.
SQLData | CustomDatum | OraData Choose the mechanism for creating the Java instance of the type. SQLData, CustomDatum, and OraData are the interfaces that determine which mechanism will be used.
See Also:
Oracle Database JDBC Developer's Guide and Reference for information about these three interfaces and SQLJ Object Type Example
element_spec
The element_spec lets you specify each attribute of the object type.
attribute
For attribute, specify the name of an object attribute. Attributes are data items with a name and a type specifier that form the structure of the object. You must specify at least one attribute for each object type.
If you are creating a subtype, then the attribute name cannot be the same as any attribute or method name declared in the supertype chain.
datatype
For datatype, specify the database built-in data type or user-defined type of the attribute.
Restrictions on Attribute Data Types Attribute data types are subject to the following restrictions:
 - You cannot specify attributes of type ROWID, LONG, or LONG RAW.
 - You cannot specify a data type of UROWID for a user-defined object type.
 - If you specify an object of type REF, then the target object must have an object identifier.
 - If you are creating a collection type for use as a nested table or varray column of a table, then you cannot specify attributes of type ANYTYPE, ANYDATA, or ANYDATASET.
See Also:
Chapter 3, "PL/SQL Data Types," for a list of valid data types
sqlj_object_type_attr
This clause is valid only if you have specified the sqlj_object_type clause to map a Java class to a SQLJ object type. Specify the external name of the Java field that corresponds to the attribute of the SQLJ object type. The Java field_name must already exist in the class. You cannot map a Java field_name to more than one SQLJ object type attribute in the same type hierarchy.
This clause is optional when you create a SQLJ object type.
subprogram_spec
The subprogram_spec lets you associate a procedure subprogram with the object type.
MEMBER Clause
Specify a function or procedure subprogram associated with the object type that is referenced as an attribute. Typically, you invoke MEMBER methods in a selfish style, such as object_expression.method(). This class of method has an implicit first argument referenced as SELF in the method body, which represents the object on which the method has been invoked.
Restriction on Member Methods You cannot specify a MEMBER method if you are mapping a Java class to a SQLJ object type.
STATIC Clause
Specify a function or procedure subprogram associated with the object type. Unlike MEMBER methods, STATIC methods do not have any implicit parameters. You cannot reference SELF in their body. They are typically invoked as type_name.method().
Restrictions on Static Methods Static methods are subject to the following restrictions:
 - You cannot map a MEMBER method in a Java class to a STATIC method in a SQLJ object type.
 - For both MEMBER and STATIC methods, you must specify a corresponding method body in the object type body for each procedure or function specification.
[NOT] FINAL, [NOT] INSTANTIABLE
At the top level of the syntax, these clauses specify the inheritance attributes of the type.
Use the [NOT] FINAL clause to indicate whether any further subtypes can be created for this type:
 - Specify FINAL if no further subtypes can be created for this type. This is the default.
 - Specify NOT FINAL if further subtypes can be created under this type.
Use the [NOT] INSTANTIABLE clause to indicate whether any object instances of this type can be constructed:
 - Specify INSTANTIABLE if object instances of this type can be constructed. This is the default.
 - Specify NOT INSTANTIABLE if no default or user-defined constructor exists for this object type. You must specify these keywords for any type with noninstantiable methods and for any type that has no attributes, either inherited or specified in this statement.
inheritance_clauses
As part of the element_spec, the inheritance_clauses let you specify the relationship between supertypes and subtypes.
OVERRIDING This clause is valid only for MEMBER methods. Specify OVERRIDING to indicate that this method overrides a MEMBER method defined in the supertype. This keyword is required if the method redefines a supertype method. NOT OVERRIDING is the default.
Restriction on OVERRIDING The OVERRIDING clause is not valid for a STATIC method or for a SQLJ object type.
FINAL Specify FINAL to indicate that this method cannot be overridden by any subtype of this type. The default is NOT FINAL.
NOT INSTANTIABLE Specify NOT INSTANTIABLE if the type does not provide an implementation for this method. By default all methods are INSTANTIABLE.
Restriction on NOT INSTANTIABLE If you specify NOT INSTANTIABLE, then you cannot specify FINAL or STATIC.
See Also:
constructor_spec
procedure_spec or function_spec
Use these clauses to specify the parameters and data types of the procedure or function. If this subprogram does not include the declaration of the procedure or function, then you must issue a corresponding CREATE TYPE BODY statement.
Restriction on Procedure and Function Specification If you are creating a subtype, then the name of the procedure or function cannot be the same as the name of any attribute, whether inherited or not, declared in the supertype chain.
return_clause The first form of the return_clause is valid only for a function. The syntax shown is an abbreviated form.
See Also:
sqlj_object_type_sig Use this form of the return_clause if you intend to create SQLJ object type functions or procedures.
 - If you are mapping a Java class to a SQLJ object type and you specify EXTERNAL NAME, then the value of the Java method returned must be compatible with the SQL returned value, and the Java method must be public. Also, the method signature (method name plus parameter types) must be unique within the type hierarchy.
 - If you specify EXTERNAL VARIABLE NAME, then the type of the Java static field must be compatible with the return type.
call_spec
Specify the call specification that maps a Java or C method name, parameter types, and return type to their SQL counterparts. If all the member methods in the type have been defined in this clause, then you need not issue a corresponding CREATE TYPE BODY statement.
The Java_declaration string identifies the Java implementation of the method.
See Also:
pragma_clause
The pragma_clause lets you specify a compiler directive. The PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES compiler directive denies member functions read/write access to database tables, packaged variables, or both, and thereby helps to avoid side effects.
Note:
Oracle recommends that you avoid using this clause unless you must do so for backward compatibility of your applications. This clause has been deprecated, because the database now runs purity checks at run time.
method Specify the name of the MEMBER function or procedure to which the pragma is being applied.
DEFAULT Specify DEFAULT if you want the database to apply the pragma to all methods in the type for which a pragma has not been explicitly specified.
WNDS Specify WNDS to enforce the constraint writes no database state, which means that the method does not modify database tables.
WNPS Specify WNPS to enforce the constraint writes no package state, which means that the method does not modify packaged variables.
RNDS Specify RNDS to enforce the constraint reads no database state, which means that the method does not query database tables.
RNPS Specify RNPS to enforce the constraint reads no package state, which means that the method does not reference package variables.
TRUST Specify TRUST to indicate that the restrictions listed in the pragma are not actually to be enforced but are simply trusted to be true.
See Also:
RESTRICT_REFERENCES Pragma for more information about this pragma
constructor_spec
Use this clause to create a user-defined constructor, which is a function that returns an initialized instance of a user-defined object type. You can declare multiple constructors for a single object type, as long as the parameters of each constructor differ in number, order, or data type.
 - User-defined constructor functions are always FINAL and INSTANTIABLE, so these keywords are optional.
 - The parameter-passing mode of user-defined constructors is always SELF IN OUT. Therefore you need not specify this clause unless you want to do so for clarity.
 - RETURN SELF AS RESULT specifies that the run-time type of the value returned by the constructor is the same as the run-time type of the SELF argument.
See Also:
Oracle Database Object-Relational Developer's Guide for more information about and examples of user-defined constructors and Constructor Example
map_order_function_spec
You can define either one MAP method or one ORDER method in a type specification, regardless of how many MEMBER or STATIC methods you define. If you declare either method, then you can compare object instances in SQL.
You cannot define either MAP or ORDER methods for subtypes. However, a subtype can override a MAP method if the supertype defines a nonfinal MAP method. A subtype cannot override an ORDER method at all.
You can specify either MAP or ORDER when mapping a Java class to a SQL type. However, the MAP or ORDER methods must map to MEMBER functions in the Java class.
If neither a MAP nor an ORDER method is specified, then only comparisons for equality or inequality can be performed. Therefore object instances cannot be ordered. Instances of the same type definition are equal only if each pair of their corresponding attributes is equal. No comparison method must be specified


text:
This is an Ultra Light stove made with bottle caps. This is easy to make and it weighs next to nothing!
Teachers! Did you use this instructable in your classroom?
Add a Teacher Note to share how you incorporated it into your lesson.
Step 1: Materials
You will need:
2 Bottle caps
a match or a lighter
Step 2: Let's Get Started!
Use the pliers to bend back the rim of one bottle cap.
Step 3: Make the Fill Holes
Hammer the nail into the other bottle cap about four times the create the fill holes.
Step 4: Hammer It Down
Use a hammer to create a "divot" in the bottle cap so the fuel can drain without it spilling.
Step 5: Put Them Together
Fit the holed bottle cap inside the other one to finish the stove.
Step 6: Try It Out!
You just made the world's lightest camping stove!
To use it:
Pour some isopropyl alcohol in the fill hole. Using a match or a lighter, light it!

