Create a Delphi Form From a String
Elevated view of programmers working on laptops
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There may be instances when you do not know the exact class type of a form object. You may only have the string variable carrying the name of the form's class, such as "TMyForm".
Note that the Application.CreateForm() procedure expects a variable of type TFormClass for its first parameter. If you can provide a TFormClass type variable (from a string), you will be able to create a form from its name.
Sample Exercise
 1. Create a new Delphi project and name the main form: MainForm (TMainForm).
 2. Add three new forms to the project, name them:
 3. FirstForm (TFirstForm)
 4. SecondForm (TSecondForm)
 5. ThirdForm (TThirdForm)
 6. Remove the three new forms from the "Auto-create Forms" list in the Project-Options dialog.
 7. Drop a ListBox on the MainForm and add three strings: 'TFirstForm', 'TSecondForm', and 'TThirdForm'.
procedure TMainForm.FormCreate( Sender: TObject);
RegisterClass(TFirstForm); RegisterClass(TSecondForm); RegisterClass(TThirdForm);
In the MainForm's OnCreate event register the classes:
procedure TMainForm.CreateFormButtonClick( Sender: TObject);
s : string;
s := ListBox1.Items[ListBox1.ItemIndex]; CreateFormFromName(s);
Once the button is clicked, find the selected form's type name, and call a custom CreateFormFromName procedure:
procedure CreateFormFromName(
const FormName : string);
fc : TFormClass; f : TForm;
fc := TFormClass(FindClass(FormName)); f := fc.Create(Application); f.Show;
; (* CreateFormFromName *)
If the first item is selected in the list box, the "s" variable will hold the "TFirstForm" string value. The CreateFormFromName will create an instance of the TFirstForm form.
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Your Citation
Gajic, Zarko. "Create a Delphi Form From a String." ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, Gajic, Zarko. (2020, August 28). Create a Delphi Form From a String. Retrieved from Gajic, Zarko. "Create a Delphi Form From a String." ThoughtCo. (accessed August 5, 2021).


BY Statement
BY variables ;
You can specify a BY statement with PROC MIXED to obtain separate analyses on observations in groups that are defined by the BY variables. When a BY statement appears, the procedure expects the input data set to be sorted in order of the BY variables. If you specify more than one BY statement, only the last one specified is used.
If your input data set is not sorted in ascending order, use one of the following alternatives:
 - Sort the data by using the SORT procedure with a similar BY statement.
 - Specify the NOTSORTED or DESCENDING option in the BY statement for the MIXED procedure. The NOTSORTED option does not mean that the data are unsorted but rather that the data are arranged in groups (according to values of the BY variables) and that these groups are not necessarily in alphabetical or increasing numeric order.
 - Create an index on the BY variables by using the DATASETS procedure (in Base SAS software).
Because sorting the data changes the order in which PROC MIXED reads observations, the sorting order for the levels of the CLASS variable might be affected if you have specified ORDER=DATA in the PROC MIXED statement. This, in turn, affects specifications in the CONTRAST or ESTIMATE statement.
For more information about BY-group processing, see the discussion in SAS Language Reference: Concepts. For more information about the DATASETS procedure, see the discussion in the Base SAS Procedures Guide.


text:
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition
- adj. Of, relating to, or characteristic of feudalism.
- adj. Of or relating to lands held in fee or to the holding of such lands.
Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- Pertaining to or in the nature of a feud or partizan conflict.
- Pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or fees; relating to or dependent upon the method of landholding called feud, fief, or fee: as, feudal tenure; feudal rights or services; a feudal lord or vassal.
- Pertaining to the state of society under this system of tenure; characteristic of the relations of lord and vassal.
- adj. of, or relating to feudalism
GNU Webster's 1913
- adj. Of or pertaining to feuds, fiefs, or fees
- adj. Consisting of, or founded upon, feuds or fiefs; embracing tenures by military services.
- adj. of or relating to or characteristic of feudalism
- From Medieval Latin feudalis, from feudum. (Wiktionary)
"Although set in feudal Japan, both works contain some modern-day anachronisms."
"First cattle referred to any wealth or property, then more specifically in feudal times it referred to "movable" wealth, which at the time was pretty much limited to livestock."
"Hiro seemed to be in feudal Japan longer than the actual feudal era lasted in history."
Writers' Strike = Better TV? : SF Universe - SF Universe is your Science Fiction central. From SciFi television to movies to books and more. All the latest news, reviews and insights from SciFi experts.
"Absolutely right gentlemen - there were never any socialist parties in feudal societies."
"HMMMMM seems to me its a modern interpretation NOT A ACTUAL REMAKE unless they're planning on putting American and European stars in feudal Japan."
"What was West Side Story if not a "reimagining" of Romeo & Juliet or Akira Kurosawa's Throne of Blood as Macbeth set in feudal Japan?"
"Hiro is still stuck in feudal Japan; Peter still has amnesia (despite finally learning his true identity); Claire is still playing cheerleader; the south-of-the-border Wonder Twins are still short of arriving in America; Sylar is still a neutered threat; Suresh and Parkman are still playing "My Two Dads" with the last-minute child-hero from last season; Suresh is still doing nothing to take down The Company; Nikki is still... well..."
"I must be the only one, but I LOVED heroes last night!!! my favorite storyline is the hiro in feudal Japan."
"Meanwhile, after landing in feudal Japan, Hiro (Masi Oka) meets his hero Takezo Kensei (David Anders)."
"That thread was the one I wanted to see the most of, and I think they did a nice job introducing the situation in feudal Japan (but how much does modern day Japanese and English sound like their counterparts from way back when?)."
These user-created lists contain the word 'feudal'.
Daily Vocab List
words I read but don't know
2007 Scripps National Spelling Bee Round 2
my favourite era
words related to the peerage; not limited to titles.
Based on a frequency analysis
Looking for tweets for feudal.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Calendar Moodle ISU
Using a calendar in a course can help both the instructor and the students keep track of deadlines and important dates within the course.
This guide will help you to understand:
Adding the Calendar Block
 1. On the left hand side of the screen, Locate Add a Block
 2. From the Add dropdown menu, Select Calendar
Note: The Calendar block will appear above the Add a Block.
Note: for more assistance on blocks and how to move them see, Blocks in Moodle ISU
Configuring the Calendar Block
You can modify the configuration of the Calendar block.
 1. In the top right corner of the block, Click the gear icon
 2. From the dropdown menu, Select Configure Calendar block
Note: For information on what the other icons do, see Moodle ISU Overview
Calendar Block Settings
 1. The first line will tell you the block's original location
 1. Display on page types will give you three options of where your calendar will be displayed
 1. Any page - This will make the calendar display on any page for Moodle ISU when you are logged in.
 2. Any course page - This will make the calendar available on every page that you have set up within the course.
 3. Any type of course main page - This will make the calendar available only on the main page for the course. This is also the default setting.
 1. Default region - This option will allow you to place the calendar either on the right or the left of the screen
 2. Default weight - To relocate the block on the screen you can weigh the blocks importance in this area
On this page
 1. From the Visible dropdown menu, Select Yes or No to determine whether the calendar is visible to students
 2. From the Region dropdown menu, Select where the calendar will reside on the screen
 3. From the Weight dropdown menu, Select the weight the calendar will receive
 1. To relocate the block on the screen, you can weigh the block's importance in this area.
 2. The lower the weight, the higher up on the page the block will appear.
 1. Click Save Changes to save your configurations
Events Keys
The events keys allow you to add certain activities or key dates for the course. The following is a list that breaks down the options and explains when to use each one.
Note: If you click on these events on the main calendar block, they can be hidden or shown to students and users.
Global - Events that are relevant to the university, such as holidays etc.
Course - Events that are relevant to the course in general such as exams or assignments.
Group - Events that are relevant to certain groups within the course.
User - Personal events that will not be visible to other users.
Adding Events to Calendar
 1. Click on the calendar name
 1. Click New event in the Calendar view
 1. On the New event page, Select the type of desired event
 1. User - Visible only to the current user.
 2. Group - Visible only to the particular group in the course.
 1. This will enable the Group event dropdown menu from which you will Select the group the event is relevant for.
 1. Course - Visible to participants on the course in question.
 1. Type the Event title
 1. Type a Description
 1. Set a Date
 1. Set a duration if so desired
 1. Choose whether or not this event will repeat in Repeated events
 1. Click Save changes
For more information on using your calendar, see Calendar
For additional information, contact the ITRC - _PHONE_ or email


