text:
dissolves completely.
6. Gradually add citric acid to the baking soda mixture until you achieve a steady flow of CO2. Mix well.
7. Add the citric acid and baking soda mixture to the bottle. Quickly screw the cap tightly onto the bottle.
8. Connect the diffuser to the open end of the T-connector and attach the remaining end of the T-connector to the airline tubing.
9. Place the diffuser inside your aquarium, making sure it is fully submerged.
10. Hang the CO2 generator near the aquarium or secure it to a wall using cable ties.
Remember to monitor the CO2 levels and adjust the citric acid and baking soda mixture accordingly. It's also crucial to regularly check for leaks and replace the mixture as needed.
Disclaimer: While homemade CO2 systems can be an affordable option, they may not provide a consistent CO2 supply compared to commercial systems. Monitoring and fine-tuning the setup will be necessary to ensure optimal results for your planted aquarium.
What are the key components and steps involved in setting up a DIY CO2 system for a planted aquarium?
To set up a DIY CO2 system for a planted aquarium, you will need the following key components and follow these steps:
1. CO2 Generator: You can use a yeast-based CO2 generator made from a plastic bottle or purchase a CO2 generator kit. The generator consists of a container, such as a bottle, filled with a mixture of yeast, sugar, and water.
2. Reaction Chamber: This chamber allows the CO2 gas to build up and dissolve in the water before being released into the aquarium. It can be a separate container or an attachment to the CO2 generator.
3. Diffuser: The diffuser is used to introduce the CO2 into the aquarium water. It breaks the CO2 gas into smaller bubbles, allowing it to dissolve more effectively. There are various types of diffusers available, such as glass or ceramic diffusers, inline diffusers, or atomizers.
4. Tubing: You will need tubing to connect the CO2 generator, reaction chamber, and diffuser. Use airline tubing that fits securely onto the different components.
1. Prepare the CO2 generator by mixing yeast, sugar, and warm water according to the instructions provided with the DIY kit or formula. Stir the mixture until all the ingredients are completely dissolved.
2. Attach the reaction chamber to the CO2 generator. If the generator doesn't come with a dedicated reaction chamber, you can create one using a separate container, ensuring it has a secure lid or cap.
3. Connect one end of the tubing to the CO2 generator's outlet or the reaction chamber. Secure it tightly to prevent any gas leakage.
4. Place the other end of the tubing into the aquarium, ensuring that it reaches the desired depth and is near the area of high water movement or close to the filter outlet.
5. Attach the diffuser to the free end of the tubing. Depending on the type of diffuser, follow the manufacturer's instructions for proper installation and placement within the aquarium.
6. Activate the CO2 production by gently shaking or agitating the CO2 generator. This will initiate the fermentation process, leading to the production of carbon dioxide gas.
7. Monitor the CO2 levels in the aquarium using a drop checker or CO2 indicator. Adjust the CO2 production by altering the sugar-yeast-water mixture in the generator to achieve the desired CO2 concentration. It is essential to maintain a consistent and appropriate level of CO2 to prevent harm to the aquatic life.
8. Regularly check the reaction chamber and CO2 generator, cleaning or replacing them as needed to ensure efficient CO2 production.
Remember to research and understand the specific needs of your plants and fish species to optimize CO2 levels and avoid any risks of CO2 overdosing, which can be harmful to aquatic life.
Are there any potential risks or drawbacks associated with using a DIY CO2 system in a planted aquarium, and how can they be minimized or avoided?
Using a DIY CO2 system in a planted aquarium can have some potential risks and drawbacks. These include:
1. Inconsistent CO2 levels: DIY CO2 systems often produce fluctuating CO2 levels, which can cause stress to the plants and affect their growth. This can be minimized by regularly monitoring and adjusting the CO2 production rate.
2. pH fluctuations: CO2 injection can lower the pH of the aquarium water, potentially causing fluctuations that can be stressful to fish. To avoid this, it is important to gradually introduce CO2 and monitor pH levels closely.
3. Risk of overdose: It's possible to unintentionally overdose CO2 using a homemade system, which can be harmful or even fatal to fish and other aquarium inhabitants. It's crucial to carefully regulate and control the CO2 output to avoid this risk.
To minimize these risks and drawbacks, here are some steps that can be taken:
1. Use a reliable CO2 reactor: Investing in a good-quality CO2 reactor can help maintain consistent CO2 levels and minimize fluctuations.
2. Regularly test and monitor CO2 levels: Use a drop checker or a CO2 indicator kit to ensure that the CO2 levels remain within the optimal range for plant growth (around 30 ppm). Monitor and adjust the CO2 production rate as needed.
3. Gradually introduce CO2: Start with a low CO2 flow rate and gradually increase it over a period of several days or weeks. This allows the plants and aquarium inhabitants to acclimate to the changes more effectively.
4. Keep an eye on pH: Regularly measure and monitor the pH level to ensure it remains stable. If there are significant fluctuations, adjust the CO2 injection accordingly.
5. Maintain proper oxygenation: Adequate surface agitation and water movement are essential to maintain proper oxygen levels in the aquarium. This helps prevent fish stress and ensures their well-being.
6. Perform regular water changes: Regular water changes can help dilute any excess CO2 and stabilize pH levels. Aim for weekly water changes of around 20-30% to maintain a healthy balance.
Remember, it's crucial to educate yourself about the specific requirements of your aquarium plants and fish species to provide them with the best possible care.
In conclusion, DIY CO2 systems offer an affordable and effective solution for maintaining healthy and vibrant planted aquariums. By providing a steady supply of carbon dioxide, these systems promote robust plant growth and contribute to the overall well-being of the aquatic ecosystem. While commercial CO2 injection setups may be expensive, the do-it-yourself approach allows hobbyists to achieve similar results at a fraction of the cost. However, it is important to carefully follow the instructions and monitor CO2 levels to prevent potential harm to fish and other aquarium inhabitants. With proper setup and maintenance, DIY CO2 systems can greatly enhance the beauty and vitality of any planted aquarium. So why not give it a try and witness the transformation in your own aquatic paradise?


OpenUnison is a new approach to identity management. OpenUnison combines web access management and provisioning services into a single system. Utilizing an internal virtual directory, powered by MyVirtualDirectory, OpenUnison can combine identity data from several sources such as Active Directory, LDAP directories and relational databases. OpenUnison combines most of the features of the commercial version of Unison, with the main difference being that OpenUnison is packaged as a J2EE application that is deployed into any J2EE container such as Tomcat or JBoss where as Unison is packaged as a stand alone service with a UI and management system.
Marc BoorshteinOpenUnison


Gama Essenza | Máquinas de Café | Nespresso
Skip to content
 VarB: "Null"
The essential of the Nespresso Range
 - Key benefits
 Coffee size: Espresso & Lungo
 - Fast heat up
 - Automatic off mode after 9 minutes
A revolution in the coffee world
Essenza intelligently combines a compact design and rare simplicity of use, to make each tasting a real work of art.
Make your Espresso and Lungo
with a simple pressure.
Warm up ultra fast water to a constant
temperature, cup after cup.
The iconic timeless
design of Nespresso
 - How to take care of my machine?
 ADD A LINK TO: Order a descaling kit now"
 2. Eject your capsules after each use
 3. Frequently change the water tank with fresh drinking water
 4. Regularly empty and clean the capsule container and drip tray
 - How high is the percentage of recyclable material used in Nespresso machines?
 On average, our machines have a 60% recyclability potential.
 And today, Nespresso Club Members can bring their machines back to wherever they bought them or in any electrical appliance store. In Europe,, the European Union's Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) has been in force since 2003. It provides a framework in which consumers can return their used electrical and electronic appliances for recycling.
 - What does it mean 19 bars?
 - What does it mean the blinkings (or no light) of my Essenza machine?
 1. If slow and alternate blinkings (every 2 seconds) mean that the machine is in power save mode (stand-by). This mode is activated after 9 minutes of non-use.
 To exit mode, press on any coffee button. The machine is ready when buttons will stop blinking.
 It is possible to deactivate/activate the stand-by mode.
 - switch off the machine
 - press the 2 coffee buttons and hold them pressed while switching on the machine
 - stand-by mode is deactivated (buttons are blinking alternatively 3x) or activated (buttons are blinking alternatively 5x)
 2. If fast and regular blinking, it may indicate that the machine is in the descaling mode or the emptying system is activated. Please check the user manuals or go on the machine assistance videos ( ADD the link)
 3. Irregular blinking, please call the call center"
 - My Essenza machine has a poor or no coffee flow?
 1. If no coffee flow, please check that:
 - the mains supply cord is not trapped between the water tank and the machine
 - the water tank is sufficiently filled and properly positioned
 - your machine is turned on (lights ON)
 2. If poor flow, it means you need to descale your machine "
Do you have any other questions?
Aeroccino Milk Frother


text:
Sala Seminari (Dip. Matematica).
In this talk we introduce a notion of functions of fractal bounded variation. Here, the sup-norm of test functions as used in the classical definition is replaced by the Hoelder norm with respect to some exponent. Characteristic functions of domains with fractal bounderies are particular examples that belong to this class. Among a characterization in terms of currents, we state some properties that naturally extend those of classical BV functions such as higher integrability, decomposition into Hoelder functions and push forwards.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
How important is access to jobs?: Old question—improved answer
2010 (English)In: Journal of Economic Geography, ISSN _PHONE_, E-ISSN _PHONE_, Vol. 10, no 3, 389-422 p.Article in journal (Refereed) Published
We study the impact of job proximity on individual employment and earnings. The analysis exploits a Swedish refugee dispersal policy to obtain exogenous variation in individual locations. Using very detailed data on the exact location of all residences and workplaces in Sweden, we find that having been placed in a location with poor job access in 1990–1991 adversely affected employment in 1999. Doubling the number of jobs in the initial location in 1990–1991 is associated with 2.9 percentage points higher employment probability in 1999. Considering that the 1999 employment rate was 43% among the refugees, this is a considerable effect. The analysis suggests that residential sorting leads to underestimation of the impact of job access.
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2010. Vol. 10, no 3, 389-422 p.
Job access, endogenous location, natural experiment, spatial mismatch
Human Geography Economics
Research subject Social and Economic Geography; Economics
IdentifiersURN: urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-126422DOI: 10.1093/jeg/lbp040ISI: 000276745000003OAI: oai:DiVA.org:uu-126422DiVA: diva2:323990