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Take the 2-minute tour ×
It is possible for virtual machine guests to bypass the software expiration timers for paid software. This example shows one way to do this on VMWare. A simpler method is for the user to "revert to snapshot".
How can a software publisher still protect their content and enforce the expiration of the software installed on virtual machines? What can be done to maintain the state of elapsed time in spite of attempts by the user to modify the system time?
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
DRM is a notoriously difficult problem to solve. One should always assume that whatever code is in the hands of an uncontrolled client can never be fully protected.
One solution to the simple "rollback snapshot" bypass will be to have the client "dial home" to a server once in a while. Another good method can be to tie the license key to a user account and have the user authenticate whenever he wants to use the software.
However, this can still be bypassed by reverse engineering the binary and removing the portion of code that dials home. This is an unavoidable problem unless you want to host the bulk of the application on your servers and simply let the client be a "dumb client" that displays whatever the server tells it to. If this is acceptable to you, you might want to looking into providing a SaaS business model.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Entries open for Honi Soit 2021 Writing Competition
USyd Love Letters loves me not
All love letters are equal but some are more equal than others
Artwork by Shrawani Bhattarai
With over 15,300 followers, USyd Love Letters Revived (USyd LLR) is a source of entertainment for many students, a place where the innermost desires of classmates are externalised and a site for the odd shout out, and joke letter to a friend. As a place which enables people to anonymously submit letters without fear of judgement, it is unsurprising, then, that the page provides a relatively stable dataset of the types of people USyd students love and how they describe or sell themselves as potential suitors.
Despite anonymous spaces being technically judgement-free spaces, they can be monopolised or hijacked by exclusive, but not necessarily discriminatory, discourses which deter the participation of certain people like myself, highlighting preconceived expectations and influencing our sense of belonging.
The first post of USyd LLR is a pinned admin post dating back to 24 October 2018. Despite the good intentions of the author, it unwittingly reinforces heteronormative stereotypes by explicitly giving advice to guys who like girls ("for the guys…with the girl/s") and vice versa ("for the girls…if there is a guy"), in turn, entrenching an expectation that readers are straight and monogamous, while also assuming gender roles to a degree.
Though it remains arguable that there are more straight people at USyd, it is possible to give advice which is inclusive to everyone. Doing this is far from difficult. In fact, the admin does manage to do this by not assuming the gender of people's partners in their further advice in the comments section.
Going down the page, other posts reveal varying expectations underlying stereotypes manifested in the requirements and characteristics people demand in a potential suitor. While some desired characteristics are arguably petty, like the degrees people study, ethnic and cultural preferences subtly influence the letters on the page and the big debate remains whether it is acceptable to have a monoracial or monocultural preference.
While there are definitely open love letters, you often find letters which require someone to be of a particular racial or cultural background. Out of a randomly selected set of 30 letters, 13 were open and 17 had an obvious ethnic preference. However, while it may be easy to accuse those with such requirements as racist, and there are undoubtedly some who are, familial and cultural expectations permeate such requirements.
Indeed, some letters often jokingly mention these underlying influences. A recent letter laments the difficulties of finding the "perfect person," within constraints defined by parents who would much rather have you "marry in the same race/religion." Another letter mentions after making a ethnic preference, "We're all kidding ourselves if we think there's not a point where we're going to ditch our parents' requirements."
Akin to these racial and cultural preferences, the manner in which people describe themselves online can also highlight preconceived expectations. Racial and cultural identity is a tricky area to navigate in online spaces. While personal identity is meant to be something we own and something we should be proud of, that does not mean they are immune to preconceived expectations.
For example, religious identity can involve moral beliefs on how people should behave. In that sense, a queer and affirming person of faith can be harmed (and very much excluded) when someone else is 'proud' of their religious identity and assume all others of that identity should act in a certain way. This extends to cultures where monocultural relationships are ingrained.
In these cultures, individuals are subtly geared towards an expectation, a performance consistent with those around them, such that they ought to like a specific type of person and a failure to do so results in the risk of social isolation. Cultural expectations ultimately explain the preferences of some letters in USyd LLR.
On a daily basis, I experience the wrath of both racial/cultural and heteronormative expectations. As a gay man who is typically masculine-presenting, I often feel an expectation that I am supposed to be straight or that I am straight-acting. Because I choose not to conform to the stereotypically gay image, I am expected to conform to typically masculine gender roles. As someone who lives in Australia and comes from a Chinese cultural background, I feel like I am being judged as inauthentic or simply white-washed because I don't conform to stereotypical Asian ideals, and values such as being 'hardworking,' socially conservative and family-orientated.
These expectations, in turn, weaken my sense of belonging. More often than not, I wonder if someone will ever love me.
Yet, while USyd LLR and other university love letter platforms are generally light-hearted sources of entertainment, we can all aspire to be more inclusive when we talk about love. Though I am not suggesting that USyd LLR is an exclusionary platform, it remains paramount that we don't make assumptions of people because of their racial or cultural background, nor that people are straight unless said otherwise. For example, writing public love letters addressed to 'the boys', 'the girls', or your love interest expecting they're straight may be unremarkable to you, but it can negatively affect queer people's sense of belonging. For most of us, the public sphere is an exclusionary space, and online love letters platforms which confer the protection of anonymity, are some of the few spaces we have routine access to.
Equally, the onus is on us to take care to understand our attraction without assuming anything on the basis of someone's background. I don't expect that we will be perfect, but we can all do our part in making our online spaces more inclusive.


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What's In A Widow's Color?
What's In A Widow's Color?
Brown Widow (Latrodectus geometricus) the newcomer to North America.
That's A Matter Of Preference
Invasive species are receiving a lot of attention these days, so you've probably heard of them. Usually, invasive species receive a lot of attention after they have a big effect on whatever new ecosystem they have entered, but there are a lot of failed invasions that don't get attention. In fact, sometimes even when it's clear that an invasion is going on, it isn't clear what the outcome will be.
No Duh's and Head Scratchers
If you need help scratching a mental itch, use the resources below:
 1. Where are Brown Widows having great success displacing Black Widows? How does this relate to the areas in which Black Widows evolved? Do you think this relationship may be a factor in the Brown Widow's success? Why or why not?
 2. How could this change in spiders affect humans? Do you think that overall this will be a positive or a negative thing for humans? Be sure to consider different environments and situations.
 3. How do you think this change in spider abundance may effect the ecosystems in Southern California? Are natural ecosystems most likely to be affected? Is it certain what is going to happen? What information would you collect to better understand and manage the situation?
 4. What effect do you think humans have had on the success of the Brown Widow's invasion? How does this situation effect your view of invasive species?
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Black Widow (Latrodectus mactans)
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text:
Nearly 550 billion MNT required for building flood protection dams
Officials underline that 548 billion MNT is necessary for building drainage and flood protection systems to prevent UB residents from suffering damages caused by flooding.
According to the flood hazard study, households living near the basin of the Selbe River are in danger of being impacted by flooding first. General Manager of Ulaanbaatar B.Badral emphasized that a defensive strategy needs to be implemented in order to prevent flood risk. He added that approximately 550 billion MNT will need to be invested for building flood protection dams.
As of July 19, the water level of the Orkhon River increased by 45 to 55 cm in a single day, exceeding flood levels by 10 to 40 cm near Ulziit and Kharkhorin soums. Water levels around estuaries of the Ongi River rose by 85 cm and exceeded flood levels by 5 cm.
As of yesterday, flood levels near the Orkhon, Old Orkhin, Khovd, Buyant, Baidrag and Ongi rivers are exceeding limits. State and province officials have called on herders settled near these river basins, people celebrating provincial Naadam festivals, and businesses and tourists to be alert and cautious of flooding hazards.
Short URL: _URL_

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


EU energy rules could cost NHS more than £70m a year
Plans for a European Union directive designed to encourage countries to reduce energy consumption are 'too rigid and top-heavy' and could cost the NHS millions of pounds.
That is the view of the NHS Confederation's European Office, ahead of a vote in the European Parliament's Industry, Research and Energy Committee on the proposed Energy Efficiency Directive tomorrow (December 20).
The NHS Confederation fears the directive, which aims to reduce Europe's primary energy consumption by 20% cent by 2020, because it contains a requirement on public bodies to renovate 3% of its floor space of their total building stock to high energy efficiency levels each year.
Total NHS floor space is about 28m square metres, and according to the Confederation, applying the annual 3% refurbishment target of 840,000 square metres, at an average cost of £100 per square metre would result in the cost of implementing the measures at more than £70mi a year for buildings alone.
While the confederation says the NHS 'leads the way' in many areas of the green agenda, its European Office claims the directive, as proposed, will have a major impact on the health service at a time when it is striving to achieve £20billion in savings over the next four years.
The NHS Confederation's European Office estimates that this measure could leave the NHS liable for annual costs of more than £70 million in meeting this part of the directive alone. It says that given the NHS' vast, and often Victorian-era estate, the proposal would be especially damaging for acute services, with significant costs incurred to meet high-energy efficient specifications.
NHS Confederation's European Office director, Elisabetta Zanon, said: "The NHS is fully committed to improving its energy efficiency and has made great progress in recent years to become more sustainable and eco-friendly.
"As the NHS owns a vast and complex estate, we appreciate the need to modernise our buildings, and consume energy more efficiently.
"But these EU proposals are too rigid and top-heavy, they will create a real headache for organisations that are already trying to find sizeable savings.
"We really don't want to find ourselves in a scenario where we have to divert money away from patient care to pay for costly building renovations."
The full European Parliament is expected to vote on the directive in April 2012.
Luke Walsh


text:
The Donald E. Axinn '51, Litt. D. '89 Center for Literary and Cultural Studies at Starr Library is a beautiful example of how a historic building can be updated and reintegrated into a modern campus in a sustainable way. Because of its exemplary melding of history, modernity and foresight, the building was honored with the Boston Society of Architects' Sustainable Design Award in 2009.
Reuse and Recycling
Rather than demolishing the entire building and starting from scratch, the College chose to refurbish as much of the original Starr Library as possible and add on new wings. In the refurbished areas, such as the beloved reading room, the original wood was restored rather than bringing in new wood. For the sections that were deconstructed, over 80% of the construction and demolition waste was diverted from the landfill. Much of the beautiful stone from the exterior of deconstructed sections was reused to replace worn out stones or to build the facade of the new sections of the building. Stone that was not in condition to be reused as facade was ground and used as backfill in the new construction. Construction debris that could not be reused on site was sorted for recycling.
The Axinn Center was designed to maximize energy efficiency. Features such as a heat recovery system in office wings, premium efficiency motors for all mechanical equipment, occupancy sensors for office lighting, heavy insulation, and carbon dioxide sensors in classrooms that allow the ventilation systems to ramp up only when rooms are in use all add up to a very efficient building.
Site and Landscape
Utilization of an existing building site meant that land did not have to be converted from another use into a building site. The landscaping around the building was also designed with sustainability in mind. An erosion and sedimentation control plan was used and trees were protected throughout construction. The site also has storm water retention and filtering features and the landscaping features native plants. The service road that ran alongside the building was also replaced with a semi-permeable concrete path, which lowers storm water runoff and also reflects the desire for a more pedestrian-friendly campus outlined in the 2008 Master Plan.


text:
Efecto de la edad sobre el tamaño de los proteoglicanos del cartílago articular equino
MetadataShow full item record
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of age on proteoglycans size in equine articular cartilage. Cartilage samples were obtained from metacarpophalangeal joints of crossbred equines inmediatelly after slaughter, and alloted in three groups according to the equine's age: 1.5-2 years (n = 7); 4-5 years (n = 6) and over 10 years (n = 4). The cartilage extracts (100 mg /pair joints) were pooled for each age group and fractionated by exclution and ion exchange gel chromatography. Proteoglycan content of each fraction was determined by colorimetric reaction with safranine-O. The elution profile of Sepharose CL-2B, showed that proteoglycans appear as an polydisperse population of different size and similar molecular mass per age group. The size of proteoglycans decreased with age. A similar result was obtained measuring molecular mass and hydrodynamic radio values of proteoglycans when maximal absorbance values of each age group were used. These results show an inverse relationship between age and proteoglycans size of equine articular cartilage, which could affect the cartilage ability to undergo reversible compression.


