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Differences in psychotropic drug prescriptions among ethnic groups in the Netherlands
Psychotropic drug use in Europe and the USA has increased in the past 20 years. The rise in mental health-care use instigated a debate about possible differences in prevalence rates between different ethnic groups in the Netherlands, although the exact differences were unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether these minority groups were more or less likely than the native population to receive psychotropic drugs.
A descriptive population study was conducted using the Agis Health Database, containing demographic and health-care consumption data of approximately 1.5 million inhabitants of the Netherlands. Rates of prescriptions of psychotropic drugs from 2001 to 2006 and adjusted odds ratios for psychotropic drug prescriptions among native Dutch, Turkish and Moroccan ethnic groups were calculated. These data were analysed using logistic regression, after being adjusted for age, gender and socioeconomic status.
The mean year prevalence of psychotropic drug prescriptions from 2001 to 2006 was 14.0%. Except for a decrease in anxiolytic drugs, the prescriptions of psychotropic drugs increased from 2001 to 2006. These trends were the same for all of the ethnic groups considered. Among both the Moroccan and Turkish populations, there was a higher risk of antidepressant and antipsychotic drug prescriptions, and a pronounced lower risk of ADHD medication and lithium prescriptions compared to the native population. Among the Turkish population, the risk of anxiolytic drug prescriptions was greater than in the native population.
Compared to the native population in the Netherlands, first- and second-generation Turkish and Moroccan immigrants had an increased risk of antidepressant and antipsychotic drug prescriptions and a decreased risk of ADHD medication and Lithium prescriptions. Further research is needed to clarify whether patients of different ethnic backgrounds with the same symptoms receive similar diagnosis and adequate treatment.
KeywordsTurkish Moroccan Prevalence Psychotropic drugs Netherlands
- 1.Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bernert S, Bruffaerts R, Brugha TS, Bryson H, de Girolamo G, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, Gasquet I, Haro JM, Katz SJ, Kessler RC, Kovess V, Lepine JP, Ormel J, Polidori G, Russo LJ, Vilagut G (2004) Psychotropic drug utilization in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand 109(Suppl 420):55–64Google Scholar
- 5.Fossion P, Ledoux Y, Valente F, Servais L, Staner L, Pelc I, Minner P (2002) Psychiatric disorders and social characteristics among second-generation Moroccan migrants in Belgium: an age- and gender-controlled study conducted in a psychiatric emergency department. Eur Psychiatry 17:443–450CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
- 16.Statistics Netherlands (CBS), Garssen J, Nicolaas H, Sprangers A (2005) Demografie van de allochtonen van Nederland, Bevolkingstrends, 3e kwartaal 2005Google Scholar
- 17.Statistics Netherlands (CBS) (2006) StatLine database. _URL_
- 18.Statistics Netherlands (CBS) (2008) StatLine database. _URL_


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Why does the cat always touch the ground when it falls from a height?When a cat falls, it is a subject that scientists have always been interested in. This involves physics and biology, and scientists in both disciplines have done a lot of research on this phenomenon.
What happens when the earth's magnetic field flips?A paper published in the journal "Science" showed that the Earth's most recent geomagnetic deflection occurred between 41,000 and 42,000 years ago. At that time, the strength of the Earth's magnetic field was reduced to 6% of its current level, and the entire Earth was exposed to the erosion of solar wind and cosmic rays. under;

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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save historical information. However, disabling sensors can effects adversely other database server functions. It is always better to update the ph_task table in sysadmin database to limit the amount of data collect by a sensor than disable sensors. Following is an example that tells the DB Scheduler to delete data older than 4 times the collection frequency:
DATABASE sysadmin; UPDATE ph_task SET tk_delete = (4 * tk_frequency) WHERE tk_type = 'SENSOR';
SQLTRACE part 2
Today we will now cover part 2 of the new SQL tracing facility inCheetah. In part 1 we discussed how to enable SQLTRACE and how tomonitor it via onstat -g his. I'm sure you noticed that while onstat -ghis provides a lot of very useful information, you would need someserious awk and sed skills to script it, for example, that you only sawqueries that had an average execution time of 1 second or more.Fortunately SQL tracing is set up in the sysmaster database. The tableis calledsyssqltrace
This table allows you to quickly get subsections of the SQL traceoutput. So, for example, you can find out how many queriestookmore than 1 second to run by executing the following query:select count(*) fromsyssqltrace where sql_totaltime >1;
You can obviously drill down and get additional information includingthe actual queries that were run that took more than 1 second.
The table syssqltrace is not the only table, however, that coversinformation regarding SQL tracing. The table syssqltrace_iter
provides information in the form of an iterator tree for each sql. This allows you to know what part of your plan took the mosttime to run.
These two tables allow you to use the information gathered from SQLtracing, and will allow you to generate reports, and diagnose problemSQL more efficiently.Mark Jamison
One of the new features in Cheetah is the ability to enable tracing for SQL. While this has been available in limited method though the use of the IBM product I-SPY, the drawback before has always been the performance hit to actually monitor this information. That limitation is effectively eliminated with this feature in Cheetah. So how is SQL Tracing enabled? It's actually pretty simple, one way is to just put SQLTRACE in your ONCONFIG. One configuration I use most often is:
This allows me to keep track of the last 1000 sql statements on the instance.
However ONCONFIG is not the only way to enable tracing, you can also dothis through the sysadmin database by running the following:
EXECUTE FUNCTION task("set sql tracing on", 1000, 2,"low","global");
So by using either of the above methods you now have enabled SQLRACE, buthow do you validate it. The easiest method is by running :
onstat -g his
Below is a sample of onstat -g his output.
In Part 2 we will look at how to read this in SQL, and possible optionsfor the data.
There is good news for those who were downloading the Node.1.0 DataBlade
from the developer works
and using it AS-IS. As per policy there is no support for AS-IS software downloaded from the developer works.
Node DataBlade creates an Informix DataBlade with a node opaque type data that addresses the problem of transitive closure/hierarchical data queries.
From IDS V11.10 onwards, Node.2.0 DataBlade (with some added functionality) is being bundled as one of the default DataBlades along with the server. That means moving forward Node.2.0 DataBlade (and subsequent higher versions) would be eligible for support. Anup Nair
If you use Enterprise Replication(ER), you can use onstat -g rqm to print the statistics and contents of the low-levelqueues managed by the Reliable Queue Manager(RQM). From IDS 10.00.xC7 onwards, a new option to print information aboutthe sbspaces configured for ER is available.
onstat -g rqm SBPACES prints detailed statistical information about the sbspaces configured for CDR_QDATA_SBSPACE.A sample output is shown below:
$ onstat -g rqm SBSPACES
IBM Informix Dynamic Server Version 11.10.FC1 -- On-Line -- Up 00:18:03 -- 67584 Kbytes
RQM Space Statistics for CDR_QDATA_SBSPACE:-------------------------------------------name/addr number used free total %full pathname0xda3d088 2 1 4586 4587 0./replsbs replsbs 2 1 4586 4587 0
0xda539c0 3 1 4586 4587 0./sbsp1 sbsp1 3 2 9172 9174 0
As you can see it prints the address of the chunk or name of the sbspace, chunk/space number, total pages, free pages,percentage used and path name for the chunks. The information printed is for each chunk in a sbspace followed bysbspace itself. In this case replsbs and sbsp1 are the sbspaces configured for CDR_QDATA_SBSPACE. Suma Vinod
On IDS version 11.10 a significant amount of focus has been given to automatically keep administrators up-to-date on database performance. Several performance advisory triggers added to Informix server to flag administrator once a threshold reached. The IDS will automatically calculate different thresholds based on current database activities and generate an appropriate performance advisory in message log (MSGPATH).
Following is a list of performance advisory available in IDS version 11.10:
- Physical log too small for RTO_SERVER_RESTART
- IDS server boot time too long
- Physical log too small
- Logical log too small
- Long transactions blocking checkpoints
- Physical log too small to accommodate bufferpool flushing
- Logical log too small to accommodate bufferpool flushing
- Physical log too small to accommodate automatic checkpoints
- Logical log too small to accommodate automatic checkpoints
- Bufferpool flushing
In this article we will discuss about the checkpoint related advisory. The 'onstat -g ckp' command has introduced with IDS version 11.10 to get checkpoint information and checkpoint related advisory. This command will display checkpoint related configuration parameters recommendation, once a sub-optimal configuration detected.
Following configuration parameters can significantly impact performance of IDS:
During checkpoint IDS will evaluate checkpoint related configuration parameters and produce a performance advisory once a sub-optimal configuration detected. If configuration parameters is not tune properly, database server can encounter block during checkpoint.
Following is an example of 'onstat -g ckp' command output:
The description of 'onstat -g ckp' command output:
- The first section of the display describes checkpoint information
- The second section of 'onstat -g ckp' output describe the checkpoint related advisory
In the above example physical log file size (PHYSFILE) was set to 15000 Kbytes. During checkpoint IDS evaluate the configuration parameters and found out physical log size was small, which can cause checkpoint block, and suggested PHYSFILE value as 16800 Kbytes.
The checkpoint performance advisory also available in the message log file. Following is an example of message log with a checkpoint performance advisory:
I don't know about the rest of you, but I have had a lot ofproblems truly determining if my SQL Cache settings are efficient. If my UserDefined Routine (UDR) cache, for example, always seems to be 50% full, does that mean thecache only uses 50% and so the settings are to high, or are they at 50% becauseI'm constantly cleaning the pools, and thus I'm configured too low. Beginning in Cheetah you now have a means to diagnose thattype of information, and it's located in the sysmaster database. The table name is syssqlcacheprof, and it contains profileinformation for each of the caches.
Below is a sample output from this table:
As you can see in the above you can now quickly identify how often the cache is removing entries (orcleaning), and what the efficiency is of your cache, in terms of a hit rate. Infact a very simple query that could be used for analyzing the hit ratio for the caches would be:
select *, (hits/(hits+misses)) hit_ratio from syssqlcacheprof
This table also provides youthe benefit of quickly seeing how much memory each cache is actually using,something that before Cheetah was a bit awkward to calculate. While not a major feature of Cheetah, this new sysmaster table is a valuable new asset in performance tuning.
feature was actually introduced in IDS starting with 10.00.xC4 version but with restrictions and one of the restrictions was it did not work on Enterprise Replication
replicated tables. But starting with Cheetah release this will be supported even on the replicated tables. This feature introduces TRUNCATE TABLE as a supported operation on a replicated table while replication is active, which basically eliminates need for dropping and redefining the replicate and saves time for DBAs. This feature will support TRUNCATE TABLE on local table only, meaning ER will not propagate the TRUNCATE operation to other participants
. The TRUNCATE command needs to be issued on each participant as needed. There are plans to implement the propagation of command in future along with other alter operations(ALTER, RENAME).
One of the key uses of TRUNCATE support which is in conjunction with cdr sync
is, if there is a significant difference between the source and the target, the customer might elect to perform a truncate table followed by a cdr