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Blog Post
What is data classification, and why is it important?
,
DataClassificaiton
The benefits of data classification and the features of a tool like Microsoft Purview, a unified data governance service.
Data classification organizes data into categories based on its type, sensitivity, value, and usage. Data classification helps organizations at all levels to:
 - Protect sensitive and confidential data from unauthorized access, misuse, or loss.
 - Comply with data privacy and security regulations, such as GDPR, HIPAA, or CCPA.
 - Improve data quality, accuracy, and consistency to increase reliability; enhance data analysis, reporting, and decision-making by making the data more accessible and easily understood.
 - Comply with data privacy and security regulations, such as GDPR, HIPAA, or CCPA.
 - Optimize data storage, backup, and archiving strategies.
 - Improve data quality, accuracy, and consistency.
 - Enhance data analysis, reporting, and decision-making.
Data classification is not a one-time activity but a continuous process requiring regular monitoring and updating. However, data classification can be challenging, especially for large and complex data environments. Some of the common challenges I've ran into in the past are:
 - Lack of visibility and control over the data sources, locations, and flows.
 - Inconsistent or missing data labels, metadata, and tags.
 - Manual and time-consuming data classification processes.
 - Difficulty in enforcing data policies and standards across the organization.
 - High costs and risks of data breaches, fines, or reputational damage.
Data classification is also essential for dealing with large volumes of sensitive and regulated data, such as customer information, transaction records, credit scores, and financial statements. Data classification can help enterprise estates to:
 - Prevent data leaks, fraud, or identity theft that can harm customers and the institution's reputation.
 - Meet the compliance requirements of various regulators, such as the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), or the Federal Reserve.
 - Reduce data storage and management costs by identifying and deleting redundant, obsolete, or trivial data.
 - Improve the data quality and reliability by detecting and correcting errors, inconsistencies, or anomalies.
 - Provide relevant and accurate data to enhance data analysis and reporting capabilities, supporting business intelligence, risk management, and customer service.
How can Microsoft Purview help with data classification?
Microsoft Purview is a unified data governance service that can help organizations discover, catalog, classify, and manage their data assets across on-premises, cloud, and hybrid environments. Microsoft Purview enables organizations to:
 - Automatically scan and catalog data sources, such as SQL Server, Azure Data Lake Storage, Azure Synapse Analytics, Power BI, and more.
 - Apply built-in or custom data classifications to identify and label sensitive or business-critical data.
 - Use a data map to visualize the data lineage, relationships, and dependencies.
 - Search and browse the data catalog using natural language queries or filters.
 - Access data insights and metrics, such as data quality, freshness, popularity, and compliance status.
 - Define and enforce data policies and standards across the organization.
 - Integrate with Azure Purview Data Catalog, Azure Synapse Analytics, Azure Data Factory, and other Azure services to enable end-to-end data governance and analytics.
Data classification is a vital component of data governance and management. It helps organizations protect, optimize, and leverage their data assets. Tools like Microsoft Purview is a comprehensive data governance service that simplifies and automates data classification and other data governance tasks. With Microsoft Purview, organizations can gain more visibility, control, and value from their data.
Original post (opens in new tab)
View comments in original post (opens in new tab)
Rate
You rated this post out of 5. Change rating
Share
Share
Rate
You rated this post out of 5. Change rating


text:
Health science refers to a large group of disciplines related to the delivery of health care to humans through the application of science, engineering, mathematics and technology. It is the field in which knowledge is taken from pure science and other related sources and applied to practical and clinical practices to maintain and improve the health of living beings.
This exciting field provides students an opportunity to grow and evolve within a vital industry. Our CTE pathway of health science courses to come include:
- Introduction to Health Science & Careers (Coming January 2022)
- Health Science Technology Exploration (Coming Fall 2022)
- Patient Care & Diagnostics Capstone (Coming 2022-2023 School Year)
- Biotechnology & Lab Science Capstone (Coming 2022-2023 School Year)
- Health Informatics & IT Capstone (Coming 2022-2023 School Year)
Download the Health Science Courses — Pathway Outline to the right to learn more about what these courses will entail. To learn more about our upcoming offerings and how you can bring health science to your students, inquire with your STEM Fuse representative or contact us!


How do I decide how many classes to take?
If you are an incoming frosh, we recommend signing up for 12-15 units of coursework in your first quarter. Keep in mind that adjusting to Stanford is at least the equivalent of a 3-unit course, so give yourself some room to breathe! After your first quarter, you can try taking on more if you like. In order to graduate in 4 years, you'll need to take an average of 15 units per quarter.
Important Deadlines
You will need to sign up for at least 12 units by the end of the first day of classes in order to be considered a full-time student. (See Also: What is a Unit?)
The official deadline to add and drop classes (Final Study List deadline) is the end of week three. However, while you can drop classes all the way through the third week, you should attend any classes you might take starting the first week of classes. Professors are often very reluctant to allow students to add a class that they have not been attending, and you may have missed work that cannot be made up.
After the third week of classes, your schedule for the quarter is set (the Final Study List deadline is 5pm on Friday of Week 3).
Things to consider as you choose the best combination
Number of classes
How many classes should you take? It depends. It depends on the classes, it depends on the workload, it depends on your other commitments, it depends on who you are and how you learn. This decision is best finalized after classes start--the ideal approach is to attend more classes than you expect to take, and by the end of Week 1, decide which of those classes make the best combination for you that quarter.
Typically, expect classes of 3-5 units to be main academic classes that can fulfill requirements and count toward a major, while classes of 1-2 units are usually lecture series or athletic classes, with fewer assignments outside class. Students will combine these in an infinite variety of ways.
12-15 units is ideal for your first quarter. The maximum number of academic units a first-quarter frosh may enroll in is 20. Students past their first quarter may request an exception to take 21 or 22 units in certain cases. See your Academic Advising Director or AARC advisor for details.
Cognitive shifting between types of studying/work often shows a better result than focusing in on one kind of learning. And it leads to less burn out. Most students do best with a balanced workload demanding a mix of exams and essays, of reading and problem sets, of STEM and humanities topics.
Four main academic classes may be nicely balanced among math, Spanish, chemistry, and history, but if you have two essays and two midterms all due in the same week, you might want to tweak something. It's useful to actually write down all the major deadlines on the Quarter-at-a-Glance planner, and then evaluate the commitments you are making.
Cardinal Compass - Secrets to Stanford Success
See Also


text:
3 posts • Page 1 of 1
The way that you can deduce this formula from the name is that first it starts with potassium - K, you don't know how many yet, but you know the first atom is K, and because K is a positive cation, it is outside of the brackets. Then for hexacyanido - hexa means 6 and cyanido means CN-. Then you have Cromate which means the chromium atom. So far now you have K [Cr(CN)6] - but how do we know how many K's there are? That's solved by the roman numerals that are in the name, Chromate (III). This means that chromium has a 3 plus charge, and we already know that CN has a minus one charge. Since the next compound is neutral that means we need to have 3 K+ ions to balance out the charges. Hopefully that helped.
Who is online
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 1 guest