Creating a vault relationship from a destination SVM
You can use System Manager to create a vault relationship from the destination storage virtual machine (SVM), and to assign a vault policy to create a backup vault. In the event of data loss or corruption on a system, backed-up data can be restored from the backup vault destination.
Before you begin
About this task
Steps
 1. Click Protection > Relationships.
 2. In the Relationships window, click Create.
 3. In the Browse SVM dialog box, select an SVM for the destination volume.
 4. In the Create Protection Relationship dialog box, select Vault from the Relationship Type drop-down list.
 5. Specify the cluster, the SVM, and the source volume.
 If the specified cluster is running a version of ONTAP software earlier than ONTAP 9.3, then only peered SVMs are listed. If the specified cluster is running ONTAP 9.3 or later, peered SVMs and permitted SVMs are listed.
 6. Enter a volume name suffix.
 The volume name suffix is appended to the source volume names to generate the destination volume names.
 7. If you are creating a SnapLock volume, specify the default retention period.
 The default retention period can be set to any value between 1 day through 70 years or Infinite.
 8. Optional: Click Browse, and then change the vault policy.
 9. Select a schedule for the relationship from the list of existing schedules.
 10. Optional: Select Initialize Relationship to initialize the vault relationship.
 11. Enable SnapLock aggregates, and then select a SnapLock Compliance aggregate or a SnapLock Enterprise aggregate.
 12. Enable FabricPool-enabled aggregates, and then select an appropriate tiering policy.
 13. Click Validate to verify whether the selected volumes have matching labels.
 14. Click Create.
Result
If you chose to create a destination volume, a volume of type dp is created with the following default settings:
A vault relationship is created between the destination volume and the source volume. The base Snapshot copy is transferred to the destination volume if you have opted to initialize the relationship.


text:
What are Difference between Covariance and Correlation
Distinguish, differentiate, compare and explain what is the Difference between Covariance and Correlation. Comparison and Differences.
Difference between Covariance and Correlation
Correlation is the standardized form of covariance.
Covariances are difficult to compare. For example: if we calculate the covariances of salary ($) and age (years), we'll get different covariances which can't be compared because of having unequal scales. To combat such situation, we calculate correlation to get a value between -1 and 1, irrespective of their respective scale.
Difference between Correlation vs Covariance
Covariance vs Correlation
Differences between Correlation vs Covariance


text:
Daycare May Benefit Moms Suffering from Depression -- and Their Kids
Enrolling the children of depressed moms in daycare can have emotional, psychological, and social benefits -- even when the toddlers get just half a day of care each week, reports CNN.
The study of Australian moms was relatively small -- only 400 families -- but it's the first of its kind to show that children who get even a few hours of daycare a week when their moms are suffering from depression had fewer behavioral problems at the age of five.
Researchers theorize that giving the moms a short break helps them be better parents when they are with their kids, and that it can also help boost their energy levels -- "It's tiring parenting a child all day, and if you're depressed even more tiring," explains one professor -- and that the kids benefit from the socialization at day care, which they may not get if mom is too depressed to make playdates and Mommy and Me a priority.
"Toddlerhood is a time when social interactions are very important developmentally. Mothers with depression may be less able to engage in social opportunities for their toddler. So child care may also help with socialization for toddlers of depressed mothers," says Lynne Giles, Ph.D., the study's author.
The study suggests that children who were cared for at formal settings -- not at a relative or friend's house -- received the most benefits, though the researchers point out that the results would need to be replicated.
More from CNN.
Top Articles on Moms and Mental Health
How Taking My Daughter for Walks Changed My Life
Has Michelle Ever Experienced Post-Partum Depression?
6 Stress-Busting Yoga Poses for New Moms
- Welcoming a New Grandduggar
- 5 Summer Vacation Packing Tips for Traveling with Little Ones
- 5 Pinterest Tips to Try This Summer
- 5 Instant Ways to Pull Yourself Out of an Emotional Funk
- Can Parents Help Kids Succeed in Science?

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
March 29, 2010
The National Mall was more dark than usual on Saturday night, when buildings around the city and the world—including the Smithsonian Institution's Castle and the Reynolds Center—turned off the lights for 60 minutes as part of Earth Hour, a global effort by the World Wildlife Fund to draw attention to climate change.
The hour "symbolizes that by working together, each of us can make a positive impact in this fight," the fund says. Most times, even at night, the world's most populous areas are still bright with light, but most of it is just wasted energy.
Last week, museum staffers at both the Castle and the Reynolds Center, home to the National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian American Art Museum, made preparations for a Saturday night plan to go dark.
At the Castle Saturday evening, Smithsonian photographer Eric Long set up camp outside the building shortly before Earth Hour began at 8:30 p.m., snapping a shot of the castle before the hour (at left above), with lights both inside and outside of the castle aglow, and after (at right), when only a handful of emergency lights, and the glow of the Washington Monument in the distance, remained.
"There are reflections from the Independence Ave. street lights that are in the windows of the Castle and surrounding the front of the gardens," Long said. "There are also some emergency lights which were not able to be turned off." But the symbolically dark 19th-century Gothic revival building looked marvelously eerie against the pink-hued light of the city's night sky.
All 50 states participated in the initiative, and early estimates say 4,000 communities in 126 countries turned off their lights during the hour.
Sign up for our free email newsletter and receive the best stories from Smithsonian.com each week.
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AR# 50978
Vivado 2012.2 - Why does the scalar port count not match the number of signals listed in the I/O ports tab?
Description
Why does the scalar port count not match the number of signals listed in the I/O Ports tab of Vivado Design Suite 2012.2?
Solution
The I/O Ports tab lists the scalar signals and the number of signals that are not of a multi-bit bus type. However, the scalar signal listincludes differential signals in the list. The differential signals are listed on one row of the report, with the differential pairs occupying separate columns of the row. These differential signals also count for two signals instead of one.
To obtain a list of signals that matches the reported number, perform the following command in the TCL console:
get_ports * -filter {BUS_WIDTH == "" }
AR# 50978
Date 11/28/2012
Status Active
Type General Article
Tools


text:
'Indigenous war service: two exhibitions at the National Archives of Australia', Honest History, 2 May 2017
A review of two exhibitions, Indigenous Australians at War from the Boer War to the Present (touring from the Shrine of Remembrance, Melbourne) and Facing Two Fronts: the Fight for Respect, also focusing on Indigenous uniformed service. The article also includes a summary of recent efforts by national cultural institutions to chronicle the many aspects of a nation at war, including Indigenous service. It can be read in conjunction with our recent review of the For Country, for Nation exhibition at the Australian War Memorial.
Michael Piggott is Treasurer of the Honest History association and an archivist of many years' experience. He has a chapter in The Honest History Book. The chapter is about the Australian War Memorial and the legacy of Charles Bean.


A global distributor of precision measurement tools
What kinds of applications are there for using a ruby ball probe tip?
A ball-tipped probe is most often used to assess the flatness of a surface, also known as scanning. By using a ruby ball probe, you are harnessing each of the advantages of ruby as a material—sphericity, hardness, smoothness, and resistance. Scanning is used in order to identify any flaws that a material might have. A ruby ball probe is used to measure the individual imperfections that are found during the scanning process. By running the probe across the surface of interest, you can find and measure the size of any flaws that exist. Ensuring smoothness and perfect sphericity of the ball on your probe is pivotal to successful scanning. Ruby is the best choice for this purpose since it is reliably spherical and smooth, as well as difficult to damage.
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One of the most common concerns that people have when switching to VoIP is whether they can port over their existing phone number. Can someone keep their existing phone number when switching to VoIP? Fortunately, the answer is yes but there are exceptions. The ability to use your existing phone number, when transferring from one provider to another, is called "number portability". The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) made sure of the number porting availability by issuing a ruling that VoIP service providers should provide a phone number portability option to their clients. Clients can have phone number portability as long as they live in the same geographical area, and with VoIP, the number portablity options are far more extended.
Transferring or porting your phone number from a traditional telephone landline system is usually and in most cases possible. However, the process may take some time. It is also important to note that there are some providers that require a fee to have phone number portability. So if you plan on porting over your old phone number to your new service provider, be sure to ask if there are any associated fees.
You should not cancel your current telephone service with your current provider until you have contacted your new provider. Your new provider will need to know your account information from your current provider in order to successfully and quickly port over your phone number. By providing a billing statement, it ensures that your account information needed to port your phone number is correct.
Complications arise when you move to another location. In a legal sense, you are the owner of your own phone number. You have the rights to port your phone number anywhere. However, if you move to another location/region, and need to change service providers, you may encounter issues with porting your existing number due to the location.
Once you start an account with a VoIP provider, your phone number is owned by the VoIP provider and it is not portable. If you wanted to change a VoIP provider, you could not use the same number. The reason for this is that the VoIP provider is the one leasing the number from a telecommunications service provider. In legal terms, your phone number is registered to the VoIP provider's name.
Be sure to thoroughly consult with your new VoIP service provider to make sure that your phone number is portable, and the detailed process involved. Ask information on how to port your phone number and what are the possible issues or concerns when porting your phone number to a VoIP provider.


