Did you know about bound-fn?
Clojure provides a lot of different facilities to handle concurrency. One of these are Vars. They can be used to store thread-local information, eg. with binding. A different thread cannot see the value „modified" with binding. And exactly there lies the rub…
A Guinea Pig
Let's start with some setup, which we can use later on.
(def *increment* 1)
(defn incr
 (+ x *increment*))
This is basically a function similar to inc which increments a given number. Compared to inc it provides a knob by which we can change the increment step.
It works!
So. Now let's try our function.
user=> (map incr [1 2 3])
(2 3 4)
Ok. Nothing exciting so far. But now let's play with our knob. We use binding to change the value of *increment* temporarily.
user=> (binding [*increment* 3]
 (doall (map incr [1 2 3])))
(4 5 6)
Yeah! It works!
It works! … Really?
As I said in the introductory paragraph: Clojure provides several facilities to handle concurrency. Besides Vars there is for example pmap. pmap is basically a drop-in replacement for map which distributes the computation of the output seq on several threads. So each map can be easily turned to parallel construct by simply adding a single character. (Whether this makes sense in every case is a different question!)
So, let's try pmap for fun and profit!
user=> (binding [*increment* 3]
 (doall (pmap incr [1 2 3])))
(2 3 4)
Huh? Argh! We got caught by the thread-localness of Vars. The changed value of *increment* established with binding is not carried over to the new thread, where the actual computation is done. There the root binding is in effect and we get the original value of *increment*.
To fix this situation we could take a hands-down approach and simply re-establish the binding in the target thread.
user=> (binding [*increment* 3]
 (doall (pmap (let [step *increment*]
 (fn [x] (binding [*increment* step] (incr x))))
 [1 2 3])))
(4 5 6)
This looks a bit silly, but imagine the binding being somewhere else in the code in a real-world project. So what do we do? We capture the thread-local binding in a local and pass a closure to pmap. This closure sets up the binding on the new thread before invocing incr.
This works but is quite a bit of tedious boilerplate. But luckily Clojure provides a helper utility for this scenario!
user=> (binding [*increment* 3]
 (doall (pmap (bound-fn [x] (incr x)) [1 2 3])))
(4 5 6)
bound-fn defines a function – similar to fn. However with the difference that it restores any thread-local bindings before executing the body of the function. So it is basically an extended approach to the above let solution.
In our case we can simplify things even more: we already have a function. We should be able to turn this function into a different one with the desired properties – similar to how memoize works. And in fact we can do that!
user=> (binding [*increment* 3]
 (doall (pmap (bound-fn* incr) [1 2 3])))
(4 5 6)
A combination of Vars and binding can be a way to modify the environment of the code, eg. by rebinding *out*. However one has to take care when crossing thread boundaries. The bound-fn and bound-fn* utilities help in such a situation.
 - binding binds in parallel, while let binds sequentially.
 - The astute reader might have noticed several doalls. Why this is necessary is explained in a previous post.
Published by Meikel Brandmeyer on.


What does trigger mean?
Definitions for trigger
ˈtrɪg ərtrig·ger
Here are all the possible meanings and translations of the word trigger.
Princeton's WordNet
 1. gun trigger, triggernoun
 lever that activates the firing mechanism of a gun
 2. triggernoun
 a device that activates or releases or causes something to happen
 3. trigger, induction, initiationverb
 an act that sets in motion some course of events
 4. trip, actuate, trigger, activate, set off, spark off, spark, trigger off, touch offverb
 put in motion or move to act
 "trigger a reaction"; "actuate the circuits"
 5. triggerverb
 release or pull the trigger on
 "Trigger a gun"
 1. triggernoun
 A finger-operated lever used to fire a gun.
 Just pull the trigger.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 2. triggernoun
 A similar device used to activate any mechanism.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 3. triggernoun
 An event that initiates others, or incites a response.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 4. triggernoun
 An event, experience or other stimulus that initiates a traumatic memory or action in a person.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 5. triggernoun
 A pulse in an electronic circuit that initiates some component.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 6. triggernoun
 An SQL procedure that may be initiated when a record is inserted, updated or deleted; typically used to maintain referential integrity.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 7. triggernoun
 A text string that, when received by a player, will cause the player to execute a certain command.
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 8. triggernoun
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 9. triggerverb
 to fire a weapon
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
 10. triggerverb
 to initiate something
 Etymology: Originally tricker, from trekker, from trekken.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Triggernoun
 a catch to hold the wheel of a carriage on a declivity
 2. Triggernoun
 a piece, as a lever, which is connected with a catch or detent as a means of releasing it; especially (Firearms), the part of a lock which is moved by the finger to release the cock and discharge the piece
 1. Trigger
 Trigger was a 15.3 hands palomino horse, made famous in American Western films with his owner/rider, cowboy star Roy Rogers.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
 1. Trigger
 trig′ėr, n. a catch which when pulled looses the hammer of a gun in firing: a catch to hold a wheel when driving on steep ground. [Dut. trekkertrekken, to pull.]
 1. Trigger
Dictionary of Nautical Terms
 1. trigger
 In ship-building, is the letting fall the paul of the cradle by which the dog-shore falls flush, and offers no further obstruction to the ship gliding down the ways into her absurdly termed "native element." Also, a small catch under the lock of fire-arms, by drawing which back, when the piece is cocked, it is discharged.
Military Dictionary and Gazetteer
 1. trigger
 A steel catch, which being pulled disengages the cock of a gunlock, and causes the hammer to strike the nipple in percussion-muskets, and the firing-pin in breech-loaders. The difference between a hair and common trigger is this: the hair-trigger, when set, lets off the cock at the slightest touch, whereas the common trigger requires a greater degree of force, and consequently its operation is retarded.
Suggested Resources
 1. trigger
 Song lyrics by trigger -- Explore a large variety of song lyrics performed by trigger on the Lyrics.com website.
Matched Categories
British National Corpus
 1. Verbs Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'trigger' in Verbs Frequency: #972
How to pronounce trigger?
 1. Alex
 US English
How to say trigger in sign language?
 1. Chaldean Numerology
 The numerical value of trigger in Chaldean Numerology is: 2
 2. Pythagorean Numerology
 The numerical value of trigger in Pythagorean Numerology is: 3
Examples of trigger in a Sentence
 1. Shania Twain:
 I don't see her, ever, i don't invite that trigger into my life … She's not my future — she's my past.
 2. Bruce Campbell:
 3. Dianne Augelli:
 When you're pregnant, your blood volume expands so you have anemia to some degree, one of the theories is that there's not enough iron in a specific part of the brain that produces dopamine and that can trigger restless legs.
 4. Kelly Dorsey:
 To leave your friend on the ground, knowing that he's not there anymore -- he's either dead or he's going to die -- that's indifference, he didn't need to pull the trigger.
 5. Jessica Mann:
 If he heard the word 'no,' it was like a trigger for him.
Images & Illustrations of trigger
 1. triggertriggertriggertriggertrigger
Popularity rank by frequency of use
Translations for trigger
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
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text:
Manors Car Park's distinctive form derives from the constraints of the train line to east which collided with the new Central East Motorway A167 M which dips beneath, shaping the car park between these constraints. The curvature of the concrete decks sweeps uniformally across the site, interrupted only by the circulation ramp. The car park was the first multi-story car park in Newcastle and marked the beginnings of Wilfred Burns car-centric plans for the modernisation of the city through the Central East Motorway Plan – 1963.
Burns plan aimed to increase the economic growth of the city through greater convenience for an emerging car owning populace and even went as far as to incentivised cars travel by offering limited free parking in the city centre.
Manors car park connected and accompanied by an equally dramatic and elongated pedestrian footbridge from Manors Train Station – today Manors Metro, touching the car park for access before swooping under Swan House on Pilgrim Street Roundabout. The bridge takes what feels like the longest imaginable route over the motorway, allowing pedestrians to bypass Northumberland high street and take in the theatrics of the swooping concrete forms and motorway traffic.
In the early 1960s, under the leadership of T Dan Smith and his chief planning officer Wilf Burns, Newcastle city council undertook a comprehensive re-planning of the city centre that, had it been carried out to its full extent, would have led to the construction of underground motorways and a series of raised pedestrian decks running along Northumberland Street in the main shopping zone. The plan was that the new city would encircle the historical core, which would be preserved; meanwhile vast swathes of Georgian housing to the east would be razed. There were also plans for high-rise towers in the centre, only one of which was built.
This tendency in town planning was due in part to the publication of H. Alker Tripp's book of 1942.
Along with Traffic in Towns an influential report and popular book on urban and transport planning policy published 25 November 1963 for the UK Ministry of Transport by a team headed by the architect, civil engineer and planner Colin Buchanan. The report warned of the potential damage caused by the motor car, while offering ways to mitigate it. It gave planners a set of policy blueprints to deal with its effects on the urban environment, including traffic containment and segregation, which could be balanced against urban redevelopment, new corridor and distribution roads and precincts.
These policies shaped the development of the urban landscape in the UK and some other countries for two or three decades. Unusually for a technical policy report, it was so much in demand that Penguin abridged it and republished it as a book in 1964.
In a one man war against the segregation of traffic and pedestrian I often walk car parks, ramps and all.
It's addictive passing the no access signs, onwards into the abyss.
He hated all this, and somehow he couldn't get away.
Joseph Conrad – Heart of Darkness
Asda Stores Ltd is a British supermarket chain. It is headquartered in Leeds. The company was founded in 1949 when the Asquith family merged their retail business with the Associated Dairies company of Yorkshire.
It was listed on the London Stock Exchange until 1999 when it was acquired by Walmart for £6.7 billion.
In February 2021, EG Group – led by the Issa brothers and TDR Capital, acquired Asda.
The company was fined £850,000 in 2006 for offering 340 staff at a Dartford depot a pay rise in return for giving up a union collective bargaining agreement. Poor relations continued as Asda management attempted to introduce new rights and working practices shortly thereafter at another centre in Washington, Tyne and Wear.
One of the great glories of cinema is that it has the power to take the mundane and make it magical. To most of us, car parks signify a world of pain, where fearsome red-and-white crash barriers dictate our fate and where finding a space is often like finding meaning in the collective works of Martin Lawrence. To others, they meant lost Saturday afternoons spent waiting for your mum to finally come out of Woolworths so you could rush home to catch Terrahawks.
Either way, car parks are grey and dull. In the movies, however, they are fantastic places, filled with high-level espionage, and high-octane chases.
I beg to differ, the cinema and TV has helped to define our perception and misconception of the car park.
The modern day pedestrian may reclaim, redefine and realise, that far from mundane each actual exemplar is different, in so many ways. The time of day, weather, light, usage, abusage, condition, personal demeanour and mood all shape our experience of this particular, modern urban space.
To walk the wide open spaces of the upper tier, almost touching the sky.
Is a far cry from the constrained space of the lower levels.
To walk the ramps with a degree of trepidation, visceral and fun.
This is an inversion of the car-centric culture, walking the concrete kingdom with a carbon-free footprint.
I was inspired by a recent viewing of All The Presidents Men to revisit my local multi-storey on Heaton Lane Stockport.
Cinematographer Gordon Hugh Willis Jr constructs a shadow world where informer and informed meet to exchange deep secrets, ever watchful, moving in and out of artificial light, tense and alert.
Look over your shoulder- there's nobody there, and they're watching you.
But they have been here.
Pay here, your time is time limited, your presence measured.
Let's explore this demimonde together, wet underfoot, lit laterally by limited daylight, walking through the interspersed pools of glacial artificial glow.
Time's up, check out and move on – tomorrow is another day, another car park; in a different town.
Cinema and car parks wedded forever in the collective popular cultural unconscious.
As I was out walking on the corner one day, I spied an old bollard in the alley he lay.
To paraphrase popular protest troubadour Bob Dylan.
I was struck by the elegant symmetry and rough patinated grey aggregate.
To look up on the world from a hole in the ground, To wait for your future like a horse that's gone lame, To lie in the gutter and die with no name?
I mused briefly on the very word bollards, suitable perhaps for a provincial wine bar, Regency period drama, or family run drapers – but mostly.
A bollard is a sturdy, short, vertical post. The term originally referred to a post on a ship or quay used principally for mooring boats, but is now also used to refer to posts installed to control road traffic and posts designed to prevent ram-raiding and vehicle-ramming attacks.
The term is probably related to bole, meaning a tree trunk.
Having so mused I began to wander a tight little island of alleys and homes, discovering three of the little fellas, each linked by typology and common ancestry, steadfastly impeding the ingress of the motor car.
Yet also presenting themselves as mini works of utilitarian art – if that's not a contradiction in terms.
Having returned home I began another short journey into the world of bollards, where do they come from?
PAS 68 approved protection for your people and property combining security, natural materials and style.
My new pals seem to be closely related to the Reigate.
Available in a mind boggling range of finishes.
Bollards can be our friends, an expression of personal freedom and security.
A pensioner says he will go to court if necessary after putting up concrete bollards in a last-ditch attempt to protect his home.
Owen Allan, 74, of Beaufort Gardens, Braintree, claims motorists treat the housing estate like a race track, driving well in excess of the 20mph speed limit, and that the railings in front of his home have regularly been damaged by vehicles leaving the road.
He was worried it would only be a matter of time before a car came careering off Marlborough Road and flying through the wall of his bungalow.
I have cause to thank the humble concrete bollard, having suffered an assault on our front wall from a passing pantechnicon, I subsequently petitioned the council, requiring them to erect a substantial bollard barrier.
Which was subsequently hit by a passing pantechnicon.
They are our modernist friends, little gems of public art and should treated with due respect – think on.
Milton Keynes synonymous with something or other, the town where everything is an off centre out of town centre, where anything was new once.
A broad grid of boulevards, sunken super-highways and an extended series of balletic roundabouts swirls the cars around.
Beneath this merry carbon hungry dance, we find the cyclist and pedestrian, the self propelled underclass passing through the underpass.
During my eight hour non-stop walking tour I encountered several – here they are, home to the homeless – others somewhat desolate and deserted, grass between the paving stones, the occasional casual tag and discarded can.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: We describe a novel system for focusing X-rays based on the eye of a lobster and a method for fabricating such optics using microchannel plates which have pores with square cross sections. Lobster eye optics will enable us to construct X-ray telescopes capable of simultaneously viewing a large fraction of the sky, making possible a new class of X-ray astronomy survey and monitoring missions. We have tested the X-ray optical properties of one of the first available square pore MCP's. We find that the angular resolution of the MCP lense is 5 arcminutes (FWHM). The resolution is limited by misalignment of the pore surfaces.


