"The buffer pool is too full to bring in another page" in IBM Notes client
Technote (troubleshooting)
When saving documents or opening views in the Notes client, the client display the error message "The buffer pool is too full to bring in another page" and the operation might also fail.
This is a memory error, and can occur if the client is using too much memory, e.g. running background agents that require lots of document data in memory simultaneously. However, this has been observed in cases where there wasn't an especially large amount of memory in use, or where nothing has apparently changed from before.
If this is not a case of actually using huge amounts of memory, there are two likely causes:
 - The notes.ini parameter NSF_Buffer_Pool_size_MB has been set to a value that's too low. This is unlikely, because generally this variable isn't set at all, and its default value (which is calculated based on a percentage of available memory) is usually ample for normal use.
 - The system is low on available disk space for swap files. This is the likeliest explanation, especially in cases where the error suddenly started occurring and nothing about the client had changed.
Resolving the problem
Check the notes.ini file for the NSF_Buffer_Pool_size_MB parameter; if it is present, delete it (or comment it out), and restart Notes.
If your OS has a tool for freeing up disk space (e.g. by deleting temporary files), use it.
If freeing disk space doesn't improve matters, it's possible that your Notes client is running some new agent or subprocess that uses a lot of memory. Experiment with the setting NSF_Buffer_Pool_size_MB to different values. However, setting this parameter larger may have adverse effects on other programs.
You might also check whether there are other processes running on your computer that are using particularly large amounts of memory (use Task Manager in Windows, or similar program in other operating systems). See whether shutting down those processes gets rid of this error message.
If Notes itself is using memory in excess of 200MB, disable the ability to run background agents, and see whether that makes a difference. This is menu File / Preferences, Basic Notes Client Configuration, checkbox "Enable scheduled local agents," in the "Startup and shut down" group at the top of that window. Otherwise, consult your local Notes system administrator to determine whether there are additional libraries loading with your Notes client that may be using extra memory, and whether any of them can be disabled.
Document information
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text:
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
Release : 2012
ISBN : _PHONE_
Language : En, Es, Fr & De
Book Description :
Coverage includes: Experimental findings around coherent vortical structures (CVS) in turbulent boundary layers and methods of controlling them Static and dynamic mechanical characteristics of elastic composite coatings, as well as new techniques and devices developed for their measurement Combined methods of flow control and drag reduction, including the effect of injection of polymer solutions, elastic coatings and generated longitudinal vortical structures on hydrodynamic resistance Intended as a reference for senior engineers and researchers concerned with the drag reduction and the dynamics of turbulent boundary layer flows, Boundary Layer Flow over Elastic Surfaces provides a unique source of information on compliant surface drag reduction and the experimental techniques around it that have shown measurable and repeatable improvements over recent years.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Hi all, here is the wine bottle that I share with you previously. Wish to know how to create a ring surrounding the bottle? Actually is very simple, you just need to do the follwoing steps:
1. Create an angle plane that intersect with the bottle body. Here, I will refer the angle plane to the current TOP Plane. Open a sketch on the TOP plane and draw a construction line as shown in the picture.
2. Then, when using the Reference geometry > Plane funtion, select the construction line to define the plane position and also the TOP plane as the reference to measure the angle.
3. With the angle plane, now we can create the path of the ring by using the "Intersection Curve" function. Basically, intersection is a function under "Tools> Sketch Tools> Intersection Curve which enable the user to define 3D curve to represent the intersection between 2 surfaces/solidbodies/planes.
4. Now, we can prepare the plane for the sweep profile. You just need to select the 3D curve and pick a point in order to create a plane normal to the curve. Then just draw a circle on the plane as the sweep profile.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The sight of fruits in full bloom on a tree is a testament to the artistry and skillful care of the farmer. It is a beautiful display of nature's wonders combined with human dedication and expertise.
In this symphony, nature plays a significant role. The changing seasons, the warmth of the sun, and the nurturing rain all contribute to the fruit tree's ability to bloom. The tree itself, deeply rooted in the earth, awakens from its winter slumber to celebrate life with an explosion of blossoms.
But it's not just nature at work; it's also the dedicated farmer. The farmer's skillful care and knowledge are essential in ensuring a bountiful harvest. Pruning, fertilizing, and protecting the trees from pests and diseases are all part of the farmer's artistry.
The sight of fruit tree blossoms is also a promise of abundance. It's a prelude to the delicious fruits that will soon grace the branches. The vibrant colors and sweet fragrances of the blossoms remind us of the rewards that come from the farmer's hard work.
Fruit tree blossoms not only inspire a sense of wonder but also symbolize the harmonious relationship between humans and the environment. They remind us of the importance of sustainable and responsible farming practices, as well as the beauty that nature provides when cared for with respect.
In conclusion, the blooming of fruits on a tree is a celebration of life and nature's artistry. It's a testament to the collaboration between the changing seasons, the tree, and the farmer's dedication. This beautiful spectacle not only promises an abundant harvest but also serves as a source of inspiration for responsible and sustainable farming practices.


text: [en] OBJECTIVE: To assess morphologic and metabolic abnormalities in dogs with early left ventricular dysfunction (ELVD) induced by rapid right ventricular pacing (RRVP). ANIMALS: 7 Beagles. PROCEDURE: Plasma carnitine concentrations were measured before and after development of ELVD induced by RRVP. At the same times, transvenous endomyocardial biopsy was performed, and specimens were submitted for determination of myocardial carnitine concentrations and histologic, morphometric, and ultrastructural examination. RESULTS: In 4 dogs in which baseline plasma total carnitine concentration was normal, RRVP induced a decrease in myocardial total and free carnitine concentrations and an increase in myocardial esterified carnitine concentration. In 3 dogs in which baseline plasma total carnitine concentration was low, plasma and myocardial carnitine concentrations were unchanged after pacing. Structural changes associated with pacing included perinuclear vacuolization in 3 dogs. Morphometric analyses indicated there was a decrease in myofiber cross-sectional diameter and area following pacing. Electron microscopy revealed changes in myofibrils and mitochondria following pacing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that moderate to severe alterations in myocyte cytoarchitecture are present in dogs with ELVD induced by RRVP and that in dogs with normal plasma carnitine concentrations, myocardial carnitine deficiency may be a biochemical marker of ELVD. Results also indicated that transvenous endomyocardial biopsy can be used to evaluate biochemical and structural myocardial changes in dogs with cardiac disease.


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I would be interested to learn if the following generalization of the classical Looman-Menchoff theorem is true.
Assume that the function $f=u+iv$, defined on a domain $D\subset\mathbb{C}$, is such that
 1. $u_x$, $u_y$, $v_x$, $v_y$ exist almost everywhere in $D$.
 2. $u$, $v$ satisfy the Cauchy-Riemann equations almost everywhere in $D$.
 3. $f=f(x,y)$ is separately continuous (in $x$ and $y$) in $D$.
 4. $f$ is locally integrable.
Question: Does it follow that $f$ is analytic everywhere in $D$?
Remark 1. Condition 3 is essential (take $f=1/z$).
Remark 2. G. Sindalovskiĭ proved analyticity of $f$ under conditions 2-4 when the partial derivatives exist everywhere in $D$, except on a countable union of closed sets of finite linear Hausdorff measure (link).
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just a doubt about assumption 2: what further assumption on $u_x$ $u_y$ $v_x$ $v_y$ are implicitly taken, in order that the CR equations make sense? – Pietro Majer Oct 6 '10 at 8:07
@ Pietro Majer: I'm not sure I follow. The derivatives are assumed to exist a.e. in $D$. I'm interested in locally integrable and separately continuous functions $u$, $v$ which satisfy the CR equations a.e. Am I missing something? – Andrey Rekalo Oct 6 '10 at 11:33
Just this: in order to have $u_{xx}$ classically defined at $(x_0,y_0)$ we need $u_x(x,y_0)$ to exist for all $x$ in a nbd of $x_0,$ and analogous condition for the other second order prtial derivatives. So I was wondering if these were implicitly assumed in 2 or there was a weaker sense. Also, a doubt about whether $u_{xy}=u_{yx},$ was assumed too, since that should not be ensured by Schwarz theorem, in this generality. Anyway, no matter, thanks to Nate's answer! – Pietro Majer Oct 6 '10 at 14:09
2 Answers 2
up vote 15 down vote accepted
Let $c$ be the Cantor function on $[0,1]$, so that $c$ is continuous, $c' = 0$ a.e., but $c$ is not constant. Then take $u(x+iy) = v(x+iy)=c(x)c(y)$. We have $u_x=u_y=v_x=v_y=0$ a.e. so the Cauchy-Riemann equations are trivially satisfied, and $f(z)=u(z)+iv(z)$ is bounded and continuous on the unit square, but certainly not analytic.
Almost everywhere differentiability is almost never the right condition for solutions to a PDE. A better condition would be to have $u,v$ in some Sobolev space.
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It's actually sufficient to require that $u,v$ solve the equation in distribution sense – Piero D'Ancona Oct 6 '10 at 13:21
Nice example! Thanks. – Andrey Rekalo Oct 6 '10 at 13:25
Your second comment is absolutely spot on, Nate. – Peter Luthy Oct 6 '10 at 18:55
See this related question. Denjoy proved that there exist a continuous function $f$ on the unit square and a continuous curve $\gamma$, which is the graph of a continuous function, such that $f$ is holomorphic on the square minus $\gamma$ but not on the whole square. Thus $f$ satisfies the CR equations almost everywhere, and actually on the whole square minus the support of $\gamma$, but not on the whole square.
Thus the general answer to your question seems to be a solid no. Using the postive parts of Denjoy's result, one can imagine to answer in the affirmative if the set where CR fails is a countable union of curves with sufficiently nice behaviour, but it seems difficult to do better than Sindalovskii. See also here for a different proof of his result.
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Many thanks for the answer and links. – Andrey Rekalo Oct 6 '10 at 11:35
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text:
Backward erosion piping is an internal erosion process, which compromises the stability of water retaining structures such as dams and levees. In this paper, we propose a numerical solution that combines a 2D Darcy groundwater solution with Exner's 1D sediment transport mass conservation equation. As an estimate of sediment transport, we tested four different empirical transport equations for laminar flow. The model performance was evaluated based on the results of the real-scale IJkdijk experiment. Through this, we were able to demonstrate the applicability of existing sediment transport equations to the description of particle motion during piping erosion. The proposed transient piping model not only predicts the pipe progression in time, it also allows for an identification of pore pressure transitions due to the erosion process. A major conclusion of the study is that from the four different modeling approaches for laminar flow, it is recommended to follow the approach of Yalin et al. regarding the simulation of backward erosion piping for dike configurations similar to those of the IJkdijk experiment.
- Backward erosion piping (BEP)
- Exner's equation
- Finite elements
- Transient flow


