text:
There are many ways of categorizing umbrellas, with one of them being the number of folding keels supporting the cloth. This keel is also known as the umbrella's skeleton, and we have one (straight), two, three, and five folding umbrellas based on this classification. In this article, we'll examine the differences between 2 fold umbrellas and 3 fold umbrellas.
2 fold umbrellas
A two folding umbrella is one in which the umbrella's skeleton can be folded into two sections. With their durable structures, two folding umbrellas are portable tools for rainy and sunny days.
3 fold umbrellas
A somewhat more common type of folding umbrellas is the three folding one. As its name implies, it is an umbrella with three folding keels, which means it can be folded three times. These umbrellas usually have buttons to close and open them automatically and are classic rain gear to carry around.
Differences between 2fold umbrella and 3 fold umbrella
Based on the structure, 2 fold umbrellas are compact, firm, and made from top quality materials. Furthermore, the rib sizes of two folding umbrellas vary, with the norm being that the first rib is slightly longer than the second rib.
3 fold umbrellas are just as compact and firmly structured as their two folding counterparts. They are of moderate weights and lengths, with the first rib usually being the shortest. Three folding umbrellas are widely used and made of good quality as well.
Another difference between two folding and three folding umbrellas is how they are styled. The former is of European style, which is usually high-grade. Even after folding them, they are generally quite large.
On the other hand, three folding umbrellas are of both European and mainstream styles. They are characterized by being light, pencil-like, and thin, after they are folded.
Based on their function, two folding umbrellas sport the windproof functionality of long handle umbrellas, which makes them much easier to carry around than straight umbrellas. Many manufacturers make this type of umbrellas to be rainproof and also sun-protecting. The slight setback of two folding umbrellas is that you'll need to take off the bones piece by piece when closing the umbrella.
Three folding umbrellas are small and easy to carry around. But when it comes to their function in resisting winds and heavy rains, they are inferior to two folding and long, straight umbrellas.
Generally speaking, two folding umbrellas are middle to high-grade umbrellas with excellent workmanship and materials, including embroidery, printing, lace. Because of these top-notch designs and craft, two folding umbrellas are usually high-priced.
The more common alternative is three folding umbrellas. They are middle to low-end umbrellas and are of many types. Three folding umbrellas are usually less expensive than their two folding counterparts.
On the differences in their use, two folding umbrellas are more suitable for heavy and windy rainy weather. Three folding umbrellas are not so good in resisting this type of weather, even though they are easy to carry about.
How to choose an excellent folding umbrella
Now, let's look at some of the things that'll influence the folding umbrella you get.
- The cloth: The first thing that'll attract you to any umbrella you pick up is its cloth. They are indispensable and the main parts of the umbrella, because they provide the shade or protection we need. There are many types of umbrella clothes, so before you get one, make sure you've had a good look at the alternatives. Your goal should be to get a folding umbrella with a durable cloth that'll withstand heavy winds and rain.
- The handle: The next factor that should influence the folding umbrella you get is the umbrella's handle. Remember that this is the part you'll be holding, for the most part, so make sure it is very comfortable to grasp. Usually, folding umbrellas have plastic handles that act as insulators during thunderstorms. Folding umbrellas' handles have two major designs: the straight and curved handle designs. The curved one allows for more grip and is comfortable to hold for an extended period. However, they are usually not found in high-priced umbrellas. So, be sure to test both designs of folding umbrella handles before you get one.
- The shaft: The shaft is located just above the handle. It is the part of the umbrella that holds the entire framework in place. So, if you see a firm folding umbrella, chances are that the shaft is rigid. When getting a folding umbrella, ensure that you give the shaft a good shake. If the umbrella parts don't come loose, then the umbrella framework is as firm as it should be. This means that the folding umbrella will withstand wind and rain better, with its firm structure.
- The size: Finally, the size of a folding umbrella should play a decisive role in which you eventually go for. Folding umbrellas have several sizes, so you'll have lots of options to pick from. But the size of the one you choose should fit your lifestyle and what you intend to use it for. If you'll be commuting, then there's no need to get a large folding umbrella. It'll probably be better to get something light and easy to carry about. Don't forget to consider the folding umbrella's size when closed too.