text:
Merchant Trade in Prehispanic Mesoamerica
The goal of my 2010 summer fellowship was to study the structure of intermediate scale trade in staple goods using archaeological and ethnohistoric sources. Its primary purpose was to broaden our understanding of how far staple goods that were the focus of trade by pochteca merchants actually moved across the Pre-Columbian landscape. The pochteca were a privilege class of traders who specialized in the purchase and movement of high value wealth goods and raw material used by artisans to produce craft goods for the state and its social elite. Instead of dealing with wealth goods, my project sought to identify
spheres of distribution for goods within the control of commoner households. Ethnohistoric sources indicate that commoners took both the crops they raised and the craft goods they produced to sell in regional marketplaces. The question was whether they also trafficked in these goods between regions. This project examined commercial behavior at the lower end of the merchant spectrum. Trade at local and inter-regional level was not a topic that Sahagun's pochteca informants discussed. Instead they chose to emphasize their valiant history of long distance trade and service to their Aztec overlords
The methodological approach employed was simple but appropriate for the task. The idea was to identify source areas for specific products and link them to the areas where these products were consumed. Producer and consumer locales were then entered into a GIS spatial database for depiction and pattern recognition. No attempt was made to plot the specific routes over which products moved. This will be a separate level of analysis and will be calculated using GIS techniques.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement differences with Goldmann applanation tonometry (GAT) and dynamic contour tonometry (DCT) are affected by atmospheric pressure inside a hyperbaric chamber.
To compare IOP measurements obtained with GAT and DCT in 22 normal individuals at different atmospheric pressures simulated in a hyperbaric chamber.
The IOP of both eyes of 22 healthy volunteers was measured using GAT and DCT at 4 different atmospheric pressure levels.
Starting at 1 Queretaro atmospheric pressure (QATM), the IOP was measured with GAT and DCT. The atmospheric pressure was then increased to 1.1 QATM (equivalent to 1032 m above sea level), 1.2 QATM (equivalent to 315 m above sea level), and 1.25 QATM (equivalent to sea level), starting 5 minutes after reaching each level. The limits of agreement between various measurements with each tonometer were calculated using the Bland-Altman plots.
The first 4 subjects were used to measure feasibility, consistency, variability, and the time needed for IOP to return to baseline after each atmospheric pressure increase.
For the entire 44 eyes, the mean GAT IOP at 1 QATM was 12.23 mm Hg (range, 8 to 20 mm Hg; SD, 2.84) and mean DCT was 16.36 (range, 12.1 to 25.3; SD, 2.84), with a mean 4.14 mm Hg difference (range, −0.1 to 7.5 mm Hg; SD, 1.62; P<0.001).
Using the second measurements of the first 4 subjects and those after 5 minutes of adaptation for the rest of the group at 1.1 QATM, mean GAT IOP was 11.05±2.68 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 15.60±3.02 mm Hg, for a mean difference between instruments of 4.56±1.81 mm Hg (P<0.001).
At 1.2 QATM, mean GAT IOP was 11.14±2.53 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 15.39±2.91 mm Hg. The difference between instruments was 4.25±2.12 mm Hg (P<0.001).
At 1.25 QATM, the mean GAT IOP was 12.39±3.11 mm Hg and mean DCT IOP was 14.91±2.73 mm Hg. The difference between instruments after 5 minutes of adaptation was 2.53±1.62 mm Hg (P<0.001).
Generalized estimating equations for performing linear regression multivariable analysis using atmospheric pressure, expressed as altitude, and age as covariates, shows that the difference between GAT and DCT increases by 1 mm Hg per 673 m of increase of altitude above sea level. Age was not a significant predictor.
Acute changes in atmospheric pressure induce changes in IOP measurements for both GAT and DCT and in different directions. Despite the limitation of sample size, it may be postulated that the difference of IOP measurements between the 2 tonometers increases with lower atmospheric pressures.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


exact method
Class: ImagesCheckSettingsPlatform: ImagesLanguage: Python SDK:
Sets the match level for this target to EXACT.
This match level is very sensative to differences in images. Do not use unless you have a very specific purpose.
Syntax
eyes.Check(Target.window().exact())
Parameters
This method does not take any parameters.
Return value
Type:
The value returned is the object that called the method. You can use it to call other methods supported by the object class.
Remarks
This method sets the default match level for this target. This overrides the hard-coded default and the default match level defined by using eyes$setmatchlevel.
For a given target you may call only one of the following methods that set a target default match level:
To set a match level for a one or more regions within a target use one of the following methods:
For a full description of the affect of each match levels and the different ways to apply them to tests, checkpoints and regions, How to use Eyes match levels.


text:
The essay analyzes the relationship between the Lucchese painter Giovan Domenico Lombardi and the Spada family starting from the unpublished documents preserved in Archivio di Stato in Lucca. These relationships were particularly important from 1714 to 1724 when Cardinal Orazio Filippo Spada was bishop of Osimo (Ancona), where Lombardi sent a certain number of paintings. These works, all depicting religious subjects, were made both for the church of San Giuseppe da Copertino and for the duomo dedicated to San Leopardo.
Giovan Domenico Lombardi e gli Spada tra Lucca e Osimo
It belongs to:
Predella. Journal of visual arts


Are Men More Likely to Be Secular Than Women? September 17, 2014
Are Men More Likely to Be Secular Than Women?
This is a guest post written by Phil Zuckerman. Zuckerman is a professor of sociology and secular studies at Pitzer College. His latest book, Living the Secular Life, will be published this December.
As many of you may be well aware, Sam Harrisrecently quoted comments concerning why most of his fans tend to be male set off some serious criticisms; Greta Christina's condemnation of Harris was particularly stinging.
The issue of whether or not men tend to be more secular than women is clearly a hot-button issue; people can be easily outraged or offended by related insinuations, declarations, or interpretations when it comes to the proclivities of men and women to be more or less religious or secular. And women within the secular movement (or any movement) have a right to be hyper-vigilant when it comes to sexism, chauvinism, and any other manifestations of patriarchal malfeasance.
But just because this is a thorny and potentially offensive contention — that men may be more secular than women — doesn't mean that we should avoid it. And it certainly doesn't mean that it can't be empirically supported or denied. Furthermore, if the data does indeed show a gender difference when it comes to religiosity/secularity, how do we then interpret or explain that difference? Our "spin" will make all the difference in the world.
Decades of Research
Let's start with the data. Do countless studies consistently reveal a discernable difference between men and women when it comes to being secular or religious? The short answer is: yes. Now, that doesn't mean that every study shows such a difference, or that the difference is always significant. Nor does it mean that the difference is discernable on every measure of religiosity/secularity — for example, orthodox Jewish men are more likely to regularly attend synagogue than orthodox Jewish women.
But when we take the existing corpus of sociological, psychological, and anthropological data together — from the past sixty years — there is clear empirical support for the claim that men are more likely to be secular than women. As Marta Trzebiatowska and Steve Bruce note in their book Why Are Women More Religious Than Men? (Oxford University Press, 2012), "since 1945 the Gallup polling organization has consistently found that, on every index used, American women are more religious than men, and not by small margins."
Consider, for example, that according to the American Religious Identification Survey, men currently make up 58% of Americans who claim "no religion," 70% of Americans who self-identify as atheist, and 75% of those who self identify as agnostic. Or consider the Pew Forum's U.S. Religious Landscape Survey, which found that 86% of American women claim to be religiously-affiliated, but only 79% of American men claimed as much; 77% of women believe in God with absolute certainly, but only 65% of men do; 66% of women pray daily, but only 49% of men do; 63% of women say that religion is very important in their lives, but only 49% of men say as much; 44% of women attend religious services on a weekly basis, but only 34% of men do. The differences may or may not be significant — social science gets fuzzy here — but they are consistent. And for one final example, consider the fact that the Freedom From Religion Foundation reports that 79% of its members are men (see Melanie Brewster's essay "Atheism, Gender, and Sexuality" in the Oxford Handbook of Atheism, 2013, for further details).
In short, whatever measures one uses to assess religiosity — frequency of prayer, belief in God, church attendance, or self-identification — men in the United States are more likely to be secular-leaning than women, on average.
And the "on average" is key, folks. The above studies do not illustrate that all men are more secular than all women. It is just an average. A percentage.
OK, but are these averages and percentages universal? Do we find similar differences in other countries around the world?
The short answer is, again: yes.
Global Patterns
According to data analyzed by Ariela Keysar and Juhem Navarro-Rivera (see "A World of Atheism: Global Demographics" in the Oxford Handbook of Atheism, 2013), 77% of self-designated atheists in the Ukraine are male, 76% in Portugal, 70% in Uruguay, 67% in Japan, 65% in Israel, 65% in Mexico, 61% in Sweden, 60% in the Netherlands, and so on. True, there are some exceptions — for example, men make up only 47% of self-designated agnostics in Belgium. And only 48% of agnostics in Japan. But these are exceptions; the overall pattern of men being more atheist or agnostic than women the world over is clear and strong, leading these authors to conclude that "atheists, both positive and negative… are predominantly males" and "global comparisons reveal a wide spectrum of male dominance within the positive atheist sub-population."
I could go on and on, and cite countless other studies and surveys — both national and international — that illustrate the same gendered pattern. But rather than trot these all out, I'll let the words of professor Tiina Mahlamäki sum them all up:
"Statistics conducted in countries all over the world, for as long as statistics on religion have been collected, confirm that women are more religious than men. This concerns every dimension of religion. Women participate in religious ceremonies more often than men; women pray more often than men; they more likely than men believe in God, a Spirit, or Life Force; they hold matters of faith and religion more important than men do. Women are more committed than men to their religious communities and are less willing to resign from them. Although older women are more religious than young ones, women of all ages are more religious than coeval men are. Women are members of both traditional religious communities and new religious movements more often than men. Young, urban men are the least religious of all groups."
(See her article "Religion and Atheism From a Gender Perspective" in Approaching Religion, 2012).
Of course, none of the above means that this gendered difference is fated and eternal. In 25 years, we could find different results. But for now, the data is clear and consistent: men are more likely to be secular than women.
But wait — what about that WIN-Gallup poll? True, that massive international survey from 2012 reports that, globally, the gender difference is actually non-existent. Indeed, according to their surprising data, 14% of women worldwide identify as convinced atheists, while only 12% of men worldwide do. And in terms of claiming to be non-religious, both genders are at 23%. Wow. That's amazing. Fascinating. And it is an utter and complete exception to so many decades of similar research. It may very well be valid. But for now, it is such a major outlier — so much so, that until we have more studies and more data confirming these unique and exceptional findings, we should remain skeptical.
So how do we explain the vast body of research that reports that men, on average, tend to be more secular than women?
Here are some leading possibilities:
 - It could have to do with power and privilege, and the lack thereof. In most societies, men control more wealth than women and tend to have more political and social power than women. As such, women are more easily excluded, exploited, and discriminated against. Perhaps, as a result of this, they are more likely to turn to the consolation of religion.
 - It could have to do with agency, and the lack thereof; men generally have more freedom than women in most societies; they have a greater ability to decide what work to do, where to live, how to get and manage money, etc. In most societies, women are thus more vulnerable than men — financially, legally, domestically, etc. This could make the psychological comfort and institutional support of religion more appealing to women than men.
 - It could have to do with socialization: perhaps boys are socialized to be assertive, independent, and rebellious, while girls are socialized to acquiescent, relational, and obedient, which then manifests itself later in life with women being more open to religion than men.
 - It could have to do with the patterned roles for men and women in society; women tend to be expected to take up roles as caregivers and nurturers, raising children and tending to the sick and elderly, while men tend to be exempt from such roles; this again could make religion more appealing to women than men, for various reasons.
 - It could have to do with who traditionally works inside/outside the home. While men traditionally work outside the home, women the world over are more likely to work within the home, and this might make religious involvement more interesting and appealing to women; indeed, we know that women who work outside the home tend to be less religious than those who work within the home, and those nations with the highest rates of women working outside the home — for example, Scandinavia — tend to be among the most secular.
 - And finally, it could have something to do with innate differences between the sexes, be they genetic, neurological, physiological, or hormonal.
If I had to