text:
Using a Color Picker or Eye Dropper in PowerPoint 2011 for Mac
PowerPoint 2013 comes with a nice Eye Dropper feature that let you pick any color from the design and get the RGB values. This way you can create slide designs based in the corporate identity or using the colors you want.
There is an application called DigitalColor Meter that you can use to grab any color from object on screen. Using DigitalColor Meter you can pick a color and then assign the same RGB values to a PowerPoint presentation background or shape.
Using Digital Color Meter you can easily grab any color from the screen and get the RGB values. There are some other alternative tools that you can install in your MacBook Pro or Mac computer, however Digital Color Meter comes with OSX Maverick ready for you to use.
Then go to PowerPoint and let's say you want to change the background color to match the grabbed color. You can go to Slide Master and change Background properties using Format Background dialog box. Then choose Solid color (or Gradient) and then click Color button. Now click More Colors and then enter the Red, Green and Blue (RGB) values that you picked with the tool.
In this example you can see we created a themed version of our _URL_ website as a PowerPoint background.


text:
Glucose plays a central role in numerous physiological processes in dairy cows related to immune defence and milk production. A lack of glucose impairs both objectives, although to different degrees. A method for the estimation of glucose balance (GB) in dairy cows was developed to assess glucose reserves in the intermediary metabolism. Digestive fluxes of glucogenic carbon were individually estimated via the Systool Web application based on data on body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), and chemical analyses of feedstuffs. Fluxes of endogenous precursors glycerol, alanine and L-lactate and the glucose demand imposed by major glucose-consuming organs were deduced from BW, lactose yield and lactation stage. GB was calculated for 201 lactations (1 to 105 DIM) of 157 cows fed isoenergetic rations. Individual DMI, BW and milk yield were assessed on a daily basis. The results showed that the GB varied greatly between cows and lactation stages. In the first week of lactation, average daily GB reached levels close to zero (3.2 ± 13.5 mol C) and increased as lactation progressed. Most cows risk substantial shortages of glucose for maintenance during the first weeks of lactation. In face of the specific role of glucose for the functional capability of the immune function, the assessment of glucose reserves is a promising measure for the identification of cows at risk of impaired immunocompetence.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


Did you know?
estate - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
Thesaurus diagram
noun [countable] estate pronunciation in British English
Word Forms
 1. 1
 British an area where there are many houses, usually built at the same time by the same company. Many estates are owned by local government and have cheap houses for poorer families. The American word is development
 He grew up on an estate.
 1. c.
 a very large area of land that belongs to one person, usually with a very big house on it
 She has a team of six people who manage the estate.
 2. 2
 [usually singular] all the property and money that belongs to someone, especially someone who has just died
 3. 3
 British a long car with an extra door at the back and a lot of space behind the back seats
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Old Stone House
Architect: Resident Designer
Contractor: Monks and lay workers (with Prior Benedict Haindl, OSB, as superintendent)
The Stone House was the first permanent building erected on the present Saint John's campus. The structure (built 200 feet from the shores of Lake Sagatagan) faced east and was 46' x 50' (it stood directly south of the present south wing). Bishop Thomas L. Grace, of St. Paul, laid the cornerstone on July 19, 1866 and occupancy took place by the end of the year. It consisted of a basement, two floors and an attic. The basement contained the kitchen and dining rooms; the first floor was divided into study halls and classrooms; on the second floor the monks had their rooms and the attic was used as a dormitory for students. The Stone House was a frontier adaptation of the simple Colonial Dutch gable structures of Pennsylvania. It was built unadorned with stones and boulders gathered from the local area. This building gave an aura of stability and permanence to Saint John's. The roof was crowned with a turret in which a 150 pound bell was placed (a gift of Brother Benno Muckenthaler's family in Bavaria). The bell (pitched in "C") announced both the hours of monastic prayer and the school schedule. On the south exterior wall, Valentine Stimmler, OSB, painted a picturesque sundial with baroque corona in bright Bavarian colors.
The Stone House served as college and monastery until 1871. In 1868, the first two story brick addition of the south wing (now the Health Center) was attached to the Stone House to the north. On March 22, 1877, a fire broke out early in the morning which caused more panic than damage. With ample space provided by the new quadrangle and in view of its weakened walls, the Stone House was demolished in 1893. In 1948, its bell was given to St. John's foundation in Puerto Rico by Abbot Alcuin.
Barry, Colman, OSB, Worship and Work, 1956, p. 83.
Hoffmann, Alexius, OSB, History of St. John's Abbey, _PHONE_, Part I, p. 69-72.
"The Stone House," The Record, September, 1893, p. 186-187.
"The Old Stone House." Scriptorium, 1954, p.19.


text:
After grazing, the remaining stubble is a mixture of grass of different lengths. What does that mean for grass regrowth? The results of Amazing Grazing show that per centimeter of extra stubble length, the average extra growth is between half and four percent. This knowledge helps to better predict grass growth after grazing.
Grazing cows leave behind a mosaic of different grass heights. In one place the grass has been eaten almost to the ground, while further away long remnants of refused grass have remained. And there are also places with all grass heights in between.
The speed at which a grass plant recovers after grazing depends on the presence of the growing point and the amount of green leaves. If the grass has been cut or mowed so short that the growth point has been removed, the regrowth will immediately start with a delay from a newly formed side shoot. The amount of green leaves determines how quickly the grass gets off the starting blocks. Normally, up to a grass height of approximately 15 cm, the more leaves, the faster the regrowth. But this rule does not apply above that, because more older leaves will die. The net growth will then be the same or even slightly lower.
Measure growth rate
In Amazing Grazing, a trial was conducted at Dairy Campus in 2018 to measure the growth rate of grass from an initial situation with different stubble lengths. After the first, second and third cut, fields were mowed at a stubble height of 5, 8, 11, 15 or 18 cm to simulate the influence of grazing as closely as possible. Subsequently, the fields in the second, third or fourth cut were harvested as a mowing cut. With a stubble of 5 centimeters, the grass grew daily at 75 to 125 kilograms of dry matter per hectare. The higher the stubble, the faster the grass grew. With a stubble of 15 or 18 centimeters, the grass growth was 100 to 200 kilograms dry matter per hectare. The results calculated an average extra growth of about half to four percent per centimeter of extra stubble length. This knowledge has been used to improve the prediction of grass growth after grazing.


Raman imaging to capture microplastics and nanoplastics carried by smartphones
Yunlong Luo, Ravi Naidu, Cheng Fang*
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
5 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
The sources of microplastics and nanoplastics can be found almost everywhere, including being released from the activities of our daily lives. Unfortunately, the process for determining the sources of microplastics and nanoplastics is hampered by the limited techniques available for characterisation. Herewith, we advance Raman imaging by combining it with logic-based, algebra-based, PCA-based algorithms and their hybrid, which can significantly increase the signal-noise ratio and the imaging certainty, to enable the characterisation of microplastics. Consequently, we can capture and identify the microplastics carried by our smartphones. That is because, due to the friction and fragmentation etc., our clothes and the decoration trinkets that might be made of plastic fibres can release microplastics. The released microplastics stick on the phone surface, or are trapped in the charging port, speaker ports etc., towards accumulation. We estimate hundreds or thousands of microplastics can be captured and carried by a smartphone, depending on the clothing materials, pocketing styles, user habits etc. Due to the complexity of the samples (which shields the weak signals emitted from nanoplastics), further methodological improvements are required, such as optimisation of sample preparation (for better isolation of nano-sized plastics), refinement of data processing algorithms and combined use of Raman microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Original languageEnglish
Article number160959
Pages (from-to)1-10
Number of pages10
JournalScience of the Total Environment
Volume864
Early online date17 Dec 2022
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 15 Mar 2023
Externally publishedYes
Keywords
 - Raman imaging
 - Microplastic
 - Nanoplastic
 - Logic-based algorithm
 - Algebra-based algorithm
 - PCA-based algorithm
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text:
How to monitor Whatsapp, Viber, and other IM on Android
Easy as pie – we do all the heavy lifting.
Step 1. Install Safe Lagoon on your child's Android smartphone or tablet and send some instant messages.
Step 2. Open your Parental App or Safe Lagoon Webcenter and select the "IM chats" tab.
Step 3. Select the messenger type you would like to see chats from (Whatsapp, Viber, etc) and you will see a both sides of the commication from that particular Instant messenger. Messages are presented in chronological order.
Step 4. You can also select "All chats" and see a time line of all conversations over all instant messengers used


Definition of psilocybin in English:
psilocybin
Line breaks: psilo|cybin
Pronunciation: /ˌsʌɪlə(ʊ)ˈsʌɪbɪn

