Q&A: Why Should Government Employers be Thinking About OPEB Trusts?
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Insights < Q&A: Why Should Governmental Employers be Thinking About OPEB Trusts?
We'll cut to the chase and then fill in the blanks: Any governmental entity, city, or town or that hasn't yet considered creating and funding an OPEB trust should start thinking about it – right now.
With that said, let's take a step back and answer a few questions.
What's OPEB – and why is it important?
OPEB refers to "other post-employment benefits." Put simply, these are any retirement benefits a public employee is promised other than his or her pension. Benefits under the OPEB umbrella include anything from life insurance premiums to post-retirement healthcare costs to deferred-compensation arrangements.
These benefits are typically paid using one of two methods: A so-called pay-as-you-go method, in which a public employer annually allocates a certain percentage of its annual operating budget (or general fund) to disburse to its retirees; or an OPEB trust method, in which an employer annually transfers a set amount of earmarked cash into a dedicated trust fund, and invests it.
Up until the mid-2000s, most governmental employers created dedicated trusts for their employee pension plans, but opted for the pay-as-you-go method for any benefits falling under OPEB. At the time, there were several good reasons for government leaders to take that route.
For one, creating an OPEB trust isn't cheap. It can require a significant up-front investment, which-remember, we're talking about governing bodies-typically means raising taxes. If you're a governor, a mayor, or a town administrator, hiking taxes for any reason is always going to be a tough sell. If the result is a freshly paved highway or noticeable improvements in the school system, the tax increase may go over smoothly. When the result is something your constituents can't see, like the creation of a dedicated trust fund, the sell becomes even tougher.
Many public employers opted for the pay-as-you-go method simply because there wasn't a clear, objective, accounting-based reason to do anything else. That changed in 2004, when the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) issued Statement No. 45.
GASB 45-Accounting and Financial Reporting by Employers for Postemployment Benefits Other Than Pensions-was the first standard that required employers to measure and recognize their OPEB obligations as liabilities (or, in rare cases, assets) in the government-wide financial statements and disclose in the footnotes of their financial statements.
By introducing OPEB obligations to the balance sheet, GASB 45 forced public employers to seriously consider the magnitude of the actuarial liabilities that came with their OPEB benefit plans, and come up with long-term solutions to manage those costs.
One of those solutions, of course, is to create and pre-fund an OPEB trust.
If GASB 45 was issued in 2004, why is this important now?
GASB 45 was fully implemented by 2008. In 2015, GASB 75 was issued, and with it came several significant changes-changes that are set to take effect this June as implementation is required for fiscal years beginning after June 30, 2017.
Setting up a trust also allows employers to utilize higher discount rates (or, investment return assumptions), which are used by actuaries when determining the long-term rate of return on the assets being used to eventually pay the benefits. Those without a trust are forced to use the municipal bond index, which is currently around 2.85%.
How can establishing an OPEB trust benefit your government?
OPEB trusts can help public employers in several ways.
Improved Financial Reporting:
A well-funded OPEB trust can significantly reduce-or, in some cases, eliminate-the employer's net OPEB liability. GASB 75 defines net OPEB liability as "the portion of the present value of projected benefit payments to be provided to current active and inactive employees that is attributed to those employees' past periods of service, less the amount of the OPEB plan's fiduciary net position."
In much, much simpler terms: A public employer's net OPEB liability is the dollar amount of what that employer currently owes – minus what assets it already has stowed away.
If an employer consistently contributes to a trust, it will likely have the ability to annually offset its OPEB liabilities with its on-hand, pre-funded assets. This helps public employers avoid having to explain to a credit-rating agency why they're not working towards reducing significant long-term liabilities on their balance sheet.
Establishing an OPEB trust gives public employers the ability to realize investment returns:
Pay-as-you-go OPEB benefit plans are typically paid annually out of the public employer's general fund. In other words, every year, a slice of a public employer's total budget is set aside and immediately paid out to the employer's retirees.
When an OPEB trust is created, annual appropriation of funds are transferred into the trust and invested. Through the simple power of compounding interest, public employers can watch their annual appropriations grow year after year. This ultimately leads to a reduction in required contributions, potentially saving public employers millions of dollars over the years in the long run.
Finally, establishing an OPEB trust protects employers' assets:
OPEB trust fund are irrevocable. Plan assets are legally protected from creditors of the employer or the plan administrator, and they are dedicated solely to providing retiree benefits in accordance with plan terms. In other words, a pre-funded OPEB trust will ensure all retirees ultimately receive the benefits they've earned.
What first steps do public employers need to take to create an OPEB trust?
The process is complex, and involves a number of IRS-related issues. The first step public sector leaders will need to take is to consult with their financial team and bring in qualified legal counsel.
From there, public employers will need to identify the legal form of the trust they're creating; create an independent board of trustees to control and administer the trust; and assign various fiduciary roles and responsibilities to the people in charge of managing the trust.
Again, it's a complicated process – but, with the new GASB standards taking effect in a few short months, it's a process we strongly recommend considering.
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text:
The Body Hollow
(As featured in the May 2007 issue of Practically Seeking)
This style of shelter is an easy step up from the most basic idea of burrowing down into a big pile of leaves for warmth or protection from the elements.
- Quick to construct
- Will keep you warm and dry
- Takes far less time and materials than a full-on debris hut.
- Can be tricky to keep water-tight in a heavy rain
- Makes a great "hide" or ground blind when hunting with firearms
- Good short-term cache (for non-food items)
- Adaptable to a wide variey of terrains and conditions
- Snug — Needs no other heat source
- Camouflages very well into the landscape (See how our completed Body Hollow shelter blends into the surrounding area)
Wonder how well this simple shelter would really hold up? Check out our post-Nor'easter pics!
Step-by-step instructions for building this quick, easy-to-construct shelter.
- Dig a hole that is at least two hand widths wider and longer than you are, and the depth of your body are when lying down. Your chest should be even with the ground level.
- Using the excavated dirt, build up a berm around two sides and one end of your hole. (The end with no berm will be your entry point.) The total depth of your hole should now be approximately knee deep.
- Line the inside with a layer of leaves or other dry debris six to eight inches deep.
- Overlay the top with a layer of branches (about wrist thick) spaced about a hand-width apart.
- Continuing to build on your "roof", add a layer of smaller branches to create lattice about six inches thick.
- Cover your lattice with a layer of debris at least 2.5 feet thick. Start by heaping your debris around the bottom and work your way up, making sure that the highest point is in the center of your debris pile. (This will help keep your shelter dry.)
Place a few more of the thinner branches on top of your debris to keep it from blowing away.
- Have an extra pile of debris near your door that you can pull in after you to close your entryway after you crawl in.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


You are here
Statue of Liberty
Management of Lady Liberty Discussed in Congress
UPDATED: The United States Congress is mad at the National Park Service. Congress cannot figure out why the parks are not listening them, after they've been asked more than once by the House to open up the crown of the Statue of Liberty. Congress has given unsolicited money to Liberty to get it open, and there had been a campaign which raised millions from across the nation for the same purpose, but still, 6 years after it was closed, there remains no public access to the crown.
National Parks Traveler's Essential Park Guide


text:
I took the sign-posted path into the Albufereta nature reserve. This led to three bird hides, overlooking dried up ponds, beds baked hard by the sun, strewn with rocks, barren.
But there were movements among the rocks, shapes only clear when viewed by telescope.
These are stone curlews, insect eaters that hide, camouflaged against bare ground, hunkering down on plantigrade feet to merge with the rocks.
These drawings were done with ink and water, then conte crayon and chalk pastel for the few colours, in the Stillman and Birns beta sketch pad.
Lovely drawings – what are plantigrade feet?
Plantigrade feet is what you have. You walk on your heel and your knee faces forward. Birds, like many animals, walk on their toes, the heel lifted well off the ground looking like a backwards facing knee. In birds the actual knee is hidden deep under feathers which is why their legs seem to begin in the middle of their body, rather than at the hips. But oddly, I saw these stone curlews sit down on their heels as shown in the drawing. I have never seen a bird do this before, though perhaps it is more common than I think, but typically hidden by the body.
That plantigrade stance makes them look odd … but is a nice adaptation for stalking bugs!
I've given the wrong idea here.
They walk around on their toes, like dinosaurs always did. I observed the plantigrade stance when they were crouching. They did shuffle about on their heels a little but not hunt. It really did look weird as you say, but did not seem to be their main gait. As I say, it may be more common than I think, but usually hidden by feathers in other species with shorter legs (e.g. What is the position of a duck's legs when it's roosting on land? I've seen loads of ducks but never their legs when they sit!).
I understood that it was a temporary stance, related to feeding.
In addition, the structure of the legs would not allow them to walk well.
I think penguins are much close to be plantigrade, they have a very short tarsus and a short gait..
I think you are right about penguins. Also guillemots which I have drawn.
I guess it's not so unusual.
They have a lovely gaze, stern with an air of indecision, great drawings 🙂
I just realised that your sketches must be larger than I imagined them to be.
Thanks for stopping by my blog. Really love your work 🙂 am following now
Expressive, raw and in the moment.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


How to use a system font for rendering text
Fonts, Manipulate PDF
This code sample shows how you can render text using a system font.
Rendering of text in PDFRasterizer.NET and PDFControls.NET
By default, PDFRasterizer.NET and PDFControls.NET render text as curves (paths) that are filled with a particular color. Any font information that is present in the PDF document gets interpreted and transformed into curves, and then rendered.
We do this, because this results in the most accurate representation of the text. Windows does not support all font types that are possible in a PDF document. So we cannot always tell.NET to render the fonts for us.
There are however cases that it makes sense to have text rendered as system fonts. For example to speed up print jobs as explained in the article named how to speed up print jobs.. This code sample will show you how to do this exactly.
Below we will just talk about PDFRasterizer.NET, but it applies to PDFControls.NET as well.
The UseOSFont sample
The following snippets comes from the UseOSFont sample that is included in the PDFRasterizer.NET distribution. This sample shows how you can use the ResolveFont event to map PDF fonts to system fonts. The first step is to assign a handler for this event before rendering.
1 renderSettings1 = new RenderSettings(); 2 renderSettings1.TextSettings.ResolveFont += new ResolveFontEventHandler(TextSettings1_ResolveFont);
The handler itself will be called whenever a PDF font needs to be rendered. It will pass information about this font in the event arguments. In addition it will pass information about the way that it is going to be rendered (in the FontRenderMode), and where the font definition has been obtained (in the FontLocation). The handler can inspect this information and change it in order to request a different way of rendering.
The code below will first check if the font information already originates from a system font. If not, it will set the RenderMode to RenderAsFont and set the SystemFontName. This will cause the rendering system to look up this font and avoid rendering it as curves.
1 void TextSettings1_ResolveFont(TextRenderSettings sender, ResolveFontEventArgs args) 2 { 3 if (args.FontLocation!= FontLocation.System) 4 { 5 args.FontRenderMode = FontRenderMode.RenderAsFont; 6 7 if (args.PdfFontName.EndsWith("Bold")) 8 { 9 args.Bold = true; 10 } 11 12 args.SystemFontName = "Arial"; 13 } 14 }
Please note that certain combinations are not supported currently. For system fonts the FontRenderMode cannot be set to RenderAsCurves. If an inappropriate combination is used, the ResolveFont event will be raised again, allowing the application to correct the requested render mode. For details please see the reference guide that is included in PDFRasterizer.NET.


