text:
Design review (U.S. government)
In the United States military integrated acquisition lifecycle the Technical section has multiple acquisition "Technical Reviews". Technical reviews and audits assist the acquisition and the number and types are tailored to the acquisition. Overall guidance flows from the Defense Acquisition Guidebook chapter 4, with local details further defined by the review organizations. Typical topics examined include adequacy of program/contract metrics, proper staffing, risks, budget, and schedule.
In NASA's engineering design life cycle, a phase of design reviews are held for technical and programmatic accountability and to authorize the release of funding to a project. This article describes the major phases of that systems engineering process. A design review provides an in-depth assessment, by an independent team of discipline experts and managers, that the design (or concept) is realistic and attainable from a programmatic and technical sense.
Design review is also required of medical device developers as part of a system of design controls described in the US Food and Drug Administration's governing regulations in 21CFR820. In 21CFR820.3(h), design review is described as " documented, comprehensive, systematic examination of the design to evaluate the adequacy of the design requirements, to evaluate the capability of the design to meet these requirements, and to identify problems." The FDA also specifies that a design review should include an independent reviewer.
The list of reviews done by an effort and the content, nature, process, and objectives any review uses vary enormously by the organization involved and the particular situation of the effort. For example, even within the U.S. Department of Defense, System Requirements Review cases include such as (1) a 5 day perusal of each individual requirement, or (2) a 2-day discussion of development plan documents allowed only after the system requirements have been approved and the development documents reviewed with formal action items required, or (3) a half-day powerpoint with content determined by the Project Manager with attendance limited to high-level (non-technical) stakeholders with no output other than the PM being able to claim 'SRR done'.
Some of the reviews that may be done on an effort include:
- Mission Concept Review (MCR)
The MCR affirms the mission need and examines the proposed mission's objectives and the concept for meeting those objectives.
- System Requirements Review (SRR)
The SRR examines the functional requirements and performance requirements defined for the system and the preliminary program or project plan and ensures that the requirements and the selected concept will satisfy the mission.
- Mission Definition Review (MDR)
The MDR examines the proposed requirements, the mission architecture, and the flow down to all functional elements of the mission to ensure that the overall concept is complete, feasible, and consistent with available resources.
- System Definition Review (SDR)
The SDR examines the proposed system architecture and design and the flow down to all functional elements of the system.
- Preliminary Design Review (PDR)
The PDR demonstrates that the preliminary design meets all system requirements with acceptable risk and within the cost and schedule constraints and establishes the basis for proceeding with detailed design. It will show that the correct design options have been selected, interfaces have been identified, and verification methods have been described.
The following are typical objectives of a PDR:
- Ensure that all system requirements have been allocated, the requirements are complete, and the flowdown is adequate to verify system performance
- Show that the proposed design is expected to meet the functional and performance requirements
- Show sufficient maturity in the proposed design approach to proceed to final design
- Show that the design is verifiable and that the risks have been identified, characterized, and mitigated where appropriate
- Critical Design Review (CDR)
The CDR demonstrates that the maturity of the design is appropriate to support proceeding with full-scale fabrication, assembly, integration, and test. CDR determines that the technical effort is on track to complete the flight and ground system development and mission operations, meeting mission performance requirements within the identified cost and schedule constraints.
The following are typical objectives of a CDR:
- Ensure that the "build-to" baseline contains detailed hardware and software specifications that can meet functional and performance requirements
- Ensure that the design has been satisfactorily audited by production, verification, operations, and other specialty engineering organizations
- Ensure that the production processes and controls are sufficient to proceed to the fabrication stage
- Establish that planned Quality Assurance (QA) activities will establish perceptive verification and screening processes for producing a quality product
- Verify that the final design fulfills the specifications established at PDR
- Production Readiness Review (PRR)
A PRR is held for Flight System and Ground Support projects developing or acquiring multiple or similar systems greater than three or as determined by the project. The PRR determines the readiness of the system developers to efficiently produce the required number of systems. It ensures that the production plans; fabrication, assembly, and integration enabling products; and personnel are in place and ready to begin production.
- Test Readiness Review (TRR)
A TRR ensures that the test article (hardware/software), test facility, support personnel, and test procedures are ready for testing and data acquisition, reduction, and control. This is not a prerequisite for KDP E.
- System Acceptance Review (SAR)
The SAR verifies the completeness of the specific end products in relation to their expected maturity level and assesses compliance to stakeholder expectations. The SAR examines the system, its end products and documentation, and test data and analyses that support verification. It also ensures that the system has sufficient technical maturity to authorize its shipment to the designated operational facility or launch site.
- Operational Readiness Review (ORR)
The ORR examines the actual system characteristics and the procedures used in the system or end product's operation and ensures that all system and support (flight and ground) hardware, software, personnel, procedures, and user documentation accurately reflect the deployed state of the system.
The following are typical objectives of an ORR:
- Establish that the system is ready to transition into an operational mode through examination of available ground and flight test results, analyses, and operational demonstrations
- Confirm that the system is operationally and logistically supported in a satisfactory manner considering all modes of operation and support (normal, contingency, and unplanned)
- Establish that operational documentation is complete and represents the system configuration and its planned modes of operation
- Establish that the training function is in place and has demonstrated capability to support all aspects of system maintenance, preparation, operation, and recovery.
- Flight Readiness Review (FRR)
The FRR examines tests, demonstrations, analyses, and audits that determine the system's readiness for a safe and successful flight or launch and for subsequent flight operations. It also ensures that all flight and ground hardware, software, personnel, and procedures are operationally ready.
The following are typical objectives of a FRR:
- Receive certification that flight operations can safely proceed with acceptable risk.
- Confirm that the system and support elements are properly configured and ready for launch.
- Establish that all interfaces are compatible and function as expected.
- Establish that the system state supports a launch "go" decision based on go/no-go criteria.
- Critical path method
- Technical peer review
- Systems Development Life Cycle
- Engineering design process
- Integrated Defense AT&L Lifecycle Management Chart[dead link]
- Technical Review Definitions
- Systems Engineering Technical Reviews slider
- Defense Acquisition Guidebook
- NAVSEA Technical Review Manual
- NASA Procedural Requirements, Subject: NASA Systems Engineering Processes and Requirements, Appendix G Responsible Office: Office of the Chief Engineer, NPR 7123.1A, Effective Date: March 26, 2007, Expiration Date: March 26, 2012[dead link]
- _URL_ link]


The ReComp vision
The figure below provides a summary of our vision of a ReComp meta- process for making recurring, selective re-computation decisions on a collection of underlying analytics processes for both Forwards and Backwards patterns.
The ReComp loops
The ReComp loops
In both cases, the meta-process is triggered by observations of data changes in the environment (top). In the Forwards pattern, on the left, these are new versions of data used by the process. This pattern requires the ability to
 1. quantify the differences between two versions of a data,
 2. estimate the impact of those changes on a process outcomes,
 3. estimate the cost of re-computing a process,
 4. use those estimates to select past process instances that optimise the re-computation effort subject to a budget constraint, and
 5. re-enact the selected process instances, entirely or partially.
Previous: Forwards and Backwards ReComp


Difference between revisions of "Common gotchas with Verge3D"
From Verge3D Wiki
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Line 21: Line 21:
[[File:Hdr_rendering_setting.jpg|490px]]
[[File:Hdr_rendering_setting.jpg|490px]]
Activating this feature causes excessive GPU memory consumption and rendering slowdowns. Use it in two cases only:
Activating this feature causes excessive GPU memory consumption and rendering slowdowns. You still can use it in the following two cases:
* You have the Bloom post-processing effect.
* If you are using Bloom post-processing effect.
* You enjoy smooth procedural gradients in your node-based material.
* There are procedural gradient nodes/maps in your materials.
Beware, setting this option is not required to get cool lighting with HDR maps!
Enabling HDR rendering will significantly improve the quality in both above-mentioned cases.

Contrary to popular belief, HDR rendering is NOT required for image-based lighting, even if it's uses HDR maps.
== Using non-power-of-two (NPOT) textures ==
== Using non-power-of-two (NPOT) textures ==
Revision as of 12:45, 23 June 2022
This page describes some typical problems you might experience when creating 3D web content. These issues might cause problems with rendering or performance (or both).
Too much copy-paste in Puzzles
Say you need to perform 10 different actions for 5 objects on your scene. The most straightforward way to handle this would be just using copy-paste:
Copy pasting problem1.png
However, such a scenario is really hard to maintain. It also slows down the Puzzles editor. Instead, you might employ procedures that will make your scenario way more compact:
Copy pasting problem2.png
Also, by using lists you can simplify the logic even further:
Copy pasting problem3.png
It's definitely worth spending a little time to learn these two techniques, since it may save you many hours later.
Enabling HDR Rendering when not required
Hdr rendering setting.jpg
Activating this feature causes excessive GPU memory consumption and rendering slowdowns. You still can use it in the following two cases:
 - If you are using Bloom post-processing effect.
 - There are procedural gradient nodes/maps in your materials.
Enabling HDR rendering will significantly improve the quality in both above-mentioned cases.
Contrary to popular belief, HDR rendering is NOT required for image-based lighting, even if it's uses HDR maps.
Using non-power-of-two (NPOT) textures
Avoid textures which have resolutions like 1000x1000, 1200x600, 1920x1080. See NPOT Textures article for more info.
Huge shadow maps
Setting shadow size to high values basically kills performance on most devices:
Huge shadows.jpg
Try to minimize shadow maps as much as possible. Instead of increasing shadow size, reduce pixelation of your shadows by using more advanced shadow filtering algorithms, like PCF (Poisson Disk) or ESM.
Swapping object on click
Say you need to replace some object by another one given they both occupy the same place, e.g swap CubeGold by CubeSilver and vice versa. Most evident way would be using two when clicked puzzles:
Swap objects wrong.png
This won't work however since both events happen right after another. So the first event handler will switch to CubeSilver, then the second will switch back to CubeGold.
A possible workaround could be delaying the actions by one render frame:
Swap objects correct.png
Forgetting to enable asset compression in the scene file
Say you enable asset compression in Puzzles but forgot to enable it in the modelling suite:
Asset compression issue.jpg
There will be one of the two possible situations as a result of this:
 - Situation #1 (bad). You won't be able to load your scene, since your app expects the compressed asset (e.g my_awesome_app.gltf.xz) which is unavailable. As a result the app preloader will freeze forever.
 - Situation #2 (even worse). You have file called my_awesome_app.gltf.xz in your app which you exported earlier. As a result it is now out of sync with the uncompressed version (my_awesome_app.gltf), and so with your source scene (.blend/.max/.mb). You will have hard time trying to figure out why Verge3D rendering no longer reflects the changes you make in your scene.