text:
National Register of Historic Places
The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) is responsible for the stewardship of more than 470 historic properties. These properties represent the work of prominent architects and are valued for their significance in American history, architecture, art, archeology, engineering and culture. GSA takes great pride in its inventory and strives to preserve, protect, and utilize historic properties as established in Section 110 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Currently, more than 300 GSA properties are listed in the National Register of Historic Places. In addition, GSA is actively working to nominate approximately 140 eligible properties.
The shortcut to this page is _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: Objective: To investigate liver enzyme abnormalities and hepatic adverse events (AEs) during long-term tocilizumab treatment for rheumatoid arthritis in clinical trials. Methods: Data were pooled from patients who received intravenous tocilizumab (4, 8, or 10 mg/kg with or without disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs [DMARDs]) in phase III or IV clinical trials, long-term extensions, and a pharmacology study. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were measured routinely in these trials. AE rates were measured per 100 patient-years of tocilizumab exposure for this pooled analysis. Results: Overall, 16,204.8 patient-years of tocilizumab exposure (mean ± SD duration of exposure 3.9 ± 2.0 years) were evaluated for 4,171 patients. ALT and AST elevations greater than the upper limit of normal (ULN) occurred in 70.6% and 59.4% of patients, respectively. ALT/AST elevations were >1–3× ULN in 59%/55% of patients, >3–5× ULN in 8.9%/3.3% of patients, and >5× ULN in 2.9%/0.9% of patients. Most elevations occurred during the first year of treatment. Single ALT/AST elevations >3× ULN occurred in 7.7%/3.6% of patients, and ≥2 consecutive elevations >3× ULN occurred in 1.9%/0.4% of patients. Elevations >3× ULN returned to normal in 80% of patients (median of 5.6 weeks to normalization). A total of 2.5% of patients withdrew from tocilizumab treatment following ALT/AST elevations. A total of 7 hepatic serious AEs (SAEs) (0.04 per 100 patient-years [95% confidence interval 0.02–0.09]) occurred in the tocilizumab studies. Conclusion: Transaminase elevations with tocilizumab were frequent, but rates of hepatic SAEs were low in this clinical trial data set. Regular monitoring, with dose adjustment of tocilizumab/DMARDs for persistent elevations, is recommended.


text:
Patient Workflow Management
The healthcare sector, like so many others, is fast migrating to digital workflows and there is a growing need to streamline processes so that more time and attention can be given to patients.
Ricoh's Patient Workflow Management is a self-service solution that allows healthcare organisations to automate patient registration and check-in processes. Instead of waiting in reception queues, patients can both register and check themselves in at a kiosk when they arrive at the hospital or practice.
This works to dramatically cut down on unnecessary waiting times and helps healthcare practitioners handle appointments more efficiently. At the press of a button, patients can check in for their appointments and doctors are instantly alerted that they have arrived and are waiting.
- Key features & benefits
Ricoh's Patient Workflow Management solution automates the patient registration and check-in process and allows for:
- An improved level of patient care as staff is freed from time-consuming administrative duties
- Reduced waiting time and frustration as patients know what to expect
- Efficient appointment handling using a more accurate identification process
- Greater data accuracy and fewer errors associated with manual data capture
- Improved security and confidentiality as personal information is input by patients themselves


CommandGroups can also execute commands in parallel, simply by adding them using AddParallel(...).
See Also
Command
Subsystem
Constructor & Destructor Documentation
CommandGroup::CommandGroup ( const std::string & name)
Creates a new CommandGroup with the given name.
Parameters
namethe name for this command group
Member Function Documentation
void CommandGroup::AddParallel ( Command command)
Adds a new child Command to the group.
The Command will be started after all the previously added Commands.
Instead of waiting for the child to finish, a CommandGroup will have it run at the same time as the subsequent Commands. The child will run until either it finishes, a new child with conflicting requirements is started, or the main sequence runs a Command with conflicting requirements. In the latter two cases, the child will be canceled even if it says it can't be interrupted.
Note that any requirements the given Command has will be added to the group. For this reason, a Command's requirements can not be changed after being added to a group.
It is recommended that this method be called in the constructor.
Parameters
commandThe command to be added
void CommandGroup::AddParallel ( Command command,
double timeout
)
Adds a new child Command to the group with the given timeout.
The Command will be started after all the previously added Commands.
Once the Command is started, it will run until it finishes, is interrupted, or the time expires, whichever is sooner. Note that the given Command will have no knowledge that it is on a timer.
Instead of waiting for the child to finish, a CommandGroup will have it run at the same time as the subsequent Commands. The child will run until either it finishes, the timeout expires, a new child with conflicting requirements is started, or the main sequence runs a Command with conflicting requirements. In the latter two cases, the child will be canceled even if it says it can't be interrupted.
Note that any requirements the given Command has will be added to the group. For this reason, a Command's requirements can not be changed after being added to a group.
It is recommended that this method be called in the constructor.
Parameters
commandThe command to be added
timeoutThe timeout (in seconds)
void CommandGroup::AddSequential ( Command command)
Adds a new Command to the group.
The Command will be started after all the previously added Commands.
Note that any requirements the given Command has will be added to the group. For this reason, a Command's requirements can not be changed after being added to a group.
It is recommended that this method be called in the constructor.
Parameters
commandThe Command to be added
void CommandGroup::AddSequential ( Command command,
double timeout
)
Adds a new Command to the group with a given timeout.
The Command will be started after all the previously added commands.
Once the Command is started, it will be run until it finishes or the time expires, whichever is sooner. Note that the given Command will have no knowledge that it is on a timer.
Note that any requirements the given Command has will be added to the group. For this reason, a Command's requirements can not be changed after being added to a group.
It is recommended that this method be called in the constructor.
Parameters
commandThe Command to be added
timeoutThe timeout (in seconds)
void CommandGroup::End ( )
protectedvirtual
Called when the command ended peacefully.
This is where you may want to wrap up loose ends, like shutting off a motor that was being used in the command.
Implements Command.
void CommandGroup::Interrupted ( )
protectedvirtual
Called when the command ends because somebody called cancel() or another command shared the same requirements as this one, and booted it out.
This is where you may want to wrap up loose ends, like shutting off a motor that was being used in the command.
Generally, it is useful to simply call the end() method within this method
Implements Command.
bool CommandGroup::IsFinished ( )
protectedvirtual
Returns whether this command is finished.
If it is, then the command will be removed and end() will be called.
It may be useful for a team to reference the isTimedOut() method for time-sensitive commands.
Returns
whether this command is finished.
See Also
Command::isTimedOut() isTimedOut()
Implements Command.
The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:


text:
Israel's biotechnology industry is relatively new and an offspring of its American counterpart. Its creation in the late 1960s resulted from the establishment in Israel of subsidiaries of foreign pharmaceutical companies. The first of these was a subsidiary formed by Miles Laboratories with the Weizmann Institute of Technology, called Miles-Yeda. This was followed by the Hebrew University-Weizmann Institute subsidiary, Ames-Yissum. Over time, these firms became wholly Israeli-owned entities. Gradually, foreign venture capitalists began to initiate other independent biotechnology entities in Israel. As of the early 1980s, Israeli venture capitalists had begun creating their own science-based entities.
Many economists call biotechnology a "natural" Israeli industry. Its primary input has been data from research and university laboratories. The only other major ingredient has been American capital to support research and development activity. The main areas of research in the mid-1980s included genetic engineering, human and animal diagnostics, agricultural biofertilization, and aquatic biotechnology.
|Country Studies main page | Israel Country Studies main page | Celebrity|


Continuous Question-Answer Pairs
Main Article Content
Yosef Goldenberg
The article offers a generalized study of continuous question-answer pairs in common-practice tonal music. These include continuous periods (with dominant-version consequent or other consequents with non-tonic beginnings), most but not all cases of the hybrid theme type compound basic theme + consequent, and many but not all statement-response pairs in sentential presentations. In question-answer pairs, the first ending is less stable than the second, but it need not be a cadence. Various aspects contribute to the evaluation of each specific case, including caesuras, motivic parallelism, symmetry, internal organization, unit length, independence of the hyper-unit, and melodic closure.
Article Details
Submission Type


text:
Website Clipboard Health
Job Title: Knowledge Operations Manager
Position Overview: We are seeking a skilled and proactive Knowledge Operations Manager to lead our document operations team and ensure the accuracy, clarity, and compliance of our knowledge base and processes. The successful candidate will play a vital role in maintaining high-quality documentation, improving team efficiency, and contributing to the success of our organization. This role requires a detail-oriented individual with exceptional organizational skills and the ability to collaborate effectively with cross-functional teams.
Knowledge Operations Manager Responsibilities: As the Knowledge Operations Manager for our documents team, you will be responsible for the following:
- Knowledge Base Management:
- Own and maintain our knowledge base system, ensuring all content is accurate, up-to-date, and easy to navigate.
- Collaborate with various teams to gather and update information, troubleshoot issues, and improve overall knowledge base usability.
- Proactively identify knowledge gaps and work to address them through clear and concise documentation.
- Quality Assurance and Compliance:
- Set and monitor performance metrics for document specialists and subject matter experts (SMEs).
- Oversee the rollout of new document requirements and ensure compliance with state regulations.
- Collaborate with Legal and Compliance teams to maintain a comprehensive understanding of legal obligations and risks, making informed decisions that align with our organization's goals.
- Process Improvement:
- Develop and implement effective processes for identifying new document requirements and proactively building rollout plans.
- Streamline document creation and update processes to ensure agents are equipped with accurate information for handling new requirements.
- Identify areas for improvement in team accuracy and efficiency and implement strategies to address them.
- Team Collaboration:
- Conduct weekly calls with facilities to understand requirement needs at both facility and state levels.
- Engage with facilities that have low fill rates to address challenges and improve performance.
- Foster collaboration with cross-functional teams to enhance the quality of documentation and align knowledge base updates with organizational goals.
- Continuing Education and Training:
- Revamp and manage the continuing education program for SMEs and specialists, ensuring all updated processes are effectively communicated and understood.
- Develop and administer knowledge check tests to identify gaps and opportunities for improvement in the knowledge base.
- Utilize assessment results to update knowledge base pages and enhance overall training materials.
- Bachelor's degree in a relevant field or equivalent work experience.
- Excellent attention to detail and the ability to create clear and concise documentation.
- Proven track record of improving team accuracy, efficiency, and performance.
- Strong analytical and problem-solving skills, with the ability to proactively identify and address issues.
- Effective communication and collaboration skills, including the ability to work with cross-functional teams.
- Familiarity with legal and compliance considerations related to document operations.
- Proficiency in using knowledge base software and tools.
- Prior experience in process improvement initiatives is a plus.
To apply for this job please visit boards.greenhouse.io.