There are quite a lot of folding umbrellas, but the two folding and three folding ones are some of the most common. At first glance, it doesn't seem that there is much to distinguish between the two types of umbrellas. But a closer look at its skeleton will reveal the fundamental difference between two folding and three folding umbrellas.
In this guide, we've differentiated the two common types of folding umbrellas thoroughly. We've also had a look at some factors that should influence your decision on which one to get. With these, you should have all you need to spot the two types of folding umbrellas and know which is best suited for your lifestyle.


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Stick Time: How Will You Choose to Listen?
The first of ACDA's seven divisional conferences takes place next week. For those fortunate enough to be able to attend, those events will provide a rich opportunity to listen, learn, and grow.
But here's a question: HOW will you choose to listen to the concerts? No, not "hear" the concerts... LISTEN. Remember, friends, hearing is passive, listening is active. We are professional conductors; part of why we get paid is to listen.
The possibilities for listening are limitless. Your listening may be influenced by countless factors, such as your training, the sort of choirs you work with, the musical challenges you are facing, or your own musical taste.
One wonders how fellow choral conductors at conferences (or any concert for that matter) listen. Are you listening just simply in the hunt for repertoire? Are you analyzing the overall sound with with thought of achieving a similar performance opportunity? Are you aiming toward improving some tightly defined area of your own choral product and are thus listening to that element in the performance?
Let's practice listening, shall we? The accompanying conference performance is a reasonable example of the sort of sounds you will hear at an ACDA event. Play the recording and LISTEN with one focus firmly in mind. It could be blend, vowel color & unification, tuning, articulation of text, the tone of a single section, releases, or any one of a hundred other things. What do you hear? What did you learn? How will it make your next rehearsal better?
Now... prepare to attend that conference. And LISTEN.


text:
While researching alternatives to demolition I came across a deconstruction program that makes more sense than any other I've seen. Basically, Design for Deconstruction is legos for big people.
The ultimate goal of the Design for Deconstruction (DfD) movement is to responsibly manage end-of-life building materials to minimize consumption of raw materials. By capturing materials removed during building renovation or demolition and finding ways to reuse them in another construction project or recycle them into a new product, the overall environmental impact of end-of-life building materials can be reduced. Architects and engineers can contribute to this movement by designing buildings that facilitate adaptation and renovation. This handbook presents an overview of basic Design for Deconstruction principles, and outlines the implementation of these principles in the design of Chartwell School in Seaside, California.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
There is no one definitive way to say food in Korean. There are a few different words that can be used, depending on the context. 먹다 (meokda) is the most basic word for "food," and can be used to refer to anything that is eaten. 키워드 (kieodeu) is a more specific word that refers to cooked food. 음식 (eumsik) is another
How To Say Food In Korean
There are many ways to say "food" in Korean. Here are a few: 먹을거야 (meogeul-geoya) – "I'm going to eat." 식사를 할거야 (siksareul hal-geoya) – "I'm going to have a meal." 음식 (eum-si
There is no one definitive answer to this question. However, some useful tools and materials for learning how to say food in Korean include: 1. A good Korean language textbook or course. 2. A good online dictionary or search engine that includes Korean translations of food terms. 3. Audio recordings of Korean native speakers pronouncing food terms. 4. A good online forum or community where learners of the Korean language can ask questions and share advice on learning to say food terms in
- start by saying "what is this?" 2. follow that up with the word for "food" 3. if you want to be more specific, add in the word for the type of food you're talking
below There are a few ways to say food in Korean. The most common way is to say 그림자 (geurimja), which is the word for "shadow." 그림자 can be used to refer to any type of food, including both prepared and raw dishes. Another way to say food is 식품 (sikpum), which refers specifically to edible items. Finally,
Frequently Asked Questions
How Do You Say Foods In Korean?
There is no one definitive answer to this question, as pronunciation of food items can vary depending on the region of Korea you are in. However, some common examples of food items and their Korean pronunciations are as follows: 고기 (go-gi) – meat 콩 (kong) – beans 밥 (bap) – rice 물 (mul) – water
What Is Mean By Food In Korean?