text:
Au Sable River
A world-famous trout stream, the Au Sable River runs about 80 miles from near Grayling to Lake Huron. Along the river's eastward flow, Consumers Energy operates six hydroelectric dams: Mio, Alcona, Loud, Five Channels, Cooke and Foote.
The hydros were built between 1911 and 1924. Together, they can generate 41,000 kilowatts of electricity, enough to power a community of about 20,500 people.
How it Works
When Consumers Energy pioneered the development of hydroelectric power along the Au Sable, the land was ravaged by decades of logging. Between the mid-1920s and the 1950s, Consumers Energy planted millions of pine trees along the river to stabilize the banks for the six dams. The Au Sable (the name means "River of Sand") now provides excellent fishing, recreation and wildlife viewing from Grayling to Oscoda.
Most of the river frontage is Huron National Forest land managed by the U.S. Forest Service or land owned by Consumers Energy. Consumers Energy owns about 3,500 acres and leases much of its property to public or private operators of boat rental companies, swimming areas or campgrounds.
Aspen, oak, maple, pine, balsam, spruce and cedar trees provide shelter and food for deer, wild turkey, ruffled grouse, snowshoe hares and other animals. Bald eagles nest along the river.
Portages are available at each Consumers Energy hydro, to allow recreation-seekers to canoe down the winding river or float on an inner tube. In fact, canoeing has become so popular, the Au Sable hosts an annual canoe marathon.
The Au Sable River hydroelectric projects are also included as "watchable wildlife" viewing areas in Michigan's Wildlife Viewing Guide. Consumers Energy works with the USDA Forest Service and other entities to build and maintain these areas and assist in providing viewing opportunities.
Wildlife habitat efforts on the Au Sable River were first certified by the Wildlife Habitat Council in 1999.
Consumers Energy manages hundreds of acres of wildlife habitat around its six hydroelectric dams along the Au Sable. In addition to meeting all of its licensing requirements, the company manages important wildlife initiatives at its Au Sable facilities, including programs that monitor bald eagles and ongoing efforts to reintroduce the familiar trumpeter swan.
The company helped reintroduce 14 native trumpeter swans to the area in _PHONE_. During December 2003, the Iosco Audubon Society counted 138 trumpeter swans on Consumers' Alcona, Cooke and Foote reservoirs.
The company also maintains nesting structures for wood ducks, purple martin colonies, bluebirds and ospreys along the Au Sable.
With a capacity of 4,900 kilowatts, the hydro was built between 1914-16 and is the company's hydro furthest upstream (west) on the Au Sable River.
Named after the nearby city, Mio was the first hydroelectric plant to use a conduit or under-sluice spillway. Before this, all dams had included a massive above-ground concrete spillway that typically included a system of gates to pass excess flows. The under-sluice spillway was built into the powerhouse foundation and eliminated the need for the above-ground structure. The under-sluice spillway was invented and patented by William W. Tefft, a Consumers civil engineer and vice president.
Tefft's innovation reduced tailwater erosion during spill operation, increased the plant's power production and reduced construction expense. It was refined and used at subsequent Consumers' projects at Alcona Hydro on the Au Sable River, at Hodenpyl Hydro on the Manistee River and at Hardy Hydro on the Muskegon River.
Oscoda County Park is the perfect place for scenic views of the Mio dam and watching bald eagles soar above the forest, with 153 campsites in a quiet forest setting on the Mio Hydro pond.
Capable of producing 8,000 kilowatts, the hydro was originally named for a nearby road called Bamfield. Work began on Bamfield Dam in 1917, but the project stalled due to unstable sand and World War I. Construction resumed in 1923, and Alcona Hydro, named after the county where it is located, began commercial operation in 1924.
Alcona Park, on the Alcona Hydro pond, is an 1,100 acre outdoor paradise with more than 450 campsites and many special features.
Capable of producing 4,000 kilowatts, the hydro was completed in 1913. It is named for Edward Loud, who had done extensive lumber business along the Au Sable and bought up most of the cut over Au Sable lands between 1900-06, then later partnered with company founder William Foote and others to build the Au Sable hydros.
Five Channels Hydro
Capable of producing 6,000 kilowatts, the hydro was completed in 1912. This hydro is named for the nearby location on the Au Sable River where there were once five distinct river channels. The site of the workers' camp built to support construction of the dam was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 13, 2002. It is an early American example of incorporating worker safety and health provisions into construction site living, drawing heavily on lessons learned in the building of the Panama Canal.
With an original capacity of 9,000 kilowatts, the hydro began generating electricity in December 1911, making it the first of the six Au Sable River hydros. Cooke is named for banker Andrew Cooke, who helped secure financing for the project.
Cooke Hydro was listed in the National Register of Historic Places on Aug. 2, 1996. The honor recognizes the hydro's transmission of 140,000 volts, 125 miles to Flint, establishing a world record. Innovations included three-legged windmill-like towers that supported the transmission line and advances in insulator design. Cooke Hydro is also part of the River Road Scenic Byway and listed in the National Scenic Byways Program.
Lumberman's Monument, a 14-foot bronze statue dedicated to Michigan lumbermen, is the centerpiece of a major Forest service visitor Center located on the Cooke Hydro pond. The site features interpretive displays, along with a panoramic overlook and staircase leading down to the pond.
With a capacity of 9,000 kilowatts, the hydro was completed in 1918. It is located 9 miles upstream from Lake Huron and is named for William A. Foote, the founder of Consumers Power, which later became Consumers Energy.
In 1896, Foote took a side trip from Kalamazoo to Allegan, where he conceived the idea of a hydroelectric plant along the Kalamazoo River. In Foote's mind, that plant and others would power the industrial centers throughout the state.
The Au Sable River Queen on the Foote Hydro pond offers an unique paddlewheel boat cruise that combines spectacular scenery with the history and lore of the Au Sable.
Old Orchard Park on the Foote Hydro pond, operated by Oscoda Township, is a popular destination with 500 campsites and many amenities.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Managing Trade-offs in Adaptable Software Architectures
Book Description
Managing Trade-Offs in Adaptable Software Architectures explores the latest research on adapting large complex systems to changing requirements. To be able to adapt a system, engineers must evaluate different quality attributes, including trade-offs to balance functional and quality requirements to maintain a well-functioning system throughout the lifetime of the system.
This comprehensive resource brings together research focusing on how to manage trade-offs and architect adaptive systems in different business contexts. It presents state-of-the-art techniques, methodologies, tools, best practices, and guidelines for developing adaptive systems, and offers guidance for future software engineering research and practice.
Each contributed chapter considers the practical application of the topic through case studies, experiments, empirical validation, or systematic comparisons with other approaches already in practice. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, how to architect a system for adaptability, software architecture for self-adaptive systems, understanding and balancing the trade-offs involved, architectural patterns for self-adaptive systems, how quality attributes are exhibited by the architecture of the system, how to connect the quality of a software architecture to system architecture or other system considerations, and more.
 - Explains software architectural processes and metrics supporting highly adaptive and complex engineering
 - Covers validation, verification, security, and quality assurance in system design
 - Discusses domain-specific software engineering issues for cloud-based, mobile, context-sensitive, cyber-physical, ultra-large-scale/internet-scale systems, mash-up, and autonomic systems
 - Includes practical case studies of complex, adaptive, and context-critical systems
Table of Contents
 1. Cover image
 2. Title page
 3. Table of Contents
 4. Copyright
 5. Contributors
 6. About the Editors
 7. Foreword by David Garlan
 8. Foreword by Nenad Medvidovic Behold the Golden Age of Software Architecture
 9. Foreword by Paris Avgeriou
 10. Foreword by Rogério de Lemos
 11. Preface
 1. Introduction
 2. Part I: Concepts and Models for Self-Adaptive Software Architectures
 3. Part II: Analyzing and Evaluating Trade-offs in Self-Adaptive Software Architectures
 4. Part III: Managing Trade-offs in Self-Adaptive Software Architectures
 5. Part IV: Quality Assurance in Self-Adaptive Software Architectures
 12. Chapter 1: Managing Trade-Offs in Adaptable Software Architectures
 1. Abstract
 2. 1.1 Introduction
 3. 1.2 Background
 4. 1.3 Trade-Offs in Adaptive Systems Design
 5. 1.4 Runtime Trade-Offs in Self-Adaptive Systems
 6. 1.5 Challenges and the Road Ahead
 13. Part I: Concepts and Models for Self-Adaptive Software Architectures
 1. Chapter 2: Architecting Software Systems for Runtime Self-Adaptation: Concepts, Models, and Challenges
 1. Abstract
 2. 2.1 Introduction
 3. 2.2 Motivation: A Web-Mashup Application
 4. 2.3 Adaptation vs. Self-Adaptation
 5. 2.4 Foundational Concepts for Architecting Self-Adaptive Software
 6. 2.5 Reference Models for Architecting Self-Adaptive Software
 7. 2.6 Major Architectural Challenges in Self-Adaptation
 8. 2.7 Summary
 2. Chapter 3: A Classification Framework of Uncertainty in Architecture-Based Self-Adaptive Systems With Multiple Quality Requirements
 1. Abstract
 2. 3.1 Introduction
 3. 3.2 Study Design
 4. 3.3 Results
 5. 3.4 Discussion
 6. 3.5 Conclusion and Future Work
 3. Chapter 4: An Architecture Viewpoint for Modeling Dynamically Configurable Software Systems
 1. Abstract
 2. 4.1 Introduction
 3. 4.2 Architecture Viewpoints
 4. 4.3 Case Study: DDSCM Systems
 5. 4.4 Metamodel for Runtime Adaptability Viewpoint
 6. 4.5 Runtime Adaptability Viewpoint
 7. 4.6 Case Study—Adaptability View of the SCM Software Architecture
 8. 4.7 Related Work
 9. 4.8 Conclusion
 4. Chapter 5: Adaptive Security for Software Systems
 1. Abstract
 2. 5.1 Introduction
 3. 5.2 Motivation
 4. 5.3 Security Engineering State-of-the-Art
 5. 5.4 Runtime Security Adaptation
 6. 5.5 Usage Example
 7. 5.6 Discussion
 8. 5.7 Chapter Summary
 9. Appendix
 14. Part II: Analyzing and Evaluating Trade-Offs in Self-Adaptive Software Architectures
 1. Chapter 6: Automated Inference Techniques to Assist With the Construction of Self-Adaptive Software
 1. Abstract
 2. Acknowledgments
 3. 6.1 Introduction
 4. 6.2 Motivating Application
 5. 6.3 Shortcomings With the State-of-the-Art
 6. 6.4 Overview of Inference-Based Techniques
 7. 6.5 Learning-Based Approach for Goal Management
 8. 6.6 Mining-Based Approach for Change Management
 9. 6.7 Related Work
 10. 6.8 Conclusion
 2. Chapter 7: Evaluating Trade-Offs of Human Involvement in Self-Adaptive Systems
 1. Abstract
 2. Acknowledgments
 3. 7.1 Introduction
 4. 7.2 Motivating Scenario
 5. 7.3 Related Work
 6. 7.4 Analyzing Trade-Offs in Self-Adaptation
 7. 7.5 Analyzing Trade-Offs of Involving Humans in Adaptation
 8. 7.6 Reasoning About Human-in-the-Loop Adaptation
 9. 7.7 Conclusion
 3. Chapter 8: Principled Eliciting and Evaluation of Trade-Offs When Designing Self-Adaptive Systems Architectures
 1. Abstract
 2. 8.1 Introduction
 3. 8.2 Requirements for Automated Architecture Design and Analysis
 4. 8.3 The DuSE Approach for Automated Architecture Design and Analysis
 5. 8.4 Automating the Design and Analysis of Self-Adaptive Systems Architectures
 6. 8.5 Evaluation
 7. 8.6 Conclusions and Future Work
 4. Chapter 9: Analyzing the Architectures of Software-Intensive Ecosystems
 1. Abstract
 2. 9.1 Introduction
 3. 9.2 The Metropolis Model and Core-Periphery Structures
 4. 9.3 The Challenge to Architecture Analysis
 5. 9.4 Extending Architectural Analysis
 6. 9.5 An Example Analysis
 7. 9.6 Conclusions/Future Research
 5. Chapter 10: Architectural Perspective for Design and Analysis of Scalable Software as a Service Architectures
 1. Abstract
 2. 10.1 Introduction
 3. 10.2 Software as a Service Architecture
 4. 10.3 Software Architecture Perspective
 5. 10.4 Case Study
 6. 10.5 Software Architecture Perspective for Scalability
 7. 10.6 Related Work
 8. 10.7 Conclusion
 15. Part III: Managing Trade-Offs in Self-Adaptive Software Architectures
 1. Chapter 11: Managing Trade-offs in Self-Adaptive Software Architectures: A Systematic Mapping Study
 1. Abstract
 2. 11.1 Introduction
 3. 11.2 Background
 4. 11.3 Systematic Mapping Protocol
 5. 11.4 Systematic Mapping Process
 6. 11.5 Results and Discussions
 7. 11.6 Related Surveys
 8. 11.7 Challenges and Research Directions
 9. 11.8 Conclusions and Future Work
 10. Appendix A Primary Studies
 11. Appendix B Classification and Data Extraction of Primary Studies
 2. Chapter 12: The Many Facets of Mediation: A Requirements-Driven Approach for Trading Off Mediation Solutions
 1. Abstract
 2. Acknowledgments
 3. 12.1 Introduction
 4. 12.2 The Different Perspectives on Mediation
 5. 12.3 The Software Architecture Perspective: Mediators as Connectors
 6. 12.4 The Middleware Perspective: Mediators as Middleware
 7. 12.5 The Formal Methods Perspective: Mediators as Controllers
 8. 12.6 The Semantic Web Perspective: Mediators as Translators
 9. 12.7 Mediator Synthesis as a Service
 10. 12.8 Requirements and Mediation
 11. 12.9 Summary
 16. Part IV: Quality Assurance in Self-Adaptive Software Architectures
 1. Chapter 13: An Overview on Quality Evaluation of Self-Adaptive Systems
 1. Abstract
 2. 13.1 Introduction
 3. 13.2 Evaluation of Self-Adaptive Systems
 4. 13.3 Evaluation Based on Quality Attributes
 5. 13.4 Evaluation Based on Software Metrics
 6. 13.5 Trade-offs in Evaluation of Self-Adaptive Systems
 7. 13.6 Conclusions and Further Work
 2. Chapter 14: Identifying and Handling Uncertainties in the Feedback Control Loop
 1. Abstract
 2. 14.1 Introduction
 3. 14.2 Motivation
 4. 14.3 Methodology
 5. 14.4 Case Study: Identification of Uncertainties
 6. 14.5 Related Work
 7. 14.6 Conclusions
 17. Glossary
 18. Author Index
 19. Subject Index