to register with the server using the local peer URL. All this code takes place in the ClientProcess.Login() method.
Dim PeerUrl As String = PeerChannel.GetUrl(Uri)
Server.AddUser(_Alias, PeerUrl)
In the original Talk .NET application, the client application registers the ClientProcess object and then creates a new ClientProcess instance to start sending messages to the server. When the server calls back to the client, no new object is created. Instead, the existing ClientProcess instance is used. However, with the Intel Peer-to-Peer Accelerator Kit, this behavior changes. If you use the exact same approach, you'll actually end up with two ClientProcess objects: the one you created manually and the one created by the Remoting infrastructure to handle the server callbacks. This creates a significant problem. Namely, the Talk form will no longer receive the ClientProcess.MessageReceived event, because it will occur in a different object than the one it's using.
The recommended way to solve this problem is to use some sort of shared location to store a callback. Emulating the design pattern used in Intel's own Messenger sample, you can make three changes:
 - Make all the members and methods of the ClientProcess class shared, except for the ITalkClient methods such as ReceiveMessage(). Change the other parts of the application so they use these shared methods and don't try to create a ClientProcess instance.
 - Use a callback instead of an event to contact the Talk form.
 - In the ReceiveMessage() method, check the shared callback delegate. If it's initialized, raise the callback.
Here's the abbreviated ClientProcess code:
Public Class ClientProcess
 Inherits MarshalByRefObject
 Implements ITalkClient
 ' This callback is used to transfer the message from the remotable
 ' ClientProcess object to the Talk form.
 Public Shared MessageReceivedCallback As ReceiveMessageCallback
 ' The reference to the server object.
 Private Shared Server As ITalkServer
 Private Shared _Alias As String
 Public Shared Property [Alias]() As String
 Get
 Return _Alias
 End Get
 Set(ByVal Value As String)
 _Alias = Value
 End Set
 End Property
 Public Shared Sub Login()
 ' (Code omitted.)
 End Sub
 Public Shared Sub LogOut()
 ' (Code omitted.)
 End Sub
 Public Shared Sub SendMessage(ByVal recipientAlias As String, _
 ByVal message As String)
 ' (Code omitted.)
 End Sub
 ' This is the only nonshared method.
 <System.Runtime.Remoting.Messaging.OneWay()> _
 Private Sub ReceiveMessage(ByVal message As String, _
 ByVal senderAlias As String) Implements ITalkClient.ReceiveMessage
 If Not ClientProcess.MessageReceivedCallback Is Nothing Then
 MessageReceivedCallback(message, senderAlias)
 End If
 End Sub
 Public Shared Function GetUsers() As ICollection
 Return Server.GetUsers
 End Function
End Class
With these changes, the Talk .NET application becomes fully functional. Another recommended change is to reduce the frequency that the client retrieves new users from the server by increasing the tmrRefreshUsers timer interval. This is useful because the communication latency is noticeably greater than it was with the pure Remoting solution.
Adding Security
In order to communicate using secure encryption, you simply need to instruct the peer service by adding the PeerSecure option to the end of the peer URL. This can be accomplished using the shared PeerChannel.MakeSecure() method.
Dim Peer As String = "pCAC4B01B908344AF9784515B13521E15.peer"
Dim App As String = "TalkServer"
Dim Obj As String = "ServerObject"
Dim Url As String = "peer://" & Peer & "/" & App & "/" & Obj
Url = PeerChannel.MakeSecure(Url)
Server = CType(Activator.GetObject(GetType(ITalkServer), Url), ITalkServer)
In addition, you can configure a service to require secure sessions and reject requests that don't use them. In this case, you use the shared PeerChannel .SecureWellKnownServiceType() method. This can be called for both the ClientProcess and the ServerProcess objects before they're registered with the Remoting infrastructure.
Dim Uri As String = "ServerObject"
Dim ServiceEntry As New WellKnownServiceTypeEntry(GetType(ServerProcess), _
 Uri, WellKnownObjectMode.Singleton)
PeerChannel.SecureWellKnownServiceType(ServiceEntry)
RemotingConfiguration.RegisterWellKnownServiceType(ServiceEntry)
Tip
You cannot use the store-and-forward capability in conjunction with secure messages.
Unfortunately, life isn't nearly this simple. In order to create a secure SSL session, the peers must be able to authenticate one another using certificates. That means that you must create a certificate for every peer and store it in the local certificate store. You must also configure the trusted roots on both peers so that certificates signed by this peer are trusted implicitly. (A better and more secure alternative is to sign the peer certificates using a trusted third party, such as a local Windows server or certificate authority. However, the Intel Peer-to-Peer Accelerator Kit API doesn't support this functionality directly.)
This process can be accomplished programmatically using the PeerCertificate Management class, which is demonstrated in the CertificateManagementUI sample application (see Figure 13-7). Essentially, this application calls the PeerCertificateManagement.CreateKeyAndSelfSignedCertificate() method to generate a new certificate (with a 512-bit RSA asymmetric key pair), sign it, and add it to the local personal certificate store.
Click To expand
Figure 13-7: The CertificateManagementUI utility
Figure 13-8 shows the CertificateManagementUI utility.
Click To expand
Figure 13-8: Creating a new certificate
Once a certificate is created, you still have several additional steps to complete. First, run the makecert.exe utility included with the .NET Framework, and find the certificate in the Personal store (see Figure 13-9). You must then perform three additional tasks:
 - Export this certificate to a .cer file stored on your hard drive (typically in the Intel Peer-to-Peer Accelerator Kit directory).
 - Import this certificate into the Trusted Root store for the current user.
 - Import this certificate into the Trusted Root store for the peer you want to communicate with securely.
Click To expand
Figure 13-9: The makecert.exe utility
All of these tasks are described in more detail, along with the basics of client certificates, in a lengthy HTML file called CertificateManagement Education and Help.html, which can be found in the CertificateManagementUI directory. A detailed discussion is beyond the scope of this chapter.
Finally, you need to modify the configuration file to use this new certificate. To configure the certificate for incoming connections, you modify the <ServerCertificate> tag to use the certificate name:
<Module Name="SecureListener" Assembly="...Intel.Peer.Messaging.Services.dll"
 TypeName="Intel.Peer.Security.SecureListener.SecureListenerInitializer"
 Load="true" Essential="true">
 <ListenerPort>8443</ListenerPort>
 <ServerCertificate>
 <Name>P2PUser1</Name>
 </ServerCertificate>
</Module>
You must also configure the certificate in order to use it for outgoing connections. In this case, you need to reference the exported certificate file instead of the certificate name, because the certificate information will be read from the disk, not from the local store. This quirk is related to a limitation in .NET's support for retrieving certificate information.
<Messaging LoggingLevel="0">
 <ListenerPort>8080</ListenerPort>
 <ClientCertificate>C:\MyDir\P2PUser1.cer</ClientCertificate>
 <HttpProxyHost></HttpProxyHost>
 <HttpProxyPort>1</HttpProxyPort>
</Messaging>
Finally, you must restart the peer service using the Computer Management utility in the Control Panel.
Clearly, the configuration steps involved in setting up SSL authentication and encryption are far from minor. If you need a more flexible, dynamic form of authentication and validation, refer instead to the custom examples developed in Chapter 11.
Note
With encrypted communication, the peer service performs the encryption and decryption. Thus, an unencrypted message could be sent if an attacker could determine the underlying Remoting address and contact it directly. For that reason, you should not rely on SSL sessions for encryption, unless your computer is behind a firewall that makes port


text:
Fluke 177 EGFID
|Measurement category||CAT IV 600 V||CAT IV 600 V||CAT III 600 V||CAT III 600 V||CAT III 600 V|
|Measuring range volt direct current (DC)||1000 V||1000 V||600 V||600 V||600 V|
|Measuring range volts alternating current (AC)||1000 V||1000 V||600 V||600 V||600 V|
The Fluke 177 EGFID is the device you're looking for if you need a multimeter with all functions to accurately perform electrical and electromechanical work. This model has adjustable backlight. You can also investigate heating or ventilation problems with the easily readable multimeter with the data hold function. This allows you to read your measured values, even after you've broken the connection between your measuring needles and the material you were measuring. The Fluke 177 EGFID is suitable for checking resistance, throughput, and diodes, for example. You can use the filter mode to straighten very unstable signals. This way, you can be sure that you're working with accurate values.


text:
Humans are not the only species to hold grudges, according to a new study. Turns out, wild crows can recognize human faces and can hold a grudge for years against anyone who tried to harm them.
For years, field biologists have sensed that crows recognize them, and some have gone as far as wearing masks when capturing birds to avoid being identified later on, according to a report in New Scientist. But it was unclear whether the crows recognized the scientists' faces or other details, such as clothing or gait.
To find out, a team of researchers from the University of Washington wore rubber caveman masks while capturing and tagging wild American crows. When a person wearing the caveman mask approached the crows later, the birds attacked, or "scolded" them loudly. If the same person approached the birds wearing a mask of former Vice President Dick Cheney — whom they had not seen before — the birds didn't bat an eye.
"Most of the time you walk right up to them and they don't care at all," said John Marzluff, who led the research team.
According to their research, published in the journal Animal Behaviour, the crows also held a grudge. Three years after the birds saw the caveman mask, they still had an aversion to it.
Upping the ante in a second experiment, Marzluff and his team made six masks from casts of people's faces. They wore the masks to capture crows in four locations. In each case, they found the crows recognized and "scolded" the masks they recognized from when they were captured. They ignored the others.
Based on that finding, it is safe to say that crows pay attention to humans — particularly noting those who may be a threat to them, said a scientist not affiliated with the experiment, Doug Levey of the University of Florida in Gainesville. "We may think they are just bystanders minding their own business — but we are their business," Levey said.
The research could also indicate that other wild animals may have the same perceptiveness. But certainly, it sheds light on the crows' ability to recognize faces in their environment. "It's likely that they're incredibly perceptive of the dog and cat components of their environment, as well," Levey said.


text:
New Chicago was originally called West Chicago – located on the west bank of Flint Creek. New Chicago was created to be a commercial trade and transportation center between the junction of Mullan road, south of Drummond and Philipsurg. The town had a Post Office where the founder of the town, John A. Featherman, was the post master. It also included hotels, saloons, stables, blacksmith shop, Wells Fargo office, four mill and of course a saloon.
A school was built in 1874 for pupils who run the gamut from six years to six feet. The school was later restored and is now located in Drummond. The arrival of the railroad to Drummond in 1883 dashed the hopes and dreams of New Chicago as the town quickly became a ghost town. The town is no longer in existence – only the pasture stands in what was once a trade center. All other buildings have been moved to other locations for various uses.
Ghost Towns of Montana by Donald C. Miller


text:
© Lori Lappin, the Witch of WITCHCRAFTS ARTISAN ALCHEMY®
Lyonesse. Land of the Lioness ... more evidence from the folk traditions of my Northern-Northwestern European Celtic-Germanic ancestors supporting my own ancestral "Clan of the Cave Lioness" connection.
While the Arthurian tales are legendary, there is some belief that Lyonesse was once a very real place attached to the Scilly Isles in Cornwall, England. In Arthurian legend, Lyonesse is the home country of Tristan, from the legendary story of Tristan and Iseult. The mythical land of Lyonesse is now referred to as the "Lost Land of Lyonesse," as it is ultimately said to have sunk into the sea. While Lyonesse is mostly referred to in stories of legend and myth, there is some belief that it represents a very real city that sunk into the sea many years ago. With such a legendary location, it can be difficult to ascertain where the legend ends and reality begins. [Source - Ancient Origins]
In addition to describing Lyonesse as the site of the final battle between Arthur and Mordred, Tennyson's Idylls of the King also claim the lost land is the final resting place of King Arthur himself. Perhaps this is why the grave of the King cannot be found – it lies beneath the sea. [Source - Clas Merdin]


text:
Raycho and EnduroSat recognized by Karmen Fellowship 2023
We are proud and humbled to be acknowledged by the Karman Project for our accomplishments for the betterment of the space sector, as our Founder & CEO Raycho Raychev is selected for the Global Space Leaders Fellowship of 2023.
The Karman fellowship has established a dynamic environment for young and experienced leaders in the space sector who are creating a better future for space technology and exploration. Cooperation in space is the only way to proceed as a species. We hope that with the efforts of EnduroSat and our academic programs, we are contributing in a tangible way to the development of space as a common environment and as a pan-global initiative.
Raycho Raychev, Founder & CEO EnduroSat
The 15 Fellows of 2023 represent 12 nationalities and six continents and join a growing network of influential Karman Alumni – including 45 Fellows and over 100 top-shortlisted 'Karman Pioneers' from previous promotions – coming from the cultural, venture capital, research, space agency, and industry sectors alike.
These are the people shaping the technologies and roadmaps for exploration, education, medicine, climate policy, and other time-critical topics for humanity


text:
National Aviation Day Recipe Ideas
Celebrate National Aviation Day with a recipe! A recipe? That's right. When you think of this aircraft themed holiday, food probably isn't the first thing that pops into your mind. Making paper airplanes, visiting an airport or taking a tour of a historic airfield museum might all seem like activities that are more connected to this day than cooking. But, that doesn't mean you can't get into the kitchen (with your kids!) and create a few National Aviation Day themed treats.
Create a bento box style mini meal that looks like what you'd get on a plain. Pick a few fun finger foods, such as double-stacked sandwiches (cut into bite-sized pieces), carrots and celery or crackers and cheese. Place the food into a compartment-style lunch container or make your own out of a shallow cardboard box (use extra pieces of cardboard as dividers).
Rice Cereal Treats
Mix up a batch of rice cereal treats (you'll need the cereal, butter and marshmallows). While the mix is still warm, spoon it into airplane-shaped cookie cutters. Let the treats cool, and then use icing to decorate them.
Turn a few crackers, some fruit and cheese into a creative airplane snack. Make the body of the plain from a block of cheese. Add crackers underneath as wings. Cut another cracker in in half diagonally to make a tale and use grapes to make wheels.


text:
Report by James Franklin, Reporter
Thursday, August 9, 2012
WESTON Museum has been transformed into an archaeological dig pit in a bid to inspire youngsters about our past.
The Burlington Street museum will hold its Big Dig event every week day until August 21, with an exhibition teaching children about archaeology and history.
The event, the brainchild of Bournemouth University student and museum volunteer Shauni Brocklesby, features a large sand pit containing treasures for children to dig up.
They are also being taught how to write their names using Viking runes and Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Museum supervisor Adam Brown said: "We are really hoping that this will plant seeds of interest into children and advance their understanding about this amazing subject."

