.59, 95% CI: -0.99 to -0.30, P < 0.0001) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT; OR = -0.38, 95% CI: -0.66 to -0.09, P = 0.01). UDCA was associated with significantly lower preterm delivery rates than SAMe (RR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.32-0.72, P = 0.0004). Interestingly, combination therapy significantly reduced total bilirubin (TB; vs. SAMe, OR = -0.41, 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.08, P = 0.02), aspartate transaminase (AST; vs. UDCA, OR = -0.40, 95% CI, -0.74 to -0.06, P = 0.02), and the rate of preterm delivery (vs. SAMe, OR = 0.62, 95% CI, 0.42 - 0.91, P = 0.02), in comparison with either drug administered alone.
Conclusions: UDCA decreased the pruritus score, TBA, and ALT levels more effectively than SAMe, reducing the rate of preterm delivery for ICP.
Keywords: Intrahepatic Cholestasis of Pregnancy; S-Adenosylmethionine; Ursodeoxycholic Acid.


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You can achieve the requirement of using max() function in the data mapping having XSL transformer: "XALAN".
Following are the high-level steps that need to follow to use max() function in Data mapping:
1. Go to the Add Namespace option, under Namespace in Actions Menu in Data Mapper applet.
2. Now, simply copy the below-mentioned namespace in the text input area and click Ok button to add the namespace to XSL permanently.
' xmlns:math="_URL_ '
3. After adding the namespace, you can use the Max function by writing the below statement in the textual rule ( or wherever you want to use ).
' math:max(XPath of element) '
For example: If you want to find out the maximum age from records then simply write it as, math:max(/Root/Record/Age).
Note: The Max function is used for a node having the data type of number or string. The maximum is the result of converting the string value of the first node in this sorted list to a number using the number function
If the node-set is empty, or if the result of converting the string values of any of the nodes to a number is NaN, then NaN is returned.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Dried Apricots
The Fall 2018 semester is less than 2 weeks away, and so what better time to talk to you about drying some Apricots. This is a very basic problem that I hope many of you can solve on your own. For those of you that cannot, I believe you will be able to understand the solution without too much difficulty.
The 133rd Riddle put out by The Riddler included the following Eternal question about percentages:
You loaded a drying shed containing 1,000 kilograms of apricots. They were 99 percent water. After a day in the shed, they are now 98 percent water. How much do the apricots weigh now?
First of all, you should try this problem on your own. I think you can get it. Before you do, however, at least get a guess. That is the point of the problem, since even I was a little surprised by the answer.
The Solution
I'll talk you through it first, so that you can perhaps follow how a mathematician would do it afterwards.
If 99% of 1000 kilograms is water, than 990 kilograms of the apricots is water, leaving 10 kilograms (1%) of what will eventually be the purely dried-out apricots. These are all the initial values prior to the apricots going in the shed.
Now, they are left in the shed for a day, and some of the water has evaporated out of the apricots. We need to understand that the total weight of the apricots and the weight of the water has both decreased by some amount (the water that evaporated). We also need to understand that the 10 kilograms of dried apricots to-be has not changed.
If we are given that the apricots are now 98% water we want to deduce that the 10 kilograms of dried apricots to-be now represents 2% of the entire weight, rather than the original 1%.
So, 2% of what is equal to 10? That can be quickly found by dividing 10 by.02, which gives you 500. The answer is 500 kg.
Wait, what? The weight decreased by half? Did I do this right?
Indeed, we have, as you can check the answer seeing that both 500-10=490 and 0.98*500 = 490.
A mathematician would have given the unknown and desired quantity of the weight of apricots after a day some variable name, like w. Then, she would have set up the equation .02w=10, and solved for w by dividing both sides by.02.
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not lead to a new theorem: as long as the set evolution is smooth, the f and Df are just a special case where f:\Bbb{R}^n\rightarrow\Bbb{R}^1 and even though actually computing everything from the geometric perspective can be interesting, the result stays the same.
in order to move into truly new territory, we need to consider alternative definitions, other measures of change, other types of spaces. An example might be the following:
Suppose that X is a metric space and f:X\rightarrow \Bbb{R}. Suppose that \gamma:\Bbb{R}\rightarrow X is continuous and is a geodesic in the sense that for any three points in \Bbb{R}, s_1 < s_2 < s_3, we have that \rho(\gamma(s_1),\gamma(s_3)) = \rho(\gamma(s_1),\gamma(s_2)) + \rho(\gamma(s_2),\gamma(s_3)).
(1) for any two points in the metric space there is a gamma containing both points and
(2) for all such \gamma, g_{\gamma} \equiv f\circ\gamma is differentiable
(3) and \frac{|g_{\gamma}(s)|}{|f(\gamma(s))|} \leq \lambda
then, we have that
-\lambda \rho(x_1, x_0) \leq \ln\left(\frac{|f(x_1)|}{|f(x_0)|}\right) \leq \lambda \rho(x_1,x_0). (14)
And, again we get the same type of result for this case as we got in the Euclidean cases above.
(Exercise) Prove Equation (14).
(Remark) We start with any metric space and consider curves \gamma:[a,b]\subset\Bbb{R}\rightarrow X for which
l(\gamma)\equiv\sup_{\{\{s_i\}_{i=1}^{n}| a = s_1 \leq s_2 \leq... \leq s_n = b\}} \sum_{i=1}^{n-1} \rho(\gamma(s_{i}),\gamma(s_{i+1})) \leq \infty.
We call such curves rectifiable. We can always reparameterize such curves by arclength, so that \gamma(s) = \gamma(s(t)), t\in[0,l(\gamma)] and l([\gamma(s(d)),\gamma(s(c))] ) = d-c. We will assume that all curves have been reparameterized by arclength. Now define a new metric
\tilde{\rho}(x,y) = \inf_{\{\gamma | \gamma(a) = x\text{ and }\gamma(b) = y\}} l(\gamma).
You can check that this will not change the length of any curve. Define an upper gradient of f:X\rightarrow \Bbb{R} be any non-negative function \eta_f:X\rightarrow \Bbb{R} such that |f(y) - f(x)| \leq \int_{\gamma} \eta_f(\gamma(t)) dt.
Now, if \frac{|\eta_f(x)|}{|f(x)|} \leq \lambda, we again get the same sort of bounds that we got in equation (14) if we replace \rho with \tilde{\rho}. To read more about upper gradients, see Juha Heinonen's book Lectures on Analysis in Metric Spaces.
While there are other directions we could push, what we have looked at so far demonstrates that productive exploration can start from almost anywhere. While we encounter no big surprises in this exploration, the exercise illuminates exactly why the result is what it is and this solidifies that understanding in our minds.
Generalization is not an empty exercise — it allows us to probe the exact meaning of a result. And that insight facilitates a more robust, more useful grasp of the result. While some get lost in their explorations and would benefit from touching down to the earth more often, it seems to me that in this day and age of no time to think, we most often suffer from the opposite problem of never taking the time to explore and observe and see where something can take us.
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Image Gallery: Kalti Paarti - Painted Emu Eggs
Emu egg carving first became popular in the mid to late nineteenth century. Both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal artists practised the art, with some silversmiths designing elaborate and ornate contraptions to hold the eggs. During the twentieth century Aboriginal people of south-east Australia and the Carnarvon region of Western Australia kept the practice alive. Carving continues today with dozens of artists depicting important animals, people, traditions and scenes from the past or present. Together, these egg-images provide us with a rich visual history - they commemorate, depict and tell stories of Australian traditions, adventure and environment. For Aboriginal Australians, they also reinforce connections to other animals, and especially the emu, as well as to land.