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Neha Patil
Surf eel
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Kingdom Animalia
Class Actinopterygii
Family Ophichthidae
Rank Species
Phylum Chordata
Order Anguilliformes
Genus Ichthyapus
People also search for Western Atlantic finless eel
The Surf eel (Ichthyapus ophioneus, also known as the Finless snake eel in the United States) is an eel in the family Ophichthidae (worm/snake eels). It was described by Barton Warren Evermann and Millard Caleb Marsh in 1900, originally under the genus Sphagebranchus. It is a marine, tropical eel which is known from the western and eastern Atlantic Ocean, including Bermuda, the Bahamas, Florida, USA; Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, northern South America, and St. Helena Island. It dwells at a maximum depth of 35 metres (115 ft), most often between 5 to 15 metres (16 to 49 ft), and forms burrows in sand bottoms in surf areas, from which its common name is derived. Males can reach a maximum total length of 45 centimetres (18 in).
References
Surf eel Wikipedia
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text:
Easter lilies in black
Easter lilies in blue
Easter lilies in gold
Easter lilies in purple
Matthew 6:28 is the twenty-eight verse of the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. This verse continues the discussion of worry about material provisions.
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
And why take ye thought for raiment?
Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow;
they toil not, neither do they spin:
The World English Bible translates the passage as:
Why are you anxious about clothing?
Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow.
They don't toil, neither do they spin,
For a collection of other versions see BibRef Matthew 6:28
Two verses earlier at Matthew 6:26 Jesus told his followers not to worry about food, because even the lowly birds are provided for by God. In this verse Jesus presents the example of the lilies, who also do no labor. Spin in this verse is a reference to spinning thread, a labor intensive but necessary part of making clothing. Spinning was traditionally women's work, something made explicit in Luke's version of this verse. This then is one of the few pieces of evidence that Jesus' message is meant equally for women as for men.
Many varieties of flowers grow wildly and abundantly in Galilee. The translation of lilies is traditional, but far from certain. Modern scholars have proposed a number of different flowers that Jesus could be here referring to, according to Fowler these include the autumn crocus, scarlet poppy, Turk's cap lily, anemone coronaria, the narcissus, the gladiolus, and the iris. France notes that flowers were less specifically defined in that era, and lily could be a word referring to any showy variety. The verse could also just mean flowers in general, rather than a specific variety. "In the field" implies that these are the wildflowers growing in the fields, rather than the cultivated ones growing in gardens. Harrington notes that some have read this verse as originally referring to beasts rather than flowers.


text:
Cataraqui Conservation's Low Water Response Team has downgraded the low water condition from Level 1 (minor) to Normal for the region due to above normal precipitation in October.
"The regional precipitation average was 129% of normal for the month of October," explained Holly Evans, Cataraqui Conservation Watershed Planning Coordinator.
"Surface water levels in the region have risen and all monitored stream flows have recovered. Groundwater levels remain lower; however, it's normal for groundwater recovery to lag behind surface water and levels are expected to increase with continued precipitation."
Low water conditions are based upon precipitation and stream flow indicators and confirmation is determined by Cataraqui Conservation and the Cataraqui Region Low Water Response Team as part of the Ontario Low Water Response Program.
A Level 1 low water condition is the first of three levels and reflects a potential water supply problem if low precipitation and stream flow trends persist. Level 2 "moderate" suggests a potentially serious problem where a Level 3 "severe" condition indicates a failure of the water supply to meet demand.
Cataraqui Conservation will continue to monitor water levels and will provide updates as conditions change.


text:
In the Old Kingdom anklets were worn only by women, During the IVth, Vth and VIth Dynasties, anklets were usually made of beads threaded in several rows held together with spacer-bars. In the Middle Kingdom, it was worn by both men and women. A new design appeared consisting of a single or double string of amethyst beads from which hung a claw-pendant. During the XVIIIth Dynasty, anklets were very common and are shown as the normal wear for men and women as well as for the gods.
The narrow bangles of Predynastic Times continued to be worn in the Old Kingdom, but a new type of bracelet appeared consisting of rows of beads joined together by spacer-bars. Some bracelets can only have been made to be put in graves. The designs of the Old Kingdom continued in the Middle Kingdom but display four completely new features will exemplified in the finds from Dahshur and El-Lahun. There is a new type of gold spacer-bar, a new inlaid clasp and new amulets in the form of lions used exclusively for bracelets.
The broad bead collar is one of the most characteristic ornaments worn by the ancient Egyptians, both men and women. Collars were a necessary part of the funeral equipment since they had protective powers as amulets
The usekh-collar first appears in the IVth Dynasty and it continues unchanged until the end of the Middle Kingdom and, with some variations. A narrower type of collar was also in use. The large collar of Middle Kingdom made of ankh-,djed-, and was-signs with falcon-head terminals, the broad collar usekh, continued to be the main type of collar worn by men and women.
The diadem, which have survived from the Old Kingdom, are purely funerary. Two types have been found: a simple band of metal with a stylized papyrus knot or a bow at the back, and an elaborate diadem decorated with akh-birds between papyrus-heads. The third type of diadem is much the most elaborate and was worn only by princesses and the wives of high officials. It consisted of the usual circlet with papyrus-knot and streamers at the back, but with more flowers added round the band.
Middle Kingdom headdresses are much more varied than those of the Old Kingdom. The diadems so far found show that a tree or plumes could be attached to the back. But there are illustrations of this period which show a single lotus flower in this position.
The earliest New Kingdom diadem to be discovered belonged to king Nubkheperre Antef and is so fragile that it must have been made especially for the burial.
Although Vernier says that there were no earrings before the XVIIIth Dynasty, he records in his catalogue one of the XIth Dynasty and one of the XIIth Dynasty. Since earrings don't appear in the painted Coffin-friezes of the Middle Kingdom it may safely be inferred that they weren't part of the royal equipment during the Old Kingdom. Nor are earrings shown in the Old Kingdom sculpture apart from one notable example. It is a statue of a man of the Vth Dynasty. The earliest representation of earrings being worn by Egyptian occur in two Theban tombs in the XVIIIth Dynasty.
Some simple hoops of gold and copper have been found at Matmar, on the fingers of skeletons in graves which date from the Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period. In the Middle Kingdom (The XIIth Dynasty), the rings with scarabs as a bezel appeared and some of them are uninscribed. The rings with a rectangular plaque bezel on a swivel came into fashion during the New Kingdom. Also the signet-rings were among the jewels given as rewards by the kings. The famous rings which belong to Tutankhamun, most of them were found on the royal mummy. The shape of finger-rings changed to a very distinctive form during the XXVIth Dynasty.
The rings are cast from gold or silver and the bezel is thick and raised high above the shank. One of the most famous of these rings belonged to a priest of Isis and Cheops, Neferibre.
In the Old Kingdom, there are two kinds: an apron of beads attached to the bottom of an usekh-collar and a similar trapeze-shaped apron. In the Middle Kingdom, there are no certain representations of men wearing pectorals. Although men had worn them in the Old Kingdom and the shape during the Middle Kingdom a small trapeze form, sometimes enclosed in a frame in the form of a shrine.
In the New Kingdom, the inlaid pectorals were found only in the treasures of Queen Ahhotep and king Tutankhamun, although they are on wall-paintings and coffins through out the XVIIIth Dynasty. No pectorals have been found dating from the Late Period but they were on statues.
Language: Aspects of writing | Linguistic Features | Hieroglyphs etc.Gods
Gods: Isis | Ra | Set | Osiris | Qebhsennef | Maat
Pyramids: Building stones | Egypt Land of the pyramids | Canstruction of Pyramids | Huni's Pyramid | Zoser's step Pyramid | Sneferu's Pyramid | The solar Boat | The grest pyeamid of cheops | Chephren's pyramid | Senusert I's pyramid | Sphinx
Paint: Introduction | Subjects of paint scenes
sports: Introduction | Chariots-training horses | Running | Combating sports | Aquatic sports | Competition | Games and toys | Acrobtics
jewellery: Introduction | Gold | Silver | The precious & semi-precious Stones | The substitutes of precious stones | Same kinds of jewellery | Discoveries of jewellery
Sculpture: Introduction | Old kingdom statues | Middle kingdom statues | New kingdom statues