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
As Somalia is very close to the equator, its climate does not see any major change throughout the year. The conditions are perennially hot with the monsoon winds and irregular rainfall providing breaks from the heat. The average temperature in Somalia ranges between 30 degrees Celsius and 40 degrees Celsius. Northern Somalia witnesses the highest fluctuations in temperature where average temperatures in July reach 45 degrees Celsius and reach below the freezing point in December.
The coastline of Somalia is the longest in the continent of Africa. The Somalian terrain mostly consists of plateaus, highlands and plains.


Smart Glass being Invented by Corning could Analyze DNA
DNA imageRecently, Corning Incorporated, together with Polytechnique Montreal, is developing a type of smart glass mainly used as the touchscreen of the smartphone, which can detect people's physical condition and can even analyze the user's DNA through reading the spit on the surface of the smart glass. Besides, this smart glass can also detect the composition of the atmosphere.


braden.groom braden.groom - 1 year ago 87
Linux Question
How to print a number in ARM assembly?
I am trying to print a number that I have stored. I'm not sure if I am close or way off. Any help would be appreciated though. Here is my code:
.data
.balign 4
a: .word 4
.text
.global main
main:
ldr r0, addr_of_a
mov r1, #8
str r1, [r0]
write:
mov r0, #1
ldr r1, addr_of_a
mov r2, #4
mov r7, #4
swi #0
bx lr
addr_of_a: .word a
It compiles and runs, but I don't see anything printed. From what I understand, I need the address of where to start printing in r1, how many bytes in r2, the file descriptor in r0, and r7 specifies the write call if it is set to #4. I am simply trying to store #8, then print the stored number.
Answer Source
The syscall write takes on the second argument (r1) a pointer to the string you want to print. You are passing to it a pointer to an integer. That's why it's not printing anything, because there are no ASCII characters on the memory region you are passing to it.
Below you'll find a "Hello World" program using the syscall write.
.text
.global main
main:
 push {r7, lr}
 mov r0, #1
 ldr r1, =string
 mov r2, #20
 mov r7, #4
 svc #0
 pop {r7, pc}
.data
string: .asciz "Hello World\n"
If you want to print a number you can use the printf function from the C library. Like this:
.text
.global main
.extern printf
main:
 push {ip, lr}
 ldr r0, =string
 mov r1, #1024
 bl printf
 pop {ip, pc}
.data
string: .asciz "The number is: %d\n"
Finally, if you want to print the number with the syscall write you can also implement a itoa function (one that converts an integer to a string).


text:
English Grammar Pattern 86
(1) Past Perfect + (2) Connector + (3) Past
We (1) had already finished eating (2) when our boss (3) offered to take us out to dinner!
Grammar Pattern 86 has two past events, one which happened before the other. Usually,
the first past event has an important connection to the second one. In the Model Sentence
above, "we had finished eating" so we were not hungry when "our boss offered to take us
out to dinner". The meaning of the sentence is that we missed a good opportunity - if only
the boss had offered earlier!
Pronunciation Practice - Repeat each sentence out loud!
1. He had been waiting for two hours when the telephone suddenly rang.
Conversation Practice - Ask these questions to your friends!
2. I had already been planning my holiday when the boss told me I had to work overtime.
3. She had been studying for the exam for two months before learning that it was cancelled.
4. When we arrived at the football match, they had already been playing for 15 minutes.
5. I had just started using my computer when the electricity suddenly went out.
1. How long had you been working in your job before you started to do well?
2. Had you already been studying sentence patterns before you started these lessons?
3. Where had you been living when you decided to start your career?
4. Can you remember when you first went to university or started your first job? How long had you been studying to prepare for that day?
5. What kind of job had you been dreaming of before you found your current job?
Send this page to a friend:


In this study we propose a new cooling concept using encapsulated phase-change particles flowing in a parallel-plate mini-channel. This novel concept is inspired by the gas exchange process in alveolar capillaries, where red blood cells (RBCs) flow with blood plasma, yielding very high gas transfer efficiency. Another important characteristic of alveolar capillary blood flow, which is related to the high efficiency of the lungs, is the snug fitting of the RBCs into the capillary. Hence, we conjecture that using particles similar to RBCs, i.e. with diameter similar to the spacing between the parallel plates, is likely to lead to high heat transfer efficiency as well. We report here experimental results of preliminary tests performed with octadecane paraffin (C18H38), a phase-change material, encapsulated in a thin melamine shell, flowing with water through a heated parallel-plate channel test module. We measured the temperature distribution along the heated surface of the channel for various water flow rates, with and without particles, and varying the number of particles. Results are reported in terms of the channel heated surface average temperature and the average Nusselt number.
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.


text:
How to send data from device to AWS IoT
Hello People. This article discusses about how to send data from device to AWS IoT. We should send data securely from Arduino to AWS IoT core using MQTT protocol and then we can do many things. For example, hook lambda function with data and save it to DynamoDB or S3.
Arduino with ESP8266 or ESP32, Arduino IDE, A Computer(PC) and a Cable between PC and Arduino, AWS account. Even if you don't have arduino device, you can imitate Arduino request in AWS IoT.
Create a device certificate
You need to create a certificate to each device for security. Without certificates, attackers can send tons of requests to your AWS IoT core. You can create a certificate in AWS console. Go to AWS console and search IoT core. IoT core page. Go to Secure > Certificates tab. Please click Create button at the top right and proceed to One-click certificate creation.
After that, you need to do these things. To use device certificate and private key, please download
private.key . Click Activate button. Attach policy to allow device to write and read IoT services.
Policy name can be anything. For Action, because all IoT actions should be allowed, please type
iot* . And those actions should be allowed to all resources. That's why we type Resouce ARN is
After creating a certificate and policy, please go to Secure > Certificates tab again. You can see what you have created. But your policy is not attached to the certificate yet. So attach the policy.
Create a sketch
To connect Arduino and AWS IoT core using MQTT, you should use
pubsubclient . If you know Arduino well, you can create your own sketch. But there are boiler plates for pubsubclient. Almost all configuration of
pubsubclient and WiFi is available on boiler plates. Please choose a proper boilerplate and copy and paste it to your sketch.
However you must change some things in the boiler plate. They are
SSID and password of WiFi is simple. You just type your WiFi configuration.
awsEndpoint is a AWS IoT core endpoint. You can check it in AWS console. Please go to IoT core > Settings. You can copy and paste the Endpoint. Because endpoint prefix is account specific, it's hidden below. If you have aws cli, you can type
$ aws iot describe-endpoint .
Now coming to
private_pem_key . You have already downloaded them from AWS IoT core page. You must use your own device certificate and private key.
So please upload the sketch to your Arduino and run it. After running it, you open a serial monitor. Data sending has started. You send
outTopic is a topic name in AWS IoT core. If you change
msg.c_str() to json, you can send json data.
Check data you sent
Go back to AWS IoT core. In the Monitor tab, you can find successful connections. Go to Test tab. Because you publish data from Arduino, AWS IoT core must subscribe it. Please type
outTopic to Subscription topic. It's the name of topic you used. And if you click Subscribe button. You can see the results.
Hope this article on How to send data from device to AWS IoT is useful to you. Please read Node Red with AWS IOT