Developer Services portal requirements
Developer Services Portal v. 4.16.05
Following are the hardware and software requirements for installation.
Operating system
These installation instructions and the supplied installation files have been tested on the operating systems listed here:
1 GB
Hard disk
10 GB
Network interface
Active internet connection required.
As part of the installation process, the installer downloads resources from the web. If your environment is set up to proxy outgoing HTTP and HTTPS requests, then your proxy must be configured to correctly handle redirected requests that might occur during a download.
For example, a request to returns an HTTP 301 status code and redirects to
Your proxy should be configured to return an HTTP 200 status code with the requested content from the redirect.
For SAP installations, if your environment is set up to proxy outgoing HTTPS requests, then your proxy must support TLSv1.0. OpenSSL 0.9.8 does not support TLSv1.1 or TLSv1.2, only TLSv1.0.
MySQL Database Requirements
If you choose to install the MySQL Server on the same machine as the Developer Channel Services, the single-machine topology, the Developer Channel Services installer prompts you to enter the database name and database user, and then installs MySQL Server and creates the database schema for you. The version installed is the latest version available for your OS.
If you want the MySQL Server installed on a separate system, you must have already installed MySQL Server on that system before starting the Developer Channel Services installer. You must have installed MySQL 5.0.15 or later.
The Developer Channel Services installer requires that MySQL Server contains a database with an empty database schema. The Developer Channel Services installer prompts you for the database hostname, database name, and database user. The installer then connects to the database to create the default database tables and data.
The database user is used by Developer Channel Services to connect to the database, and must have the following privileges: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER, CREATE TEMPORARY TABLES, LOCK TABLES.
For example, to create a database named devportal, and a user named devportal:
 1. Install MySQL Server on the system.
 2. Log into MySQL as root user by using the command:
 > mysql -u root -p
 3. Enter the root password when prompted.
 4. At the mysql> prompt, enter the following to create the devportal user:
 mysql>create user 'devportal'@'localhost' identified by 'devportal';
 mysql> grant all privileges on *.* to 'devportal'@'localhost';
 mysql> flush privileges;
 mysql> quit
 5. At the system prompt, create the devportal database:
 > mysqladmin -u devportal -p create devportal
 Enter the devportal password.
 6. Log in to MySQL and grant access to devportal from the IP of the portal server:
 mysql> GRANT ALL ON devportal.* TO devportal@'portalIP' IDENTIFIED BY 'devportalPW';
 where portalIP is the IP address of the portal server, and devportalPW is the password of the devportal user.
 7. Edit /etc/my.cnf to set bind-address to the IP address of the MySQL server.
 8. Restart MySQL:
 > /etc/init.d/mysqld restart
 9. Make sure port 3306 is open on the MySQL server. This procedure is based on your operating system. For example, for Linux, use the command:
When you install Developer Channel Services, specify not to install MySQL Server locally. You will then be prompted to enter the IP address, username, and database name of the remote database.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) Requirements
RHEL has extra requirements due to a subscription needed to access software downloads from Red Hat. The server must be able to connect to the Internet to download RPMs via yum. If using RHEL, the server must be registered on the Red Hat Network (RHN) and registered to the server optional channel.
The Red Hat requirements are checked during the install and the portal installer prompts you if RHEL is not already registered. If you already have Red Hat login credentials, you can use the following command to register RHEL before beginning the installation process:
> subscription-manager register --username=my_username --password=my_password --auto-attach
Replace my_username and my_password with your Red Hat credentials.
If you have a trial version of RHEL, you can obtain a 30-day trial license. See for more information.
SMTP requirements
By default, the portal sends mail by using the PHP mail() function. PHP tries to send email using sendmail on the local system, which can be configured in PHP's php.ini file.
In a production environment, Apigee requires that you configure an SMTP server to send email messages from the portal. Therefore, you must ensure that the Drupal can access the necessary port on the SMTP server. For non-TLS SMTP, the port number is typically 25. For TLS-enabled SMTP, it is often 465, but check with your SMTP provider.
Additional Requirements
In order to perform the installation, the user installing the software must have root access.
Deployment Architecture Requirements
Developer Channel Services has a single interface with the Apigee Management Server via a REST API in order to store and retrieve information about a user's applications. Developer Channel Services will need to be able to connect to the Management Server via HTTP or HTTPS, depending on your installation.
Information Required Before You Start the Install
Before starting the install, you must have the following information available:
 1. Which platform are you configuring: Red Hat or CentOS? If this is a Red Hat install, the machine must be registered on the Red Hat Network to download RPMs.
 2. Do you plan on installing MySQL on the local machine? Some HA installations require MySQL to be on a different machine than the one serving the portal web pages. If this is the case, do not install MySQL locally. If you want a simple install with everything on the same machine, then install MySQL locally.
 3. If you intend to access a remote MySQL server, the hostname, port, database name, username, and password of the remote MySQL server. The remote MySQL server should already be configured before you start the installation.
 4. What is the fully-qualified domain name of the web server? (This information will be added to /etc/hosts.) This should be an IP address or hostname, such as The default value is localhost.
 5. Do you want to use Apigee's default configuration for Apache's virtual host? One virtual host is created with the hostname you've specified above in Step 7.
 6. There are three pieces of information that allow your portal to communicate with the Apigee Edge management server. This information is as follows:
 1. URL of the Apigee Management API Endpoint: This will be either a hostname or an IP address. This is the REST endpoint to which all calls are made to create apps and register developers for app keys. The default endpoint is
 For an Edge for Private Cloud installation, the URL is in the form:
 Where EdgeIp is the IP address of the Edge management server and SSLport is the SSL port for the Edge management API. For example, 8443.
 2. Apigee Organization name: There is a relationship between portals and Apigee Edge organizations. You will set up the default organization when you set up the Management API Endpoint. The default value is my-org.
 3. Username and password for the management API endpoint: The calls from the portal to Edge must be performed by an administrator for your organization.
 This username/password is for an administrator on your organization and should be used only for connecting to Edge from the portal. For example, if you specify the credentials of a user, and that user is ever deleted on Edge, then the portal will no longer be able to connect to Edge. Therefore, create an administrator on your organization just for this connection.
 For example:


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Hydrothermal activity is significant in regulating the dynamics of trace elements in the ocean. Biogeochemical models suggest that hydrothermal iron might play an important role in the iron-depleted Southern Ocean by enhancing the biological pump. However, the ability of this mechanism to affect large-scale biogeochemistry and the pathways by which hydrothermal iron reach the surface layer have not been observationally constrained. Here we present the first observational evidence of upwelled hydrothermally influenced deep waters stimulating massive phytoplankton blooms in the Southern Ocean. Captured by profiling floats, two blooms were observed in the vicinity of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, downstream of active hydrothermal vents along the Southwest Indian Ridge. These hotspots of biological activity are supported by mixing of hydrothermally sourced iron stimulated by flowtopography interactions. Such findings reveal the important role of hydrothermal vents on surface biogeochemistry, potentially fueling local hotspot sinks for atmospheric CO2 by enhancing the biological pump.
EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut


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Mon January 14, 2013
Three WKU Profs Honored for Nature Work
The state Nature Preserves Commission has given three WKU professors its annual award for work that protects biological diversity.
Alfred Meier, Ouida Meier and Scott Grubbs were given this year's Biological Diversity Protection Award for their work creating the Upper Green River Biological Preserve. The preserve is on the banks of the Green River in Hart County.
The Green River is the most important river in Kentucky for the conservation of rare native mussels and fish. It hosts 109 fish species and nearly 60 mussel species. The area is also important for an endangered bat species found on the preserve and as a breeding and migratory habitat for songbirds.
The Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission was created in 1976 to protect the best remaining natural areas of Kentucky.