Livestreaming Mixed Reality with LIV (Dr Doom & Ruu, Cofounder & CTO) - 093
The CEO and CTO of LIV, Dr. Doom and Ruu join us to talk about the past, present, and future of green screen Mixed Reality and livestreaming VR games.
Topics discussed:
- Origins of green screen Mixed Reality - how did it start?
- How is Mixed Reality being today and by whom?
- Discord and the importance of building a community for a product
- GameChanger API : Adding audience interactivity into a streamer's game
- Vtubers and avatar copyright laws
- The state of VR streaming on Twitch


text:
In my previous post HERE I talked about breast engorgement and the various ways of relieving it such as expressing and use of cold cabbage leaves. This post is a continuation to that post and I decided to talk about how to use cabbage leaves to relieve engorgement. Cabbage basically is a common vegetable and it is easily accessible. Cabbage leaves can be used to help relieve swelling and relieve the pain and discomfort that comes with breast engorgement. There is really no known property within the cabbage itself that has shown to help relieve the swelling and pain or if the swelling goes down because the cabbage leaves are acting as a cold
compress. However, it has been shown to be highly effective in helping to reduce swelling and pain associated with engorgement.
HOW TO USE CABBAGE LEAVES FOR BREAST ENGORGEMENT
- In order to achieve your desired effect you need to ensure that the cabbage leaves are cold, so you place the cabbage in the refrigerator. The green cabbage is more peculiar to Nigeria so use the green cabbage, also the green cabbage is less likely to stain or cause discoloration to the nursing bra or breastfeeding clothing.
- Once the cabbage is chilled remove from the refrigerator, peel off the outer layer of leaves and throw away, I would personally advice to peel till you get to a very clean and fresh layer of cabbage like two to three layers of peeling would do(I peeled like three layers off). Then peel off two of the inner leaves to be used and place the remaining cabbage in the refrigerator to be ready for next use if you need it.
- Rinse the cabbage leaves you just removed with cold clean water to remove the dirt and residue and sometimes insect from the leaves.
- When cutting the leaves from the stem be careful so you can cut it off nicely, this would ensure the cabbage leaves fit nicely over your breast.
- Wrap the cabbage leaves around the breast and hold in place with a nursing bra.
- Leave the cabbage leaves for about 20 minutes or till when the cabbage leaves get warm.
- Repeat as necessary till you are relieved or swelling goes down.
WHEN TO STOP USING CABBAGE LEAVES IF YOU ARE STILL BREASTFEEDING OR PUMPING.
Apart from the soothing and relieving effects of cabbage leaves it also can reduce your breast milk supply. So if you are still breastfeeding and just want to relieve the pain and swelling stop the use of the cabbage leaves once you get relieved and the swelling has reduced, the cabbage leaves would decrease your milk supply greater than you expect.
Try this and share your experience with me.
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Construction Zones
When approaching or entering a highway construction or maintenance area (also known as work zones), Illinois law requires motorists:
 - Slow down
Discontinue wireless/cellphone use (unless using a hands-free device that may include the use of a single-sided headset), yield to any authorized vehicles or workers in the area,
Change to a lane away from the workers when possible and proceed with caution.
Motorists must obey the posted construction zone speed


Thirteen Campbell Scientific weather stations collected data in the Grand Canyon area in early 1990 as part of a visibility research study. The weather stations measured temperature, RH, and wind speed and direction. Some of the stations also measured solar radiation and precipitation. Data was collected and transferred to the main computer using storage modules. During the course of the study, the weather stations were subject to weather extremes including freezing temperatures, gale-force winds, snow, and ice. All data from the weather stations were successfully collected with the exception of two of the wind sensors, which failed due to lightning strikes.
Zusammenfassung Projekt
Anwendung
Monitoring air quality in national parks
Standort
Arizona, USA
Autoren
Don Schukraft, Weather Network, Inc.
Beteiligte Organisationen
National Park Service
Gemessene Parameter
Air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, precipitation
Links
Western Weather Group (integrator that installed the system)


How Many Beers Are In a Keg
 Food & Drink / How Many Beers Are In a Keg
How Many Beers Are In a Keg
The cost of beer in kegs1 is much lower than in cans or bottles. This is why you can save a lot of money if you buy a keg of beer for your party or picnic. Everybody can guess that it contains a great deal of beer, but do you know how much exactly? The answer to this question can vary, depending of the place you live in. First, let's talk about kegs a bit in order to be sure that everyone has the idea how they look like.
As a rule, kegs are made of aluminum, stainless steel or wood. They are commonly used to store, transport and even serve different types of beverages and alcoholic drinks, carbonated or non-carbonated, like beer. Kegs are usually pressurized in order to preserve the taste and quality of the products.
Kegs may come in various sizes, and there are no any standards. The table below will help you to find out how many beers can be in different types of kegs.
Volume, US gallons
Volume, liters
Half Barrel (Full Keg)
Half Barrel (European)
Mini Keg (Bubba)
Corny Keg (Soda syrup)
Sixth Barrel (Torpedo)
Quarter Barrel (Pony Keg)
Wall (99 Beer Bottles)
Import Keg (European Barrel)
The US beer barrel is officially defined as a volume unit which is equal to 31 gallons. This is why a full keg is named a half barrel, though it has 15.5 gallons. Most brewers use this kind of kegs, so we can make some calculations and answer how many beers are in a keg.
One full keg contains:
But do not forget that we are talking about the American half barrel keg. Standard European kegs are somewhat smaller. For instance, an import keg contains fifty liters, which equals to 13.2 US gallons. The tiniest keg is called "Bubba", or mini keg. It is manufactured for retail sales and contains only 5 liters. Some kegs are recyclable.
A full half barrel keg weighs almost 73 kilograms (more than 160 pounds); though an empty one has only 13.5 kilograms (less than 30 pounds). The keg's typical height is 23.3 inches.
How Many Beers Are In a Keg
 1. A keg is a barrel of a small size, used to store liquids, like beer or some other drinks. They are made of aluminum or stainless steel. Wooden kegs are used to keep gunpowder, nails and other stuff. A typical American half barrel keg contains 15.5 US gallons.
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text:
* The "absolute nuclear" family type is both liberal and unequal. Children are totally emancipated, forming independent families of their own. The inheritance usually goes to one child, often a son.
* The "egalitarian nuclear" family type is both liberal and equal. Children are as emancipated and independent as in the previous type, but equal division of the inheritance encourages stronger parent-children relations before the passing of the parents.
* The "stem" family type is both authoritarian and unequal. Several generations live under one roof, with one child marrying to continue the line. The other children remain unmarried at home, or leave to get married.
* The "incomplete stem" family is as above, but with slightly more equal inheritance rules — an intermediate with the last family type.
* The "communitarian" family is both authoritarian and equal. All sons can marry and bring their wives into the ancestral home. The family inheritance is divided equitably among all children.
Is there a connection between family-inheritance type and fertility in today's Europe? Have a look:
[Map from Eurostat]
How does "family type" affect fertility?
I have a hard time seeing seeing any strong correlation. More precise data would help. Certainly other factors seem more important, political, cultural, economic. German fertility is low across the board, across two family-type zones. Nevertheless, other 'Stem Family' regions have more robust fertility. Germans are clearly still very nationally — perhaps better-to-say 'civilizationally' — pessimistic, a legacy of defeat decades ago and demonization ever since.
A more suitable question would be, "all else equal, how does 'family-type' affect fertility?" Inheritance is a major part of this 'family-type' concept, and the question of inheritance and fertility was first brought to my attention by the commenter Rollory in a post about France's low-fertility 1800s.
A casual analysis: Looking at Netherlands alone (all are part of Dutch culture), it seems Absolute Nuclear regions out-breed Stem Family regions. The highest-fertility department in France seems to be mostly Absolute Nuclear. The highest-fertility region of Scotland is Absolute Nuclear.
Why would "Absolute Nuclear" produce highest fertility?


text:
Crime and Inequality
By Chris Grover
Published December 14th 2010 by Willan – 288 pages
This book examines key relationships between material circumstances and crime, and analyzes the areas of social policy – in particular social security and labour market policy – that are most important in terms of dealing with inequality at the lower end of the income hierarchy. It seeks to explain why inequality is linked to offending behaviour and the evidence underpinning explanations for this, and looks in detail at the relationship between offending and anti-social behaviour and its management through social policy interventions.
Crime and Inequality draws upon both criminological and social policy approaches to understand this vital relationship, moving beyond criminological approaches which often fail to analyse the way the state attempts to manage poor material circumstance, offending and anti-social behaviour through social policy.
The main aims of the book are threefold: to draw upon the disciplines of both criminology and social policy to understand the relationship between crime and inequality; to provide an in-depth analysis of those aspects of social policy that have a bearing on the context, management and punishment of offending behaviour; to examine government crime and anti-social behaviour policies in the context of social security and labour market policies, and to identify the tensions that have resulted from attempts to address social justice issues while also making individuals responsible for their actions.
1. Introduction. Crime, Inequality and Social Policy. Criminalising Social Policy?. Inequality, Poverty and Social Exclusion 2. Crime and Inequality. Introduction. Inequalities in Contemporary Society. Young People: Particularly Disadvantaged. Crime and Inequality. Conclusion 3. Young Men. Introduction. The Problem for Young Men. The Problem with Young Men. Men, Crime and Unemployment in Policy. Not in Education, Employment and Training (NEET). Tackling the Unemployment of Young Men. Conclusion 4. Parenting and Anti-social Behaviour. Introduction. Families, Anti-social Behaviour and the 'Parenting Deficit'. Parenting and Anti-social Behaviour. Parenting, Anti-social Behaviour and Criminal Justice Policy. Parenting, Anti-social Behaviour and Social Policy. Parenting, Material Context and Gender. Parenting, Anti-social Behaviour and State Welfare. Conclusion 5. Women, Crime and Inequality. Introduction. Women and Inequality. Women, Crime and Poverty. Breeding delinquents? Lone Mothers and Role Models. Getting Lone Mothers into Paid Work. Lone Mothers and Paid Work: Rationalities and Consistencies. Lone Mothers and Policy: Reproducing the Material Context of Offending. Conclusion. 6. Crime, Inequality and Ethnicity.Introduction. Inequality and Ethnicity. Connecting Inequality, Crime and Ethnicity. Uprising, Culture and Material Conditions. Conclusion. 7. Street Homelessness and Crime.Introduction. Street Homelessness and Crime. Rough Sleepers as Victims of the Crimes of the 'Respectable'. Vindictiveness, Relative Deprivation and the Undeserving Poor. Tackling Rough Sleeping. Conclusion. 8. Financial Penalties: Punishing Poor People.Introduction. Sentencing and Economic Inequalities. Financial Penalties and Inequality. Relating Fines to Income. Fines and Social Security Benefits. Community Punishments and Social Security Benefits. Conclusion. 9. Conclusion.The Boundaries of Academic Disciplines. Inconsistencies and Tensions. The Importance of Paid Work. Crime, Social Policy and 'Free' Market Capitalism. Social Divisions, Crime and Inequality. Crime, Inequality and Social Policy into the Future
Chris Grover is Senior Lecturer in Social Policy at Lancaster University.


text:
Science and Technology Studies is a working group established by the IFZ researchers Anita Thaler, Magdalena Wicher, Thomas Berger and colleagues from various disciplines and organisations, Julian Anslinger, Birgit Hofstätter, Jenny Schlager (former Käfer), Susanne Kink, Lisa Scheer and Daniela Zanini-Freitag.
The working group is interested in queer perspectives in and on science and technology studies which challenge heteronormative and hegemonic points of view in these fields of research.
In our discussions and research we consider different angles, for instance:
- If a 'queer' point of view stands for opposing the hegemonic views – how useful, then, is the concept of 'queerness' for science and technology studies?
- How do hegemonic views become established? What structural role does heteronormativity play in STS?
- Who are 'the others' in discourses about 'average users' of technology?
- How much deviation from the norm is implied or tolerated when standard procedures in science and technology are defined?
- What are methodological consequences when critique on heteronormativity in research is taken into account?
- How does a queer perspective influence the role of the researcher?