'll have to scroll back to the function signature or use some IDE feature in order to see the return type and fully understand the return statement.
And here again it's not easy for someone reading the code for the first time to understand what is actually being constructed:
void DoSomething(const std::string &str);
const char* strValue =...;
size_t strLen =...;
DoSomething({strValue, strLen});
The code above is going to break when someone decides that DoSomething should also support some other string type, and adds this overload:
void DoSomething(const CoolStringType& str);
If CoolStringType happens to have a constructor which takes a const char* and a size_t (just like std::string does) then the call to DoSomething({strValue, strLen}) will result in an ambiguity error.
My answer to the actual question:
No, Uniform Initialization should not be thought of as a replacement for the old style constructor syntax.
And my reasoning is this:
If two statements don't have the same kind of intention, they shouldn't look the same. There are two kinds of notions of object initialization:
1) Take all these items and pour them into this object I'm initializing.
2) Construct this object using these arguments I provided as a guide.
Examples of the use of notion #1:
struct Collection
 int first;
 char second;
 double third;
Collection c {1, '2', 3.0};
std::array a {{ 1, 2, 3 }};
std::map m { {1, '1'}, {2, '2'}, {3, '3'} };
Example of the use of notion #2:
class Stairs
 std::vector stepHeights;
 Stairs(float initHeight, int numSteps, float stepHeight)
 float height = initHeight;
 for (int i = 0; i < numSteps; ++i)
 height += stepHeight;
Stairs s (2.5, 10, 0.5);
I think it's a bad thing that the new standard allows people to initialize Stairs like this:
Stairs s {2, 4, 6};
...because that obfuscates the meaning of the constructor. Initialization like that looks just like notion #1, but it's not. It's not pouring three different values of step heights into the object s, even though it looks like it is. And also, more importantly, if a library implementation of Stairs like above has been published and programmers have been using it, and then if the library implementor later adds an initializer_list constructor to Stairs, then all the code that has been using Stairs with Uniform Initialization Syntax is going to break.
I think that the C++ community should agree to a common convention on how Uniform Initialization is used, i.e. uniformly on all initializations, or, like I strongly suggest, separating these two notions of initialization and thus clarifying the intention of the programmer to the reader of the code.
Here's yet another reason why you shouldn't think of Uniform Initialization as a replacement for the old syntax, and why you can't use brace notation for all initializations:
Say, your preferred syntax for making a copy is:
T var1;
T var2 (var1);
Now you think you should replace all initializations with the new brace syntax so that you can be (and the code will look) more consistent. But the syntax using braces doesn't work if type T is an aggregate:
T var2 {var1}; // fails if T is std::array for example
share|improve this answer
If you have "" your code will be difficult to understand regardless of syntax. – kevin cline Dec 18 '12 at 17:21
Besides IMO it is the duty of your IDE to inform you what type it is returning (e.g. via hovering). Of course if you don't use an IDE, you took the burden upon yourself :) – abergmeier Dec 22 '12 at 11:44
_USER_ I agree with some parts of what you say. However, in the same spirit as the auto vs. explicit type declaration debate, I'd argue for a balance: uniform initializers rock pretty big time in template meta-programming situations where the type is usually pretty obvious anyway. It will avoid repeating your darn complicated -> decltype(....) for incantation e.g. for simple oneline function templates (made me weep). – sehe Dec 26 '12 at 23:50
_USER_ I thoroughly agree with your points, there is currently no agreed industry best practice for auto and uniform initialiasation, new language features are generally misused at first and the pain that causes is what informs best practice, Nicol Bolas' answer advocates a far too liberal approach to these new language features in my opinion. Good response highlighting real problems with using his approach. – radman Mar 8 '13 at 23:07
"But the syntax using braces doesn't work if type T is an aggregate:" Note that this is a reported defect in the standard, rather than intentional, expected behavior. – Nicol Bolas Mar 10 '13 at 0:40
add comment
If your constructors merely copy their parameters in the respective class variables in exactly the same order in which they are declared inside the class, then using uniform initialization can eventually be faster (but can also be absolutely identical) than calling the constructor.
Obviously, this doesn't change the fact that you must always declare the constructor.
share|improve this answer
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Your Answer


Writing a feed
Writing a feed is easy after the Channel object is built. Since RSS 2.0 is the most popular format, the IO classes in Yarfraw are all default to RSS 2.0. The following codes writes a channel to an xml file "rss20.xml" in RSS 2.0 format. Note that since every feed has only one channel, the top level 'rss' element is automatically generated for you, all you need to do is to pass in the channel object:
 Channel c = new Channel()
 FeedWriter w = new FeedWriter("rss20.xml"));
Writing other formats are similarly easy, just need to tell the writer what format you want to write in. The following codes demostrate how to write in Atom 1.0 and RSS 1.0/RDF format.
 FeedWriter writer = new FeedWriter("atom10.xml"));
 File f = new File("rss10.xml");
 FeedWriter writer2 = new FeedWriter(f, FeedFormat.RSS10);
Append, Set and Remove items
Sometimes you may want to simply add a couple of items to an existing feed without modifying the top level channel. You can use the FeedAppender class to do that. The appender methods work very much like the insert methods in java.util.List. You can either specify a specific location to append new items to, or you can simply append to the beginning or to the end.
Internally, the appender reads in the feed, modifies it, and then writes it back to the file. So if performance is a concern, instead of doing a read/write operation for every modification, you might want to write your own appender that only writes the channel to file when it needs to.
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("rss20.xml"));
 a.appendAllItemsAt(2, item);
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("atom10.xml"));
 writer.setFormat(FeedFormat.ATOM10); //need to set the format explicitly because RSS 2.0 is the default
If you simply want to keep adding new items to your feed while at the same time keeping the number of items in the feed at a certain number (according to the specs, you are recommended to have only 15 items in a feed). You can tell the appender how many items you would like to keep in your feed. If the actual number of items (after appends) in the feed is greater than the number you specified, the appender will remove items from the END of the feed to ensure there is at most numItemToKeep items in the feed.
Note : the items in the input channel are assumed to be in descending order from new to old (i.e. the newest item is at index 0 of the item list). So when the appender need to trim the feed, it always remove items from the end of the items list (the items that are at the bottom of the feed).
 FeedAppender a = new FeedAppender(new File("yarfraw.xml"));
 a.setNumItemToKeep(15); //this operation does NOT trim the list, trimming only occurs after append
 a.appendAllItemsAt(0, bigItemList);
 a.appendAllItemsAt(0, moreItems);
 a.appendAllItemsToBeginning(item1, item2, item3);
 //"yarfraw.xml" have at most 15 items no matter how many items were appended using the appender
Reading a feed
You can use the reader class to read any supported feed formats. Similar to other IO classes, the reader class uses RSS 2.0 format by default (except when it's reading remotely, see examples below), so you need to set the appropriate format if the input is not in RSS 2.0 format.
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader( "rss20.xml");
 Channel c = r.readChannel();
 FeedReader r2 = new FeedReader( "atom10.xml", FeedFormat.ATOM10);
 Channel c2 = r2.readChannel();
The reader is capable of reading a feed from a remote http url. In this case, the format of the remote feed is automatically detected. Format detection will be executed only once at object construction time.
 FeedReader reader = new FeedReader(file); //it's default to Rss 2.0
 reader.setFormat(FeedFormat.RSS10); //change it to other format
 reader.setFormat(FeedFormat.ATOM10); //change it to other format
 FeedReader reader2 = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 Channel c = reader2.readChannel();
 //check whether a reader is reading from a remote server
 //This is a remote feed
 reader2 = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 //so the format is automatically detected
 assert(reader2.getFormat() == FeedFormat.ATOM10);
 //you can still change the format of the reader, but it's not recommended.
Reading feeds via Http conditional Get
(this is a new feature since version 0.9, see more about HTTP conditional get here ).
If you are using Yarfraw to build an aggregator, you should definitely consider supporting conditional get to reduce network traffics. In Yarfraw, conditional get is supported by a special feed reader called CachedFeedReader, which extends the FeedReader class. As the name suggests, this class also supports basic caching of the previous parsed feed and therefore will only need to perform parsing when there are new changes to the feed that it's reading.
 FeedReader cr = new CachedFeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 //issue another read immediately after, since nothing should have been changed since the last read
 //the reader will return the cached ChannelFeed object from the previous read
 ChannelFeed second = cr.readChannel();
 assertTrue(first == second);
The CachedFeedReader will keep a cached version of the previous read and parsed FeedChannel object, and performs conditional get to the remote sever using the 2 http headers: Last-Modified and Etag. If the server responses a 304 not modified status code, the reader will return the cached feed, otherwise it reads and parse the response as normal. If the remote feed is not modified since the last read, there's no need to perform parsing, therefore, this class will perform much better than the normal FeedReader class. One thing you should note is that this reader caches the reference of the original FeedChannel and also returns it to the caller, so if the FeedChannel object is modified, the cached version is also modified.
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 //if I modify the returned feed object
 //the cached feed object is also modified
 assertEquals(first.getTitle(), cr.getCachedChannelFeed().getTitle());
When this cached behavior, an aggregator can skip any aggregation work if it finds the returned ChannelFeed object is the same as the previously cached object. For example:
 ChannelFeed first = cr.readChannel();
 ...some times later, you issues a read again to check for new changes
 //you first get a copy of the cached of the cached reference
 ChannelFeed previous = cr.getCachedChannelFeed();
 //issue a read
 ChannelFeed current = cr.readChannel();
 if(current == previous){
 //this means nothing has changed
 //there are new changes, so need to perform aggregation
Reading extensibility elements
If the extensibility elements are supported by one of the extension modules, you should consider using them instead of reading them as normal DOM elements.
If the feed contains extensibility elements that are not in the official specs, those elements will be read into the Channel(or Item)'s otherElements list. You can get all these elements by calling Channel.getElements or there is a convenient method you can use to quickly get an specific element from the list. For example, the feed from digg.com has an element call , you can get this element by using the following code:
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 Channel c = r.readChannel();
 Element e = c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("_URL_ "diggCount");
Another example of feeds that use extensibility elements, they are very common for popular sites. Youtube's feed has'media' elements in their feed that look like:

 Salto nel melgot
 crazy mad follia covo bergamo arma pol andrev video divertenti
 funny videos porn sex lesbians hot sexy nude girls
To get information about those elements, you would write:
 FeedReader r = new FeedReader(new HttpURL("_URL_
 ChannelFeed c = r.readChannel();
 System.out.println(c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("_URL_ "title"));
 Element thumnail = c.getItems().get(0).getElementByNS("


Strong's Greek: 1906. ἐπερώτημα (eperótéma) -- an inquiry, a demand
1906. eperótéma
Strong's Concordance
eperótéma: an inquiry, a demand
Original Word: ἐπερώτημα, ατος, τό
Part of Speech: Noun, Neuter
Transliteration: eperótéma
Phonetic Spelling: (ep-er-o'-tay-mah)
Definition: an inquiry, a demand
Usage: inquiry, request, appeal, demand; a profession, pledge.
HELPS Word-studies
Cognate: 1906 eperṓtēma – a response to an inquiry. See 1905 (eperōtaō).
NAS Exhaustive Concordance
Word Origin
from eperótaó
an inquiry, a demand
NASB Translation
appeal (1).
Thayer's Greek Lexicon
STRONGS NT 1906: ἐπερώτημα
ἐπερώτημα, ἐπερωτεματος, τό (ἐπερωτάω);
1. an inquiry, a question: Herodotus 6,67; Thucydides 3, 53. 68.
2. a demand; so for the Chaldean שְׁאֵלָא in Daniel 4:14 Theod.; see ἐπερωτάω, 2.
3. As the terms of inquiry and demand often include the idea of desire, the word thus gets the signification of earnest seeking, i. e. a craving, an intense desire (so ἐπερωτᾶν εἰς τί, to long for something, 2 Samuel 11:7 — (but surely the phrase here (like לְ שָׁאַל) means simply to ask in reference to, ask about)). If this use of the word is conceded, it affords us the easiest and most congruous explanation of that vexed passage 1 Peter 3:21: "which (baptism) now saves us (you) not because in receiving it we (ye) have put away the filth of the flesh, but because we (ye) have earnestly sought a conscience reconciled to God" (συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς genitive of the object, as opposed to σαρκός ῤύπου). It is doubtful, indeed, whether εἰς Θεόν is to be joined with ἐπερώτημα, and signifies a craving directed unto God (Winer's Grammar, 194 (182) — yet less fully and decidedly than in edition 5, p. 216f), or with συνείδησις, and denotes the attitude of the conscience toward (in relation to) God; the latter construction is favored by a comparison of Acts 24:16 ἀπρόσκοπον συνείδησιν ἔχειν πρός τόν Θεόν. The signification of ἐπερώτημα which is approved by others, viz. stipulation, agreement, is first met with in the Byzantine writers on law: "moreover, the formula κατά τό ἐπερώτημα τῆς σεμνοτάτης βουλῆς, common in inscriptions of the age of the Antonines and the following Caesars, exhibits no new sense of the word ἐπερώτημα; for this formula does not mean 'according to the decree of the senate' (exsenatusconsulto, the Greek for which is κατά τά δόξαντα τῇ βουλή), but 'after inquiry of or application to the senate,' i. e. 'with government sanction.'" Zezschwitz, Petri quoted in de Christi ad inferos descensu sententia (Lipsius 1857), p. 45; (Farrar, Early Days of Christianity, i. 138 n.; Kähler, Des Gewissen, i. 1 (Halle 1878), pp. 331-338. Others would adhere to the (more analogical) passive sense of ἐπερώτημα, viz. 'the thing asked (the demand) of a good conscience toward God' equivalent to the avowal of consecration unto him).
Strong's Exhaustive Concordance
an inquiry
From eperotao; an inquiry -- answer.
see GREEK eperotao
Forms and Transliterations
επερωτημα επερώτημα ἐπερώτημα επερώτησιν επέτειον επευκτή επεύχεσθαι eperotema eperōtēma eperṓtema eperṓtēma
Interlinear GreekInterlinear HebrewStrong's NumbersEnglishman's Greek ConcordanceEnglishman's Hebrew ConcordanceParallel Texts
Englishman's Concordance
1 Peter 3:21 N-NNS
GRK: συνειδήσεως ἀγαθῆς ἐπερώτημα εἰς θεόν
NAS: from the flesh, but an appeal to God
KJV: but the answer of a good
INT: of a conscience good [the] demand toward God
Strong's Greek 1906
1 Occurrence
ἐπερώτημα — 1 Occ.
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text:
A Long Saturday (Hardcover)
University of Chicago Press, 9780226350387, 144pp.
Publication Date: March 8, 2017
In a stimulating series of conversations, Steiner and journalist Laure Adler discuss a range of topics, including Steiner's boyhood in Vienna and Paris, his education at the University of Chicago and Harvard, and his early years in academia. Books are a touchstone throughout, but Steiner and Adler's conversations also range over music, chess, psychoanalysis, the place of Israel in Jewish life, and beyond. Blending thoughts on subjects of broad interest in the humanities—the issue of honoring Richard Wagner and Martin Heidegger in spite of their politics, or Virginia Woolf's awareness of the novel as a multivocal form, for example—with personal reflections on life and family, Steiner demonstrates why he is considered one of today's greatest minds. Revealing and exhilarating, A Long Saturday invites readers to pull up a chair and listen in on a conversation with a master.
About the Author
Teresa Lavender Fagan is a freelance translator living in Chicago; she has translated numerous books for the University of Chicago Press and other publishers.


share via Gmail, tap the "Send" button.
 transfer-files-from-computer-to-ipad-10.jpg
 Step 2: Switch to your iPad's Gmail account and locate the file sent earlier in your draft or received email section. Open the file in the email and press the "Share" icon at the top-right corner to choose the "Save to Files" option afterward.
 transfer-files-from-computer-to-ipad-11.jpg
 Part 3. Which Solution for File Transfer Should I Rely On and Why?
 Now that you know various methods to resolve the "How to copy files to iPad from PC" concern, let's infer which is the best. For this purpose, you must first keep your needs and goals in mind, as different approaches best suit different scenarios. Likewise, cloud services and iCloud.com work in synchronization principles that seem easy but become challenging when the file size is large.
 On the contrary, AirDrop appears to be a faster solution, but it is useless when neither device is nearby or if one of the devices is not from Apple. You can also face file size limits and slow transfer problems if you transfer files using email.
 Ultimately, the Avica remote desktop proves a faster, easiest, and secure solution where the device's physical location doesn't matter. This PC-to-iPad file transfer toolbox also doesn't restrict you with the file size limits.
 Conclusion
 This article covered almost all reliable solutions to resolve your query "How to transfer a file from a computer to an iPad." In the end, a comparative analysis was also conducted to help you understand which approach best suits your needs. Hence, it has been proved that Avica remote desktop software is the ultimate solution for migrating data and collaborating on projects remotely, enhancing remote setup experiences.
 On this page
 Connect Everything, Work Anywhere
 Copyright © 2024 RAYWING PTE.LTD. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Examples of closemouthed in a sentence
First Known Use of closemouthed
Learn More about closemouthed
Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for closemouthed
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What made you want to look up closemouthed? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
The Observatory of Geneva is located
at the site of Sauverny (town of Versoix, Canton of Geneva), where
the buildings of the Department of Astronomy of the University
of Geneva (Observatory of Geneva) and the "Laboratoire d'Astrophysique
are set up.
These two institutes work closely together
at the scientific level and constitute the main gravity centre
for astrophysics in French-speaking Switzerland as far as teaching,
research and the service to the public are concerned.
The ISDC (Integral Science Data Centre) is
located at Ecogia, which also belongs to the town of Versoix.
The centre is linked to the Observatory of Geneva and deals with
the processing of the data provided by the satellite INTEGRAL
(INTErnational Gamma Ray Astrophysic Laboratory) of the European
Space Agency (ESA).
On the two sites of Sauverny and Ecogia, a
group of approximately 143 people are employed, including scientists,
PhD candidates, students, technical staff (computer and electronics
specialists, mechanics), as well as administrative staff.
The Observatory of Geneva manages two permanent
astronomical observation stations: a 1,2 m telescope on the site
of La Silla (ESO, Chile), and a 1 m telescope on the site of St-Michel
(Observatory of Haute Provence, OHP, France). Our astronomers
also use the telescope of the station of the University of Leuven
(Belgium) which is located at the observatory "El Roque de
los Muchachos" on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands,


Forest Therapy
Nature Based Therapy
Forest Therapy is a nature based therapy or treatment intervention designed to support people with specific needs. It is grounded in the Forest Bathing practise of sensory connection through immersion in the forest atmosphere. A Forest Therapist works in partnership with healthcare professionals to create and design therapeutic nature based programmes.
Forest Therapy can be a supportive, complementary therapy for many different populations. Nature Interventions and Green Prescriptions can be designed for Wellness, Stress Management, Rehabilitation, Mental Health and Cancer Patients. It is a guided practise to enhance physical, mental and social wellbeing of the group. Each programme or course is precisely tailored to meet clients requirements.
Participants are given the tools to develop their stress management skills. Forest Therapy increases a sense of purpose through nature connectedness, leading to enhanced self awareness. This in turn improves individuals mood, reduces anxiety and empowers them with better emotional control. Knock on effects include more energy, higher levels of focus and creativity, more meaningful engagement in activities and higher self esteem. Many trees give off organic compounds called phytoncides,which increases our NK (natural killer cells ) which increase our white blood cells, helping to fight disease and infections.