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Electrochemical charging of an electrochemical system results in Maxwell stress and a variation in the surface energy of the electrode. The charging-induced variation in the surface energy of the electrode and Maxwell stress introduce mechanical deformation and create stresses in the electrode. To relax the strain energy stored in the electrode, surface cracking and buckling can occur. Under the condition that the charging-induced change in the surface energy is the dominant factor controlling the in-plane deformation of a planar electrode, i.e. the bonding between the adsorbate and the substrate is weak, the variation in the surface energy of the electrode can be described by the Lippmann equation. Using the Lippmann equation, both the surface charge density on the electrode and the surface energy of the electrode are formulated as a function of the electrode potential. Analytical relations between the critical electrode potential and average damage size have been obtained for the charging-induced cracking and buckling in a planar, thin-film electrode. The results show that surface cracking will prevail over local buckling in accordance with experimental observations. Both critical electrode potentials are inversely proportional to the square root of the magnitude of the differential capacity of the electrical double layer at the electrode potential of zero charge.
|Number of pages||6|
|Journal||Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics|
|State||Published - 2017|
Bibliographical noteFunding Information:
This work was supported by the NSF through grant CMMI-_PHONE_, monitored by Dr Khershed Cooper, and was supported by the KSEF through grant KSEF-148-502-15-341.
© the Owner Societies 2017.
Copyright 2017 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Physics and Astronomy (all)
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry


Laravel creating our first database table
Listen to this article
A while ago, I wrote an article on setting up a Laravel project but never got on to writing more Laravel stuff.
Today I'll be going through some important things, Databases! Laravel has a very cool way of creating/maintaining databases, which is in the form of migrations.
It basically means every time you need to make a change to a database, you'll need to write a new migration. Yes, even if you want to change something on an old table.
And that has many benefits. It tells laravel what the old field was, you can auto set new values, and much more.
Another great thing about migration is the option to roll back a migration. Using the rollback will revert the migration as you describe in the migration file.
Setting the environment file
Before we can work with the database, we have to create a connection first. These connections are maintained and defined in a so-called.env file.
Each Laravel project will come with an example called the.env.example.
Copy the example to your own version and change the variables to be correct.
For today we are just looking at the database section.
Creating our first Laravel migration
Enough talk. Let's see how this works. Open your favorite terminal and navigate to your project root folder.
php artisan make:migration create_books_table
Running this command will create a new migrations file, you can find under database/migrations/{time}_create_books_table.php.
You might see there are already the default migration files from Laravel in this folder.
Open up the newly created file.
You will see there are two sections here, an up and a down. As mentioned above, the up will be used to create or alter tables. The down will be used when the rollback is called and generally should revert what happened in the up.
Let's add some fields to our table.
Schema::create('books', function (Blueprint $table) {
This will create a table called books that has the following fields.
 - id: auto-increment field
 - title: string
 - year: number
 - created_at: datetime
 - updated_at: datetime
The id and timestamps are by default added by Laravel.
Now, we can run the following command to run our new migration:
./vendor/bin/sail artisan migrate
If you haven't used the new start, you can run:
php artisan migrate
This will create the table for us, and it should look something like this:
Laravel database table created
And there you go, our first database table in Laravel.
Thank you for reading, and let's connect!
No Comments Yet


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(HealthDay)—For patients with esophageal cancer undergoing resection, surgeon volume, but not hospital volume, is independently associated with prognosis, according to research published online Jan. 7 in the Journal of Clinical Oncology.
To examine the influence of hospital and surgeon volume on survival after esophageal cancer surgery, Maryam Derogar, M.D., of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, and colleagues conducted a population-based cohort study involving 1,335 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent esophageal resection in 1987 to 2005. Participants were followed for survival until February 2011.
The researchers found that annual hospital volume was not independently associated with overall survival, and after adjustment for hospital clustering effects, hospital volume was not associated with short-term mortality. Mortality occurring at least three months after surgery was significantly reduced with a combination of higher annual and cumulative surgeon volume, with a hazard ratio of 0.78 for surgeons with both annual and cumulative volume above versus below the median. The association persisted after adjustment for hospital and surgeon clustering.
"In conclusion, this large and population-based cohort study provided evidence that long-term survival is independently influenced by surgeon volume but not hospital volume," the authors write.
Explore further: Centralization to fewer surgeons results in better survival after esophageal cancer surgery
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Does market volatility affect your pension choices?
Published: September 1, 2020 by Jennifer Armstrong
If you're retiring this year, you may be worried about what the market volatility caused by Covid-19 means for your options.
The good news is that Pension Freedoms, introduced in 2015, means you can choose how and when you access your retirement savings.
Market volatility may have affected the value of your pension but that doesn't mean your overall plans have to be adjusted. However, it's important that you understand the impact it could have.
The impact will depend on how you intend to access your pension.
1. Taking a lump sum
Once you reach retirement age, it is possible to take your pension through lump-sum withdrawals. You can even choose to withdraw the entire amount, though this isn't appropriate for most retirees.
Usually, you can withdraw up to 25% tax-free. If you've intended to take a lump sum out of your pension to take advantage of this, it's worth assessing if your pension value has fallen. Withdrawals that exceed the 25% tax-free lump sum will be taxed as income and could push you into a higher Income Tax bracket. As a result, taking a lump sum may not be the most efficient way to access money.
2. Purchasing an Annuity
An Annuity is a product you buy with your pension savings that delivers a lifetime income. As a result, if the value of your pension has fallen, you may find that the income you can purchase is now lower. But it is an option that can provide financial security throughout retirement.
The amount paid out will depend on the Annuity rate. For example, a 5% Annuity rate would pay out £5,000 every year for every £100,000 initially paid.
The Annuity rate you're offered varies depending on a range of factors, including your age and health. You can also choose to purchase a joint Annuity, ensuring your partner would continue to receive an income if you passed away first, or one that rises alongside inflation to maintain spending power. These options would typically mean a lower level of income to begin with.
If you'd like to use an Annuity to fund retirement, you'll need to assess how recent volatility has affected your overall pension value. This means you're able to see what Annuity rates mean in terms of income. Take some time to shop around, different providers will offer varying rates. The good news is that with a guaranteed income, you won't have to worry about market volatility affecting income in retirement.
3. Using Flexi-Access Drawdown
Flexi-Access Drawdown allows you to take a flexible income that suits you, usually, the remainder will stay invested until you make another withdrawal.
This is the option where investment volatility can have the biggest impact. As your savings remain invested, you need to be aware of how your investments have performed. Continuing to take the same level of income during a downturn, as you did previously, will mean you need to sell more units to receive the same amount. This can deplete your pension quicker than expected if you haven't considered it beforehand.
As you're responsible for how and when you access your pension, you also need to ensure it lasts throughout your life, which will undoubtedly include some periods of short-term volatility. Therefore, you must consider downturns as part of your retirement plan.
Remaining exposed to the markets isn't all negative though. Historically, markets have recovered in the long term. Keeping your pension invested means you have an opportunity to benefit from a recovery as well as long-term gains.
Creating a retirement plan
How and when is the 'right' time to access your pension will vary between retirees. It's a decision that should focus on your retirement goals and long-term plans.
Remember, you don't have to access your pension as soon as it becomes available. If you don't need the savings yet, leaving your pension invested can give your investments a chance to recover in the long term and perhaps grow further.
You also don't have to choose one of the above options exclusively. You can mix and match the options to suit you. For instance, you could withdraw your 25% tax-free lump sum at the start of retirement, use a portion to create a base income with an Annuity, and use Flexi-Access Drawdown to access the remainder at different points.
If you'd like to discuss your retirement plans, whether this is how current circumstances have affected your initial plans or you're starting from scratch, please get in touch.


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Transfer Callers from your Cell Phone or Landline with Virtual PBX
What it Does
Call Transfer Take Back allows you to put a caller back into the Diamond Voice IVR system and send the call to another extension.
Why it Makes Your Callers Happier!
After a call is routed to you, the caller may need to talk with someone else at your office. Instead of making them hang up and call back, you can route them yourself. Now you have the ability to Transfer Calls just like a PBX from your cell phone, home or small office telephone.
This saves time and adds convenience for your customers.
How it Works
When a call is transferred to you through the Diamond Voice IVR, you can press a button on your phone, like "0" or "9", to route the caller to a different menu or extension mailbox. The button and the destination box are pre-programmed for you.
So, for example, you can tell the caller: "I'm going to put you back in to the auto attendant. Press 3 to reach accounting." When you press "0", your phone hangs up and the caller is back in the automated IVR menu where they can choose another destination. Or "0" can send them directly to an extension such as another colleague or department.
Transfer Take Back is flexible to meet your specific requirements. The Transfer Button is defaulted to "0" but can be set to a different digit if needed. The Transfer Destination can be any mailbox or menu connected to your Virtual Office service configuration.
To give your caller choices, the destination can be your Main Menu.
To always send the call to your assistant, the destination can be the assistant's extension.
If the caller needs to make a payment, the destination can be Pay By Phone.
If the caller needs to leave a message, the destination could be your mailbox.
If you want the caller to take a survey, the destination could be a Question and Answer mailbox.
Examples of Transfer Take Back
- Keep mobile employees connected to the main office and each other.
- Extend PBX functionality to home-based contractors.
- Route callers to a Customer Satisfaction survey at the end of the call.
- Place customers in an Automated Payment system.
- Send call center callers to secondary support level.
What it Costs
Transfer Take Back is a free feature with any Diamond Voice Virtual Office or Voicemail service. Just contact the Diamond Voice Support department or your Account rep to activate!
Questions? Contact a friendly support specialist today! 888-293-1550Contact Us Today!