Skip to definition.
Noun: sedation si'dey-shun
 1. A state of reduced excitement or anxiety that is induced by the administrative of a sedative agent
 2. The administration of a sedative agent or drug
 - drugging
Derived forms: sedations
Type of: administration, giving medication, physical condition, physiological condition, physiological state
Encyclopedia: Sedation


Take the 2-minute tour ×
If I got
Dim myRect As Rectangle = New Rectangle(0,0,100,100)
Is it necessary or just fine to later do this:
myRect = Nothing
Or it isn't necessary? Thank you.
IF it is necessary, are there other cases it isn't for my variables?
share|improve this question
add comment
2 Answers
up vote 5 down vote accepted
In general, as Joel said, it's unnecessary.
In your specific example, though, it is actually pointless. Rectangle is a value type, so setting it to Nothing is not even affecting an object's reference count; it's assigning a new value (the default value for Rectangle) to your myRect variable. This is analogous to having an Integer variable and setting it to 0 at the end of a method. Doesn't buy you anything.
I should point out that the claim "Setting any variable to Nothing [or null in C#] never accomplishes anything"* is a myth. It is entirely possible that you may have a field in a class which you might as well set to null if the object referenced is no longer needed but you still have a reference to the class instance itself.
As a simplistic example, suppose you had some container class which wraps a T[] array, and you give this container an Empty method. It might make sense to set the container's internal array to null in this method, which would result in zero references to the array object, qualifying it for garbage collection. (You would then create a new array when external code next tried to add a T to the collection.) If you did not set the field to null on Empty, then there would still be a reference to the array (i.e., the field), and so that would be a small amount of memory being used that you really don't need.
Like I said, that's a simplistic example. And honestly, it's rare that you ever need to consider scenarios like that. I just thought I would mention it so that you don't get the wrong impression that setting a field to Nothing literally never accomplishes anything.
*I'm not actually quoting anyone specific here; this is just an over-generalization I've heard stated more than once.
share|improve this answer
What if it was an Image type variable? – Just Kidding Jan 27 '11 at 19:44
_USER_: Then Joel's answer applies (Image is a reference type). Setting it to null per se is not really valuable. On the other hand, Image implements IDisposable so you should take care to dispose of it properly (by calling Dispose or, better, wrapping the variable in a using block outside of which you no longer need it). – Dan Tao Jan 27 '11 at 19:46
Thanks then! :D – Just Kidding Jan 27 '11 at 19:50
add comment
Don't do it. This was important to do in the vb6 days, but for.Net it's possible (though very unlikely) for it to actually throw the garbage collector off and have other unexpected side effects.
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Your Answer