text:
Solution: Cleaner Fuels
Heavy fuels can be replaced with marine diesel oil (MDO) which is less carbon intensive and allows for more effective fuel combustion, resulting in better efficiency and lower levels of emitted particulate matter.
This switch can reduce carbon dioxide emossions from vessels by as much as 5 percent. Such a switch could also reduce nitrous oxide by more than 91 percent, particulate matter by 63 percent and nitrogen oxides as a group by nearly five percent.
Instead of cleaner MDO, the oil currently used by most ocean-going ships is of low quality. This type of "residual fuel" is used because of its low cost, around $550 per metric ton.
Even so, its use presents challenges for ship operators. Residual fuels must be heated to about 140 degrees C before being used. A proportion of the fuel, the sludge which cannot be put though the engine, must be removed, and is regularly burned on board for disposal.
The sulfur content of residual fuels varies according to the crude stock but globally averages about 2.5 percent. In contrast, cleaner fuels such as marine diesel oil contain 0.5 percent sulfur, while marine gas oil contains only 0.1 percent sulfur.
Switching to low-sulfur fuels would reduce emissions of fine particles, including black carbon, as well as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and nitrous oxide, and enable the use of other emissions control equipment that the sulfur levels in residual fuel would otherwise impede.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


EndPackage
EndPackage[]
restores $Context and $ContextPath to their values before the preceding BeginPackage, and prepends the current context to the list $ContextPath.
Details
Examples
open allclose all
Basic Examples (1)
Commands to define a simple package:
Modify the context and context path so that symbol creation and lookup use square':
Here are the commands defining the function in the package:
Restore the context, but leave square' on the context path for symbol lookup:
The context is now the same as the original:
The context path is the same as the original, but with square' prepended:
Scope (1)
Use BeginPackage and EndPackage to start and end a package in a file:
The package can be loaded with Get:
Once loaded, the definitions work:
Wolfram Research (1988), EndPackage, Wolfram Language function, _URL_
Text
Wolfram Research (1988), EndPackage, Wolfram Language function, _URL_
BibTeX
@misc{reference.wolfram_2020_endpackage, author="Wolfram Research", title="{EndPackage}", year="1988", howpublished="\url{_URL_ note=[Accessed: 17-January-2021 ]}
BibLaTeX
@online{reference.wolfram_2020_endpackage, organization={Wolfram Research}, title={EndPackage}, year={1988}, url={_URL_ note=[Accessed: 17-January-2021 ]}
CMS
Wolfram Language. 1988. "EndPackage." Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram Research. _URL_
APA
Wolfram Language. (1988). EndPackage. Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Retrieved from _URL_


text:
We present the first measurements of the specific resistance change, AΔR, with increasing Co layer thickness, tCo of current-perpendicular (CPP) exchange-biased spin-valves (EBSVs) of Co and Cu. AΔR grows about as predicted for a long spin-diffusion length in Co until about tCo = 20 nm, after which it grows more slowly than predicted. Possible reasons for this deviation from prediction are considered, including a short spin-diffusion length in Co.
- Giant magnetoresistance
- Magnetic multilayers


Very very beautiful
Algebra Level 5
Consider the equation \[ (x+y)^2=(x+1)(y-1)\]
If all the possible real ordered pairs \((x,y)\) that satisfy the equation above are \((x_1,y_1),(x_2,y_2),...,(x_n,y_n)\) then find the value of \(x^2_1+...+x^2_n+y^2_1+...+y^2_n\).
 - If you think there are infinite solutions then answer 777 and if you think no real solutions answer 666.
 - Ordered pair means (11,12),(12,11) are considered different.
This is a part of the set Beautiful..It is!!
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text:
It comes with two worksheets with a sample answer key. As understood exploit does not recommend that you have extraordinary points.
Discover learning games guided lessons and other interactive activities for children.
Identifying irony worksheet answers pdf. Some of the worksheets displayed are Identifying irony Identifying irony 3 Identifying irony 3 Situational irony dramatic irony Lesson 33 understanding sarcasm and irony Satire Cd 404215 Isnt it ironic. Identifying_irony_worksheet_answer_key 25 Identifying Irony Worksheet Answer Key American Slave by Frederick Douglass from Coterie Classics All Coterie Classics have been formatted for ereaders and devices and include a bonus link to the free audio book. Analyze pictures to determine kind of irony.
They identify an indirect character trait in each and explain their answers by referencing the text. Here is a great worksheet to help students practice or review irony. Sample answers have been given.
Karabeva vajecukuni kilijuya jiha resixuhozo 1607fd396daa70—66935607617pdf kicucoki suwiyikate daxitaloci bahusulabe xeso givugoyafi zeviyiye podifexu. Ad Download over 20000 K-8 worksheets covering math reading social studies and more. Download File PDF Identifying Irony Worksheet 1 Answers Identifying Irony Worksheet 1 Answers This is likewise one of the factors by obtaining the soft documents of this identifying irony worksheet 1 answers by online.
Identifying Irony Worksheet 3 Answers Identifying Irony 4 Answers. Prior to discussing identifying irony worksheet answers please know that instruction is actually all of our answer to an even better tomorrow along with studying won t only end the moment the university bell rings. Understanding Irony Irony is a literary device in which words are used to express a contradiction between appearance and reality in irony reality is usually the opposite of what it seems.
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Discover learning games guided lessons and other interactive activities for children. Here is a great worksheet to help students practice or review irony. Identifying Irony 3 Answers.
Read the following examples of irony. They will read examples of irony and determine which of the three types of irony is used verbal situational or dramatic. Verbal irony is when a character or person says one thing but it means quite the opposite.
Then they will explain their answers. Identifying Irony Worksheet 1 Answers 1pdf. Worksheet of practice identifying and.
In this identifying irony worksheet 9th graders read 6 paragraphs identify the type of irony being used dramatic situational verbal and explain their answer. In most cases irony is used for comedic purposes. Identifying Irony 1 Answer Key Worksheets – Kiddy Math Identifying Irony 4 Answers Worksheets – there are 8 printable worksheets for this topic.
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The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe is filled with irony which. RyuuyaAlbum01 September 28 2021 It seems like it takes forever because that one friend just keeps going on and on. Dramatic irony This occurs when the reader or audience understands more about the events of a story than a character.
Read the short passages. Showing top 8 worksheets in the category Identifying Irony 1 Answer Key. Characterization worksheet 2 answer key pdf.
Irony is a literary technique used to display the difference between how things seem and they really are. Identifying Irony Worksheet 4 Answers Practice identifying the different verbal tenses with this free worksheet and answer key. Puns are often comedic as well.
Examples of Irony. Here is a great worksheet to help students practice or review irony. Dramatic irony This occurs when the reader or audience understand s more about the events of a story than a character.
I teach students that there are three types of irony. Suggested reading level for this text. Determine which of the three types of irony are being used and then explain your answer.
Situational irony This occurs when what actually happens is the opposite of what is expected or. Identifying Irony Showing top 8 worksheets in the category – Identifying Irony. Identifying irony 5 worksheet answers Vupakopu fizegesepona yadivo geki fujezadufe yavuwe zepihuri nukimuvuto lexozulihiyo tujehuda yirofimitufe zego duwuwe.
Then they will explain their answers. Understanding irony worksheet pdf. The Warm-up Question.
Some of the worksheets for this concept are irony detectives activity directions identifying irony 3 analyzing irony in lamb to the slaughter lesson plan sherlock holmes reading like a detective number detective work 2 articles exercise 1 exercise based on the opening text in final exam study guide the. Henry the pen name of william sydney porterthe story. Defining characterization characterization is the process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character.
Be sure read the short stories The Gift of the Magi by O. Determine which of the three types of irony are being used and then explain your answer. Ad Download over 20000 K-8 worksheets covering math reading social studies and more.
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Irony often examines extremely contrary situations. Identifying Irony 5 Directions. They will read examples of irony and determine which of the three types of irony is used verbal situational or dramatic.
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text:
Data Volumes
- With distributed data storage and query structure, Machbase can input and index 200 million data from a single device. With addition of equipment, the performance improves and more than 10 million sensor data can be processed per second.
- It has a dedicated API for high-speed data input and an index structure for high-speed index generation.
- For increasing time-series data over time, Machbase allows users to add additional equipment to the cluster for better performance and space.
Efficient Query Language and Interface
- Machbase supports an optimized SQL language for data processing. No-SQL products are starting to offer SQL language again.
- Inverted index and related syntax are provided for efficiently retrieving semi-structured data, making it easy to search and process semi-structured data.
- It also provides REST APIs as well as the SQL standard interface, ODBC/JDBC.
Efficient Transaction Processing
- Optimal transaction technique for time series data
- It does not provide any update but inserts and deletes are possible. Even when restarting by node fails, recovery process is performed and the consistency of data and index is maintained.
- Machbase Enterprise Edition solves the data loss caused by node failures with a distributed data storage technique.
Time Series Statistics Processing
- Automatic statistics function for time series sensor data: Automatically generate statistics for each sensor per time unit (second, minute, hour) and sensor identifier.
- It supports extended query conditional clauses optimized for time series data.
Machbase is the solution that is implemented by considering all the functions and performance requirements for processing time series data and is suitable for processing IoT data.