Question: How Do You Remove Pencil Marks Without Eraser?
Why is my eraser hard?
Why do pencil erasers get hard.
Because it works by "absorbing" the pencil lead and over time that makes it brittle or harden.
Dirt and lead and all kinds of stuff it comes into contact with just hardens over it..
What should I do if my kneaded eraser is hard?
If it is too stiff, break it into pieces and knead each piece until it is no longer stiff. If that doesn't work, rinse it under warm water, then knead it. What happens if you stretch a kneaded eraser farther than you should? If you stretch it too much, it will break apart easily.
Why can't you erase colored pencil?
Colored pencils are mostly wax/oil that holds the pigment, so rubber won't pick up their marks easily like graphite–you'll probably find that an eraser just smudges colored pencil.
What is the best pencil eraser?
How do you make a homemade kneaded eraser?
You can make a kneaded eraser out of pretty much any solid eraser that you have, even the one on the end of a pencil, just by rubbing it on a piece of paper to create crumbs and then kneading the crumbs together into a putty.
How do you completely remove pencil marks?
How to Clean StainsErase it! That's right, try the eraser. … Liquid Detergent. If a soft eraser failed to remove the stain, apply a few drops of liquid detergent to the affected area and rub gently with a soft, damp cloth. … All Purpose Cleaner. … Vegetable Oil. … Baby Wipes. … Toothpaste.
Can you erase colored pencil marks?
One technique is to apply a small amount of solvent to the area you want to fix, which will loosen the colored pencil marks, and then use the electric eraser over the area. … It's also a good idea to observe how the paper reacts to the eraser, because some papers can handle erasing better than others.
What is the easiest pencil to erase?
The more easily a graphite mark will smudge – the more easily it will erase. So no matter how lightly you draw with a hard pencil (6H) it will be harder to erase than a soft pencil (HB or 2B).
What can be used instead of eraser?
Eraser Alternatives for Pencil Marksrubber bands (Depending on the type, they're as effective as standard erasers.)the edge of a sneaker.white flexible earphone cords.the sole of a Chukka Boot or a Bass Weejuns boat shoe.a scrap of art paper folded four times—good for lifting lead.
How do you revive a pencil eraser?
Dip the eraser into the water. Gently knead it and squeeze it with your fingers until you can feel it begin to soften. Find a paper towel and dry the eraser. Place it in a cool dry place to completely dry to normalcy.
Can you erase pencil marks on a canvas?
John, if you have it on a stretched canvas, put a block of some kind back behind the pencil so you can use more force with the eraser. It should be a hard eraser like the Staedtler white eraser. If it's mounted on a board, do the same but without the block.
What happens if you put an eraser in the microwave?
Microwaving these "rubbers" will melt them, leaving a mess inside your oven. You also shouldn't microwave these. … People also ask, can an eraser melt plastic? Eraser Melts Plastic.
Does pencil wash out of clothes?
Have you ever noticed pencil marks and stains on your clothes? … Removing them from washable fabrics such as cotton, linen, or polyester can be as simple as using a soft eraser to get rid of the stain (just as long as you are being cautious as not to ruin the fabric you're working with).
What can you do with old erasers?
9 Extremely Useful Things You Can Do With Pencil ErasersStabilize A Frame. Tired of picture frames that are always tilting to one side and scuffing up your walls? … Remove Adhesive Residue. … Erase Scuff Marks. … Save An Earring. … Keep Track Of Pins. … Keep Shoes Shiny. … Plant Seeds Perfectly. … Revive Rechargeable Batteries.More items…•
How can I decorate my eraser?
Decorate Your ErasersChoose the scrapbook paper you want to use. … Glue one end (I used mod podge and it worked very well) to the edge of the existing eraser cover. … Brush on a light layer of mod podge around the entire eraser cover. … Let the covers dry and put them back on the erasers.


text:
Birds probably know quantum physics better than many humans—it just comes to them innately. Continue reading Scientists Identify Protein That Could Let Birds See Magnetic Fields
Tag Archives: Quantum Physics
This Wild New Supersolid Is Three States of Matter at Once
You learn about three or four phases of matter in school—solids, which have a shape and volume, liquids, which have a volume only, and gases and plasmas, which have neither a definite shape nor volume. But using the laws of physics, you can create incredible substances that behave nothing like the ones you learn about in chemistry. That includes a substance that behaves like both a solid crystal and a frictionless, perfectly-flowing liquid at the same time.
Continue reading This Wild New Supersolid Is Three States of Matter at Once


text:
Every now and then, an author comes around that is worth reading, even after death. Howard Peckham is that author. Peckham, who died in 1995 served as both a history professor at the University of Michigan and director of the Clements Library from _PHONE_. He wrote numerous articles and several books during his life. His most well-known book was Pontiac and the Indian Uprising (1948), which explored the famous Indian rebellion of 1763 led by Pontiac, in which he placed Pontiac in the context of a local leader within a greater anti-English movement by the Native Americans.
Another well-known work by Peckham is The Colonial Wars, _PHONE_ (1964). This book chronicles the history of the series of wars between the English and French, and their respective colonists in North America, as well as the Native Americans. This work, though dated, is well worth reading in order to begin understanding much of the period covered by this site. If one desires great reads by an accomplished historian, then consider reading Howard Peckham.


The Sand Ceremony adds a twist to the traditional
unity candle tradition. Like a unity candle the sand is
used to symbolize the joining of the bride and groom
or the joining of their families. The sand unity
ceremony uses two or three (or more for children)
jars or glass containers of colored sand (3 in the
example below) and a large glass container to
combine the sand. Each of the containers of sand
symbolizes the separate lives of the bride and groom
and their families. The combined sand makes a
wonderful wedding keepsake for the bride and
groom and a constant reminder of their commitment
to one another. Craft stores are the best source for natural and colored sand as well as small
glass bottles.
The Unity Sand Ceremony is a bit nontraditional, as you may imagine. It can be difficult to
have the Candle Ceremony outdoors, as candles don't want to stay lit. So the Sand Ceremony
was created, and it has become very popular. The words are very similar, as the wedding
officiant explains the meaning of the unity ceremony. It represents leaving your two separate
lives and joining to make one life together. You can do this without a colored sand for the
minister if you prefer and just have two colored sands, one for bride and one for groom.
"To symbolize the importance of the individuals within the marriage and the joining of two
lives into one entity, 3 colors of sand will now be layered into a base."
(Trista is handed a clear jar of Pink Sand, Ryan is handed a clear jar of Blue Sand. The
minister has one clear jar filled with a Neutral color sand and a large empty jar)
The Minister speaks again:
"We begin with a layer of Neutral Sand which symbolizes that the marriage is grounded."
(The Minister pours a little of the Neutral Sand into the large jar)
"Then we layer the individual colors. This symbolizes that the marriage is based on the
strength of the individuals."
(Ryan poured a little of the Blue Sand in first, followed by a little more of the Neutral Sand
from the minister. Trista then added a little of the Pink Sand, followed by some additional
Neutral Sand from the minister).
"And now we combine the colors, which symbolizes two lives joined as one together forever."
(Ryan and Trista simultaneously pour their remaining sand into the large jar until their jars are
empty. The minister caps off the sand with the last of the Neutral Sand. The minister then
holds the large jar up as if presenting to the wedding audience and places the jar to the side)
Unity Sand Ceremony
"Making the World More Beautiful, Two Special People at a Time."


text:
Earth Soil Rock Drilling Bucket Tool
Material: High Carbon Steel
Place of Origin: China
Supply Ability: 50 units per month
Certificate: ISO CQC CE SGS
Earth Soil Rock Drilling Bucket Tools are mainly used for drilling water-bearing sandy soil, sludge, clay, muddy sub clay, sandy gravel, cobble, and weathered soft formation. The bucket can be designed into cylindrical type and conical type according to bucket diameter, type of drilling rig and soil conditions. The opening and closing device can be operated manually, mechanically or mixed manner. The welding angle of bucket teeth can be designed according to formation conditions. The bottom cover is made of high-strength Mn plate, and the cutting edge includes single-layer type and double-layer type; The soil inlet also includes single-bottom type and double-bottom type.


Skip to main content
System StatusContact Support Agility Community
Generating a Story from an Issue
Follow these steps to generate a new story/backlog item from an existing issue and associate a work item.
 - Generating a story from an issue establishes a new relationship between the items.
 - You can generate multiple stories for each issue.
 1. From the main menu, choose one of the following:
 - Product > Input > Issues
 - Team > Sprint Planning > Issues
 - Team > Sprint Tracking > Issues
 2. Locate an issue, and then choose Generate Story (or Generate Backlog Item) from the Edit menu.
 3. In the Story window, make the necessary changes, and then click Save
The new story is added to the the bottom of the Backlog grid with a unique ID beginning with "S".


text:
Precipitation gauge measurements suffer from several sources of errors which can strongly influence their accuracy. The method proposed in the paper is based on the correction of annual precipitation records for a given river basin using the water balance equation. The main advantage of the approach is in using the annual runoff records and air temperature data, which are measured more accurately than the annual precipitation amount. Two versions of the computation scheme (for a multi-year period and for an annual interval) are presented and discussed. The water balance equation taken into account in this study combines the area averaged annual measured precipitation, runoff, evapotransporation and, over an annual time scale, the change in moisture in surface and undersurface storages. The Ol'decop formula for calculation of evapotranspiration together with the improved regional formula for potential evaporation as a function of annual air temperature is used in this study. It has been determined for the annual time interval that the storage of water in a basin is strongly dependent on annual air temperature and, to a lesser extent, on precipitation. An example of the method application for two catchments situated in Northwest Russia is presented, too.
Skip Nav Destination
Research Article| August 01 2006
Method for correction of annual precipitation records using the water balance approach*
Yuri A. Salo; Method for correction of annual precipitation records using the water balance approach*. Hydrology Research 1 August 2006; 37 (4-5): 433–440. doi: _URL_
Download citation file:


text:
Why do some touchscreen gadgets look clearer than most, and why do others attract fingerprints?
Until now, no one really knew. But today, scientists at the 238th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society described the development of a test to assess the performance of smudgeand reflection-resistant coatings on touchscreen displays.
It might sounds like a trivial issue but phone, camera and media player manufacturers spend millions to ensure that their touchscreens are easy to view in bright light and resist greasy finger smudges.
However, the structure and mechanisms of screen coatings are poorly understood, so Dr Steven Carlo developed a test to determine the chemical composition and effectiveness of smudge and reflective resistant materials. Carlo explains, "Surfaces are particularly important in consumer products. Our work investigates how products can be modified to reduce smudging and reflections. These modifications can offer improved resistance to fingerprints, anti-reflection properties or enhanced physical resistance."
The basis of anti-smudge coatings is a perfluoro alkyl ether, a derivative of Teflon with added chemicals to enhance its repellent effects. Anti-reflective materials use alternating layers silica and aluminum to bend and diffuse light to reduce glare.
Carlo and his team used depth profile X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to compare the chemistry of these coatings. Anti-reflective coatings need alternating layers, which have differences in their refractive index, a measure of how fast light travels through a material. Fluorocarbons in general have low refractive indices and offer anti-smudge properties.
XPS allowed the scientists to visualize the multi-layer structure and the chemical species present in each layer. In general, they found that the greater the number of layers there are in a coating, the greater the anti-reflective properties. Carlo and his team also discovered that more silica and aluminum layers led to better glare reduction.
The tests should lead to tougher, crisper screens - and may even mean that future touchphones don't require ugly protective skins.


text:
Object reference not set to an instance of an object.
Method 1: Rerun "setup /prepareAD"
- On the server that is running Microsoft Exchange Server, open a Command Prompt window as an administrator, and then change to the folder in which the Exchange installation files are stored.
- Run the following command:
- Restart the server.
- Rerun the Hybrid Configuration wizard.
Method 2: Perform an authoritative restore of the hybrid objectRestore the hybrid object that was deleted from the following location:
Still need help? Go to Microsoft Community or the Exchange TechNet Forums.