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Collaborating with CSIRO: Inland Rail Supply Chain Mapping Pilot Study
The initial pilot study, conducted in 2018, modelled potential transport cost savings for regional supply chains along the Parkes to Narromine corridor, should producers use Inland Rail. the pilot found on average a $76 per tonne saving when shifting specific agricultural supply chains from road to Inland Rail.
The results from the Supply Chain Mapping Pilot were announced by the Deputy Prime Minister, Michael McCormack, on 21 March 2019.
Read the executive summary:
Read the full report:
Expanding the evidence base:
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Chain Supply Mapping Study provided independent scientifically backed evidence on the significant cost savings should producers use Inland Rail.
The pilot tested the suitability of the CSIRO Transport Network Strategic Investment Tool (TraNSIT) to analyse existing regional freight supply chains and identify efficiencies from Inland Rail in the Parkes, Dubbo and Narromine regions.
TraNSIT was applied to model supply chain movements, costs and transport durations for horticulture and post-processed food that pass through the Parkes to Narromine study area.
TraNSIT has been used in previous research to test the benefits of road upgrades and calculate transport benefits for industry and various levels of government. TraNSIT provides an evidence base for industries to maximise transport cost savings. It uses a ground up approach that optimises transport routes between enterprises and their markets – a key consideration in Australia, which is characterised by long supply chains with large distances between production, processing and markets.
Key findings of the pilot study - Parkes to Narromine
Reduce supply chain costs
- an average transport cost saving of $76 (or a range of $64-$94) per tonne could be achieved for horticulture and post-processed food supply chains when shifting from road to Inland Rail.
- for horticulture products currently transported by rail on the coastal line there is a potential average transport cost saving of $31 per tonne when shifting to Inland Rail.
Reduce heavy vehicle congestion
- the analysis indicates a substantial benefit to the community in the study area through a reduction of up to 63,000 heavy vehicle trips per year along various segments of the Newell Highway.
The study area in numbers
- 40% more post-processed food is destined for the study area's market than leaves for domestic locations elsewhere.
- 71% of all freight movements associated with the study area, pass through the study area.
- roughly 923,000 tonnes of horticulture and post-processed agriculture are set to benefit from using Inland Rail.
- 80.5% of horticulture freight passes through the study area and is the largest contributor of traffic on the Newell Highway in the study area out of all the commodities analysed.
- 14.9% of total freight for the study area has an origin within the study area, with grains and fuels prominent.


How Many Americans Died in World War II?
World War II involved most of the worlds super powers at the time and was a state of total war, meaning that the nations put all of their resources into the war effort. Most historians agree that 406,000 Americans died during the war.


Definder - what does the word mean?
What is the bulk?
A large package. Doesn't mean great in bed.
Girl1:Dude, that guys has huge bulk
Girl2:Was he any good?
Girl1: Not really.
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the bulk - video
The bulk - what is it?
Something that is magnificent and gets the Bois aroused. Is also eligible on the Bulk scale
"Mate, that maths lesson was so bulk, I couldn't believe how bulk it was"
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What does "the bulk" mean?
Used in place of "really" or "very".
Man, I'm bulk tired.
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The bulk - what does it mean?
What you obtain in the gym.
- "Ole boy's really gettin' that bulk."
- "I need to square away that bulk today."
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The bulk - meaning
Noun - Another word for male genitalia, typically utilized in literary erotica.
Then came the moment when he pressed his bulk, warm and throbbing, against my upper thigh.
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The bulk - definition
A word used to describe the large amounts of something
Lets go to the club for bulk chicks and drinks
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The bulk - slang
A fat person's excuse for overeating.
Friend 1: Dude you ate a large big mac meal, a chocolate block and krispy kreme doughnuts
Friend 2: I'm bulking
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The bulk
Bulking is a process commonly used by an individual wishing to gain weight. Commonly used in bodybuilding (Off-Season) but will also be used by fitness enthusiast. Bulking attempts to build MUSCLE MASS
Simply it is an attempt to eat a healthy diet to gain weight, whilst minimising fat gains. The basic principle of bulking to to consume more calories than you expend. Typically a bulking diet will consist of around 6-8 meals per day, spread out every 2-3 hours. A cleverly structured diet will show the breakdown of carbs,protein and fats. Typical bulking calories usually range from aroun 3000 to 6000 and should be tailored to the needs of the individual and specific goals.
Many bodybuilders/individuals will bulk over the winter season and then cut (cutting diet) in the summer. Cutting to cut down on the fat gain by a bulking diet. In general (except n00b gains) it is exceptionally hard to gain weight and loose bodyfat at the same time (excluding the use of steroids+genetics) therefore you cannot bulk and cut at the same time! You can use variety such as cylical bulking e.g. Bulk for 4 weeks/Cut for 2 weeks repeat process..this is an attempt to minimise fat gains.
Foods/supplements commonly used in a bulking diet include: Protein powder,eggs,steak,wholegrain pasta,tuna,nuts
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The bulk
eating more and training heavier in order to gain muscle; an excuse for overeating
1. He started bulking for the bodybuilding contest.
2. Joe: Dude, you've already eaten ribs, a Big Mac, a McChicken, Doritos, Cheetos and Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, and drank 3 Coca-Colas, a Mountain Dew, and 2 cups of Gatorade, and you're still eating?
Jack: I'm bulking.
3. KSI: I'm not fat, I'm bulking!
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The bulk
Someone's excuse to not be called fat. The opposite of hulking. For example KSIOlajidebtHD
Fan: can I get a picture ksi
Ksi: sure (gets in position for pic)
Fan: your taking up the whole shot fat boy
Ksi: it's not fat it's bulk. I'm bulking
"I'm NoT fAt I'm BuLkInG!"
Pls upvote
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Are Sharks Immune to Disease and Cancer?
The Question: I recently read that sharks are immune to all disease. Is this true?
Submitted by: Marion F., Somerville, MA
The Short Answer: No, it's not true. Sharks get bacterial infections, viral infections [see comments], and they suffer from parasites, in short, the entiShark_Silhouette - wikimedia.jpgre suite of infectious diseases from which all animals and plants must protect themselves. Sharks also get cancer, contrary to another widely disseminated myth.
More Info:
The claim that sharks don't get disease or suffer from cancer is mostly spread by advertisements for shark cartilage as a dietary supplement. These supplements claim to prevent disease or cure cancer, but none has ever been shown in rigorous medical tests to protect people from disease. Tumors rarely infiltrate into cartilage, in any vertebrate whether a shark or a person, and cartilage seems to have some ability to inhibit the growth of blood vessels. Since a growing tumor needs blood vessels to continue to expand, there have been attempts to develop "antiangiogenic" drugs that fight cancer by limiting growth of new capillaries. Ground cartilage, whether from sharks or cows, shows some antiangiogenic effect in the laboratory, but has not shown any benefit in actual people. But shark cartilage sellers have connected the fact that the skeleton of a shark is entirely made of cartilage with the antiangiogenic properties of cartilage to claim that this protects sharks from cancer. It just isn't true. The truth is that while we do know for certain that sharks get diseases and cancer, we don't know at what rate. Sick sharks probably get eaten or fall to the bottom of the ocean to decompose. They would rarely be available to be counted. Sharks that are harvested by fisherman do occasionally show infectious disease or cancers. No one has done a comprehensive survey of sharks to know whether they have high or low rates of illness. Even if sharks are particularly free from disease, that wouldn't necessarily mean shark cartilage has any value as a treatment for human disease. And the tests that have been done have not shown any value over a placebo. shark snout - wikimedia.jpg
The Interesting Science: The immune system of sharks is very much like ours. We have what's called the "innate immune system" which is somewhat hardwired to fight generalized intruder microorganisms and parasites. The innate immune system can respond over long periods of time through the mechanism of natural selection to adapt to new diseases. We also have an "adaptive immune system" (also called the "acquired immune system") that adapts in real time to new intruders. This is the familiar system of antibodies and white blood cells that gets the most discussion in terms of diseases such as flu, the common cold, and AIDS. It was once thought that vertebrates like sharks, bony fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were the only animals that had an adaptive immune system. But recent discoveries have shown that lampreys and hagfish, fish that split off onto their own evolutionary branch early in the history of vertebrates, have a different system of generating antibodies and adapting to fight new viral and bacterial threats. And it appears that Mustelus_asterias - wikimedia.jpgother animals from snails to fruit flies may also have adaptive immune systems that work differently from ours, but accomplish the same goal of recognizing and attacking new microbes and viruses.
The Environmental Message: Shark populations are plummeting around the globe, in large part due to fishing for shark fin for shark fin soup, and for cartilage for shark cartilage supplements. As top of the food chain predators, shark numbers have never been as high as a fish like cod. Sharks also reproduce slowly. Unlike a cod, which can lay millions of eggs, many sharks lay only a few hundred in the average lifetime. What this means is that harvesting sharks is generally not sustainable. There aren't enough of them to start with, and they can't rebuild their populations rapidly.
Shark Cartilage, Cancer and the Growing Threat of Pseudoscience. Ostrander GK, Cheng KC, Wolf JC and Wolfe MJ. Cancer Research, 64, 8485-8491, 2004.
Evaluation of shark cartilage in patients with advanced cancer: a North Central Cancer Treatment Group trial. Cancer, Jul 1;104(1):176-82. 2005.
Added in Dec. 2013: First reports of proliferative lesions in the great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias L., and bronze whaler shark, Carcharhinus brachyurus Günther. R. Robbins, B. Bruce, A. Fox, Nov. 2013, Journal of Fish Diseases.
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5 Responses
 1. Michael Zasloff Says:
 I am curious to know the source that permits you to conclude that sharks are subject to viral infections
 2. Tom Says:
 Hi, sorry it took so long to respond to this comment.
 I'm having trouble finding confirmation that sharks get viral infections. I may have extrapolated that. However, there is a great deal of research going on about the substance squalamine isolated from sharks, which has anti-viral properties. The very fact that sharks produce a powerful anti-viral compound is strong evidence that they fight against viral infection. The ocean is swimming with viruses and there's no reason to suspect that sharks would be the one type of organism on earth that is immune to viruses.
 There have been very few studies of the health status of wild sharks. Most likely, if we did such a study, we'd find that most sharks don't have viral infections and a few do … just like every other animal in the world. It may be that sharks have developed a neat anti-viral trick and are therefore less susceptible to viral infection than other organisms. But viruses are so adaptable, I would be very surprised if viruses haven't found ways around squalamine and probably the sharks are in a constant arms race with their viruses just as we are.
 If you picked out five people randomly out of a crowd, probably none of them will be exhibiting signs of viral infection. We wouldn't conclude from that that people are immune to viruses, but that's what people seem to do with sharks.
 3. sharks don't get cancer? | BioBlog Says:
 […] for the bit about "no contagious diseases" – again, completely untrue. Sharks are subject to a range of bacterial & viral infections, plus parasites, & in fact […]
 4. tompelletier Says:
 Just noticed a new report on cancer in wild great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) and bronze whaler sharks (Carcharhinus brachyurus).
 5. Vadim Shapoval Says:
 The claim that sharks don't get disease or suffer from cancer is mostly spread by advertisements for shark cartilage as a dietary supplement? See: Sharks, Dinosaurs, Ferromagnetic Cancer Theory and Father of Oncology. Dinosaurs and other reptiles roamed the Earth in the past. Many dinosaurs had cancer, researchers have discovered. Ancient humans could have contracted cancer just as much as people do today. Humans kill about 100 million sharks per year. Researchers have known for more than 150 years that sharks get cancer. There is no scientific evidence that shark cartilage is useful in treating or preventing cancer. Cancers have been found in everything from coral to budgerigars. The interaction of many factors together produces cancer. Modern humans know that primary tumors develop at body sites of excessive iron deposits. There are no exceptions: body sites affected by primary tumors are iron-rich body sites. When tumor cells metastasize, the new tumor is called a secondary or metastatic tumor, and its cells are similar to those in the primary tumor. If breast cancer metastasizes to the lungs, the secondary tumor is made up of abnormal breast cells, not of abnormal lung cells. Misplaced iron created primary tumors in dinosaurs and ancient humans; misplaced iron creates primary tumors in corals, sharks, budgerigars and modern humans. The Father of Oncology (Vadim Shapoval) says that a cell needs to have iron overload (when excess iron accumulates within cellular organelles) before it becomes cancerous. In inherited forms of cancer, parents give their sons and daughters abnormal iron metabolism within various organs. Iron disorders are inherited and can be confirmed with genetic testing. Genes that maintain iron homeostasis may facilitate iron uptake, storage or egress, or the regulation of any of these processes. The spectrum of known disorders of iron metabolism has expanded dramatically over the past years. Any cancer is caused by iron-related genes (numerous genes directly/indirectly involved in iron metabolism / hereditary cancers) and iron-related events (when excess iron accumulates within the cells, tissues, and organs due to various carcinogenic lifestyle events / sporadic cancers). Genes load the gun, the environment pulls the trigger. The structure and physical properties of any cell must ultimately be described by the known laws of chemistry and physics. According to the Ferromagnetic Cancer Theory (Theory from the Old Testament; Iron Conception), any human cell should be interpreted: 1) as a society of atoms and molecules; 2) as a society of organelles; 3) as a society of dia-, para-, superpara-, ferriand ferromagnetic nanoparticles that have certain local magnetic contacts. Cancer occurs through excessive accumulation of