text:
Cotton Manufacturing Now Possible with Far Less Water & Dye
To meet growing environmental and regulatory challenges, U.S. textile manufacturer AKAS Tex is implementing new cotton dyeing technology. Incorporating five new iMaster H2O dyeing machines into their operation, AKAS can now manufacture cotton using substantially less water and dye.
Reducing the Use of Water in the Cotton Lifecycle
Designed by German dyeing and finishing machinery specialist Thies GmbH & Co. KG, the new iMaster H2O dyeing machines used by AKAS will significantly minimize the environmental impact of the cotton dyeing process, which using traditional methods typically requires a large volume of water. The iMaster H2O accomplishes this by dramatically reducing water and dye used in the cotton dyeing process, and likewise, the need for wastewater treatment. This new method ensures a more environmentally friendly finished product.
Safeguarding the Sustainability of Cotton
About half the textiles worldwide are made of cotton, which has a reputation for its significant water use. With the implementation of the iMaster H2O machines, water and dye use can be significantly reduced, supporting a more earth-friendly product. Water savings of 40% and liquor ratios as low as 1:3.7 have been reported for cottons dyed with new iMaster H2O tech, allowing for easier compliance with strict environmental protection regulations from the local to international levels.
Engineered for Maximum Flexibility
The iMaster H2O is compatible with a wide range of fabric weights and allows for economical and timely dyeing in both large and small batches. Outfitted with advanced automation including a 'rinse tronic' automated rinsing cycle with automated filtering, the iMaster H2O streamlines and enhances productivity.
To learn more about this exciting new tech and how it could help your business shrink its environmental footprint, contact:
1360 Adams Road
Bensalem, Pennsylvania 19020


no way to validate it. For some applications that require little or no
security, session ID validation may not be needed, but if your application requires security, validation is mandatory. Otherwise, an old session
could be restored by a user modifying their cookies.
When session data is available in a database, every time a valid session is found in the user's cookie, a database
query is performed to match it. If the session ID does not match, the session is destroyed. Session IDs can never
be updated, they can only be generated when a new session is created.
In order to store sessions, you must first create a database table for this purpose. Here is the basic
prototype (for MySQL) required by the session class:
Note: By default the table is called ci_sessions, but you can name it anything you want
as long as you update the application/config/config.php file so that it contains the name you have chosen.
Once you have created your database table you can enable the database option in your config.php file as follows:
$config['sess_use_database'] = TRUE;
Once enabled, the Session class will store session data in the DB.
Make sure you've specified the table name in your config file as well:
$config['sess_table_name'] = 'ci_sessions';
Note: The Session class has built-in garbage collection which clears out expired sessions so you
do not need to write your own routine to do it.
Destroying a Session
To clear the current session:
$this->session->sess_destroy();
Note: This function should be the last one called, and even flash variables will no longer be available. If you only want some items destroyed and not all, use unset_userdata().
Session Preferences
You'll find the following Session related preferences in your application/config/config.php file:
Preference Default Options Description
sess_cookie_name ci_session None The name you want the session cookie saved as.
sess_expiration 7200 None The number of seconds you would like the session to last. The default value is 2 hours (7200 seconds). If you would like a non-expiring session set the value to zero: 0
sess_expire_on_close FALSE TRUE/FALSE (boolean) Whether to cause the session to expire automatically when the browser window is closed.
sess_encrypt_cookie FALSE TRUE/FALSE (boolean) Whether to encrypt the session data.
sess_use_database FALSE TRUE/FALSE (boolean) Whether to save the session data to a database. You must create the table before enabling this option.
sess_table_name ci_sessions Any valid SQL table name The name of the session database table.
sess_time_to_update 300 Time in seconds This options controls how often the session class will regenerate itself and create a new session id.
sess_match_ip FALSE TRUE/FALSE (boolean) Whether to match the user's IP address when reading the session data. Note that some ISPs dynamically
changes the IP, so if you want a non-expiring session you will likely set this to FALSE.
sess_match_useragent TRUE TRUE/FALSE (boolean) Whether to match the User Agent when reading the session data.
select query in codeigniter
$this- > db- > select('id, name');
$this- > db- > from('persons');
$this- > db- > where('id > =', 3);
$Q = $this- > db- > get();
//query becomes:
//select id, name from persons where id > = 3

or

$this- > db- > select('id, name');
$this- > db- > from('persons');
$this- > db- > where("name='Tom' and id > 3");
$Q = $this- > db- > get();


text:
A multi-purpose maritime facility that will provide the necessary logistics infrastructure for Abu Dhabi's growing industrial and commercial sections has been constructed approximately 4.6 kilometres off the shores of Taweelah.
Halcrow was retained by Abu Dhabi Ports Company (ADP) to provide the planning, environmental, and management services for the port facilities of the proposed development of the Khalifa Port and Industrial Zone at Al Taweelah, Abu Dhabi. The new port is designed to accommodate the current and future marine traffic served by the principal port of Abu Dhabi, Mina Zayed, which is to be closed, and to create a gateway for the import and export of raw materials and finished products from the industrial zone.
The port is on an artificial island complex 4 km offshore. Developed in five stages, by 2030 the port will have 7.4 km of quay for 22 container berths, 12.6 km of quay for 63 general cargo and RO-RO berths, and 2.4 km of quay for six dry bulk berths. This will accommodate annually 12 million TEU of containerized cargo, 16 million tonnes of general and RO-RO cargo, and 25 million tonnes of dry bulk.
The project will create 1,200 ha of reclaimed land using the material dredged from the access channel and port basins. It will be linked to shore by a causeway formed as a solid bund for most of its length, with a 1 km opening spanned by a bridge to allow water to circulate. The exposed faces of the port island and causeway will be protected using rock or concrete armor units. The quay walls will be constructed from solid concrete blocks keyed together. Pavements, cargo handling equipment, roads, buildings, and utility supplies will be installed on the island to create the marine terminals.
Halcrow conducted a pre-master plan study to determine the feasibility of a new port and industrial zone at Al Taweelah. This included a Met Ocean data collection campaign that had as its objective establishment of the baseline conditions to permit the calibration and verification of a number of hydrodynamic wave transformation, sediment transport, and water quality numerical models developed by Halcrow to assess the impact of the proposed development on the marine environment and adjacent marine infrastructure.
Subsequent to this, Halcrow carried out four separate, but highly interdependent assignments: port master plan, marine infrastructure impact assessment (MIIA), environmental impact assessment (EIA), and site investigations. In addition, it provided the project management necessary to ensure these assignments were fully coordinated.
The port will reside on an artificial island, 4 km offshore. Developed in five stages, by 2030 it will offer container, general cargo, roll-on-roll-off, and dry bulk berths. The island will be created using material dredged from the access channel and port basins. It will be linked to shore by a causeway with a 1 km opening spanned by a bridge to allow water to circulate. A 9 km-long breakwater protects the environmentally sensitive area from the effects of construction and port operations.
The economy of the emirate of Abu Dhabi is almost totally dependent on the petroleum sector. A major objective of the government is to diversify the economy and create additional sectors that can be self-sustaining and assure the prosperity of Abu Dhabi into the future. To achieve this, a new industrial zone is being created in which major industries, and supporting commercial, logistics, and services industries, can flourish. These industries will create employment opportunities and, in turn, create the need for a new town to provide housing, schools, and the myriad services these workers and their families will require. A key element in this vision is Khalifa Port.
The new port is located at a relatively undeveloped location on the coast of Abu Dhabi, adjacent to an existing power and desalination plant to the west and a marine nature preserve to the east. The hydrodynamic modelling established that the effect of the port could be substantially reduced by locating the port island further offshore, providing a 1 km-long bridge in the port access causeway to increase long-shore current flow, and a 9 km-long breakwater to protect the environmentally sensitive area from the effects of construction and port operations. These features, which increased the cost of the port by hundreds of millions of dollars, were approved by the Abu Dhabi government to ensure the marine environment is properly protected in accordance with its policy.
The new port permits the existing port, located within the capital city, to be closed and developed for tourism, recreation and residential development, improving the quality of life for the citizens of Abu Dhabi and helping to further diversify the regional economy.


matrices etc.
Definition: IpTypes.hpp:19
virtual bool get_constraints_linearity(Index m, LinearityType *const_types)
overload this method to return the constraint linearity.
Number Number * x_scaling
Index * index_g_skip_
Array of indices of the constraints that are to be skipped.
Number Number Index Number Number Index Index nele_hess
Number of non-zero elements in Hessian of Lagrangian.
virtual bool get_scaling_parameters(Number &obj_scaling, bool &use_x_scaling, Index n, Number *x_scaling, bool &use_g_scaling, Index m, Number *g_scaling)
overload this method to return scaling parameters.
virtual void finalize_solution(SolverReturn status, Index n, const Number *x, const Number *z_L, const Number *z_U, Index m, const Number *g, const Number *lambda, Number obj_value, const IpoptData *ip_data, IpoptCalculatedQuantities *ip_cq)
This method is called when the algorithm is complete so the TNLP can store/write the solution...
void operator=(const TNLPReducer &)
Overloaded Equals Operator.
Index n_x_fix_
Number of variables that are to be fixed to initial value.
Number Number Number * g_scaling
IndexStyleEnum
overload this method to return the number of variables and constraints, and the number of non-zeros i...
Definition: IpTNLP.hpp:80
virtual ~TNLPReducer()
Default destructor.
Base class for all NLP's that use standard triplet matrix form and dense vectors. ...
Definition: IpTNLP.hpp:50
This is a wrapper around a given TNLP class that takes out a list of constraints that are given to th...
virtual bool intermediate_callback(AlgorithmMode mode, Index iter, Number obj_value, Number inf_pr, Number inf_du, Number mu, Number d_norm, Number regularization_size, Number alpha_du, Number alpha_pr, Index ls_trials, const IpoptData *ip_data, IpoptCalculatedQuantities *ip_cq)
Intermediate Callback method for the user.
virtual bool get_nlp_info(Index &n, Index &m, Index &nnz_jac_g, Index &nnz_h_lag, IndexStyleEnum &index_style)
virtual bool get_variables_linearity(Index n, LinearityType *var_types)
overload this method to return the variables linearity (TNLP::LINEAR or TNLP::NON_LINEAR).
Index nnz_jac_g_reduced_
Number of Jacobian nonzeros in the reduced NLP.
Number obj_scaling
TNLPReducer()
Default Constructor.
virtual bool eval_f(Index n, const Number *x, bool new_x, Number &obj_value)
overload this method to return the value of the objective function