The Law Commission is a statutory independent body. We aim:
 - to ensure that the law is as fair, modern, simple and as cost-effective as possible
 - to conduct research and consultations in order to make systematic recommendations for consideration by Parliament, and
 - to codify the law, eliminate anomalies, repeal obsolete and unnecessary enactments and reduce the number of separate statutes.
What does it mean for the Law Commission to be independent?
Former Law Commissioner for property, family and trust law, Professor Elizabeth Cooke, explains the implications of our independence for how we select projects that are suggested to us, how we conduct our projects, and the recommendations we make to government.


text: A catch of fish is sorted and prepared in the foreground on the harbour quay. This bustle of human activity, captured with a few brushstrokes and echoed in a fishing boat on the right, contrasts with the relative calm of the harbour and open sea beyond. The dawn sky punctuated by the masts of fishing boats dominates the scene. Turner used the blue paper to great effect, conveying the colourful transition from night to day. This drawing may have been made during the mid 1820s when Turner first began to use blue paper.


text:
view a plan
"Come to my Country" brochures are created in this geography lesson
Title – Come to My Country
By – Susan Stolley
Primary Subject – Social Studies
Secondary Subjects –
Grade Level – 7
Create a brochure that would attract tourists to a country in the Middle East. The purpose is to convince people to come vacation in the country you choose.
- Choose a Country: __________________________
- Gather Facts: To attract tourists, your brochure will need to include information about resources, environment and opportunities. You are to gather facts about the country you choose. Fill in the blanks for each section below with the information you collect.
Geography: Some of the important landforms and bodies of water in my country are:
Tourist Attractions: Some of the interesting locations tourists might want to visit:
People: The native people in my country are:
Government: The system of government in my country is:
Economy: The different ways in which people make a living in my country are:
Religion: The religious beliefs of the people in my country are:
Daily life: Some interesting aspects of daily life include:
Now… create bold, strong images that will make tourists want to come to your country. Remember that you are competing with other countries for valuable tourist spending dollars for your economy. Create pictures for the categories you gathered facts for. These images need to be done with colored pencils. Make your brochure professional and legible. There should be no errors or misspellings.
What you will be graded on:
______Geography (5 points)
______Tourist Attractions (5 points)
______People (5 points)
______Government (5 points)
______Economy (5 points)
______Religion (5 points)
______Daily Life (5 points)
______Pictures (5 points)
______Is your project completed? (5 points)
______Neatness (5 points)
______TOTAL POINTS (out of 50)
E-Mail Susan Stolley!


Microsoft Edge gets new performance and stability updates
Madalina Dinita
by Madalina Dinita
Affiliate Disclosure
Microsoft wants Edge to become the most powerful browser on the market, constantly rolling out updates to improve the browser's performance and stability with the aim of doing so.
Recently, the tech giant pushed some JavaScript performance updates to its favorite browser, making it faster and more efficient. The update improves two essential areas of the Edge browser: memory usage and event-handlers behavior.
Developers use small-sized functions to break down complex coding logic into many smaller pieces. This strategy reduces repetitiveness and allows developers to read, test and debug codes faster. In addition, the browsing experience is better and faster, as smaller functions are generally easier to inline.
For better efficiency, the Edge team has refactored the metadata format used for each small-sized function incorporated in scripts. In this manner, memory won't be consumed unless necessary:
Most of the 32-bit counters in FunctionBody were also observed to rarely have values over 256, such as the variable count or object literal count within a function. Thus these counters have been replaced by a compact structure that uses a single byte for each counter and those counters can be promoted to full 32-bit values if needed.
Inside every webpage, there is an event system with many event-handlers that define the behavior of button-clicks, mouse-overs and many other such events. Most of these events usually remain dead code because users trigger very few events when browsing. The problem is that these untriggered events can remain in a sleep state and impact memory and browser efficiency.
Microsoft Edge will change that as the browser will now delay the full parsing and bytecode generation of event-handlers until they are first called. In other words, this feature improves start-up time and also saves memory from unused handlers.
The combination of deferred parsing for event-handlers and the memory optimizations […] shrink a fair amount of memory footprint for each page.[…] our experiment […] shows that these optimizations along with other smaller tweaks typically reduce about 4% to 10% of memory usage per page opened in Microsoft Edge, with cases where the savings reach over 20%.
Perhaps these improvement can finally help Microsoft turn Edge into the most battery-friendly browser out there. Redmond recently made public the results of a battery experiment which, according to Microsoft, proved that its browser consumes 70% less battery than Chrome and 15% less battery than Opera.
Opera didn't wait too long to carry out its own, more transparent experiment, managing to prove that its browser was indeed the most battery-friendly browser, extending computer battery life thanks to the latest Battery Saver feature. Surprisingly, Microsoft remained speechless after Opera's reply and has yet to issue any comment on the matter.


text:
The Jungfraujoch High Altitude Research Station, Switzerland, was awarded the EuChemS Historical Landmark Award in recognition of the pioneering work and exceptional "liaison réussie" between the research group of Prof. Marcel Migeotte (_PHONE_) with collaborators from the University of Liège, Belgium, and the International Foundation of the High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat (HFSJG), Switzerland. History was made at this alpine site in terms of the first fundamental measurements and early identification of harmful atmospheric constituents, such as anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and evidence of how their presence in our atmosphere has changed over the last 70 years. Our current understanding of atmospheric chemistry and physics in the context of Earth's climate system would not be possible without the visionary approach of asking the right questions, developing cutting-edge instrumentation and forging strong coalitions at a seminal time for atmospheric chemistry.
The Swiss Chemical Society aswell as the International Foundation 'High Altitude Research Stations Jungfraujoch and Gornergrat' and its partners are very proud to have received this prestigious award and look forward to sharing with you the activities related to the award ceremony.
University of Bern


text:
Share this story
Occupational Therapist, Cat Gregory and her partner, Aaron Venables kindly volunteer to take care of the maintenance and wellbeing of the tropical fish tank in the Inpatient Unit Lounge at the Hospice.
The aquarium at the Hospice has been a feature since the new Hospice opened in 2016. It currently contains one Angelfish (a recommendation from a previous patient who had a white Angelfish at home), five bright blue Cardinal Tetras, several Swordtails and three Siamese Algae Eaters.
Cat reminded us of the importance of the fish tank:
"Patients, their families, visitors and staff all appreciate a few moments of distraction, peace and meditation with the fish. A patient that had been in bed for a number of weeks was hoisted into a chair, and when she saw the fish she took so much joy from seeing them, pointing out the angel fish."
Aaron shared why he likes the fish tank:
"I am a CEO and Chair of Trustee's for a Charity, so I am busy – the fish give me an opportunity to sit with a coffee and disappear into the fish tank. I have had fish all my life, I find them so peaceful and great for your mental health."
Aaron explained more about the fish:
"Most of these fish originate from the free flowing Amazon River, so the tank is an artificial environment for them that requires regular maintenance.
When choosing fish there are several considerations to make:
- Choose different fish that swim in the three different layers of the tank – for example the Swordtails swim at the top, the Cardinals in the middle and the Siamese Algae Eaters at the bottom.
- They all have their own likes and dislikes, such as you should only have one Angelfish in a tank like this, as it may get territorial and fight with any other Angelfish.
- However, the Swordtails and Cardinals are shoaling fish and want to be together.
- The plants are essential for consuming waste from the fish and the three Siamese Algae Eaters always like to hide in them.
- Some types of fish live for 4-5 years and others around 10-12 years.
Caring for the fish and aquarium takes time, patience and a certain amount of skill. It took Cat and Aaron three hours to change the water last week and this needs to be done every two weeks. The water also needs to be regularly tested with special chemicals to check the pH and ensure minimum levels of Nitrites or Nitrates, both of which are toxic to the fish.'
"Lots of our visitors to the Inpatient Unit quickly become fond of the fish. Many of the patient's visitors enjoy getting involved with the feeding of the fish and find helping to keep the glass clean of algae – using the magnetic glass cleaner, therapeutic too."
Cat and Aaron have two fish tanks at home, which have their own Instagram account: aaca.aquarium and the last post about the aquarium at the Hospice, had over 2,000 views!
If you would like to volunteer for Arthur Rank Hospice Charity, please visit the volunteers opportunities page: _URL_