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Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark (FBL) is published by IMR Press from Volume 26 Issue 5 (2021). Previous articles were published by another publisher on a subscription basis, and they are hosted by IMR Press on imrpress.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Frontiers in Bioscience.
Routine intravenous blood transfusion is difficult when the blood pressure falls significantly or veins are inaccessible or are sclerotic due to multiple transfusions. Here, we describe the use of penile corpora cavernosa (CC), as an alternative route for blood transfusion and fluid replacement. The study was conducted in 15 men, 7 with massive burns, 6 with sclerotic veins from repeated injections, and 2 with extensive limb trauma. After the conventional methods of blood and fluid infusions were exhausted, a needle was inserted into CC for blood and fluid administration. During blood or saline infusions, penile shaft became elongated but returned to a normal length after termination of the infusion. There were no difficulties during needle insertion into CC, in varying the different transfusion rates, or in repetition of transfusion during the same or the subsequent days. Complications were rare with the exception of a subcutaneous penile hematoma in 2 patients which disappeared spontaneously. Erection was not disturbed in five patients who were followed for a mean of 10.4±1.8 months. These findings show that corpora cavernosa can be used for blood transfusion or for administration of fluids as a simple, easy, rapid, and safe vascular access in conditions in which conventional routes are inaccessible.


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The leaf wetness sensor detects the presence of condensation on its sensitive surface and has been designed to accurately reproduce the thermodynamic behaviour of a leaf.
The leaf wetness degree provides information for agricultural and floriculture fields to determine the most appropriate phytosanitary treatment to prevent mould and fungal infections, that can affect the plants and crops in the presence of condensation on the leaves.
The double sensitive surface helps determine the wetness degree both on the top and bottom of the leaf. An important feature that facilitates accurate readings, is that the two sides of the leaf have different drying times.
In order to ensure a long duration of the sensors useful life span, the surface of the sensor is specially treated to resist atmospheric agents and chemical agents present in pesticide products.


Definitions for trafficˈtræf ɪk
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word traffic
Princeton's WordNet
 1. traffic(noun)
 2. traffic(noun)
 buying and selling; especially illicit trade
 3. traffic(noun)
 4. dealings, traffic(verb)
 social or verbal interchange (usually followed by 'with')
 5. traffic(verb)
 deal illegally
 "traffic drugs"
 6. traffic(verb)
 trade or deal a commodity
 "They trafficked with us for gold"
 1. traffic(Noun)
 Pedestrians or vehicles on roads, or the flux or passage thereof.
 Traffic is slow at rush hour.
 2. traffic(Noun)
 Commercial transportation or exchange of goods, or the movement of passengers or people.
 3. traffic(Noun)
 Illegal trade or exchange of goods, often drugs.
 4. traffic(Noun)
 Exchange or flux of information, messages or data, as in a computer or telephone network.
 5. traffic(Verb)
 6. traffic(Verb)
 To trade meanly or mercenarily; to bargain.
 7. traffic(Verb)
 8. Origin: From trafic, tráfico, traffico
Webster Dictionary
 1. Traffic(verb)
 2. Traffic(verb)
 to trade meanly or mercenarily; to bargain
 3. Traffic(verb)
 to exchange in traffic; to effect by a bargain or for a consideration
 4. Traffic
 5. Traffic
 commodities of the market
 6. Traffic
 1. Traffic
British National Corpus
 1. Spoken Corpus Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'traffic' in Spoken Corpus Frequency: #1807
 2. Written Corpus Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'traffic' in Written Corpus Frequency: #728
 3. Nouns Frequency
 Rank popularity for the word 'traffic' in Nouns Frequency: #701
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- Abstract: We present Optimal Completion Distillation (OCD), a training procedure for optimizing sequence to sequence models based on edit distance. OCD is efficient, has no hyper-parameters of its own, and does not require pre-training or joint optimization with conditional log-likelihood. Given a partial sequence generated by the model, we first identify the set of optimal suffixes that minimize the total edit distance, using an efficient dynamic programming algorithm. Then, for each position of the generated sequence, we use a target distribution which puts equal probability on the first token of all the optimal suffixes. OCD achieves the state-of-the-art performance on end-to-end speech recognition, on both Wall Street Journal and Librispeech datasets, achieving $9.3\%$ WER and $4.5\%$ WER, respectively.
- Keywords: Sequence Learning, Edit Distance, Speech Recognition, Deep Reinforcement Learning
- TL;DR: Optimal Completion Distillation (OCD) is a training procedure for optimizing sequence to sequence models based on edit distance which achieves state-of-the-art on end-to-end Speech Recognition tasks.


Trust Compliance
Ownership has always been one of the most contentious elements within a B-BBEE transaction. Many companies have however recently opted to set up various different trust structures. If these are strategically thought out and have both the input of legal and tax expert's they have the potential to be extremely valuable, in leading transformation within a business.
Often there is a perception that the trust is just passive and is just dictated to by the company. It is however within the codes extremely clear that the relationship that exists between the company and a trust needs to be at armslength, failing which the transaction is deemed to be fronting.
The failure of a trustees to comply with the trust deed may just be downfall at verification, when the ownership points cannot be claimed………
How to make sure your trust's compliance tick's the boxes at verification time!
 1. Is the original letter of authority in the hands of the trustees?
 2. Has the initial donation been made as provided for in the trust deed?
 3. Do the trustees understand the TPCA (Trust Property Control Act) and its relevant principles and are they familiar with the contents of the trust deed and obligations of the specific trust?
 4. Are the trustees complying with their fiduciary obligations? They are accountable to the beneficiaries, failing which they're in breach, and could incur personal liability.
 5. Is the relationship that exists between the company and trust at arms-length?
 6. How are funding issues dealt with if the trust receives no OR insufficient dividends from the company? As this could possibly result in disgruntled beneficiaries.
In terms of the Companies Act a company is prohibited from declaring dividends if it fails the solvency and liquidity test.
(This list is not exhaustive, and neither may it be construed as legal advice)
It must however be noted that if trusts aren't COMPLIANT with the trust deed, B-BBEE points cannot be claimed.
Only a compliant trust is sustainable!


