text:
Tattooing is a kind of body art that has been embraced world over by both men and women. Although the designs can be worn by both men and women, there are certain types of tattoo designs that are quite gender specific with one of them being the bow tattoo design that's common with women. Bow tattoos are quite fascinating especially when worn by women and this post is filled with some of the inspiring designs that one can choose from.
Why women should consider getting a bow tattoo: As the bow tie simply depicts the tying up of something, then pulled back and released, women may find this really symbolic as it points to the way women have been liberated in recent times. Sometimes even men go for this tattoo, especially those who have gone through a similar experience of suppression and release.
In this article we will tell you about the choices you have with regards to design for bow tattoos and what they could mean. We hope by doing that we will be able to provide you inspiration for your own bow tattoo design.
What a bow tattoo means to women: A bow tattoo can be made to look really cute or decorative and they are quite in fashion. Some women go with a bow tattoo as it works with many of accessories that they like to wear. The size of the bow tattoo can vary depending where you want to get it. The most common areas for getting a bow tattoo are the wrist, the legs and the arms.
The meanings of bow tattoos.
The bow tattoo carry a lot of symbolic value specific to the person who gets this tattoo. The meaning naturally depends on what you feel about it and also the type of bow tattoo design that you are going with.
The most common meaning and symbolism that is associated with bow tattoos is about sharing and giving, the present time, female power, expertise, a hug, something to do with a gift of love.
Designs for Bow tattoos
You do have many alternatives when it comes designs of bow tattoos. You can choose to vary the size of the bow, the type of bow, the color of the bow and the shape of the bow. With so much choice at hand, you are free to customize something unique for yourself. Women tend to use colors that are bright like purple, red and pink. But the fact is that you could choose the color you want to make your own bow tattoo.
Bow tattoo with ribbon: Sometimes people go with the ribbon that is used for cancer along with the bow tattoo. Maybe they want to depict fighting and winning over cancer with this type of bow tattoo.
The tiny bows are common features when it comes to wrapping gifts and wearing them may carry some symbolism that may be unique to the wearer. The bow tattoo design below is a peculiar piece of artwork and fits well on the neck where it's worn.
Use of vibrant colors blends well with female tattoo wearer's and is a common feature in bow tattoo designs. A mixture of color maroon and black in the design below looks beautiful on the wearer.
Bow tattoo designs is a major preference amongst women tattoo lovers. The design fits well on any part of the body and can be worn either as a tiny design or some large design. The design below is quite tiny and fits well on the finger where its worn.
The design below is quite elegant with the one color used greatly enhancing the overall outlook of the design. Many female tattoo lovers find bow tattoos to be quite ideal as it suits all age groups and is ever trendy.
Whether you're using bold colors or dots like in the design below, the ways that one can use for wearing bow tattoos seems limitless as one is free to customize a design that best suits their interest.
The symbolic meaning of bow tattoos:
Bow tattoos are not only worn for their beauty and charm, they also carry some deep meaning and having knowledge of what they symbolize can be of great help to the wearer. Bows are often formed by tying a lose knot of a thread or ribbon which then results into a unique and fascinating appearance.
The design is said to symbolize liberation and a cool attitude which most modern women can associate with as no one is there to judge them on how they do everything. The design below looks spectacular and greatly enhances the flawless body of the wearer.
Bow tattoos also symbolize femininity, specialty and even love as the beautiful bows are generally used for tying special gifts. The design below is artistically designed with beautiful color combination that makes the design to be quite appealing.
Bow tattoos designs also symbolize the spirit of giving and receiving which is a common virtue in women. The fact that the designs can be worn on any part of the body makes them to be quite versatile and appealing to tattoo lovers.
Some of the common places on the human body where the tattoo can be worn include the wrists like in the design below, the back of the ear, the finger, lower back, shoulder amongst others with each design greatly enhancing the overall outlook of the wearer.
The bow tattoo design below creates such a magnificent outlook as it blends quite well with the wearer's complexion. The tattoo design can be easily mistaken to be a bracelet or some ornament.
There are various elements that can be incorporated in bow tattoo designs like the use of flowers and other beautiful elements just like shown in the design below. The color combination and the floral elements used in the design below looks fabulous and blends well with the wearer's complexion.
The bow tattoo is also perceived to symbolize a special event in the wearer's life. It can be worn as a commemoration of some event that the wearer finds exciting and memorable. The pink color tied around the wrist looks quite cool and eye-catching.
Bow tattoos are also commonly used as an awareness drive and by wearing them one may be identifying with the kind of issue that awareness is being created about. The design below fits quite well on the back where it's worn.
The spotted colors on the bow tattoo design below makes the design to look more fabulous as it looks more like a butterfly. The use of two colors also blends well with the wearer's complexion.
Some of the elements commonly used in bow tattoo designs are stripes, polka dots and many others just like in the design below. The color used in the design blends quite well with the wearer's complexion as it also enhances the visual appeal.
Bow tattoos are all about femininity and playfulness and the colors used should express that aspect just like in the design below. The tiny bow with pink and black colors looks fantastic on the wearer's feet.
Some of the common elements that can be incorporated with bow tattoo designs include the flowers, diamonds, birds, butterflies and chains amongst others. Bow tattoos can also be expressed in a way that gives them shadow effect as that helps in enhancing the overall outlook of the design.
Th bow tattoo design below is quite simple and spectacular. The design fits well on the hand and can be perceived to express a permanent ring worn by the wearer.
Bow tattoos can also be customized into designs that best suits one's meaning and symbolism. The design below looks spectacular and may have meanings that are are unique to the wearer.
The design below looks so real, its like the tattoo wearer has worn an actual lace with a bow attached to it. The mixture of red and black colors also blends well with the wearer.
There are bow tattoo designs that are popular with the female tattoo lovers. The fact that the designs can be simplified to something similar to wearing a beautiful ring makes them quite magnificent and appealing when worn.
The butterfly feature incorporated in the bow tattoo design below looks spectacular and blends well with the complexion of the wearer. Bow tattoos can be used alongside other tattoo designs for a richer and eye-catching piece of design.
Bow tattoo designs provides female tattoo lovers with a unique way of expressing their femininity and love for the art just like in the design below. The designs below looks quite eye-catching in the place where they are worn.
Bow tattoo designs has a way of enhancing that inner charm and beauty that women carry and the choice of color and artistic design goes along way in enhancing the overall outlook. The design below looks simple and fits well on the place its worn.
Most bow tattoo designs are inked in either one or two colors which makes the entire design to blend quite well with the wearer's complexion. The pink colors used in the design below are quite visually appealing.
Bow tattoos comes in subtle shapes and cool colors that makes the designs to look spectacular regardless of the place its worn. The tattoo is generally small which makes it fit well in some of the body parts like the one below.
The stylish nature of the ribbon is one aspect that women love as it ignites some inner feelings of beauty and one of the reason why bow tattoos are common with women especially those embracing the art for the first time.
The pink color used in the bow tattoo design below blends quite well with the lace and the colors used in the design. The design that one opts for has a way of expressing the wearer's attitude, lifestyle and even enhancing the wearer's appearance.
The best way to enhance that girlish style if you are a tattoo lover is by wearing the bow tattoos just like expressed in the design below. It's a reminder of the beautiful ribbons that girls would tie their hair with which also enhances that beautiful feeling in the wearer.
If you are to attain that beautiful design then apart from choosing a beautiful design, you also need to look for a tattoo artist that has clear understanding of the kind of design that you want. The design below looks spectacular with the combination of colors blending quite well with the wearer's complexion.
Bow tattoos just like any other girl's tattoo is generally used in expressing feelings and emotions of compassion, love and beauty. The beautiful bright colors used in


Does the DNR patient belong in the ICU?
Abstract
A small but significant percentage of ICU patients are designated DNR at some time during their ICU stay. DNR patients in the ICU are more ill, use more resources (including nursing care) and have a higher mortality rate than non-DNR patients. In an age of a critical care nursing shortage, spiraling health costs, and an emphasis on the just allocation and… (More)
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Common Lisp the Language, 2nd Edition
next up previous contents index
Next: Examples Up: Inheritance Previous: Inheritance of Slots Inheritance of Class Options
The :default-initargs class option is inherited. The set of defaulted initialization arguments for a class is the union of the sets of initialization arguments specified in the :default-initargs class options of the class and its superclasses. When more than one default initial value form is supplied for a given initialization argument, the default initial value form that is used is the one supplied by the class that is most specific according to the class precedence list.
If a given :default-initargs class option specifies an initialization argument of the same name more than once, an error is signaled.