Are burning, grazing bad for prairie chickens in Flint Hills?
04/10/2011 12:00 AM
04/10/2011 1:04 AM
GREENWOOD COUNTY — She flew in from far out on the prairie, instinctually drawn to the low, humming calls that have floated across the spring Flint Hills for centuries.
The hen prairie chicken landed and a dozen male birds danced and pranced and called in crescendo as they vied for her attention.
Minutes later Lance McNew's gentle hands removed the female from a wire trap she had walked into.
She soon flew from sight, carrying a petite tracking collar biologists hope will help keep the iconic birds from possibly vanishing from the Flint Hills.
Prairie chickens are currently struggling. Lacking major changes, the species could vanish from the Flint Hills within 50 years at the current rate of decline, said McNew, a Kansas State University wildlife research biologist.
"In the past four years I have observed near complete reproductive failure," he said. "A prairie chicken has about a 5 percent chance of making it from being in an egg to an adult the next spring."
His research since 2006 shows too many nests and eggs are destroyed before prairie chicks hatch. The few that hatch seldom live long enough to fledge.
Many biologists think intensive burning and grazing practices used in the Flint Hills could be to blame for destroying needed spring habitat. By comparison the birds are thriving in the Smoky Hills, where burning is rare.
The bird's only salvation in the Flint Hills, some believe, is another grassland plan that uses less fire and less beef.
In a few years McNew hopes to have solid answers. Prairie chickens in the Flint Hills produce about one chick per every 10 adult females annually. That equates to an annual decline of about 30 percent in some areas.
"That's no way to sustain a population," McNew said.
Prairie icons
Prairie chickens are as identified with the Flint Hills as chin-high bluestem, vivid wildflowers and striking sunsets.
"Prairie chickens are an important part of our wildlife heritage in Kansas," said Ron Klataske, Audubon of Kansas director. "Historical records show them in the millions in places like Iowa and Illinois and they're basically gone now. "
They're important enough that wildlife officials are investing about $860,000 in the four-year study.
K-State and the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism combined fund about one-fourth the total. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service pays the rest from special excise taxes on shooting and hunting equipment.
Ranchers and land managers care enough to open nearly 70,000 acres of Flint Hills land to McNew and four other researchers.
Ranchers are asked to conduct business as usual while researchers place tracking collars on 50 hen prairie chickens per year.
Half the study area gets burned every year. The other pastures are burned on average every third year.
Too much of a good thing
Burning and grazing have been part of a healthy Flint Hills for thousands of years.
Lightning strikes and native people wanting to improve grazing areas have historically burned the Flint Hills. Huge herds of buffalo once grazed the tallgrass. Ranchers and cattle have continued the practice for the past 150 years.
"If it wasn't for ranchers we wouldn't have prairie or prairie chickens," McNew said as he drove through Chase County. "They've taken care of the prairie. We wouldn't be in the middle of the world's largest contiguous tallgrass prairie if they weren't burning and grazing. It would probably all be grown up in brush or cedar trees."
But prairie chickens need cover that's about a foot or more high for successful nesting so the hens and eggs are well-hidden.
In decades past they were able to find enough cover for good nesting.
Now every blade of grass is often burned for miles. Many ranchers also heavily stock cattle in recently burned pastures so cattle can take advantage of the growing grass. McNew and other biologists think intensive burning combined with large numbers of cattle eating the grass down is the one-two punch keeping the bird population down.
Past research shows about 85 percent of the hens nest every spring and lay sizable clutches. But nests in thinner covers are easily found by predators that range from bull snakes to bobcats. Chicks that hatch have no place to hide and usually end up eaten.
Patching the problem
Some ranchers who practice patch burning think it's the way to go.
Brian Obermeyer, of the Nature Conservancy, said they have been using the patch-burning method on the 11,000-acre Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve near Strong City for several years.
They have also stocked fewer cattle on their pastures.
"We've had about a three-fold increase in the number of prairie chickens counted on the (spring breeding grounds)," Obermeyer said. "In 2008 we had somewhere in the low-30s. Last year we had 93 birds."
He said others species of ground-nesting birds and some species of butterflies have improved in numbers.
"Things respond pretty quickly when you give them the right habitat," said Obermeyer.
Flint Hills rancher Bill Browning has been patch-burning on his ranch for about five years and also reports increased numbers.
Jim Pitman, Wildlife and Parks biologist, said population surveys on nearby lands show the birds in decline.
"I don't think it's a coincidence that the increases on the preserve started the same time as the patch-burning," he said.
McNew still isn't sold.
"Those cases are circumstantial evidence," he said. "We need a study like this one to prove things one way or the other."
If the study proves the benefits of patch burning for prairie chicken reproduction he hopes more ranchers will consider that option.
But trying to contain fires is more work than setting them. Browning estimates it takes him more than 20 hours to mow firebreaks around his ranch.
McNew hopes positive findings might encourage state or federal agencies to offer financial incentives to ranchers to encourage patch burning.
Hope for the future
Wednesday morning McNew and Browning sat in a blind on the rancher's land and watched the dozen males dance until the hen walked into a wire cage.
She was quickly fitted with a transmitter that easily tucked within her feathers.
Browning released the bird and watched it sail over the prairie his family has ranched for more than 100 years.
"Thirty-five years ago when we moved into our house you could step out and hear so many prairie chickens in so many directions. They were everywhere but not nearly any more," he said. "I'd sure like to hear it like that again someday."
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text: This paper examines the importance of national-level institutional arrangements for promoting the EU's Protected Geographic Indication scheme (PGI). Taking the example of Ireland, for which PGI designations remain comparatively low, it explores whether the approach to providing institutional supports to the PGI scheme is influenced by top-down technocratic governance structures that pertain to food safety and quality certification that encompass the broader operating environment for food production in Ireland. Although the regulation of food safety and quality certification are distinct remits to the administration of the PGI scheme, in the Irish context the same institutional bodies are involved in governance of both. Using a discourse analysis interpretative framework, this paper draws on interviews with Irish producer group members and institutional representatives to examine how governance of the PGI scheme reflects management perspectives and practices more in keeping with a regulatory environment for food safety and quality than with development of place-based food product links. It suggests that incentives to avail of the PGI scheme as a means of realising value-added for producers are not well established because they require the development of more subjective, context-dependent processes and practices linked to geographical place and place identity. These are not easily accommodated under current institutional arrangements that also incorporate food safety and quality remits because these are in turn strongly established through nationally and internationally recognised systems of regulation and bench-marking. The findings point to the benefits to be gained from a more layered governance structure for PGI; devolving operation of the scheme to relevant regional and local development organisations that possess the expertise and relevant local knowledge to (a) incentivise the formation of producer groups, and (b) prioritise mentoring and support for PGI concept development as a clearer reflection of bottom-up rural sustainability policy. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.