/
noun
[mass noun] Chemistry
A hallucinogenic compound of the alkaloid class, found in the liberty cap and related toadstools.
More example sentences
 - LSD use also produces tolerance for other hallucinogenic drugs such as psilocybin and mescaline, but not to drugs such as marijuana, amphetamines, and PCP, which do not act directly on the serotonin receptors affected by LSD.
 - Some hallucinogens, such as PCP and MDMA are addictive, while others, such as LSD, psilocybin, and mescaline are not.
 - His chapter on psychedelics begins with the modern history of such drugs, with sections then devoted to brief discussions of the subjective effects of LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, ayahuasca, MDMA, and marijuana.
Origin
1950s: from modern Latin Psilocybe (genus name), from Greek psilos 'bald' + kubē 'head'.
Definition of psilocybin in:
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Word of the day apposite
Pronunciation: ˈapəzɪt
adjective
apt in the circumstances or relation to something


text:
Jumping is used in many sports for different purposes. In each sport, the jump is performed in a way that enhances the purpose of the jump, such as:
- High jumpers perform a backward roll over the bar, to gain the greatest height (which works because they have a cushioned landing area).
- Long jumpers extend their arms legs in front of their body, to reach out and gain the greatest distance (which works because they have a cushioned landing area).
- Hurdlers use an extended scissor action of the legs to clear the hurdle, gain height, and set themselves up for the next hurdle (which works because they know what is on the other side of each hurdle).
No matter the sport, the primary purpose of a jump is to raise the body to higher altitude (except with jump off or into something, such as jumping off a diving board or parachuting from an aircraft, where the purpose is to lose altitude). A secondary purpose may be to move the body quickly over a distance, such as jumping out the way of a foil in fencing. Martial arts jumps share these purposes but they have two important variables to deal with—an opponent that wants to harm them and unfamiliar terrain. This means that during a martial arts jump, the jumper must remain stable, be able to defend him or herself during the jump, be prepared for an unknown landing areas, and land in way that permits further offensive or defensive actions if needed.
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PAPI Feature Catalog Reference, v2015-08-17
All of the Property Manager API's behaviors and criteria that you use to control your edge content. Details an older legacy dated rule format version.
Learn more:
Overview
The Property Manager API (PAPI) allows you to programmatically configure your web content on the Akamai edge network. As its main function, it activates rules that you assign to a set of hostnames. These rules modify how your origin content responds to your user's requests on the Akamai edge network, often by applying and configuring Akamai products, or by applying your own customizations.
Along with the main guide that shows you how to use PAPI as a whole, this API reference provides additional details on all of the features that you can include within the set of rules. Features consist of either behaviors that specify actions affecting how your web content responds, or match criteria that determine the conditions under which those actions execute. The Behaviors and Criteria sections below provide details on the full set of available features.
NOTE: This reference provides details on the set of features supported by the latest rule format version. For stable deployment, you should always use the most recent dated rule format version. See About Rule Formats below for guidance.
Rule tree basics
PAPI's Rule Trees section offers guidance on how rules are arranged as a tree structure that provide a simple programming environment. To summarize, each set of rules requires these two behaviors:
 - origin, which specifies where to get the content from.
 - cpCode, which tracks each edge request for the purpose of reporting and billing.
You need to place those two behaviors in the top-level default rule. Each rule specifies a set of behaviors. You specify a set of criteria to execute the behaviors in any nested child rules. Within the rule tree, you can nest these rules five layers deep.
Each feature is a small JSON object that specifies its own set of options. Options are often cross-dependent in various ways. For example, you only specify your origin's hostname option if the originType enumeration is set to a CUSTOMER origin. These cross-dependencies are detailed throughout this reference.
The overall set of features available to you is determined by the product and set of modules associated with the property under your Akamai contract. You can get that information by running either of these PAPI operations:
Secure property requirements
For some of the behaviors detailed in this reference, you may need to enable is_secure on the top-level default rule. This is necessary to apply a shared certificate across all hostnames. Some features require is_secure to be enabled.
See Rule Trees for more guidance on the default rule's structure.
Read-only features
Some of the behaviors listed in this reference are identified as read-only. These advanced features typically specify raw XML metadata that may cause unexpected problems when executing on edge servers. Do not edit these behaviors when modifying rules trees, and do not alter the sequence of any read-only behaviors within each rule. Contact your Akamai representative for assistance if you need to modify one of these behaviors, or see the following in the main PAPI guide for more information:
About rule formats
Akamai often modifies PAPI features, each time deploying a new internal version of the feature. If you are using the Property Manager interface in Akamai Control Center, you may be prompted to upgrade to new feature versions as they become available. PAPI does not support this system of selective updates for each feature. Instead, PAPI's rule objects are simply versioned as a whole. These versions, which update infrequently, are known as rule formats.
Rule formats are versioned by date, for example, v2017-06-19, or the most recent rule format titled latest. When you specify a feature within a rule tree assigned with the v2017-06-19 rule format, PAPI uses the most recent version of the feature that rule format supports. Only by updating to a newer rule format such as v2018-02-27 do you upgrade to new versions of various features, which often allow an expanded set of options and enumerations.
PAPI users should assign the most recent dated rule format to freeze the set of features. Otherwise if you assign the latest rule format, features update automatically to their most recent version. This may abruptly result in errors if JSON objects your rules specify no longer comply with the most recent feature's set of requirements. PAPI provides a more stable path to update rule formats that fixes these requirements for you. For more information, see Update Rules to a Newer Set of Features.
See Understanding Rule Formats for more information on PAPI's rule format versioning system.
Behaviors
The following represents all rule behaviors the Property Manager API supports. The set available to you is determined by the product and modules associated with the property. Use the List Available Behaviors operation to get this information.
This reference specifies features used in the v2015-08-17 rule format. See the Behaviors section for details on the most recent feature set, which corresponds to the latest rule format.
adaptiveImageCompression
The Adaptive Image Compression feature compresses JPEG images depending on the requesting network's performance, thus improving response time. The behavior specifies three performance tiers based on round-trip tests: 1 for excellent, 2 for good, and 3 for poor. It assigns separate performance criteria for mobile (cellular) and non-mobile networks, which the do_aic_mobile and do_aic_nonmobile options enable independently.
There are six method options, one for each tier and type of network. If the method is compress, choose from among the six corresponding slider options to specify a percentage. As an alternative to compression, setting the method to strip removes unnecessary application-generated metadata from the image. Setting the method to bypass serves clients the original image.
The behavior serves ETags headers as a data signature for each adapted variation. In case of error or if the file size increases, the behavior serves the original image file. Flushing the original image from the edge cache also flushes adapted variants. The behavior applies to the following image file extensions: jpg, jpeg, jpe, jif, jfif, and jfi.
Options:
 - do_aic_mobile (boolean): When enabled, adapts images served over cellular mobile networks. (In the Beta API, please substitute "true" and "false" string values.)
 - do_aic_nonmobile (boolean): When enabled, adapts images served over non-cellular networks. (In the Beta API, please substitute "true" and "false" string values.)
 - standard_comp_t1_method (enum string): Specifies tier–1 non-cellular network behavior, either compress, strip, or bypass.
 - standard_comp_t1_slider (number within 0–100 range): With standard_comp_t1_method set to compress, this specifies the compression percentage.
 - standard_comp_t2_method (enum string): Specifies tier–2 non-cellular network behavior, either compress, strip, or bypass.
 - standard_comp_t2_slider (number within 0–100 range): With standard_comp_t2_method set to compress, this specifies the compression percentage.
 - standard_comp_t5_method (enum string): Specifies tier–5 non-cellular network behavior, either compress, strip, or bypass.
 - standard_comp_t5_slider (number within 0–100 range): With standard_comp_t5_method set to compress, this specifies the compression percentage.
 - mobile_comp_t1_method (enum string): Specifies tier–1 behavior, either compress, strip, or bypass.
 - mobile_comp_t1_slider (number within 0–100 range): With mobile_comp_t1_method set to compress, this specifies the compression percentage.
 - mobile_comp_t2_method (enum string): Specifies tier–2 cellular-network behavior, either compress, strip, or bypass.
 - mobile_comp_t2_slider (number within 0–100 range): With mobile_comp_t2_method set to compress, this specifies the compression percentage.
 - mobile_comp_t5_method (enum string): Specifies tier–5 cellular-network behavior, either compress, strip, or bypass.
 - mobile_comp_t5_slider (number within 0–100 range): With mobile_comp_t5_method set to compress, this specifies the compression percentage.
Feature Previously Named: aic
Related Behaviors: redirect, enhancedAkamaiProtocol, cacheKeyIgnoreCase, cacheKeyQueryParams, cacheError, removeVary
advanced
A read-only behavior that specifies Akamai XML metadata. It can only be configured on your behalf by Akamai Professional Services.
Options:
 - description (string): Human-readable description of what the XML block does.
 - xml (string): Akamai XML metadata.
Related Behaviors: cacheError, redirect, webApplicationFirewall, cacheKeyQueryParams, removeVary, cacheKeyIgnoreCase
akamaizer
This read-only behavior allows you to run regular expression substitutions over web pages. Contact Akamai Professional Services


GLEP:52
Title:RESTRICT=interactive
Version:1.1
Last-Modified:2005/12/06 03:34:21
Author:Marius Mauch <genone at gentoo.org>,
Status:Draft
Type:Standards Track
Content-Type:text/x-rst
Created:13-Oct-2006
Post-History:14-Oct-2006
Contents
Abstract
This GLEP proposes a new value for the RESTRICT metadata variable in ebuilds to indicate that an ebuild requires interaction by the user.
Motivation
Certain ebuilds in the current tree require certain actions from the user to progress. A popular example are ebuilds that require physical media (cd/dvd-rom) for their distfiles instead of fetching them form the net. However ebuilds are supposed to be non-interactive, so this behavior, while sometimes necessary, violates existing policies. To account for this situation a new RESTRICT value should be added to allow filtering those ebuilds based on metadata and to inform users upfront (when displaying the depgraph) that a certain package will require their attention during the build process.
Specification
Portage (and by extension other package managers) will support a new value for the RESTRICT metadata variable called interactive. This value may be used by the package manager and tools using its API to filter packages that require interactive actions (for example to mask them in automated build environments). How the package manager exactly reacts on the presence of this new flag is beyond this specification, but it's recommended to indicate it's presence to the user whenever relevant.
This new setting should be used in ebuilds if it is known that they _typically_ require user attention during the build process. If an ebuild just has a limited risk of becoming interactive (like using the built_with_use function) it shouldn't be restricted.
Rationale
The new RESTRICT=interactive metadata setting will give us the following benefits:
 1. Enable masking of interactive ebuilds for automated build environments
 2. Metadata based searching for interactive ebuilds (superior to grep)
 3. Less frustrated users caused by hanging build processes
This proposal does not change the existing policy regarding interactive ebuilds (ebuilds still should be non-interactive whenever possible), it merely states a way to identify them.
Backwards Compatibility
Strictly speaking this extension would requires an EAPI bump, however as existing portage ignore unknown RESTRICT values it shouldn't cause any real breakage to introduce it without.
Reference Implementation
TODO
Credits
Thanks to the following persons for their input on or related to this GLEP (even though they might not have known it): Alec Warner, Zac Medico, Simon Stelling
References
[1]_URL_
Copyright
This document has been placed in the public domain.