Your Environmental Data On Arduino Iot Cloud
About the project
Group all the information collected by a MKR WiFi 1010 + MKR ENV Shield in a single, web-based dashboard.
Project info
Items used in this project
Hardware components
Arduino Mkr1000 Arduino Mkr1000 x 1
Mkr Env Shield Mkr Env Shield x 1
Software apps and online services
Arduino IoT cloud Arduino IoT cloud
The story
By making this project you will learn how to read the data from the various sensors available on the ENV Shield, and you also learn how to visualize data on the widgets available in the Arduino Cloud.
What you need
The project requires an Arduino MKR WiFi 1010, the MKR ENV Shield, a battery pack (or other mean of powering the boards) and an account on Arduino IoT Cloud:
 - The core of the project is the Arduino MKR WiFi 1010. This board handles computation and communication thanks to its SAMD21 microcontroller and the on-board NINA-W10 module, capable of WiFi and BLE;
 - The battery pack is connected to the MKR WiFi 1010 and is used to power the device when an alternative power supply is not available;
 - The MKR ENV Shield is an Arduino MKR shield which featuring environmental sensors to measure temperature, humidity, pressure, light and UV.
 - Access credentials are needed to connect to the WiFi network.
The hardware configuration is relatively simple: it only requires the MKR WiFi 1010, a MKR ENV Shield and a battery pack.
MKR WiFi 1010 with MKR ENV Shield and a battery
MKR WiFi 1010 with MKR Shield and a battery
Align the MKR WiFi 1010 and ENV shield making sure that the labeled pin connectors are matching
Carefully plug the MKR ENV Shield in the MKR WiFi 1010 connector
The battery pack should be plugged into the designated connector on the MKR WiFi 1010:
Code structure
There's two main parts to the code required by this project: the skeleton template generated by Arduino IoT Cloud APIs to display data received from the MKR WiFi board and the Arduino MKRENV library which allows us to read values measured by all its sensors:
 - Our Arduino IoT Cloud Thing will be configured to hold six properties which will represent all the measurements acquired by the MKR WiFi 1010 and sent over a secure connection.
 - The Arduino sketch is first auto generated by IoT Cloud and handles connection to the Internet as well as data transfer between our Thing and the board, we'll then add the Arduino MKRENV library to manage the ENV Shield sensors.
The first code section is used to include the libraries required by our application. The thingProperties.h includes all the WiFi connection functionalities and cloud connection management; the only information required from the user are the credentials necessary to establish a connection with a WiFi network (SSID and PASSWORD).
Arduino IoT Cloud authenticates the connected device using a key stored inside the board's crypto-chip during the Getting Started process, guaranteeing data transmission over a secure channel.
The Arduino_MKRENV library includes all that is needed to read values measured by each sensor on the MKR ENV shield.
 1. _TAG_ "thingProperties.h"
 2. _TAG_
As usual, the setup section allows us to initialize all the objects used by the sketch, including Arduino IoT Cloud and its properties. ArduinoCloud.begin() makes sure that our board is prepared to connect and exchange data with the Dashboard:
 1. void setup() {
 2. // Initialize Serial and wait for port to open:
 3. Serial.begin(9600);
 4. // This delay gives the chance to wait for a Serial Monitor without blocking if none is found
 5. delay(1500);
 6. // Defined in thingProperties.h
 7. initProperties();
 8. // Connect to Arduino IoT Cloud
 9. ArduinoCloud.begin(ArduinoIoTPreferredConnection);
 10. /*
 11. The following function allows you to obtain more information
 12. related to the state of network and IoT Cloud connection and errors
 13. the higher number the more granular information you'll get.
 14. The default is 0 (only errors).
 15. Maximum is 4
 16. */
 17. setDebugMessageLevel(2);
 18. ArduinoCloud.printDebugInfo();
 19. if (!ENV.begin()) {
 20. Serial.println("Failed to initialize MKR ENV shield!");
 21. while(1);
 22. }
 23. }
The last bit of code is the loop where we query each sensor on the MKR ENV Shield. After each reading the sketch updates the properties variables and thanks to ArduinoCloud.begin() data is synced with the cloud:
 1. void loop() {
 2. ArduinoCloud.update();
 3. // Your code here
 4. humidity = int(ENV.readHumidity());
 5. lux = int(ENV.readIlluminance());
 6. pressure = int(ENV.readPressure());
 7. temperature = int(ENV.readTemperature());
 8. uva = int(ENV.readUVA());
 9. uvb = int(ENV.readUVB());
 10. uvi = int(ENV.readUVIndex());
 11. delay(1000);
 12. }
How to set up and use
Connect all the parts together, then connect your MKR WiFi 1010 to the computer and log onto your Arduino Cloud account.
You need to follow the procedure explained in the Arduino Cloud Getting Started and create the properties as specified in the following table, remembering that each name is case sensitive:
These are the values to use in each widget using the form that pops up every time you add a new widget
Each time you add a new widget you are required to fill a form like the one below.
Follow the table above to fill in all propertiess details
If you filled each property correctly, you should end up with something like this:
This is the list of widgets used by this project
When all the properties are created, click on the button edit code. You will be redirected to the Arduino Create Web Editor where you'll replace the main sketch in the first tab with the following code:
 1. /*
 2. Sketch generated by the Arduino IoT Cloud Thing "env_shield"
 4. Arduino IoT Cloud Properties description
 5. The following variables are automatically generated and updated when changes are made to the Thing properties
 6. int humidity;
 7. int lux;
 8. int pressure;
 9. int temperature;
 10. int uva;
 11. int uvb;
 12. int uvi;
 13. Properties which are marked as READ/WRITE in the Cloud Thing will also have functions
 14. which are called when their values are changed from the Dashboard.
 15. These functions are generated with the Thing and added at the end of this sketch.
 16. */
 17. _TAG_ "thingProperties.h"
 18. _TAG_
 19. void setup() {
 20. // Initialize serial and wait for port to open:
 21. Serial.begin(9600);
 23. delay(1500);
 24. // Defined in thingProperties.h
 25. initProperties();
 26. // Connect to Arduino IoT Cloud
 27. ArduinoCloud.begin(ArduinoIoTPreferredConnection);
 28. /*
 29. The following function allows you to obtain more information
 30. related to the state of network and IoT Cloud connection and errors
 31. the higher number the more granular information you'll get.
 32. The default is 0 (only errors).
 33. Maximum is 4
 34. */
 35. setDebugMessageLevel(4);
 36. ArduinoCloud.printDebugInfo();
 37. if (!ENV.begin()) {
 38. Serial.println("Failed to initialize MKR ENV shield!");
 39. while(1);
 40. }
 41. }
 42. void loop() {
 43. ArduinoCloud.update();
 44. // Your code here
 45. humidity = int(ENV.readHumidity());
 46. lux = int(ENV.readIlluminance());
 47. pressure = int(ENV.readPressure());
 48. temperature = int(ENV.readTemperature());
 49. uva = int(ENV.readUVA());
 50. uvb = int(ENV.readUVB());
 51. uvi = int(ENV.readUVIndex());
 52. delay(1000);
 53. }
 54. void onHumidityChange() {
 55. // Do something
 56. }
 57. void onLuxChange() {
 58. // Do something
 59. }
 60. void onPressureChange() {
 61. // Do something
 62. }
 63. void onTemperatureChange() {
 64. // Do something
 65


text:
Join us in welcoming our newly appointed Dean of University College - Denise Bates.
Take A Course
- For students seeking the full academic experience, Tufts offers hundreds of courses for credit. Take a course, receive a grade, and apply credits towards a degree or certificate.
- Tufts degree students login to SIS to register
- Tufts offers the opportunity to audit courses for students who want to enjoy learning without a grade.
- Sit in on a class, participate, and explore a new passion, or preview material for future academic endeavors.
Workshop / Short Courses
- Get quick skills under your belt or onto your resume or explore a topic in a condensed period of time.
- Ranging anywhere from a few hours to multi-week sessions, workshops and short courses allow students to briefly expore into a specific topic or subject.
Courses for High Schoolers
- Qualified high school students are welcome to take courses at Tufts every term.
- Earn college credit and experience college life and academics
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Popular Courses - Enrolling Now
Taking our Foot Off the Accelerator: Prospects for Climate Action in 2023
Rachel Kyte - Dean of The Fletcher School
Hybrid: Asynchronous & Virtual | May 18 - June 18, 2023
This course offers a rare opportunity to work closely with Fletcher School Dean Rachel Kyte, leading expert in climate diplomacy, and the economics and finance of climate action. Dean Kyte's advisory roles have included former Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General, as well as climate envoy of the World Bank and advisor to governments, the UN, development banks and private funds. Join Dean Kyte this summer for an exceptional collaborative learning experience.
Through lectures, research-based readings, contemporary analysis and active discussion, this class provides an understanding of the current state of climate diplomacy. The course will review what is at stake in climate diplomacy in 2023 and address key issues around climate financethe issue around which so much climate diplomacy implodes. Additionally, we will examine leadership among governments and non-state actors and ask how the United Nations can hold all actors accountable for urgent action.
Self-paced Modules (May 18 – June 18)
Module 1: Current State of Climate Action
- Module 2: Dueling Narratives: Reasons for Hope, Reasons for Concern
- Module 3: Where Climate and the Economy Meet: Climate Finance
- Module 4: Looking Forward to COP 28
Live Online 1:1 Sessions:
- June 8,10 or 11, 2023
Principles of Nutrition Science
Diane L McKay
Online | Aysnchronous | May 24 - August 27, 2023
This course presents the fundamental scientific principles of human nutrition. Students will become familiar with food sources; recommended intake levels; biochemical role; mode of absorption, transport, excretion; deficiency/toxicity symptoms, and potential major public health problems for each macroand micronutrient. The student goals for this course are: 1) to describe the components of a healthy diet, 2) understand the major nutrition problems that affect individuals and populations from conception and throughout the life cycle, and 3) understand the scientific basis for nutritional recommendations brought before the scientific and lay communities.
Grammer & Writing for Teachers
Online | Asynchronous | Jul 5 - August 11, 2023
The teaching and learning of grammar and writing in the context of research, classroom practice, diverse populations, and high-stakes testing. Topics include composition theory, writing in a variety of genres, the implementation of writing programs K-12, teaching grammar in the context of speaking and writing, teaching Standard Written English to students of color and bilingual students, and response and evaluation. A thorough review of English grammar appropriate for teachers K-12 is included.
3D Printing the Human Body
In-Person | Tuesday, Thursday, 5:00PM to 8:00PM | May 25 - June 29, 2023
Current and emerging applications of three-dimensional (3D) printing in the field of biomedical engineering. Assessment of advantages, challenges, and limitations of 3D printing as a manufacturing process. Exploration of emerging technologies and the future potential of 3D printing for medicine. Extraction of relevant information from patient data, generation of a printable model, and successful printing of an anatomical structure or medical device. Recommendations: BIO 13 or BME 33
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Online | Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday (AM) | Jul 5, 2023 to Aug 10, 2023
Principles of finance from the perspective of the corporation. Topics include an overview of capital and money markets, shortand long-term sources of finance, issues in selecting equity vs. debt, capital budgeting, costs vs. risks of various instruments, and appropriate uses of particular types of finance.Cannot be counted toward an economics major. Recommendations: EC 5, or EC 3, or consent.
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As a veteran teacher looking for quality and affordable professional development, I could not have found a better option than this course at Tufts. This class provided teachers with a plethora of resources to be used in our classrooms, challenged teachers to think about their practice and materials, and created an atmosphere of collegiality and collaboration among professional educators. Thank you very much for this opportunity, I hope to return again next summer!
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Breeze File "Open" and "Open To" dialogs | DiscoveryBiz.Net
Breeze File "Open" and "Open To" dialogs
The following options allow you to specify which file to open:
"File Name" combo box
Specifies the file you want to open. This box lists files with the extension you select in the Files of Type field.
"Files of type" combo box
Specifies the type of file / stream you want to open.
"Open To" combo box
Specifies the channel where file / stream will be open to.
"Details" check box
This checkbox specifies whether to use info and preview panels of File dialog box (turn On / Off) when cursor in the file list window is set to the new position.
When info and preview functions are turned off, scrolling through the file list is faster. Usually info and preview operations are so fast that is it difficult to notice difference between speed of scrolling in checked and unchecked states. An impact of image preview operation is noticeable only when sizes of images displayed in the preview window are very big, or if files / streams are accessed at the remote computer via network with a low data access speed.
"Options..." button
Click this button, if it is enabled, to open a dialog where you can specify details of data format, data access etc. for the currently selected file / stream.
There are exists popular file / stream data formats which can not be identified precisely by the specific signature information kept in the file name, file name extension, in the the file header contents etc. Often signature or file name extension information allows identifying a general type only of a file data format. As a result those files / streams can not be recognized and visualized properly. For example, there exists hundreds YUV video and image formats with the same "yuv" file extension.
Breeze recognizes a number of that sort situations and offer the user an option to specify data format. When such file / stream is selected, Breeze enables the "Options..." button, and you can access dialog where details of data format for the selected file / stream can be specified. Picture in the preview panel is changed according to the specifications set in the dialog.
"Look in" combo box
Specifies network address, computer, drive, directory etc. where you may look for file / streams.
Drives
Specifies the drive in which Breeze stores the file that you want to open.
Directories
Specifies the directory in which Breeze stores the file that you want to open.
Network
Click this button to connect to a network location, assigning it a new drive letter.