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Involve the whole class in globe activities. Ideal for group work, this pack of durable globes are ideal for KS1. Includes 4 x 23cm diameter and 1 x 31cm diameter globes.
The globes are made from a hard wearing, durable vinyl, this, coupled with the removable base makes them perfect for passing around the class and letting the children get more involved. Children find handling items much more interesting than just looking at them, which is why these globes are ideal.
Globes are a great way to teach children about the placement of every country in the world. By first exploring the geographical location of each nation, one can then dive into the history and culture of every land. Lessons about geography and other cultures are very important in order to ensure that children will have a well-rounded view of the world and a better education.
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text:
Undertaking a roof tear-off is a significant project that requires careful planning and consideration of various factors, including the size of the dumpster you will need for efficient and convenient Junk Removal. Proper waste management is crucial during roof tear-offs to maintain a safe and organized work environment. In this article, we will discuss the factors to consider when determining the dumpster size for your roof tear-off, with a focus on junk removal and dumpster rental services in Ottawa.
- Roof Size: The size of your roof is one of the primary factors to consider when determining the dumpster size. A larger roof will generate more debris, requiring a larger dumpster. Measure the square footage of your roof to estimate the amount of waste that will be generated during the tear-off process.
- Roofing Material: Different roofing materials have varying weights and densities, which can affect the volume of waste generated. For example, asphalt shingles are relatively lightweight, whereas materials like tile or slate are heavier. Heavier materials may take up more space in the dumpster, so consider the type of roofing material being removed when choosing the dumpster size.
- Debris Disposal Regulations: Familiarize yourself with local regulations regarding debris disposal and dumpster placement. Some areas may have specific rules or limitations on the size and placement of dumpsters. Contact local authorities or consult with junk removal and Dumpster Rental Ottawa to ensure compliance with these regulations.
- Access and Space: Consider the available space at your property for placing the dumpster. Ensure that there is enough room to accommodate the dumpster without obstructing walkways, driveways, or neighboring properties. If space is limited, you may need to opt for a smaller dumpster or make arrangements for an alternative dumpster placement.
- Project Duration: Estimate the duration of your roof tear-off project. A longer project may require a larger dumpster or multiple trips for waste disposal. Discuss the project timeline with junk removal and dumpster rental services in Ottawa to determine the most suitable dumpster size for the duration of your project.
- Consult with Professionals: When in doubt, consult with professionals in junk removal and dumpster rental services. They have experience in handling roof tear-off projects and can provide guidance on the appropriate dumpster size based on the specific details of your project. These professionals can assess your needs, consider the factors mentioned above, and recommend the best dumpster size for your roof tear-off.
By considering the roof size, roofing material, debris disposal regulations, available space, project duration, and consulting with professionals, you can determine the ideal dumpster size for your roof tear-off project. Junk removal and dumpster rental services in Ottawa can assist you in selecting the appropriate dumpster size and provide efficient waste management solutions to ensure a smooth and hassle-free roof tear-off process. Proper waste disposal and management contribute to a safe and organized work environment, allowing you to focus on completing your roof tear-off with ease.


text: V-Tent is an ecofriendly parking system that protects and charges vehicles. It is a collapsible canopy that can be used in both personal and public parking areas. Aiming to create a sustainable system for urban environment, V-Tent offers a safe space for electric cars either at home or in city. Functioning as a canopy that prevents weather side-effects such as sun heat or snow, design protects vehicles physically from environmental conditions. Therefore, it prolongs the life and maintenance cycle of vehicles in the long run. Also designed as a precaution for theft, structural elements of design work as barriers. System of V-Tent in public usage is designed as a space saving parking lot space that runs on fee. With a simple interface, user is able to choose parking period and make payment by card. Being informed with an estimated charging time, drivers can access the system interface remotely via smartphone applications. Band light on V-Tent indicates availability and charge percentage with color and length. Produced energy from solar power can be used in urban applications such as lighting, where individual users can also benefit carbon-free energy for their usage.


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Troubleshooting Boat Trailer Light Problems
Laws vary from state to state, but essentially you're required to have working tail lights, brake lights and turn signals on your boat trailer as you would on your car or truck.
Boat trailer lights are notorious for failing due to a variety of electrical problems, so it would save you some time and maybe a few headaches to know how to fix them yourself. Unless of course, you like getting traffic citations. Here are some troubleshooting tips for dealing with boat trailer light problems.
Problem: Single Light Not Working
A blown bulb is likely the cause of a single boat trailer light not working.
Troubleshoot: Remove the bulb, then clean the electrical connector behind the bulb with fine grit sandpaper or wet/dry paper, and install a new bulb. Otherwise, if the existing light uses fragile incandescent bulbs, consider replacing the complete light unit with a new one using long-life LED lights.
Problem: Whole Light Function Not Working
A blown fuse is the likely culprit for a boat trailer's tail, brake or turn light not working.
Troubleshoot: If the light system uses an inline fuse, check the fuse and replace it if it's burnt out.
A damaged or broken wire could also be to blame for a whole boat trailer light not working.
Troubleshoot: Run a continuity test by connecting one end of a continuity tester to the end of a wire at a light, and the other end of the continuity tester to the other end of the same wire at the trailer-to-vehicle connector. If the tester lights up, the wire is good. Move on to each wire until the bad wire is identified, and replace that wire.
Problem: All Lights Not Working
When not a single light on your boat trailer is working, the vehicle-to-trailer 4-way plug is usually the suspect.
Troubleshoot: Disconnect the vehicle to trailer 4-way connecter, then use electrical contact cleaner spray to clean any dirt or debris from the 4-way flat plug. Test the electrical power coming from the tow vehicle with a 4-way tester. If the tester indicates a problem, the blame lies with the electrical current coming from the towing vehicle and not with the boat trailer lights.
Another reason none of your boat trailer lights are working could be a bad ground connection.
Troubleshoot: Remove the ground wire (or each individual ground wire) from the trailer frame, then make sure the wire's connector and the frame can make good metal-to-metal contact by cleaning the contact points with fine grit sandpaper or wet/dry paper. If the ground wire's screw or bolt is corroded, replace it with a new one. Reinstall the ground wire to the trailer frame and ensure the connection is tight.
Problem: Lights Working Intermittently
When your boat's trailer lights only work intermittently, the likely culprit is worn or damaged wiring.
Troubleshoot: Replace the trailer's complete wiring system, which is much easier than hunting for and testing individual problematic wires. Trailer light kits include all the necessary wiring, and also present the opportunity to upgrade from unreliable incandescent lights to durable LED lights.


How to Increase Land Value
How to Increase Land Value
-•• valeggio sul mincio gardens 25 image by superkiss from
Land is the human being's most basic resource, according to Henry George, Defined as all air, soil, minerals and water, land supports life. It is mankind's source of wealth and is used directly or indirectly to produce all goods and services. There is a fixed amount of land available, and demand for land is the only thing that determines its value. It's worth what only what someone is willing to pay for it, but there are ways to raise land's value.
How to Increase Land Value
Use conservation methods such as conservation tilling to keep organic matter in the soil and adding sodded waterways to prevent soil erosion. Improve drainage by installing drainage tiles and add nutrients that have been depleted to soil.
Improve the appearance of land. Remove junk and repair structures, such as fences and sheds. Remove weeds, mow the grass and make sure there are no environmental hazards, including chemicals, unused wells or underground storage tanks.
Plant trees. According to GMO head Jeremy Grantham, timberland will be the best asset through the year 2012. The value of timberland has gone up every year since 2001, with a higher rate of return than stocks. Tax benefits are available to owners of timberland.
Landscape the grounds. Plant grass, gardens and shrubs that are easy to maintain and look great. Add rocks, ornamental plants and ponds or waterfalls to increase land value.
Keep careful records that show what improvements were made to the land and when they were completed. Include materials used and warranties or guarantees that are offered.
 - Join a school improvement team and a crime watch group in your community. Improved schools and a lower crime rate add to the value of your land.
 - Some improvements to land begin to decline in value in about 10 years.