text:
A filter for enchanced H-alpha nebula observations with UV/near IR suppressiong function - especially removing red end spectrum interference.
The HEUIB-II is a UV/IR-cut filter enhanced for shooting H-alpha nebulae at wave length of 656.3nm.
This will reduce the interference from the red end spectrum associated with regular astronomical IR-cut filters such as UIBAR-III, and as a result enhance the wave length of H-alpha nebulae. Even in comparison with our conventional HEUIB filter, HEUIB-II has less interference from the red end spectrum as a result of the increase in the red spectrum suppression range. Thus, the image of nebulae at the H-alpha region will get enhanced.
The HEUIB-II filter utilizes the IGAD (ion-Gun AssistDeposition) coating technology which has been applied to our regular LPS-P2 and LPS-V4 series. The IGAD technology densifies the multi-layers - the heart of interference filters - resulting in the physical properties that cannot be obtained from the conventional multi-layers.
1) Highly durable thin layers of which hardness equals to quartz glasses. Tremendously improved adherence between the substrate and the multi-layers set.
2) Absolutely almost no aging variation in optical spectral characteristics due to temperature and humidity change as far as used in the regular human living environments.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


256 )
$comment = htmlentities ( trim ( $_POST[ 'comment' ] ) , ENT_NOQUOTES );
Here, we check if the length of $_POST[ 'comment' ] is shorter than or equal to 256. If it is, then we assign it to the variable. Another option to check that the string length is enough to be a comment is something like this:
if ( strlen( $_POST[ 'comment'] ) >= 1 && strlen( $_POST[ 'comment' ] ) <= 256 )
$comment = htmlentities ( trim ( $_POST[ 'comment' ] ) , ENT_NOQUOTES );
This checks to make sure the length of the comment is more than one character.
Is the Format Correct From the User?
Making sure the format is correct is important to verify that the information can be used correctly later, but also for error control on your site. (Unclear) In this post, we'll use the PHP function preg_match() with regular expressions to accomplish this.
Before I get into actual commands that we'll use, I wanted to mention that I won't go into explaining regular expressions in this post. If you'd like to learn about it, there are tutorials online. For this post, we'll be grabbing our regular expressions from _URL_, which has quite a few regular expressions that you can use.
The preg_match() function searches a variable for a regular expression pattern to see If it matches. For example, let's check if our email address is a valid email address:
if ( preg_match( '/^[\w-\.]+@([\w-]+\.)+[\w-]{2,4}$/', $_POST[ 'email' ] ) )
$emailAddress = trim( $_POST[ 'email' ] );
This takes a regular expression, which in this case is '^[\w-\.]+@([\w-]+\.)+[\w-]{2,4}$', and checks the $_POST[ 'email' ] to verify that it matches that pattern. According to the regexlib.com site, it will match the following formats:
_EMAIL_ | _EMAIL_ | _EMAIL_
If the user does not use one of the above formats, then it will return false, and the $emailAddress variable will not get assigned the email address. The preg_match() makes it possible to check the format of any variable, as long as the regular expression is correct. To use it, you can do like above:
if ( preg_match( '/<ENTER EXPRESSION HERE>/', <INSERT VARIABLE HERE> ) )
When using it this way, make sure to add the forward slashes to the front and back of the regular expression as shown above.
Regular expressions are quite powerful and can be used to test a lot of different patterns. You can test everything from phone numbers to the character types. Take a look at _URL_ for more patterns that you can use.
Sanitizing Your Data: A Little More Information
Sanitizing data is another essential element of PHP security. In our last section, <LINK>Validating User Input and Some Sanitization<LINK to Post 1>, we did some sanitization as part of cleaning. We validated our data by checking if it matched the data that we wanted. Here are two more tips to help protect your site from the bad guys.
MySQL Injection
What's MySQL Injection? Basically, it's when bad guys try to manipulate your site to add SQL into your SQL command to get more information, modify, or delete data in your database. Here's an example of a simple SQL injection:
$userID = $_POST[ 'user_id' ]; // This is a value of "' OR 1′";
$query = "SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = '$userID'";
//output: SELECT * FROM users WHERE user_id = " OR 1"
This example shows a script that has not been secured, so the creator of the script input the $_POST[ 'user_id' ] right into the SQL for the site. Some bad guy came along and decided to change the value in the hidden form from a number to 'OR 1'. Now, if this was used to query for one user, it would actually pull all the users from the table because when you change the script to WHERE user_id = '' OR 1, it will pull all the rows from the table.
Wow, so how do we stop this trickery?Luckily, this is a beginner's guide, so we have the perfect beginner's method for you!
PHP has a function called mysql_real_escape_string() that helps prevent injection. Before you use this function, you should still validate all the data and sanitize it, to make sure it's clean. Let's say we validated all the data for our comment form, and now we want to add it to the database. But let's also say I'm a bad guy and try to inject some secret stuff into your site maliciously. So, I actually put the page_ID as ' OR 1' as we talked about earlier and you forgot to sanitize the page_ID. T(I know you wouldn't really forget to do that J)
Since we used our mysql_real_escape_string() function, we prevented the injection. Here's an example:
$pageID = mysql_real_escape_string( $_POST[ 'page_ID' ] ); // This is a value of "' OR 1′";
$query = "SELECT * FROM pages WHERE page_id = '$pageID'";
//output: SELECT * FROM pages WHERE page_id = '\' OR 1 \"
As you can see from the output of this, the ' Or 1 ' actually became \' OR 1 \', which prevented the modification of the WHERE, which stopped extra data from coming out. Again, this is a first step to stopping injection and I suggest reading more about preventing this. PHP has other methods of accessing a database.
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Just a Bit of Cross-Site Injection
Since we went over so much already, I wanted to write an extra bit on Cross-Site injection. It's when the bad guys inject data into your site, which will later be sent to the client-side, to maliciously get data from users, modify your site in a way to change data, or delete data. Cross-Site injection is a huge security vulnerability. So, how can you help to prevent this from happening?
Well, first you can use that trusty htmlentities() function that we used earlier. Using this ensures that any data that you echo out will be safer so pesky hackers won't be able to inject into your site. For example, let's say that a user visits your site, comments on your page, and adds the following as their code:
<iframe src="_URL_ height=0 width=0 />
If we did nothing to protect our site, and this was displayed on the page every time someone viewed it, they could collect data, show information on your site, and so forth. But, if we use our htmlentities() function, we can prevent this:
echo htmlentities ( trim ( $comment ) , ENT_NOQUOTES );
//Output: <iframe src="_URL_ height=0 width=0 />
As you can see by the output, this might display as text, but it won't actually open the bad-dude-hacker-mafia.com site and no havoc has been caused.
Yoda for the Road
Okay! Now you've learned how to protect your PHP site using validation, sanitization, MySQL injection prevention, and some Cross-Site injection skills. Remember, this is only the beginning. There's lots of information online to help protect your site, and the more you know, the safer you are.
Pass on what you have learned, Luke. There is… another… Sky… walker.
Yeah, Yoda's pretty wise.
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Allowing parallel iOS UI tests runs in CI
If you have your CI machine set up to run multiple jobs in parallel you might have encountered a problem. You cannot run multiple iOS UI tests in the same simulator at the same time. They will fail.
The problem
Imagine this scenario. You have one CI machine that allows two or more jobs to run in parallel. You have a UI tests job set up. Two of your developers push changes to their branches at (almost) the same time. The CI machine then tries to run two UI tests at the same time in the same simulator and at least one of them fails and has to be retried.
You can of course solve this problem by not allowing parallel jobs on the CI machine, but that slows down the CI process. There is a better way.
The solution
You can create a brand new iOS simulator instance for every job, run the UI tests in this new simulator instance and then delete it when you are done. This way no matter how many iOS UI tests jobs you run in parallel they will all use a separate iOS simulator instance and not affect each other.
Creating a new iOS simulator instance
The first step is to choose a unique simulator name for each job. You can generate some random guid for example. In Gitlab CI I just use the ID of the Gitlab CI job that is stored in the ${CI_PIPELINE_ID} environment variable
First you need to create the new iOS simulator instance at the start of the CI job
xcrun simctl create ${CI_PIPELINE_ID} 'xcrun simctl list runtimes | grep iOS | awk '{print $NF}''
This command creates a new iOS simulator instance with the given name using the iPhone 11 device and the latest simulator runtime. Using the latest simulator runtime makes sure that when you update Xcode on the CI machine you do not have to do any changes to you CI scripts.
Using the new iOS simulator instance
Now that you have a new iOS simulator instance created you can use it to run your iOS UI tests. You can simply pass the name to the xcodebuild command if you use it directly or use it instead of the device type when using Fastlane