Internet Explorer and Connection Limits
From time to time, I've heard the question: "Why can IE only download two files from the same site simultaneously?"
Some more savvy users observe that this limitation probably makes sense in dialup cases where bandwidth is constrained or when lots of small files are being downloaded, since the TCP/IP slow start algorithm comes into play.
But for those of us lucky enough to be on broadband, this limitation can be annoying. If I want to download a large number of large files, I have to sit around and wait for them to complete, two-by-two. Why does IE behave this way while some other browsers do not?
It turns out that this is a case where IE strictly follows the standards-- in this case, RFC2616, which covers HTTP1.1. As noted in the RFC:
Clients that use persistent connections SHOULD limit the number of simultaneous connections that they maintain to a given server. A single-user client SHOULD NOT maintain more than 2 connections with any server or proxy.
Saavy web developers can take this connection limit into account and deliver their data from multiple domains, since the browser will open up to two connections per domain. You can see this trick on pages like Office Online Templates using Microsoft Fiddler or another network monitoring tool. In this case, two domains (office.microsoft.com and i.office.microsoft.com) split the load, permitting up to four simultaneous connections.
If you'd like to experiment with higher connection limits inside IE, have a look at _URL_ Note that changing this setting violates HTTP RFCs, and hence might impact compatibility with servers and proxies.
-EricLaw
PS: Another web-performance tip: When generating hyperlinks, always include a trailing slash if possible. For instance, navigating to _URL_ takes one more roundtrip than _URL_ When the browser navigates to the /ie url, the server merely sends down a 301 to the /ie/ url. Both links work, but the second version is faster.
Updated title - 4/12/05
Comments (87)
 1. Anonymous says:
 IE strictly follows standards?
 🙂
 2. Anonymous says:
 But IE doesn't support HTTP pipelining, and this limit was chosen with fully-featured HTTP/1.1 clients in mind.
 HTTP/1.1 lacking support for pipelining is even slower than HTTP/1.0 (_URL_
 3. Anonymous says:
 So, this behaviour has significant impact to end user experience. And you chose to follow standards? Another amazing surprise from Microsoft.
 4. Edge says:
 Eric:
 If you read RFC 2119 (_URL_ you'll notice the following definitions for "SHOULD" and "SHOULD NOT"–
 3. SHOULD This word, or the adjective "RECOMMENDED", mean that there
 may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances to ignore a
 particular item, but the full implications must be understood and
 carefully weighed before choosing a different course.
 4. SHOULD NOT This phrase, or the phrase "NOT RECOMMENDED" mean that
 there may exist valid reasons in particular circumstances when the
 particular behavior is acceptable or even useful, but the full
 implications should be understood and the case carefully weighed
 before implementing any behavior described with this label.
 If you allowed more than 2 transfers at once you would *not* be violating the RFC. If, on the other hand, the RFC had used the words "MUST" and "MUST NOT", I'd agree with you. 😉
 5. Anonymous says:
 "Should" is incompatible with the word "strictly."
 This article lowers the credibility of the IE team even further.
 6. Anonymous says:
 So IE follows standards when it suites them, but not other times? Is this the reason why you can not have two downloads at a time, or is this a timely excuse to not allowing this. Most standards set forth are ignored and broken by Microsoft, and you expect us to believe that Microsoft strictly follows standards in this case? I think this is an excuse to why this is not allowed, probably in a cheap attempt to plug up some security whole found in IE.
 7. Anonymous says:
 Yikes!
 Guys, I think you should all get together in Redmond and standardize the way you read standards!
 As others have pointed out, "SHOULD" is a recommendation, "MUST" is the explicit guideline.
 But I'll give you credit, you erred on the side of the standard here, which is something you should push forward into more areas for IE7.
 8. Anonymous says:
 As far as I know, the simultanous connection limit in the RFC has been chosen to prevent DOS attacks. Imagine what happens when a client is given the oportunity to open a huge amount of connections in the same time. Correct me if I am wrong here.
 9. Anonymous says:
 From RFC2616:
 "one that satisfies all the MUST level requirements but not all the SHOULD level requirements for its protocols is said to be "conditionally compliant."
 So, are those other browsers properly representing themselves as "conditionally compliant" to HTTP specifications?
 10. Anonymous says:
 Stop bitching everyone :p
 IE has followed the guidelines. Whether it's a SHOULD or MUST, that's always a good thing.
 11. Anonymous says:
 Until I've read this article I thought this limitation is a webserver limitation. Didn't test it too much (may be a server limitation on the site I've tried) but Firefox has the same limitation (at least the default installation I'm using).
 Now: I'm not a Microsoft fan, I haven't used IE for anything else then testing in the past year or so, but replies like this:
 > This article lowers the credibility of the IE team even further.
 ….
 I'm speechless
 12. Anonymous says:
 All this goes to prove that, as far as Microsoft are concerned, "You're damned if you do, damned if you don't". They don't follow standards, they get flamed. They do follow standards, they get flamed. What's interesting is that a lot of people who want IE to follow standards REALLY mean that they want IE to follow standards UNLESS it's a 'nicer' experience to go against the recommendations. FWIW, I use Firefox and IE on different machines and my only complaint of IE is it's lack of tabs.
 13. DaveP: SHOULD isn't a recommendation. You're mixing IETF-standards lingo and English.
 A "SHOULD" is really: "You REALLY, REALLY, REALLY have to have a really good reason for violationg this clause".
 And making users downloads faster isn't a really, really, really good reason.
 Protocol standards (like HTTP) are a lot more persnikity than rendering standards (like SGML/HTML) – the consequences of violating HTTP protocol standards are far more severe.
 That's why the default is to abide by the standard.
 14. Anonymous says:
 > What's interesting is that a lot of people who want IE to follow standards REALLY mean that they want IE to follow standards UNLESS it's a 'nicer' experience to go against the recommendations.
 What on earth are you talking about? Nobody is saying that Microsoft should ignore this part of the specification.
 15. Anonymous says:
 Pornel had it right, just as one "should" only allow 2 simutanious connections…
 "HTTP implementations SHOULD implement persistent connections."
 MS can't claim that they do something to "follow the standard" when they don't follow important portions of it. This would be like claiming they support PNG when they don't support 32b PNG transparency.
 16. Anonymous says:
 <<"HTTP implementations SHOULD implement persistent connections." >>
 … And Internet Explorer does implement persistent connections. What are you getting at?
 17. Anonymous says:
 What annoys me about IE is how the 2 connection restriction applies even when a Connection: Close header is sent.
 For example, suppose I am downloading two large files from a site. Both of the connections have a Connection: Close header, but IE refuses to load any other pages from the site for the duration of the downloads. This is very confusing for users as the site appears to have gone down, and it's pretty annoying to have to use a separate host or port number to work around this. It also causes even more trouble while writing software that uses XMLHttpRequest because javascript only allows those requests to target the same server that generated the page.
 My interpretation of the passage in RFC 2616 is this: "A client should never have more than 2 connections which are not currently in the middle of a request (connections that are persisting) to a single server."
 18. Edge says:
 @LarryOsterman:
 << A "SHOULD" is really: "You REALLY, REALLY, REALLY have to have a really good reason for violationg this clause". >>
 You're using your own definition of what "SHOULD" and "SHOULD NOT" infer. RFC 2119 (_URL_ spells out what those mean, and it doesn't say "You REALLY, REALLY, REALLY have to have a really good reason for violating this clause". It only says the reasons for violating the clause must be understood/considered. In other words: it is *not* a requirement in order to be in compliance with the RFC.
 19. Anonymous says:
 But why do people that post comments are always against IE ?
 I'm a webmaster among many others, dealing with 70'000 people a day. I


text:
Puffy Paint in the Microwave
Sick Science! Summer Camp - It's art, it's food, it's science
We are always looking for fun, easy and educational experiments. This one only uses a few kitchen items and requires very little set up and clean up time. It's perfect for little scientist-artists who always are looking for new activities and wondering how it works.
- Small bowls
- Mixing spoons
- 1 tablespoon self-rising flour
- 4 Drops of food coloring
- 1 tablespoon of salt
- Paint brushes or cotton swabs
- Combine the flour, salt, food coloring and enough water to make a paste.
- Mix until combined. Should be pasty and will not be smooth
- Use cotton swabs as paint brushes and paint a picture. You can also use your fingers to paint. Just make sure you get a thick coating. Thin strokes may not have enough flour and salt to puff up.
- Microwave for 10-30 seconds.
WARNING: Watch the paint in the microwave. Cardboard can start to burn if left in too long. Plus, it's fun to watch the paint bubble and puff while it cooks.
- Let dry completely. When dry, the paint will be hard and will stay puffy.
About 5 minutes to prep, 10 to create (approximately) and a few seconds in the microwave. Allow about 15 minutes for one creation. This activity can take longer or shorter depending on how detailed your designs get.
How Does It Work?
This activity calls for self-rising flour, because it contains baking powder and a little salt. All-purpose flour is a blend of hard and soft wheat only. If you use all-purpose flour, you will need to add baking power and extra salt to your paint to make it bubble.
It is an experiment in using leavening agents – ingredients added to pastries, bread and bakery to produce carbon dioxide and make them rise.
Baking soda is a leavening agent. It is also known as the chemical sodium bicarbonate. Baking power is made from sodium bicarbonate, an acidifying agent, cream of tartar, and a drying agent like starch.
When the baking soda is mixed with water, it releases a carbon dioxide gas. The cream of tartar in the baking powder is an acid that also reacts with the sodium bicarbonate in water. Add the extra salt, which also reacts with the chemicals in the baking powder to release even more CO2, and you have the makings for a bubbling paint potion.
The heat plus the water in the microwave will cause the baking powder to release small amounts of CO2, producing even bigger bubbles. It's important that you use a thicker paper that can not only support the weight of the puffy paint, but also hold up for a few seconds in the microwave.
The starch is added to baking powder to keep it dry and prevent an explosive reaction from happening in the can.
Baking powder deteriorates with age, so don't keep it for a long time or buy a lot at one time unless you plan to use it in the near future.
This is the same reaction that takes place when you bake a cake. The heat in the oven, mixed with the water and baking powder releases the carbon dioxide gas, producing bubbles. The bubbles try to rise and make their way to the surface, making the entire mixture rise. Not all of the carbon dioxide bubbles escape, because the heat begins to make the cake solid. Once the cake is finished cooking, the CO slowly leaves. If you look at the top of bread or cake, you can see where the tiny bubbles left the mixture and popped. This is also why bread and cakes are fluffy and soft – they are filled with tiny air holes.
Self-rising flour is usually lower in protein than other types of flours. Foods made with self-rising flour are usually lighter, fluffier and crumbly. So before you start baking, consider your ingredients and plan out your outcome. Some breads will not turn out as well with the self-rising flour. If you do use self-rising flour in a recipe, make sure to omit the baking powder so you don't have out of control bakery that rises more than it should while cooking.
Additional Science Experiments:
- Experiment with using all-purpose flour vs. self-rising flour.
- Change the amount of salt added to the paint mixture.
- Make your own self-rising flour by adding baking soda, cream of tartar and salt to all-purpose flour.
Take it Further – Science Fair Projects:
- Test different rising or leavening ingredients while baking cakes, cookies or bread. What happens when you omit the baking powder? What if you substitute baking soda for baking powder? What if you omit the salt?
- Test the shelf life of flour and baking powder. What happens when you use year old flour vs. fresh? Year old baking powder vs. fresh?
- Test different types of flour -Does it rise better with self-rising, all-purpose, bread, buckwheat, organic, instant, rice, gluten, etc. Which one will rise the best?
- Don't forget to taste test. What happens when you omit the salt? If it doesn't rise, does it taste different?