text:
Contaminant Loading from Fox River to Lower Green Bayby Mohamed A. Abdelrhman, Inst for Scientific Research, Kuwait,
John F. Paul, Inst for Scientific Research, Kuwait,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Estuarine and Coastal Modeling
The heavily industrialized lower reach of the Fox River, downstream of the DePere Dam, and lower Green Bay, Lake Michigan, are modeled. Hydrodynamics and contaminant transports to the bay are obtained from three-dimensional numerical models. The effect of outfalls located on the river is included in the analysis. Model results indicate that the contaminant transport in the river is dominated by: the dam outflow, which tends to slowly flush contaminants downstream through the river and into the bay; winds which vertically mix contaminants in the river and produce uniform vertical distributions; and bay seiche activity which delays loadings to the bay during half the seiche cycle then enhances it during the other half. Wind mixing, wind-generated currents, and seiching control contaminant transport in the lower bay.
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
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Filter List
Node Icon
Filter an input List on a property value of each list element. For example, you can select all images with a certain name or metadata tag from a list.
Inputs
Input
Input List.
Type: List, List, Required, Single
Outputs
Output
Resulting List.
Type: List
Index
The indeces of the elements in the input List that fulfilled the filter condition.
Type: Numeric Array
Settings
Property Settings
Property Path Text
The path to the property you want to filter on. For example, to filter on the name of the image, set the Property Path to Name. To filter on the echo time in the third volume of an Image, set the Property Path to Metadata[2].EchoTime.
N.B. Filter List assumes that you want to filter a list, so the first index is omitted, i.e. don't write [:].Metadata[2].EchoTime.
Value Type Selection
The type of the property you want to match on.
Values: Text, Numeric, Boolean
Match Settings
Matching Text Text
Matching text.
Matching Number Float
Matching numerical value.
Boolean Boolean
Matching boolean.
Case Sensitive Boolean
Case senitive text matching.
Text Condition Selection
Condition for text matching. For example: to select all MR images from a list of images with mixed modalitites, set the Text condition to be Equal, and the Matching Text to be MR, and set the Property Path to the property containing the modality information.
Values: Contains, Equals, Regex
Numeric Condition Selection
Condition for numerical matching. For example: to select all MR images with an echo time longer than 50 ms, set the numeric condition to be Greater, and the matching number to 50, and set the Property Path to the property containing the echo time information.
Values: Equal, Greater Than, Greater or Equal, Less Than, Less or Equal, Not Equal
Value Settings
Multiple Value Condition Selection
Return a match if any value or all values in an array matches the numeric or logical condition. For example, if the property is a numeric array such as Position, the Matching Number is 50, and the Numeric Condition is Equals; Any will return a match if any number in the position array is 50. If you select All, every number in Position must be 50 to return a match.
Values: Any, All
Action Settings
Action Selection
Keep or discard matches.
Values: Keep, Discard
See also
Keywords:


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Working Out Loud Week is from 5-11 June 2017. Working Out Loud Week is a chance for a global community of practitioners to find new freedom to work together to practice sharing work in progress with relevant communities for learning and collaboration. The theme of this WOLWeek is 'Contribute and Create Value'
Day 3: Contribute
When we think of working out loud, our thoughts often go first to sharing. We begin with how our work can be shared with others. However, in the design of these five days of WOLWeek, we have put contribution before sharing. The generosity of contribution is what turns a network into a community. To share effectively and for mutual benefit, it helps to begin with generosity.
Our work is built on the foundation of our knowledge, our skills, our experiences and our place in the world. Everyone has this foundation to their work and each person's set of capabilities and context is unique. We all have the ability to contribute our attention, capabilities, and context to the work of others.
Contributing generously to others builds our networks into communities. This develops relationships for future collaboration and learning.
We don't need to be interesting to work out loud. We have unique abilities to contribute to others. We need to be interested in others and contribute to their work.
How can you show interest in the work of others? How can you recognise their efforts? How can you share your capabilities and context to advance their work?
Choose someone relevant to your work and make a contribution today.


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- Land Tenure Pathway for Irrigated Agriculture will help develop irrigated agricultural projects
- Part of the Liberal National Government's $40 million Water for Food program, made possible by Royalties for Regions
The Liberal National Government today launched a detailed information package to help simplify the land approvals process for irrigated agriculture business development, as part of the $40 million Water for Food program.
Regional Development and Lands Minister Terry Redman released the Land Tenure Pathway for Irrigated Agriculture (LTPIA) package at the Kununurra Agricultural Show. The pathway is designed to stimulate economic development and investment in intensive irrigated agriculture projects across Western Australia.
"The package and a website will be important tools for pastoralists and investors seeking to obtain a more secure tenure for irrigated agricultural development," Mr Redman said.
"This package provides pastoralists and third party investors with a clear pathway to change the tenure to a long-term lease or potentially freehold, which will provide more security to develop irrigated agricultural projects.
"The package has been developed in consultation with relevant government agencies, and from feedback obtained through the Mowanjum and Gogo Stations Water for Food pilot case studies."
Water Minister Mia Davies said it was great to see the high level of interest in irrigated agriculture generated through the Water for Food program and having a clear process for land tenure was essential if WA was to capitalise on those opportunities.
The Department of Lands will also be presenting a series of workshops on the LTPIA in regional WA, commencing in the Kimberley and Pilbara regions from September.
Representatives from the Department of Lands' Water for Food team will be at the Kununurra Agricultural Show today and copies of the LTPIA information package will be available.
- LTPIA is part of the State Government's Water for Food project, under the Royalties for Regions $350 million Seizing the Opportunity Agriculture initiative
- For more information on the LTPIA, visit _URL_
- For more information on Water for Food, visit _URL_


Fighting for space
This graphic visualization posted by the Daily Dish depicts the amount of street space taken up by different modes of transportation–bicycle, car, and bus–per person. As this demonstrates, cars are not only a crime against the environment but one could argue, also against the availability of the urban public space, which is so crucial to the vibrancy of cities.
[photo credit and link to entire post on the Daily Dish]


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Tarpitting is the practice of deliberately inserting a delay into certain SMTP communications that are associated with spam or with other unwanted traffic. To be effective, these kinds of communications typically rely on generating a high volume of traffic. By slowing an SMTP conversation, you can dramatically reduce the rate at which automated spam can be sent or at which a dictionary attack can be conducted. Legitimate traffic may also be slowed by tar pitting.
The tar pit feature is available in Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and in several third-party SMTP servers. The tar pit feature in Windows Server 2003 works by slowing all responses that contain SMTP protocol 5.x.x error codes. An administrator can configure the delay that is introduced by the tar pit feature.
Tar pitting affects only anonymous SMTP connections. Authenticated sessions are exempt. Therefore, if you regularly exchange lots of SMTP mail with another organization,
and you find that tar pitting is affecting that traffic, you can bypass tar pitting for that organization by authenticating SMTP communications.


text: I study finite two player normal form games where player 2 (the 'follower') can observe the move of player 1 (the 'leader') by paying a small cost. I characterize the limit set of perfect equilibria of this game as the cost of information converges to zero and provide a simple algorithm for constructing it. Limit equilibria have the following properties: (a) both players choose pure strategies; (b) the follower plays a best response; (c) even though the set of limit equilibria always contains the Stackelberg equilibrium it can contain strategy profiles which are not even Nash equilibria of the normal form game. In fact, the follower will only purchase information in the Stackelberg equilibrium if the Stackelberg equilibrium is not a Nash equilibrium. Similar to Yariv and Solan (2004), the subgame perfect solution concept is therefore not robust to the introduction of small information costs. The Stackelberg equilibrium only reemerges as the unique limit equilibrium if we allow for the possibility that the leader is irrational. I test the theory experimentally using the classic Battle of the Sexes game with information acquisition. I find that subjects coordinate on the Stackelberg equilibrium and purchase information which can only be reconciled with theoretical predictions if it is common knowledge amongst subjects that the leader can be irrational.


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Radio Organ of a Trillion Tones (1931)
The "Radio Organ of a Trillion Tones" was created and developed by Arnold Lesti and F. Sammis in the USA during 1931. The Radio Organ used a similar photo-electrical technique as the Celluphone, Superpiano and other variants. However the The Radio Organ generated a much more complex sound by projecting the light beam through two sets of glass disks – a 'Pitch disk' generating a pitched fundamental plus it's ascending harmonics and a Timbre disk modifying the tone using a drawn representation of the sound wave of a real instrument (horn ,violin, clarinet, oboe and a human voice). The principle was improved in the next version called the "Polytone".
The Polytone Organ (1934)
A. Lesti and F. Sammis's development of the Radio Organ of a Trillion Tones was christened the 'The Polytone Organ', this instrument was a three keyboard manual organ using the same sound production system as the 'Radio Organ' – rotating photo-electrical tone-wheel sound generation. The instrument was completed in 1934 and was one of the first multi-timbral instruments.