text:
is a peninsula of the roadstead of Brest
The roadstead of Brest is a roadstead or bay located in the Finistère department in Brittany in northwestern France. The surface area is about 180 km². The port of Brest is located on its northern edge and one of the two French naval bases...
. It is the base of the SNLE, the French ballistic missile submarines, and as such one of the most secretive and heavily defended places in France.
Île Longue is a peninsula
A peninsula is a piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but connected to mainland. In many Germanic and Celtic languages and also in Baltic, Slavic and Hungarian, peninsulas are called "half-islands"....
on the commune of Crozon
Crozon is a commune in the Finistère department of Brittany in north-western France.Crozon is located on the Crozon peninsula on the west coast of Finistère. It is bordered by the communes of Camaret-sur-Mer to the west, Roscanvel to the northwest, Lanvéoc to the north, Landévennec to the...
, attached to the Crozon peninsula. its altitude is 42 metres. It is located at 48°18'07.6"N 4°30'35.57"W.
Originally the isthmus was a mere sand bank, and crossing was only possible at low tide. During the 19th century, it was improved with a stone pathway. During the construction of the strategic base (1967–1972), it was widened, made insubmersible, and changed into a parking space.
The peninsula is a stone plateau surrounded by cliffs. It harbours several water springs, which made human habitat possible. In the 19th century, three villages were built on the peninsula: Kernalleguen (less than a kilometre of the isthmus), Kermeur (1.5 km of the isthmus) and Bothuelc'h, slightly North.
Exploitation of porphyry
Porphyry is a variety of igneous rock consisting of large-grained crystals, such as feldspar or quartz, dispersed in a fine-grained feldspathic matrix or groundmass. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts...
started in the 18th century. By the end of the 19th century, half a million cobblestones were produced each year. Up to eleven quarries were exploited around the peninsula. The largest, Vengleuz Braz, was located west from Kermeur.
With its cliffs, local water resources, isthmus crossable only at low tide and its location defending Brest harbour, Île Longue is an easily defendable, strategic location. It was fortified by Vauban and Dajot as to render the roadstead impossible to hold by an enemy fleet and to allow a counter-attack against an enemy landing party attempting to seize Quélern
Quélern is a hamlet in Roscanvel, in the department of Finistère, in western France.-Fortified lines:The Quélern lines defended the entrance to the goulet de Brest against capture from behind the defences of the Roscanvel peninsula. They are 1.22 km long and form the only surviving non-urban...
Dajot had a fort constructed at the top of the peninsula around 1776. It featured a hemicircular lower battery with small buildings protected by a ditch, with a bastion
A bastion, or a bulwark, is a structure projecting outward from the main enclosure of a fortification, situated in both corners of a straight wall, facilitating active defence against assaulting troops...
and a drawbridge
A drawbridge is a type of movable bridge typically associated with the entrance of a castle surrounded by a moat. The term is often used to describe all different types of movable bridges, like bascule bridges and lift bridges.-Castle drawbridges:...
In 1879, a wall was built South of the peninsula, as to defend it against the land. It featured a drawbridge defended by a
casemate and two bastions. Remains of the main gate and of the casemate still exist, but are enclosed in the military area, and not accessible to the general public.
First World War
From 1914 to 1919, Île Longue was used as an internment camp for German citizens captured after the seizure of the ship Nieuw Amsterdam
, intercepted by the French 2nd Light Squadron on the 2 September 1914.
From the 3 September to the 23, the 1500 passengers were interned at Crozon fort and in Brest; from the 4 November, they were transferred to a camp built on Île Longue for the occasion. The last prisoners were released on the 31st December 1919.
Second World War
During the occupation, the Germans used Île Longue as an anti-aircraft battery, which remained active until 1944. Megalithic monuments were destroyed by the construction of bunkers.
Île Longue strategic submarine base
In 1965, President Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969....
chose Île Longue as home for the sea-based component of the Force de frappe
The Force de Frappe is the designation of what used to be a triad of air-, seaand land-based nuclear weapons intended for dissuasion, and consequential deterrence...
. The place was chosen because it was close to a large harbour, yet distant enough to stay out of the public's eye, and was easily controlled and defended.
Work began in 1967 and took 5 years. The peninsula was completely changed, as the isthmus was widened and consolidated, and the peninsula itself gained 30 hectare
The hectare is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres, and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the are was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare was thus 100 ares or 1/100 km2...
s. Two dry docks were built, as well as numerous habitation, engineering and defence buildings.
In 1972, the base was made operational and Le Redoutable
departed for her first patrol. Île Longue has been the base of the SNLE of the Force Océanique Stratégique
The Force océanique stratégique is the ballistic missile submarine force of the French Navy. It is one of the two components of the submarine forces of the French Navy and the sea-based component of the French nuclear deterrent.- History :The FOST was created in the early 1960s, around the need...
ever since.
Maintenance of the submarines is done at Île Longue, as well as storage of the nuclear components (warheads and fuel bars). Chemical pyrotechnics for the missiles and conventional warheads are stored in Guenvénez, 4 km away.
The base is divided into three colour-coded zones:
- Zone Blue comprises the security installations and personnel, including the fire department and the Fusiliers Marins responsible for the defence of the site. This zone also comprises offices and catering.
- Zone Red encompasses the pyrotechnics and bunkers to hold nuclear warheads.
- Zone Yellow encompasses the harbour and submarine installations, notably two roofed 200-metre long docks. A 170-metre long bunker between the two docks is used to load and unload nuclear materials.
Since 2006, work has been undertaken at Île Longue to prepare the base for the new M51 SLBM
The M51 SLBM is a submarine-launched ballistic missile, built by EADS Astrium Space Transportation, and deployed with the French Navy. Designed to replace the M45 SLBM The M51 SLBM is a submarine-launched ballistic missile, built by EADS Astrium Space Transportation, and deployed with the French...
External links French Ministry of Defence Satellite photographs
on Google Maps
Google Maps is a web mapping service application and technology provided by Google, free, that powers many map-based services, including the Google Maps website, Google Ride Finder, Google Transit, and maps embedded on third-party websites via the Google Maps API...

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Vector in Anark Studio 2.5
X/Y/Z location.
Inherits from:
Instance Properties
name type description
constructor Object A reference to the constructor class for the current object instance. [from Object]
prototype Object The prototype for a class. [from Object]
x Number X location.
y Number Y location.
z Number Z location.
Instance Methods
name returns description
add(otherVector) (none) Add on a vector.
copy() Vector Return a copy of the vector.
cross(otherVector) (none) Perform a cross-product on the vector.
distance(otherVector) Number Calculate the distance to another vector.
distanceSquared(otherVector) Number Calculate the squared distance to another vector.
dot(otherVector) Vector Calculate the dot product.
equals(otherVector) Boolean Compare two vectors for equivalence.
hasOwnProperty(propertyOrMethodName) Boolean Determines if the object/instance itself has the named property or method. [from Object]
isPrototypeOf(instanceToTest) Boolean Determines if the calling object prototype is in the inheritance chain for the supplied argument. [from Object]
length() Number Length of the vector.
lengthSquared() Number Length of the vector, squared.
linear(targetVector,weightFactor) (none) Move the vector towards another vector.
maxVector(otherVector) (none) Calculate the maximum vector.
minVector(otherVector) (none) Calculate the minimum vector.
normalize() (none) Normalize the vector.
propertyIsEnumerable(propertyOrMethodName) Boolean Determines if the object/instance itself has a property or method of the supplied name which will appear in a for (prop in obj) enumeration. [from Object]
scale(scaleFactor) (none) Scale the vector by a factor.
subtract(otherVector) (none) Subtract a vector.
toLocaleString() String For most objects, the same as toString() unless explicitly overridden. [from Object]
toString() String Returns a string representation of the object. [from Object]
transform(transformMatrix) (none) Transform the vector by a matrix.
valueOf() String Returns the internal this value of the object. [from Object]
Description
A vector is a utility object encapsulating the three floating point components X, Y and Z.
Constructor syntax
var vector = new Vector( x, y, z );
x
optional — The floating point value representing the X position.
y
optional — The floating point value representing the Y position.
z
optional — The floating point value representing the Z position.
Properties that are a Vector
name object description
boxMax Model (read only) Maximum bounding-box point.
boxMin Model (read only) Minimum bounding-box point.
lookAtPoint Camera Location for the camera to look at.
pivot Node Pivot point location.
position Node Location of the object.
scale Node Scale of the object.
Methods that return a Vector
name of object description
copy() Vector Return a copy of the vector.
dot(otherVector) Vector Calculate the dot product.
Arguments that are a Vector
name in method of object description
globalDirection intersect(useBackface,globalOrigin,globalDirection,…) Model Vector specifying the ray dire
globalOrigin intersect(useBackface,globalOrigin,globalDirection,…) Model The vector in global 3D space<
intersection intersect(useBackface,globalOrigin,globalDirection,…) Model Returns the positional vector<
normal intersect(useBackface,globalOrigin,globalDirection,…) Model Returns a directional vector t
otherVector equals(otherVector) Vector The vector to compare to.
otherVector distance(otherVector) Vector The vector to calculate the di
otherVector distanceSquared(otherVector) Vector The vector to calculate the di
otherVector maxVector(otherVector) Vector The vector to compare to.
otherVector minVector(otherVector) Vector The vector to compare to.
otherVector cross(otherVector) Vector Vector to use for calculating<
otherVector add(otherVector) Vector The Vector to add.
otherVector subtract(otherVector) Vector The Vector to subtract.
otherVector dot(otherVector) Vector Vector to use for calculating<
targetVector linear(targetVector,weightFactor) Vector The vector to weight towards.<
targetVector linear(targetVector,weightFactor) Rotation The rotation to weight towards


text:
Sumatran Tiger Cub Born at Sacramento Zoo
This male Sumatran tiger cub was born at the Sacramento Zoo on March 3, 2013. Its species is critically endangered.
CREDIT: Sacramento Zoo
What weighs 3 pounds, has its eyes closed and is striped?
A newborn male Sumatran tiger cub, born at the Sacramento Zoo on March 3, stands to be a boon for the critically endangered species.
The as-yet-unnamed cub was born to mom Bahagia at 2:55 a.m. and weighed 3 pounds (1.4 kilograms), a good size for a Sumatran tiger cub, which are usually only 2 pounds at birth. Both mother and baby tiger are in good health, the zoo noted in a release.
Tiger cubs are born with their eyes closed and rely completely on their mothers, the release said. This cub and Bahagia are being kept inside their den inside their den, away from the public, while the cub grows a bit stronger and bigger. The zoo said it expects mother and cub to be on display by late May or early June.
A camera in the den is allowing zookeepers to keep tabs on mom and baby.
Tigers worldwide are in trouble, with their numbers plummeting 95 percent over the last century and the big cats occupying just 40 percent of their former territory. Sumatran tigers are the smallest of the tiger subspecies and are found only on the Indonesian island of Sumatra. They are listed as critically endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species. Fewer than 500 Sumatran tigers are thought to exist in the wild and about 200 live in zoos, according to the release.
The cub was born as part of the Sumatran Tiger Species Survival Plan® (SSP), coordinated by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. Such plans are designed to maintain genetic diversity in an endangered species
The tiger cub's father, Castro, was diagnosed with lymphoma in February. He and Bahagia have had five offspring.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com