C Code for De Broglie Equation
This c programming code is used to find the de broglie equation. You can select the whole c code by clicking the select option and can use it. When you click text, the code will be changed to text format. This c program code will be opened in a new pop up window once you click pop-up from the right corner. You can just copy, paste this c code and use it to find the de broglie equation.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
int main()
{
 float a,b=2,c=5,d=4;
 a=b/(c*d);
 printf("Wave length = %f",a);
 return(0);
}
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Online Calculator : De Broglie Equation
Click on the select code link to copy and paste this free c program code for de broglie equation.
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text:
i encountered the following question during nclex review:
the best action to establish correct placement of a gastric tube is for the nurse to
a) aspirate for the color and ph test b) inject air while listening for the gastric gurgle c) check the results of the x-ray results of tube placement d) measure the residual volume then reinsert the aspirate
you chose:c)check the results of the x-ray results of tube placement
the correct answer is a: aspirate for the color and ph test. all of the options are safe actions. however checking the color and ph are the best actions for verification of tube placement.
i selected xray, because visualization is the best confirmation is it not? i consulted my saunders review book and it states that the most reliable method of placement confirmation is xray after initial placement. thereafter, aspiration and ph test should be used to check placement most accurately.
okay, am i missing something in this question? i was taught not to assume, but am i supposed to assume that this is after initial placement, or that the xray results are not from a current xray but from the initial placement?
the question asked best action of the nurse, the only way that i would be able to understand why this answer is correct is if checking the results of an xray is not an action of the nurse. how would you answer this question for nclex purposes, a or c, and if you could please explain your thinking.
thanks to all who answer!


text:
Over deze norm
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the ball-pan hardness number of granular activated carbons. For the purpose of this test, granular activated carbons are those having particles 90 % of which are larger than 80 mesh (180 μm) as determined by Test Method.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
|Nederlandse titel||Standard Test Method for Ball-Pan Hardness of Activated Carbon|
|Engelse titel||Standard Test Method for Ball-Pan Hardness of Activated Carbon|


text:
In the mid 1800s, philanthropic upper-middle-class ladies were managing the day to day operations of day nurseries. These nurseries provided temporary shelter during the day for the children of mothers who had to find work to support their families. Working fathers boarded their children in cases where the mother had died or was too sick to care for her children. However, illegitimate children were often refused entry.
The nurseries charged modest fees of about ten cents per child per day. Although the fees did not cover costs, they did help with finances. The parents maintained some dignity by paying for the service.
Toronto East End Day Nursery and Settlement
The Nursery was established by members of the Quaker Mission in 1892 and was operated by a board of women directors. For a small fee, the Nursery provided day care and helped mothers find work in domestic and laundry services.


How to Unlock the Full Potential of Prop Types in Vue
Are you using prop types to their full potential?
I know I'm not.
It's a part of Vue that's just glossed over.
But there's a ton of powerful stuff you can do with them.
So I collected 5 tips on getting the most out of prop types:
 1. Always Use Prop Types
 2. Restrict a Prop to a List of Values
 3. Test Array and Object Shapes
 4. Know When to Provide Default Values
 5. Don't Overload Your Prop Types
Update: I also wrote a tip on stealing prop types.
1. Always Use Prop Types
We'll start with the most basic one:
Use prop types in the first place!
Prop types are a really simple way to catch a lot of potential errors.
They let you describe what types of values your component is expecting for each prop. This reduces the chances of someone using your component the wrong way.
For example, let's use this ShoppingCart the wrong way:
<ShoppingCart total="This is wrong" />
If our ShoppingCart component accepts total as a Number, we want to prevent someone from passing something other than a Number. We can do this by adding in a prop type:
export default {
 name: 'ShoppingCart',
 props: {
 total: Number,
 }
}
Now if we try to pass in a string, or anything other than a Number, Vue will give us a warning.
We can do far more interesting things to validate props though.
2. Restrict a Prop to a List of Values
Let's say we've got an Image component, and we can set the style of the image to be one of:
 - square
 - rounded
 - circle
We'll use it like this:
<Image
 src="this/cool/image.png"
 style="square"
/>
And we'll add in prop types for both props, src and style, to make sure that only strings are passed in:
export default {
 name: 'Image',
 props: {
 src: String,
 style: String,
 }
};
But while this prevents us from passing in a Number (or anything other than a string), we can still pass in whatever string we want to:
<Image
 src="this/cool/image.png"
 style="rectangle"
/>
Luckily, we can use a validator in our prop types. This is a function that takes in the prop and returns true or false if the prop is valid.
It looks something like this:
(prop) => return propIsValid;
So let's get started adding in this extra validation!
First we have to change our prop types to use an object, so we can add more details to it:
export default {
 name: 'Image',
 props: {
 src: {
 type: String,
 },
 style: {
 type: String,
 }
 }
};
Then we'll add in the validator function for the style prop:
export default {
 name: 'Image',
 props: {
 src: {
 type: String,
 },
 style: {
 type: String,
 validator: (prop) => [
 'square',
 'rounded',
 'circle',
 ].includes(prop)
 }
 }
};
The validator function is just this piece (formatted to fit better):
(prop) => ['square', 'rounded', 'circle'].includes(prop)
Now if you tried to pass in something other than what's in that list, Vue will give you a warning.
3. Test Array and Object Shapes
In a similar way, we can use a validator function to verify the shape of an Array or Object.
Here we have a simple TagBox component, which let's us add and remove tags for our blog posts:
<TagBox :tags="['javascript', 'frontend', 'css', 'vue']" />
The prop tags lets us pass in an array of strings, which each represent a single tag.
With the type property we can make sure that the tags prop is always an array:
export default {
 name: 'TagBox',
 props: {
 tags: {
 type: Array,
 }
 }
};
But in our TagBox component we also want to verify that each element of the array is a string. We don't want people passing in random objects, numbers, and other things.
How can we do this?
Well, we'll have to get a little creative with using Array methods in our validator function:
export default {
 name: 'TagBox',
 props: {
 tags: {
 type: Array,
 validator: (prop) => prop.every(e => typeof e === 'string'),
 }
 }
};
The array method every runs a function against every single element in the array. It will return true only if every function returns true.
The function we run against each element is checking to see that each element is a string:
(e) => typeof e === 'string'
We could just as easily have checked that they were all numbers, dates, or any other type.
But lets take this one step further.
What if we want a minimum length for each tag?
We want to prevent someone from displaying super short tags with a and it, which will probably just look weird:
export default {
 name: 'TagBox',
 props: {
 tags: {
 type: Array,
 validator: (prop) => prop.every(e =>
 typeof e === 'string' &&
 e.length > 3
 ),
 }
 }
};
Now our validator function looks like this:
(prop) => prop.every(e =>
 typeof e === 'string' &&
 e.length > 3
)
I just added in an extra condition to check the length of the string.
And it doesn't have to stop there.
You can take this as far as you want, checking all sorts of things about the elements and objects that are passed in as props.
However, if you start doing things much more complex than this, you'll probably want to use a library. There are a few out there, such as vue-types and prop-types.
4. Know When to Provide Default Values
Along with adding types to your props, you can also specify if the prop is required or not:
export default {
 name: 'BirthdayBanner',
 props: {
 birthday: {
 type: Date,
 required: true,
 }
 }
}
As a rule, if a prop isn't required, it should have a default value.
If you aren't requiring the user to provide a value, and you aren't providing a value either, then who is?
// The user *has* to provide a value, so we are safe
props: {
 birthday: {
 type: Date,
 required: true,
 }
}
// The user may not provide a value, so we should just in case
props: {
 birthday: {
 type: Date,
 default: new Date('July 10, 1856'),
 }
}
The opposite is also true.
If you are requiring the user to provide a value, don't provide a default.
This default value will never be used, and will only cause confusion for those looking at your code later on. Best to keep it clean and remove anything that isn't necessary.
// So... the birthday will start out as July 10, 1856, right?
// Wait, whoever is using the component is providing the birthday.
// Why is that value even there then?
// Now I'm just confused... halp.
export default {
 name: 'BirthdayBanner',
 props: {
 birthday: {
 type: Date,
 required: true,
 // This value is never used, so get rid of it!
 default: new Date('July 10, 1856'),
 }
 }
}
5. Don't Overload Your Prop Types
Here's something you may not have known:
You can have multiple types on your prop definitions:
export default {
 name: 'Counter',
 props: {
 value: {
 type: [String, Number],
 }
 }
}
This component will accept both strings and numbers as valid types, but nothing else.
While this is possible, I wouldn't recommend it in most cases. Keeping your types stricter will keep your code more focused, and leave less room for bugs to come up.
For example, if you're allowing this prop to be either a string or a number, you need to handle both of those cases. This means you'll have to check to see if it's a string, and then convert it to a number first.
This Counter component would probably look more like this:
<template>

 {{ count }}

</template>
export default {
 name: 'Counter',
 props: {
 value: {
 type: [String, Number],
 }
 },
 computed: {
 count() {
 if (typeof this.value === 'number') {
 return parseInt(this.value, 10);
 }
 return this.value;
 }
 }
}
Instead, if you just accepted numbers, you greatly simplify the logic of the component. You can get rid of all the extra logic:
<template>

 {{ value }}

</template>
export default {
 name: 'Counter',
 props: {
 value: {
 type:


text:
Definitions for tittivation
The noun tittivation has 1 senses? (no senses from tagged texts)
1. titivation, tittivation
(sprucing up; making decorative additions to)
How to Cite Editorials in MLA Format
What Products Does One Get When Mixing an Acid & With a Base?
Instructions for Analyzing the Writer's Style in a Short Story
Dialogue vs. Narrative in a Novel
Narrative Techniques in "Romeo & Juliet"
How to Calculate Vmax Lineweaver
Synonym.com © 2001-2013, Demand Media, all rights reserved. The database is based on Word Net a lexical database for the English language. see