slow temp rises
Stephen Richard
You have fused a piece of glass that is now 6 or maybe even 9 mm thick, so you have to go slow for two reasons at least. 1. you have to give the glass the opportunity to get hot all the way through. 2. fast temperature rises lead to breakages either on the way up or during the slump.
So a rise of ca. 100 C or 150 C is as fast as you want to go. When using slow temperature rises you often can achieve the work at a lower temperature, and with a longer soak are certain to get the work done. Unless the glass is all of one colour/sheet all across itself, fast heating will lead to the darker and softer (not the same) becoming plastic before the rest of the sheet and even before the bottom is soft enough to begin to slump. That is when the weight of the glass above can split the bottom without completely breaking the piece.
Stephen Richard
blogs at: and
People Who Like Thisx


text:
The most colorful fruit of the plant kingdom
Buenos Aires, September 10, 2012
A dazzling fruit of the African forest was declared as the most colorful among biological species known to science so far.
Small 'pearls', spherical, metallic blue, are the fruit of a plant called Pollia Condensata, grown in Ethiopia, Angola and Mozambique, where they are used as decoration.
Its cells reflect different colors that give a "pointillist aspect", the technique used by the Impressionists that through a series of points represents a solid color.
Through sophisticated microscopes, the scientists could see the iridescent skin of the fruit, which means that it changes color depending on the angle at which it is observed, has no blue pigment.
Its intense color comes from the interaction of light with small strands of cellulose fibers as stacked layers of helices within the cell walls of the fruit skin.
The distance between these layers vary slightly from cell to cell – alter the color reflected from each point and gives a stunning "pixelated".


What is Independent Chip Model in Poker?
The Independent Chip Model (ICM), is a calculation which allows players to estimate the value of their stack at any given point in the tournament. ICM calculations evaluate a player's chip stack and place a monetary value on it based on tournament payouts.
Want to learn the strategic value of ICM? Check out this article:
ICM Poker Introduction: What Is The Independent Chip Model?
« View All Poker Terms
Put Your Skills to the Test with a Quick Poker Quiz!


text:
The Online Numbers to Words Converter is a powerful tool that can help you convert any number into words in a matter of seconds. This tool is perfect for anyone who needs to convert numbers into words for various purposes such as writing checks, creating invoices, or simply for documentation purposes.
With this online tool, you can convert numbers into words in English. The tool is user-friendly and easy to use, requiring no technical expertise or special skills. Simply enter the number you want to convert and hit the convert button. The tool will instantly generate the corresponding words for your number.
This Numbers to Words Converter is designed to be highly accurate, ensuring that the results you receive are correct and reliable. The tool also supports a wide range of numbers, including decimals and negative numbers, making it suitable for a variety of applications. Additionally, the tool is free to use and accessible from anywhere, at any time, so you can use it whenever you need it.
Whether you're a business owner, student, or just someone who needs to convert numbers into words, this online tool is an essential resource that you can use with confidence. So why wait? Try it today and see how easy and convenient it is to convert numbers into words!


Examples of TO and lattice structures
© C. Hölzl
Examples of TO and lattice structures
Figure: Examples of TO and lattice structures
Supervisor: C. Hölzl
Co supervisor: J. Stampfl
PhD student: S. Geyer
Objectives: The goal of this PhD project is to develop algorithms for topologically optimized parts that can be produced by means of SLS and Hot Lithography. Using proven software tools such as SolidWorks for the design of models, Altair Inspire for topology optimization, ANSYS for verification via FEM and both Rhinoceros and Grasshopper for the development of algorithms for structural optimization via non-conformal lattice structures, an easy to use toolchain for part optimization is to be developed. In the scope of the development of algorithms, the potential of using machine learning algorithms will be evaluated and compared with conventional algorithms. For that purpose, components from the open source machine learning library LunchBoxML will be used and adopted.
Both mentioned Additive Manufacturing processes are to be used to produce the optimized parts that in a next step are to be verified via given tools of material testing. Parts produced using the Hot Lithography process additionally have to be optimized in respect of support structures so that no additional support is needed.
The key goal of this project is the development of tailored algorithms that automatically optimize input data from CAD and FEM software under the boundary conditions of design space, fixtures, loads and the soft kill option (SKO) approach, as well as physical parameters specific to the material/fabrication system used, to minimize weight and maximize stiffness of the resulting geometries.
FH Campus Wien will provide software needed to design and optimize part design as well as mentioned fabrication processes. Furthermore, FH Campus Wien will provide supervision for the development of algorithms and machine learning related topics.
TU Wien will provide tools and machinery to verify the optimized and manufactured parts.


text:
One of the benefits of using your iPad to make presentations is its mobility. You can take it anywhere with you without much trouble, then hook it up to a projector or monitor to make a presentation. While the iPad doesn't come with presentation building software, you can download one of many applications from the app store that are designed to help you create and make a variety of different types of presentations.
1. Get Keynote from the Apple iTunes Store. Keynote allows you to choose various themes for your presentation, then organize the presentation itself by dragging and dropping various photos and bits of text to where you want them. As of the date of publication, Keynote costs $9.99.
2. Download Corkulous from the Apple iTunes Store. Rather than the traditional slideshow presentation, Corkulous allows you to use a virtual corkboard. You can tack up photos and virtual note cards, then proceed to talk your way through the corkboard, allowing all of the people watching your presentation to see how everything connects to the big picture. Corkulous costs $4.99 as of the date of publication.
3. Use Power Presenter, available from the Apple iTunes Store. While this software doesn't allow you to create a presentation, it does allow you to upload a PDF file, then present from that PDF file. During the presentation, you can highlight various bits of text, write onscreen, and draw if need be. As of the date of publication, Power Presenter costs $1.99.
- Practice your presentation before you have to make it.
- Don't rely completely on the iPad. People still expect you to be interesting during the presentation.
- Larry Busacca/Getty Images Entertainment/Getty Images


text:
Term of Award
Master of Science, Kinesiology - Exercise Science Concentration
Document Type and Release Option
Thesis (open access)
Copyright Statement / License for Reuse
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Department of Health Sciences and Kinesiology
Committee Member 1
Committee Member 2
Context: Hyperthermia is induced during prolonged exercise which promotes fatigue and a decline in performance. Basketball athletes have trouble preventing an onset of hyperthermia; thus, cryotherapy is applied intermittently to combat the negative effects.
Objective: To determine, (1) effect intermittent cooling has on simulated basketball performance, perceived exertion and perceived recovery; and (2) change in performance while applying two different forms of intermittent cooling during the Basketball Specific Fatigue Protocol (BSFP).
Design: Crossover study design.
Setting: Indoor collegiate basketball court.
Patients or Other Participants: Sixteen competitively trained recreational basketball athletes (15 males, 1 female; age = 21.1 ± 1.2 yr).
Main Outcome Measures: Participants completed 3 trials of the BSFP. Between quarters, intermittent cooling was applied for 5-minutes to the lower extremity using either a phase changing material (PCM), wetted ice (WI) or received no treatment (control). Change in countermovement jump height (ΔCMJ), 10m sprint time (ΔST), heart rate (ΔHR), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and perceived recovery score (PRS) were recorded each quarter.
Results: PRS found to significantly increase starting quarter 2 (Q2), (7.0 ± 2.0, p = 0.02), with significantly higher PRS at Q2 using the PCM (7.5 ± 2.0, p < 0.01). HR and ST saw significant change between quarters (ΔHR: Q1 = 81.8 ± 2.6 bpm, p < 0.01; ΔST: Q1 to Q4 (- 0.2 ± 0.1 s, p = 0.02), Q2 to Q4 (- 0.1 ± 0.0 s, p = 0.03), but not between conditions (ΔHR: p = 0.51, ΔST: p = 0.33). RPE significantly increased each quarter until the completion of the simulated game (p
Conclusions: Intermittent cooling, applied to the lower extremity via PCM, can increase perceived recovery through the first half of simulated basketball game performance.
Cousin, Dalton E., "The Effect Of Intermittent Cooling On Simulated Basketball Game Performance" (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2076.
Research Data and Supplementary Material


text:
Charring rates of heavy timber structures for Fire Safety Design: A study of the charring rates under various fire exposures andthe influencing factors
MetadataShow full item record
This thesis presents research on the charring rate of large structural members of timber and the material properties and external factors that influence on the charring of these members. The most commonly used temperature-time curves for large structures, and calculation models for the charring rate of wood, are evaluated and used to establish the documented charring rates. The most important material properties and external factors that influence the charring rate of large timber structures are found by an extensive literature review, and total impact of the properties and factors are listed in tables. However, the change in charring rate due to the various properties and factors is not unambiguous and more systematic research should be carried out to determine rules. An evaluation of calculation models for the charring rate of solid wood, nail-, glue- and cross-laminated structural members was performed and the models giving results closest to test results from the literature were determined. The standard model, EN 1995-1-2, was only accurate in a few cases. The models that include more of the properties and factors found to influence the charring rate were most accurate. Evaluation of standard and parametric temperature-time curves for the design of timber structures reveal that the "Swedish" fire and iBMB fire give the best representation of a real fire in a timber structure. The EN 1991-1-2 Standard fire does not include the contribution to the fire load from the timber structure, and the EN 1991-1-2 Parametric fire has an unrealistic linear cooling stage. The experimental tests on the charring rate of cross-laminated timber panels show that the calculation models for the charring rate are inaccurate for this type of structural member. The charring rate is affected by the growth rate of the fire and the maximum temperature. High initial growth rates result in higher charring rates. Short fires with steep cooling rate will have a short charring period, while a long fire will reach constant charring rate after a while. Comparing the obtained test results with test results from other researchers gave good matches. The charring rates found during the experimental tests are compared with charring rates found using the calculation models from the literature evaluated earlier in the thesis. As the experiments only resulted in a few measurements for the "Swedish" fire and the EN 1991-1-2 Parametric fire there was not much to compare with. The char depths for the EN 1991-1-2 Standard and Parametric fires match well with each other, but the charring rates have a wide scatter. This research has pointed out several issues where knowledge is lacking for fire safe design of large timber structures. The behaviour of exposed timber structures in compartment fires should be studied further, and the influence the timber structure has on the temperature development over time needs more research. This can result in the development of better temperature-time curves for fire exposed timber structures. The models for, calculation of the charring rate given in EN 1995-1-2 should be improved by introducing more factors and carrying out more research on the properties and factors that influence the charring rate.
Has partsFriquin, Kathinka L.. Material properties and external factors influencing the charring rate of solid wood and glue-laminated timber. .
Friquin, Kathinka L.. Evaluation of natural and parametric temperature-time curves for the fire design of cross-laminated wood slabs. Proceedings ofInternational Conference Application of Structural Fire Design: 563-568, 2009.
Leikanger Friquin, Kathinka. A review of models for the charring rateof solid wood, nail- and glue-laminated structural members. Journal of Structural Fire Engineering. (ISSN 2040-2317). 1(1): 61-72, 2010. 10.1260/2040-2318.104.22.168.
Friquin, Kathinka L; Grimsbu, Mads; Hovde, Per Jostein. Cross-laminated timber panels - Experimental study of the charring rates when exposed to standard and parametric fires. .
Friquin, Kathinka L. Experimental charring rates for cross-laminated timberpanels compared to calculated charring rates. The conference proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Fire Science and Engineering (InterFlam), 2010.