Origin of Thought
A great effort was put in to the 2020 election cycle by many of our members. That successful effort carried candidates who share our values in government. People continue to move into the Florida, and specifically Collier County because of the freedoms offered by the way government is conducted.
Keep Our Quality of Life
We wanted to ensure the values and quality of life issue continue in all governmental bodies. That means we have to encourage newcomers to align their thinking with what has been a success in electing these values centric candidates. It means changing the voting patterns that initiated new residents to move away from their past home. This will include two main efforts:
 1. Reaching out to new residents and welcoming them to the area while providing them options to join and engage with like minded organizations. Easy to understand topics will include:
 1. No Income Tax
 2. Public Safety/Strong Police Enforcement
 3. Low Property Tax Rate
 4. Personal Freedoms
 5. Schools are Open (93% participation)
 6. Businesses are Open and Commerce Flowing
 2. Creating a method to gauge candidates based on the values that are shown on the home page of this website. This will be done via the following methods
 1. Invest in Officials that demonstrate our Values.
 2. Invest in Incumbent Candidates that demonstrate our Values.
 3. Invest in identifying, building and supporting Candidates that demonstrate our Values.
 4. Support social club Publicity efforts to target new residents with a Values broad awareness campaign.
 5. Support social club Membership, Target specific demographics for Club memberships (e.g. Young Republicans,
 Hispanics, East Naples).


text:
A minor earthquake with magnitude 3.06 (ml/mb) was reported 84 km N of Isabela, Puerto Rico (52 miles) on Friday. Exact time and date of event in UTC/GMT: 10/11/17 / 2017-11-10 09:47:58 / November 10, 2017 @ 9:47 am. The epicenter of the earthquake was roughly 66 km (41 miles) below the earth's surface. Id of earthquake: pr2017314001. Event ids that are associated: pr2017314001. Exact location, longitude -67.1555° West, latitude 19.2515° North, depth = 66 km. The temblor was reported at 05:47:58 / 5:47 am (local time epicenter).
In the past 24 hours, there have been two, in the last 10 days five, in the past 30 days twelve and in the last 365 days two hundred and fourty-two earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 or greater that was reported nearby. Each year there are an estimated 130,000 minor quakes in the world. Earthquakes 2.5 to 3.2 are often felt, but only causes minor damage.
Questions or comments?
Did objects rattle, topple over, or fall off shelves? Leave a comment or report about activity, shaking and damage at your home, country and city. This information comes from the USGS Earthquake Notification Service. Read more about the earthquake, Seismometer information, Date-Time, Location, Distances, Parameters and details about this quake, recorded: 84 km N of Isabela, Puerto Rico.
Copyright © 2017 earthquakenewstoday.com All rights reserved.


Class Test Class X Create Apply Styles
Class Test Class X Create Apply Styles enhance your knowledge (Test 1)
This article provides you with Class Test Class X Create Apply Styles. The first section is starting with objective type questions.
Class Test Class X Create Apply Styles
1. When you open OO Writer you get ________ settings.
Answer: Default
2 A ___________ contains a list of different styles in style and formatting window in OO Writer.
Answer: Style Category
3 The shortcut key to open style and formatting dialog box is ________.
Answer: F11
4 To add a your own styles in OO Writer style category use __________ option.
Answer: Create new style
5 The __________ button allows you to use style on contents of document.
Answer: Fill Format
6 Which of the following is an option of formatting?
 1. Save
 2. Margins
 3. Mail Merge
 4. Export file
7 This option allows to apply different kinds of formatting to newly created styles:

 1. Alter
 2. Update
 3. Modify
 4. None
8 Which of the following option allow you to add styles from another document?

 1. New from selection
 2. Update style
 3. Load Style
 4. Fill Format
9 Which of the following is not a button of styles and formatting window of OO Writer?

 - Character style
 - Frame Style
 - Paragraph Style
 - Border Style
10 Which of the following is not an option of paragraph formatting?

 - Alignment
 - Dropcap
 - Margins
 - Indents
The next section of Class Test Class X Create Apply Styles contains subjective type questions.
11 What is a style?
12 How to create a new style in OO Writer?
13 Write steps to apply different formatting to newly created styles.
14 Write steps to load Style from an existing document.
15 How to create a style using drag and drop?
For answers read this article:
create and apply styles
2 thoughts on "Class Test Class X Create Apply Styles enhance your knowledge (Test 1)"
 1. ROHIT MISHRA
 pls give answer of this worksheet
 2. Answers already provided for objective type questions. For subjective types questions refer notes section.
Comment Your Views
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text:
First-MOVE is an amateur radio CubeSat being built by students at the Technical University of München.
MOVE stands for München Orbital Verification Experiment. The 1U CubeSat carries a CCD camera and has two deployable solar panels carrying a new generation of solar cell – triple junction GaAs / Ge.
This video shows the test preparations for the thermal vacuum test of the cubesat First-Move. The satellite was left in vacuum conditions for 24 hours in the LRT vacuum chamber to offgas any residual materials that could harm the vacuum chambers at IABG.
Afterwards the satellite was transported to the IABG premises and installed in to the thermal vacuum chamber. To reduce thermal influence from the environment the satellite is suspended from the chamber ceiling. After some final functional checks First-Move is ready to start the thermal vacuum testing mid-next week.
Watch First-MOVE TVac Preparations
The frequencies for First-MOVE were coordinated by the IARU as:
Downlink: 145.970 MHz
Uplink: 435.520 MHz
First-MOVE Vibration tests _URL_
First-MOVE CubeSat Solar Panel Deployment Video _URL_
First-MOVE website in Google English _URL_
First-MOVE Communications _URL_


text: This article examines shifts in attitudes and changes in provision with regard to never–married mothers within three broad chronological periods. The first section considers attitudes towards these mothers in the period 1918–45, when the issue was conceptualized as one of public health and moral welfare. Second, the article examines the period between 1945 and 1970, when the dominant professional view of never-married mothers focused on identifying individual pathology, but when significant continuities in treatment can nevertheless be found. Third, the article looks briefly at the substantial change in policy and provision for what were then called 'one-parent families' during the 1970s. In conclusion it argues that while there were substantial changes in terms of the way in which unmarried motherhood was defined, from the point of view of the unmarried mothers themselves the continuities have been more striking. Unmarried mothers have been persistently singled out and labelled a social problem and, in all but a brief period during the late 1960s and 1970s, also as a moral problem.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


How To Convert Fructosamine To A1c Calculation
Different strategies have evolved in different animals, depending on the animals' needs. unicellular organisms, of course, simply release the ammonia into the environment. likewise, bony fish can release the ammonia into the water where it is quickly diluted. in general, mammals convert the ammonia into urea, via the urea cycle..


text:
Test compaction technique for built-in self-test in VLSI circuits.
|Title:||Test compaction technique for built-in self-test in VLSI circuits.|
|Authors:||Ho, Thanh Huong.|
|Abstract:||In recent years, many test output data compression techniques have been introduced, which reduce the storage requirements of reference signatures for the circuit under test. A major problem, however, is that the compression always results in loss of error coverage. This work proposes a space compression technique for digital circuits with the objective of minimizing the storage for the circuits under test while maintaining the fault coverage information. The technique introduced is called a Modified Dynamic Space Compression method. For a circuit under test, a compaction tree is generated based on its structure. The detectable error probability was calculated by using the Boolean Difference Method. The output data modification was employed to minimize the number of faulty output data patterns which have the same compressed form as the fault free patterns. The compressed outputs were then fed into a syndrome counter to derive the signature for the circuit. A design program is written in C language and executed on PC which combines the space compression, output data modification, and faults testing. Simulations were performed on known combinational circuits and the results indicate that the loss in fault coverage caused by compression is rather small.|
|Collection||Thèses, 1910 - 2010 // Theses, 1910 - 2010|


text:
Tailoring the Consumer Connection: The Role of Personalized Packaging and Gender in Influencing FMCG Purchase Intentions Across Product Categories
MetadataShow full item record
- Master of Science
Inspired by the increased use of personalized packaging as a marketing tool within the fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market, this thesis examines the impact of personalized packaging communication on consumer purchase intention. Through this exploration, we delve into the interaction between personalized packaging, gender, product category (hedonic vs utilitarian), and perceived hedonic value, thereby offering a comprehensive understanding of how these factors interact to influence buying decisions in the market. Hence, the study aims to answer the following research question: "How does the presence or absence of personalized packaging, combined with gender (male vs female) and product category (hedonic vs utilitarian), interact with perceived hedonic value to influence consumer purchase intention in the FMCG market?" Further, the literature review sets the foundation for the research's hypothesis, methodology and analysis. Based on previous findings, we propose that personalized packaging will increase consumers' purchase intention, and the perceived hedonic value of the product will mediate the relationship. Further, we suggest that product categories can be delved into a bidimensional division; utilitarian and hedonic products, where the product categories operate as a moderator. Additionally, gender is hypothesized to moderate the relation, where females are more positively affected by the concept. Lastly, we believe that there is a moderated mediation effect between the variables. Furthermore, to answer the hypotheses, we conducted a regression analysis and a moderator-, mediation-, and moderated mediation analysis using the PROCESS macro, respectively, model 1, 4 and 8, v.4.2 (Hayes, 2022) for SPSS. Our findings discovered an isolated impact of personalized packaging on the intention to purchase, along with a mediating effect of perceived hedonic value. It also revealed a genderbased effect, indicating that females react more favorably to personalized packaging. However, contrary to our expectations, the type of product (utilitarian vs hedonic) did not influence any relationships. Further, we discuss the findings, the limitations of the research, along with opportunities within the field.
Masteroppgave(MSc) in Master of Science in Business, Marketing - Handelshøyskolen BI, 2023