Skip to main content
K12 LibreTexts
1.4.3: Graphing Cube Root Functions
 - Page ID
 - Graphing Cubed Root Functions
 Mrs. Garcia assigns her student the cube root function \(\ y=-\sqrt[3]{(x+1)}\) to graph for homework. The following day, she asks her students which quadrant(s) their graph is in.
 Alendro says that because of the negative sign, all y values are negative. Therefore his graph is only in the third and fourth quadrants quadrant.
 Dako says that his graph is in the third and fourth quadrants as well but it is also in the second quadrant.
 Marisha says they are both wrong and that her graph of the function is in all four quadrants.
 Which one of them is correct?
 Graphing Cubed Root Functions
 A cubed root function is different from that of a square root. Their general forms look very similar, \(\ y=a \sqrt[3]{x-h}+k\) and the parent graph is \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}\). However, we can take the cubed root of a negative number, therefore, it will be defined for all values of x. Graphing the parent graph, we have:
 x y
 -27 -3
 -8 -2
 -1 -1
 0 0
 1 1
 8 2
 27 3
 For \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}\), the output is the same as the input of \(\ y=x^{3}\). The domain and range of \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}\) are all real numbers. Notice there is no "starting point" like the square root functions, the (h,k) now refers to the point where the function bends, called a point of inflection.
 Let's describe how to obtain the graph of \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}+5\) from \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}\).
 We know that the +5 indicates a vertical shift of 5 units up. Therefore, this graph will look exactly the same as the parent graph, shifted up five units.
 Now, let's graph \(\ f(x)=-\sqrt[3]{x+2}-3\) and find the domain and range.
 From the previous problem, we know that from the parent graph, this function is going to shift to the left two units and down three units. The negative sign will result in a reflection.
 Alternate Method: If you want to use a table, that will also work. Here is a table, then plot the points. (h,k) should always be the middle point in your table.
 x y
 6 -5
 -1 -4
 -2 -3
 -3 -2
 -10 -1
 Finally, let's graph \(\ f(x)=\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[3]{x-4}\).
 The -4 tells us that, from the parent graph, the function will shift to the right four units. The \(\ 1 \over 2\) effects how quickly the function will "grow". Because it is less than one, it will grow slower than the parent graph.
 Using the graphing calculator: If you wanted to graph this function using the TI-83 or 84, press Y= and clear out any functions. Then, press (1÷2), MATH and scroll down to 4: \sqrt[3]{ } and press ENTER. Then, type in the rest of the function, so that \(\ Y=\left(\frac{1}{2}\right) \sqrt[3]{(X-4)}\). Press GRAPH and adjust the window.
 Important Note: The domain and range of all cubed root functions are both all real numbers.
 Example 1
 Earlier, you were asked to determine which student was correct.
 If you graph the function \(\ y=-\sqrt[3]{(x+1)}\), you see that the domain is all real numbers, which makes all quadrants possible. However, for all positive values of xy is negative because of the negative sign in front of the cube root. That rules out the first quadrant. Therefore, Dako is correct.
 Example 2
 Evaluate \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x+4}-11\) when \(\ x=−12\).
 Plug in \(\ x=−12\) and solve for \(\ y\).
 \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{-12+4}-11=\sqrt[3]{-8}+4=-2+4=2\)
 Example 3
 Describe how to obtain the graph of \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x+4}-11\) from \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}\).
 Starting with \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}\), you would obtain \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x+4}-11\) by shifting the function to the left four units and down 11 units.
 Graph the following cubed root functions. Check your graphs on the graphing calculator.
 Example 4
 \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x-2}-4\)
 This function is a horizontal shift to the right two units and down four units.
 Example 5
 \(\ f(x)=-3 \sqrt{x}-1\)
 This function is a reflection of \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}\) and stretched to be three times as large. Lastly, it is shifted down one unit.
 Evaluate \(\ f(x)=\sqrt[3]{2 x-1}\) for the following values of \(\ x\).
 1. f(14)
 2. f(−62)
 3. f(20)
 Graph the following cubed root functions. Use your calculator to check your answers.
 1. \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x}+4\)
 2. \(\ y=\sqrt[3]{x-3}\)
 3. \(\ f(x)=\sqrt[3]{x+2}-1\)
 4. \(\ g(x)=-\sqrt[3]{x}-6\)
 5. \(\ f(x)=2 \sqrt[3]{x+1}\)
 6. \(\ h(x)=-3 \sqrt[3]{x}+5\)
 7. \(\ y=\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[3]{1-x}\)
 8. \(\ y=2 \sqrt[3]{x+4}-3\)
 9. \(\ y=-\frac{1}{3} \sqrt[3]{x-5}+2\)
 10. \(\ g(x)=\sqrt[3]{6-x}+7\)
 11. \(\ f(x)=-5 \sqrt[3]{x-1}+3\)
 12. \(\ y=4 \sqrt[3]{7-x}-8\)
 Answers for Review Problems
 To see the Review answers, open this PDF file and look for section 7.5.
 Term Definition
 General Equation for a Cubed Root Function The general equation for a cubed root function is \(\ f(x)=a \sqrt[3]{x-h}+k\), where h is the horizontal shift and k is the vertical shift.
 Image Attributions
 1. [Figure 1]
 Credit: Sean MacEntee
 2. [Figure 2]
 Credit: Sean MacEntee
 3. [Figure 3]
 Credit: Sean MacEntee
 4. [Figure 4]
 Credit: Sean MacEntee
 5. [Figure 5]
 Credit: Sean MacEntee


text:
Proposed in the late 19th century by the Marginalist group of economists, who used differential calculus to study the impact of small changes in economic quantities, marginal utility refers to the additional satisfaction a consumer derives from the consumption of one extra unit of a product.
Thus, an individual's demand for a product is determined not by the total utility of it but by its marginal utility. Therefore, the greater the supply of a product, the smaller its marginal utility.
The Marginalists rejected the labor theory of value which had previously been central to classical economics.
R D Black, A W Coats and C D W Goodwin, The Marginal Revolution in Economics (Durham, NC, 1973)


text:
The Mekko chart below shows some of the entities affected by large data breaches. The entities are organized in columns based on their category and the width of the column represents the number of records affected. Each entity is represented by a segment in a column and the area of the segment is proportional to the number of records affected.
This chart was built using the Aploris data visualization add-in for PowerPoint. Use Aploris to efficiently build engaging, insightful business charts


Free shipping on all orders $50
What is the logic of the numbers on color tubes?
It is more and more common to want to regrow hair color in the comfort of your home? Before jumping into a color choice, it is important to understand the numbering of professional coloring creams.
Before choosing a new color (destination) it is essential that you determine your natural color level (starting point). We suggest you validate your natural level with a hairdressing professional. A poorly rated level results in an approximate formulation that will not give you satisfaction.
Then, you should know that the shade of a color is described by its level and its reflections.
Ex: The European standard mainly uses numbers 6,75 or 6.75 or 6/75 or the American standard which favors using letters like 6BR depending on the product manufacturers.
1 / The level
The level is always represented by a number the first of the series placed before the point, the comma or the slash. In our example the 6 of 6/75 cold chocolate (dark blonde / brown mahogany)... represents the pitch.
Level is the unit used in the hair industry to display the degree of saturation of pigments in a color. Level 1 (black) being the darkest and level 10 (very very light blond) the lightest.
Here are the levels (ex: 6/75 dark blonde / brown mahogany)
1 = Black
2 = Brown
3 = Dark brown
4 = Brown
5 = Light brown
6 = Dark blonde
7 = blond
8 = light blonde
9 = Very light blonde
10 = Very very light blonde
This level scale is universal and allows 3 things to be determined:
 - the initial natural or colored level
 - the desired color level
 - the tone level of a coloring tube
2 / The reflections
The numbers corresponding to the reflection(s) are presented after the period, the comma or the slash, in our example the 75 of 6/75. These numbers are used to determine the warmth or cool shade of the color.
Here are the highlights (ex: 6/75 dark blonde / brown mahogany)
 - the 6 indicates the level of the pitch that will be obtained,
 - the first number / 7.. (brown) following the "point, comma or slash" determines the intensity of the main reflection which will be the most dominant.
 - the second number /..5 following the / 7.. specifies the secondary reflection which will offer a more sophisticated effect to the reflection by adding light, intensity or depth.
N = 0 = natural
A = 1 = ashy, cold
V = 2 = iridescent and or cold purple (secondary reflection)
G = 3 = golden, hot
C = 4 = copper, hot
M = 5 = mahogany, cold
R = 6 = red, hot
B = 7 = brown, hot / cold (main reflection)
We invite you to always validate the description of any letter present on the tubes to ensure that you make the right choice.
Numbers aren't the only way companies are careful to identify their tube colors. The description of the color shade is always present on each tube and packaging.
Ex: 6/75 = dark blonde / brown mahogany
Before choosing a new range of shades, we suggest that you carry out a colorimetry test to validate which shades best match your skin tone. A poorly chosen reflection will have the effect of offering a tired or even pale complexion.
N.B: this information is subject to reservation and includes generalities which may vary from one company to another, we invite you to validate the description of the numbering always present on the tube or packaging.
Coiffure à rabais becomes


text:
Transactions with entities from other European Union countries require compliance with the specific VAT settlement. Special taxation rules and the various nature of the distribution of goods may be the cause of many legal and tax doubts and problems. At CGO Legal, our specialists will help you find the most convenient solutions for the distribution of goods within the European Union, as well as serving the support in correct tax settlements and all legal aspects.
Intra-Community regulations in the field of goods distribution are very diverse, and foreign transactions may include different activities, including:
- mail-order sales from the territory of the member state,
- mail-order sales in the territory of a member state,
- intra-Community supply of goods,
- intra-Community acquisition of goods.
Each of them has different specifics of settlements. That is why depending on the type of distribution of goods a given company performs, it may take completely different forms. We will help you find the best solutions by adapting operating methods and tax structures to a specific business profile.
Factors that are important for determining the type of taxation of specific transactions within the European Union include primarily:
- the type of taxable person for whom the delivery of goods takes place,
- limits on the sale of goods defined by individual countries,
- place of providing individual services,
The knowledge of the specificity of taxation of individual types of transactions related to the distribution of goods within the European Union makes CGO Legal the best support for every entrepreneur.
Should you have any further questions regarding the distribution of goods in the European Union contact us.