text:
Friso® Mum Gold is a tasty, nutritious milk supplement for pregnant and breastfeeding women.
It is the only maternal milk formulated with P2 Dual System™, which contains Friso® Synbiotic Agent, a combination of Prebiotic and Probiotic.
What are Prebiotics and Probiotics?
Prebiotics are food for good bacteria and helps them grow. It also increases solubility of calcium, helping your body to absorb it.1fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). Common types of prebiotics are long chain
Probiotics are good or "friendly" bacteria that keep bad bacteria from growing in the digestive system. They also help relieve constipation2 and may prevent allergic reactions in newborns3. The ones in Friso® Mum Gold are also known as Bifidobacterium lactis.Just 2 glasses a day can help you meet your special requirements during pregnancy and while breastfeeding.
Friso® Mum Gold also contains 5 nucleotides, DHA, AA4, SA, and is high in folic acid, iron and calcium.
|Tak pernah ada gambar Abg pegang perut aku mcm ni.. :P|

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


When the heat is on, student learning suffers
Credit: CC0 Public Domain
Heat waves are taking their toll on schoolchildren, particularly those from low-income families and minority groups. That is one takeaway from a new research study examining the impact of cumulative heat exposure on cognitive skill development, co-authored by Harvard Kennedy School Associate Professor Joshua Goodman.
Hotter countries tend to be poorer. Hotter countries also tend to score lower on measurements. Goodman and his fellow researchers examined the of millions of American high students to determine whether heat had an impact on their academic achievement.
The findings were clear: students scored lower when they had just experienced a hot school year than when they had just experience a cool school year; low-income and minority students were impacted by heat more than others; and in schools all but completely eliminated the impact of heat.
"We show that only school-day exposure to higher temperatures affects test scores; hot summers and weekends have little impact on achievement and controlling for such exposure does not shrink the magnitude of impact of hot school days," the authors write. "This suggests that heat's disruption of instruction or homework time is responsible for the observed drop in test scores."
The drop in performance is significant, the research showed. On average, fell by the equivalent of 1 percent of a year's worth of learning for each additional degree Fahrenheit in temperature during the year preceding the exam.
The impacts are exacerbated for low-income students and those from. "For students living in zip codes in the lowest quintile of average income, a one degree Fahrenheit hotter prior school year is three times as damaging to academic achievement as it is for those living in the highest quintile of income," the authors report. "Similarly, the impact of heat on achievement is three times as large for black and Hispanic students as for white students."
But having air conditioning in classrooms changes everything, the research showed, offsetting nearly all of the damaging impacts of cumulative heat exposure on achievement. "School air conditioning penetration reported in 2016 mitigates the adverse effect of hot temperatures substantially, such that moving from a school with no air-conditioned classrooms to a school with all air-conditioned classrooms reduces the impact by approximately 78 percent," they write.
Goodman and his fellow researchers state that their study could influence thinking around achievement gaps, the impact of global climate change, and the benefits of keeping classrooms cool.
"We argue that heat effects account for up to 13 percent of the U.S. racial achievement gap, both because black and Hispanic students live in hotter places than white students and because heat damages minority students' achievement more than'achievement," they write. "We estimate that school air conditioning would offset over $25,000 per classroom per year in future lost earnings due to temperature increases predicted by climate change models. The… benefits appear substantially larger than the costs of installing and operating such infrastructure."
The study was based on data from 10 million American students from the high school classes of 2001 to 2014 who took the PSAT exam multiple times.
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Better breakfast, better grades
More information: Heat and Learning. NBER Working Paper Series. _URL_ … man/files/w24639.pdf
Provided by Harvard Kennedy School
Citation: When the heat is on, student learning suffers (2018, May 30) retrieved 1 August 2021 from _URL_
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text:
How to find out that a NIC is in promiscuous mode on a LAN?
DNS test - many packet sniffing tools perform IP address to name lookups to provide DNS names in place of IP addresses. To test this, you must place your network card into promiscuous mode and sends packets out onto the network aimed to bogus hosts. If any name lookups from the bogus hosts are seen, a sniffer might be in action on the host performing the lookups.
ARP Test - When in promiscuous mode the driver for the network card checks for the MAC address being that of the network card for unicast packets, but only checks the first octet of the MAC address against the value 0xff to determine if the packet is broadcast or not. Note that the address for a broadcast packet is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. To test for this flaw, if you send a packet with a MAC address of ff:00:00:00:00:00 and the correct destination IP address of the host. After receiving a packet, the Microsoft OS using the flawed driver will respond while in promiscuous mode. Probably it happens just with the default MS driver.
Ether Ping test - In older Linux kernels when a network card is placed in promiscuous mode every packet is passed on to the OS. Some Linux kernels looked only at the IP address in the packets to determine whether they should be processed or not. To test for this flaw, you have to send a packet with a bogus MAC address and a valid IP address. Vulnerable Linux kernels with their network cards in promiscuous mode only look at the valid IP address. To get a response, an ICMP echo request message is sent within the bogus packet leading to vulnerable hosts in promiscuous mode to respond.
Maybe there are more, the DNS test for me is the most reliable
VP01 gave the theory, I will give some tools.
For use in linux systems:
SniffDet: This one employs 4 different tests: ICMP test, ARP test; DNS test and also a LATENCY test (which VP01 didn't mention). The tool is recently updated and I recommend it.
NMAP : There is an NSE script for nmap called sniffer-detect.nse which does just that.
NAST: - it detects other PC's in promiscuous mode by doing the ARP test.
PTOOL - does ARP and ICMP test
For windows systems: Cain & Abel can do a promiscuous scan using many types of ARP tests.
Microsoft has tools for this purpose too. Promqry and PromqryUI - but I'm not really sure how they work.
As for general detection techniques, there's also another one, called honeypot detect. Details about the latency test and the honeypot technique can be found in sniffdet's documentation.
You can't guarantee that you'll be able to detect it.
For example, you can easily make a read-only ethernet cable by looping the TX+ (pin 1) and TX- (pin 2) of the sniffing computer, then set TX+ (pin 1) to RX+ (pin 3 of the sniffer) and TX- (pin 2) to RX- (pin 6 of the sniffer). It will then be impossible for the sniffing computer to affect any data traffic on the network.
It may be possible to detect a voltage drop or RF emissions (along the lines of Van Eck phreaking), but I'm not aware of any COTS hardware that will detect it.
While it may not always be possible to identify if the local network is promiscuously sniffing the local network traffic -- it may be possible to crash most or all packet capture applications doing so.
Check out Samy's _URL_ script for a starting point. Realize that most applications working in 2011 are vulnerable to at least a DoS crash attack, even if the crash isn't vulnerable as a memory access violation (or a read/write exception that leads to a buffer overflow).
I believe there is a tool that reliably detects this by looking at the difference in ping response times. The tool sends pings and at the same time send a large number of pings to the same IP address but with a different MAC addresses.
The tool works because cards in promiscuous mode will be returning all traffic to the CPU thus when there is a lot of packets hitting the CPU this will slow the response to genuine pings. A card in normal mode would be ignoring all packets with different MAC addresses so there would be no difference in the response time.
Someone insert the name of the tool

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: Taken post-mortem by his undertaker April 1865. This lock was kept at the U.S. patent office in the late 19th century. It was given to a prominent Washington D.C. family and remained with them until The Gettysburg Museum of History obtained it a few years ago. There were several documented locks of Lincoln's hair taken at his death bed. This lock was previously unknown to historians. The practice of taking a hair lock from the deceased seems very unusual today. In the 19th century it was a tradition practiced by most people of all classes.