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Introduction: Fire Alarm With SMS Notification
GSM 800H, Arduino Based Fire Sensor and SMS Notification system, it uses IR Sensor to detect the fire in the dark room . It Sends SMS through GSM 800H modem that is attached to Serial Rx and Tx Pins of Arduino Set your mobile number inside the code. IR Sensor sense Fire near about 3 meters.
It is very useful project for factory godowns, gas godowns and other places where there a possiblities of fire.
Step 1: COMPONENTS
1. Arduino Uno or similar
2. GSM/GPRS Modem 800H or 900A
3. IR sensor with analog output
4. Patch cords
Step 2: Connections
Use Breadboard for connecting batteries to arduino and gsm module or you can give power in your way,
GSM modem required large amount of current so use 12v 1amp power supply for it. In my case I used four 9v batteries connected in parallel. Now Connect the vcc pin of ir sensor to 5v of the arduino, connect gnd to gnd of arduino and Analog out pin of sensor to the A0 of the arduino.
Connect your pc to the arduino Upload the program usin ARDUINO IDE. Note that program must be uploaded before connecting GSM modem, because modem may get damage.
After Uploading program to arduino connect the Rx of modem to Tx of Arduino, Tx of modem to Rx of arduino & Ground to ground.
You can see in circuit diagram.
Step 3: Uploading & Testing
Replace "xxxxxxxxxx" with your mobile number in program.
Upload the program
Connect the modem to arduino.
Participated in the
Internet of Things Contest 2016
2 years ago on Step 3
can i have the code of your project sir?
Question 3 years ago on Step 2
Can you pls share your code for this project? :)


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A MAN needed to have the end of his penis amputated after doctors spotted that it was rotting away during a routine check-up.
The 43-year-old patient, who hasn't been named, was having dialysis treatment for kidney failure at a hospital near Adelaide, South Australia.
But during his examination, medics noticed that the end of his penis had turned white with black spots.
Surgeons quickly realised that it was gangrenous and the dead flesh needed to be sliced off urgently to prevent it from spreading.
Writing in an article, published in BMJ Case Reports, medics explained that the man had developed a rare disease called penile calciphylaxis.
It's a build up of calcium deposits in the small blood vessels, causing them to narrow and cut off circulation.
This can lead to the tissue dying and if it's not caught quickly, it can cause gangrene which can spread quickly and is incurable.
Calciphylaxis can be caused by chronic kidney disease because the organs stop filtering the calcium out of the blood.
Lucky to be alive
In this case, the medics, led by Dr Rowan David, said that the man was lucky to have survived the condition, which kills around six in 10 patients.
He wrote: "The majority of patients who develop penile calciphylaxis progress to gangrene and sepsis".
The patient was taken for an emergency operation to remove the rotting flesh but his wound got worse and he needed further surgery to remove the entire tip.
They managed to reconstruct it with a skin graft four days later but he was left with what they described as a "penile stump".
Despite his ordeal, the man appeared to be doing well when he returned for his two-month check-up.
What is calciphylaxis?
Calciphylaxis is a rare, but serious, kidney complication.
The condition causes calcium to build up inside the blood vessels of the fat and skin.
Calciphylaxis is also called calcific uremic arteriolopathy.
It's most often seen in people with advanced chronic kidney disease, or people with kidney failure who are on dialysis or have had a kidney transplant.
In dialysis, a machine filters and purifies the blood because the kidneys are unable to do so on their own.
Calciphylaxis results in the formation of very painful skin lesions. It often causes serious infections that can be fatal.
Symptoms of calciphylaxis include:
- body aches
If you have any concerns, see a GP immediately.
MORE ON HEALTH
However a year after the operation he was back for more emergency surgery - this time for a perforated bowel.
Medics said this was as a result of calciphylaxis developing in other parts of his body, including his large intestine.
They wrote: "The patient remains alive at his last follow-up over a year following his initial diagnosis of penile calciphylaxis."


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The very first sign of the Wootodo birds was found in the ancient cave drawings in 1787.
The cave was based in the highest peaks of the Alps and was discovered by the alpinist Jakob Messner who reached the peak of Mont Blanc for the first time. It was evident, that the drawing dated back to 10,000 BC.
For the first time, the real Wootodo bird was spotted in the highest German mountain – Zugspitze. The Wootodo was said to be a mix of a racoon and an owl and was described as being around 0,5 m tall and weighing about 6 kg.
The first photo of a Wootodo Bird
With the beginning of the photo cameras, the first Wootodo bird pictures came out. It was identified by its distinct appearance: burgundy coloured fur-feather body, white belly, black & white racoon type fluffy tail, owl peek and cute tiny wings.
The Unique Features of Wootodo
The most intriguing feature of the Wootodo birds was their ability to build their nests in the most magnificent places. The explanation of this was, that as it is half racoon, they are very curious and want to explore places, and the owl half make them see what others do not see. There is even a legend saying, that if you are lucky enough to find a nest of a Wootodo bird, you become gifted with the unbelievable intuition and highest sense for uniqueness.
Wootodo Birds in Danger
Sadly, these special abilities attracted the attention of more and more hunters, and the numbers of Wootodos started dropping rapidly. The major reduction took part during the Golden age of Alpinism, in _PHONE_, when hundreds of hikers started exploring the mountains, and most of the nests were destroyed.
The Unofficial Extinction
Although the extinction of the Wootodo has not yet been announced officially, none have been spotted since the 1890s. The last sighting of this animal was in one of the Alpen villages, in 1887. It is thought, that they migrated down the valley to protect their nests from the hikers.
Wootodo spotted in Leipzig!
To our great surprise, one Wootodo bird was spotted in Germany, the city of Leipzig during the summer of 2018. It is not clear are there more Wootodos out there, but this particular bird is truly spectacular! In fact, because he (we tend to think it's a male), is now no longer in the mountains, his ability to find the unseen beauty transformed into the special intuition for unique events. It looks like he immersed in the city lifestyle and applied his skills for the social world. Another kind of beauty. The beauty of special.
Wootodo the Woo!
So it happened that this super rare Wootodo bird landed in Leipzig, and to our big surprise, he heard about us trying to build a more cosy and unique event community and so decided to become friends with us and help. Wootodo birds as we mentioned above are super curious and insightful for the uniqueness and good vibes, thus we thought it is perfect to call this community Wootodo! Oh, and as his first word was "Woo" we thought of a perfect name - we present you, Wootodo the Woo! <3


text:
Announcing the invention of a radical new type of bridge capable of spanning long distances across deep water.
The inventor claims this bridge design will make crossing long expanses of deep water possible. The "Hamilton Deep Water Bridge" will make the construction of bridges across places like the English Channel or the Straits of Messina, etc., practical and economically feasible.
Where now, only ferry transportation connects locations separated by long distance and deep water, this new bridge will make driving safely, between these locations possible. There are many locations around the world where a bridge of this type can be used. One of the unique design features of the bridge are the economical "ocean pressure" foundations which secure the bridge to the ocean floor and support the super structure. This new design will bring bridge construction into the 21st century.
Donald L. Hamilton, Inventor
104 Ramona Ave. Buffalo, NY 14220
"Imagination beyond the cutting edge"

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Photos, images, and video can be added — easily and productively — to any iWork for iPad document. There are two ways to insert photos and video into an iWork document: Use the Insert button at the right of the toolbar or use a template that includes a placeholder image. Because using a template with a placeholder image requires one more step than the Insert button, that's the technique described here.
Create a document based on a template that includes a placeholder image.
Some templates have several placeholder images on various pages, slides, or spreadsheets. Notice in the lower-right corner of the image that there's a button that matches the Insert button on the right side of the toolbar. This indicates that the image is a placeholder.
Tap the placeholder button to open a list of your photo albums.
You can browse photos you have saved on your iPad as well as albums you have created in iPhoto and synchronized to your iPad. Select the image you want to use instead of the placeholder.
Double-tap the image to show the masking control.
The masking control lets you resize the image.
Adjust the slider to change the image mask.
The slider adjusts the size of the image. It starts being the same size as the frame, but if you move it all the way to the right, the image is shown dimly filling the entire screen. You can drag the image around so that the part you want is inside the frame. You can also use the eight handles on the frame to change its size and shape.


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Creation of documentation for the Shopfloor can be repetitive and time consuming, but not now.
KwikTic NPI can quickly take your BOM and CAD data and:
- Help to cleanse BOMs.
- Check part Quantity.
- Find match supplier / customer part numbers with your internal Part Numbers.
- Update your Part Library.
- Set Up a route of processes.
- Separate the BOM into each process.
- Create Kitting lists.
- Create Drawings and the main stages of Work Instructions Automatically for each stage of the process.
- Export Centroid files for machine programming.
- Distribute seamlessly and manage version control as everything is stored in 1 single SQL Server and can be viewed wherever needed.


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A Click of the Tongue; December 2010; Scientific American Magazine; by Lisa Song; 1 Page(s)
Amanda Miller sits facing an old woman in Upington, South Africa, one hand on a cylindrical probe that she holds underneath the woman's chin. "Speak," Miller says in the woman's native language, N|uu, and as the words flow out, an ultrasound screen flickers with the video of a tongue in motion. Linguists are using the same technology that images fetuses to study endangered languages.
For someone who studies phonetics—the science of how sounds are perceived, articulated and organized in different languages—it is crucial for Miller to track the speaking tongue. Miller is a visiting assistant professor at Ohio State University and one of about 40 linguists worldwide who uses ultrasound. This portable technology, which became affordable to linguists around 2000, allows researchers to see the tongue as it moves in real time. It is one of the only medical scanning devices that can keep up with speech; MRIs, for example, are too slow.