GNU R loop speed comparison
March 16, 2013
Recently I had several discussions about using for loops in GNU R and how they compare to *apply family in terms of speed. I have not seen a direct benchmark comparing them so I decided to execute one (warning: some of the code presented today takes long time to execute).
First I have started by comparing the speed of assignment operator for lists vs. numeric vectors in standard for loops. Here is the code:
speed.test <- function(n) {
x1 <- numeric(n)
x2 <- vector(n, mode = "list")
c(system.time(for (i in 1:n) { x1[i] <- i })[3],
system.time(for (i in 1:n) { x2[[i]] <- i })[3])
n <- seq(10 ^ 4, 10 ^ 6, len = 5)
result <- t(sapply(n, speed.test))
par(mar=c(4.5, 4.5, 1, 1))
matplot(n / 1000, result, type = "l", col = 1:2, lty = 1,
xlab = "n ('000)", ylab = "time")
legend("topleft", legend = c("numeric", "list"),
col = 1:2, lty = 1)
The picture showing the result of the comparison is the following:
As we can see - operation numeric vectors are significantly faster than list, especially for large vector sizes.
But how does this relate to *apply family of functions? The issue is that the workhorse function there is lapply and it works on lists. Other functions from this family call lapply internally.
So I have run the second test comparing: (a) lapply, (b) for loop working on lists and (c) for loop working on numeric vectors. Here is the code:
aworker <- function(n) {
r <- lapply(1:n, identity)
lworker <- function(n) {
r <- vector(n, mode = "list")
for (i in 1:n) {
r[[i]] <- identity(i)
nworker <- function(n) {
r <- numeric(n)
for (i in 1:n) {
r[i] <- identity(i)
run <- function(n, worker) {
compare <- function(n) {
c(lapply = run(n, aworker),
list = run(n, lworker),
numeric = run(n, nworker))
n <- rep(c(10 ^ 6, 10 ^ 7), 10)
result <- t(sapply(n, compare))
par(mfrow = c(1,2), mar = c(3,3,3,1))
for (i in n[1:2]) {
boxplot(result[n == i,],
main = format(i, scientific = F, big.mark = ","))
On the picture below we can see the result. For 1,000,000 elements in a vector lapply is the fastest. The reason it that it executes looping in compiled C code. However for 10,000,000 elements for loop using numeric vector is faster as it avoids conversion to list.
Of course probably on other machines than my notebook the difference in speed would manifest itself for other number of elements in a vector.
However one can draw a general conclusion: if you have large AND numeric vectors and need to do a lot of number crunching for loop will be faster than lapply.
Comments are closed.


text:
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Lateral inhibition is a mechanism by which neurons are able to determine more precisely the origin of a stimulus.
When, for instance, the skin is touched by an object, several sensory neurons in the skin next to one another are stimulated. To determine more exactly the origin of the stimulus, neurons that are stimulated suppress the stimulation of neighbouring neurons. The amount of inhibition is greater when its own stimulation is more powerful. By doing so only the neurons that are stimulated the most will fire. These neurons are more in the center of the stimulus, while the surpressed neurons lie sidewards. hence, lateral inhibition.
Lateral inhibition can be compared with increasing the contrast in images.
References & BibliographyEdit
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|


Efficiently avoiding saddle points with zero order methods: No gradients required
Emmanouil-Vasileios Vlatakis-Gkaragkounis, Lampros Flokas, Georgios Piliouras
We consider the case of derivative-free algorithms for non-convex optimization, also known as zero order algorithms, that use only function evaluations rather than gradients. For a wide variety of gradient approximators based on finite differences, we establish asymptotic convergence to second order stationary points using a carefully tailored application of the Stable Manifold Theorem. Regarding efficiency, we introduce a noisy zero-order method that converges to second order stationary points, i.e avoids saddle points. Our algorithm uses only $\tilde{\mathcal{O}}(1 / \epsilon^2)$ approximate gradient calculations and, thus, it matches the converge rate guarantees of their exact gradient counterparts up to constants. In contrast to previous work, our convergence rate analysis avoids imposing additional dimension dependent slowdowns in the number of iterations required for non-convex zero order optimization.


text:
Gorontalo- Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science of State University of Gorontalo hold lecture dialogue and round table discussion namely Save Gorontalo from environmental hazard, Friday (6/17), at Faculty hall. This event is an effort of FMIPA UNG in showing its consistency in environmental preservation.
Lecture dialogue this time became more special with the presence of representation Ehime University, which also frequently doing research about Gorontalo environment Prof. Dr. Masayuki Sakakibara who also involves students and environmentalist in his research.
Dean of MIPA Prof. Dr. Evi Hulukati, M.Pd said, topic of the lecture is about save Gorontalo from environmental hazard expected could be an initial step between college and environmentalist in saving Gorontalo from environmental pollution.
This becomes important because Gorontalo is currently in a phase of environmental pollution which quite alarming, said Prof. Evi.
"Gorontalo environmental sustainability is our responsibility. Then it needs commitment and support from all elements of society in protecting the environment for future preservation" she said. (San)
Held by Faculty of Education Universitas Negeri Gorontalo and supported by ten universities as co-hosts and an organisation.
Tema "Enacting Humas Centered Management for Empowering Local Community Towards Society 5.0"
Online Seminar for National Education Day. The speaker are Dr. Eduart Wolok, ST, MT, Karmila Machmud, MA, Ph.D, Drs. Amin Nusi, M.Pd. Live streaming from Fanspage Facebook Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
IN ACCORDANCE WITH SAIL TOMINI AND FESTIVAL OF BOALEMO 2015
"Tomini Bay for the Glory of Indonesia as the centre of the maritime world"


Definitions for
Overview of noun retentivity
The noun retentivity has 3 senses? (no senses from tagged texts)
1. memory, retention, retentiveness, retentivity
(the power of retaining and recalling past experience; "he had a good memory when he was younger")
2. retentiveness, retentivity
(the property of retaining possessions that have been acquired)
3. retentiveness, retentivity, retention
(the power of retaining liquid; "moisture retentivity of soil") © 2001-2013, Demand Media, all rights reserved. The database is based on Word Net a lexical database for the English language. see disclaimer
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Prosperity, poverty and inequality in London 2000/01 to 2010/11
Ruth Lupton
This report looks at changes in poverty and inequality in London during the 2000s, with a focus on the impact of recession from 2008. It also considers how a decade has changed the geography of poverty in the Capital.
This summary is part of a wider research project examining the impact on poverty and inequality of the recession, Labour's spending and programmes, and the Coalition's austerity measures and reforms. This report focuses on changes in the UK's capital city between 2001 and 2010. In terms of London politics, it relates to the two terms that Ken Livingstone served as (Independent, then Labour) Mayor, succeeded in 2008 by the Conservative, Boris Johnson. It considers not only how London weathered the onset of recession but also the particular effects on poverty and its geographical distribution.
 - The economy and labour market in London proved more resilient to the onset of recession than in other English regions. However, Inner London fared better than Outer London.
 - Full-time employment fell by less across London than elsewhere in the country and there was a smaller rise in unemployment. An increase in part-time working, particularly among men, supports a view that fewer full-time jobs often led to under-employment, rather than unemployment.
 - Employment levels among some population sub-groups, including young people and Black/Black British people, were lower in London than other regions before the recession, but had converged by 2010.
 - Qualification levels among working-age adults were higher in London before the economic crisis than elsewhere and continued to improve more rapidly during the recession.
 - While London coped well with some economic pressures, inequalities in earnings and incomes increased between 2006/8 and 2010. Those living on the lowest incomes were hit hardest, seeing their incomes after housing costs fall by 24 per cent in real terms compared with 3.5 per cent nationally.
 - Wealth inequalities also widened faster in London than in other regions. The wealthiest Londoners increased their financial, physical and property wealth by 8 per cent between 2006/8 and 2010. This compared with 0.4 per cent among their counterparts elsewhere.
 - Poverty became less concentrated in inner London and began to spread outwards. This was partly due to population change and 'gentrification' in Inner London, but also because the recession appeared to hit Outer London harder.
While positive in some respects, these findings show that the Capital's economic success and resilience in recession have not translated into lower poverty or reduced inequality. The implications of Inner London's changing population and increasing poverty in Outer London for housing, public services, and communities will need to be further explored and understood.
London before the crash
In 2000/01, after two decades of rising prosperity, London held 15 per cent of England's population but accounted for 23 per cent of economic output. Earnings were around one-third higher than in the UK as a whole, while typical house prices were 78 per cent higher. London's population, compared with other English cities, was younger, better qualified, and more likely to be in professional and managerial work.
In the early 2000s, London's economic growth rate was similar to that for England as a whole. But from 2004, it began to accelerate faster. Financial services drove London's growth, while manufacturing continued to decline. House prices continued to rise more rapidly than for the country as a whole.
But London was poor as well as rich. In 2007/08 its poverty rate (looking at household incomes after housing costs) was 27 per cent compared with 22 per cent for England. Inequalities between rich and poor were also greater than for the rest of the UK. Using 2006/8 data, the National Equality Panel found the gap between the top and lowest 10 per cent (known as the '90:10 ratio') was larger in London than in the rest of the UK for men's and women's wages and earnings, income and wealth. A 2007 comparison between lower-range house prices and lower-range earnings confirmed that even modest homes in London were substantially less affordable than for England as a whole.
Recession and its consequences
Some might have expected London's reliance on the financial sector to leave it especially vulnerable to the effects of the global credit crunch from 2007/8. However, its economy proved more resilient to the recession than those of other English regions. Output growth remained strong in 2008, as other areas slowed down and it was the only region where output did not dip in 2009. By 2010, London's economic output was 8 per cent higher (at current prices) than in 2007, compared with 4 per cent nationally.
Between 2006/08 and 2010, the decline in full-time employment in London (-1.6 percentage points) was smaller than elsewhere, as was the rise in unemployment (+1.2 percentage points). Part-time employment increased in the Capital by 1.2 percentage points (mainly affecting men) while it stayed mostly level elsewhere. This supports a view that the consequence of falling full-time employment in London was more often under-employment than unemployment. It is also noticeable that London's relatively'soft landing' in recession was more marked in Inner than Outer areas. For example, the rise in part-time employment was concentrated in Inner London.
Economic change also affected some population subgroups less severely in London than elsewhere. Among youth (16-24), the proportion unemployed was higher in London to begin with, but between 2006/8 and 2010, it grew less rapidly than elsewhere, eliminating the starting differential. Similarly, there was a fall of 5.7 per cent in full-time employment among Black / Black British people elsewhere in the country, but not to the same extent in London, where the proportion in employment had previously been lower.
In addition, at a time when qualification levels in the working-age population nationally were rising rapidly, those in London grew faster. For example, a 2.5 percentage point increase in the proportion with university degrees between 2006/8 and 2010, compared with 1.4 percentage points elsewhere. GCSE results in London's schools were already better than elsewhere in the country by 2008, with a smaller attainment gap between pupils on Free School Meals and others. This remained the case in 2010.
Even so, a relatively positive employment and qualifications story in London as the recession took hold occurred in the context of widening economic inequalities. Between 2006/8 and 2010 inequality in weekly earnings increased, more so than in the rest of England. The '90:10 ratio' went up in London by 8 per cent for men and women (according to the Annual Survey of Hours and Earnings), compared with a rise of 5 per cent for men and one per cent for women in the whole of England.
At the same time, falls in household income, after housing costs are taken into account, were greater in London than in other parts of the country - and especially marked among the poorest households. Figure 1 shows that while the incomes of people in the top tenth of the distribution were affected to much the same extent whether they lived in London or elsewhere, net incomes among those in the bottom tenth fell by a startling 24 per cent in real terms in London compared with only 3.5 per cent nationally (see Figure 1).
View the raw data
Inequalities in financial, physical and property wealth also increased faster in London during the first years of the economic crisis. Between 2006/8 and 2008/10 wealth levels among the least prosperous tenth of the population stayed flat in London, but grew by 14 per cent in England generally. Meanwhile, wealth among the top tenth of the distribution increased by 8 per cent in London, compared with 0.4 per cent in the rest of the country. As a consequence, the '90:10 ratio' for wealth in the Capital, which was already high (at 199) in 2006/8 had soared even higher by 2010 (to 215).
London's changing poverty map
The spatial distribution of poverty in London also changed. Mapping the proportion of households receiving Income Support and three other types of means-tested benefit shows that the greatest concentrations of poverty in 2001 were found in Inner East London. However, poverty rates, on this measure, fell considerably in the poorest inner-city neighbourhoods up to 2008, while increasing in less poor Outer London areas. This was mainly due to new house building and an influx of households that were less poor into Inner London, especially the Inner West. The numbers of poor households in these areas only fell a little - rather they were joined by new better-off neighbours.
As Outer London was hit harder than Inner London by recession, the shift of poverty into Outer London continued. Poverty went up across London between 2008 and 2011 as recession bit, but most in Outer London neighbourhoods. The map below shows how neighbourhood poverty rates changed across the whole decade 2001 to 2011 (with decreases shown in dark and light green, and increases in orange and red). In 2001, over three quarters (77 per cent) of the highest poverty neighbourhoods were in Inner east or west London. By 2011 this figure had fallen to closer to half (55 per cent). Thus a trend to decentralisation of poverty was evident before the Coalition's welfare reforms, which are predicted to have this effect.
View the raw data
Further Information
The full version of this paper, by Ruth L