When Should You Use Real-Device Testing, Exactly?
503 VIEWS
In our present age of virtualized, software-defined everything, it can sometimes feel archaic to do anything directly on real, bare-metal hardware, whether hosting a server or testing software. Virtual environments tend to be more flexible, nimble and scalable than those that run directly on real hardware.
You may think, then, that there is little reason ever to test software on real devices, as opposed to using simulators or emulators. But you'd be wrong. Real-device testing remains critical for certain use cases.
Let's take a look at what those use cases are by explaining when real-device testing is more beneficial than testing on simulators or emulators.
SIMULATORS AND EMULATORS
Before delving into a discussion of the merits of real-device testing, let me make clear that simulators and emulators both have important roles to play in software testing, too.
An emulator functions as a virtual device that is designed to be a precise digital replica of the actual device in question. Theoretically, emulators make it possible to emulate not just processors and persistent storage, but also I/O events and other low-level features. Simulators are different in that they are designed to simulate the outward behavior of a device, but not virtualize its actual hardware. They are useful for testing how software will behave at a higher level in a given environment—not how it will interact with low-level hardware.
Emulators and simulators are both helpful for situations where you want to change environmental factors quickly in order to see how software responds to a different setting. They allow you to make changes to the environment, including changes as great as modifying the type of processor or amount of memory—in seconds—without having to modify the actual real hardware on which the tests are running.
But emulators and simulators have their drawbacks. As anyone who has ever used a virtual machine knows, the theoretical behavior of a virtualized environment rarely provides a perfect mirror of the actual hardware or software that it is supposed to be virtualizing. There are almost always quirks.
REAL-DEVICE TESTING
That's why the ability to run tests on real devices is so important. While real-device testing means losing some of the flexibility of testing with emulators and simulators, the tradeoff is test results that more accurately reflect how an application will behave on a given type of device in the real world.
Plus, real-device testing allows you to test certain types of features that are difficult or impossible to test in an emulated or simulated environment, such as:
 - The temperature of a device while it is running your app.
 - How wireless connectivity impacts your app. (There are ways to emulate wireless network connections, but nothing compares to testing on a real-world connection.)
 - How your app interacts with audio and video hardware on the device. (Again, you can try to emulate sound cards and GPUs, but because the hardware is so specialized, it's difficult to get reliable testing results when using emulated audio and video hardware.)
 - How well biometric hardware works with your app (such as fingerprint readers).
 - How users interact with your app when they are running it on a screen that they hold in their hands without anything else around it (rather than simply viewing it in an emulator or simulator screen).
WHEN TO USE REAL-DEVICE TESTING WITHIN SOFTWARE DELIVERY PIPELINES
Given that real-device testing can be somewhat slower than testing in virtual environments, when can you strike the right balance between test speed and test accuracy for your real-device tests?
The easiest answer is to use real-device testing at the end of the delivery cycle and emulators and simulators during development and system testing. That way, you get the accuracy of real-device test results just before you release into production, but you don't have to worry about real-device testing slowing down your delivery pipeline in earlier stages. And in most cases, if your app has passed all other tests, any bugs revealed by real-device testing are likely to be minor and quick to address.
That said, there are situations where you may want to perform real-device testing earlier. If your app is centrally dependent on the smartphone's hardware, it is likely worth the extra time and effort to perform real-device testing as soon as you can. It's better to identify show-stopping hardware-related issues early on so that you won't need to scrap a bunch of code in order to fix them.
So, to put it simply, if your app is centrally dependent on hardware features within a device, perform real-device testing early and often (though there is no reason why you can't also use simulators and emulators alongside real devices). But if it isn't, you can probably get away with doing real-device testing at the end.
Cordny Nederkoorn is a software test engineer with over 10 years experience in finance, e-commerce and web development. He is also the founder of TestingSaaS, a social network about researching cloud applications with a focus on forensics, software testing and security. Cordny is a regular contributor at Fixate IO. LinkedIn
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text:
What is the Malawi humanitarian drone test corridor?
The Humanitarian Drone Testing Corridor in Malawi is an exciting innovation that UNICEF is pioneering in partnership with the Government of Malawi. In December 2016, the Government of Malawi and UNICEF announced an agreement to create a testing corridor for humanitarian use of drones.
In June 2017, the Drone Corridor was opened by Malawi's Minister of Transport and Public Works, Jappie Mhango and UNICEF Malawi Representative Johannes Wedenig.
Résumé: En juin 2017, le ministre des Transports et des Travaux publics du Malawi, Jappie Mhango, et le Représentant de l'UNICEF pour le Malawi, Johannes Wedenig, ont ouvert le couloir des drones.
The test corridor is the world largest test area with over 5000 square km allowing operations up to 400 meters above ground level which is specifically dedicated to the humanitarian and development uses for drones and the only dedicated unmanned flight-testing space in the continent of Africa.
What does the drone test corridor look like?
The corridor has a 40km radius (80km diameter) and is centred on Kasungu Aerodrome (with a runway length of about 1200m) in central Malawi, about an hour and a half drive from the capital city of Lilongwe.
Kasungu is home to a district hospital and a variety of rural health clinics in remote areas, enabling the testing of real humanitarian use cases such as the transport of vaccines, medical supplies or blood samples.
Testing beyond visual line of sight is possible All solutions and use cases tested in the corridor will have to abide by the UNICEF innovation principles meaning that they should be open data, shareable, and designed for scale.
Areas of application for the drone corridor
The corridor will facilitate testing in three main areas:
- Imagery – generating and analysing aerial images for development and during humanitarian crises, including for situation monitoring in floods and earthquakes;
- Connectivity – exploring the possibility for UAVs to extend Wi-Fi or cell phone signals across difficult terrain, particularly in emergencies;
- Transport – delivery of small low weight supplies such as emergency medical supplies, vaccines and samples for laboratory diagnosis, including for HIV testing.
This test corridor in Malawi is the first of its kind in Africa and will generate increased interest in Malawian technological infrastructure. Likewise, it will increase capacity among Malawian technologists and entrepreneurial students in this emerging area to remain competitive.
Scheduled timeline for the humanitarian drone test corridor
The corridor is running for 1-2 years from June 2017 and interested parties may apply on a rolling basis. Interested applicants are supposed to follow this link _URL_ to be redirected to a short application form and for more guidelines.
How is the drone test corridor set to be inclusive in Malawi?
The Malawi drone test corridor is open to industry, universities, and individuals who can apply and test a potential use case in one of the three main areas of (Transport, Connectivity, and Imagery). The drone corridor in Malawi is an opportunity for companies to provide global leadership in the emerging technology field of drones for humanitarian and development work, while simultaneously developing local experience in the country.
The corridor is designed to provide a controlled platform for the private sector, universities, and other partners to explore how drones can be used in scenarios that will benefit marginalized communities. All data generated by the flights is used to inform the Government of Malawi's plans for the use of drones in multiple scenarios. This is particularly important due to frequent flooding in some areas of Malawi and challenges in transport infrastructure.
Conditions to test in the corridor
All drone tests must be fully vetted by UNICEF and the Government of Malawi Civil Aviation Authority. UNICEF's mandate dictates that there should be no development for military or defense purposes. Companies must be vetted by our corporate screening process which will eliminate those with military ties.
Third party solutions (e.g. working on ADS-B transmitters) are welcome to apply, if they apply as a consortium or team together with UAS manufacturer – or bring their own drones.
By Joseph Semuju
Community Manager - AMO
African Mobilities Observatory - AMO, MICHELIN


text:
The construction industry is responsible for 40–45% of primary energy consumption in Europe. Therefore, it is essential to find new materials with a lower environmental impact to achieve sustainable buildings. The objective of this study was to carry out the life cycle analysis (LCA) to evaluate the environmental impacts of baked clay bricks incorporating organic waste. The scope of this comparative study of LCA covers cradle to gate and involves the extraction of clay and organic waste from the brick, transport, crushing, modelling, drying and cooking. Local sustainability within a circular economy strategy is used as a laboratory test. The energy used during the cooking process of the bricks modified with organic waste, the gas emission concentrate and the emission factors are quantified experimentally in the laboratory. Potential environmental impacts are analysed and compared using the ReCiPe midpoint LCA method using SimaPro 18.104.22.168. These results achieved from this method are compared with those obtained with a second method—Impact 2002+ v2.12. The results of LCA show that the incorporation of organic waste in bricks is favourable from an environmental point of view and is a promising alternative approach in terms of environmental impacts, as it leads to a decrease of 15–20% in all the impact categories studied. Therefore, the suitability of the use of organic additives in clay bricks was confirmed, as this addition was shown to improve their efficiency and sustainability, thus reducing the environmental impact.
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited


How to Fix Apex Legends Crashing Without Error | Step-by-Step
Fix Apex Legends Crashing Without Error may crash on your device, and we are here to fix it. First, make sure your computer meets the minimum requirements.
Why did Fix Apex Legends Crashing Without Error?
The obvious causes of Apex Legends crashes are often related to missing or outdated drivers, opposing demons, or even game information. Additionally, if your computer is capable of over 100 fps, the game will crash and eventually crash for some reason.
Why Did The Apex Go Down? Not Enough Reminders?
Using better devices and video content could also be a reason. Reducing this limit may provide an answer. Second, some programs can also cause problems with limited memory usage running in Apex at the same time.
How to Fix Apex Legends on PC Without Error?
 1. Update GPU device drivers
 2. Restore the game information
 3. Check your network connection
 4. Lower the photo settings
 5. Computer startup clear
 6. Look at your stuff
 7. Rearrange your plans
 8. Build the program later
1. Update the GPU device driver
 1. Open Device Manager on your computer.
 2. Click on it, locate the display adapter and double-click on it.
 3. Right-click the driver screen and select Update Driver.
 4. Then, find drivers.
 5. Please wait for it to update and restart your computer.
How to Fix Apex Legends Crashing Without Error | Step-by-Step
For another way to guarantee better performance, you can visit this guide that shows you how to update your graphics driver. Your drivers can be updated manually or with a good driver management tool like Outbite Driver Updater. It will scan your entire computer and update all drivers in less than five minutes.
How to Fix Apex Legends Crashing Without Error | Step-by-Step
2. Restore the Game File
2.1 Steam
 - Open the Steam client.
 - Right-click Apex Legends and select Properties.
 - Go to the Local Data tab and check the Game Data integrity.
This will restore your game information and restart the game.
2.2 EA
 1. Open your Client EA.
 2. Go to the folder and right-click Apex Legends.
 3. Click the icon to create the next Apex Legends icon. Then, edit your game details.
 4. After waiting for some time, try restarting Apex Legends and see if it still crashes on your PC. In this case, you have to switch to another solution.
3. Check The Network Connection
 1. Click the Windows button, type Control Panel, and open the first result.
 2. Networking and Internet access.
 3. Go to the Network and Sharing Center.
 4. In the Change Network Settings section, click the blue Troubleshooting button.
 5. You will be redirected to the system Troubleshooting page in Windows Settings. OK, choose another solution.
 6. Find the Internet Connections tab and run Windows Troubleshooting.
 7. Check your system and confirm the problem, then follow the on-screen instructions to complete the process.
 8. Repeat the same process to connect to the Internet.
 9. Now, here you are, still facing the Apex Legends crash.
It's important to remember that there are several important ways to monitor and improve network connectivity. The Windows command prompt and network discovery will help. However, as mentioned above, Windows network troubleshooting is the easiest and safest option you can try.
4. Lower the photo settings
 1. The unfolding of the legend.
 2. Visit the video game site.
 3. To get the best low-resolution image, set it up like this:
 - Anti-Aliasing: Off
 - Texture Streaming Budget: Lowest setting available
 - Texture Filtering: Anisotropic 2X
 - Ambient Occlusion Quality: Disabled
 - Sun Shadow Coverage: Low
 - Sun Shadow Detail: Low
 - Spot Shadow Detail: Off
 - Volumetric Lighting: Disabled
 - Dynamic Spot Shadows: Disabled
 - Model Detail: Low
 - Effects Detail: Low
 - Impact Marks: Low
 - Ragdoll: Low
Note that the above steps are simple; if your computer crashes, you can try to downgrade Apex Legends graphics settings. And if you don't want to change the game settings, you can try NVIDIA controller, AMD Radeon software, or Intel graphical Command Center.
5. Give Your Computer A Good Boot
 1. Click on the Windows button, type msconfig, and a pop-up window will show the system configuration.
 2. Go to the Services tab and see the Microsoft Zoo Zoo services option. Then select Disable All and click Apply to save the changes.
 3. Now, Start tab and select Open Task List.
 4. Find all startup items in the startup tab. Pick one of them, and choose not to use it. (Check your disabled applications/programs).
 5. Closed manager.
 6. Go back to the System Preferences page and select it
 7. Now restart your computer, and you will have a clean spot.
 8. Watch Apex Legends when it launches.
6. Check Your Hardware
 1. Press the Windows and I keys at the same time to open Windows Settings.
 2. Click System on the left.
 3. Now, in the right pane of the window, scroll down and reveal more panels.
 4. Here, you can view processor specifications, memory (RAM), and other system information, including the Windows version (make sure you have the right version).
If Apex Legends crashes when you install it on your PC, you should check your software and make sure your device and operating system meet the minimum requirements to run the game. You can check them out below:
Minimum Requirements:
 - OS: Windows 7 64-bit
 - CPU: Intel Core i3-6300 3.8 GHz / AMD FX-4350 4.2 GHz quad-core processor
 - RAM: 6 GB
 - GPU:Nvidia GeForce GT640/Radian HD7730 combination
 - GPU RAM: 1 GB
 - Disk Space: At least 22 GB of free space
 - OS: Windows 7 64-bit or higher
 - CPU: Intel i5 3570K or equivalent and better
 - RAM: 8 GB or more
 - GPU: Nvidia GeForce GTX 970 / AMD Radeon R9 290 or higher
 - GPU RAM: 8 GB or more
 - Disk Space: At least 22 GB of free space
Visit the EA page for more information on hardware/software requirements.
7. Restart Your Game Setting
 1. The unfolding of the Apex legend.
 2. Go to Video and select Update.
 3. Wait for your settings to reset.
 4. Check if the problem is solved.
Please note that you can re-enter the game platform (website or EA). It's also helpful.
8. Close The BackGround Program
 1. Open Manager from the remote.
 2. Select the Function.
 3. Go through the list and find the appropriate program.
 4. Click End Action to end the action.
 5. Repeat this process for each task.
When it comes to the issue of the FPS shooter crashing, we have a solution that works and solves the problem. To do this, follow these steps:
 - Step 1: Go to "Game Library" and History and click on Apex Legends.
 - Step 2: Now go to "Advanced Options" and enter the following command in the field.
fps_max is 80
Note: You may want to experiment a bit with fps values. If 80 doesn't work, try 60, 70, or 90. 80 should work for most people.
This will bring your FPS to 80, but in some crashes, it will freeze afterward.
On the other hand, there are bugs or inconsistencies in the game that have prevented players from enjoying it recently. If you can't beat the obstacles in this game, follow these useful tips to avoid crashing the game.
For additional help, we also cover the various situations where Apex Legends mating is not working and how to quickly fix it. Also, you can troubleshoot connectivity in Apex Legends and download the game.
So let us know in the comments if our method works or if you need some more tips to Fix Apex Legends Crashing Without Error.
if you have any ideas or questions about the Fix Apex Legends Crashing Without Error please let us know, We're on Facebook and Twitter too! If you want to stay connected with us, be sure to follow us.


text:
When it comes to dressing your little ones in comfortable and stylish clothes, Gildan is a brand that can always be relied upon. With a wide range of clothing options for kids, Gildan ensures that your child looks good and feels great.
However, finding the perfect size for your child can sometimes be a challenging task. This is where the Gildan Youth Size Chart comes to the rescue.
Gildan Youth Size Chart:
Why is the Gildan Youth Size Chart Essential?
As every parent knows, kids grow up way too fast. One minute they fit into a certain size, and the next minute they've outgrown it. When shopping for clothes, it's crucial to have accurate measurements to ensure a proper fit. The Gildan Youth Size Chart provides detailed measurements for the different age groups, allowing parents to make informed decisions when selecting the right size.
Understanding the Gildan Youth Size Chart
The Gildan Youth Size Chart provides measurements for various clothing items such as t-shirts, sweatshirts, hoodies, and more. By referring to this size chart, you can determine the appropriate size for your child based on their height and weight.
The chart typically includes columns for age, height, weight, chest, and waist measurements. You can easily find the right size by matching your child's measurements with the corresponding values on the chart. It's important to remember that the measurements provided in the size chart are general guidelines, and individual body proportions may vary.
Tips For Using The Gildan Youth Size Chart
Here are some helpful tips on using the Gildan Youth Size Chart:
- Take accurate measurements: Use a measuring tape to get precise measurements of your child's height, chest, and waist. Ensure that the tape is snug but not too tight.
- Consider growth: Kids grow quickly, so it's advisable to choose a size that allows for some room to accommodate growth. However, avoid selecting a size that is too large, as it may not provide a proper fit.
- Refer to other sizing information: The Gildan Youth Size Chart is a great starting point, but it's also essential to read product descriptions and reviews to gauge the fit and sizing accuracy of specific items.
- Consult customer service: If you're unsure about the size or have any questions, don't hesitate to reach out to Gildan's customer service. They can provide you with additional guidance to ensure a perfect fit.
The Gildan Youth Size Chart is an invaluable tool for parents looking to dress their children in comfortable and well-fitting clothes. By referring to this chart and following the provided tips, you can make informed decisions when selecting the right size for your child. Remember, a proper fit not only ensures comfort but also allows your child to move and play freely. Dress your little ones in Gildan and let them enjoy the best of style and comfort!
What Sizes Are Available For Gildan Youth Shirts?
Gildan youth shirts are available in a range of sizes, catering to children and teenagers of various age groups.
How Do I Determine The Right Size For My Child?
To determine the right size for your child, take their measurements using a tape measure and compare them to the Gildan youth size chart provided.
Are Gildan Youth Shirts True To Size?
Yes, Gildan youth shirts are generally true to size, but to ensure the best fit, it's recommended to refer to the size chart and measurements.


text: The power spectrum of coplanar current fluctuations in n-type doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) has been measured before and after metastable defect creation by light soaking. The average magnitude and spectral slope of the 1/f noise are not affected by illumination, however significant changes in the higher order statistics are observed. Associated with the decrease of conductivity upon light soaking (the Staebler-Wronski effect), there is a decrease in the correlation of the noise power which characterize the non-Gaussian noise in the annealed state. These changes in the noise statistics are reversible by annealing. The light-induced changes in the non-Gaussian statistics provide experimental support for models of light induced defect creation which involve long-ranged and many body interactions.