text:
Welcome to the intriguing world of operating table covers—a niche yet vital component in the healthcare sector. In this deep dive, we'll explore the cutting-edge trends and burgeoning market opportunities that are reshaping this industry. Operating table covers, often overlooked, play a pivotal role in ensuring sterility and efficiency in surgical environments. As we move forward, technological innovations and changing market dynamics are opening up new avenues for growth and development in this specialized field.
The Evolution of Operating Table Covers
The journey of operating table covers from basic, utilitarian drapes to advanced, multifunctional tools mirrors the evolution of medical science itself. In the past, these covers were simple, often rudimentary fabrics designed merely to protect the operating table. However, with the advent of more complex surgical procedures and heightened awareness of infection control, the demand for more sophisticated covers has surged. Today, they are not only about protecting the equipment but also about enhancing the sterility and efficiency of the surgical environment.
Material Innovations in Operating Table Covers
In an era where sustainability is paramount, the operating table cover industry is not falling behind. The shift towards eco-friendly materials is a response to the growing environmental concerns and the healthcare industry's commitment to reducing its ecological footprint. Sustainable covers, made from biodegradable or recycled materials, are gaining popularity. They offer the same level of sterility and protection as traditional covers but with the added benefit of being environmentally responsible.
The introduction of antimicrobial fabrics in operating table covers is a significant leap forward in infection control. These innovative materials are embedded with agents that actively combat microbes, reducing the risk of cross-contamination and healthcare-associated infections. This feature is particularly crucial in settings with high-risk patients or complex surgeries where the risk of infection is elevated. Antimicrobial covers not only enhance patient safety but also extend the lifespan of the covers by preventing microbial degradation.
Enhanced Sterility Features
Advancements in operating table covers have also focused on enhancing sterility. Modern covers are designed with advanced barrier technologies that prevent the penetration of liquids and microbes, crucial in maintaining a sterile field during surgery. These features are complemented by easy-to-use designs that ensure quick and efficient setup and disposal, reducing the risk of contamination during changeovers.
Design Improvements for Enhanced Functionality
Modern operating table covers are seeing a surge in ergonomic design innovations. These designs focus on ease of use, fitting snugly on various table types while allowing optimal access to the patient. The flexibility and adaptability of these covers make them suitable for a range of surgical procedures, from minor operations to complex surgeries. Ergonomically designed covers not only enhance the functionality of the operating space but also reduce the physical strain on the surgical team, leading to improved overall efficiency.
Customization for Specialized Surgeries
Customization is becoming increasingly important in the operating table cover industry. As surgeries become more specialized, the need for covers that cater specifically to different types of procedures is growing. Custom covers can be designed with specific features such as integrated pockets for surgical tools, special openings for robotic arms, or specific textures and thicknesses for different surgical needs. This level of customization enhances the efficiency and safety of surgical procedures, making the operating room more adaptable and responsive to the needs of the surgical team.
Environmental Sustainability in Production
Eco-friendly Manufacturing Processes
The shift towards eco-friendly manufacturing processes in the production of operating table covers is a reflection of the broader move towards sustainability in the healthcare industry. Manufacturers are adopting green practices, such as using renewable energy sources, reducing waste, and implementing recycling programs. These practices not only minimize the environmental impact but also appeal to the growing segment of environmentally conscious consumers.
Reducing Carbon Footprint
In line with global efforts to combat climate change, the operating table cover industry is also focusing on reducing its carbon footprint. This involves optimizing manufacturing processes, reducing energy consumption, and selecting materials that have a lower environmental impact. By addressing the carbon footprint, manufacturers are not only contributing to a healthier planet but also aligning with the sustainability goals of hospitals and healthcare facilities.
Market Demand Post-Pandemic
Increased Demand in Healthcare
The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a significant increase in demand for medical supplies, including operating table covers. This surge is attributed to the heightened focus on infection control and the rapid expansion of healthcare facilities worldwide. The pandemic has underscored the need for high-quality, reliable medical supplies, propelling the operating table cover industry into a period of accelerated growth and innovation.
Global Market Trends
The global market for operating table covers is witnessing diverse trends, influenced by regional healthcare needs, regulatory environments, and technological advancements. In developed markets, there is a growing preference for high-tech, customizable covers, while in emerging markets, the focus is on cost-effective and durable solutions. Understanding these regional differences is crucial for manufacturers and suppliers aiming to expand their global footprint.
Regulatory Compliance and Safety Standards
Meeting International Standards
Navigating the complex landscape of international standards and regulations is a critical aspect for manufacturers in the operating table cover industry. Compliance with standards such as ISO and CE marking is essential to ensure product safety and efficacy. Adhering to these standards not only ensures market access but also builds trust with healthcare providers and patients.
The certification process for operating table covers involves rigorous testing and quality assurance measures. Manufacturers must consistently meet high standards in material quality, sterility, and performance. Obtaining certifications can be challenging, but it is a crucial step in establishing credibility and ensuring that the products meet the stringent requirements of the healthcare industry.
Challenges and Opportunities for Suppliers
Supply Chain Management
Effective supply chain management is a significant challenge for suppliers in the operating table cover industry. The need to balance cost, efficiency, and quality while navigating global logistics and fluctuating market demands requires strategic planning and flexibility. However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation in logistics and supply chain optimization.
Expansion into Emerging Markets
Emerging markets present vast opportunities for suppliers of operating table covers. These markets are characterized by rapidly growing healthcare sectors and an increasing demand for medical supplies. For suppliers, expanding into these markets requires understanding local healthcare needs, regulatory landscapes, and establishing strong distribution networks. Successfully tapping into these markets can lead to significant growth and a broader customer base.
In conclusion, the operating table cover industry is at an exciting juncture, marked by rapid advancements and growing market opportunities. From technological innovations to sustainable manufacturing practices, the industry is evolving to meet the changing needs of the healthcare sector. As we look to the future, the industry is well-positioned to continue its growth trajectory, driven by the twin forces of innovation and market demand.
- What makes sustainable materials in operating table covers important? Sustainable materials are important as they reduce environmental impact and align with the healthcare sector's commitment to eco-friendly practices.
- How do smart operating table covers contribute to surgical safety? Smart covers equipped with sensors provide real-time data on sterility and environmental conditions, enhancing safety and efficiency in surgeries.
- Why is customization important in operating table covers? Customization allows for covers to be tailored to specific surgical procedures, improving functionality and safety in the operating room.
- How did the pandemic impact the demand for operating table covers? The pandemic increased demand for medical supplies, including operating table covers, due to the heightened focus on infection control and the expansion of healthcare facilities.


text: Batching is an essential technique to improve computation efficiency in deep learning frameworks. While batch processing for models with static feed-forward computation graphs is straightforward to implement, batching for dynamic computation graphs such as syntax trees or social network graphs is challenging due to variable computation graph structure across samples. Through simulation and analysis of a Tree-LSTM model, we show the key trade-off between graph analysis time and batching effectiveness in dynamic batching. Based on this finding, we propose a dynamic batching method as an extension to MXNet Gluon's just-in-time compilation (JIT) framework. We show empirically that our method yields up to 6.25 times speed-up on a common dynamic workload, a tree-LSTM model for the semantic relatedness task.


Harry Potter Wiki
Antioch Peverell's enemy
11,820pages on
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Revision as of 03:59, March 27, 2013 by (Talk)
Antioch's enemy
Antioch Peverell's victim
Biographical information
Between 12 July, 1214 and 18 May, 1291
Physical information
Magical characteristics
"The first brother travelled on for a week or more, and reaching a distant village, he sought out a fellow wizard with whom he had a quarrel. Naturally, with the Elder Wand as his weapon, he could not fail to win the duel that followed. Leaving his enemy dead upon the floor, the oldest brother proceeded to an inn, where he boasted loudly of the powerful wand he had snatched from Death himself, and of how it made him invincible."
Beedle the Bard, The Tale of the Three Brothers.[src]
Antioch kills
Antioch kills this wizard in a duel.
This man (fl. 13th century) was a wizard with whom Antioch Peverell had a quarrel. When Antioch obtained his unbeatable wand, he killed this wizard in a duel and later went into an inn, where he boasted about his powerful wand. Peverell, while sleeping "wine-sodden", had his wand stolen and his throat slit by a thief.
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text:
1. In a Terminal window in your 4_combine directory, copy the input files that you have created while working on the previous sections, using the following commands:
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer.pdb.
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer-2.pdb.
cp../1_build_cg_model/cg_monomer.top.
cp../3_cg_membrane/mixture.pdb.
cp../3_cg_membrane/lipid-ion.top.
The last input files needed is a pdb of ions, ions.pdb, which is located at your current directory 4_combine/example-input.
2. Start VMD and in the VMD Tk Console window, type the following command:
This command calls the script build.tcl, which will replicate six copies of BAR domain dimers and combine the BAR domains, lipids and ions together.
3. The output of the script build.tcl will be a psf file (6bar.psf) and a pdb file 6bar.pdb containing six BAR domain dimers on top of a membrane patch, neutralized by ions.
4. Take a look at the build.tcl.
This script contains the following steps: (1) Load the two monomers of a BAR domain dimer. (2) Move the monomers to appropriate locations, to form a lattice. (3) Call VMD plugin psfgen and input SBCG topology files for BAR domains, lipids and ions. (4) Input coordinates of the six BAR domain dimers, lipid membrane, and ions. (5) Generate psf and pdb files for the combined system. More detailed descriptions of the commands are included in build.tcl as comments beginning with ''#''. You can view the commands and comments in build.tcl using any text editor, or, e.g., using ls command in the VMD Tk Console.
5. Load the output system into VMD using the following command in the Tk Console:
mol load psf 6bar.psf pdb 6bar.pdb
6. Measure the center and dimension of the system by following commands:
set sel [atomselect top all]
measure center $sel
measure minmax $sel
Record the above values for use in the next section.