[Read More]
CI Xcode iOS
Reading environment variables from iOS and macOS unit tests
In some environments like the CI/CD you might need to read environments variables from your iOS or macOS unit tests.
A typical example might be reading secrets or configuration that is CI/CD specific and you do not want to store it in source control.
In Swift you can read environment variables using the ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment dictionary, for example
let host = ProcessInfo.processInfo.environment["apiHost"]?? "default fallback host"
The problem is this code does not just work, there is one other step you need to do first.
You need to edit your Test scheme and add every environment variable you want to read to the Environment Variables section.
You can rename the variables but for simplicity and readability you should probably keep the same names.
Swift Xcode
Graying out images in Cocoa
I have been working on a macOS application recently where I encountered an interesting task to grey out flags for countries that are disabled.
I first tried overlaying a semi-transparent gray view (fun fact, you cannot directly set a background for a view in Cocoa, you need to use the layer) over the flag image but it did not look very good.
Luckily there is a way to convert a NSImage to grayscale directly in Cocoa.
You first need to create a bitmap representation your NSImage
let bitmap = NSBitmapImageRep(cgImage: cgImage)
convert it to grayscale
let grayscale = bitmap.converting(to:.genericGray, renderingIntent:.default)
and then construct an NSImage from the result.
let grayImage = NSImage(size: grayscale.size)
Putting it all together as an NSImage extension might look like this
[Read More]
Swift Xcode Cocoa
Web scraping with Swift
In a few projects in the past I needed to do web scraping to get some data from websites that did not offer access via an API. I was using C# at the time and scraping web with Html Agility Pack was quite easy.
I now spend most of my time in macOS because of work projects so when I needed to do some web scraping again I did not want to install and set up Mono to do it again in C#. I decided to go with Swift, as I am now quite comfortable with the language after 4 years of using it daily.
The first thing I need to do was to found some library to parse HTML, some Swift equivalent to Html Agility Pack. I found SwiftSoup.
SwiftSoup allows you to access DOM in HTML documents and also HTML fragments. The usage is quite simple, you just need to know a thing or two about HTML.
Let's say you want to parse the Hacker News main page and scrap posts containing some specific keywords.
This is quite an artificial example but the idea is simple. You use the developer tools in your browser of choice to see the HTML of the parts of a website that you are interested in and try to get to them descending and filtering the DOM using SwiftSoup.
You first need to read the website and parse it
let content = try String(contentsOf: URL(string: "")!)
let doc: Document = try SwiftSoup.parse(content)
Looking at the HTML you can see it uses a table layout and all the posts are in a rows of a table with a class called itemlist.
[Read More]
Swift Xcode
Generating boilerplate Swift code with GYB
How many times how you copied and pasted some code in your current codebase because there was no good way to abstract it? Maybe because it was some repeating code required by a framework or mapping of some data transfer structures.
Writing such boilerplate code is an error-prone waste of time, especially when there is a much better way: generating that code.
There are a few tools to help you do that, one of the most flexible of them being GYB.
What is GYB?
GYB is a lightweight templating system that allows you to use Python to generate text files. Those text files can be Swift source code files or anything else you need.
GYB is used in the Swift standard library codebase so it works well for generating Swift source code and it is a proven technology that works.
You can download GYB to your project from the Swift repository on Github
chmod +x gyb
I put it directly to the project directory and include it in the source control for simpler build and CI/CD setup.
Creating GYB templates
GYB templates for generating Swift source file look like Swift source files with some Python snippets for code generation.
This is probably best shown on an actual example. Let's say you have a list of permissions that the app needs to support. Those permissions are then a part of a protocol and of a few structs.
[Read More]
iOS Xcode


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i m using a jqgrid on asp.net mvc... i have a specific requirement....The data in the grid is list of values that are to be set on each row... and each row has a Date column... While displaying the grid, i want a different row color on sunday and saturday.. while the rest of the rows are white.. How to achieve this in jquery jqgrid?
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1 Answer 1
up vote 2 down vote accepted
You can "bring colors" in your grid with respect of setCell method of jqGrid (see this answer as an example) or jQuery.addClass, jQuery.css (see this and this). You should do this after the grid contain is loaded, for example, inside of your loadComplete event handler.
If you want set background-color style on the cell you should understand one small problem. The class 'ui-widget-content' used for every grid row already defines the background-color per background style (!!! not per background-color). So to have effects you should make changes of the background-color style in one from the following ways: 1) just use background: yellow instead of background-color: yellow (see this). 2) remove 'ui-widget-content' class with jQuery.removeClass('ui-widget-content') (see this); 3) change style of the row more explicit like $("#"+rowid)[0].style.backgroundColor = "yellow" (see this as an example). Choose the ways which you prefer.
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@Rakesh: You don't commented this answer. Is this want you want? You can use for example custom formatting (see trirand.com/jqgridwiki/doku.php?id=wiki:custom_formatter) to place the color in the date column. For example see a simple code in stackoverflow.com/questions/_PHONE_/… additionally to more complex stackoverflow.com/questions/_PHONE_/… – Oleg Nov 15 '10 at 12:34

hi, sorry for late reply.. i just now figured out how to do this.. here is what i did.. by using grid complete. gridComplete: function () {var ids = $("#list").getDataIDs(); for (var i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {var cell = $("#list").getCell(ids[i], "WeekDay"); if (cell == "Sunday" || cell == "Saturday") { $(this).jqGrid('setRowData', ids[i], false, { background: '#086da1' }); // $("#" + ids)[i].style.backgroundColor = "yellow";}}} but one thing i noticed is that i was not able to achieve result with style.background.. the javascript was throwing some error..u can see the commented line – Rakesh Nov 16 '10 at 14:33
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text: We began the Behavior Matrix Consequence Room in provide a consequence option for teachers & administration when students break the behavior matrix. The room was starting in November and since then we have had 343 'detentions.' We have noticed that the number of 'detentions' peaks around certain times of the year, such as spring time. By having this room open, you can quickly see where your problem areas lie and can take steps to alleviate the problem. The first graph below shows the number of infractions and the second graph breaks it down by grade.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
There's a distinction to be made between two notions: foliations and distributions.
A distribution is the data, at each point m of M, of a subspace of Tm(M). These subspaces are all of the same dimension (say r), and depend smoothly on the point m, which means that they are generated by r smooth vector fields.
A foliation is a partition of the manifold into (not necessarily closed) submanifolds, such that, locally, this partition looks like the standard decomposition of ℝn into translates of ℝd. Ok, there's a caveat in my description since a same leaf could come infinitely many often in the neighborhood of a given point m. Anyways... I'm assuming that you know what a foliation is.
Foliations of M form a subset of distributions on M.
The Frobenius integrability criterion (mentioned by Tom in him remark) states that a distribution D comes from a foliation iff for any vector fields v and w tangent to D, their Lie bracket is again tangent to D.
It turns out that that criterion is always satisfied for one-dimensional distributions, and so one-dimensional distributions are indeed in bijection with one-dimensional foliations. But that's no longer true for r ≥ 2.
The operation of taking orthogonal complement is a very good operation for distributions: it's always well defined, and the orthogonal complement of the orthogonal complement is the distribution you started with.
But the orthogonal complement of a foliation is typically only a distribution.
The standard example that illustrates that situation is the vector field sin(z)d/dx + cos(z)d/dy on ℝ3. It defines a perfectly good foliation, but its orthogonal fails to satisfy the Frobenius integrability criterion, and therefore fails to be a foliation (in this particular case, it's a contact structure, another beautiful mathematical notion...).
Ah! You also wanted the foliation to be defined by the orbits of a group acting by isometries... That can be arranged: take the action of S1 on S3 given by the Hopf fibration. The orthogonal distribution is the standard contact structure on S3.
You also said that you wanted you Riemanninan manifold to be flat... In that case, you can take ℝ4=ℂ2 with its S1-action by complex multiplication. That example contains the above S3 example as an
invariant submanifold, and therefore reproduces all its features.