text:
SAGE Publications Inc.
School of Medical and Health Sciences/ Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research
Accuracy of a projectile is typically quantified as the proportion of successful target hits, or the distance an object finishes from the target. Serving in sports such as badminton differs since the shuttlecock is usually intercepted by the opponent before landing on the target (i.e. court surface). Therefore, landing accuracy measures are inappropriate and a new method of determining accuracy of the serve is needed. During interviews, elite coaches and players described an accurate short serve as crossing the net with low clearance and having an apex before the net. Three-dimensional trajectory of the shuttlecock was therefore tracked from eight national-level players who performed 30 short serves in simulated match conditions (i.e. with an opponent); 27% of all serves were classified as 'accurate', 27% of serves as 'inaccurate', 21% with a 'good apex' position, and 25% with a 'good clearance' height. The proposed method of assessing shuttlecock trajectory as a measure of accuracy could be adopted by coaches and players to assess and improve short serve accuracy. Furthermore, this method is more representative of a match environment since the shuttlecock rarely lands because the opponent returns the serve.


text:
Posted on 07 March 2015
PuzzleThere is a spear tip with the following sequence of numbers:
The key is five letters.
You need the first names from the weekday solutions.
Convert the numbers to letters:
Take the initials from the first names of the persons for the weekly puzzle solutions:
Milton Hershey (Commodore) Cornelius Vanderbilt (Princess) Diana Spencer Ganesh Dutt Clara Brown
to get MCDGC. Using that as a key to decrypt a Cipher results in ANCSOCSTUDENTS (Ancient Societies Students), who were philanthropic with respect to the Cahokia Mounds Brochure Campaign.
The answer is stl.la/ancsocstudents.
The letter in Pramik Sanning


text:
Questions about multiple colors or channels gradually blended together. A rainbow is an example of a natural gradient.
A gradient is the outcome of blending multiple colors or channels gradually together. A rainbow is an example of a gradient.
The most common types of gradients are linear, radial, angle, reflected and diamond:
Web 2.0 gradients
"Web 2.0" gradients are usually described as either:
- Sharp gradients, ie. gradients that have a color stop between two colors without any blending (see e.g. the angle gradient at 12 o'clock under "Common types").
⇒ To make the object look glossy.
- Subtle gradients, where colors either blend very slowly or where the blended colors are close together.
⇒ To give the object texture.
Some examples of gradients that could be described as "web 2.0 gradients":
Using transparency instead of a color gives the image/object a fading effect:
(Image by _USER_)


text:
Mineral composition of high blueberry leaves and fruits depending on substrate type used for cultivation
Wydanie: 3 / 2009
Otrzymano: Brak danych
Zaakceptowano: Brak danych
Opublikowano online: 2012-08-10
Kategorie: Horticulture and forestry
In 2004-2006, an experiment was established at the Experimental Station Rajkowo belonging to the Agricultural University (West Pomeranian University of Technology) in Szczecin. High blueberry bushes were planted in an alkaline reaction (pH 7.1) heavy soil using three different substrates. The bushes were planted in trenches filled with peat, cocoa husk and sawdust. The fertilization of the plants was limited to a sole nitrogen supply (30 kg N ha-1), because chemical analyses of both the soil and the substrates showed high and/or moderate content of other nutrients. In order to decrease cocoa husk reaction and to maintain the reaction of peat and sawdust, the bushes were irrigated with H2SO4 acidified water up to pH 2.5-3.5. The bed prepared of cocoa husk was characterized by the highest N (23.8 mg 100 g-1), Zn content (51.6 mg kg-1), and pH (5.0). On the other hand, sawdust substrate had the lowest salinity (0.35 g NaCl kg-1). Sawdust substrate showed the highest level of Mn (56.5 mg kg-1) and Cu (7.4 mg kg-1) and the lowest of Ca (83 mg 100 g-1), whereas, peat substrate showed the highest salinity (0.87 g NaCl kg-1) and the lowest pH (3.8). The usage of cocoa husk substrate resulted in the highest content of N (23.6), K (6.9 g kg-1) and Mn (104.5 mg kg-1) in cv. Sierra blueberry leaves as well as N (16.0) and K (6.5 g kg-1) in berries. The plants grown in sawdust substrate showed the highest level of Ca (1.75 g kg-1), Cu (3.2) and Zn (12.4 mg kg-1), in the leaves as well as S (1.7) and Cu (3.5 mg kg-1) in berries.
Ochmian I., Grajkowski J., Mikiciuk G., Ostrowska K., Chełpiński P. 2009. Mineral composition of high blueberry leaves and fruits depending on substrate type used for cultivation. J. Elem. 14(3): 509-516.
highbush blueberry, macro-, microelements, substrates, leaves, fruit


text: Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to produce a decision support aid for machine tool owners to utilise while deciding upon a maintenance strategy. Furthermore, the decision support tool is adaptive and capable of suggesting different strategies by monitoring for any change in machine tool manufacturing accuracy. Design/methodology/approach: A maintenance cost estimation model is utilised within the research and development of this decision support system (DSS). An empirical-based methodology is pursued and validated through case study analysis. Findings: A case study is provided where a schedule of preventative maintenance actions is produced to reduce the need for the future occurrences of reactive maintenance actions based on historical machine tool accuracy information. In the case study, a 28 per cent reduction in predicted accuracy-related expenditure is presented, equating to a saving of £14k per machine over a five year period. Research limitations/implications: The emphasis on improving machine tool accuracy and reducing production costs is increasing. The presented research is pioneering in the development of a software-based tool to help reduce the requirement on domain-specific expert knowledge. Originality/value: The paper presents an adaptive DSS to assist with maintenance strategy selection. This is the first of its kind and is able to suggest a preventative strategy for those undertaking only reactive maintenance. This is of value for both manufacturers and researchers alike. Manufacturers will benefit from reducing maintenance costs, and researchers will benefit from the development and application of a novel decision support technique.