by Emily Dickson Collaborator
What's My Horse's Age in Human Years?
What's My Horse's Age in Human Years?
*Hint: It's more than a horse teeth age chart*
There's a lot of information out there about your dog's age in human years. Science has determined that it's a little more complicated than the common knowledge of multiplying by 7
Turns out, it's a little more complicated when it comes to calculating your horse's "human age" too.
Obviously, horses and humans mature at different rates. For example, a newborn foal should stand up and walk within 3 hours of being born, in comparison to human babies, which only begin walking at about 1 year of age!
How do you calculate a horse's age in human years?
There's not just one chart or age calculator to answer this question, as each horse is an individual, so it's important to not take this too seriously!
Even so, one estimate that equine veterinarians have come up with for determining a horse's age in human years is this (1):
 - 6.5 human years for each horse year from birth to age 4
 - 2.5 human years for each horse year starting at age 4
Let's say your horse is 15 years old.
6.5 x 3 years = 19.5 human years
2.5 x 12 years = 30 human years
Your 15-year-old horse is 49.5 in human years! Time to start planning that big milestone birthday party...
Average Age of a Horse
The average lifespan of a domestic horse is between 25 and 33 years. Different factors play into this, including nutrition, management, breed, size, etc.
Smaller horse breeds (like ponies) typically mature faster and have a reputation for living longer, sometimes into their 40s (in horse years!), while larger breeds (like Warmbloods) typically require more time for maturation and development.
At what age is a horse considered a senior?
Some experts make the cut-off at 20 years old, however, many equine nutritionists consider older horses "senior" when they have trouble maintaining body condition on their normal diet of hay and grain. This usually happens due to dental issues (horses having a hard time chewing hay as they age).
Senior horse feeds are typically complete feeds, meaning that they contain forage, and are designed to be fed as a stand-alone diet, without hay.
If your horse is still able to chew well, eat hay, and maintain their body condition, don't worry about the "cut-off" age. Your horse's age is just a number after all. Keeping the horse on a diet that is closest to nature for as long as possible is the best way to maintain quality of life.
Healthy as a Horse: Extending the Number of Horse Years
It's not just about calculating horse age in human years or the lifespan of a horse; it's about extending the life in your horse's years! So how can you promote healthy horse aging?
 1. Feed your horse at an optimal rate at every stage, according to their exercise level, phase of development, and weight. Overfeeding can lead to developmental diseases in young horses that affect the horse's performance for their entire lives and can have negative consequences such as laminitis, insulin resistance, and potentially colic, as the horse ages.
 1. Regular equine management practices. Prioritize annual preventive measures, including vaccinations, dental care, and regular deworming, which all play a major role in your horse's longevity. And don't forget that keeping your horse on a consistent farrier schedule is critical for hoof and joint health.
 1. Protect the gut microbiome. Many horses' lives are cut short due to digestive problems, which can happen at any age. We've all heard the horror stories. One of the best preventive care measures you can take as a loving horse owner is to feed your horse a high quality equine probiotic supplement.
Your horse's age in human years is less important than their quality of life. Before you pull out the teeth aging chart or horse age calculator, follow these steps and they'll be aging backwards in human years before you know it!
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text:
- 9 credits
- One–three semesters
Learn the Art and Science of Bridge Design and Analysis
Use modern and advanced structural analysis tools and techniques to analyze bridge structures for static and dynamic loading conditions. The on-campus and online Structural Engineering: Bridge Analysis and Design certificate program also introduces students to the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials load and resistance factor design (AASHTO LRFD) bridge design specification.
Who is This Certificate For?
This certificate is for qualified professionals who want to enhance their skill set and can be a foundation to continue toward a graduate degree. It is also valuable for degree-seeking students looking to develop a concentration that gives them an edge in their career path.
What You Need to Know
Students in the graduate certificate in Structural Engineering: Bridge Analysis and Design program learn to creatively apply the AASHTO LRFD provisions through practical exercises. Get the in-depth understanding of the techniques and theories for designing and analyzing bridges that it takes to be a professional in this field.
To enroll in this certificate program, students must have a bachelor's degree in civil, environmental or related degree. See complete admissions requirements.
Michigan Tech Bachelor's + 1 Semester = Accelerated Graduate Certificate
Current Michigan Tech undergraduates or recent alumni, get started right away. Our accelerated graduate certificates are a fast, affordable way to add graduate credentials to your bachelor's degree in as little as one semester. Be more marketable in your industry or prepare for your master's degree. Explore accelerated certificate options.
Accredited Courses, Convenience
Online learning at Michigan Tech provides greater flexibility and can fit around your busy schedule wherever you are. Upgrade or change your career path.
Prospective students can earn graduate certificate in Structural Engineering: Bridge Design fully online.
This graduate certificate requires a minimum of 9 total credits. Students may apply the credits earned for this certificate toward a graduate degree at Michigan Tech.


text:
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Molesworth Crater)
|Eponym||Percy B. Molesworth, a British astronomer (1867–1908)|
Molesworth Crater is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 27.7° south latitude and 210.9° west longitude. It is 181 km in diameter and was named after Percy B. Molesworth, a British astronomer (1867–1908).
|This article about the planet Mars or its moons is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|
|This article about an extraterrestrial geological feature is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