text:
Study: Jogging Outside Can Make You Stupid
What has always been known as a cornerstone of good health and exercise, a new study reveals that jogging outside may actually have some detrimental effects on the brain.
While it is known to clear the mind, jogging outside in busy, traffic-filled areas could actually cause mental decline.
According to Belgian researchers from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, people who live in a city and exercise outdoors have higher levels of inflammation and lower scores on cognitive tests than those who jog in the suburbs.
In a study, they separated exercisers into two groups who exercised three times a week for 12 weeks, between midday and 1 PM.
One group alternated and walking in a busy, urban area – the other in a rural location.
The researchers then gave the joggers a test to measure their response time and attention span.
They found that high levels of air pollution in the city prevented participants from getting some of the brain-boosting benefits of exercise, such as the ability to absorb new information and a reduced chance of mental health problems.
The city joggers also had significantly higher blood levels of some inflammation markers, Men's Health magazine reported.
This is important because inflammation in the brain is associated with mental illness.
The question is, were the people who decided jogging outside in a traffic-filled area already mentally ill, or did the jogging drive them to mental illness?
Stephen Willard | Elite.


Create, Edit, or Remove PDF Annotations in UWP
Once PSPDFKit for Windows has loaded annotations from a PDF, these annotations will be made available via the Document API.
The API will return a List of IAnnotations. This interface allows you to determine the AnnotationType and several other properties and methods common to all annotations, such as BoundingBox, Id, PageIndex, and ToJson().
The BoundingBox describes the annotation's location and size on the page. This property is represented by a Rect, with X and Y describing the top-left coordinate of the annotation on the page, and the Width and Height describing the size of the annotation.
PSPDFKit for Windows and PSPDFKit for Web use Instant JSON coordinates. In other words, the origin of the page, "0,0," is at the top left, with the Y axis value increasing as you move down the page. If you need to convert between these coordinates and PDF coordinates — which have their origin, "0,0," at the bottom left, with the Y axis value increasing as you move up the page — you can use the conversion utility methods here.
Using the AnnotationType property, you can cast to a specific annotation type to work with its specific APIs:
if (annotation.AnnotationType == AnnotationType.Ink)
 var ink = annotation as AnnotationType.Ink;
 return ink.IsSignature;
Creating, Updating, and Deleting Annotations
To create an annotation on a page, instantiate the type you want:
var textAnnot = new Text
 Contents = "A new text annotation",
 HorizontalAlign = HorizontalAlign.Right,
 VerticalAlign = VerticalAlign.Center,
 BoundingBox = new Rect(10, 10, 300, 300),
 FontSize = 48,
 Bold = true,
 Italic = true,
 FontColor = Colors.Cyan
Then you can add it to a page like this:
var createdTextAnnotation = await pdfView.Document.CreateAnnotationAsync(textAnnot);
After it's added to a page, the new annotations will have a unique Id.
If you wish to update an existing annotation, this can be done like so:
createdTextAnnotation.VerticalAlign = VerticalAlign.Top;
createdTextAnnotation.Opacity = 0.5f;
await pdfView.Document.UpdateAnnotationAsync(createdTextAnnotation);
To delete an annotation, you only need its Id:
await pdfView.Document.DeleteAnnotationAsync(createdTextAnnotation.Id);


Selenium Webdriver PageFactory Worked Example
I found that, while adequate, the standard selenium examples for PageFactory were not quite enough to smoothly get me started. After asking around I saw that, contrary to the example, the most common practice seems to be to use the PageFactory inside the PageObject's constructor rather than from the client class. I will illustrate this with code to test Blackboard Learn, my employer's product starting with a simple login test. It is my hope that through more examples people can help get started more easily.
So, first the client code that uses this PageFactory generated PageObject
public class LearnQA {
 public static void main(String[] args) {
 WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
 String url = "";
 LearnLoginPage loginPage = new LearnLoginPage(driver, url);
 // Creds set elsewhere
 LearnHomePage homePage = loginPage.loginAs(USERNAME, PASS);
Basically, with a nice neat PageObject all we need to do is instantiate the page, "LearnLoginPage" in this example, and then perform the requested test such as logging in as a particular user. This hides the complexity of the page from the user of the class and we can change things internally without impacting anyone.
As for the actual LearnLoginPage, this uses the convenience of the PageFactory to reduce boiler plate code. First the listing -
public class LearnLoginPage {
 _USER_(how = How.CLASS_NAME, using = "login-page")
 private WebElement loginPageClass;
 _USER_(how = How.ID, using = "user_id")
 private WebElement usernameBox;
 _USER_(how = How.ID, using = "password")
 private WebElement passwordBox;
 _USER_(how = How.NAME, using = "login")
 private WebElement loginButton;
 private WebDriver driver;
 private String url;
 protected LearnLoginPage(WebDriver driver, String url) {
 this.driver = driver;
 this.url = url;
 PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
 By loginPageTag = By.tagName("body");
 if (! "login-page".equals(driver.findElement(loginPageTag).getAttribute("class"))) {
 throw new IllegalStateException("This is not the login page");
 public LearnLoginPage typeUsername(String username) {
 return this;
 public LearnLoginPage typePassword(String password) {
 return this;
 public LearnHomePage submitLogin() {
 return new LearnHomePage(driver);
 public LearnHomePage loginAs(String username, String password) {
 return submitLogin();
Instead of the tedious WebElement finding we can now use the "FindBy" annotations to pre-populate the various web elements we are going to use. Such as the username/password fields and the login button. I believe this results in much more readible code.
Finally we have a couple of methods to
 - Type the username - typeUsername
 - Type the password - typePassword
 - Submit the login - submitLogin
 - And, finally, a convenience method that combines all of the above into one operation called "loginAs".
Categories:,


The University of Texas at Austin School of Law
Main menu:
June 25, 2007
Justices of Texas 1836–1986: Online resource spotlights the Texas judiciary
The Tarlton Law Library brings 150 years of the Texas judiciary to life with a new online resource for students, scholars, or anyone with an interest in Texas legal history. Justices of Texas 1836–1986 includes detailed information on the 160 people who served on the Texas Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals during that period, making it easier than ever before to delve into the fascinating lives and fateful decisions that shaped two centuries of Texas history.
The resource features a simple interface that allows users to search in chronological or alphabetical order, or by typing in keywords and names. The justices' entries include biographies, photographs, research sources, and links to further information.
In addition to the searchable database, a detailed timeline of the Texas Supreme Court and Court of Criminal Appeals depicts milestones in the history of these organizations, from the establishment of the Texas Supreme Court in 1836 to the renaming and restructuring of the Courts of Civil Appeals into the modern Courts of Appeals in 1980.
Visit the Justices of Texas 1836–1986 site at:
Related links:
Tarlton Law Library
! --> © The University of Texas School of Law UT UT LAW WEB PRIVACY WEB ACCESSIBILITY EMERGENCY INFORMATION CONTACT US 727 East Dean Keeton Street Austin, Texas 78705 _PHONE_ PDF files require Adobe Reader or compatible.


text:
In this exercise, students will learn how to:
|Figure 5.4.1 - Enhancing a viewpoint to better communicate a conflict requiring resolution|
- Create a viewpoint that highlights the conflicts between the concrete beams and the exposed oval duct HVAC system in the ceiling space of Level 1. Try making the lighting fixtures transparent to reduce clutter in the view.
- Duplicate a viewpoint from that same camera angle and fine-tune the appearance to highlight the clearance problems that existing between the lighting fixtures and the exposed oval duct HVAC system. Try making the beams transparent and hiding any elements that obstruct the view.
- Create an exterior rendering of the composite model testing different material finishes on the architectural shell of the building. Use a natural sky as the background for the image.
Figure 5.4.2 - Rendered preview of the interior of retail space on Level 1