text:
Do Markets Reduce Prices? Evidence from the U.S. Electricity Sector
60 Pages Posted: 26 Feb 2021 Last revised: 20 Jun 2023
Date Written: June 19, 2023
We construct a novel dataset on electricity generation, wholesale transactions, and retail sales to assess the shift from cost-of-service regulation to deregulated, market-based prices in the context of the U.S. electricity sector. Consistent with earlier studies, we find that the costs of generation fell in deregulated markets. However, despite lower generation costs, wholesale prices increased along with utilities' overall expenses on energy. The resulting increase in utility costs can explain a substantial portion of the increase in downstream retail prices. Overall, we estimate that the increase in wholesale markups more than offset the efficiency gains, which can occur when markets are not perfectly competitive.
Keywords: Deregulation, Markets, Markups, Market Power, Electricity
JEL Classification: L51, L94, D43, L13
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation


text: The surface restructuring of Pt(111) electrodes upon electrochemical oxidation/reduction in 0.1 M HClO4 was studied by in situ grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering (GISAXS) and complementary scanning tunneling microscopy measurements. These methods allow quantitative determination of the formation and structural evolution of nanoscale Pt islands during potential cycles into the oxidation region. A characteristic ripening behavior is observed, where these islands become more prominent and homogeneous in size with increasing number of cycles. Their characteristic lateral dimensions primarily depend on the upper potential limit of the cycle and only slightly increase with cycle number. The structural evolution of the Pt surface morphology strongly resembles that found in studies of Pt(111) homoepitaxial growth and ion erosion in ultrahigh vacuum. It can be fully explained by a microscopic model based on the known surface dynamic behavior under vacuum conditions, indicating that the same dynamics also describe the structural evolution of Pt in the electrochemical environment.


text:
Definition of short order in English:
An order or dish of food which can be quickly prepared and served: a short order of souvlaki [as modifier]: I'm a short-order cook
More example sentences
- I grabbed my fiberglass tray, slid it on down to the short-order cook and placed my order.
- He then became a short-order cook, often working one or two other jobs.
- A short-order cafeteria at the base serves burgers, brats, and fries; on weekends look for the open-air barbecue at the base of Marge's Triple.
- in short order
- see short.
Definition of short order in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
Scientists used X-Ray fluorescence to discover hidden text written by Archimedes:
"When the X-rays hit an iron atom it emits a characteristic radiation, it glows," says Dr Bergmann. "When you record the glow you can reconstruct an image of all of the iron in the book."
The glowing words are displayed on a computer screen, giving the researchers the first glimpse of the text in nearly 800 years.
"It's like receiving a fax from the 3rd Century BC," said Mr Noel. "It's the most sensational feeling."


text:
ADNEC pedestrian bridge connects the Middle East's largest exhibition centre, Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Center (ADNEC), with a newly created marine area in Abu Dhabi. The unique structure is enclosed and air-conditioned, ensuring a comfortable indoor climate.
- Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Pedestrian and Bicycle Bridges
- 2008 - 2009
- Halcrow, Engineer / Waagner-Biro, General Contractor
- 160 m
Dissing+Weitling has designed the ADNEC pedestrian bridge as a safe, covered passageway with pleasantly temperature-controlled indoor climate over an eight-lane road.
With its 600 tons of steel and 132 glass panels, the bridge spans a heavily trafficked coastal road with a simple, sleek and yet distinctive design. When passing, the pedestrians can enjoy the refining and detailing of the construction, from handrails to material choices.
The articulation of the span is expressed by ribs along the underside of the deck, and echoed in the glass screen joints, the handrail connection, and standing-seam roof. These elements provide visual scale and rhythm, emphasising the curvature of the span in perspective.


text: The effect of modifying Cu/dielectric cap interface on electromigration (EM) in dual-damascene interconnect structures is presented. The Cu surface was treated with reducing (NH 3, H 2) and reactive (SiH 4) gases immediately after chemical mechanical polishing, but prior to SiN x dielectric cap deposition. Thus, compositions change at the interface capped by different layers including copper suicide and nitride. The Cu/SiN x, interf'acial reactions upon different treatments were detailed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, which correlated to the EM lifetimes very well. NHj treated samples showed similar failure times as control samples with no surface treatment. Significant improvement was observed for hydrogen plasma and silane treatment structures. It is found that, upon different surface treatments, formation of Cu suicide has a higher impact on EM lifetime improvement than formation of Cu nitride.


text:
06 November 2019
Partners and Competitors: Forces Operating in Parallel to UN Peace Operations
By Lisa Sharland and Alexandra Novosseloff
Since the end of the Cold War, the UN Security Council has authorized or recognized the deployment of more than forty parallel forces that operate alongside UN peace operations. As the Security Council has deployed peace operations in increasingly non-permissive environments, the division of labor between UN missions and these parallel forces has blurred, and their goals have sometimes come into conflict. This raises the question of whether they are partners or competitors.
This report from the International Peace Institute examines the missions that have operated in parallel to UN peace operations to identify how to strengthen these partnerships in the future. It analyzes and categorizes the types of parallel forces that have been deployed and examines the rationales for deploying them. It also looks at strategic and operational challenges, including the challenges unique to peace operations operating alongside a counterterrorism force. Finally, drawing on lessons from past and current parallel deployments, it offers recommendations for member states, the Security Council, and the UN Secretariat. These include:
- Strengthening coordination of assessments, planning, and application of UN standards: The UN and actors deploying parallel forces should conduct joint assessments and planning when deploying or reconfiguring missions. The UN Security Council should also engage more regularly with parallel forces and encourage the continued development of human rights compliance frameworks for them.
- Clarifying roles, responsibilities, and areas of operation: Peace operations and parallel forces should clearly delineate their responsibilities and areas of operation, assess the risks of collocating, and improve strategic communications with the local population. The Security Council should also continue to put in place mechanisms to strengthen the accountability of parallel forces, especially when peace operations are providing support that could contribute to counterterrorism operations.


text:
We're happy to present this article from our partner site Yahoo!
We're happy to present this article from our partner site Yahoo! Shine:
Popping a binky in a baby's mouth is a quick way to stop them from fussing, but for boys, it may also short-circuit their emotional growth.
Read More: 10 Simple Ways to Boost Kids' Self-Esteem
Before a baby can talk, he or she relies on non-verbal cues, especially facial expressions, to communicate. Babies also mirror those cues, and in so doing, discover the emotions the cues are attached to. In a recent study published in the Journal of Basic and Applied Social Psychology researchers from the University of Wisconsin scientists evaluated over 100 kids and found that that six and seven-year-old boys who had heavily used pacifiers were worse at mimicking emotions expressed by faces on a video. They also interviewed more than 600 college students and discovered that college-age men whose parents reported they had relied on pacifiers scored lower on tests measuring empathy and the ability to evaluate the moods of others. For girls and young women, the researchers found there was no difference in emotional maturity based on pacifier use.
Read on to learn more about this study.


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- For a gallery of examples for Invulnerability, see here.
Brit (Image Comic Universe) punching a metal robot without being scraped or cut.
Defy all forms of physical injury
- Impenetrable Skin/Impervious Skin
The user is immune or highly resistant to all forms of conventional external physical damage, unable to feel physical pain, is immune to bleeding or loss of limb. Death due to old age (as opposed to preemptive death) is seemingly the only cause of death to the user.
- Atomicity: to never be physically divided.
- Bulletproof Durability: a form of invulnerability that only applies to gunfire.
- Density Manipulation: increase one's density to make it much harder and more difficult to be harmed.
- Elasticity: users body simply absorbs attacks.
- Enhanced Regeneration: Heal rapidly from any wound
- Immutability: the ability to be impervious to all forms of external physical change.
- Impact Absorption: absorb mechanical and physical impacts.
- Intangibility: becoming intangible to allow all offensive attacks to phase through.
- Mobile Invulnerability: a form of invulnerability that only works if the holder of the power is in motion
- Reactive Invulnerability: a form of Invulnerability that only works if the user is in danger.
- Selective Invulnerability: a form of invulnerability that only works on a certain attack, similar to Evolution.
- Supernaturally Dense Tissue: users body-tissue is supernaturally dense making them incredibly hardy.
- Temporary Invincibility: a form of invulnerability that only works for a limited period of time.
- Absolute Defense
- Reflective Immutability
- Self-Molecular Manipulation
- May be vulnerable to certain conditions, substances or simply have a place that is vulnerable to damage.
- May become Immobile.
- Doesn't mean immortality unless otherwise bestowed.
- May require learning defenses to particular dangers.
- May be vulnerable to telepathic abilities