West Bloomfield Township Public Library
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Friends in Our World - Jewish Friends (Kids)
Fiction books featuring Jewish characters, history and culture.
A seder for Grover by Joni Kibort Sussman
Grover attends a traditional Passover seder with his friends Avigail, Big Bird, Cookie Monster, and Moishe.
My first Jewish baby book : almost everything you need to know about being Jewish from afikomen to zayde by Julie Merberg
Introduce little ones to the delicious foods, meaningful rituals, lively holidays, and expressive language of their people. Clever illustrations and simple rhyming text provide a fun first taste of Jewish culture -- Back cover
Barnyard Purim by Kelly Terwilliger
Farmer Max's animals decide to put on a Purim play, directed by Chicken
A tale of two Seders by Mindy Avra Portnoy
After her parents' divorce, a young girl experiences a variety of Passover seders. Includes recipes and facts about Passover
Grover goes to Israel by Joni Kibort Sussman
"Grover leaves Sesame Street for a sightseeing adventure in Israel"--
Letters from Cuba by Ruth Behar
In 1938, eleven-year-old Esther joins her father in tropical, multicultural Cuba, where they toil together to rescue the rest of their Jewish family from persecution in Poland. Includes notes about the author's grandmother, on whom the story is based.
The length of a string by Elissa Brent Weissman
Saving Hanno by Miriam Halahmy
Nine-year-old Rudi and his beloved daschhund, Hanno, face peril as they are being sent from Nazi Germany to England on the special trains called Kindertransports during World War II. Includes historical note.
Searching for Lottie by Susan L Ross
"More than six decades after the end of World War II, twelve-year-old Charlie, a budding musician, searches for clues about her violin-prodigy namesake's fate"--
A place at the table by Saadia Faruqi
Sixth-graders Sara, a Pakistani American, and Elizabeth, a Jewish girl, connect in an after school cooking club and bond over food and their mothers' struggles to become United States citizens.
It rained warm bread : Moishe Moskowitz's Story of Hope by Gloria Moskowitz-Sweet
A fictionalized account of the experiences of a Polish Jew, Moishe, who with his parents, brother, and sister, struggles to survive the Nazi invasion and Holocaust.
Catherine's war by Julia Billet
As France buckles under the Nazi regime, budding photographer Rachel Cohen must change her name, go into hiding, and bear witness to the atrocities of World War II.
A ceiling made of eggshells by Gail Carson Levine
From age seven, Loma relishes traveling with her beloved grandfather across fifteenth-century Spain, working to keep the Jews safe, but soon realizes she must also make sacrifices to help her people. Includes historical notes, recipe, glossary, and a linkto a bibliography.
I Survived the Nazi Invasion, 1944 by Lauren Tarshis
In a Polish ghetto, Max Rosen and his sister, Zena, struggle to live after their father is taken away by Nazis. With barely enough food to survive, the siblings make a daring escape from Nazi soldiers into the nearby forest. Max and Zena are brought to a safe camp by Jewish resistance fighters. But soon, bombs are falling all around them. Can Max and Zena survive the fallout of the Nazi invasion?
A moon for Moe and Mo by Jane Breskin Zalben
Moses Feldman and Mohammed Hassan both live on Flatbush Avenue, but when they meet at the grocery store they quickly become best friends, sharing a picnic while their families prepare for the holidays of Rosh Hashanah and Ramadan.
Honey cake by Joan Betty Stuchner
Lucky broken girl by Ruth Behar
Queen of the Hanukkah dosas by Pamela Ehrenberg
A boy is worried that his little sister's climbing will spoil the first night of Hanukkah, when his family combines his father's Jewish traditions with his mother's East Indian cooking.
Number the stars by Lois Lowry
How I became a spy : a mystery of WWII London by Deborah Hopkinson
In World War II London, a young spy named Bertie, his strong-willed American friend Eleanor, a Jewish refugee named David, and a dog called Little Roo try to prevent a double agent from giving secrets to the Nazis.
Broken strings by Eric Walters
In 2002, Shirli Berman loses her beloved grandmother and lands a part in her junior high production of "Fiddler on the Roof," but when she is doing research in her attic and finds a violin, her Zayde gets incredibly angry.
Yellow star by Jennifer Rozines Roy
From 1939, when Syvia is four and a half years old, to 1945 when she has just turned ten, a Jewish girl and her family struggle to survive in Poland's Lodz ghetto during the Nazi occupation
The hero two doors down : based on the true story of friendship between a boy and a baseball legend by Sharon Robinson
Eight-year-old Steve Satlow is thrilled when Jackie Robinson moves into his Jewish neighborhood in Brooklyn in 1948, although many of his neighbors are not, and when Steve actually meets his hero he is even more excited--and worried that a misunderstanding over a Christmas tree could damage his new friendship.
The truth about my bat mitzvah by Nora Raleigh Baskin
After her beloved grandmother, Nana, dies, non-religious twelve-year-old Caroline becomes curious about her mother's Jewish ancestry
Hidden : a child's story of the Holocaust by Loïc Dauvillier
White bird : A Wonder Story by R Palacio
Tells the story of Julian's Grandmère's childhood as she, a Jewish girl, was hidden by a family in a Nazi-occupied French village during World War II and how the boy she once shunned became her savior and best friend.
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Why You Need Landing Gear Components Manufacturer
Oct 17 15:05 2022 Kaleb Wiedlebacher Print This Article
If you are looking for high quality landing gear components, you need to look for a manufacturer that specializes in these components.
If you're an aircraft owner,Guest Posting you know how important it is to have a reliable landing gear system. But what you may not know is that the quality of your landing gear components can have a big impact on your safety and the longevity of your aircraft. That's why it's so important to choose a reputable landing gear components manufacturer. In this blog post, we'll tell you everything you need to know about choosing a manufacturer for your landing gear components.
What are landing gear components?
Landing gear components help a plane descend safely on the ground after takeoff. They include the landing gear, nosewheel assembly, and brakes. Landing gear components must be sturdy enough to support the weight of the plane as it lands, but also light enough so that they can be assembled and moved quickly and easily. One common type of landing gear is retractable, which uses hydraulic or pneumatic systems to extend and retract the legs.
What are the benefits of using landing gear components?
When your aircraft sets down on the runway, it needs the right amount of weight to stay in the air. This is where the landing gear comes into play.
The landing gear helps slow and give balance to your aircraft when it touches down. Landing gear components also help grip onto the ground so your passengers can exit without worry for their safety. Finally, these components help create noise and echo off of surfaces to warn traffic of your presence nearby.
All of these benefits make using landing gear components a valuable decision for any airline or business that operates aircrafts regularly. By ensuring everything is running smoothly during landings, you can keep everyone onboard safe and comfortable.
What are the different types of landing gear components?
There are a few different types of aircraft landing gear components that you may encounter in your aviation career. The three most common landing gear components are the nosewheel, main gear, and tailwheel. In addition to these three, there is also an airbag system and shock absorbers that come as part of the aircraft's design.
The first type of landing gear component is the nosewheel. This is located at the front of the aircraft and helps it touch down on the ground. When deploying or retracting this gear, it uses hydrolock brakes to prevent damage to either airplane or ground surface.
Next up is the main gear. These units make contact with the ground when descending and help keep your airplane upright during take-off and descent. They use hydraulics to extend or retract quickly, which minimizes drag on both aircraft and engine(s).
Finally, we have the tailwheel which allows for horizontal movement on landings and take-offs (or even if you're just rolling around in a parking lot). It's also important to note that this piece can be armed with an emergency brake in order to stop quickly if necessary.
What are the different types of landing gear systems?
Most aircraft have three systems that provide the necessary support to land: a main landing gear system, a nose landing gear system and a tail landing gear system. The main plane landing gear system is typically composed of two sets of large, wheeled assemblies that act as the aircraft's feet when it touches down. The nose landing gear assembly is located in front of the cockpit and supports the forward half of the aircraft's weight. The tail landing gear assembly is located at the back of the aircraft and helps to keep it grounded during takeoffs and landings.
The different types of landing gears can be broken down into four main categories: retractable, rotary-powered, assisted-retractable and fixed-gear systems. Rotary-powered systems use engines to drive actuators that allow for gears to rotate; this type of landing gear is common on small aircraft. Assisted-retractable systems use hydraulics or pneumatic cylinders to help retract or extend individual gears; this type of system is found on larger commercial jets and military planes.
To find the best available landing gear components, contact NMG Aerospace today.
Source: Free Guest Posting Articles from ArticlesFactory.com
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Kaleb Wiedlebacher
Kaleb Wiedlebacher
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How To Cook Frozen Pizza On A Stovetop (Without Oven)
When you think about the process of making or cooking a pizza, I am sure you are used to the idea of using an oven more than you would consider the idea of using a stovetop. Well, the answer to your wandering is yes, it is possible to cook your frozen pizza on a stovetop.
Many scenarios might force you to use a stovetop for cooking your frozen pizza. Maybe your power supply is out, and you cannot use an oven; maybe the stovetop is all you have, but you still want to enjoy your pizza, or maybe you have just decided to try something different.
The good thing is that you have come to the right place. This article will offer you insight and a guide on how you can prepare your frozen pizza on your stovetop. Hopefully, by the end of this write-up, you will be confident and comfortable to try it out.
How to cook frozen pizza on a stovetop
Before we dive into the process, some things would be essential for you to note. For you to get the best pizza crust, you need to use a non-stick pan. The reason for this is that with the non-stick pan, your frozen dough will not be caught on the pan while you are trying to cook the pizza.
This means you have reduced the chances of your pizza crust getting burnt at the end of the day. If you don't have a non-stick pan in your kitchen, then do well to oil your pan with olive oil; this also reduces any stickiness. If you have an Iron skillet pan, it is also a good option for you.
 1. Place your non-stick or iron skillet pan on your heated stovetop. Please keep the heat at medium temperature. Heat the skillet or the pan for about three minutes.
 2. Please take out your defrosted frozen pizza from the pack and place it into your non-stick pan or the iron skillet. Make sure that the crust of your pizza fits into the pan without having to force it.
 3. Cover your pan with the lid and allow to cook for 10 to 15 minutes on medium heat. It is essential to cover the pan to let the steam within cook the toppings. If the pan you are using doesn't have a lid, you can use aluminum foil paper to cover the pan.
 4. After the specified time, check your crust to be sure that it is well well cooked. If your crust has not cooked correctly, you can add three more minutes to allow it to cook.
 5. When your crust has browned and is crispy, put off the heat, close your lid and let it sit for another 3 to 5 minutes. The pan's heat will give way for your cheese to melt evenly and for the toppings to be cooked appropriately.
 6. Take off the pan from the stovetop, and put your pizza on a large plate. Allow it to cool for a minute or two, then slice it up and serve your delicious pizza.
This is a less convenient way than if you were to use the oven, so you will need to be alert. You have to continually check on the dough to ensure that it receives the right amount of heat and is not burning up.
Advantages of cooking your frozen pizza on a stovetop
 1. One of the advantages of using the stovetop for cooking your frozen pizza is adding less heat to your home. If it is winter, you might be worried that using an oven might heat your home and making it too uncomfortable to stay.
If you do not have a grill, the best way to reduce your house's chances of getting hotter is by using the stovetop for your frozen pizza. You end up with less heat around the house than if you were to use the oven.
 1. Using this method makes you save power; using an oven consumes more electricity. If you are hoping to save some electricity, then this would be the cheaper option for you.
 2. This is a faster method if you are cooking just one or two frozen pizzas. You do not have to go through all the routine of warming up your oven for a very long time. This is faster if you are short on time.
Cons of using the Stovetop
 1. This method of cooking your frozen pizza is less convenient. This is because you have to be alert and, on your toes, ensure that the temperature is okay. You have to be alert when the stove starts smoking, which might require you to reduce the heat. You have to sit and watch your food while it is cooking.
 2. Secondly, with the stovetop, you have to struggle with the uneven distribution of heat. This uneven distribution of heat can cook some parts of your frozen pizza more than other parts. You have to make sure you move your pizza around to make sure all parts are adequately cooked.
 3. There are higher chances of getting a burnt crust if you have not mastered this method. Since you cannot measure the temperature, you can have a burnt crust or a soggy crust. We all know the pizza crust is what makes the pizza enjoyable.
Final thoughts
Using a stovetop to cook your pizza might come in handy, but the truth is that it is not one of the most reliable methods to rely on. If you must use this method, it should be because you have run out of all other options.
If you are hoping to have a wonderful pizza meal, using this method for the first time might not guarantee you that. With the stovetop, you need a lot of trial and error for you to perfect this art. I am not very passionate about using the stovetop for my frozen pizza, but it can work if you badly need a way to fix yourself a meal.
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Wiping your Symbian device remotely
If you have lost your mobile device or it has been stolen, you can delete all the information stored in your device to prevent anyone from accessing it. This requires, however, that you have set up the remote Anti-Theft.

Wiping the device

To wipe your mobile device remotely:

 1. Send the following SMS message to your device:
 #WIPE#<wipe code>
 (Example: #WIPE#abcd1234 ).
When the device is wiped, all data stored on it is removed.
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Wiping your Symbian device remotely
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Archive for the 'the U.N.' Tag
Fixing the World, Bang-For-The-Buck Edition: A New Freakonomics Radio Podcast Leave a comment
Summary: Return on Investment (ROI) analyzes at the most efficient way to spend money. An example given is the difference between curing malaria and HIV/AIDS. To cure malaria, it would cost about $1,000 per person, while it would cost ten times that to cure HIV/AIDS, and it is decided that they would rather save 10 people from malaria before they save one from HIV/AIDS. The United Nations, with their Millennium Development Goals coming to a close, will be looking to set new goals in 2015, to be completed by 2030. One of the issued they will focus on is how they are setting goals, and how to be more efficient with the help of the Return on Investment analysis.
Original Air Date: October 2, 2014
Length: 43 minutes 34 seconds
Prompt / Discussion: You are a member of the United Nations, and are put in charge of coming up with new development goals for 2015. You have $100 billion to invest in various development aid. Discuss how you would prioritize between an important, expensive goal (such as getting all kids into school, which was one of the Millennium Development Goals), and something that might not be seen as highly important, but cost effective.