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Using Barley in Horse FeedsBy Kentucky Equine Research Staff · August 21, 2012
In the United States, barley ranks behind only corn and sorghum in terms of feed grain production. Barley must be differentiated in terms of the desired end use, as various cultivars are developed for specific purposes. For example, malting and feed barley are distinctly different, as high protein content is desirable in feed grain but not for malting.
In general, barley has a feeding value that is about 95% that of corn. It is relatively high in crude protein for a feed grain, ranging from 8 to 13%, but like oats, barley is relatively low in lysine and methionine. Because most feed barley contains the hull, fiber content is relatively high at around 5 to 7%. Starch makes up nearly 65% of the kernel. Additionally, the kernel has approximately 1% simple sugars and 2% sucrose.
Barley to be used for feed has a test weight of 40 lb (18 kg) per bushel and a maximum of 4% foreign material, and a maximum of 1% heat damaged kernels. Color can range from yellow to golden yellow and the grain should be free of excessive dustiness with no evidence of seed treatment. There should be no moldy or musty smell.
Barley tends to be quite hard and requires some type of processing to make the nutrients more available. The most common types of processing include rolling and steam flaking. Concerns for barley quality surround storage issues. Improper storage will allow fungus, molds, and insects to enter the grain and alter the nutrient profile.


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Pope John Paul II Gold Coins
2014 marks the canonization of Pope John Paul II and the Royal Canadian Mint is commemorating this historic event by creating pure gold and silver memorabilia coins. They were unveiled on March 27 at several ceremonies.
These coins were created to pay homage to the life and legacy of Pope John Paul II and his cosmopolitan accomplishments. These accomplishments include his message of courage, defense of freedom and the profound statements of hope he expressed to the world.
These beautiful gold and silver coins are wonderful additions for any collector or history buffs. The reverse image on both coins is a photograph of Pope John Paul II offering Mass during his first visit to Canada in 1984.


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Merging Dermatology Practices: What to Know
Merging Dermatology Practices: What to Know
Strategic diligence can have a huge impact on the success of a merger. Here are some ways to implement it.
In recent years, there have been noticeable increases in practice mergers among physician groups. With the ever-evolving reform of the United States health care industry, there is much uncertainty for private practice physicians, and merging with another dermatology practice (with either the same or a different specialty) does offer some advantages.
The decision to buy, sell, or merge a medical practice is complicated, however, and there are many variables to consider, including how to determine a dermatology practice's worth. Here are some important steps that can help ensure that a merger is successful for everyone involved.
Seek Validation
Is the strategic vision for the agreement valid? Physician owners must have a clear rationale for a transaction and truly understand a deal's impact on their practice's long-term financial future. Too often, there's a misguided sense of why the merger should take place, and far too little time is spent defining how the merger enables them to beat competitors and increase organizational value.
For many physician groups, the link between strategy and transaction is broken during due diligence. By focusing strictly on financial, legal, tax, and operations issues, the typical due diligence around a proposed merger fails to test whether the strategic vision for the deal is valid. To do so, dermatologists should bolster the usual financial due diligence with strategic due diligence. They should test conceptual rationale for a deal against more detailed information available to them after signing the letter of intent. Also, they should see if their vision of the future operating model is actually achievable.
Seek Confirmation
When analyzing a practice, looking at historic and current performance is relatively easy. But what about looking into the future? What are the strategic issues ahead? A strategic diligence should explicitly confirm the assets, capabilities, and relationships that make a buyer the best owner of a specific target acquisition. It should bolster the physician owners' confidence that they are truly an "advantaged buyer" of an asset. Advantaged buyers are typically better than others at applying their established skills to a target's clinical and business operations. They also employ their privileged assets or management skillset to build on things like a target's practice reputation, patient experience, or relationships with referring physicians. Naturally, they also turn to their special or unique relationships with vendors and the community to improve performance, leading to advanced synergies that go beyond what is normal.
Seek Mutually Reinforcing Advantages
When change comes suddenly, it can turn strengths into weaknesses and sweep away dreams of success. The aim of a merger should be to achieve mutually reinforcing advantages. Michael Porter1 wrote that competitive advantages stem from how "activities fit and reinforce one another.... creating a chain that is as strong as its strongest link." By undertaking strategic diligence, physician owners will be able to not only define their main objectives, but also gain greater control over the desired direction of the new entity after the merger is complete. Some strategic diligence questions to ponder include:
 - What are the strengths of each practice?
 - What could our practice be doing better?
 - What opportunities exist as a result of this merger?
 - What threats do we face by completing this merger?
 - What is the current culture of each practice?
As part of the process, you should consider the scope for further growth, efficiency, and improvement. It is critical for physician owners to be honest and thorough when assessing their advantages. Ideally, they develop a fact-based point of view on their beliefs—testing them with anyone responsible for delivering value from the deal, including physicians, physician extenders, clinical staff, and front and back office personnel.
Above all, when it comes to the merger of 2 physician groups, culture is a key decision criterion. Culture should be evaluated and discussed prior to any financial considerations. In my experience, this is of paramount importance for practice-to-practice mergers and is meticulously examined only through strategic diligence. Of course, nothing in the future is certain, but using a strategic and diligent approach provides far greater understanding of the issues ahead and forms another part of the puzzle when assessing a potential dermatology practice merger.
Nick Hernandez
Mr Hernandez is the chief executive officer and founder of ABISA, LLC, a consultancy specializing in solo and small group practice management (
Disclosure: The author reports no relevant financial relationships.
1. Porter ME. What is strategy? Harv Bus Review. November-December 1996:1-21.
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Invest in real estate on your own terms with secured or unsecured mortgage notes
If you don't want to be burdened with maintenance costs or rental vacancies, you can invest in mortgage notes in your self-directed IRA. You can also be a real estate lender with your IRA funds and help others purchase new properties. You set the terms of the loan, including time frames and interest rates. The payments will go to your retirement account.
There are two types of notes:
 1. Secured notes, deeds of trust, and mortgage notes are basically the same thing, depending on the state that you reside in.
 2. Unsecured notes are not backed by collateral and thus often pose a higher risk than a secured note. Because of this increased risk, unsecured notes are generally structured at a higher interest rate.
What are Secured Notes?
A Real Estate Note is secured by real property. The documents required by a self-directed IRA administrator for notes secured by real estate vary by the type of note you are requesting:
 - If you are issuing a new note or seller carry back note, simply submit a copy of the original note, deed of trust or mortgage, and a copy of the lender's title report.
 - If you are buying an existing note, you will need to submit a copy of the original note, recorded deed of trust or mortgage, title policy, deed of trust or mortgage assignment, note endorsement, and note purchase agreement, if applicable.
 - If a borrower cannot pay the balance on a note, the property can be sold to satisfy the debt.
What are Deeds of Trust?
Trust deeds, deeds of trust, and mortgage notes are basically the same thing, depending on the state that you reside in. In a trust deed, the investor loans money to a borrower using real estate as collateral. The loan is secured with a Trust Deed, which is recorded in county land records against the collateral. The terms of the loan are detailed in the Promissory Note.
You will want to define the type of real estate you feel comfortable lending against. Working with a local real estate broker who specializes in trust deed investments is a good start. Perform your due diligence by asking for references, requesting a schedule of loans that have funded, and confirm the status of the broker's license.
It is advisable to order a third-party appraisal or valuation of the property you intend to invest in. You will want to verify that the value of the collateral is sufficient to return the principal on your loan. Additionally, obtain a Title Policy from a reputable title insurer that insures your trust deed on the property. Lastly, verify that the borrower has property insurance on the property and request verification that it names you as a "Mortgagee." Seek legal and financial advice from trusted representatives.
What are Unsecured Secured Notes (Promissory Notes)?
A promissory note is a legal agreement between a buyer and a lender. The note contains the promise to repay a loan, along with the terms for the repayment. The note is not recorded in county land records. The lender holds the promissory note. When the note is paid off, the note is marked paid in full and returned to the borrower.
How do I invest with Mortgage Notes?
Sellers looking to offer financing to potential buyers can have a real estate note created for the transaction. It is important to have your note drawn up by a real estate attorney and that you understand the terms of the note:
1. Open and fund your self-directed IRA.
2. Find an individual or entity interested in borrowing money from your IRA. The loan must be secured by real estate.
3. Complete and submit a Real Estate Note Buy Direction Letter to your self-directed IRA administrator to request funds. You must include supporting documents. The documents required are based on the type of note (Secured Note):
 1. Issuing new note or seller carry back note.
 2. Buying an existing note.
If you are partnering your IRA with personal funds, both you and your IRA are the lenders. In this case, you need to add the percentages of ownership interest to title.
For example, The Trust Group, Inc. FBO John Smith Account #12345, [Percentage of ownership] % undivided interest.
4. When you have submitted the required documents, your self-directed IRA administrator will process the investment and remit funds to the borrower or to the entity responsible for closing the transaction. Normal processing takes approximately three business days with funding happening on the fourth business day, unless corrections are required. A special handling fee applies to expedited processing requests.
5. Assignment of Deed of Trust: The Deed of Trust or mortgage is owned by your self-directed IRA.
6. Send all documents related to the promissory notes to your self-directed IRA administrator for record keeping. They must receive all documents signed by all parties for IRS audit purposes.
Your self-directed IRA administrator must sign investment documents on behalf of your IRA. You will note "read and approved" with your signature and date each page of the investment documents. If the borrower is an entity, they must see the entity formation documents to verify that the transaction is not prohibited under IRC 4975.
After the investment is completed, all payments made according to the terms of the note must be submitted to your self-directed IRA administrator using a Deposit Coupon form.
For specific account questions, please contact self-directed IRA administrator.
Disclaimer: Before you invest in this business sector using your IRA, it is best to consult with your investment, legal and tax advisor. DREI,LLC does not endorse or recommend any of these investments. Proper due diligence by you the IRA holder is recommended before entering into any transaction.
© 2010 by Davis Real Estate Investments, DREI LLC