text:
The highest autumn/winter rainfall in Benalla in decades will reduce crop yields if the soil doesn't have a chance to dry outLIBBY PRICE July 24, 2014 3:10am
Grain crops in the Benalla region have started to turn yellow, indicating water logging and potential yield losses.
Record autumn rain has been followed by a very wet opening to winter, with the highest June rainfall in a decade of 88.5
While there had not been a large rain event this month, the slow, steady rain has kept the soil very wet.
Department of Environment and Primary Industries climate specialist Dale Grey predicted there would be crop yield losses if the soil did not get a chance to dry in coming weeks.
''It's been more than wet enough for long enough for the root system to literally start dying from lack of oxygen,'' Mr Grey said.
''If crops are under water for a couple of months, they're in a fair bit of trouble. Once the roots die it's pretty much irreversible.''
Canola is considered to be more 'water sensitive', followed by barley, while oats and faba beans can cope with longer periods of soil saturation.
''In 'crab holes' where there are smaller areas of slight hollows, you can see the crops showing stress,'' Mr Grey said.
''Farmers sometimes get out the shovel to try and drain these areas, but the water's got to go somewhere and it's not a great way to win over the neighbours.
''Farmers are spreading a bit of nitrogen fertiliser on them (the crops) to make them look a bit better.
''It's too wet to get onto the country so they're having to do it by plane .
Paton Air Helicopters director and chief pilot David Empey confirmed the business had never been so busy.
''We have six pilots and four choppers working from daylight 'til dark on good days with fine weather,'' Mr Empey said.
''Wet brings on the mildew and insects breed, and we're spreading a lot of urea because of the rain and wet paddocks. There's also a lot of broad leaf weed spraying in the hills.''
It's frenetic work as the JetRanger helicopter can only carry 400
''We don't have to land every time to reload as there's a 30 foot line on the chopper, but as you can imagine, it gets very busy,'' Mr Empey said.
After months of speculation, Yarrawonga's Alan Williams has been endorsed as the Labor candidate for Murray contesting the July 2 Federal Election.
Three Yarrawonga footballers have excelled at interleague level, representing the Ovens and Murray against Hampden in Warrnambool on Saturday.
The Aboriginal and wider community is mourning the death of revered Bangerang Aboriginal elder, Uncle John ''Sandy'' Atkinson.
Fletcher and Beau Harris might have only taken up go kart racing two years ago but they're already showing the potential for future success.
CONSTRUCTION of Rochester's gym is well into the swing of things, with concrete walls erected early last week.
Kyabram Football Club will host a family day next weekend.
Where there's a Will, there's a way
Berrigan Shire councillor Daryll Morris says he has been sickened by some of the vitriol and personal attacks to surface since the council's proposal to redevelop Finley's Memorial Hall and School of Arts site was revealed in October last year.
RENEWAL works have resumed on the Coliban Main Channel this month.
For most 10-year-olds, mischievous isn't a word often found in their vocabulary, let alone having the ability to spell it correctly. But for Cobram Anglican Grammar Year 5 student Cadence Pang, it's all in a day's work.
Plans for the release of a carp herpes virus has captured the attention of international press.
Farmers from northern Victoria will join a protest rally over milk prices in Melbourne tomorrow, Wednesday.
The News magazines are online - read high quality magazines in your time. Check in regularly for the latest editions.
Riverine Herald's well regarded locally produced magazines. They're now online, so you can read them whenever and wherever you like.
Search for published and unpublished photos from McPherson Media Group newspapers and magazines. All our photos are available to purchase.
Place an advertisement in any one of McPherson Media Group's local newspapers.


value. To implement
 'make-local-variable' in a buffer, look in the buffer's
 local_var_alist, and if no element exists for this symbol,
 add one, copying the value from the default value. When setting
 the value in a buffer, look in the buffer's local_var_alist, and set
 the value in that list if an element exists for this symbol;
 otherwise, set the default. (Remember that SYMVAL_BUFFER_LOCAL
 variables implicitly call 'make-local-variable' first, so when
 setting a value, there will always be an entry in the buffer's
 local_var_alist to set.)
 However, these operation is potentially slow. To speed it up,
 we cache the value in one buffer in this structure.
 NOTE: This is *not* a write-through cache. I.e. when setting
 the value in the buffer that is cached, we *only* change the
 cache and don't write the value through to either the buffer's
 local_var_alist or the default value. Therefore, when retrieving
 a value in a buffer, you must *always* look in the cache to see if
 it refers to that buffer.
 The cache consists of
 -- a buffer, or nil if the cache has not been set up
 -- the value in that buffer
 -- the element (a cons) from the buffer's local_var_alist, or
 nil if there is no local value in the buffer
 These slots are called CURRENT-BUFFER, CURRENT-VALUE, and
 CURRENT-ALIST-ELEMENT, respectively.
 If we want to examine or set the value in BUFFER and CURRENT-BUFFER
 equals BUFFER, we just examine or set CURRENT-VALUE. Otherwise,
 we store CURRENT-VALUE value into CURRENT-ALIST-ELEMENT (or maybe
 into DEFAULT-VALUE), then find the appropriate alist element for
 BUFFER and set up CURRENT-ALIST-ELEMENT. Then we set CURRENT-VALUE
 out of that element (or maybe out of DEFAULT-VALUE), and store
 BUFFER into CURRENT-BUFFER.
 If we are setting the variable and the current buffer does not have
 an alist entry for this variable, an alist entry is created.
 Note that CURRENT-BUFFER's local_var_alist value for this variable
 might be out-of-date (the correct value is stored in CURRENT-VALUE).
 Similarly, if CURRENT-BUFFER sees the default value, then
 DEFAULT-VALUE might be out-of-date.
 Note that CURRENT-VALUE (but not DEFAULT-VALUE) can be a
 forwarding pointer. Each time it is examined or set,
 forwarding must be done.
 */
 Lisp_Object default_value;
 Lisp_Object current_value;
 Lisp_Object current_buffer;
 Lisp_Object current_alist_element;
};
#define XSYMBOL_VALUE_BUFFER_LOCAL(v) \
 ((struct symbol_value_buffer_local *) XPNTR(v))
#define SYMBOL_VALUE_BUFFER_LOCAL_P(v) \
 (SYMBOL_VALUE_MAGIC_P (v) && \
 (XSYMBOL_VALUE_MAGIC_TYPE (v) == SYMVAL_BUFFER_LOCAL \
 || XSYMBOL_VALUE_MAGIC_TYPE (v) == SYMVAL_SOME_BUFFER_LOCAL))
/* 3. symbol-value-lisp-magic */
extern CONST_IF_NOT_DEBUG struct lrecord_implementation
 lrecord_symbol_value_lisp_magic[];
enum lisp_magic_handler
{
 MAGIC_HANDLER_GET_VALUE,
 MAGIC_HANDLER_SET_VALUE,
 MAGIC_HANDLER_BOUND_PREDICATE,
 MAGIC_HANDLER_MAKE_UNBOUND,
 MAGIC_HANDLER_LOCAL_PREDICATE,
 MAGIC_HANDLER_MAKE_LOCAL,
 MAGIC_HANDLER_MAX
};
struct symbol_value_lisp_magic
{
 struct symbol_value_magic magic;
 Lisp_Object handler[MAGIC_HANDLER_MAX];
 Lisp_Object harg[MAGIC_HANDLER_MAX];
 Lisp_Object shadowed;
};
#define XSYMBOL_VALUE_LISP_MAGIC(v) \
 ((struct symbol_value_lisp_magic *) XPNTR (v))
#define SYMBOL_VALUE_LISP_MAGIC_P(v) \
 (SYMBOL_VALUE_MAGIC_P (v) && \
 XSYMBOL_VALUE_MAGIC_TYPE (v) == SYMVAL_LISP_MAGIC)
/* 4. symbol-value-varalias */
extern CONST_IF_NOT_DEBUG struct lrecord_implementation
 lrecord_symbol_value_varalias[];
struct symbol_value_varalias
{
 struct symbol_value_magic magic;
 Lisp_Object aliasee;
 Lisp_Object shadowed;
};
#define XSYMBOL_VALUE_VARALIAS(v) \
 ((struct symbol_value_varalias *) XPNTR (v))
#define SYMBOL_VALUE_VARALIAS_P(v) \
 (SYMBOL_VALUE_MAGIC_P (v) && \
 XSYMBOL_VALUE_MAGIC_TYPE (v) == SYMVAL_VARALIAS)
#define symbol_value_varalias_aliasee(m) ((m)->aliasee)
#define symbol_value_varalias_shadowed(m) ((m)->shadowed)
/* DEFSUBR (Fname);
 is how we define the symbol for function 'Fname' at start-up time. */
#define DEFSUBR(Fname) defsubr (&S##Fname)
extern void defsubr (struct Lisp_Subr *);
extern void defsymbol (Lisp_Object *location, CONST char *name);
extern void defkeyword (Lisp_Object *location, CONST char *name);
extern void deferror (Lisp_Object *symbol, CONST char *name,
 CONST char *message, Lisp_Object inherits_from);
/* Macros we use to define forwarded Lisp variables.
 These are used in the syms_of_FILENAME functions. */
extern void defvar_mumble (CONST char *names,
 CONST void *magic, int sizeof_magic);
#ifdef USE_INDEXED_LRECORD_IMPLEMENTATION
# define symbol_value_forward_lheader_initializer { 1, 0, 0 }
#else
# define symbol_value_forward_lheader_initializer \
 { lrecord_symbol_value_forward }
#endif
#define DEFVAR_HEADER(lname, c_location, forward_type) do { \
 static CONST struct symbol_value_forward I_hate_C \
 = { { { symbol_value_forward_lheader_initializer, \
 (struct lcrecord_header *) (c_location), 69 }, \
 forward_type }, 0 }; \
 defvar_mumble ((lname), &I_hate_C, sizeof (I_hate_C)); \
} while (0)
#define DEFVAR_MAGIC_HEADER(lname, c_location, forward_type, magicfun) do { \
 static CONST struct symbol_value_forward I_hate_C \
 = { { { symbol_value_forward_lheader_initializer, \
 (struct lcrecord_header *) (c_location), 69 }, \
 forward_type }, magicfun }; \
 defvar_mumble ((lname), &I_hate_C, sizeof (I_hate_C)); \
} while (0)
/* These discard their DOC arg because it is snarfed by make-docfile
 * and stored in an external file. */
#define DEFVAR_HEADER_GCPRO(lname, c_location, symbol_value_type) do { \
 DEFVAR_HEADER (lname, c_location, symbol_value_type); \
 staticpro (c_location); \
} while (0)
#define DEFVAR_LISP(lname, c_location) \
 DEFVAR_HEADER_GCPRO (lname, c_location, SYMVAL_OBJECT_FORWARD)
#define DEFVAR_CONST_LISP(lname, c_location) \
 DEFVAR_HEADER_GCPRO (lname, c_location, SYMVAL_CONST_OBJECT_FORWARD)
#define DEFVAR_SPECIFIER(lname, c_location) \
 DEFVAR_HEADER_GCPRO (lname, c_location, SYMVAL_CONST_SPECIFIER_FORWARD)
#define DEFVAR_INT(lname, c_location) \
 DEFVAR_HEADER (lname, c_location, SYMVAL_FIXNUM_FORWARD)
#define DEFVAR_CONST_INT(lname, c_location) \