I'm reading a book called Beginning Algorithms by Harris and Ross, which gives code examples in Java. As an academic exercise I am trying to convert the code examples to C++. In the interface below the part that throws me is the return of the 'Object' by the 'current' method.
Java
public interface Iterator {
 public void first();
 public void last();
 public boolean isDone();
 public void next();
 public void previous();
 public Object current() throws IteratorOutOfBoundsException;
}
I have turned this into the following abstract class. In particular I would like to know if my use of the template function is the best way of solving the return of the the unknown object.
C++
class Iterator
{

 public:
 virtual void first()=0;
 virtual void last()=0;
 virtual bool isDone()=0;
 virtual void next()=0;
 virtual void previous()=0;
 template <typename V>
 V current();
};
Thanks for the reply. I realize there are other possible designs for iterators but in this case, is what I have done the closest translation of the Java interface? In this design model the iterator creates the container. The problem as I saw it was how to return the unknown 'Object'.
The problem as I saw it was how to return the unknown 'Object'
The Java programmer's Object is the C or C++ programmers void*.
If a Java method returns an Object, you need to cast it to the correct type before you can do something useful with it.
The closest C++ equivalent would be:
#include <stdexcept>
struct Iterator
{
 virtual ~Iterator() throw() {} // required in C++ (for well-defined behaviour)
 virtual void first() throw() = 0 ;
 virtual void last() throw() = 0 ;
 virtual void next() throw() = 0 ;
 virtual void previous() throw() = 0 ;
 virtual bool isDone() const throw() = 0 ;
 virtual void* current() const throw(std::out_of_range) = 0 ;
};
Edited 5 Years Ago by vijayan121: n/a
Thanks for that reply. I did some research on void* etc and the derived class would then be using templates to cast the pointer. I also note that in 'The C++ Programming Language' Stroustrup describes the use of void* in templates. Would you agree that although the void* mimics the Java interface most closely, the best C++ base would use templates?
Would you agree that although the void* mimics the Java interface most closely, the best C++ base would use templates?
Yes.
Also, you may want to keep this in mind. The way iterators are thought about in Java is fundamentally different from the way we use iterators in C++. Both privide an abstract mechanism to access the elements of a sequence one by one, but they use different concepts. A Java Iterator is an interface to a container; a single Java iterator knows about the entire range it traverses. A C++ iterator is an abstraction to identify one element of a sequence; it can move forward in the sequence, but has no idea about the range. In C++, we use a pair of iterators to denote a range.
Another (conceptually less important) difference is that a Java Iterator 'points' to the 'empty space' between elements of a sequence, while a C++ iterator directly 'points' to an element. The C++ iterator can be used like a pointer to an object.
A second area where the differences between the two languages is large is in resource management and error handling. Java uses the try-finally construct whereas C++ uses RAII proper.
I did some research on void* etc and the derived class would then be using templates to cast the pointer. I also note that in 'The C++ Programming Language' Stroustrup describes the use of void* in templates.
AFAIK, the use of a template specialization for void* as a base class is used to prevent code bloat when
a. A program uses instantiations of a template class for many different pointer types.
and b. The implementation of the template class is identical (except for the type) for all these pointer types.
See: _URL_
In C++ generic programming, 'type erasure' ("the process of turning a wide variety of types with a common interface into one type with that same interface") is typically used to provide commonality across different types which can all be used in a similar fashion.
See: _URL_
Thanks very much for the reply and the links. That's given me a few things to study.
AFAIK, the use of a template specialization for void* as a base class is used to prevent code bloat
Yes, Stroustrup's example that I read was for a base class Vector<void*> and he brings in the idea of a partial specialization at that point.
As far as the book 'Beginning Algorithms' is concerned I've managed to create a derived ArrayIterator and ReverseIterator class and have built tests for them using cppunit in a similar style to the junit tests shown in the book.
This question has already been answered. Start a new discussion instead.


text:
Definitions For Great Lakes Water Withdrawal Registration
For purposes of implementing the Great Lakes Water Conservation and Management Act, the following definitions are applicable for registering water withdrawals and losses.
- Facility is one or more pieces of water withdrawal equipment at the same site, including but not limited to any place of business, farm, factory, industrial or commercial site, institution, structure, open land, vessel, or rolling stock, where water is withdrawn for any purpose.
- Agriculture is the practice of farming on a farm for crops, plants, vines and trees; and the keeping, grazing or feeding of livestock for sale as livestock or livestock products.
- Farm is an agricultural business that may be composed of up to 25 non-contiguous parcels of land within a radius of 40 miles that are under the ownership or control of the same person.
- Water withdrawal is a withdrawal of surface or ground water from the Great Lakes Basin of 100,000 gallons per day averaged over 30 consecutive days.
- Water loss means the consumptive use of Great Lakes water, or the diversion of water out of the Great Lakes Basin, or both.
- Consumptive use is a use of water that results in a failure to return any portion of the amount withdrawn to the Great Lakes Basin.
- Interbasin diversion is a transfer of water out of the Great Lakes Basin through any mechanism such as a pipe or canal and including a change in ground water flow caused by pumping.
- Great Lakes Basin is shown in a map along with a list of basin communities in Appendix A of the Great Lakes Water Withdrawal Registration Program Handbook.


The dioptre is a unit of measurement used to describe how well a person sees.
Farsightedness is measured in positive dioptres, and nearsightedness is measured in negative dioptres. Astigmatism is measured in dioptres that can be either positive or negative.
With dioptres, the farther a measurement is from 0, the more severe the refractive error. For example, if a person has -4 dioptres of nearsightedness, it means that the farthest point you can see clearly is one-fourth of a metre (about 10 inches) from your eye.
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Cooling tunnels for chocolate. What are they for and for whom?
2646
Yo! Have you seen our article about proper cooling? In that article we told you about the importance of crystallization in the manufacture of chocolate, because the presentable product's look directly depends on this process. And we also talked a little about cooling tunnels there, but decided to better leave it for another article. Well, its time has come.
Today we will only talk about cooling tunnels: design, how it works and who needs them.
All you have to do is ride through the cooling tunnel with us, CJ!
Cooling tunnel's design.
Cooling tunnel is a flow-through refrigerating chamber inside which products move on a conveyor belt. Despite various modifications of length and width, almost all cooling tunnels have an inlet and outlet section, a tunnel section (there may be a few), a section with a refrigeration unit (also may be more than one), a belt tension unit and a control panel.
To make it clearer, let's look at the design of the cooling tunnel in detail with the example o the basic model from KADZAMA 6 meters length.
The inlet section works as a conveyor — products are delivered to it for subsequent cooling (for example, from the chocolate enrobing machine). The output section has a drive unit — a motor, a gearbox and a gear. The belt is driven by a motor with a gearbox and a drum with a rubber coating (for better adhesion to the belt surface), on which a gear is mounted, rotated by the motor through the gearbox. The alignment of the tape occurs with the help of pneumatic cylinders, which are regulated by limit switches: when the belt shifts it presses on the limit switch and turns it on, the pneumatic cylinder shifts the direction of the belt and it goes a little to the side, and as soon as the belt stops pressing on the limit switch, it turns off, and the pneumatic cylinder returns to its original position.
Also the inlet and outlet sections are equipped with special adjustable dampers that go up and down depending on the height of the cooled products. This is necessary in order to reduce the loss of cold inside the tunnel. There is a special scraper at the belt exit for cleaning it from traces of confectionery.
Adjusting the height of the gate (damper).
The cooling chamber consists of regular pass-through tunnel sections and a cooling block — a separate tunnel section with a refrigeration unit and an air cooler. Air from the refrigeration section first enters the tunnel located under the belt and then exits from opposite sides through special openings into the main chambers where the belt moves and the cooling process takes place. Then the refrigeration unit takes away air and the cycle repeats again.
This is how cooling works in the KADZAMA cooling tunnel 6 m.
The top part of the cooling tunnel is completely removable for easy cleaning and when working in confined spaces.
The presence of additional tunnel sections is due to an increase in productivity. For example, the KADZAMA cooling tunnel 8 m is per 2 meter pass-through section longer than the base model of 6 m. These two meters give an increase in productivity, since now the chocolate products need to travel an additional distance in the refrigerator, which means products must move faster in order to end up spending exactly the time necessary for proper crystallization in the cold. And the faster the belt moves, the faster the space for new products is freed up at the beginning of the tunnel.
Remember we told you that there may be more than one refrigeration unit? The top model — KADZAMA cooling tunnel 12 m — has two refrigeration units. This allows you to create different temperature zones inside the tunnel, thereby setting a special temperature curve at which the temperature at the entrance will be slightly higher than the temperature at the exit, which will allow you to cool your chocolate products more gently and better.
KADZAMA can extend a previously purchased 6 meter tunnel by adding the required sections: from 6 to 8 meters by adding one pass-through section, from 6 to 12 meters by adding 2 sections and a refrigeration unit, and also changing the belt.
It's also important to note that the cooling tunnel is not a simple fridge you can plug into a power outlet and let it work. The cooling tunnel is a large and complex piece of equipment that requires installation and calibration. Usually, installation and commissioning is done by employees or authorized representatives of the company you purchased the tunnel from. Also the customer is obliged to timely supply power (380 V) and compressed air (you can buy a small compressor or allocate a line with compressed air) to the place where the tunnel will be located and work. Commissioning includes installation, testing and launching the equipment, adaptation of the technological process to the conditions of the customer's production, training and certification of personnel.
How does the cooling tunnel work?
Unlike a regular fridge, the cooling of chocolate in the tunnel is a continuous flow and its efficiency is much higher. After hitting the inlet section's conveyor belt, confectionery products covered with chocolate mass or something else (for example, marmalade) move at a set speed to isolated cooling sections, where they are blown with cold air. Inside the isolated space of refrigerating chambers, low air humidity is maintained, which leads to optimal crystallization of the chocolate mass. Thanks to the fan system and heat exchangers of a sufficiently powerful refrigeration unit, the temperature in the tunnel channel is maintained in the range from +2°C to +15°C. Belt speed and temperature are controlled by the control panel, which allows you to choose the right cooling conditions for different products with different thicknesses of the chocolate layer. When the chocolate masses are cooled in the tunnel, the second stage of the crystallization process is completed — the growth of cocoa butter crystals, which is very dependent on the time the products are in the cold.
Too difficult? Okay, in simple terms, we moved our products to the cooling tunnel and at the end we got perfect crystallization without stains and defects. But keep in mind that no one has canceled the «dew point» and the temperature difference between your room and the tunnel should also have to be taken into account. So without calibration and a couple of test cooling sessions no good will come.
And here you ask: «So perfect crystallization won't magically happen the first time, then why do I need such a device at all?».
The answer is simple.
The cooling tunnel is designed to automate production and standardize the quality of chocolate crystallization.
The tunnel is a great solution for those whose monthly output is close to a ton of chocolate. Making so much chocolate you can go crazy if you constantly transfer products to a tray, take it to the fridge, pull it out, pack it and repeat this chain of actions ad infinitum with your bare hands. In this mode it will be difficult for you to scale production if such a need arises.
In an hour via a regular fridge you can cool 100 standard chocolate bars weighing 100 grams each — that is only 10 kilos. So a ton of chocolate bars is 100 fridges. Insane!
With a cooling tunnel in place, all you or your employee will be doing is pouring chocolate bars and placing them on the tunnel belt. At the other end of the tunnel, products with correctly crystallized chocolate are accepted for packaging.
The tunnel can work 24/7, but make sure that the temperature in the room doesn't exceed 22°C and there are no heat sources near the tunnel (stove or something like that).
Well, if you produce not only bars, but also sweets and glazed products, then you will definitely like the cooling tunnel, because you are just one step away from almost complete production automation. Between the tunnel and the ATM, another device fits perfectly — a special chocolate enrobing machine designed to dock with the tunnel. Such a «holy trinity» will provide an almost seamless line, where, on the one hand, the operator lays out products for glazing or pours chocolate bars, and on the other, the finished product is accepted for packaging.
With such a line you will have not just a production, but a real mini-factory. From left to right: automatic tempering machine, automatic molds loader, cooling tunnel 6 m.
If you are about business and huge volumes, then buying a tunnel is a matter of time.
So what's the conclusion? The cooling tunnel is the best solution when it comes to cooling a lot of products at once without unnecessary manual operations, standardizing the high quality of chocolate crystallization and avoiding defects. And together with an ATM and a chocolate enrobing machine you get a mini-factory for the confectionery production
The cooling tunnel needs to be calibrated for each individual type of product and conditions in your workshop to achieve the ideal result, so it's great for those already switched to large volumes of product and cannot scale normally without automation in this section of the production chain. If your production volume is less than a ton of chocolate products per month, then we don't recommend buying a cooling tunnel, but continue to cool the chocolate in the good-old fridge.
Chill!
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text:
OMR forms are sheets containing index points on all four corners, and question blocks and answer bubbles for marking the correct answer. Candidates appearing for OMR answer sheet based MCQ tests are required to fill these bubbles with blue/black ball point pen, which the OMR software then reads to verify the accuracy of the answers.
OMR forms handwriting are more popular in the recent days because of its varied uses. These forms have blocks meant for writing addresses or other free-text information. OMR Software comes equipped with OCR and ICR technologies for reading printed digits, barcodes etc and handwritten text, respectively. It can also read images and photographs to be stored in the database for later use and reference.
For all OMT forms with handwriting to be read effectively, the forms need to be filled appropriately. It is advised that you first read the instructions on the form carefully before beginning to fill it.
If it is specified that you use a ball point pen, use only a ball point pen, and not a pencil.
Never use fountain pens and gel-based ink pens to fill the sheets.
If the form needs to be filled using uppercase characters, never use lowercase characters, as the software won't be able to read the forms properly.
Handwritten OMR forms are read by the software the same way OMR sheets with bubbles are read. You may use any scanner to scan the sheets. Addmen OMR software reads the sheets and exports the information collected onto Excel sheet formats.