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wikiHow to Toggle Sticky Keys
Two Methods:Toggling Windows Sticky KeysToggling Mac Sticky KeysCommunity Q&A
Sticky keys are special accessibility features that allow people to turn on a modifier key, such as "Shift," permanently. It allows people with disabilities or computer-based jobs to complete commands and shortcuts quickly and easily, specifically if it is hard to hold down more than 1 key simultaneously.[1] If you have active sticky keys, you can turn them on or off on a Mac or Windows computer with these instructions.
1
Toggling Windows Sticky Keys
 1. 1
 Click on your Start button on your Windows operating system.
 2. 2
 Select the Control Panel from the list of options. Switch to Classic View to make sure all the icons are showing.
 3. 3
 Choose the Accessibility application.
 4. 4
 Select Accessibility Options in the application window.
 5. 5
 Choose the keyboard tab. Uncheck the box to "Use Sticky Keys" if you would like to turn Sticky Keys off. Check the box if you would like to turn Sticky Keys on.
 - If you chose to leave the Sticky Key box checked, you can choose to turn Sticky Keys on and off with the shift button. Follow the next step to do so.
 6. 6
 Go to the "Settings" option. Select the box labeled "Use shortcut." When you return to the desktop or other applications, you will be able to turn Sticky Keys on and off by pressing Shift 5 times.
 - Additionally, you can select the box to "Turn Sticky Keys off if two keys are pressed at once." This still gives you the option to use Sticky Keys, but once you try to do a modifier/letter combination, Sticky Keys will stop working.
 - Check the "Show Sticky Keys status on screen" to keep a Sticky Keys status bar on your desktop. [2]
 7. 7
 Close out the Accessibility application to return to the main screen.
2
Toggling Mac Sticky Keys
 1. 1
 Click on the Go menu on the Apple computer's desktop.
 2. 2
 Choose Applications. A finder window will open that lists all of your available applications.
 3. 3
 Select "System Preferences.
 4. 4
 Choose "Universal Access" from the System heading.
 5. 5
 Find the Keyboard tab to access your keyboard settings.
 6. 6
 Click the check box next to "Sticky Keys" to toggle it. It should be unchecked if you wish to turn Sticky Keys off. Otherwise, it should be checked if you wish to turn Sticky Keys on.
 - When turning the Sticky Keys setting to the On position, check the box that says "Press the Shift key five times to turn Sticky Keys on or off" to allow turning Sticky Keys on and off with the keyboard.
 - You can set an additional feature to turn Mouse Keys on and off. Choose the Mouse & Trackpad tab. Turn Mouse keys on and enable the check box below. You can hit the Option key 5 times to control the mouse with your keyboard and reverse it with 5 more Option key presses.
 7. 7
 Close out the Universal Access window. If you have chosen to enable the Shift key feature, press the shift key 5 times in succession to turn it off. Press it 5 more times to turn it on. [3]
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 Article Info
 Categories: Basic Computer Skills
 In other languages:
 Español: desactivar las teclas especiales, Русский: отключить залипание клавиш, Italiano: Disattivare i Tasti Permanenti, Português: Desligar as Teclas de Aderência, Deutsch: Sticky Keys ausschalten, Français: désactiver les touches rémanentes, Bahasa Indonesia: Menonaktifkan Sticky Keys
 Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 4,946 times.
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Thursday, May 28, 2020
The Spiritual Life - What is spiritual health?
Spiritual Health - Home | Facebook
What is spiritual health?
Spiritual health is not usually named as a thing. Human beings are much more likely to talk about physical health, mental health, financial health, public health, community health, and the health of various systems.
One of the components of the UU A Way Of Life is to improve spiritual health. Before we can improve spiritual health we have to have a baseline, a reference point from which to compare. To ascertain a baseline we have to have a description of its components and indicators of the presence and strength of those components we can measure. What are the components of spiritual health? Here's a suggested list to start:
 1. Peace and joy
 2. Kindness
 3. Forgiveness
 4. Attunement to the nondualistic Oneness
 5. Unconditional love
 6. Mindfulness
 7. Felt connection to the interdependent web
 8. Freedom from and freedom to
 9. Self efficacy
The way these components can be measured simply is to answer the question, "To what extent has this factor been present in your life in the past several months or year on a scale of 0 -10 with 0 meaning 0% of the time, 10 meaning 100% of the time and 5 meaning 50% of the time?" This is meant to be a self report, and it may be helpful to get a best friend or trusted other who knows you very well like a spiritual director, a therapist, a life partner to rate their perception of the presence of these factors in your life as well.
Once a rating has been identified, this is your baseline. The next question is how can you kick it up a notch over coming months or year?
You can use this model right now to rate your level of spiritual health. Let's say over the last six months to what extent has each component been present in your life?
After you give yourself a rating on each component determine one component you'd like to work on for the next month or so and make a plan to practice. Start small, review frequently, learn as you go, and re-rate in a month's time.
In subsequent articles we will provide more detailed descriptions of each component and ideas for improvement.
 1. Truly helpful. It's a wonderful model you are developing. As I picked an indicator like peace and joy, over the last six months I gave myself a 3 especially with the Covid-19 stuff, impeachment, police murders of black citizens, political corruption, etc. How do I not let these things destroy my peace and joy?
 2. The United States is one of the most spiritually sick nations on earth. Its inequality, racism, materialism, unrestrained military might, and unjust criminal justice system make it evil.
 The fact that they would elect a psychopath like Donald Trump and tolerate and enable his moral turpetude tells you a lot about the spiritual health of the country.