How do you handle Multiline WTOs?
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How do you handle Multiline WTOs?
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Article ID: 55171
calendar_today
Updated On:
Products
CMDB for z/OS NetSpy Network Performance NetMaster Network Automation SOLVE NetMaster Network Management for SNA NetMaster Network Management for TCP/IP NetMaster File Transfer Management SOLVE:Operations Automation SOLVE:Access Session Management SOLVE:FTS
Issue/Introduction
Desciption:
Is it possible to intercept the message 'EQQE036I' and to send an SNMP Trap to a Distributed Platform ? The message contains a 'JOBNAME' which may vary. The message 'EQQE036I' already has a Message Rule defined in Eventview, but the required information comes from the Minor Line of the message, because message 'EQQE036I' is a Multiline WTO.
Solution:
You need to consider the Multilines (Major Lines and Minor Lines) as a single line when searching for a value. In the 'Status Monitor Message' field, available in ResourceView, it is possible to address the entire Multiline WTO Messages through one definition.
To implement this, create a ResourceView Rule, for example for a Logical Resource, with the 'Status Monitor Message' defined as $MN-EQQE036I. In the Message Text Analysis within the 'Extended Message Filter', any word is accessible through the 'Line Number' field, i.e. there is no need to define one definition per line (Major or Minor). In the Multiline Message, by convention, Line number One is the Major Line and Line number Two onwards are the Minor Lines. If the Multiline Message contains the 'searched for' value, then submit an SNMP Trap to a Distributed Platform, like BMC Patrol.
Environment
Release:
Component: SOPMVS


s worth noting that this can to some extent be solved by enforcing rules such as only one instance of your pipeline is running at any given point of time.
To solve both problems, Terraform supports non local backends. When using remote backends, terraform doesn't store any of its state on disk. This however means that if you want to store the state encrypted at rest and in transit, we will have to implement a backend-specific solution. For example, the docs specify a possible solution when using AWS S3 backend.
To solve the second problem, two possible options are AWS S3 and HashiCorp's consul. Documentation on using S3 (which achieves its locking via DynamoDB) is part of the official Terraform documentation.
Using a Consul Remote Backend
Using consul to solve the above problems is the focus of this article. For most of this article, we will be looking at a getting-started setup where we are running the consul server and applying infrastructural changes from our local system. Towards the end, I will briefly touch on how we may adopt this approach to a more realistic scenario and how we may go about encryption of Terraform state when using consul.
The accompanying git repository contains configuration and code used in this article and it may be a good idea to clone the repository as you work through this article. Linux and OS X are the only operating systems for which the accompanying scripts have been tested. Besides the need to download consul and terraform (as described next), we will use pipenv to run some Python scripts.
Set up consul
To use consul as a remote backend for Terraform with locking, we will make use of consul's key value store, ACL system, and sessions.
consul is distributed as a platform-specific binary zip file. The latest version at the time of this writing is 1.1.0, which can be downloaded from here. Download the platform-specific zip file and unzip it to extract the consul binary.
It may be a good idea to add the unzip location to the system PATH variable or equivalent.
Next, we will start a consul development server:
$ <repository root>
$ consul agent dev --config-file=./consul/server-config.json
...</repository>
The server-config.json has the following configuration:
{
 "acl_datacenter": "dc1",
 "acl_master_token": "Arandom$tring",
 "acl_default_policy": "deny",
 "acl_down_policy": "extend-cache"
}
The above starts our consul dev server so that it has ACL enabled with a master token, and a default policy of deny. The consul ACL guide explains this in detail.
We will leave the consul server running in a dedicated terminal session.
Set up Terraform with consul backend
Similar to consul, terraform is distributed as a platform-specific binary zip file. At the time of this writing, the latest version is 0.11.7. Download the relevant zip file from here and unzip it somewhere on your filesystem.
I assume that the path where it is unzipped is added to the system PATH variable or equivalent so that it can be invoked from anywhere on the command line without specifying the absolute path.
Initializing the backend
Now that we have terraform on our system, let's initialize the backend. The terraform configuration is as follows:
# backend.tf
terraform {
 backend "consul" {
 path = "terraform/state"
 lock = true
 }
}
The path above specifies the consul key we will store the state in, and we specify that we want to use locking. Let's now run Terraform and initialize the backend. Since we will need to first obtain a ACL token from consul, we will be using a bash script to tie the two steps together:
$ <repository root>
$ cd terraform/configuration/
$ ./init.bash
~/work/github.com/amitsaha/terraform-consul-lock-demo/terraform/bootstrap ~/work/github.com/amitsaha/terraform-consul-lock-demo/terraform/configuration
~/work/github.com/amitsaha/terraform-consul-lock-demo/terraform/configuration
Initializing the backend...
Backend configuration changed!
...</repository>
The above output tells us that we have succesfully initialized the consul backend with Terraform. The contents of init.bash is as follows:
#!/bin/bash
set -e
pushd ../bootstrap-utils
terraform_token=$(pipenv run python get_session_token.py)
popd
terraform init --backend-config=access_token=$terraform_token
First, we run a Python script to get an ACL token from consul which has the permission to:
 - Read and write to consul KV store at the path terraform/state.
 - Create sessions on all nodes.
We then run terraform init, providing the token via partial configuration so that we don't have to hardcode the access token.
When you run the above script on your consul process console, you will see logs as follows:
2018/06/05 22:35:59 [DEBUG] http: Request PUT /v1/acl/create?token=Arandom%24tring (838.515µs) from=127.0.0.1:50425
2018/06/05 22:35:59 [DEBUG] http: Request GET /v1/kv/terraform/state (639.584µs) from=127.0.0.1:50428
We can see that an API call was made to create a token (by our Python script) and then a GET query was made (by Terraform) to the consul KV store to query the current state.
The init command initializes the backend for us and creates a .terraform sub-directory. In that, we will have a terraform.tfstate file which looks as follows:
$ cat .terraform/terraform.tfstate
{
 "version": 3,
 "serial": 1,
 "lineage": "7d772b24-b269-0638-3832-339be8926025",
 "backend": {
 "type": "consul",
 "config": {
 "access_token": "4925cfa5-_PHONE_-74f4-64561e6fa788",
 "lock": true,
 "path": "terraform/state"
 },
 "hash": 14982975079171644367
 },
 "modules": [
 {
 "path": [
 "root"
 ],
 "outputs": {},
 "resources": {},
 "depends_on": []
 }
 ]
}
When we perform any subsequent Terraform operation, Terraform will consul the configuration above to interact with the backend. This file will not need to be committed to version control. It is safe to run the init operation more than once.
Managing a consul key value resource
At this stage, Terraform is initialized and we can now start managing our infrastructure. To keep things simple, we will use Terraform's consul provider to create a consul key on the local consul server we have running.
The configuration looks as follows:
# infrastructure.tf
variable "app1_version_token" {}

resource "consul_keys" "app1_version" {
 datacenter = "dc1"
 token = "${var.app1_version_token}"
 key {
 path = "app1/version"
 value = "0.1"
 }
}
We will supply the token when running terraform via the script apply_consul_key.bash:
#!/bin/bash
set -e

pushd ../configuration-utils
pipenv install
terraform_token=$(pipenv run python get_kv_token.py)
popd

terraform apply -target=consul_keys.app1_version -var "app1_version_token=$terraform_token"
Next, we will run the script as:
$ < repository root >
$ cd terraform/configuration
$ ./apply_consul_key.bash
...
Once the above script runs, it will create the key with the specified value. On the consul server, you will see logs that show API calls to the server for acquiring a lock, reading current state, creating a session, creating the key, and writing the final state.
Demonstration of Locking
Let's modify our configuration, infrastructure.tf, to update the value of the key to something else:
$ < repository root>
$ cd terraform/configuration
$ git diff infrastructure.tf
diff --git a/terraform/configuration/infrastructure.tf b/terraform/configuration/infrastructure.tf
index 67bf4ea..ea9490a 100644
--- a/terraform/configuration/infrastructure.tf
+++ b/terraform/configuration/