text:
While the use and size of land connected with U.S. lighthouses varies, observers say the Point Retreat lighthouse reserve near Juneau is larger than most.
Years ago, lighthouses established by the federal government were assigned a reservation. In some cases an entire island was set aside as a lighthouse reserve. In other cases, part of the island became the reserve, said Dave Snyder, a historian with the U.S. Lighthouse Society, a nonprofit historical and educational organization based in San Francisco.
U.S. Lighthouse Society President Wayne Wheeler was a navigator on the Coast Guard cutter Sweetbrier in Alaska in the 1960s. Among other duties, the crew dropped off food, mail and movies at Southeast lighthouses, including Point Retreat, every two weeks.
At 1,500 acres, Point Retreat's land base is unusual, he said.
"There's no reason for them to have that kind of acreage. If you look at other light stations around the country, there's just not that kind of acreage," Wheeler said.
The society's Washington chapter runs a lighthouse at New Dungeness on the Olympic Peninsula that includes about 20 acres. The light station at Point Bonita, Calif., was about 180 acres, he said.
Lighthouses closer to railroads or more populated areas might have included less land, while those further away, such as those in Alaska, might have included more land so the keeper would be self-sufficient, Snyder said.
As an example, a lighthouse keeper might fell trees for firewood or to build a fence. Some keepers were involved in minor commercial activities such as fishing or crabbing, Snyder said.
"In lighthouse days, there would have been minimal management," he said.
Light stations in the early 19th century also used the land to plant crops, grow vegetables and keep cows, chickens and pigs, Wheeler added.
In Alaska, the Coast Guard leased the 216-acre Cape Decision lighthouse reserve to Cape Decision Lighthouse Society in 1997, according to society President Karen Johnson of Sitka. Along with the lighthouse and other buildings, the reserve includes a 0.7-mile spur trail that provides access to the site, she said.
Part of a 4.5-mile Port McArthur historic trail also is on the reserve. The lighthouse group has collaborated with the Forest Service on trail construction, Johnson said.
As with the land around the Point Retreat lighthouse reserve, the land adjacent to Cape Decision on southern Kuiu Island is managed for semi-remote recreation by the Forest Service. The designation provides a predominantly natural setting for semi-primitive recreation with some rustic recreation and tourism facilities allowed, according to the agency.
The Cape St. Elias lighthouse is on Kayak Island between Cordova and Yakutat. The island is 22 miles long by 2 miles wide, and the Cape St. Elias Lightkeepers' Association lease with the Coast Guard includes about 500 acres, President Toni Bocci said.
"It's sheer rock that goes up 1,500 feet that you can't do anything with. The lighthouse is on the tip," she said.
The association's main focus is restoring the lighthouse building, a task made more difficult because of the site's location, Bocci said.
"Ours is more remote than some of the other ones," she said. "You have to charter a plane, land on the beach and hike two miles, carrying everything on your back."
Closer to Juneau, the Sentinel Island Lighthouse, which can be seen from Amalga Harbor, is on six forested acres.
The Five Finger Light sits on a "three-acre rock" 64 miles south of Juneau, according to Valerie O'Hare of the Juneau Lighthouse Association. What a land transfer at Point Retreat could mean to other Alaska lighthouses will depend on what happens next, she said.
"What's going to affect us is what they do after," she said. "With that being said, we hope that whatever they do is not only done in the best interest of Point Retreat, but done within the best interest of the entire lighthouse program in Alaska."
Juneau Empire ©2013. All Rights Reserved.


4
I am new to Drupal(7) and hence need some help for following situations.
I have created one Webform(I have other webform too) and now instead of inserting in default webform_submitted_data table, I want for this webfrom to insert into myTable. From what I found, I need to write a hook for this. Actually I am getting confused for way to write this hook. I have below questions.
 1. Where to write this hook (in which file).
 2. How to write this hook only for one webform.
Please help and let me know if you need any more information for this.
3 Answers 3
12
First, be very sure before you start twisting Drupal's arm into making things work differently then they are supposed to. Rerouting the data for a Webform could potentially provide hiccups in how Webform works and this could bite you later. It may still expect the data to be saved in its own bookkeeping tables, but fail to find it there later if you overwrite its behavior.
That being said, if you wish to alter the behavior of other modules, such as Webform, you will have to write your own, tiny module. Some of these hooks can also be influenced via the templating layer (using your templates template.php file), but this is the wrong place to alter this kind of behavior in my opinion.
A Drupal 7 module is basically comprised out of a minimal of two files, a *.info file and a *.module file. The former contains some meta data necessary for Drupal to categorize your module and calculate possible dependencies. The latter contains the actual PHP code.
These files have to be saved in a directory with (preferably) the same name as you named your info and module file. For Drupal to find your module, you can place it under sites/all/modules.
If, for example, you name your module changemyform, these are the minimal required files:
 - changemyform.info
 - changemyform.module
And both should reside in: sites/all/modules/changemyform.
I suggest you check Drupal's developer's manual for a more detailed explanation about writing modules, including licensing, unit testing, ... . But for this example, the mentioned two files will do.
In your info file you have to at least write the name for the module, a small description, for which core version it is applicable and which dependencies it has. Something like this would suffice for our example:
name = Change my form
description = Changes the submission behavior of my form.
core = 7.x
dependencies[] = webform
Next we should write the logic for the module file itself. The general hook for intercepting any form submission (including a Webform) is:
function mymodule_form_alter( &$form, &$form_state,$form_id ){
 ...
}
With this hook you can, as the name suggests, alter all the forms rendered with Drupal. Not only the submission handler, but add/remove fields, add markup, ... . Replace mymodule with the actual name of your module, in our example case changemyform. Next you need to scope it down to only effect your desired form:
function changemyform_form_alter( &$form, &$form_state,$form_id ){
 if ($form_id == 'my_desired_webform_form_id') {
 $form['#submit'][] = 'changemyform_submit_handler';
 }
}
Notice that I now replace mymodule with changemyform. As you can also see I have added a custom handler to the form's submit property. You will have to write this handler as a function which then will contain all the logic you desire. Thus the total module file now becomes (minus the <?php ?> tags):
function changemyform_form_alter( &$form, &$form_state,$form_id ){
 if ($form_id == 'my_desired_webform_form_id') {
 $form['#submit'][] = 'changemyform_submit_handler';
 }
}
function changemyform_submit_handler($form, &$form_state) {
 ... your submission logic ...
}
Now you are ready to write all the logic you need to capture the data on submit and do as you please.
Since this is a module, you should, of course, enable it in your administration modules overview screen for it to function.
Also (as a nitpick) when writing your own modules, do decorate each function with documentation headers that describe what each function does and what each parameter could hold. Even for tiny, trivial functions.
3
 - Thank you Timusan for your detailed explanation.. It helped me to solve this.
 – Rahul M
 Commented Oct 3, 2014 at 12:02
 - This is not working, I tried on D10, but this is not a solution.
 – Codemole
 Commented May 16, 2023 at 6:05
 - @Codemole, this answer is written 9 years ago, for Drupal 7. This answer, ofcourse, does not apply on recent versions of Drupal that are based on Symfony and have a completely different plugin setup.
 – Timusan
 Commented May 17, 2023 at 8:35
6
You can use hook_webform_submission_insert().
function MYMODULE_webform_submission_insert($node, $submission) {
 // Insert a record into a 3rd-party module table when a submission is added.
 db_insert('mymodule_table')
 ->fields(array(
 'nid' => $node->nid,
 'sid' => $submission->sid,
 'foo' => 'foo_data',
 ))
 ->execute();
}
2
In Drupal 8, the best way to refer to entity_insert hook -
Write this hook in MODULE_NAME.module file of your module folder
function MODULE_NAME_entity_insert(Drupal\Core\Entity\EntityInterface $entity) {
 if($entity->getEntityTypeId() == 'webform_submission') {
 $result = \Drupal::database()->insert('TABLE_NAME')
 ->fields([
 'nid' => $node->nid,
 'sid' => $submission->sid,
 'foo' => 'foo_data'
 ])
 ->execute();
 }
}
2
 - What is the purpose of adding this Drupal 8 code when the question is about Drupal 7? Commented Oct 5, 2020 at 15:52
 - 1
 @YashaHuynh people might arrive here from google for D8 / D9 too. Commented Nov 22, 2021 at 12:27
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Save the Canadian Exchange Program for Educators
0 have signed. Let's get to 2,500!
In June 2019, the board of directors of CEEF (Canadian Educational Exchange Foundation) terminated the teacher exchange program. CEEF has offered the opportunity for international educational exchanges to both educators and students.
Teacher Educational Exchanges are a unique blend of professional development and international cooperation.
Benefits of a teacher exchange include:
- enable our students to develop global understandings of historical and contemporary social and cultural worlds
- create learning opportunities for our students that extend their local and national communities
- exposure to different education systems and assessment methods, bringing international perspectives to classrooms and schools
- development of new pedagogy ideas and skills for effective teaching
- acquisition of diverse perspectives to share with colleagues
- opportunity for teachers and their families to connect to a variety of cultures and communities
- developing resiliency skills and self-confidence
- building an international educational and personal network
- access to international travel opportunities and experiences
- enhanced language skills
- a cost neutral opportunity for school boards to enable a full year of extraordinary professional development for teachers which benefit students, schools, school communities, and school boards
Overview of the Exchange Program
The first recorded teacher exchanges occurred in 1899 between the UK and a small group of Toronto teachers. By the 1920s, the Ministry had taken over the responsibility, and BC and some other provinces had also begun offering teacher exchanges. The Ministries or Departments of Education for each province managed the programs until the 1990s.
In 1991 in Ontario, the Ministry of Education divested the program to OFEE (Ontario Federation for Educator Exchange). Administration of the program was by an executive and board of directors of former exchange teachers and supervisory officers with the non-financial support of the Ministry and school boards in terms of facilities, information, and promotion, etc. In 1997 OFEE and OSEF (student exchange program) for reasons of efficiency and financial expediency merged to become CEEF governed by one common board.
In 2000, the BC Ministry of Education approached CEEF to take over their program. Thereafter, NB, NS, PEI, SK, MB also approached CEEF to manage the program in their provinces. The program has exchanged teachers from within our country and with other countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom, France, New Zealand, Germany, United States, Denmark, Spain, and Switzerland. Organizations affording this opportunity become a part of an international network of educational authorities looking outward to become active global citizens and to strengthen educational systems.
When educators immerse themselves in other educational systems, they not only serve as ambassadors of the quality of Canadian educators on the world stage but also are allowed the opportunity to reflect on best practices at a deeper level. Exchange teachers experience first-hand inclusion, the diverse learner, indigenous education, achievement gaps, minority languages, and other important developments in education that are unfolding globally. They bring back new ideas to enrich Canadian students and the teaching profession.
Why sign the petition?
Your vote is essential to sustain the program. Your vote will demonstrate that there is a significant interest in a teacher exchange program.
Without a Canadian teacher exchange program, teachers will lose a valuable and unique opportunity to foster global perspectives, acquire international pedagogy, nurture respect and awareness of diverse cultures, and promote personal and professional growth and development.
Send us a Letter of Support
As well as signing the petition, you can also forward a letter of support to Canadian Teachers for Educational Exchanges, a group of volunteers who feel passionately about the teacher exchange program at _EMAIL_ to help in our efforts to keep the exchange program alive.
Join our Facebook group
You can also ask to join our Facebook group at Canadian Teachers for Educational Exchange at _URL_
Complete your signature
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Floresville ISD AFTER SCHOOL DAY CARE takes pride in our Program and staff. Each day, we strive to give each child the love and nurturing they need in the absence of their parent(s), as well as create a positive learning experience where they can grow physically, emotionally, socially and cognitively by offering a variety of activities to all. This will ensure that during their time spent away from home they will be happily engaged. We believe that communication between staff and the parent(s) is essential.
Before your child can be admitted to our program, the following steps must be taken:
1. Enrollment forms completed with all signatures;
2. Parent Handbook acknowledgement signed with driver license or Texas ID number; and
3. Verification of legal custody (when indicated), parent or legal guardian must provide a signed copy for file.
COST AND HOURS OF CARE:
Monthly charge will be determined on the number of days of the school calendar. Payment is due no later than the 15th of each month. The center may discontinue services if tuition is two weeks or more delinquent.