What Do Snails Need to Live?
Snails need food and oxygen to live.
-•• Comstock/Comstock/Getty Images
Snails are a group of shelled mollusks with species found in many habitats such as freshwater, seawater and land. Land snails, although better known than other types, represent only a small group. Marine snails are the most numerous and biodiverse group.
All snail species need oxygen, food, water and adequate temperature and humidity to live. Present in human life since ancient times, many terrestrial snails are considered garden pests. Snail eating is common in some cultures and the creatures can be farmed as gastronomic delicacies.
Snail Food
Snails are omnivorous animals, which means they can eat food from plant and animal sources. Snail food can come from a variety of materials, such as decomposing plants and invertebrates, and any type of leaf or algae.
However, different snail species can have distinct food preferences.
The giant African land snails (Achatina fulica) -- which are popular pets in some countries but also serious agricultural plagues and illegal to keep in the U.S. -- can eat any food crop, including lettuce, cucumber and cabbage.
The wood snail feeds mainly on decaying organic matter, nettles and buttercups, while water snails eat small invertebrates and algae.
Like most animal species, snails need oxygen to survive. Most land snails, and some marine and freshwater species, have a single lung, where the exchanges between oxygen and carbon dioxide occur.
Aquatic species have to come to the surface to breathe, in order to take the atmospheric oxygen. Pond snails, bladder snails, ram's horn snails, the common land snail and freshwater limpets are examples of snails that breathe through lungs.
Some snails, such as water nerites, bithynias and mud snails, have gills instead of lungs, and can only take the oxygen dissolved in the water.
Like most living creatures, both land and water snail species need to drink water to survive.
Land snails drink from small puddles formed on leaves or on the ground, but they also get their water from the juicy leaves they eat.
Marine species take saltwater when feeding, but have an excretory mechanism to eliminate excessive salt quantities they ingest.
Adequate Temperatures and Humidity
Optimum temperatures vary according to species, but most land snails prefer warm temperatures from 65 to 80 degrees Fahrenheit and high-humidity environments. Sphincterochila boissieri, which is found in Egypt and Israel, and can withstand temperatures of up to 120 degrees Fahrenheit.
However, this species lives in a dormant state for most of the time, becoming active only after the rain. Some species of the genera Arion and Deroceras are found in temperate climates, but are also adapted to live in polar climates.
Terrestrial snails, as their name suggests, live on land but that land must be able to meet the snail's needs. Forest floors, gardens and marshes all provide moist conditions for land snails to thrive. Hiding under leaf litter or at the base of leafy plants allows snails to avoid the drying effects of the sun.
Freshwater snails can live in lakes, rivers and even man-made ponds. The bottom sediments, or substrates, of these water bodies influences which snail species can survive there. If you are preparing a pet snail habitat, ensure that the substrate is adequate for your snail species.
From tropical coral reefs to the dark, cold oceans depths, marine snails are found in a variety of saltwater habitats. Here they can feed on algae and decaying marine plants. Some are even carnivorous.
Habitats within the ocean vary by species. Some are free floating, like plankton while others, like the purple sea snail, remain attached to various sea creatures.


text: WT1 encodes a zinc finger protein with a key role in urogenital development that is inactivated in a subset of Wilms' tumors. This tumor suppressor gene product contains an amino-terminal dimerization domain required for trans-inhibition of wild-type WT1 activity by mutants defective for DNA binding. In the course of characterizing truncation mutants of WT1, we noted that the WT1 zinc fingers contain two functionally independent targeting signals required for nuclear localization of the protein. These novel signals lie within zinc fingers I and within zinc fingers II and III. We demonstrate that nuclear targeting of the WT1 homodimerization domain functionally antagonizes activity of the wild-type protein activity.


text:
The Round Table
For centuries the site of the Roman amphitheatre in Caerleon was known as 'King Arthur's Round Table'.
Back in the 1587 Thomas Churchyard wrote of Caerleon:
In Arthur's tyme, a table round,
Was whereat he sate:
As yet a plot of goodly ground,
Sets forth that rare estate...
It would surely have been an excellent place for a leader to address his followers.
Our theory is that somewhere in time the meaning shifted from 'a round meeting place' to a 'round table'.
Read the full text of Churchyard's poem


Reserved Properties
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MSBuild Reserved Properties
MSBuild provides a set of reserved properties that store information about the project fille and the MSBuild binaries. These properties are evaluated the same as other MSBuild properties. For example, to use the MSBuildProjectFile property, you would type:
$(MSBuildProjectFile)
The following table describes the MSBuild reserved properties.
Property Description
MSBuildProjectDirectory
The absolute path of the directory where the project file is located, for example, C:\MyCompany\MyProduct.
MSBuildProjectFile
The complete file name of the project file, including the file name extension, for example, MyApp.proj.
MSBuildProjectExtension
The file name extension of the project file, including the period, for example, .proj.
MSBuildProjectFullPath
The absolute path and complete file name of the project file, for example, C:\MyCompany\MyProduct\MyApp.proj.
MSBuildProjectName
The file name of the project file without the file name extension, for example, MyApp.
MSBuildBinPath
The absolute path of the directory where the MSBuild binaries that are currently being used are located, for example, C:\Windows\Microsoft.Net\Framework\v2.0. This property is useful if you need to refer to files in the MSBuild directory.
MSBuildProjectDefaultTargets
The complete list of targets specified in the DefaultTargets attribute of the Project element. For example, the following Project element would have an MSBuildDefaultTargets property value of A;B;C.
<Project DefaultTargets="A;B;C" >
MSBuildExtensionsPath
The MSBuild folder under the Program Files directory. This location is a useful place to put custom target files. For example, your targets files could be installed at \Program Files\MSBuild\MyFiles\Northwind.targets and then imported in project files with the following XML.
<Import Project="$(MSBuildExtensionsPath)\MyFiles\Northwind.targets"/>
Community Additions
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© 2016 Microsoft


text:
In this lesson you will learn how to create a beautiful ornamental carp and flower. This lesson will cover the basics of creating shapes and how to apply chiaroscuro using tools and gradients.
STEP 1. Create a new document.
Create a new document in Photoshop File – New (File> New). The size of my document is 500px x 500px, but you can create a document of any size that best suits you.
STEP 2. Flower
First we create one of the colors. Let's start with the application Gradient Overlays (Gradient Overlay) to the first layer (let's call this layer the background).
STEP 3. Forms of Petals
Create a new layer and name it "Petal 1", draw the outline of the petal, as in the screenshot below using the tool Pen (Pen Tool).
STEP 4. Fill Petal
Right-click on the contour and select the option. To form a selected area (Make Selection). Fill the petal pink shade.
STEP 5. Adding Contrast
Choose a tool Dimmer (burn tool) by setting preferences (soft brush size 61 px, Range: Shadows (shadows), Exposure 100%) and on the same layer darken the petal, as in the screenshot below. I used a combination Range (Range): Shadows, Light. Mid tones (Shadows, Highlights and Midtones) to get such a result.
STEP 6. Light Flare on the Petal
Create a new layer on top of the layer with a petal, name it "Petal 1 Light Glare". Choose soft brush 42px, tint color # E5BA2A, Pressure (Flow): 73%. Remove excess areas that fall outside the petal.
STEP 7. The third thing we add to the petal is the shadow. First, create a new layer on top of the "Petal 1 Light Glare" layer, then load the selection of the "Petal 1" layer. Once you have loaded the selection, you need to compress the selection. Let's go Selection – Modification – Compress (Select> Modify> Contract) at 5px, as in the screenshot below.
Paint with a soft brush using # 2c0024 shade. Note: Name this layer "Petal 1 Shadow".
STEP 8. Play the Petals
Repeat the previous steps to create the remaining petals. In the screenshots you can see the whole process of creating petals.
STEP 9. At this moment I have only 15 petals.
STEP 10. For the core, select the # fed51c color brush, and draw as in the screenshot below. I also used the tool Dimmer (burn tool) to darken a little lower part (shadows, exposure 100%).
STEP 11. Light highlights on the flower
On top of all layers with petals, create a new layer. Call it "Light highlights on the Flower." Choose a tool Brush (brush tool), by setting the settings (soft brush, brush size 24px, color shade #ffffff) and move the brush along the light areas of the flower.
Decrease Opacity (opacity) layer to 53%
STEP 12. Create a new layer and basically repeat the previous steps, only use # c419b6 instead of the color #ffffff.
Change the blending mode to Lightening (Screen).
STEP 13. Contour
Before we create the contour. Merge all the layers with the petals, including the layers "Light highlights and shadows on the petals" (but not including the layers Light highlights 1 and 2 on the Flower.
STEP 14. Stroke
Next we go Editing – perform a stroke (Edit> Stroke) and apply these settings.
STEP 15. Move the stroke a couple of pixels to the right. Change the blending mode to Overlap (Overlay) with Opacity (Opacity) 77%
STEP 16. As a supplement, I chose a soft brush # e6d9b0 and painted additional light highlights. For this layer, I changed the blending mode to Glow (luminosity).
STEP 17. Part 2 – Second Flower
We finished creating the first flower, it's time to start creating the second. Create a new document (the same size as our document). Apply the same gradient to create the background, the same as when creating the first flower. This is what we will do.
STEP 18. Create a new group by clicking on the icon in the bottom toolbar, name this group "Pink Flower". Inside this new group, create a new layer and name it "Petals". Choose a tool Brush (brush tool) and select the brush flower that you downloaded before starting the lesson. Paint the flower with a color # af37a5.
STEP 19. Tool Dimmer and clarifier (Burn and Dodge Tool)
Choose a tool Dimmer and Brightener (burn and dodge tool), soft brush and darken and lighten the areas, as in the screenshot below. Dim and lighten all over the flower.
STEP 20. Load a selection of the Petals layer and drag. Selection – Modification – Compress (Select> Modify> Contract) at 19px. Create a new layer, select a soft brush and paint it with a #FFFFFF color shade, as I did.
Change the blending mode to Soft light (Soft Light).
STEP 21. Create a new layer and on this layer load the selection by holding the Ctrl + key by clicking on the thumbnail of the "Petals" layer and compress the selection again with 34 px.
STEP 22. Select the brush again and paint the core as in the screenshot below, using the color shade # e9d44b.
Change the blending mode for this layer to Lightening (Screen).
STEP 23. Create a new layer and draw a circle in the center of the flower using a soft round brush (71px, # e9d54b).
STEP 24. Create a new layer and with a soft round brush of white color paint over the ends of the petals, remove the extra areas that are outside the petals.
Change the blending mode for this layer to Overlap (Overlay).
STEP 25. Repeat the previous step using the #FFFFFF soft brush, but this time change the blending mode to Soft light (Soft Light).
STEP 26. Next, duplicate this group 4 times and scale the groups in the same way as in the screenshot below.
STEP 27. Next, we apply the layer styles. Shadows (drop shadow) to the "Petals" layer of each group except the last group. Apply the settings as in the screenshot.
STEP 28. Here is how it should look.
STEP 29. Part 3 – Ornamental Carp
Create a new document. My sizes are 1000px x 1000px.
STEP 30 – Add a gradient to the Background layer.
STEP 31. Next, we will create a fish body. I used the Adobe Illustrator program to create my fish, because in this program, it is easier for me to control the instrument Pen (pen tool). Run Illustrator with the same document size 1000px x 1000px.
Note: You can continue to create the fish in Photoshop in the document we created in Step 30.
STEP 32. Start by creating different parts of the fish, as I did in the following screenshots.
STEP 33. Next, drag the parts of the fish that you created on our document in photoshop. Note: I selected the parts to show how I placed them on the document (you do not need to do this).
Note: If you drew parts of the fish in Photoshop, then skip this step.
STEP 34. Upper Fin
Now that all your layers are in Photoshop, for sure, name each layer according to the parts of the fish (i.e., head, body, upper fin, etc.). First we start with the "upper fin". Also, all the layers that I don't work with, I'll make them invisible by clicking on the eye icon. On the upper fin layer, select the tool Dimmer (Burn Tool) with settings: soft round brush, size 61 px, Range (Range): Sveta (Highlights) Exposition (Exposure: 73%) and darken the area as shown in the screenshot below.
STEP 35. Create a new layer and select the brush tool. Draw wavy lines on the fin. I used a hard round brush size of 5px, color shade # d43911.
STEP 36. Next, we will spread these wavy lines. Choose a tool Finger (smudge tool) (22px, intensity (strength): 36%) and smooth out the lines.
Change the layer blending mode to Line Dimmer (Linear Burn).
STEP 37. Create a new layer and select the tool. brush (soft round brush 59px, # 9b733f) Paint over the area where the fin connects to the body.
Change the blending mode for this layer to Darkening basics (Color burn) with Opacity (Opacity) 68%.
STEP 38. Light highlights on Fin
Next, we will add light highlights to the fin. Create a new layer and name it "Light highlights 1". Use the brush tool (#FFFFFF, soft round brush 46px) to create some light highlights at the end of the tail fin. Change the blending mode for this layer to Overlap (Overlay) and Opacity (Opacity) 63%.
STEP 39. Repeat the last step, but this time leave the overlay mode. Normal (Normal) with Opacity (Opacity