text:
Hedgerow planting in Denmark
Despite the great extension of agricultural land and farming tradition in Denmark, few formal agroforestry systems can be easily found. However, Denmark has a long tradition in hedgerow planting which has shaped and delineated Danish landscapes.
Hedgerow planting to protect crops from wind erosion has a long tradition in Denmark. Hedgerow structure, composition and purpose have evolved from the XIX century, when many of today's hedgerows were established to state ownership boundaries and to increase agricultural productivity. Nowadays, hedgerows are key multifunctional landscape elements that enhance biodiversity and increase landscape diversity. Although the plantation of hedgerows is decreasing, still more than 500 km of hedgerows are planted every year.
In the mid of the XIX century, there was a strong need of agricultural land to provide food to the increasing population of Denmark and to compensate the loss of territory to Germany after the 1864 war. Western Jutland, which was dominated by heath, was reclaimed to agricultural land (1, 2). However, strong wind erosion and dominating sandy soils demanded shelterbelts for this new agricultural land. In 1866 the Land Development Service (DLDS) was established with the purpose to protect these farmlands (2, 3).
The DLDS is a private organization which was funded by subscriptions of members, donations and since 1880, shortly after its foundation, by the national government which quickly became the main source of funds. Until 1989, DLDS has been the main driver of hedgerow planting (today it is still responsible for 90% of hedgerows planting), holding the monopoly of distributing plants with subsidized prices, providing advisors and offering staff for hedgerow planting (Fig. 1).
Fig 1: DLDS distribution of plants Fig 2: "Flying squads" - planting activities
Around the same time, local planting associations started to appear and in 1902 the Federation of Planting Associations (NBSP) was formed (2). Acting as a national coordinator and organized in regional associations, its purpose was to promote and advice groups of farmers on hedgerows planting and maintenance. The Federation of Planting Associations (today the Danish Planting Association) and the DLDS were strongly associated and together have been the main actors in the network of subsidized hedgerow planting in Denmark until nowadays (3, 4, Fig. 3).
Fig. 3: Central actors in the network related to subsidised hedgerow planting in Denmark.
A good example of the collaboration between the national government and the hedgerows planting scheme were the so-called "Flying Squads". In the 1920s, the collective hedgerow planting model became very popular. It consisted of groups of association members who decided to plant together in the same geographical area at the same time. To fight against the high unemployment rates, the government created the flying squads which carried out the planting work with the support of the Ministry of Social Affairs (financing the hand work) and the Ministry of Agriculture (financing the plant materials) (4, Figure 2). This led to the creation of over a hundred local planting associations under the umbrella of the Federation of Planting Associations. This collective hedgerow planting became the organization's model for the next 3 decades (1).
The 1960s and 1970s showed a decline in the interest in hedgerow planting, also a consequence of reduced governmental support and increasing inflation (1, 2). This situation remained until the mid-final 1980s, when the entrance of the EU financial support supposed a revitalization of the hedgerow planting schemes.
The planting design of hedgerows did not vary too much until the 1960s and consisted mainly of one row of trees (Picea glauca and Picea sitchensis, often complemented with Sorbus intermedia (5)). However, after it became evident that these mono-specific hedgerows had a low permanence and stability, new hedgerow models were developed, taking the value of hedgerows for biodiversity and cultural landscape values into consideration (6).
In 1974, the EU Structural Fund started co-financing hedgerow planting and this push revitalized the hedgerow scheme. First, hedgerows were funded only on agricultural land with a risk of wind erosion in Western Jutland. In 1976 the first Hedgerow Planting act was implemented and financial support was extended to the whole of Denmark. Two different hedgerows planting schemes were established following the same model that was already running: individual and collective schemes, the latest one heavily favored because it supported not only the planting materials (like in the individual scheme), but also planting and maintenance costs for three years.
Fig. 4: Windbreak of five rows, 800 m long. Established withe a 20.000 kr (~2670€) grant from EM Dalgas Memorial in 2013.
The appearance of the EU co-funding implied a transition in the purpose and motivations for hedgerow planting. Although increasing farmland productivity was still the main objective of hedgerow planting, the 1988 act modification specified that hedgerow planting has also positive effects on the landscape. In 1993 the scheme was extended to include the financial support for woodlot planting connected to hedgerows to enhance nature and landscape, acknowledging the role of ecological corridors. Finally, in 2002, aesthetic values were added to the act, recognizing the multifunctional purpose of hedgerows. The individual and collective schemes were balanced, giving the same financial support to both of them (although collective plantings remain predominant).
Today, more recent hedgerows are usually shaped by 3 rows (but comprise sometimes up to 7-8 rows), combining deciduous trees and shrubs and not exceeding 10 meters of width. Its implementation has been extended from the outwash plains of Western Jutland to the whole country (figure 4, figure 5).
Fig. 5: Typical hedgerows plantings are 3 and 6 rowed. It is usually formed by native deciduous species.
In 2005, the ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries analyzed the current situation of the hedgerows scheme in Denmark with special focus on profitability and habitat enhancement values (5, 7) viagra vente en ligne. Their report highlighted the wider hedgerows (6-7 rows) as permanent habitat providers (although not economically beneficial due extra costs), while 3-4 rows were highlighted as green corridors and economically profitable.
The effects of hedgerows on Danish agricultural landscapes are palpable and are a success of a bottom-up approach in land use management. Wind erosion became a minor problem by reducing wind speed. By changing micro-climate, hedgerows increase temperature and crops yield. The current scheme which includes broader purposes has allowed hedgerows to define the landscape in the whole country, even in areas where wind erosion risk is not a problem.
Source: Mario Torralba Viorreta, Dep. of Geoscience and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark, February 2015. Mario started his PhD on silvopastoral systems in May 2014 and is contributing to the Agforward project's WP7.
Picture Source: Det Danske Hedeselskab (Danish Land Development Service).
1. Fritzbøger B. 1998. Det åbne lands kulturhistorie, DSR-Forlag, Copenhagen.
2. Fritzbøger B. 2002. Bag hegnet. Historien om levende hegn i det danske landskab. Landsforeningen De danske Plantningsforeninger. Gullanders Bogtrykkeri A/S, Skjern.
3. Busck A.G. 2003. Hedgerow planting analysed as a social system – interaction between farmers and other actors in Denmark. Journal of Environmental Management 68: 161–171.
4. Knudsen H.S. 1983. Det flyvende korps. Fællesudvalget for Læplantning
5. Busck A, Kristensen L.S and Primdah J. 2007. The Hedgerow Planting Scheme in Denmark - a case study of objectives, context, effects and implications. Anex III of Maximising the provision of public goods from future agri- 469 environmental schemes. Final Report of Project 15932. (Peterborough (UK): Land Use 470 Policy Group, 2007).
6. Knudsen H, Vestergaard G. 2001. Levende hegn og små beplantninger. Landbrugsforlaget.
7. Rapport om effektvurdering af læplantningsordningen. 2005. Direktoratet for Fødevareerhverv.


text:
HIC – High-Income Country
High-income countries are those that have an average income per person above a figure that is worked out each year by the World Bank. For instance, in 2013 the high-income figure was 12,746 US dollars (or equivalent).
He had hiccups (HIC) after stuffing his face with ice cream. He could afford to, being from such a high-income country.
Refer to Mammoth Memory remembering numbers before trying to understand the following:
How to remember 12,746 dollars is the amount high-income countries were based on in 2013:
Try to imagine that after the high-income person finished his ice cream, he went home in a tank.
And in Mammoth Memory's numbers system:
TANK = 127
Then imagine it was rush hour and the tank got caught in a traffic jam.
In the Mammoth Memory number system:
RUSH = 46
When used together:
TANK RUSH = 12746
PLEASE NOTE: This figure is updated every year by the World Bank. As you get closer to your exam you might want to update the figures you will use. We chose 2013 as an example, to show you how easy it can be to remember specific numbers.