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $\alpha = \frac{1+\sqrt{-19}}{2}$. Let $A = \mathbb Z[\alpha]$. Let's assume that we know that its invertibles are $\{1,-1\}$. During an exercise we proved that:
Lemma: If $(D,g)$ is an Euclidean Domain such that its invertibles are $\{1,-1\}$, and $x$ is an element of minimal degree among the elements that are not invertible, then $D/(x)$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb Z/2\mathbb Z$ or $\mathbb Z/3\mathbb Z$.
Now the exercise asks:
Prove that $A$ is not an Euclidean Domain.
Everything hints to an argument by contradiction: were $(A, d)$ be an ED and $x$ an element of minimal degree among the non invertibles we'd like to show that $A/(x)$ is not isomorphic to $\mathbb Z/2\mathbb Z$ or $\mathbb Z/3\mathbb Z$.
How do we do that? My problem is that, since I don't know what this degree function looks like, I don't know how to choose this $x$!
I know that the elements of $A/(x)$ are of the form $a+(x)$, with $a$ of degree less than $x$ or zero. By minimality of $x$ this means that $a\in \{0, 1, -1\}$. Now I'm lost: how do we derive a contradiction from this?
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3 Answers 3
up vote 7 down vote accepted
What a coincidence, this was a recent homework problem for me as well. Here's an additional hint: Show that $X^2 + X + 5$ does not split over $\mathbb{F}_2$ or $\mathbb{F}_3$. Deduce a contradiction to the minimality of the degree of $x$.
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$X^2-X+5$ doesn't split in $\mathbb F_{2}[X]$ or $\mathbb F_{3}[X]$ because it has no roots in those fields. But it does split in $A[X]$, thus in $A/(x)[X]$. Contradiction! I hope :) – Jacopo Notarstefano Feb 26 '11 at 15:56
_USER_: Yes, something like that. Essentially what happens is that you are forced to conclude that $A/(x)$ is the trivial ring, so $x$ must be a unit, but we already excluded all the units. – Zhen Lin Feb 26 '11 at 16:19
Perhaps you will find enlightening the following sketched proof that $\rm\: \mathbb Z[w],\ w = (1 + \sqrt{-19})/2\ $ is a non-Euclidean PID -- based on a sketch by the eminent number-theorist Hendrik W. Lenstra.
Note that the the proof in Dummit & Foote, uses the Dedekind-Hasse criterion to prove it is a PID, and the universal side divisor criterion to prove it is not Euclidean, is probably the simplest known. The so-called universal side divisor criterion is essentially a special case of research of Lenstra, Motzkin, Samuel, Williams et al. that applies in much wider generality to Euclidean domains. You can obtain a deeper understanding of Euclidean domains from the excellent surveys by Lenstra in Mathematical Intelligencer 1979/1980 (Euclidean Number Fields 1,2,3) and Lemmermeyer's superb survey The Euclidean algorithm in algebraic number fields. Below is said sketched proof of Lenstra, excerpted from George Bergman's web page.
Let $\rm\:w\:$ denote the complex number $\rm\ (1 + \sqrt{-19}/2\:,\:$ and $\rm\:R\:$ the ring $\rm\: Z[w]\:.$ We shall show that $\rm\:R\:$ is a principal ideal domain, but not a Euclidean ring. This is Exercise III.3.8 of Hungerford's Algebra (2nd edition), but no hints are given there; the proof outlined here was sketched for me (Bergman) by H. W. Lenstra, Jr.
$(1)\ $ Verify that $\rm\ w^2\! - w + 5 = 0,\:$ that $\rm\ R = \{m + n\ a\ :\ m, n \in \mathbb Z\} = \{m + n\ \bar a\ :\ m, n \in \mathbb Z\},\:$ where the bar denotes complex conjugation, and that the map $\rm\ x \to |x|^2 = x \bar x\ $ is nonnegative integer-valued and respects multiplication.
$(2)\ $ Deduce that $\rm\ |x|^2 = 1\ $ for all units of $\rm\:R\:,\:$ and using a lower bound on the absolute value of the imaginary part of any noneal member of $\rm\:R\:,\:$ conclude that the only units of $\rm\:R\:$ are $\pm 1\:.$
$(3)\ $ Assuming $\rm\:R\:$ has a Euclidean function $\rm\:h,\:$ let $\rm\:x\ne 0\:$ be a nonunit of $\rm\,R\,$ minimizing $\rm\: h(x).\:$ Show that $\rm\:R/xR\:$ consists of the images in this ring of $\:0\:$ and the units of $\rm\:R\:,\:$ hence has cardinality at most $3$. What nonzero rings are there of such cardinalities? Show $\rm\ w^2 - w + 5 = 0 \ $ has no solution in any of these rings, and deduce a contradiction, showing that R is not Euclidean.
We shall now show that $\rm\:R\:$ is a principal ideal domain. To do this, let $\rm\:I\:$ be any nonzero ideal of $\rm\:R\:,\:$ and $\rm\:x\:$ a nonzero element of $\rm\:I\:$ of least absolute value, i.e., minimizing the integer $\rm\ x \bar x\:.\:$ We shall prove $\rm\ I = x\:R\:.\:$ (Thus, we are using the function $\rm\ x \to x \bar x\ $ as a substitute for a Euclidean function, even though it doesn't enjoy all such properties.)
For convenience, let us "normalize" our problem by taking $\rm\ J = x^{-1}\ I\:.\:$ Thus, $\rm\:J\:$ is an $\rm\:R$-submodule of $\:\mathbb C\:,\:$ containing $\rm\:R\:$ and having no nonzero element of absolute value $< 1\:.\:$ We shall show from these properties that $\rm\: J - R = \emptyset\:,\:$ i.e., that $\rm\ J = R\:.$
$(4)\ $ Show that any element of $\rm\:J\:$ that has distance less than $1$ from some element of $\rm\:R\:$ must belong to $\rm\:R\:.\:$ Deduce that in any element of $\rm\ J - R\:,\:$ the imaginary part must differ from any integral multiple of $\:\sqrt{19}/2\:$ by at least $\:\sqrt{3}/2\:.\:$ (Suggestion: draw a picture showing the set of complex numbers which the preceding observation excludes. However, unless you are told the contrary, this picture does not replace a proof; it is merely to help you find a proof.)
$(5)\ $ Deduce that if $\rm\: J - R\:$ is nonempty, it must contain an element $\rm\:y\:$ with imaginary part in the range $\rm\ [\sqrt{3}/2,\ \sqrt{19}/2 - \sqrt{3}/2]\:,\:$ and real part in the range $\rm\: (-1/2,\ 1/2]\:.$
$(6)\ $ Show that for such a $\rm\: y\:,\:$ the element $\rm\: 2\:y\:$ will have imaginary part too close to $\:\sqrt{19}/2\:$ to lie in $\rm\: J - R\:.\:$ Deduce that $\rm\ y = w/2\ $ or $\rm- \bar w/2\:,\:$ and hence that $\rm\ w\ \bar w/2\ \in J\:.$
$(7)\ $ Compute $\rm\: w\ \bar w/2\:,\:$ and obtain a contradiction. Conclude that $\rm\:R\:$ is a principal ideal domain.
$(8)\ $ What goes wrong with these arguments if we replace $19$ throughout by $17$? By $23$?
share|improve this answer
You don't need to know what the degree function looks like to choose $x$: you already chose it when you said "$x$ an element of minimal degree." (By the well-ordering principle, the set of degrees of nonzero, non-unital elements has a least element.)
share|improve this answer
I guess I should have phrased my question better. I do understand that this $x$, given a degree function, exists. I'll try to edit my question to