text:
The location of the divide xd, where ^ is maximum, is obtained from xd$x xdxx
Note that xd could be larger than L or could be negative. In those cases, the divide does not exist, and the flow occurs in one direction throughout the aquifer.
Figure 9.4.6 shows radial flow in an unconfined aquifer with infiltration. If a cylinder has a radius r, the amount of water infiltrating into the cylinder is equal to Qin = Not2, and the amount of water flowing out of the cylinder is equal to 2ot • hqr = 2m"Qr. The continuity of flow requires that 2m"Qr = Not2, giving n N
Qr = Tr which can be written as yielding
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text:
Phosphates play an essential role in our living systems. Therefore, it is important to have simple and effective methods to detect and monitor the level of phosphates in complex samples. In this study, a facile switch-on fluorescence sensing method is developed for the detection of phosphates. The sensing probes are composed of Gd3+ and riboflavin-5′-phosphate (RFMP), which are hard acid and hard base, respectively. Gd3+ and RFMP can strongly bind via chelation once mixed. RFMP emits bright green fluorescence under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination. However, its fluorescence is quenched in the presence of Gd3+, presumably due to aggregation caused quenching. In the presence of phosphates, the fluorescence derived from RFMP on the Gd3+-RFMP can be restored owing to the competitive binding of phosphates with Gd3+ on the Gd3+-RFMP conjugates to release RFMP. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility of using the developed sensing method to determine the level of phosphates from real world samples such as drinking water and fetal bovine serum under the illumination of a UV lamp (λmax = 365 nm) simply with the naked eye. The lowest distinguishable concentration of using our detection method towards adenosine triphosphate and pyrophosphate with the naked eye is ∼1 μM. Furthermore, when fluorescence spectroscopy is used as a detection tool, the limit of detection has further reduced to ∼611 nM. The feasibility of using the developed sensing probes combined with fluorescence spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of phosphates in real samples is also demonstrated in this study.
- Riboflavin-5′-phosphate (RFMP)
- Sensing probes


bahr.dev serverless on AWS
How To Build Your Own Serverless Click Tracker
What if I told you that you don't need any analytics tracker, cookies (or biscuits if you're British) or JS libraries at all to understand how visitors of your website move around? And you can do this serverless, so you only pay for what you use.
With the ping attribute of the HTML element  you can enable hyperlink auditing for any link on your website. This means that you can connect any link on your website with a self-made analytics service that you fully control. This does not apply to links from other websites to yours though.
About Me
Prerequisites
To get the most out of this article, you should be familiar with using AWS Lambda.
The code snippets are in TypeScript, and use aws-sdk V2.
What's the ping attribute?
The ping attribute takes a list of URLs. When you click on the link, your browser will send a PING body, along with some insightful headers. Within your Lambda function you can see much more than the information below, but this information already lets us create a hash that's individual per IP.
{
 "requestContext": {
 "accountId": "YOUR_AWS_ACCOUNT_ID",
 "identity": {
 "sourceIp": "YOUR_IP_ADDRESS",
 "userAgent": "YOUR_USER_AGENT"
 }
 }
}
It can help you understand how viewers move within your website, or where they leave to. On my blog however about 80% of the viewers only view one page and then leave again. So it might not be too useful with high bounce rates.
The ping attribute is supported by all major browsers. Firefox however disables it by default. On my blog 17% of the viewers use Firefox.
I like the ping attribute because it's more transparent than JS/iframe based approaches, it can be controlled by the user, and does not require any cookies. If one of the browsers doesn't allow you to disable hyperlink auditing (grr Chrome), you can use extensions like uBlock Origin to prevent this traffic. This is a lot harder to prevent with JS libraries.
Build it
In this section I will show you how to set up a simple analytics service, where we record and output a user journey. I'm going to show you a serverless solution, where we have a couple Lambda functions which serve HTML pages, and one that our browser will send the ping requests to. I'm going to user the serverless framework with TypeScript.
The whole source code is available on GitHub.
Architecture
Our application consists of three APIs for hyperlink auditing, showing the user journey, and serving a website with a couple links. It is backed by a DynamoDB table and Lambda functions.
Architecture
Serve a Website
This function returns an HTML snippet that the browser renders as a website. It's not stylish, but it gets the job done. You can replace this with websites hosted on any other service, like AWS Amplify. The only important thing is that the /ping address lives on the same domain so that you can avoid CORS problems.
import {htmlResponse} from '@libs/apiGateway';
export const main = async (event) => {
 return htmlResponse('

Welcome To hyperlink auditingng

Current Page:
${event.path}

Follow one of the links below to generate data.

Home

About Me

Blog

Unaudited Page

See the results

 ');
}
Check out the source code on GitHub for the function htmlResponse.
This function accepts a POST request, ignores the body, and uses the headers to identify from where to where a user went. It also uses the headers to generate a hash of the user's session. This is not to identify a user, but to match multiple requests of a journey together. We also include the date into this hash so that we're not able to see a user's movement over more than one day.
import {DynamoDB} from 'aws-sdk';
// TABLE_NAME comes from the environment variables
const {TABLE_NAME} = process.env;
const ddb = new DynamoDB.DocumentClient();
export const main = async (event) => {
 const item = {
 id: 'some-user-hash',
 date: new Date().toISOString(),
 from: event.headers["ping-from"],
 to: event.headers["ping-to"],
 };
 await ddb.put({
 TableName: TABLE_NAME,
 Item: item
 }).promise();
 return {
 statusCode: 200,
 body: ''
 }
}
The function above accepts any request, creates a hashed ID for the user, and stores the from and to URLs in a DynamoDB table. In the next function we will query this data to show the user their history.
View the Results
This function return your recent journey, based on the same hashing mechanism as we used for auditing hyperlinks.
import {htmlResponse} from '@libs/apiGateway';
import {DynamoDB} from 'aws-sdk';
const {TABLE_NAME} = process.env;
const ddb = new DynamoDB.DocumentClient();
export const main = async (event) => {
 const items = (await ddb.query({
 TableName: TABLE_NAME,
 KeyConditionExpression: 'id = :id',
 ExpressionAttributeValues: {
 ':id': 'some-user-hash'
 },
 ScanIndexForward: false
 }).promise()).Items;
 const rows = items.map((i) => {
 return '

 ${i.date}
 ${i.from}
 ${i.to}

 ';
 });
 return htmlResponse('

Welcome To Analytics

Home

 Date
 From
 To

 ${rows.join('')}

 ');
}
Test It
You can test this yourself by deploying the application with the source code on GitHub.
Open the website endpoint, and click around a bit. Once you've clicked a couple links, follow the link to the analytics.
Analytics
Here you should see which links you followed, if hyperlink auditing is enabled on your browser, and not blocked by any extension.
Conclusion
hyperlink auditing is a lightweight and transparent approach to understanding your viewers' journeys on your website. With just one function, you can start recording movements without giving your viewers' data to anyone who will monetise them.
If you only want some simple analytics, while maintaining your viewers' privacy, you should check out Fathom Analytics by following this referral link.
Enjoyed this article? I publish a new article every month. Connect with me on Twitter and sign up for new articles to your inbox!


text:
Needs a Good Loving Home
3 (1 - calm; 10 - spirited)
Trakehner Stallion for Sale in Clarksville, TN
I rescued this horse from starvation and treated him for EPM. He now is healthy and needing a good home. He CAN NOT be cantered under saddle. Has placed 1 sts 2 nds and 3 rds in intro dressage (after treatment) would make great pasture pal. He is a beautiful horse, he once was at gram prix level but sadly now can only be ridden at the walk and trot. Can do leg yeilds, haunches in etc. still. Asking eight hundred OBO I am only looking to get what I have spent on vet bills for him. Please help me find him a good home!
About Clarksville, TN
The area now known as Tennessee was first settled by Paleo-Indians nearly 11,000 years ago. The names of the cultural groups that inhabited the area between first settlement and the time of European contact are unknown, but several distinct cultural phases have been named by archaeologists, including Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian, whose chiefdoms were the cultural predecessors of the Muscogee people who inhabited the Tennessee River Valley prior to Cherokee migration into the river's headwaters. When Spanish explorers first visited Tennessee, led by Hernando de Soto in 1539−43, it was inhabited by tribes of Muscogee and Yuchi people. Possibly because of European diseases devastating the native tribes, which would have left a population vacuum, and also from expanding European settlement in the north, the Cherokee moved south from the area now called Virginia. As European colonists spread into the area, the native populations were forcibly displaced to the south and west, including all Muscogee and Yuchi peoples, the Chickasaw, and Choctaw.