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July 16, 2015
ISDA has published FpML 5.9 First Working Draft
Changes compared to FpML 5.8 Recommendation (build#8):
- Equity Derivatives:
- Added support for Equity Volatility Swaps under ISDA 2011 and 2002 Definitions.
- Schema tightening - Certain structures were tightened to make the schema less ambiguous and improve guidance for implementers. This results however in non-backward compatible changes that should be viewed as fixes of existing flaws. As such, changes should not invalidate any existing, meaningful document.
- Within CalculationFromObservation type: Instead of sequence, create a mandatory choice of [InitialLevel and initialLevelSource] and initialLevelSource. The first branch would be used only for AgreedInitialPrice. If initiallevel is present this would infer AgreedInitialPrice, initialLevelSource= AgreedInitialPrice can be optionally provided for clarity. The second branch would be used for elections other than AgreedInitialPriceprice.
- Within extraordinaryEvents type, deprecated tenderOffer Boolean element in favor of using just tenderOfferEvents. Documented the tenderOfferEvents usage, as "If tenderOfferEvents is NOT provided, No Tender Offer is applicable. If provided, Tender Offer is applicable, all events within EquityCorporateEvents type are turned on and the consequences must be provided.
- Within EquityValuation, grouped into an optional choice elements: futuresPriceValution and optionsPriceValuation. Rationale: they should be mutually exclusive as they both answer the same question.
- Renamed ClassifiedPayment to ClassifiablePayment. Rationale: one can choose not to classify it. Note: under FpML guideline, it is considered a backward compatible change. The change affected products: CorrelationSwap, VarianceSwap, VolatilitySwap.
- Regulatory Reporting:
- Support for SEC SBSR rules (See recordkeeping example ex145)
- The following issues have been resolved:


Zhangjiajie International Country Music Stage Has been Finished
Country music combines with the original ecological pastoral scenery, and a curved limpid stream goes through the stage. Among the mountains, we can hear the sounds of nature.
According to the introduction, The opening stage covers an area of 500 square meters. It was built between paddy fields and the water wheel live stage, the entire stage composed of rock grinding raw materials.
In the opening stage, quaver background combines with water wheel, which becomes a new scenery line. On the right side of the stage, there is an original "Tujia diaojiao building". It can reflect tujia living characteristics, give an intuitive impression to the audiences, which let the audience feel zhangjiajie culture, experience the country singles.
Zhangjiajie international country music first started in 2009, which aimed to show the world local music, inherit and carry forward the country music art. In ecological square of Huanglong Cave, there exsits grain, melon and fruit. The audience can sit around and listen to music feast.
In this country singles, the opening stage will be preserved as the music source iconic attractions, and it met the visitors for officially on August 25th.
Translated by Sophia


Top 10 biggest Historical Mysteries
Our history has enormous stories including some we haven't yet found. These biggest historical mysteries bewildering researchers for many years but still, these have remained uncertain. Perhaps the new generation may find out them. We have a list of some mysteries in them that haven't solved yet. Maybe you know some of them. Have a look at the 10 biggest historical mysteries.
10: Mystery of Bermuda triangle
The Bermuda triangle is also notorious for the "Devil's Triangle". It situates in the western part region of the North Atlantic Ocean. Here numerous ships and aircraft have disappeared mysteriously. Nobody knows about this mystery that what happened with them. In one article by Miami Herald in 1950, published the disappearance about it. Many trustworthy sources denied this idea of mystery. Even the surrounding areas of the Bermuda triangle are extremely traveled lanes in the world. Many ships cross through it for the ports of America, Europe, and the Caribbean island. Almost regularly the cruise ships and crafts sail through it and aircrafts flyover from it. According to many people, it is still a mysterious land and counts in the biggest historical mysteries in the world.
09: Mysteries about Pyramids in Egypt
The mysteries about pyramids in Egypt also includes in biggest historical mysteries in the world. Pyramids are one of the familiar symbols of the historical Egyptian Pharaohs. Even these multifarious tombs built only the divergent portions of their civilization. It built around the 1st dynasty with a unique shape. One of the durable mysteries of the pyramids axis is how they were built and what was the purpose of making this type of tomb. Maybe some secrets behind it included still one of the mysteries.
08: Mystery of Green Children
During the 12th century, the village of Woolpit in Suffolk, England had reportedly two children with unusual skin color. They conversed in a strange language and ate just raw beans. Ultimately they learned to eat other foodstuffs and gradually lost their green color. But the boy couldn't survive in that environment became sick and died soon. After that girl adjusted in her new life and learned the English language. She told that they came from Saint Martin's land, a subterranean planet. Still, it counted in the biggest historical mysteries that haven't solved.
07: A mysterious Manuscript
The Voynich manuscript, recognized as an old book for almost 500 years. It wrote in a mysterious language that still no open can understand. In 1912, this book got the name after Wilfrid Voynich who bought this book in Italy. Many people tried to understand this book but no was succeeded yet. It counted in one of the biggest historical mysteries. Now a recent theory told that it could be a women's health medical book but quickly it was debunked.
06: Phaistos Disc
Likewise the Voynich manuscript, the Phaistos Disc is also an additional mystery in the biggest historical mysteries that nobody can interpret. It is a clay disc made of some time during the Bronze Age that revealed in 1908. It enclosed with puzzling mysterious symbols. Some proposed that it might have been a type of board game or desired to the supernatural being of fertility. Hence, it is still unsolved.
Read More: Top 10 Historic Prisons in The World
05: The lost colony of Roanoke
Roanoke Island placed on the coast of North Carolina. It recognized by the English settlers in 1587. John White departed it for most supplies in England. He left his wife and children here. Because of the impending war with Spain, he couldn't come back early. When he returned here in 1590, he saw the whole colony had vacant. No one was there. The fortune of the first colonist of Roanoke Island is still a mystery. It is one of the American's biggest historical mysteries in the earth.
04: Mysterious Antikythera mechanism
The Antikythera mechanism was a historical analog computer in the world. It believed to make by ancient Greek scientists around 100-150 B.C. This included one of the biggest historical mysteries in the world. It used to predict astronomical positions and even though tell about eclipses. It remained a mystery because mechanical clocks made in the 14th century, Europe.
03: Mysterious Dancing Plague
In the 15th century, a mysterious plague hit the Strasbourg. It recognized as "dancing plague" A woman whose name was Frau Troffea turned into a slender street and suddenly start dancing. Unintentionally the dancing fever gripped her for many days. After that, it began to suffer others. Because of this around 400 people became infected with the so-called mysterious dancing plague. Even some of them died due to heart attacks and fatigue by this plague. In its climax, probably this plague killed almost 15 people daily. The doctors thought that it was due to hot blood that urged them to dance. However, the mystery is still unsolved that what the reason was for. It consisted of historical biggest mysteries.
2: Mystery of Taboot-e-Sakina
Firstly the Taboot-e-Sakina blessed to Hazrat Adam (A.S) then afterward others prophets according to inheritance. Taboot held some important things like Lauh-e-Quran, Hazrat Musa's Aasa, the original version of Tauraat and some special utensils, etc. It believed that Taboot bestowed to Hazrat Dawood (A.S). He decided to make it for the temple but it didn't complete in his life. After that it completed in Hazrat Suleman (A.S)'s life, that's why it named the Haikal-e-Suleimani. The Taboot remained saved until the attackers of Babul. After attack Taboot-e-sakina misplaced and still didn't find. Some believed that many be Babylon attackers who took it with them. It is one of the biggest historical mysteries in the world.
01: Mysterious Mohenjo-Daro
Mohenjo-Daro was mysterious land of Pakistan that emerged around 4500 years ago. It was advance, prosperous and fully furnished with the latest technology. Its water supply system, disposal system was unique in ancient time. It is the biggest historical mysteries in the world that how they knew the latest technologies and what happened with it that it destructed. It is still a puzzle for many of us.


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How to draw Po from Kung Fu Panda. Learn to draw cartoon, Kung Fu Panda Po. From step by step drawing and video tutorial. Learn how to draw Manga, Anime, and comics. Drawing and sketching anime technique for manga, cartoon and comics. Draw and Sketch Cartoon character, Kung Fu Panda in action pose. Learn from Step by step and video tutorial. The process shows drawing and sketching video series of comic book characters that will help you gain knowledge of its cartoon anatomy and dynamics in the positioning of the figure and the details.
Po Ping or Po is the main protagonist of the Kung Fu Panda series. He is the adoptive son of Mr. Ping and one of Master Shifu's students at the Jade Palace. Po is also the prophesied Dragon Warrior, as well as the warrior of black and white. Po's dreams become reality when he joins the world of Kung Fu and studies alongside his idols, the legendary Furious Five (Tigress, Crane, Mantis, Viper and Monkey) under the leadership of their guru, Master Sifu.
Here is a drawing of Po from Kung Fu Panda.
Watch the drawing video tutorial how to draw Po from Kung Fu Panda
Here is an easy geometry break down of the character to understand the drawing.
Below are step by step drawing Po to go along with the video lesson with detail instruction.


EpiCan
The Canadian Partnership for Tomorrow Project (CPTP) is the product of $150+ million dollar investment to create first class infrastructure to support health research internationally. It is Canada's largest population cohort with detailed data and biospecimens on 300,000+ adults. CPTP leaders have teamed-up with scientists from a range of disciplines to enable a deeper understanding of how air pollution and the surroundings where people live interact with genes to influence cardiometabolic health. Existing data and resources are used to address essential questions for public health authorities, researchers, and health practitioners. The focus is on metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of medical conditions common among aging adults: obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol, high blood sugar, and insulin resistance. Because people with MetS are more likely to develop diabetes and cardiovascular disease, MetS represents a substantial burden on healthcare systems. MetS results from the interaction of genes, lifestyle and the environment, but these mechanisms are not well understood. This program aims to quantify the effect of air pollution and built environment on MetS, and map differences in DNA that impact gene expression, and see if their effect are modified by environmental factors. Currently, no studies exist on the genetic and environmental risk factors of MetS at this scale, nor is there any program that has the infrastructure to return and share data with researchers to facilitate discovery.
Overview
Start Date
01-11-2015
End Date
31-10-2020
Contact Details
Name
Philip Awadalla
Institution
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research
Toronto, ON
Canada


text: In this study, we report a facile strategy to prepare a new class of red phosphorus (RP) decorated and doped TiO2 (A: anatase and B: TiO2(B)) nanofibers with boosted photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance from pure water. The optimized TiO2(B)/RP and TiO2(A)/RP heterostructure exhibits significantly enhanced photocatalytic performances, with HER rate reaching 11.4 and 5.3 μmol h−1, respectively. The optical absorption of TiO2 is significantly extended to the visible light region after decoration of RP. And more oxygen vacancies (VO) were introduced by phosphorus doping in the TiO2(B)/RP than TiO2(A)/RP. The theoretical calculations illustrate the formation of VO can decrease the ratio of effective masses of electron to hole, which gives rise to promoted photoinduced charge separation and transfer. These results suggest that the boosted photocatalytic HER performance should be mainly attributed to the synergetic enhancement in light harvesting and charge separation enabled by RP deposition and P5+ doping.