Rotational Power Calculator
The rate at which a task or work is done is power. The power depends on the torque and the frequency of the rotation. Use our online rotational power calculator to find the power in rotational systems by entering torque and revolutions per minute(rpm). You can calculate rotational power in watt, autowatt, BTU/hour, erg/hour, gigawatt, kilowatt, megawatt, newton meter/hour, horsepower [electric], dyne meter/hour, electric horsepower and atmosphere cubic foot/hour.
Result :
If the torque is 50 Nm and RPM is 70, find rotational power?
Rotational Power = 50 * 2*3.14 * 70 / 60
= 366.51914250000004 W


this driver, a Raspberry Pi with Domoticz and a Z-Wave stick has been used to gather all room temperatures from Z-Wave sensors and send them to the respective Tasmota room thermostats.
Customization of the controller for best results~
The thermostat controller includes a default parameter set that targets a typical floor heating application for mid-sized rooms (< 20m2) with one heating circuit. The controller is however highly configurable via MQTT. The following sections will guide the user to adapt the main parameters to improve the performance of the thermostat controller via customization.
Enable the thermostat driver~
The thermostat driver is by default disabled. To enable it the following command can be used:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/THERMOSTATMODESET 1
Set the controller in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit~
The default temperature format is degrees Celsius. The format can be easily switched to degrees Fahrenheit via MQTT command, see below:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TEMPFORMATSET 1
Set the control strategy~
The control strategy by default is a Hybrid one. The hybrid control strategy mixes a so called "Ramp-Up" strategy (invention during the development of this driver, initially as a LUA script and ported to Tasmota later) and a PI one. The "Ramp-Up" strategy is typically used to reach as fast as possible the setpoint for big deltas between desired temperature and setpoint, the PI on the other hand for most part of the normal thermostat operation.
The control strategy can be however modified, if the Hybrid one is not desired, the PI or "Ramp-Up" mode, can be forced. For that purpose the following command can be used:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/CONTROLLERMODESET 1
The value 1 forces the PI operation and the value 2 the "Ramp-Up" one.
PI controller main parameters~
Cycle time~
Depending on the heating system, the cycle time (PMW period) can be adapted. Very slow systems (high time constants) such as heating floor systems might need higher values (default value is 30 minutes), faster systems might need smaller cycle times. Below the command to adapt the cycle time can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMEPICYCLESET 30
Proportional Band~
Depending on the dimensioning of your heating system, the proportional band of the controller might be increased (if it takes too long to reach setpoint) or reduced (very high overshoot). The default proportional gain is 4, which means that the duty cycle due to the proportional part of the PI controller will be 100% for temperature deltas between setpoint and room temperature equal or bigger than 4°C. Below the command to adapt the proportional band can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/PROPBANDSET 1
Note
With the command above, the PI controller will output a proportional time equivalent to 100% of the duty cycle for delta temperatures between setpoint and room temp. above 1°C (e.g., for big rooms with weak dimensioned heating circuit).
Reset Time~
The reset time is the time the PI controller takes to overcome steady-state errors. The default value for the reset time is 12000 seconds. This value can be for instance increased in case a stronger integral reaction of the controller is desired. Below the command to adapt the proportional band can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMERESETSET 1800
Temperature for the anti-windup reset~
To avoid the accumulated error and therefore integral component of the PI controller to grow too much and produce a high overshoot, a temperature delta can be defined within the integrator will work. Outside this range the accumulated error and integral part will be set to 0. The default value for the integrator to work is 0.8°C. Below the command to adapt the anti-windup temperature can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TEMPANTIWINDUPRESETSET 0.8
Temperature hysteresis~
A temperature hysteresis can be set to avoid any PI controller actions within a certain value around the setpoint. The default value for the hysteresis is 0.1°C. In well configured controller this value should be as low as possible to avoid unwanted temperature oscillations which reduce efficiency and therefore increase costs. Below the command to adapt the anti-windup temperature can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TEMPHYSTSET 0.1
Maximum action of the controller~
The maximum On time (Duty Cycle) in minutes within a cycle can be set by this parameter. The default value is 20 minutes. This represents for the default cycle time of 30 minutes 2 thirds of the complete cycle. In case the controller takes too long to reach the setpoint, this value can be increased to values closer to the cycle time. Below the command to adapt the maximum action time can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMEMAXACTIONSET 20
Minimum action of the controller~
The minimum On time (Duty Cycle) in minutes within a cycle can be set by this parameter. The default value is 4 minutes. Below the command to adapt the minimum action time can be found:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMEMINACTIONSET 4
It is very important to adapt this value to your heating system to obtain accurate temperature control
If the value is very low, in case of floor heating systems for instance, the heating actuators might not have enough time to open the valves and the temperature will drop (depending on the actuator open/close time could take from 1 to 3 minutes) if it is too high, there will be unwanted oscillations around the setpoint. One way to configure this value in heating mode is to manually tune it in worst case conditions (highest typically desired room temperature and lower winter temperature outside) checking that the proportional action generated by the controller is sufficient to raise slightly the temperature. If the temperature still goes down after the pulse plus delay time of the system and rises just once the accumulated error triggers integral actions then the value set is too low.
Ramp-Up controller main parameters~
Temperature delta to get into "Ramp-Up" mode~
When the controller is configured in Hybrid mode (default), the control strategy will be a mix between "Ramp-Up" (for big deltas between room temperature and setpoint) and PI (around the setpoint). The following parameter can be set to define the delta temperature (between measured and setpoint) above which the "Ramp-Up" controller will be active:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TEMPRUPDELTINSET 0.3
The default value is 0.4°C.
Time passed after latest setpoint change to get into "Ramp-Up" mode~
When the controller is configured in Hybrid mode (default), the activation of the "Ramp-Up" mode will not just depend on the defined temperature delta between measured and setpoint, but as well on the time in minutes passed since the last setpoint change occurred. This strategy matches the purpose of the "Ramp-Up" controller, which was developed to reach the desired temperature as fast as possible in very specific scenarios, e.g., after a night keeping the room temperature low. In hybrid mode, the controller active most part of the time should be the PI one. The following parameter can be used to define the time to allow switching to "Ramp-Up" in minutes.
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMEALLOWRAMPUPSET 300
The default value is 300 minutes.
Cycle time~
Depending on the heating system, the cycle time (PMW period) can be adapted. Very slow systems (high time constants) such as heating floor systems might need higher values (default value is 30 minutes), faster systems might need smaller cycle times. The following parameter can be used to define the cycle time in minutes:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMERAMPUPCYCLESET 45
Maximum Ramp-Up time~
The maximum time the ramp-up phase of the controller shall be active can be configured (default value is 960 minutes). The following parameter can be used to define the ramp-up time in minutes:
cmnd/Tasmota_Name/TIMERAMPUPMAXSET 180
Thermostat persistent storage for configuration~
The thermostat driver stores all configured parameters over MQTT exclusively in RAM, it does not use flash due to the amount of the parameters. This means that at every restart the default parameters will be set again. To avoid this behavior rules can be set-up to reconfigure desired parameters at every restart. See below an example:
ON Power1#boot DO Backlog sensorinputset 1;controllermodeset 2;thermostatmodeset 1;temptargetset %mem1% ENDON
ON mqtt#connected DO Publish2 stat/TestTopic/targetTempValue {"Temp":%mem1%} ENDON
ON mem1#state DO Backlog temptargetset %value%;Publish2 stat/TestTopic/targetTempValue {"Temp":%mem1%} ENDON
Detecting an opened window by temperature drop~
When opening windows, temperature will drop significantly faster than is normal. During that period, heating is usually not desired. Following rules will detect a .3C drop in 1min and send the thermostat


William McKinley, Optimal Reneging, and the Spanish-American War
34 Pages Posted: 7 Mar 2017 Last revised: 24 May 2019
Date Written: March 6, 2017
President William McKinley's decision to go to war with Spain is not well understood. Since McKinley kept very few written records, little is known about his actual thought process. As a result, historians have struggled with the apparent contradiction between McKinley's initial commitment to peace and subsequent decision to go to war and tend to focus on identifying outside forces that can explain the reversal. In this paper, I develop a model of optimal reneging. Contrary to conventional narratives among historians that McKinley's decision to go to war was a contradiction of his earlier position, my model suggests that McKinley's decision can be understood as an optimal timing problem. I start with the premise that a country would prefer to enter conflict only when its military capability is sufficient to make a victory likely. Thus, a country will commit to peace until its military capability reaches some threshold. Once military capability reaches this threshold, it is optimal to renege on a commitment to peace. I conduct simulations of the model to determine the likelihood that McKinley would renege during his first term. I find that if the ex ante estimate of the benefits of war were 2 - 2.6 times the ex ante estimate of cost, then the probability of reneging after one year is approximately 1% - 18%. If the perceived benefits were 2.7 times the ex ante estimate of cost (or greater), entry during McKinley's first term is certain.
Keywords: War, Political Economy, William McKinley, Spanish-American War
JEL Classification: H56, N41
Suggested Citation
Hendrickson, Joshua R., William McKinley, Optimal Reneging, and the Spanish-American War (March 6, 2017). Available at SSRN: _URL_ or _URL_
Joshua R. Hendrickson (Contact Author)
University of Mississippi ( email )
Oxford, MS 38677
United States
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Poverty over
Theme: Poverty eradication
Country: Afghanistan, Brazil, Mali
Workshop outline for students aged 16 and over to improve understanding of poverty, its causes, effects and what can be done to tackle it.
Why, in a world of plenty, are so people many living in desperate poverty from around the globe? What does poverty mean for people - and what causes it? This hour-long interactive session is packed with useful information to help students understand what poverty means - and what might be done to eradicate it.
By the end of this session, students will have engaged with the different approaches to defining global poverty and will have engaged with some of the solutions that could bring about a world free from poverty.
Age: 16+ / Sixth form
Subject areas: Geography, RE


text:
Fort Knox, KY
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Fort Knox is a United States Army post in Kentucky south of Louisville and north of Elizabethtown. It is also the site of the United States Bullion Depository, which is used to house a large portion of the United States' official gold reserves. The 109,000 acre (170 sq mi, 441 km²) base covers parts of Bullitt, Hardin, and Meade counties. It currently holds the Army Human Resources Center of Excellence to include the Army Human Resources Command.
For 60 years, Fort Knox was the home of the U.S. Army Armor Center and the U.S. Army Armor School (now moved to Fort Benning), and was used by both the Army and the Marine Corps to train crews on the M1 Abrams main battle tank. The history of the U.S. Army's Cavalry and Armored forces, and of General George S. Patton's career, can be found at the General George Patton Museum on the grounds of Fort Knox.
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