Title: Artificial Intimacy Virtual friends digital lovers & algorithmic matchmakers
Author: Brooks Robert
Publisher: UNSW Press NewSouth
Binding: Paperback
Edition: 2021
APN: 9781742236858 or ISBN(_PHONE_)
People have long told machines what to do by pushing buttons. Now, with advances in technology, machines are pushing our buttons.
In Artificial Intimacy, evolutionary biologist Rob Brooks takes us from the origins of human behaviour to the latest in artificially intelligent technologies, providing a fresh and original view of the very near future of human relationships.
Sex dollbots, digital lovers, virtual friends and algorithmic matchmakers help us manage our feelings in a world of cognitive overload. Apps can sense when a user is falling in love, when they are fighting, and when they are likely to break up. These machines, the artificial intimacies, already learn and exploit human social needs. They are getting better and faster at what they do.
How will humanitys future unfold when our ancient, evolved minds and old-fashioned cultures collide with twenty-first-century technology?


text:
July is the hottest month in Marrakesh with an average temperature of 29°C (84°F) and the coldest is January at 12.5°C (55°F) with the most daily sunshine hours at 10.8 in July. The wettest month is November with an average of 40.6mm of rain. .
How cold does Morocco get?
Average daily winter temperatures range from 46 to 63 °F (8 to 17 °C). Away from the coast, temperatures drop significantly, occasionally dipping below the freezing point.
What is the coldest month in Morocco?
|Quick Climate Info|
|Hottest Month||July (84 °F avg)|
|Coldest Month||January (55 °F avg)|
|Wettest Month||March (0.24″ avg)|
|Windiest Month||June (6 mph avg)|
How cold does Morocco get in winter?
The average temperatures in winter (December to March) are around 54° F / 12° C and for summer (June to September) averaging at about 77° F / 25° C.
Does Morocco have winter?
Season: Yes, Morocco does have a winter season! In the mountains, it will get cold enough for there to be some snow. During this season, it can still be nice and sunny during the day, but the temperatures will be cooler, especially at night. … In Southern Morocco, winter tends to be drier.
What is the best month to visit Morocco?
The best time to visit Morocco is during spring (mid-March to May) or fall (September to October). The weather is warm but pleasant, unlike the cold temperatures and snow of winter, or the scorching heat of summer.
What is the national drink of Morocco?
Beverages — Night and day, Moroccans are rehydrated by two popular drinks — freshly squeezed orange juice and mint tea, the national drink.
What is the hottest city in Morocco?
The Hottest Place in Morocco – Marrakech, Morocco.
Is it hot in Morocco in February?
In February, the weather is most comfortable in the southern sections of Morocco. In Marrakech, days are sunny and highs hover around 70°F, with lows dipping into the lower 50s. It's chillier in the north, with more cloud cover: in Tangier, highs are in the low sixties, and most days are gray.
How cold is the Sahara at night?
Temperatures in the Sahara can drop an average of 75 degrees Fahrenheit (42 degrees Celsius) overnight.
Is Agadir warmer than Marrakech?
Marrakech is still warmer than the coastal regions like Agadir in September. If you choose to stay closer to the North Atlantic coast, temperatures average slightly lower highs of 29°C and evenings cool to 17°C.
How hot is the Sahara desert in the winter?
The northern parts of the desert experience cold winters, while central areas and warm to mild weather during wintertime. During winter, temperatures in the Sahara Desert are about 55 degrees Fahrenheit (13 °C) on average.
What is the hottest place on earth?
Scientists still have to validate the reading of 130 degrees Fahrenheit on Sunday, the equivalent of 54 degrees Celsius. In the popular imagination, Death Valley in Southern California is the hottest place on earth.
Is December a good time to visit Morocco?
December is a great time to make a winter escape to Morocco. Although it is one of the colder months of the year, it is quite comfortable during the day when the sun is out. … There is so much beautiful land to explore in Morocco, and a sunny December day is a great time to head out for a long hike.
Is Morocco hot all year round?
In general the country has a tropical climate, with temperatures reaching as high as 35°C (95°F) and as low as 5°C (41°F) in the Sahara. … Owing to the relatively high winter temperatures, and summers that are dry rather than unbearably humid, Morocco is an all-year round destination.


Environmental Impact of Windscreen Repair / Replacement
Green Environment - leaves Green Environment - sea life Green Environment - beach
GlasWeld Environmental Impact
Windscreen repair and Glass Scratch Repair has a positive environmental impact. At GlasWeld, we are committed to helping reduce glass waste in our landfills.
By decreasing the amount of glass that goes into landfills, and reducing the need for new glass manufacturing and transportation we can all make a positive environmental impact.
Did you know...
Glass takes more than 1 million years to decompose in our landfills.
In Europe, 9 million windshields are replaced annually. At an average weight of 25 pounds each, this equates to about 225 million pounds of waste per year.
Glass takes more than 1 million years to decompose in our landfills - Repair Dont Replace
Windscreen glass is difficult to recycle because much of the glass is 2-ply laminated and contains a PVB layer that must be separated. Integrated heating elements or radio antenna are often embedded within the windshields and cannot be returned to the glass furnace for reworking. British Glass, Glass Manufacture: A Mass Balance Study, 2005.
The transportation of glass, which is a relatively heavy product, throughout the supply chain results in high levels of transport-related CO2 emissions. Advances in Glasses and Glass-Ceramics, Frost & Sullivan, 2006.
Glass manufacturing is a high-temperature, energy-intensive activity, resulting in the emission of combustion by-products (sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen oxides) and the high-temperature oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen. Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Glass Manufacturing, World Bank Group.
It takes 15.2 million BTUs of energy to produce one ton of glass. The manufacturing of one ton of glass can generate as much as 385 pounds of mining waste and 28 pounds of air pollutants. Like the production of other materials, glass manufacturing and usage has negative impacts on the environment. The Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation.
Thousands of repairs can be carried out for the equivalent environmental impact of 1 replacement.
Why are we bringing these points to light? The more that we all participate in reducing the use of raw materials and the energy needed to produce glass, the better off our environment will be, making glass repair the only environmentally friendly option.
Why Repair?
Repairing a windscreen costs significantly less than replacing them, and can potentially save you hundreds of pounds.
Glass repair is also far less time consuming and can be done on the spot – in addition to being far more environmentally friendly.
Why Windscreen Repair
Windscreen Repair Contact Us Today
Windscreen Repair
GlasWeld Guarantee
However long you own your vehicle, GlasWeld® guarantees its workmanship. This is in addition to your statutory rights.
Glas Weld also guarantees that any windscreen repair it carries out will pass the MOT.
If you are not satisfied with the repair or there is a problem with the windscreen repair in the future we will endevour to resolve that problem or refund your money.


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Build, access, and explore a NEPC database.
Project description
NEPC
Build Status Documentation Status GitHub DOI
The goals of the nepc project are to provide tools to:
 1. parse, evaluate, and populate metadata for electron scattering cross sections;
 2. build a NEPC MySQL database of cross sections;
 3. curate, access, visualize, and use cross section data from a NEPC database; and
 4. support verification and validation of electron scattering cross section data.
The database schema and Python module are designed for anyone interested in plasma chemistry with a background in physics at the graduate level.
Documentation for the nepc project: _URL_.
Organization
The project is organized in the following directories:
 - tests - unit and integration testing
 - tests/data - data directory for the nepc_test database--an example NEPC database containing fictitious electron scattering cross section data used in unit and integration testing
 - tests/data/eda - example exploratory data analysis (EDA) of a NEPC database that is possible with the nepc Python module
 - tests/data/methods - code used to parse fictitious cross section data in LXCat format and create various NEPC Models for the nepc_test database
 - docs - files used by Sphinx to generate the NEPC documentation
 - nepc - the Python code for the nepc package and building a NEPC database
 - nepc/mysql - the Python code for creating a NEPC database from data in $NEPC_DATA_HOME; also creates the nepc_test database from data in $NEPC_HOME/tests/data
Getting Started
To install nepc with pip, run:
$ pip install nepc
Establish a connection to the database named nepc running on a production server (you must set an environment variable $NEPC_PRODUCTION that points to the production server):
>>> cnx, cursor = nepc.connect()
If you've built the nepc_test database on your local machine (see instructions here), establish a connection to it:
>>> cnx, cursor = nepc.connect(local=True, test=True)
Access the pre-defined plasma chemistry model, fict_min2, in the nepc_test database:
>>> fict_min2 = nepc.Model(cursor, "fict_min2")
Print a summary of the fict_min2 model, including a stylized Pandas dataframe:
>>> fict_min2.summary()
Plot the cross sections in fict_min2.
>>> fict_min2.plot(ylog=True, xlog=True, width=8, height=4)
Additional examples of EDA using nepc are in tests/data/eda. Examples of methods for building data files for the nepc_test database, including parsing LXCat formatted data, are in tests/data/methods.
Built With
Pronunciation
NEPC rhymes with the loser of the Cola War. If NEPC were in the CMU Pronouncing Dictionary, its entry would be N EH P S IY ..
Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.
Project details
Download files
Download the file for your platform. If you're not sure which to choose, learn more about installing packages.
Files for nepc, version 2020.8.28
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The Affytechans were an alien race native to the planet Dom-Bradden, the Affytechans resemble tall, sentient plants. They grow in a number of colorful configurations or leaves, petals, tassles, and tendrils, and no two were exactly alike. Their normal body temperature was 83 degrees.
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text: May be the author Eliza Wilson (Mrs. Robert Wilson) of Kirkdale, Liverpool, England. Diary entries describe the social life and travel of a British woman living in India with General Craigie, his wife, and daughters. They left England in November 1854, traveled by ship with stops in Egypt, and arrived in Madras in January 1855. The group lived in Madras but journeyed to other cities in southern India, including Bangalore, Mysore, and Vellore. There are references to the Sepoy Rebellion, _PHONE_, before Wilson departed India in 1860.