text:
|FHWA > Policy Information > NHCCI > The Mathematics of the National Highway Construction Cost Index|
The Mathematics of the National Highway Construction Cost Index
This document specifies the methodology which serves as the basis for the development of the National Highway Construction Cost Index, (NHCCI).
General Methodology for Calculating the NHCCI
The Fisher Ideal Index formula is applied using a chain-type indexing methodology to produce the NHCCI. The specific implementation and reasons for choosing this specification are given in this section.
Step 1. Definition of price index
The price index, It, of a specific cost item of highway construction (such as cement) gives the price of that item in period t, (pt), relative term to its price in reference period 0, (p0). The mathematical expression of It is:
Where, c represents the cost of the item and q represents the quantity of the item.
Step 2. Aggregating individual cost items into a total construction cost index
For highway construction as a whole, however, the direct price (p) does not exist because the price is the product of cost divided by quantity and the quantities of highway construction cost items are measured in different units which are not directly comparable and not additive. Therefore, we cannot calculate the price index of highway construction as a whole by directly implementing equation (1).
One natural way to derive the price index of highway construction as a whole is to calculate it as the weighted average of price indexes of individual cost items.
Where, superscript n represent the nth cost item and wn represents the weight assigned to the nth cost item.
Step 3. Choice of index formula
As equation (2) shows, the aggregate price index for highway construction as a whole not only depends on the price indexes of the individual cost items of highway construction, but also depends on the weights assigned to the individual price indexes. Therefore, how to weight the individual price indexes is essential in calculating an aggregate price index, such as the NHCCI. The choice of weights also leads to the choice of index formula.
In the economic index literature, there are three well known index formulas. They are the Laspeyres Index, the Paasche Index and the Fisher Ideal Index. In equation form, they are:
(3) (Laspeyres price index)
(4) (Paasche price index)
(5) (Fisher price index)
All three price index formulas use quantities of individual cost items as weights to their respective prices in calculating the aggregate price index. However, the Laspeyres price index formula uses quantities of the base period (0) as weights, while the Paasche price index formula uses quantities of the current period (t) as weights. The Fisher price index is a geometric mean of the Laspeyres price index and the Paasche price index.
Despite its many obvious advantages, the Laspeyres price index has its limitations. One of the limitations is that it usually overstates the impact of price increases and understates the impact of price decreases as the current period moves further away from the base period. This occurs because of the substitution effect when prices change in relative terms. Agents substitute away from goods whose relative prices increase so that the base year weights overstate the relative importance of these goods in the budget. As a result, the use of quantities from an earlier period as weights systematically biases the aggregate price index upward from the real change in aggregate price. In contrast, an aggregate price index derived from the Paasche price index formula is usually biased downward due to the substitution effect.
A second limitation of the Laspeyres index as it is often implemented is that as time goes on the fixed base year become less relevant to the current year or the year(s) of concern. However, if the base year is shifted forward in time, the entire index series will be changed. In other words, history will be rewritten every time the base year is changed.
The Fisher Ideal index, proposed by Irving Fisher in 1922, is one of the superlative indexes that give good approximations to the theoretical or "exact" cost-of-living index and yet are relatively simple to compute and use. Compared to fixed-weighted Laspeyres or Paasche Indexes, Fisher Ideal index takes the weights of both the base period and the current period into account. By doing so, Fisher Ideal index has the ability to accommodate the effects of substitutions, something the Laspeyres and Paasche indexes do not do. A major advantage of Fisher Ideal index over other superlative indexes, such as the Tornquvist index, is its "dual" property, i.e. a Fisher Ideal price index implies a Fisher Ideal quantity index, and vice versa. In other words, the product of a Fisher Ideal price index between two periods and a Fisher Ideal quantity index between the same two periods is equal to the total change in value (measured in current dollars) between those two periods.
All these advantages strongly suggest that the Fisher Ideal index formula is an excellent choice for building the NHCCI.
Step 4. Calculating aggregate price index for two adjacent periods
Since the OSI Bid-Tabs database provides data on bid value and bid quantity and estimated bid price data for each cost item of highway constructions in the United States, we can apply the Fisher Ideal Index formula to the bid quantity and estimated bid price data from Bid-Tabs data at the cost item (or Pay Item) level to calculate the NHCCI.
However, each time when the Fisher Ideal Index formula is applied to the price and quantity data, one and only one index number will be generated for the two time periods the data represent. In other words, the formula will not generate a price index series at once. The time period can be a month, a quarter, or a year and is usually determined by the data availability. An index number can be generated between any two periods in time. The two periods can be adjacent to each other. They also can be far away from each other with many periods between them. However, in order to build an index that accurately track price changes from one period to the next over time, it will be necessary to generate an index number for every pair of adjacent periods of the entire time period for which an index is build.
Step 5. Chain index numbers of adjacent periods into a time series of indexes
From the equations, we can see that the R1 is the index number of period (1) relative to period (0); R2 is the index number of period (2) relative to period (1); and Rt is the index number of period (t) relative to period (t-1); and that each index number presents the aggregate price of the current period in relative term to the aggregate price of the previous period. Mathematicians call this kind of indexing relative indexing. In relative indexing, an index number highlights the change in price from the adjacent previous period.
However, to show price changes over time, it will be more effective to compare the price of each period to the price of the base period. When an index is calculated by comparing the concerned period directly to the base period, it is called "direct indexing". The procedure of direct indexing is a dual process. That is, while the price of the concerned period is indexed in terms relative to the price of the base period, the price of the base period is also indexed to 1 and only 1. Therefore, the value of a direct index is always in terms relative to 1 and equal to the change between the two periods. This property provides the mathematical underpinning for the "chain" index procedure.
When the price of the base period (0) is indexed to 1, the chained index numbers, I1 for period (1), I2 for period (2), …, and It for period (t), can be calculated as:
In words, the chained index number of any period (to the base period) can be calculated as the product of the consecutive multiplication of the changes of the adjacent periods between the base period and that period. For example, with the chain-type procedure and annual rates of changes (Rt), the index of year 1995 to year 1990 (I90,95) can be calculated as:
In summary, the Chained Fisher Ideal Index method for building the NHCCI contains two steps. In the first step, Fisher Ideal Index formula is used to calculate changes in aggregate price between adjacent periods with bid quantity and estimated bid price data at the cost item (or Pay Item) level from Oman Bid-Tabs database as inputs. This step is also an aggregation process. Changes in aggregate price of highway construction as a whole calculated in this way are essentially the averages of quantity weighted changes in the prices of the cost items of highway construction. In the second step, changes in aggregate price between adjacent periods are chained together through consecutive multiplication to form a time series of aggregate price index for highway construction as a whole.
The Chained Fisher Ideal Index method recognizes the need for estimating changes in the aggregate price of highway construction as a whole to use weights that are relevant and appropriate for the specific periods being measured. The Chained Fisher Ideal Index method has three important advantages over Fixed-Weighted Indexes. First, while it makes aggregation of price changes in many and different cost items into one measure through weighting, it captures the effects of changes in the relative importance of different cost items in highway construction over time. Second, it minimizes substitution bias and, at the same time, provides a more accurate track of price changes in highway construction cost items as a whole. Third, it eliminates the inconvenience and confusion associated with Fixed-Weighted Indexes of updating the weights and base periods, and thus rewriting economic history, as base periods move further and further into the past and become more and more irrelevant


R - "\\" and "$" signs
#1
[SOLVED] R - "\\" and "$" signs
I was looking into some packages on GitHub and trying to make sense of functions in these packages.
I came across this function to read csv-files (from ProjectTemplate package). I was however wondering what the "\\" and "$" signs stand for.
I suppose "\\" is something like "any characters" or has to do with the "." preceding zip. I also don't understand why the "$"-sign is used at the end of zip. If you just want to check if ".zip" is part of a filename why not just use "\\.zip"?
To conclude (although this isn't strictly speaking an R related question), what is the best way to search for the meaning of symbols (or e.g. logical operators) in google or what is a good R-resource to look up such things?
Code:
csv.reader <- function(data.file, filename, variable.name)
{
 if (grepl('\\.zip$', filename))
 {
 tmp.dir <- tempdir()
 tmp.path <- file.path(tmp.dir, data.file)
 file.copy(filename, tmp.path)
 unzip(filename, exdir = tmp.dir)
 filename <- file.path(tmp.dir, sub('\\.zip$', '', data.file))
 }

 assign(variable.name,
 read.csv(filename,
 header = TRUE,
 sep = ','),
 envir = .GlobalEnv)
}
Thanks!

Last edited:
bryangoodrich
Probably A Mammal
#2
The "\\" is used in the regular expressions for grep and sub. Read the help files on them. The "\" is an escape character saying "within this string, the following character should be taken as is." Thus, if you want to actually look for "\" you need to escape it. However, when doing regular expressions in R, you have to "double escape" which is why you see "\\". In R regular expressions like these, if you wanted to actually include "\" you would have to use "\\\". Again, see the help file.
The "$" has a number of meanings, such as identifying a list element.
Code:
x <- list()
x$foo <- rnorm(10)
x$bar <- runif(10)
x
However, in the function above it is being used in a regular expression, again. See the help files or Google about this. The "$" means "look at the end of the string." Thus, the two instances are looking for files that end in ".zip" and the "\\" escapes the "." which has a special meaning in regex.

Dason
Ambassador to the humans
#3
To answer your question about the R code: grepl is a form of grep that returns a boolean value instead of the matching response. If you want to understand this better you should probably try to understand regular expressions. The period is a special symbol in regular expression. When left by itself it just means "any character". That's not what the programmer wanted - they wanted the literal period character. To do that we need to escape the period so that the regular expression knows we want a period and not the special "any character" symbol it thinks it should mean. In most languages we only need to use one slash to escape the period ("\.") but in R we need two for some symbols ("\\."). The reason they use the dollar sign ($) at the end of the regular expression is to denote that they only want to match the expression if it occurs at the end of the string of interest. For instance they want to match "My_Wallaby_Videos.zip" or "CATSLOL.zip" but not "My.zipper.txt" (notice that .zip occurs in that last one but not at the very end).
To answer the question about searching for symbols: I've hear decent things about _URL_ It's a search site that doesn't strip symbols away.
To answer your question about searching for R stuff: R Seek is probably the way to go there!
Edit: **** ninjas...

Dason
Ambassador to the humans
#4
In R regular expressions like these, if you wanted to actually include "\" you would have to use "\\\". Again, see the help file.
Not quite. The reason we need to double escape in R initially is so that R recognizes that we want to include a "\" but if we don't double escape it then it will think we're including a special character and it'll mess up.
Code:
> x <- c("\\", "C:\\Program Files", "CATSLOL.zip")
> grep("[\\]", x)
[1] 1 2
> grep("\\\", x)
+ Oh noes! At the moment it still thinks I'm continuing the string
+ Because I started the string then had \\ which gives a slash and
+ then I followed that with \" which is an escaped quote.
+ So it's going to think this whole thing is the regular expression.
+ Oh my.
+ ", x)
integer(0)
>
> grep("\\", x)
Error in grep("\\", x) :
 invalid regular expression '\', reason 'Trailing backslash'
>
> grep("\\", x, fixed = T)
[1] 1 2


ipetrik ipetrik - 8 months ago 56
R Question
changing x/y column without editing original ggplot command
(I will be using the
mtcars
dataframe from the
gcookbook
library.)
Let's say I generate the following plot:
p <- (ggplot(mtcars, aes (col = factor(cyl), x = wt, y = disp))
+ geom_point (shape = 19)
+ geom_text (aes(y=disp+0.1,label=hp), size = 2.5, vjust=0)
+ stat_smooth(method=lm))
plot(p)
enter image description here
Is there anyway I can change, for instance, the
x
or
y
or
col
, without having to go back and edit the original?
For instance, lets say I want to change
x
to
mpg
and
col
to
gear
. I'd like to just run something like,
p + ggplot(aes=aes (col = factor(gear), x = mpg))
plot(p)
but the first command gives the error:
Error: Don't know how to add o to a plot
Is there any way to change what columns are used in the plot without having to go back and edit the original command?
Answer Source
To change the overall aesthetics for the plot, you can do:
p + aes(color = factor(gear), x = mpg)
To change the aesthetics of specific layers you can manually change the object p by assigning new variables. This seems fragile, though.
To change the aesthetic mapping for the geom_text layer in your example:
p$layers[[2]]$mapping$label = mtcars$wt
p$layers[[2]]$mapping$y = mtcars$disp + 2


text:
The Maps SDK for iOS allows you to initialize the map with a previously setup configuration. For
this purpose, use the init method TTMapView with frame and mapConfiguration.
The TTMapConfiguration object allows you to set initial map values with the following method:
viewportTransform: The TTViewportTransform object allows you to set an initial viewport
transform for the map configuration.
mapStyleConfiguration: The TTStyleConfiguration object allows you to add your own style
TomTomLogoPosition: The TTLogoPosition object allows you to place the logo on the map where you
wish by using enumerations containing positions and Offset information.
Use the following code snippets in your app to display maps of different locations (in this case,
the current location by placing a bounding box on Amsterdam and by centering the point to the TomTom
office in Łódź).
You can also set the positions of the TomTom logo, but remember that the logo must fully fit into
the bounds of mapview. Otherwise there is an exception due to an error in displaying the logo on the
let position =TTLogoPosition(verticalPosition:.bottom, horizontalPosition:.right, verticalOffset:-65, horizontalOffset:-170)