Patreon Microfiction: Reasonable Realignment of Resources.
'Reasonable Realignment of Resources' illustrates the great question of draconic-human interactions in medieval societies: why does the king particularly care if the burden of having a local dragon is merely that she eats a cow every week or so? He has plenty of cows. Of course, if the dragon is a wild beast otherwise, it's still a problem. But if she can demonstrate language and self-restraint, well… there are opportunities, there.


text:
The purpose of this study is to investigate the shear modulus, the shear strength at failure and the failure process of QLS(quadruple-lap shear) Test specimen were made of two different fiber contents CFRR and HTPB based polyurethane matrix. The CFRR specimen were prepared with 6.16% chopped carbon fiber and 11.6% chopped carbon fiber. We carried out the shear tests for three types of specimen. The shear modulus and strength of the CFRR was inspected with the increasing contents of chopped carbon fiber. In the other hand the shear strain of the CFRR was inspected with the decreasing contents of chopped carbon fiber.
DOI 인용 스타일


text:
Carpenter, Joseph H. (Joseph Hannah), _PHONE_
Found in 2 Collections and/or Records:
Joseph H. Carpenter Civil War Papers [digital]
Found in: Virginia Military Institute Archives
Joseph H. Carpenter papers
Scope and Contents Papers consist of: Manuscript notebook compiled by Carpenter during his cadetship, _PHONE_, containing poetry, class notes, autographs of classmates, detailed account of Corps trip to Petersburg and Richmond, October 1855.Two letters written by Carpenter to his father in 1862, including letter of June 16, 1862 describing fighting near Port Republic, Virginia.Letter of recommendation written on Carpenter's behalf by Brigadier General John Echols, submitted to...


Throat and Overtone Singing
A few years ago I found myself curious about death and near death experiences. I wondered what people experienced as they transitioned. While reading Beyond the Light (P.M.H Atwater, 2009) the author recounted an experience when she was confirmed dead. While physically dead, she heard sounds described as so beautiful, she could only begin to comparing them to Hoomi singing done by the Mongolians. Being a student of sound I was struck with her powerful experience.
A year or so later I looked up Hoomi singing on youtube and saw a video of a Mongolian man doing a simple song that employed overtone throatsinging, and had been filmed by a small group of Americans. Here it is below.
After hearing it, I felt a longing to learn how.
Still, I was not expecting to actually be able to learn how to sing harmonics. My thought was that such a thing must take years of practice and direct guidance and was this even something white people could do? Despite all this, my curiousity and desire eventually became so much that I began looking up videos on techniques and watching or listening to as many recordings of overtone singing and throatsinging that I could find. The information on the subject was all over the place and I found there were many variant styles - and many overlaps. Practicing and trying these techniques myself - while also just attempting to imitate the things I heard - I began to hear overtones in my own voice.
I started using overtones in performances, with friends, combined with other instruments. It was a discovery that led to numerous inspired moments when people could identify the audible overtone melody in my voice and also curious to hear their own melodies.
Overtone teaching came naturally and I enjoy helping others learn how to do overtone and throatsinging. After so much trial and error both in learning myself, and in teaching others, I became very good at guiding people into a powerful overtone or throatsinging practice in a fraction of the time it took me to get to where I am.
"Emile helped me improve my overtone singing in just one lesson. I am still working through his insight about it being more than just technique, that there is something you can contact."
 -David Robertson
Throatsinging for The Sound Mandala with Loriel Starr
Church of Eight Wheels, San Francisco
Curious about throatsinging? Want to learn more? Find harmonics in your voice and sing with overtones.
 - Facebook App Icon
© 2023 by Emile Janse.


text:
Searching for how to repair a bow in Minecraft?
Well, you end up in the right place!
Minecraft is a trendy and addictive game with lots of adventures and happenings. When you start playing Minecraft, you may think that the weapons and armors are of no use, but you will realize their importance as you go ahead.
The Bow is one of the crucial weapons that can break a lot of time, and people usually think, why does this happen and how to fix this? We will give the answers to all of your questions in this article.
Why the Bow Breaks?
Many people find it frustrating and start wondering why the Bow breaks in the middle of the game? The reason is that each item in the Minecraft game has a specific HitPoint, and when you keep using that weapon, it keeps on going down and losing its health. This is the reason why the bow breaks. You need to craft a new one or repair it to make it work.
If you've been playing the game for a while, you must be aware that Minecraft has two types of bows. The first one is a Normal Bow with regular abilities, and the other is called Enchanted Bow, which comes with more extraordinary powers and capabilities. You can break both of these bows with excessive use, so you need to know how to repair these.
Now, we will explain how to repair a bow in Minecraft.
How to Repair a Bow in Minecraft Using Anvil
To use this trick, you will need an Anvil in your Inventory. If you don't have an anvil, you can also craft your Anvil by following some simple steps given below:
How to Craft an Anvil:
- You will need at least 4 Iron Ingots and 3 Iron Squares from your Stock Box to create your Anvil.
- By using these items, you can craft a decent anvil that will help you in many other things as well.
After Arranging an Anvil:
To repair your Bow using an anvil, follow these simple steps
- From your Minecraft inventory, open the Anvil.
- Put the Bow in the first slot and the Bow repairing material in the second slot.
- Wait for a while now, and get your fixed Bow from the Anvil.
How to Repair a Bow in Minecraft Using Crafting Table
If you don't want to use an anvil for your bow repair, you can use this method to help you repair your Minecraft bow.
You can get the job done by using a crafting table better and more efficiently. But, first of all, you should know how to create a crafting table.
How to Create a Crafting Table:
- Press E to open your Inventory Screen.
- You must have at least four woodblocks for this purpose.
- In the crafting section, place the woodblocks 2×2. You will see the crafting table on the right side; save it.
After Creating the Crafting Table:
If you want to follow the above method, here are some simple and easy steps:
- Open your Crafting Table.
- On the table, place two bows side by side.
- Wait for these bows to make a third bow.
- That's it! Now you have your Bow.
Some Restrictions of Using the Crafting Table Method to Repair Bow
The crafting table will require two objects of the same type. Here you are giving two bows to get a strengthened bow that has full stats or health.
The crafting table method does not work for Enchanted bows. If you place two enchanted bows on that table, it will still make an ordinary resultant bow and not an enchanted one.
It is important to note that the crafting table is not primarily used for repairing items. However, there is another method that you can use to repair your Bow. We just used a trick here, so make sure you use this method as a last resort.
How to Repair a Bow in Minecraft Using Grindstone
Grindstone is also an essential element in Minecraft. Like an anvil and crafting table, a grindstone can also be used to repair a bow.
First of all, you should know how to craft a grindstone.
How to Craft a Grindstone:
To craft a grindstone in Minecraft, the ingredients you will need are two oak plants, two sticks, and a stone slab. You can continue with the following steps to craft a grindstone once you have all the material.
- Open a 3×3 grid crafting table.
- Put the materials on a table.
- You can see the grindstone on the right side of the table.
- Now that you have the grindstone take and drag that into your Inventory.
After Crafting the Grindstone:
Once you have crafted the grindstone, you can use the following steps to repair your Bow:
- Through the Inventory, open your grindstone.
- Put one Bow in the top slot and another bow in the bottom slot.
- You'll see the Bow on the right.
Minecraft is a very addictive and never-ending adventurous game, but it can be confusing and tricky. We have written this article to answer your questions and help you explore more of this game. We hope this article was helpful for you in finding out how to repair a bow in Minecraft. The best method is using the Anvil, which also helps with enchanted bows. The other two ways are relatively less effective as they do not repair magical bows but can be used as a last option.
Control the truth, Control the people The power of the in the anvil of power under the rug. The principal in the dark


text: method comprises the following steps: step 1, paving a pattern bearing layer with light transmission in a laser engraving area on the amber surface; and 2, performing laser engraving on the pattern bearing layer to form the laser engraved pattern on the amber. Therefore, according to the laser engraving method for the amber pattern, the defects that CNC machining and manual machining patterns are not clear, easy to scrap and low in efficiency can be overcome, and meanwhile through the arrangement of the light-transmitting pattern bearing layer, it can be guaranteed that the transparent and moist characteristics of the amber are not damaged by laser.discloses a laser engraving method for an amber pattern and an amber ornament. The method comprises the following steps: step 1, paving a pattern bearing layer with light transmission in a laser engraving area on the amber surface; and 2, performing laser engraving on the pattern bearing layer to form the laser engraved pattern on the amber. Therefore, according to the laser engraving method for the amber pattern, the defects that CNC machining and manual machining patterns are not clear, easy to scrap and low in efficiency can be overcome, and meanwhile through the arrangement of the light-transmitting pattern bearing layer, it can be guaranteed that the transparent and moist characteristics of the amber are not damaged by laser.


Ilan Manouach
Ilan Manouach (Athens, 1980) is a multidisciplinary artist with a specific interest in conceptual comics. His book works claim for the importance of comics as a materially self-reflexive medium, unaffiliated to any general history of the medium. Since 2014, he concentrates his practice around Shapereader, a community-specific tactile constructed language, initially designed and conceptualized for the purposes of visually impaired users that promotes an embodied textual experience. In addition, he works as a book publisher and a musician. He is a PhD researcher at the Aalto University.


text:
As the subtitle indicates, Lussier's Human Relations in Organizations: Applications and Skill Building employs an applications and skill building approach. It's the most "how to" work with people textbook. This style is perfect for professors that want to incorporate activities and exercises into the classroom, and benefits students who want to understand concepts as well as apply and develop skills that they can use in their daily and professional lives. The text has also been successfully used for online courses.
The book and test bank provide a balanced, three-pronged approach:
- A clear concise understanding of human relations/ organizational behavior concepts;
- The application of HR/OB concepts for critical thinking in the business world;
- The development of HR/OB skills.