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Thomas ArcherArticle Free Pass
Thomas Archer, (born c. 1668—died May 23, 1743, Whitehall, London, Eng.), British architect and practitioner of what was, for England, an extraordinarily extravagant Baroque style, marked by lavish curves, large scale, and bold detail.
Archer, the son of a Warwickshire squire, was educated at Trinity College, Oxford, and then spent four years abroad. After receiving several lucrative royal appointments, he bought the manor of Hale, Hampshire, in 1715 and rebuilt the house and church.
Archer's dynamic work borrowed much from the 17th-century Italian architects Gian Lorenzo Bernini and Francesco Borromini. Although he was not as original as some of the prominent English architects of his time, he was considered important. Most of his designs were executed from 1705 to 1715, including the north front of Chatsworth House (c. 1705) in Derbyshire, Heythrop House (1707–10) in Oxfordshire, a garden pavilion at Wrest Park (1709–11) in Bedfordshire, Roehampton House (c. 1712) in Surrey (now in Wandsworth, London), and the churches of St. Philip (c. 1710–15) in Birmingham, St. Paul (1712–30) in Deptford, and St. John (1713–28) in Westminster. The last two resulted from his appointment in 1711 as a commissioner for the building of 50 new churches.
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A sequence of (key, pointer) pairs where each pointer points to a record in a database which contains the key value in some particular field. The index is sorted on the key values to allow rapid searching for a particular key value, using e.g. binary search. The index is "inverted" in the sense that the key value is used to find the record rather than the other way round. For databases in which the records may be searched based on more than one field, multiple indices may be created that are sorted on those keys.
An index may contain gaps to allow for new entries to be added in the correct sort order without always requiring the following entries to be shifted out of the way.


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Well, there's already a question like this here so that my question could be considered duplicate, but I'll try to make my point clear. Is there a way to derive Biot-Savart law from the Lorentz' Force law or just from Maxwell's Equations? The point is that we usually defined based on experiments that the force felt by a moving charge on the presence of a magnetic field is $F = qv\times B$, now can this be used in some way to obtain Biot-Savart law like we obtain the equation for the electric field directly from Coulomb's Force law?
And I wanted to know that because as pointed out in the question I've mentioned, although Maxwell's Equations can be considered more fundamental, those equations are obtained after we know Coulomb's and Biot-Savart's laws, so if we start with Maxwell's Equations to obtain Biot-Savart's having use it to find Maxwell's Equations then I think we'll fall into a circular argument. In that case, without recoursing to Maxwell's Equations the only way to obtain Biot-Savart's law is through observations or can it be derived somehow?
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Neither Maxwell nor Biot-Savart are fundamental - all such formulas follow from Coulomb and a well-chosen definition of $B$, as mentioned tangentially in this short rant. – Chris White Jun 8 '13 at 20:13
2 Answers 2
$\def\VA{{\bf A}} \def\VB{{\bf B}} \def\VJ{{\bf J}} \def\VE{{\bf E}} \def\vr{{\bf r}}$The Biot-Savart law is a consequence of Maxwell's equations.
We assume Maxwell's equations and choose the Coulomb gauge, $\nabla\cdot\VA = 0$. Then $$\nabla\times\VB = \nabla\times(\nabla\times\VA) = \nabla(\nabla\cdot\VA) - \nabla^2\VA = -\nabla^2\VA.$$ But $$\nabla\times\VB - \frac{1}{c^2}\frac{\partial\VE}{\partial t} = \mu_0 \VJ.$$ In the steady state this implies $$\nabla^2\VA = -\mu_0 \VJ.$$ Thus, we have Poisson's equation for each component of the above equation. The solution is $$\VA(\vr) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int \frac{\VJ(\vr')}{|\vr-\vr'|}d^3 r'.$$ Now we need only calculate $\VB = \nabla\times\VA$. But $$\nabla\times\frac{\VJ(\vr')}{|\vr-\vr'|} = \frac{\VJ(\vr')\times(\vr-\vr')}{|\vr-\vr'|^3}$$ and so $$\VB(\vr) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int \frac{\VJ(\vr')\times(\vr-\vr')}{|\vr-\vr'|^3} d^3 r'.$$ This is the Biot-Savart law for a wire of finite thickness. For a thin wire this reduces to $$\VB(\vr) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int \frac{I d{\bf l}\times(\vr-\vr')}{|\vr-\vr'|^3}.$$
Addendum: In mathematics and science it is important to keep in mind the distinction between the historical and the logical development of a subject. Knowing the history of a subject can be useful to get a sense of the personalities involved and sometimes to develop an intuition about the subject. The logical presentation of the subject is the way practitioners think about it. It encapsulates the main ideas in the most complete and simple fashion. From this standpoint, electromagnetism is the study of Maxwell's equations and the Lorentz force law. Everything else is secondary, including the Biot-Savart law.
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But how I've seen it done, Maxwell's equations are derived from the biot-savart law, which would make this circular. – JLA Jun 8 '13 at 20:24
_USER_: I've added something to address the "circularity" you refer to. – user26872 Jun 8 '13 at 23:00
It may be true that in days of yore people measured the force resulting from a filamentary current, discovering the Biot-Savart law, and then in turn used that as inspiration to construct Maxwell's equations. If that's how it actually happened historically, fine.
But this is analogous to some alien archaeologist 10 million years from now finding a skeletal hand and foot in the Earth. From the hand, the archaeologist comes to understand what the animal who had that hand liked to do with it: that it could grasp and use tools and so on. From the foot, the archaeologist it comes to understand that the animal it belonged to walked on two legs and that it typically weighed in adulthood around 100-300 pounds.
Only later does the archaeologist that the hand and the foot both belonged to the same animal--a human being. But the nature of the work means that the puzzle of what a human being was has to be broken down into chunks that can be individually understood before the whole picture can come together. That said, it would be backwards to suggest the hand and the foot are more fundamental than the human being itself.
The Maxwell equations have been constructed to be consistent with the Biot-Savart law and other pieces of information, like Coulomb's law. Thus, you can derive Biot-Savart from Maxwell, but not the other way around, for Maxwell is more general and all-encompassing.
If you already know the Lorentz force law, you can infer the strength of the magnetic field from a wire just by shooting charged test particles near the wire and observing their motion. But this calls into question how you already know the Lorentz force law, and so on.
You can go in circles all day over what is or is not fundamental, over what must be based on experimental observation and what is merely constructed to be consistent with those observations, but often there's a preference for "simple" experimental observations being considered fundamental vs. theoretical constructs that incorporate many such observations--see Chris White's comment that Maxwell's equations can be derived from Coulomb's law and some other stuff.
To me, this is silly. Maxwell's equations incorporate the sum total of our observations (those that fit the classical regime, at least). To me, it is what we know about classical electromagnetism. To say that you can derive Maxwell's equation with only one result plus a few assumptions...well, it misses the point that those assumptions also had to be tested and verified in the first place. To me, it is very very backwards to single out special cases (pure electric, pure magnetic, static or dynamic fields) and treat them as "fundamental".
Edit: but really, a physicist needs to work in both directions. To create new theory, we often have special cases that we don't know are connected and must bridge them together. That's building Maxwell's equations from Coulomb's law and Biot-Savart. To analyze a particular problem most easily, one we're not sure there is a special-case formula for, we must resort to the most general description (Maxwell) and try to reduce it down to something simpler and easier to solve (in the case of no current and no time-dependence, you can get back to Coulomb's law). Both approaches are necessary to be as flexible as possible.
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Novgorod First Chronicle
||This article relies largely or entirely upon a single source. (September 2011)|
The Novgorod First Chronicle (Russian: Новгородская первая летопись) or The Chronicle of Novgorod, _PHONE_ is the most ancient extant chronicle of the Novgorod Republic. It reflects a tradition different from the Kievan Primary Chronicle. As was first demonstrated by Aleksey Shakhmatov, the later editions of the chronicle reflect the lost Primary Kievan Code (Начальный Киевский свод) of the late 11th century, which contained much valuable data suppressed in the later Primary Chronicle.
The earliest extant copy of the chronicle is the so-called Synod Scroll, dated to the second half of the 13th century, first printed in 1841 and currently preserved in the State Historical Museum. It is the earliest known manuscript of a major East Slavic chronicle, predating the Laurentian Codex of the Primary Chronicle by almost a century. In the 14th century, the Synod Scroll was continued by the monks of the Yuriev Monastery in Novgorod.
Other important copies of the Novgorod First Chronicle include the Academic Scroll (241 lists, 1444), Commission Scroll (320 lists, mid-15th century), Trinity Scroll (1563), and Tolstoy Scroll (208 lists, 1720s).