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Removal of Tidal Fluctuations from Pumping Test Databy Benjamin S. Levy, ENSR Consulting and Engineering, Acton, United States,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Hydraulic Engineering
Abstract: A simple technique for removing tidal fluctuations from drawdown data was examined. This technique relied simply upon transforming measured surface water level data to fit the pretest groundwater level data. Estimates of aquifer diffusivity obtained from the tidal amplitude multiplier, used to transform the measured surface water level data in the detrending technique, agreed well with estimates derived from type-curve fitting of the transformed drawdown. Use of the surface water data to remove tidal fluctuations from the pumping test data underscored the need to monitor surface water levels in the adjacent tidal water body throughout the entire pumping test.
Subject Headings: Tides | Pumping tests | Data processing | Surface water | Hydrologic data | Drawdown (hydrology) | Water level
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Inactivating user accounts
If it is necessary, you can inactivate a user's account without removing it from the system in Cloudera Data Visualization (CDV).
You must have administrative privileges to perform this action.
The following steps demonstrate how to inactivate a CDV user account.
 1. Click the Gear icon on the main navigation bar to open the Administration menu.
 2. Click Users & Groups.
 The Manage Users & Groups interface appears, open on the Users tab.
 3. In the list of Users, click either the Username of the account you want to inactivate, or the Edit (Pencil) icon.
 4. In the Edit User modal window, select Inactive.
 5. Click SAVE.
After the operation succeeds, you can see the Users list on the screen. The inactiveated user is part of the list, and the status shown is set to inactive.


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The thermal performance of each test cells will be monitored continually from this winter until autumn 2007. The cells will be heated. So, sensors will be used to
- control and measuring the heating,
- determine temperature variation in various parts of the room;
- measure heat movement through the cells' fabric; and
- Monitor air movement in the roof and sub-floor spaces.
In addition, local weather conditions will be monitored and recorded.
Controlling the heating
The regulatory modelling program, AccuRate, estimates the amount of energy required to keep specific rooms at a comfortable temperature during different times of the day. To replicate this, the heater in each cell will be controlled by internal temperature sensor. Running time and energy use will be measured and recorded.
Temperature in a room is not consistent. It is influenced by height in the room, proximity of hot and cold surfaces such as walls, and draughts and other air movement. Temperature will be measured at three heights (0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 m high) at each of nine points in the cells. This is shown in Image 3 below.
Heat movement through the fabric
Heat moves through each surface of the cells, ceiling and roof, walls and floor. To measure this heat flow and the thermal performance of the construction systems, temperature sensors are positioned:
- At each material surface in the centre of the north and south walls;
- At each material surface in the centre of the ceiling and across the roof sheet on the centre of the north facing roof segment; and
- At each material surface in the centre of the floor. As the slab may use the ground under it as a heat sink, temperature is also measured one meter under ground in the centre of each cell.
Air movement under the timber sub-floors and in the roof spaces influences the flow of heat through the floor and the ceiling. Air movement sensors will be positioned in the centre of the floor and ceiling space of each module.
The collected data will be analysed to compare actual thermal performance to that predicted by AccuRate. This will provide a critical but objective comparison between the performance accessed by the rating software and the measured performance of three similar test cells.


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What Animal Has The Strongest Bite. A bite that doesn't completely sever the finger.there are cases of fingers being bitten entirely off, but such an act requires. Alligators possess the second strongest bites in the world with a force of 2,125 psi.
At 4,000 pounds per square inch, the saltwater crocodile of northern africa has the strongest bite of any living animal, powerful enough to snag a zebra or antelope by the hoof and drag it kicking and bleating into the water. At 4,000 pounds per square inch, the saltwater crocodile of northern africa has the strongest bite of any living animal, powerful enough to snag a zebra or antelope by the hoof and drag it kicking and bleating into the water.
10 Most Powerful Animal Bites On The Animal Bites
Bite force among animals will always vary from subject to subject.) 12. But siberian huskies are quite energetic.
What Animal Has The Strongest Bite
Crocodiles have the strongest bite of any living animal.Dog (325 pounds per square inch)Ever wondered how the creatures of the earth rank up when it comes to how strong their jaws are?Feel that it is enough to break your bones.
Here the list of 10 most powerful animal bites.Hippopotamus has the most powerful bite force in all land mammals:In an experiment done by the national geographic team, the bite force of the nile crocodile measured at 3960 pounds per square inch (psi).It is even stronger and faster than the lion, and this difference continues with bite force.
Jaguars have the strongest jaws in the big cat family.Nile crocodile has the strongest bite force in the world.Not only is its bite very painful but it also has a brain that is dedicated to the sense of smell which is among the things you don't know about animal senses.Now imagine how it would feel to be bitten by an animal whose bite is 25 times more powerful than a human's.
Now you'll know which one you should run away from the fastest.Numbers are based on evidence, estimates and extrapolations.Saltwater crocodile (4,000 psi) at 4,000 pounds per square inch, the saltwater crocodile of northern africa has the strongest bite of any living animal, powerful enough to snag a zebra or antelope by the hoof and drag it kicking and bleating into the water.Saltwater crocodile has the most powerful bite ever tested.
Saltwater crocodile with a psi of 3700 :Saltwater crocodiles are responsible for several human deaths and water bites.So, while the dogs previously mentioned have a serious pain inflicting bite force, none of them can compare to the kangal.That's how homer simpson tries to reassure bart and lisa during their safari to africa, way back in the wilds of season 12.
The bear has the strongest bite in the animal kingdom and the sixth among living creatures worldwide.The hippopotamus is a mostly herbivorous, semiaquatic mammal, so i didn't include it in the list above.The jaguar has a bite force of 700 psi and can pierce the skulls and brains of any animal it preys on.The kangal has a bite force of 743 psi.
The kangal is the dog that has the strongest bite.The largest cat in the americas is also the strongest biter of any wild feline.The saltwater crocodile has the world's strongest bite force the saltwater crocodile is found in salt and brackish waters in parts of asia, australia, and.The siberian husky has a bite force of 320 psi.
Their bite force measures in at 3700 pounds per square inch, which is enough force to bite through steel!Their large, powerful jaws make their snouts deadly traps from which escape is nearly impossible for prey.These crocodiles can tear apart any animal.These though possessed for smaller teeth and jaw muscles they have the strongest bite.
They are not violent or aggressive, especially when properly trained.They are opportunists and can wait for long hours and even many days to attack their prey.They are the inhabitants of lakes and marshlands.They have been around for 200 million years.
They kill by primarily biting the head and the bite is so powerful that it can even pierce the shell of a turtle.They mainly feed on birds, animals, and reptiles.This 9.8 feet length creature has a reason for its powerful jaw;This animal can deliver a bite force of up to 1,350 psi — twice as powerful as that of the african lion.
Though they belong to the list of dogs with the strongest bite, siberian huskies are popular family pets because of their kindness, gentleness, and high level of intelligence.Tiger has the bite force twice stronger than a lion, which is 1050 pounds per square inch.Tiger is the most powerful and strongest cat of the cat family.We must remember that almost all their preys in the arctic have thick skin.
What animal has the second strongest bite?What dog has the strongest bite?What dog has the strongest bite?Which animal has the strongest bite strength?
Who has the strongest bite in the animal kingdom?Why, such a big difference you might ask?With a bite of about 3,700 psi, a crocodile is among the animals with the strongest bites in the world.You will notice them always running around the house so it is a.