What is the cost of owning a cat? Information for beginners
Cats make amazing pets for everyone, but what is the cost of owning a cat? By recognizing it, many pet owners can offer their cats the best possible care.
How much does it cost to have a cat?
Having a cat at home is one of the most rewarding experiences for every household. But the cost of owning a cat should be an important thing to consider. It's highly variable as it comes to cat ownership. The cost matters a lot because it affects straight the quality and kind of pet care that your cat might receive. For some people, their love for cats is the biggest concern instead of the cost.
However, knowing that cats costing a great deal would help all cat owners find the best plan to get well-prepared. That helps them offer the essential care for their pets.
==> Can cats see ghosts? Let's find out this mysterious question.
==> How To Give Cool Cat Names To Your Pets?
What is the cost of owning a cat?
The average cost of owning a cat is around $809 per year. Since every cat can live from 9 to 15 years. As a result, you will need to spend a lifetime cost of $7,646 to $12,500. In reality, a few cat breeds probably end up costing you about $33.408! Bear in mind that most feline buddies tend to live for 18 years. Therefore, before getting a cat, it's best to consider the costs of raising them for that period.
cost of owning a cat
For details, we'd like to list out the average expenses of owning a cat:
Cost of buying a cat
If you intend to buy a domestic cat from a well-known breeder or a reliable rescue home, it would be from $70 to $208. You could spend more than that, with the price of over $1392 on Maine Coon, Russian Blue, and Norwegian Forest cats. Besides, several families are finding their beloved furry friends on the streets. And guess what? Both adoption cost and vaccination cost possibly go up.
For older cats, the cost of cat adoption would be as low as $50 only. Besides, it depends on where you adopt the animal from. What if you've just adopted from a shelter? Then go to save as much as $200, following the claim of a doctor of vet medicine in Manhattan, Kansas. In case you're a vet, then it's possible for you earn a discount on adoption fees.
Cost of caring for a cat
Now it comes to how much do your cats cost to take care of? It depends on. So one of the best ways to save more on vet costs would be to maintain your cat as healthy as possible in the first place. What's else? Never think of skipping any vet visit and always get updated with vaccines. As you know, every emergency clinic service is quite expensive, so make frequent visits to the vet center would keep them strong.
Along with that, all cat owners can check pet insurance. Doing that will help them set aside for unwanted illnesses for that long. Those plans cost around $10 – $40 and will cover different needs. In short, the cost of a cat's healthcare varies from one pet to another. It bases on some particular elements, such as genetic predispositions, breed, and whether your cat is an indoor or outdoor one.
Cost of feeding a cat
=> Keeping Track Your Budget With The Best Cheap Cat Food
cost of owning a cat
Your cat needs its food to gain all the essential nutrients they require. Thus, costs vary remarkably by brand, the size of the cat, and its lifestyle. A cat adult needs to consume 2 pouches of wet food and 20 g of dry food every day.
Note that feeding a cat usually costs you less than feeding a dog. But the food bill remains a crucial part not to be missed here. Each year, you can expect to spend from $140 to $278 based on what type of cat food you're purchasing. Only decent food for cats is good for the pet's health though it might cost more than expected. Also, ensure to check the ingredients to ensure you're owning a higher content of meat.
In case you don't know, it's best to control the cost of preparing cat raw food. To do that, make sure to get from reliable or well-known suppliers. You can easily save some dollars at the supermarkets when doing so. Let's get raw meat in bulk, and don't forget to use more discount offers if possible. Go for affordable cuts of meat.
Cost of cat toys and bed
=> Best Cheap Cat Beds in 2021: Reviews and Buying Guide
There are so many extra costs as it comes to owning a cat. Not only does your cat need the essential things, like a bed, there are also more important things like litter trays. And it might cost you around $278 per year to cover those expenses. Must-have items you cannot ignore to keep a healthy lifestyle for your cat are scratching posts. Well, it still depends on you and your cat.
However, to help maintain your furniture from getting damaged or scratched up, getting them toys is a great idea. Some people would spend $25 only a year on cat toys, and they also have the feather toy. Instead of it, let your cat enjoy its great time with an empty box or an empty bag. For its more fun, how about chasing your feline friend around the house?
cost of owning a cat
Cost of cat insurance
It's the same as when you need health insurance, your kitty also needs health insurance. Most pet insurance costs vary depending on the cat breed and the insurer. A cat owner is likely to spend $252 per year. Like I said, to keep the costs down, let's keep your cat as healthy as you can right from the day of its birth or adoption.
Premium tends to increase much once the pet turns 6 or 7. Next, you probably struggle to get insurance as they turn to 8 or 9. We recommend you to earn a one-year policy in the early times. Before choosing any policy, consider the maximum payout every year and the reimbursement rate.
Cost of cat vaccinations
As a cat owner, you might like to keep your pet vaccinated to fight against rabies and other respiratory illnesses. It costs about $80 on vaccinations for kitties in their early years. Afterwards, the costs decreases to $50 per year to keep a healthy cat for you. Try to search more information on the internet for low-cost health clinics that offer pet vaccinations.
If you're adopting it, the adoption center would inform you about these clinics. To help protect your kittens, they need two sets of vaccinations for startup. At nine weeks old, your pet must have the first set while the second set should get done at their three months old. Those sets help them enhance the immune system.
Cost of cat grooming
cost of owning a cat
=> Shrinking From Cat Shedding Hair With The Best Cat Self Groomers
Every domestic cat needs frequent brushing to prevent mats from sticking to its coat. Grooming criteria would depend on the breed of your cat, and its coat. The average cost of cat grooming is around $50 with pet owners who have to spend from $30 to $70. A few other facilities might charge you for a package while others provide you with a basic bath only.
Keep in mind that frequent grooming will help lower cat hair allergens in the house, so make it easier for your cat to groom by itself. Once cats do it themselves, their tongues can draw fur in. Long-haired cats need more grooming, and pet owners always want to take them to get groomed professionally. The longer your cat's hair, the more difficult the task of grooming and the higher the price.
Cost of getting a cat neutered
For those who encounter a box of kitties, or let a stray cat enter your house, then you're responsible for getting it neutered and vaccinated. Such a surgery costs $300 in a total. There's another option for you to take your kitten to a lower-cost clinic. This gets run by nonprofits and every surgery gets carried out by licensed vets.
The cost of neutering increases up if you want your vet to microchip the pet in the surgery. Your vet can insert a little microchip under the skin of your cat. When your cat is lost, this microchip can get scanned, and then your pet is claimed to get back to you. The cost of inserting this chip is around $14, and this cost might vary.
Final words
In general, you probably get the answer to the question "what is the cost of owning a cat?". The average cost of a cat varies based on the breed of cat, age, and your lifestyle. For the basics, it costs in a minimum of $405 for the initial year, and about $340 for every year after. By knowing these costs, you and other pet owners no longer get surprised at how much it costs to have a cat per year.
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