Food in Korean culture is a big part of their society. They have many different types of food, and each one has a specific meaning and purpose. For example, Kimchi is a popular dish in Korea, and it is made with fermented vegetables. It is considered to be a health food because it is high in fiber and vitamin C.
What Do Koreans Say Before Eating?
"Mul-lae-bok-shi-da" is a traditional Korean phrase that is said before eating. It means "I am grateful for the food that you have provided."
There are a few ways to say "food" in Korean. The word for food is "공기" (gong-gi), and the word for eat is "먹다" (meok-da). You can also say "meal" with the word "음식" (eum-sik).

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


5. Force feedback for Linux
Author
Johann Deneux <_EMAIL_> on 2001/04/22.
Updated
Anssi Hannula <_EMAIL_> on 2006/04/09.
You may redistribute this file. Please remember to include shape.svg and interactive.svg as well.
5.1. Introduction
This document describes how to use force feedback devices under Linux. The goal is not to support these devices as if they were simple input-only devices (as it is already the case), but to really enable the rendering of force effects. This document only describes the force feedback part of the Linux input interface. Please read joystick.txt and input.txt before reading further this document.
5.2. Instructions to the user
To enable force feedback, you have to:
 1. have your kernel configured with evdev and a driver that supports your device.
 2. make sure evdev module is loaded and /dev/input/event* device files are created.
Before you start, let me WARN you that some devices shake violently during the initialisation phase. This happens for example with my "AVB Top Shot Pegasus". To stop this annoying behaviour, move your joystick to its limits. Anyway, you should keep a hand on your device, in order to avoid it to break down if something goes wrong.
If you have a serial iforce device, you need to start inputattach. See joystick.txt for details.
5.2.1. Does it work ?
There is an utility called fftest that will allow you to test the driver:
% fftest /dev/input/eventXX
5.3. Instructions to the developer
All interactions are done using the event API. That is, you can use ioctl() and write() on /dev/input/eventXX. This information is subject to change.
5.3.1. Querying device capabilities
#include <linux/input.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#define BITS_TO_LONGS(x) \
 (((x) + 8 * sizeof (unsigned long) - 1) / (8 * sizeof (unsigned long)))
unsigned long features[BITS_TO_LONGS(FF_CNT)];
int ioctl(int file_descriptor, int request, unsigned long *features);
"request" must be EVIOCGBIT(EV_FF, size of features array in bytes )
Returns the features supported by the device. features is a bitfield with the following bits:
 - FF_CONSTANT can render constant force effects
 - FF_PERIODIC can render periodic effects with the following waveforms:
 - FF_SQUARE square waveform
 - FF_TRIANGLE triangle waveform
 - FF_SINE sine waveform
 - FF_SAW_UP sawtooth up waveform
 - FF_SAW_DOWN sawtooth down waveform
 - FF_CUSTOM custom waveform
 - FF_RAMP can render ramp effects
 - FF_SPRING can simulate the presence of a spring
 - FF_FRICTION can simulate friction
 - FF_DAMPER can simulate damper effects
 - FF_RUMBLE rumble effects
 - FF_INERTIA can simulate inertia
 - FF_GAIN gain is adjustable
 - FF_AUTOCENTER autocenter is adjustable
Note
 - In most cases you should use FF_PERIODIC instead of FF_RUMBLE. All devices that support FF_RUMBLE support FF_PERIODIC (square, triangle, sine) and the other way around.
 - The exact syntax FF_CUSTOM is undefined for the time being as no driver supports it yet.
int ioctl(int fd, EVIOCGEFFECTS, int *n);
Returns the number of effects the device can keep in its memory.
5.3.2. Uploading effects to the device
#include <linux/input.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
int ioctl(int file_descriptor, int request, struct ff_effect *effect);
"request" must be EVIOCSFF.
"effect" points to a structure describing the effect to upload. The effect is uploaded, but not played. The content of effect may be modified. In particular, its field "id" is set to the unique id assigned by the driver. This data is required for performing some operations (removing an effect, controlling the playback). The "id" field must be set to -1 by the user in order to tell the driver to allocate a new effect.
Effects are file descriptor specific.