text:
grave.
Folding the flag
Flags, when not in use, should be folded into a triangle shape. The final triangle shape result is said to invoke the image of the three-point hats popular during the American Revolutionary War. Former American territories, e.g. the Philippines, also use this method to fold their flags.
- To properly fold the flag, begin by holding it waist-high with another person so that its surface is parallel to the ground.
- Fold the lower half of the stripe section lengthwise over the field of stars, holding the bottom and top edges securely.
- Fold the flag again lengthwise with the blue field on the outside.
- Make a triangular fold by bringing the striped corner of the folded edge to meet the open top edge of the flag.
- Turn the outer end point inward, parallel to the open edge, to form a second triangle.
- The triangular folding is continued until the entire length of the flag is folded in this manner.
- When the flag is completely folded, only a triangular blue field of stars should be visible.
Places where the American flag is displayed continuously
According to Presidential proclamation and in some cases, U.S. law, the American flag is displayed continuously at the following locations:
- Mount Slover limestone quarry, in Colton, California (Act of Congress). First raised July 4, 1917.
- Fort McHenry National Monument and Historic Shrine, Baltimore, Maryland (Presidential Proclamation No. 2795, July 2, 1948).
- Flag House Square, Albemarle and Pratt Streets, Baltimore, Maryland (Public Law 83-319, approved March 26, 1954).
- United States Marine Corps Memorial (Iwo Jima), Arlington, Virginia (Presidential Proclamation No. 3418, June 12, 1961).
- Lexington, Massachusetts Town Green (Public Law 89-335, approved November 8, 1965).
- The White House, Washington, DC (Presidential Proclamation No.4000, September 4, 1970).
- Fifty U.S. Flags are displayed continuously at the Washington Monument, Washington, DC. (Presidential Proclamation No. 4064, July 6, 1971, effective July 4, 1971).
- United States Customs Service Ports of Entry that are continuously open (Presidential Proclamation No.4131, May 5, 1972).
- Grounds of the National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge State Park, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania (Public Law 94-53, approved July 4, 1975).
- In addition, the American flag is presumed to be in continual display on the surface of the Earth's Moon, having been placed there by the astronauts of Apollo 11. It is assumed however that the flag was knocked down by the force of Apollo 11's return to lunar orbit.
The flag has gone through 26 changes since the new union of 13 states first adopted it. The 48-star version holds the record, 47 years, for the longest time the flag has gone unchanged. The current 50-star version will tie the record if it is still in use on July 4, 2007.
At the time of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4th, 1776, the most commonly flown flag was the Grand Union Flag. This flag was initially flown by George Washington and is recorded as being first raised by Washington's troops at Prospect Hill on New Year's Day in 1776. This flag formed the basis of the Stars and Stripes, consisting of 13 red and white stripes with the British Union Jack in the canton.
On June 14, 1777, the Second Continental Congress passed the Flag Resolution which stated: "Resolved, That the flag of the United States be made of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new Constellation." Describing the new flag, the Congress wrote, "White signifies Purity and Innocence; Red, Hardiness and Valor; Blue signifies Vigilance, Perseverance and Justice." Flag Day is now observed on June 14 of each year.
The Flag Resolution did not specify any particular arrangement for the stars. Initially, a variety of designs were used, including a circular arrangement (above left), but gradually a design featuring horizontal rows of stars emerged as the standard. As further states entered the union, extra stars and stripes were added until this proved to cause too much clutter. It was ultimately decided that there would be a star for each state, but the number of stripes would remain at thirteen to honor the original colonies. It was the 15-star, 15-stripe flag that inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner", now the national anthem.
When the flag design changes, the change always takes place on July 4 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, as a consequence of the Flag Act of April 4, 1818. July 4, Independence Day in the United States, commemorates the founding of the nation. The most recent change, from forty-nine stars to fifty, occurred in 1960, after Hawaii gained statehood in August 1959. Before that, the admission of Alaska in January 1959 prompted the debut of a short-lived 49-star flag.
The origin of the U.S. flag design is uncertain. A popular story credits Betsy Ross for sewing the first flag from a pencil sketch of George Washington who personally commissioned her for the job. However, no evidence for this theory exists beyond Ross's own records. The British historian Sir Charles Fawcett has suggested that the design of the flag may have been derived from the flag and jack of the British East India Company. Comparisons between the 2 flags support Fawcett's suggestion. Another popular theory is that the flag was designed by Francis Hopkinson. He reportedly originally wanted the stars arranged in four bands, one vertical, one horizontal, and two diagonal. By the same reports, this arrangement was rejected due to similarity to the British flag.
Historical star patterns
On the current 50-star flag, the width (fly) of the blue rectangle is 76% of the height (hoist) of the whole flag, and its height is 7 of the 13 stripes.
Note that the following star patterns are merely the usual patterns, with the exception of the 48-, 49-, and 50-star flags, as there was no official arrangement of the stars until the proclamation of the 48-star flag by President William Howard Taft in 1912. For alternate versions, see this page at Flags of the World
13 (1776) Betsy Ross flag
50 (1960 - present) Modern Flag
Proposed 51-star flag in case of a future state
Patterns and Symmetry
- symmetry with respect to horizontal axis: 50, 49, 48, 46, 44, 38, 37, 36, 34, 33, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 20, 15, 13 (standard)
- symmetry with respect to vertical axis: 51, 50, 48, 46, 45, 44, 37, 36, 35, 34, 33, 32, 31, 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, 24, 23, 21, 20, 15, 13 (standard and Betsy Ross)
- both, hence also point symmetry: 50, 48, 46, 44, 37, 36, 34, 33, 32, 30, 28, 26, 24, 20, 15, 13 (standard and Betsy Ross)
- no symmetry: 43
- chessboard pattern: 51, 50, 49, 45, 15, 13 (standard)
- rectangle of stars: 48, 35, 30, 28, 24, 20
There are ongoing statehood movements in Puerto Rico, the District of Columbia, and New York City. Other insular areas such as the U.S. Virgin Islands and American Samoa may eventually become states as well.
- Flags of the U.S. states
- Flags of the United States armed forces
- Flags of the Confederate States of America
- Flag desecration in the United States
- United States Army Colors
- U.S. Flag Etiquette
- The United States Flag Page
- Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Facts About the United States Flag
- The Flag Code--U.S. Code Home: Title 4, Flag and Seal, Seat of Government, and the States--Chapter 1, The Flag
- Executive Order No. 10798, with specifications and regulations for the current flag
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


text:
Blackburn with Darwen GPs win national cervical cancer screening award
19th February 2020
Local Primary Care GP Federation, which represents and supports all GP practices in Blackburn with Darwen has won a national award for their work to improve and increase cervical screening (smear test) attendance.
Their initiative has been awarded the top prize for equality, inclusion and diversity by national charity Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust in their annual Cervical Screening Awards.
In 2017 the GP Federation and NHS Blackburn with Darwen Clinical Commissioning Group launched a major campaign to protect women against cervical cancer. This was because the numbers of women having a cervical smear to detect cervical cancer early was lower across Blackburn with Darwen than in other areas, particularly in the Asian community. The lower the cervical screening numbers, the less chance for early detection of cervical cancer, and the greater the risk of women having the disease.
The GPs learned that women don't attend for their smear due to fear, embarrassment and in some cases, shame. Other women considered themselves as low risk or did not understand what cervical screening is. Some women wanted to attend screening but they struggled to find time to do so.
To help improve awareness and encourage more women to have a cervical smear, the GP Federation ran a campaign across the four neighbourhoods of Blackburn with Darwen (North, West, Central and Darwen) to encourage and make it easier for women aged between 25 and 64 to book an appointment and attend their smear. All GP practices in Blackburn with Darwen took part in the campaign, and the GP Federation teamed up with the GP Practice Patient Participation Groups and the Awaaz Women's Group who helped promote awareness using promotional material from Jo's Trust.
As well as an awareness campaign, the GP Federation and the CCG invested in additional cervical smear clinics each weekend on Saturdays and Sundays. The clinics are run by female GP practice nurses and can be booked through any of the GP practices across Blackburn with Darwen. The nursing team invited those who hadn't attended appointments by letter, text message, and telephone calls as well as through online booking and increased awareness through social media The Darwen primary care neighbourhood developed and promoted a patient leaflet that explained the reasons why it is important for women to have a smear test which included the real story of a daughter who lost her mother to the disease. This was shared across the neighbourhoods in all of the GP practices.
The concerted effort by the GP Federation, GP practices and partners, has made a huge difference with more women booking and attending appointments for cervical smears across all four neighbourhoods. This means that more women are having cervical smears, and as a result either ruling out cervical cancer, or if detected early, improving their chances of survival by having quick and effective treatment as a result of early detection.
North Blackburn Primary Care Neighbourhood had one of the lowest uptakes for cervical smear screening however the project has resulted in improved screening uptake increased in all six GP practices in the neighbourhood. Two of the six GP surgeries have already increased screening uptake by the 3 per cent target set for June 2020, with a further one increasing it by 2.9 per cent.


A react-spring driven masonry-like grid with enter/exit and shared element transitions.
How to use
import { Grid } from'mauerwerk'
 // Arbitrary data, should contain keys, possibly heights, etc.
 // Key accessor, instructs grid on how to fetch individual keys from the data set
 keys={d => d.key}
 // Can be a fixed value or an individual data accessor (for variable heights)
 // If you leave it undefined it will assume 100% container height
 heights={d => d.height}
 // Optional: number of columns (make it responsive yourself using react-measure/react-media)
 // Optional: space between elements
 // Optional: removes the possibility to scroll away from a maximized element
 // Optional: delay before minimizing an opened element
 // Optional: animates the grid in if true (default)
 {(data, open, toggle) => (
 {open && Opened/maximized content here}
 {open? 'Close' : 'Open'}
You feed mauerwerk any data-set (an array of objects most likely), give it accessors so it can access keys (which can be names, hashes, etc., the same keys you'd normally hand over to React), and either a fixed cell height or individual heights. You render out each individual cell via render-prop. You'll receive three arguments:
 1. data, the item from your data-set
 2. open, the cells state, depending on whether it is true or false you can display varying content or use further animation prototypes to transition from cell-state to maximized-state
 3. toggle, use this to maximize/minimize your cell
You probably don't want flip between open/closed content using static conditions. mauerwerk comes with two simple to use effects:
 - Fade will fade contents in according to the show property. It's a simgple wrapper around react-spring's Transition, you can feed it the same properties (config, from, enter, leave, update). By default it will just move opacity from 0 -> 1.
 - Slug lets elements "crawl" in. It's a wrapper around react-spring's Trail. By default it will move opacity from 0 -> 1 and translate y from 40px -> 0px.
These two would work outside the Grids context if you wanted to use them elsewhere.
import { Grid, Slug, Fade } from'mauerwerk'
 {(data, open, toggle) => (

 Opened content
 Some text
 Close

 Cell content
 Some text
 Open
 Content that would apply to both open and closed state