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C-sense Sampling Considerations
While the C-sense is a relatively easy instrument to use, there are certain characteristics of operation that should be understood in order to measure pCO2 as accurately and precisely as possible. Equilibration time and warm-up time are the two which seem to cause the most confusion when measuring pCO2
Equilibration time is defined as the time required for the ambient concentration of carbon dioxide gas to equilibrate across the C-sense membrane. Often the equilibration time is stated as a T63 level, or the time it takes for 63% of the equilibration to occur. The specified T63 level for the C-sense is 4 minutes.
For example, if a C-sense is measuring a pCO2 concentration of 500 ppm in air and it is submerged in water that has a pCO2 concentration of 1200 ppm, the value of pCO2 measured by the C-sense will be 63% of the difference between initial and final values of pCO2 after 4 minutes.
Initial pCO2 = 500 ppm
Final pCO2 = 1200 ppm
pCO2 difference between initial and final concentrations = 700 ppm
63% of 700 ppm = 441 ppm
Measured pCO2 after 4 minutes = 991 ppm
There are multiple factors that affect equilibration time, one of the most significant being flow speed across the membrane. For this reason, the C-sense can be outfitted with a water-pumped head to pump water across the membrane. For reference, the total equilibration time for the C-sense is approximately 15 minutes. That value can be reduced to 12 minutes using the water-pumped head (PN 2400-700). If the water-pumped head is not a possibility, the user needs to be aware of the naturally occurring flow and how that will effect equilibration times. If there is little to no flow in the water being measured, equilibration can take significantly longer that the stated 15 minutes. Another factor affecting equilibration time is the amount of bio-fouling on the C-sense membrane. Accumulation of bio-fouling has two potential though competing effects on measuring pCO2 with the C-sense. The presence of the accumulation can increase the equilibration time by impeding the transfer of gasses. Alternatively, the organisms can respire CO2, artificially elevating the CO2 concentration measured by the C-sense. Turner Designs offers accessories for the C-sense that help reduce the effects of bio-fouling. A Copper Antifouling Guard (P/N 2400-507) can be installed on the sensor head outside the membrane to prevent organisms from growing on the instrument head. The Water-Pumped Head also discourages bio-accumulation by limiting the amount of light that reaches the C-sense membrane.
Warm-up time of the C-sense instrument, between 45 seconds and 3 minutes, is specific to the operation of the NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared) detector. The measurement provided by the NDIR is used as a proxy for pCO2 concentration. This measurement is most accurate when the heat generated by the detector dissipates into the surroundings resulting in a stable temperature. In order to prevent a measurement before the detector stabilizes, the C-sense will not output data for the first 45 seconds after power is applied. Unlike the equilibration time, warm-up time is dependent on the instrument being powered.
Understanding the equilibration and warm-up time of all pCO2 sensors is critical if a user expects to measure the concentration of CO2 precisely and accurately. A few of the most significant factors affecting the performance of the C-sense are discussed here but there are many other factors that may need to be considered depending on your sampling environment. Our C-sense FAQ's contain a lot of pertinent information and may help answer some of your questions; they can be found here.


Calytrix CNR-Sidetone
CNR-Sidetone is a small USB-powered audio mixing device that connects the user's headset and computer, providing several key features that dramatically enhance the audio realism within your simulated radio environment..
Sidetone: The feedback of a microphone signal at a reduced volume back into the associated headphones, allowing a user's own voice to be heard as part of that user's headphones' audio environment.
The Presence of a'sidetone' gives the User the sensation that the microphone and associated equipment are working properly, that the microphone is "live". Lack of sidetone can give the wrong impression that the user is speaking into a non-working ("dead") microphone.
Sidetone increases the realism of training for trainees using headsets. In addition, some systems use the presence of sidetone as positive reinforcement to the user that the user's microphone has been activated.


Meaning of (धाँख) dhaँkha in english - (धाँख) Dhaँkha meaning
Meaning of (धाँख) dhaँkha in english
Suggested : the act of exalting an odd or capricious notion or desire a sudden or freakish fancy a sudden, unpredictable change, as of one's mind or the weather a sudden, strong blast of wind imagination or fantasy, especially as exercised in a capricious manner
Exampleधाँख का हिन्दी मे अर्थ
Word of the day 17th-Jun-2021
Usage of धाँख: 1. What a fancy to you taken? He ridiculous fantasies 2. The exaltation of spirits 3. move also told of ideas, feelings and Exciter means, give some impulse to act
(धाँख) dhaँkha can be used as noun. and have more than one meaning. No of characters: 4 including consonants matras. The word is used as Noun in hindi and falls under Masculine gender originated from Hindi language. Transliteration : dhaaँkha
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The MC_Proxy_ID field needs to be added for each sObject that is to be mobilised by MobileCaddy. These instructions cover the steps to do this.
- Go to Setup and select the object you are going to mobilise from the left-hand Build -> Customize menu structure. In the below screenshot we are going to add the MC_Proxy_ID field to the Accounts object.
- Select the Fields menu item
- On the following page click the New button
- On the next (New Custom Field) page select the Text Area data type option, and click Next.
- On the next page (Step 2, Enter the Details) enter the value MC_Proxy_ID into the Field Label and Field Name boxes as per below, and click Next.
- On the next screen (Step 3. Establish field-level security) if you are in developer environment you can just accept the defaults, but in production it is good to ensure that any profiles for users who you are going to deploy mobile apps to have read/write access.
- On the following page (Step 4. Add to page layout) untick all options and click Save. You should now have successfully added the required MC_Proxy_ID field to the sObject.


Tag: atom
Calculation of edge length and radius of atom.
Calculate the radius of copper atom if it crystallise in face centred cubic lattice and has a density of 8.93 g / cm cube. Solution Structure given = fcc For fcc, Z = 4 Density, d = 8.93 Molar mass, M = 63.55 Avogadro number = 6.2×10^23 Use the given formula In
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Atomic models
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what is valency? how to calculate it?
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text:
's fast-paced business world, time is money. Every minute counts when it comes to closing deals and meeting targets. With customer visit tracking capabilities integrated into the Delta Sales App, sales representatives can prioritize their tasks and channel their efforts towards the most promising leads. They can also schedule customer visits more efficiently, reducing travel time and increasing the number of visits they can make in a day.
4. Better Follow-Up Process:
Following up with potential customers is a crucial aspect of the sales process. However, it can become challenging to keep track of every customer visit without the help of technology. With customer visit tracking, sales reps can have a record of each visit, including any discussions or agreements made during the interaction. This data helps them follow up more effectively, leading to higher conversion rates.
5. Enhanced Sales Forecasting:
Customer visit tracking provides businesses with valuable insights into customer behavior, helping them predict future trends accurately. By analyzing data on customer visits and engagement levels over a period, sales teams can identify patterns and anticipate future demand for specific products or services. This information allows them to plan their strategies accordingly, resulting in better sales performance.
In conclusion, customer visit tracking plays a significant role in enhancing sales performance by improving customer engagement and satisfaction, providing real-time data access, efficient time management, better follow-up processes, and accurate sales forecasting. Businesses that utilize this feature through tools like the Delta Sales App are likely to see an increase in their overall revenue and profitability
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text:
the of air or gases.
an aviation .
of or relating to aeromechanics.
(functioning as sing) the mechanics of gases, esp air
an aircraft mechanic
of or relating to aeromechanics
. aeromedicine aer·o·med·i·cine (âr'ō-měd'ĭ-sĭn) n. The medical study and treatment of physiological and psychological disorders associated with atmospheric or space flight.
of or relating to the science or practice of aviation medicine.
a for use in aircraft. noun (mainly US) an aircraft instrument that records temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure
an instrument for determining the weight, density, etc., of air or other gases. noun an instrument for determining the mass or density of a gas, esp air


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Downloads: 106 | Views: 171
Research Paper | Information Technology | Kenya | Volume 7 Issue 4, April 2018
Intelligent Agents Based Fuzzy Liquidity Management Technique for Mobile Money Transfer
Abstract: Mobile money transfer technologies are providing services to millions of people. People can safely transfer money through the mobile phones without necessarily relying on bulky cash. M-Pesa is an example of a mobile money transfer system prominent in Kenya. Mobile money liquidity management, having approximately the right amounts of both the physical cash and e-cash, remains a key challenge for many mobile money retail agents. In most cases, the mobile money customers are unable to transact. On the other hand, mobile money retail agents have to make one or more trips to the bank in order to rebalance the liquidity. The mobile money transfer systems operate in uncertain environment. A review of intelligent agents and fuzzy logic based applications in uncertainty management shows that integrating the two one can have a more precise mobile money liquidity management technique. In this paper we present liquidity management technique that allows integration of intelligent agent and fuzzy logic. Intelligent agents will analyze both internal and external environment of the mobile money transfer system to collect all the data affecting liquidity management. Fuzzy logic manages the accumulated data to give a more precise output of a predicted e-cash and physical cash. Evaluation of the technique showed that it effectively managed liquidity with lower percentage error as compared to the existing liquidity management techniques and tools. The study recommends the possibility of linking the tool with EFTPOS or the banking systems that directly or indirectly affect the mobile money transactions of a specific group of people in order to provide more meaningful data trends / patterns on mobile money.
Keywords: fuzzy logic, liquidity management, e-cash, physical cash and MPesa
Edition: Volume 7 Issue 4, April 2018,
Pages: 593 - 598


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Nasty Pesticide Broken Down by Probiotic Used In Culturing Food• _URL_, By Sayer Ji
A compelling study published in Letters in Applied Microbiology shows that a commonly used food probiotic known as Lactobacillus plantarum is capable of degrading dangerous pesticide residues in wheat (pirimiphos-methyl), confirming the traditional fermentation-based food-processing technique known as culturing can significantly improve the safety of conventional food.
The researchers found that Lactobacillus plantarum enhanced the degradation of the pesticide from 15-34%, a close to 81% enhancement. The significance and impact of the study was described as follows:
"Pesticide residues are an unavoidable part of the environment due to their extensive applications in agriculture. As wheat is a major cultivated cereal, the presence of pesticide residues in wheat is a real concern to human health. Reduction in pesticide residues during fermentation has been studied, but there is a lack of data regarding pesticide residues dissipation during cereal fermentation. Present work investigates the dissipation of pirimiphos-methyl during wheat fermentation by L. plantarum. Results are confirmation that food-processing techniques can significantly reduce the pesticide residues in food, offering a suitable means to tackle the current scenario of unsafe food."