Can Bunnies Eat Grapes?
By Link the Bun December 14th, 2020
Red Grapes
Photo by Jene Yeo on Unsplash
Everyone loves grapes, they are just too refreshing and sweet to resist. Grapes are packed with very important nutrients which makes them highly beneficial for health.
But can bunnies eat grapes? The answer is, yes they can! Bunnies love grapes, but they can only have it as a treat, once or twice a week.
Bunnies are extremely fond of having fruits, but you should also know that bunnies have really sensitive digestive systems.
You need to be cautious when feeding them and not make grapes a daily part of their diet as daily feeding of grapes may disrupt their digestion and be harmful for them.
Keep reading to find out about how grapes affect the health of rabbits.
What are the types of Grapes?
Grapes are the most loved fruits; they are the most nutritious fruits that are high in sugar.
Grapes are actually berries that have no stones; they just have a few seeds inside them. It is a sweet and delicious fruit.
There are three types of grapes:
 - Raisin grapes: These grapes are eaten after drying out.
 - Table grapes: These grapes are eaten fresh.
 - Wine grapes: These grapes go through the process of fermentation that produces wine.
Grape Nutritional Facts for Rabbits
Grapes are the most nutrient dense fruits; grapes include all the important vitamins, minerals, a good number of antioxidants and phytonutrients like catechins, beta-carotene and resveratrol.
The light colored grapes have less antioxidant than their dark colored varieties that have more antioxidants. All the colors are good for your rabbits health and rabbits diet.
You get the following in one cup serving of grapes:
 - 3 mg vitamin C
 -.1 mg vitamin B6
 - 288 mg potassium
 -.2 mg copper
 -.1 mg thiamine
 - 22 mcg vitamin K
 -.1 mg manganese
 -.1 mg riboflavin
Are Grapes Good for Rabbit Health?
Grapes contain the most important vitamins and minerals such as Vitamin C, Vitamin K and potassium etc which makes it really good and beneficial for the rabbit health.
Rabbits need good nutrition as well, they need lots of minerals and vitamins in their daily rabbit diet. But there's one downside, grapes contain lots of water and sugar.
Watery fruits can be harmful for the rabbits as it may cause diarrhea when it is fed in excess and too much sugar cause tummy troubles, that is why grapes should only be consumed in small amounts by the rabbit.
How many Grapes can rabbits have?
Gi Stasis in Rabbits
Rabbits love grapes, and having too little of it may not even satisfy one's sweet tooth. However, it is advised to feed only small amounts like one or two grapes to a rabbit as that is enough for them.
It is important to take such an approach as rabbit's digestive system is too sensitive and it may cause rabbit health issues like painful gas and diarrhea (Gi Stasis) which is a serious issue.
You should always wash the grape and cut it in half and then feed it to your rabbit. After feeding the grape for the first time, monitor your rabbit for the next few hours for any signs of discomfort.
If you notice any changes, then your rabbit should not have any grapes in the future as that confirms that your rabbit does not do well with grapes.
And if you don't notice any changes and everything remains normal, then you can go ahead and feed your rabbit one entire grape or half of a big grape.
When can Bunnies have Grapes?
When the bunny is more than 3 months old they can have grapes, you should not feed them any grapes if their mother had none while nursing them and if they're less than 3 months old.
You can feed the rabbits with plain pellets and hay if you don't know whether their mother had grapes while nursing them. Wait until 3 months and then you can introduce them to grapes in their diet.
Cons of feeding Grapes to Bunnies
As bunnies have really specialized digestive systems, the rabbit diet should primarily consist of hay. As the biggest con of grapes is its high sugar content, this can be harmful for them.
Bunnies rely on fibrous foods to maintain proper digestion, as foods with high sugar content are hard to digest and it may also trigger changes in the pH level of their intestines which results in stomach problems like pain, bloating and gas.
Rabbits should only have one or two grapes a week. This is a safe limit for them. Besides if we feed the bunnies with fruits, they may ignore their normal diet that consists of hay and leafy vegetables.
Grapes seem moderately sweet to us but for rabbits it's very sweet, which might make it quite addicting for them. You should always feed your rabbits with hay, and then feed it with grapes as a treat only.
Benefits of Grapes for Bunnies
Grapes are loaded with many important nutrients such as Vitamin C, Vitamin K, Vitamin E, phosphorous and potassium that are really beneficial for rabbit health.
Grapes also contain antioxidants like polyphenols; the most well-known is resveratrol which helps prevent cancers and heart diseases.
You can buy seedless grapes for your bunny to prevent them from choking or remove the seeds after cutting.
Grapes have a low GI (Glycemic Index) which tells about the ranking of carbohydrates in food and how it affects blood sugar.
The low GI number of grapes makes them a healthy fruit option than high GI fruits such as watermelons, as rabbits have low sugar tolerance than humans.
To conclude…
Bunnies can have grapes in small amounts, like one or two grapes in a week. Grapes should only be given to them as a treat only because of its high sugar content.
Bunny's diet should be supplemented with hay, pellets and vegetables. This is considered a healthy diet for the rabbits.
Some of the benefits of grapes are that it is packed with many nutritious vitamins and minerals and has a low GI number while some of the cons are that it has high sugar content and calories.
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40 CFR 63.9916 - What test methods and other procedures must I use to establish and demonstrate initial compliance with the operating limits?
For a wet scrubber subject to operating limits for pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate in § 63.9890(b), you must establish site-specific operating limits according to the procedures in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.
(a) Using the continuous parameter monitoring system (CPMS) required in § 63.9920, measure and record the pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate at least every 15 minutes during each run of the particulate matter performance test.
(b) Compute and record the average pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate for each individual test run. Your operating limits are the lowest average individual pressure drop and scrubber water flow rate values in any of the three runs that meet the applicable emission limit.


Is My Pet Rat Blind? All You Need To Know (+ Rat Blindness Tests)
Is My Pet Rat Blind? A question often asked by pet rat owners. But if so, how can you determine that? The good news is that there are two reliable ways of finding out if your rat is blind or not, and we will discuss them in a moment, including caring for your rat if they are going blind.
Is my pet rat blind? To determine if your rat is blind, you can conduct a finger test. You can carry out the test when they're focused on something else or in front of their cage. Keep reading to learn about how both tests can be conducted safely. However, the most reliable way to know if your rat is blind is by consulting a vet.
Before we dive into the tests, we must understand how the eyesight of a rat works and what may lead to blindness in rats, then we'll take a look at measures you can adopt if your pet rat is going blind.
Rats do not have good eyesight
Unlike most animals, rats do not have the brightest vision. They lack what is known as 20/20 vision. Therefore, their vision of the world is blurred and hazy.
Since their vision is not optimized to see beyond a few feet, they may not recognize your presence by sight if you're at extreme ends of a big room. However, this is not an indication that their blind but a limitation of their vision.
With that said, you may wonder why they're able to detect your presence when you open the door or make a loud sound. The reason is that they have a heightened sense of hearing, not that they suddenly recovered their vision.
A commonly underlooked fact is that rats are nocturnal animals. Even at close range, they still do not have the best vision. Therefore, before you fret about your pet rat going blind, you must remember that rats do not depend entirely on their vision.
Rats are color blind
Rats do not experience the full range of light frequency, but they can detect ultraviolet light invisible to the human eye.
A rat's vision is black and white mostly, typically with a touch of other colors and most prominently grey. Therefore, a color-based test will fall short of determining a rat's blindness, regardless of how perfect their vision seems to be
Can Rats Go Blind?
Yes, rats can go blind. Compared to other animals, rats may have a higher propensity to go blind since they are not born with excellent vision. There are myths linked to blindness in rats, with an impeccable degree of truth to them. However, the primary cause of rat blindness is poor vision.
Does The Color of a Rat's Eye Matter?
Yes, the color of a rat's eyes matters when it comes to blindness. Rats that do not have red or pink eyes are known to have better vision than those that do. Also, those with red eyes tend to respond quickly to any form of light than their peers do.
Rats with pink and red eyes are said to have a shallow depth of field. Depth of field is a term used in photography to describe the area in view which is in focus.
If you have ever paid close attention to red-eyed rats, you may notice how frequently they shift their heads. The reason for this behavior is so that they can gain focus on objects not present in their limited depth of field. Many believe that the limited vision is the secret behind the red-eyed rat's enhanced nocturnal capabilities.
Sadly, that's far from the truth. It is impossible to see without light, and the red-eyed rats are no exception, especially in low-light areas.
Albino Rats And Blindness
Albino rats have poor vision in low light conditions due to their pink eyes. So we can say their vision is a lot worse than their peers.
According to science, rats with red or pink eyes cannot develop the same number of rod-shaped receptors compared to their peers due to the absence of melanin in their eyes. The cells that develop into the rod-shaped receptors require melanin for development
Since melanin is absent, about 1/3 of their rod cells are malformed, leaving the albino rat with poor vision.
It is sad that albino rats become disabled a few weeks after birth and may not even make it to maturity without going blind or almost blind.
Pink + Red-Eyed Rats Can Suffer From Light Exposure
Determining a pet rat's sensitivity to light may be a cruel experiment. However, we can safely infer that rodents with light-colored eyes will have a hard time exposed to bright light or sunlight because it could damage their fragile eyes.
You can help them by :
 - Placing their cage as far away from bright light as you possibly can.
 - Close the curtains to limit light rays from the sun unless it is a rainy day.
 - A window panel with a darkening effect would be perfect since you can move them around if your rats are constantly changing spaces.
What Else Can Make A Rat Go Blind?
Rats are like humans, so they can go blind for so many reasons. Some of the reasons include:
 - Poor Diet
 - Sickness
 - Congenital Blindness
 - Genetics
Eye infections can also lead to blindness in pet rats. If you notice any changes in their eyes, such as bulging, swelling, or inflammation of surrounding tissue, seek help immediately. Failure to do so may lead to blindness.
Rats can also lose their sight due to play fights. Because of their sharp claws, they may injure one another in the eye, leading to blindness.
 Though you may not be able to protect your pet rat from all the dangers that can lead to blindness, you certainly can ensure that their diet is in check. You may also adopt the use of vitamins made for rats.
Will My Pet Rat See Better At Night?
Rats are nocturnal creatures, but these little rodents are more optimized for smell and hearing than they are seeing. Not that these creatures do not see at night, they just are not visually inclined.
In the wild, they're more likely to flee predators by the sounds they make as they draw closer. Because fewer predators move around at night, it makes sense for them to hunt in the dark.
How To Tell If Your Rat Is Going Blind?
To know if your pet rat is blind, you can try one of these tests. However, nothing beats the services provided by a trained vet because there is no home kit designed to serve this purpose.
Let's get to the tests:
 1. The finger test. To perform the finger test, make sure you wash your hands thoroughly. If you do not wash your hands thoroughly, they may likely respond to the smell of food instead of the sight of your finger. After washing, hold your fingers 3 inches away from the edge of their cage while moving back and forth, staying within their field of vision. The goal here is to see if they can keep track of your moving fingers. If they fail to do so, repeat the test a few more times to rule out blindness. In some cases, rats are just not willing to participate in the tests.
 2. The sneaky finger test. If your rat continues to shake its head in a manner depicting focus, raise your fingers to their side but without making noise. If your pet rat doesn't detect it immediately – chances are, your rat may be going blind.
What To Do If Your Rat Is Blind?
Unlike humans, rats capable of living happily with blindness, but you have a role to play. Ensure not to change their space too often or move things around their cage, as doing this can lead to confusion and distress, which may take them longer to do things their sighted peers would easier.
Final Thoughts
Is my pet rat blind? You got the answer: In summary, there are two ways to know if your pet rat is going blind, you can try the finger test or the sneaky finger test. All of which can or may not be effective in some cases. However, it is refreshing to know that a blind rat can live a long and happy life so long as you are there to support them. If you are still worried your pet rat may be going blind, talk to a vet right away.