to have existential import with respect to that term. In particular, a universal statement of the form All A is B has existential import with respect to A if All A is B is false when there are no As.
The following problems arise[original research?]:
(a) In natural language and normal use, which statements of the forms All A is B, No A is B, Some A is B and Some A is not B have existential import and with respect to which terms?
(b) In the four forms of categorical statements used in syllogism, which statements of the form AaB, AeB, AiB and AoB have existential import and with respect to which terms?
(c) What existential imports must the forms AaB, AeB, AiB and AoB have for the square of opposition be valid?
(d) What existential imports must the forms AaB, AeB, AiB and AoB have to preserve the validity of the traditionally valid forms of syllogisms?
(e) Are the existential imports required to satisfy (d) above such that the normal uses in natural languages of the forms All A is B, No A is B, Some A is B and Some A is not B are intuitively and fairly reflected by the categorical statements of forms AaB, AeB, AiB and AoB?
For example, if it is accepted that AiB is false if there are no As and AaB entails AiB, then AiB has existential import with respect to A, and so does AaB. Further, if it is accepted that AiB entails BiA, then AiB and AaB have existential import with respect to B as well. Similarly, if AoB is false if there are no As, and AeB entails AoB, and AeB entails BeA (which in turn entails BoA) then both AeB and AoB have existential import with respect to both A and B. It follows immediately that all universal categorical statements have existential import with respect to both terms. If AaB and AeB is a fair representation of the use of statements in normal natural language of All A is B and No A is B respectively, then the following example consequences arise:
"All flying horses are mythological" is false if there are no flying horses.
If "No men are fire-eating rabbits" is true, then "There are fire-eating rabbits" is true.
and so on.
If it is ruled that no universal statement has existential import then the square of opposition fails in several respects (e.g. AaB does not entail AiB) and a number of syllogisms are no longer valid (e.g. BaC,AaB->AiC).
These problems and paradoxes arise in both natural language statements and statements in syllogism form because of ambiguity, in particular ambiguity with respect to All.[citation needed] If "Fred claims all his books were Pulitzer Prize winners", is Fred claiming that he wrote any books? If not, then is what he claims true? Suppose Jane says none of her friends are poor; is that true if she has no friends?
The first-order predicate calculus avoids such ambiguity by using formulae that carry no existential import with respect to universal statements. Existential claims must be explicitly stated. Thus, natural language statements—of the forms All A is B, No A is B, Some A is B, and Some A is not B—can be represented in first order predicate calculus in which any existential import with respect to terms A and/or B is either explicit or not made at all. Consequently, the four forms AaB, AeB, AiB, and AoB can be represented in first order predicate in every combination of existential import—so it can establish which construal, if any, preserves the square of opposition and the validly of the traditionally valid syllogism. Strawson claims such a construal is possible, but the results are such that, in his view, the answer to question (e) above is no.
Syllogism in the history of logic[edit]
Main article: History of Logic
The Aristotelian syllogism dominated Western philosophical thought for many centuries. In the 17th century, Sir Francis Bacon rejected the idea of syllogism as being the best way to draw conclusions in nature.[10] Instead, Bacon proposed a more inductive approach to the observation of nature, which involves experimentation and leads to discovering and building on axioms to create a more general conclusion.[10]
In the 19th Century, modifications to syllogism were incorporated to deal with disjunctive ("A or B") and conditional ("if A then B") statements. Kant famously claimed, in Logic (1800), that logic was the one completed science, and that Aristotelian logic more or less included everything about logic there was to know. (This work is not necessarily representative of Kant's mature philosophy, which is often regarded as an innovation to logic itself.) Though there were alternative systems of logic such as Avicennian logic or Indian logic elsewhere,[citation needed] Kant's opinion stood unchallenged in the West until 1879 when Frege published his Begriffsschrift (Concept Script). This introduced a calculus, a method of representing categorical statements — and statements that are not provided for in syllogism as well — by the use of quantifiers and variables.
This led to the rapid development of sentential logic and first-order predicate logic, subsuming syllogistic reasoning, which was, therefore, after 2000 years, suddenly considered obsolete by many.[original research?] The Aristotelian system is explicated in modern fora of academia primarily in introductory material and historical study.
One notable exception to this modern relegation is the continued application of Aristotelian logic by officials of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, and the Apostolic Tribunal of the Roman Rota, which still requires that arguments crafted by Advocates be presented in syllogistic format.
Boole's acceptance of Aristotle[edit]
George Boole's unwavering acceptance of Aristotle's logic is emphasized by the historian of logic John Corcoran in an accessible introduction to Laws of Thought.[11] Corcoran also wrote a point-by-point comparison of Prior Analytics and Laws of Thought.[12] According to Corcoran, Boole fully accepted and endorsed Aristotle's logic. Boole's goals were "to go under, over, and beyond" Aristotle's logic by 1) providing it with mathematical foundations involving equations, 2) extending the class of problems it could treat—solving equations was added to assessing validity, and 3) expanding the range of applications it could handle—e.g. from propositions having only two terms to those having arbitrarily many.
More specifically, Boole agreed with what Aristotle said; Boole's 'disagreements', if they might be called that, concern what Aristotle did not say. First, in the realm of foundations, Boole reduced Aristotle's four propositional forms to one form, the form of equations—by itself a revolutionary idea. Second, in the realm of logic's problems, Boole's addition of equation solving to logic—another revolutionary idea—involved Boole's doctrine that Aristotle's rules of inference (the "perfect syllogisms") must be supplemented by rules for equation solving. Third, in the realm of applications, Boole's system could handle multi-term propositions and arguments whereas Aristotle could handle only two-termed subject-predicate propositions and arguments. For example, Aristotle's system could not deduce "No quadrangle that is a square is a rectangle that is a rhombus" from "No square that is a quadrangle is a rhombus that is a rectangle" or from "No rhombus that is a rectangle is a square that is a quadrangle".
Syllogistic fallacies[edit]
People often make mistakes when reasoning syllogistically.[13]
For instance, from the premises some A are B, some B are C, people tend to come to a definitive conclusion that therefore some A are C.[14][15] However, this does not follow according to the rules of classical logic. For instance, while some cats (A) are black things (B), and some black things (B) are televisions (C), it does not follow from the parameters that some cats (A) are televisions (C). This is because in the structure of the syllogism invoked (i.e. III-1) the middle term is not distributed in either the major premise or in the minor premise a pattern called the "fallacy of the undistributed middle".
Determining the validity of a syllogism involves determining the distribution of each term in each statement, meaning whether all members of that term are accounted for.
In simple syllogistic patterns, the fallacies of invalid patterns are:
 - Undistributed middle: Neither of the premises accounts for all members of the middle term, which consequently fails to link the major and minor term.
 - Illicit treatment of the major term: The conclusion implicates all members of the major term (P — meaning the proposition is negative); however, the major premise does not account for them all (i.e., P is either an affirmative predicate or a particular subject there).
 - Illicit treatment of the minor term: Same as above, but for the minor term (S — meaning the proposition is universal) and minor premise (where S is either a particular subject or an affirmative predicate).
 - Exclusive premises: Both premises are negative, meaning no link is established between the major and minor terms.
 - Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise: If either


text:
We have identified a number of critical issues and opportunities impacting on indoor facility provision requiring a strategic plan to guide future infrastructure planning and development.
In recent years Geelong has grown substantially from a regional town to a contemporary regional City. In addition to projected growth across the municipality, we (the City) are also undertaking a major planning process for Armstrong Creek which will result in an additional 60,000 -80,000 new residents, resulting in a total population of in excess of 300,000 residents.
We currently have four dedicated indoor recreation centres being:
The Geelong Arena (North Geelong)
Leisuretime Centre (Norlane)
The Barwon Valley Activity Centre (Belmont)
Bellarine Sports and Aquatic Centre (Ocean Grove)
Further to these Council owned venues there are also a number of school and privately managed indoor recreation facilities, which contribute to the number of indoor facilities within the our municipality.
We have identified a number of critical issues and opportunities impacting on indoor facility provision and requires a strategic plan to guide future infrastructure planning and development for indoor recreation facilities.
The key aims for the project include:
To review our existing provision of indoor recreation facilities and provide an analysis of indoor facility provision across the Geelong Region both private and government.
To provide a strategic approach for the future provision and development of indoor recreation facilities for the next 20 years including recommendations for the location, enhancement, and development of indoor recreation facilities having regard to key government partnerships and initiatives.


text:
Study on the Key Image Processing Technology in Measuring the Length of Cigarettes
This paper introduces a kind of intelligent cigarette length measurement apparatus based on digital image processing techniques, and presents the structural method of measurement system as well as the related algorithm of image processing of cigarette ends. In the end the method's feasibility and superiority is proved through comparing experiment data and analyzing the quality of this method and the traditional methods.
KeywordsContour Extraction Image Smoothing Digital Image Processing Technique Image Processing Technology Cigarette Paper
- 1.Gu, L.Z., Huang, Z.B.: Study of intelligent device on measuring the length of cigarette. Application of Electronic Technique 25, 31–32 (1999) (in Chinese)Google Scholar
- 2.Liu, Y., Cao, T.T.: Design for detecting system of the intensity of press marks on cigarette paper. China Pulp and Paper 27, 52–54 (2008)Google Scholar
- 4.Cai, H.M., Liu, G.X.: Study of the image processing in the sealing strip's measuring system. China Measurement & Testing Technology 33(3), 4–6 (2007) (in Chinese)Google Scholar
- 5.Tan, L.J., Geng, C.M.: The application of image processing on small size measurement. Silicon Valley 24, 11–12 (2008) (in Chinese) Google Scholar
- 6.Gao, S.C.: Visual C++ Digital Image Processing. China Railway Press, Beijing (2005)Google Scholar


Native Americans used turtle shells as musical instruments
Many indigenous groups believe that the world was formed upon a turtle's back. This symbology and belief is imbued into the turtle shell rattles, which are meant to keep rhythm and thereby interjects powerful symbology and spiritual energy into dances and ceremonies.
Musical instruments have a deep ancient history in human society and are encoded with meanings beyond their sound making capabilities. Researchers from the Florida State University examined the use of turtle shells as percussion instruments in the southeastern United States. They identified and analyzed several partial Eastern box turtle shells from middle Tennessee archaeological sites that they believe were used as rattles.
The researchers noted that turtle shell rattles have been found throughout North America, ranging from Florida to the Northeast and into Canada.


Jewish music today is in the process of a metamorphosis. It is becoming a modern day interpretation of tradition. Stacy Beyer believes that this new movement can and should be enhanced by the presence of more, new Jewish music. This songwriter's workshop is designed to open the doors not only to those who might someday contribute to the new Jewish music scene, but to also give light to the value of personal prayer and expression of Jewish ideas by anyone who chooses to express them.
Stacy's Jewish Songwriters Workshops give participants a chance to explore the creation of lyrics and music. Working with Jewish themes and how they relate to our lives today, Stacy guides students through a 'no pressure' process of understanding basic songwriting and how to apply this understanding to the art of creating works that are representative of students' thoughts, feelings and perspectives. It is truly an amazing process. It is an opportunity to explore the journey we take each day...viewing the world around us...and defining our place in the world. It is a constructive and positive way to bring out, what is within. An it is an outlet for our daily struggles and a pathway to understanding.
As the workshop begins, Stacy will play recordings of familiar Jewish prayers set to new music by artists that are currently doing concerts tours around the US. As the workshop progresses, the focus will center on lyrics and overall musical intention. Stacy will discuss creating melodies for lyrics. Then, once a title is created, each student will be given time to write.
You do not need to play a musical instrument to take this workshop. Typically, there are only a couple of students who do play guitar or piano. Most do not. When it's time to share what has been created, Stacy has been known to write music 'on the spot' for as many as 30 creations. It's always amazing to watch the faces of those who are hearing their lyrics set to music immediately.
This is a unique opportunity to learn the craft of songwriting from a contemporary Jewish recording and touring artist who's credentials include five years as staff writer for EMI Publishing in Nashville TN...credits as a composer for film and TV...and three CDs of original Jewish music, produced and written by Stacy.
If you are interested in having Stacy lead a Songwriting Workshop, please click on Contact/Bookings to find out her availability.