the conflict graph...
The conflict graph has 2*75 vertices and 150 edges
+ 78: mip = not found yet <= +inf (1; 0)
+ 352: >>>>> 1.930000000e+002 <= 2.070000000e+002 7.3% (13; 0)
+ 909: >>>>> 1.980000000e+002 <= 2.060000000e+002 4.0% (30; 8)
+ 6635: mip = 1.980000000e+002 <= tree is empty 0.0% (0; 211)
INTEGER OPTIMAL SOLUTION FOUND
Time used: 1.0 secs
Memory used: 0.8 Mb (855246 bytes)
G G G G G
B R G B R
G G G G G
G B G G G
R G G R B
Model has been successfully processed
Someone else suggested to use:
# binaries indicating color;
var is_blue{i in N, j in N}, binary;
var is_green{i in N, j in N}, binary;
var is_red{i in N, j in N}, binary;
# color counts
var blues;
var greens;
var reds;
I don't think this results in a very clean model (invalid link:thread has been removed). If you have similar variables that behave in the same way, in general it is better to add an index position so the variables can be folded into one larger structure. We can even take this approach one step further: instead of three similar constraints we can use a single constraint block using an additional set describing the implications. Note that the suggested model here (invalid link:thread has been removed) gives a different solution than my model (even after changing the objective to make the points identical) because the border is handled differently from what the poster proposed.
Update: the set neighbor should be rewritten as:
set neighbor{i in I, j in I} := setof{i1 in max(i-1,1)..min(i+1,n),j1 in max(j-1,1)..min(j+1,n): i1!=i and j1!=j}(i1,j1);
display neighbor;
to reflect what the poster indicated (see the comments).
The other post that caught my eye was this one:
Hi Everyone,
I am looking for some help with the following problem:
Let's say I have a number of print jobs (tax statements, bills etc.)
Each print job has 1 basestock and up to 6 brochures.
e.g. A tax statement prints on blue basestock and has 2 brochures (My Tax and Tax Breaks for Pensioners)
The machines that the print jobs run on have 6 hoppers for brochures and 2 trays for basestock.
I can combine the print jobs into sets, thus minimising the set up time for the machine.
e.g. If I combine 3 jobs into 1 batch, then when I run this batch on the machine I only need to to one setup.
The problem seems to be, to find the minimum number of collections that the sets can be grouped into.
e.g. I have the following print jobs:
Job 1:
Basestock A, Brochures 1, 2, 3, 4
Job 2:
Basestock B, Brochures 2,3
Job 3:
Basestock A, Brochures 5,6,7
I can combine Jobs 2 and 3, becuase this gives me a batch with 2 basestocks and 6 brochures which is within the capabilities of the machine.
So I am left with two batches:
Batch 1: Job 1
Batch 2: Jobs 2 and 3
I am looking for an algorithm that will provide the smallest number of
collections
Any assistance would be much appreciated
I don't think the description or my understanding of it is completely correct. E.g. I think job 2 + job 3 leads to a batch of 5 brochures instead of 6. If we combine jobs 1 and 2 we use brochures 2,3 in for both jobs. I assume this is ok, and that it actually saves a spot for brochures. The advice was given to use a MIP model (this is actually not a bad idea at all), but the suggested model is not that good:
Perhaps you can make a ILP model to solve it. Suppose you have n jobs,you can define binary variable x[i,j] (1 <= i <= n,1 <= j <= n) to show if the job i and the job j are in the same batch, As jobs are given,you can get a parameter c[i,j] to show if the job i and the job j can be in the same batch (for your example, c[2,3]=1 ,c[1,2]=0).Then
you set up such constraints:
x[i,j]=1 (i!=j) means that job i and job j are in the same batch
x[i,j]=1 (i==j)means that job i are put in the batch solely
for any i: sum( x[i,j])=1 1 <= j <= n
for any i,j :x[i,j]=x[j,i]
for any i: if c[i,j]==0 then x[i,j]=0 1 <= j <= n
Last,you set up the object:
min = sum( x[i,j]) 1 <= i <= n, i <= j <= n
This does not look right. First you need probably something like a binary variable x[i,k] indicating whether job i goes into batch k. Then the rest of the model should follow. Assuming I interpret the problem correctly, the model could look like
set BROCHURES;
set BASESTOCK;
set JOBS;
set BATCHES;
set Brochures{JOBS};
set BaseStock{JOBS};
param numHoppers;
param numTrays;
var x{JOBS,BATCHES} binary;
var batchUse{BATCHES} >= 0, <= 1;
var batchBrochure{BATCHES,BROCHURES} >= 0, <= 1;
var batchBaseStock{BATCHES,BASESTOCK} >= 0, <= 1;
minimize obj: sum{k in BATCHES} batchUse[k];
batchUsage{i in JOBS, k in BATCHES}: x[i,k] <= batchUse[k];
allJobs{i in JOBS}: sum{k in BATCHES} x[i,k] = 1;
calcBatchBrochures{k in BATCHES,b in BROCHURES,i in JOBS:b in Brochures[i]}:
 batchBrochure[k,b] >= x[i,k];
brochureCapacity{k in BATCHES}: sum{b in BROCHURES} batchBrochure[k,b] <= numHoppers;
calcBatchBaseStock{k in BATCHES,b in BASESTOCK,i in JOBS:b in BaseStock[i]}:
 batchBaseStock[k,b] >= x[i,k];
baseStockCapacity{k in BATCHES}: sum{b in BASESTOCK} batchBaseStock[k,b] <= numTrays;
solve;
display x;
data;
set BROCHURES := 1 2 3 4 5 6 7;
set BASESTOCK := A B;
set JOBS := job1 job2 job3;
set BATCHES := batch1 batch2 batch3;
set Brochures['job1'] := 1 2 3 4;
set Brochures['job2'] := 2 3;
set Brochures['job3'] := 5 6 7;
set BaseStock['job1'] := A;
set BaseStock['job2'] := B;
set BaseStock['job3'] := A;
param numHoppers := 6;
param numTrays := 2;
end;
I am a little bit careful here in exploiting that some variable are automatically integer when they become binding. So we only need to keep x as binary. These relaxed variables (batchUse, batchBrochure, batchBaseStock) can be considered as bounds, and they are free to move when not binding. In the case of batchUse the objective will drive the variable down to zero. In the case of batchBrochure, batchBaseStock we don't really care about their precise value, as long as they fulfill their role in making sure the capacity is not exceeded. Putting it differently, the calcBatchBrochures and calcBatchBaseStock inequalities implement the logical condition:
if x[i,k]=1 then batchBrochure[k,b]=1 else leave batchBrochure[k,b] unrestricted
if x[i,k]=1 then batchBaseStock[k,b]=1 else leave batchBaseStock[k,b] unrestricted
When batchBrochure[k,b],


text:
It's mid-July and your cotton is thirsty for a drink, especially in the afternoon. But applying spray irrigation water during what should be a critical watering period might actually reduce pollen viability and ultimately reduce yields.
When hit with water of any kind, pollen from flowering cotton plants is made sterile in less than a minute according to lab and research field data from John Burke, USDA plant pathologist.
"Our research shows that yields are reduced by 25-50% when even small amounts of water reach inside an open flower on a cotton plant," says Burke, who's located at the USDA Plant Stress and Water Conservation Laboratory in Lubbock, TX. In lab tests using a microscope, even a single drop of water causes pollen to explode into uselessness in just over 30 seconds.
And it doesn't matter if it's irrigation spray or rainwater; the same results occur when water strikes open flowers. The damage is done. "More than 90% of flowers that were open during sprinkler irrigation were shed within one week of water exposure," says Burke.
In his studies, funded by Cotton Inc., Burke and his associates documented yield losses throughout the day as a result of sprinkler applications during cotton flowering.
Between 8 and 10 a.m., there is zero yield loss because flowers are usually not yet open. But between 10 a.m. and noon, there is a 29% yield loss; 27% between noon and 2 p.m.; and 36% between 2 and 4 p.m.
As a result, Burke recommends either watering at night or in early morning, or converting center pivots to LEPA (low energy precision application) drop socks.
LEPA prevents pollen damage. "From 10 a.m. to 4 or later, virtually any flower open when the sprinkler comes around is pretty much going to be lost," says Burke. "But with the LEPA drag socks, the plants still receive water without getting the flowers wet. The socks apply water onto the furrow, below the plants."
LEPA was developed by Texas A&M ag engineers in the 1970s and perfected in the '80s and '90s. It has consistently provided better irrigation efficiency, offering less evaporation, especially in hot and windy southwestern producing areas.
Texas A&M data show that a LEPA pivot equipped with drag socks running in a field with furrow dikes achieves 95-98% irrigation efficiency. Only 2-3% of the water pumped is lost to evaporation.
Yields have also been higher with LEPA socks. In drought-plagued '98, Texas cotton producers with LEPA systems on average produced ½ bale/acre more than pivots equipped with low-profile spray drop lines, says Randy Boman, Texas A&M extension agronomist in Lubbock.
He says the Burke data is good information that should certainly be studied when determining how yields are impacted by LEPA and other types of irrigation.
He notes that cotton fields normally see a substantial number of flowers naturally fail to perform. "We usually see a large percentage of the flowers that don't make it into a productive boll," he says. "Incomplete pollination may result in a reduction in the number of fertilized seed, thus resulting in a 'parrot-beaked' boll.
"We believe the benefits of LEPA are not just in irrigation efficiency, but that yields are good because this method of watering prevents flowers from getting wet," Boman concludes. "It's definitely a consideration growers should make in setting up or refitting their cotton irrigation program."