text:
It's grief that unites their devastated families, and an unwavering pursuit of change.
They want real punishment for the companies who've let them down in the most terrible way.
Statement from Schwing Australia
The death of Mr Catanzariti was a tragic loss of life.
Schwing Australia assisted with all inquiries and provided expert metallurgical evidence demonstrating that the failure of the bolts was attributable to the manufacturing process, which occurred outside Australia.
Schwing Australia made representations to the ACT Coroner, which were ultimately accepted, as to improvements that can be made to Australian Safety Standards to safeguard against a tragic accident like this occurring again. Those safeguards include ensuring bolts used in the context of securing booms are safe and ensuring the cycle of replacement of these bolts is appropriate.
Schwing Australia again extends its deepest condolences to the Catanzariti family.
Statement from Victorian Government spokesperson
Every life lost at a Victorian workplace is one too many. These laws will make our workplaces safer, hold employers to account, and most importantly give heartbroken families the justice they deserve.


text:
Sometimes you end up with more cutlery than you know what to do with. It's not a bad problem to have, seeing as you'll never run out of forks, but more forks means more dishes to wash, which is a problem no one wants to have. Instead of throwing away those helpful tools that assisted you in the enjoyment of delicious meals past, appreciate them by finding a creative use for them. Believe it or not, old eating utensils can be transformed into great hooks for hanging purses, reusable grocery bags, or even keys! Follow these six steps to upcycle your old forks into neat hooks.
You will need:
- Soft hammer (rubber or rawhide)
- Old fork or one you are just willing to sacrifice
- Assortment of pliers
- Drill with standard screw-sized bit (not pictured)
- Protective eyewear (not pictured)
- Strong hands (not pictured)
1. First, hammer out the fork until it is completely flat. Make sure you are using a soft hammer so you do not damage the fork in the process. It is best to place the fork upside-down and begin hammering it flat, then flip it to finish it up. This is a lot harder than it would seem and can take a decent amount of time. To make the time pass quicker, think of something that makes you really angry, such as energy waste, to zone out while you're pounding away.
2. Next, use your pliers to decoratively shape the fork's prongs to your liking. Be sure to keep a firm grip on the fork while fashioning the prongs, as to not let it slip and cause an accident. There are many ways to shape prongs, just be sure to keep them moderately flat so your finished product won't poke you when you hang things.
3. Now, put on your protective eyewear and use caution while you drill a screw hole in the center of what will be the mounting piece. Be patient and let the drill bit gradually reach the other side, otherwise you will break the bit or even worse, hurt yourself. Once the hole is complete, wait a minute before touching the fork, as it will be hot from the metal-on-metal friction.
4. Once your fork has cooled, test to ensure it is still flat by holding it against a wall. If it has bent during the prong bending or drilling process, take a moment to hammer it out until it once again lays flat against the wall.
5. Use your strong hands to shape the handle into a hook. It helps to go against the natural curve of the handle but be gentle; this spot can easily become vulnerable and snap. If you're having trouble, lay the fork on your work surface edge with the handle free and use the edge's resistance to your benefit.


Utilizing Pygal to Craft Box Plots in Python: A Concise Guide
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💡 Problem Formulation: In data analysis, box plots are crucial for visualizing distributions and identifying outliers within datasets. Pygal, a dynamic SVG charting library for Python, allows for the creation of scalable and interactive box plots. If given a dataset such as [1, 3, 2, 5, 7, 8], this article will guide users through the production of a box plot to graphically represent its statistical elements.
Method 1: Basic Box Plot Creation with Pygal
Generating a basic box plot using Pygal is very straightforward. The Box class is used to create box plot charts, which graphically depict groups of numerical data through their quartiles and outliers. This type of chart best serves datasets with such inherent properties that benefit from visual statistical representation.
Here's an example:
import pygal
box_plot = pygal.Box()
box_plot.title = 'Basic Box Plot'
box_plot.add('Data Series', [1, 3, 2, 5, 7, 8])
box_plot.render_to_file('basic_box.svg')
The output of this code snippet is an SVG file that illustrates the box plot of the provided data points.
The code snippet showcases Pygal's ability to quickly turn a simple list of numbers into a visual statistic. By first creating a Box object and then adding the data with the add() method, a box plot chart is initialized and later saved as an SVG file. This simplicity is Pygal's strength as your data quickly becomes an insightful visual.
Method 2: Customizing Box Plot Appearance
To tailor the visual style of a box plot, Pygal enables customization of diverse elements such as colors, labels, and width. This enhances the readability and presentation of the chart, making it more informative and visually appealing.
Here's an example:
import pygal
box_plot = pygal.Box(box_mode="Tukey", show_legend=False)
box_plot.title = 'Custom Box Plot'
box_plot.add('Data Series A', [1, 3, 2, 5, 7, 8])
box_plot.add('Data Series B', [4, 2, 5, 10, 7, 6])
box_plot.render_to_file('custom_box.svg')
The output is an SVG file depicting a customized box plot, illustrating two data series without a legend.
This code demonstrates how to modify a box plot's appearance by changing the box mode and hiding the legend. The box_mode option offers different calculations for outliers, while setting show_legend to False removes the legend for a cleaner look. This level of customization is key to crafting a chart that communicates your dataset's narrative effectively.
Method 3: Including Outliers and Fliers
Outliers represent values that notably differ from other values in a dataset. Pygal allows the explicit inclusion of outliers in a box plot, providing a more complete statistical overview of a data series. This feature is essential for detailed data analysis.
Here's an example:
import pygal
box_plot = pygal.Box(show_outliers=True)
box_plot.title = 'Box Plot with Outliers'
box_plot.add('Data Series', [1, 3, 2, 5, 7, 8, 15])
box_plot.render_to_file('outliers_box.svg')
The generated output is an SVG file exhibiting a box plot with an outlier distinctly marked.
The inclusion of the 15 at the end of the data series and setting show_outliers to True tells Pygal to visualize this point separately on the box plot. Detecting and visualizing outliers is pivotal in statistical analysis and this feature of Pygal empowers analysts to highlight these anomalies in their data.
Method 4: Interactive Box Plots with Tooltip
Interactive box plots elevate the user experience by providing more context through tooltips. When a user hovers over elements of the box plot, additional information is presented, making Pygal charts not only visually stunning but also informative.
Here's an example:
import pygal
box_plot = pygal.Box(tooltip_fancy_mode=True)
box_plot.title = 'Interactive Box Plot with Tooltip'
box_plot.add('Data Series', [1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21])
box_plot.render_to_file('interactive_box.svg')
By producing an SVG file, this code enables the resulting box plot to be interactive, featuring tooltips that provide more data detail.
Pygal enriches the box plot with the tooltip_fancy_mode flag, which adds a polished touch to the tooltips. The interactive features foster a better understanding of the data by end-users and draw interest to the nuances within the dataset with elegance and efficiency.
Bonus One-Liner Method 5: Quick and Simple Box Plot
For those in need of a rapid and no-frills visual, Pygal can condense the box plot generation process into a concise one-liner, combining data input and rendering in a single step.
Here's an example:
pygal.Box().add('Data Series', [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]).render_to_file('quick_box.svg')
This line of code outputs an SVG file featuring a straightforward box plot for immediate analysis.
The code is a manifestation of Python's ability to produce functional and concise one-liners, condensing the initialization, data input, and rendering of the box plot into one seamless command with Pygal.
Summary/Discussion
 - Method 1: Basic Box Plot Creation. Straightforward and beginner-friendly. Limited customization.
 - Method 2: Customizing Appearance. Tailored visuals for better clarity. Requires additional configuration.
 - Method 3: Including Outliers and Fliers. Essential for in-depth data analysis. May clutter chart with excessive data points.
 - Method 4: Interactive with Tooltip. Great for user engagement and information delivery. Possibly more resource-intensive for rendering.
 - Method 5: Quick and Simple. Excellent for rapid deployment. Lacks finer detail and personalization.