See <uapi/linux/input.h> for a description of the ff_effect struct. You should also find help in a few sketches, contained in files shape.svg and interactive.svg:
../_images/shape.svg
Shape
../_images/interactive.svg
Interactive
5.3.3. Removing an effect from the device
int ioctl(int fd, EVIOCRMFF, effect.id);
This makes room for new effects in the device's memory. Note that this also stops the effect if it was playing.
5.3.4. Controlling the playback of effects
Control of playing is done with write(). Below is an example:
 #include <linux/input.h>
 #include <unistd.h>
 struct input_event play;
 struct input_event stop;
 struct ff_effect effect;
 int fd;
...
 fd = open("/dev/input/eventXX", O_RDWR);
...
 /* Play three times */
 play.type = EV_FF;
 play.code = effect.id;
 play.value = 3;
 write(fd, (const void*) &play, sizeof(play));
...
 /* Stop an effect */
 stop.type = EV_FF;
 stop.code = effect.id;
 stop.value = 0;
 write(fd, (const void*) &stop, sizeof(stop));
5.3.5. Setting the gain
Not all devices have the same strength. Therefore, users should set a gain factor depending on how strong they want effects to be. This setting is persistent across access to the driver.
/* Set the gain of the device
int gain; /* between 0 and 100 */
struct input_event ie; /* structure used to communicate with the driver */
ie.type = EV_FF;
ie.code = FF_GAIN;
ie.value = 0xFFFFUL * gain / 100;
if (write(fd, &ie, sizeof(ie)) == -1)
 perror("set gain");
5.3.6. Enabling/Disabling autocenter
The autocenter feature quite disturbs the rendering of effects in my opinion, and I think it should be an effect, which computation depends on the game type. But you can enable it if you want.
int autocenter; /* between 0 and 100 */
struct input_event ie;
ie.type = EV_FF;
ie.code = FF_AUTOCENTER;
ie.value = 0xFFFFUL * autocenter / 100;
if (write(fd, &ie, sizeof(ie)) == -1)
 perror("set auto-center");
A value of 0 means "no auto-center".
5.3.7. Dynamic update of an effect
Proceed as if you wanted to upload a new effect, except that instead of setting the id field to -1, you set it to the wanted effect id. Normally, the effect is not stopped and restarted. However, depending on the type of device, not all parameters can be dynamically updated. For example, the direction of an effect cannot be updated with iforce devices. In this case, the driver stops the effect, up-load it, and restart it.
Therefore it is recommended to dynamically change direction while the effect is playing only when it is ok to restart the effect with a replay count of 1.
5.3.8. Information about the status of effects
Every time the status of an effect is changed, an event is sent. The values and meanings of the fields of the event are as follows:
struct input_event {
/* When the status of the effect changed */
 struct timeval time;
/* Set to EV_FF_STATUS */
 unsigned short type;
/* Contains the id of the effect */
 unsigned short code;
/* Indicates the status */
 unsigned int value;
};
FF_STATUS_STOPPED The effect stopped playing
FF_STATUS_PLAYING The effect started to play
Note


text:
Let Ω ⊂ Rn be a bounded domain and let f : Ω × RN × RN×n → R. Consider the functional
over the class of Sobolev functions W1,q(Ω;RN) (1 ≤ q ≤ ∞) for which the integral on the right is well defined. In this paper we establish sufficient conditions on a given function u0 and f to ensure that u0 provides an Lr local minimizer for I where 1 ≤ r ≤ ∞. The case r = ∞ is somewhat known and there is a considerable literature on the subject treating the case min(n, N) = 1, mostly based on the field theory of the calculus of variations. The main contribution here is to present a set of sufficient conditions for the case 1 ≤ r < ∞. Our proof is based on an indirect approach and is largely motivated by an argument of Hestenes relying on the concept of 'directional convergence'.


text:
Usage:They tested his hearing with pure tones of different frequencies.
Usage:The manager spoke to the employer in a tone which was indignant.
Usage:His majestic walk shows that he has a muscular tone.
Usage:She took tonic to improve her health.
Usage:Words of wisdom act as a tonic in the times of difficulty.
Usage:A tonic syllable carries the main stress in a word.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Skip to Main Content
We propose atmospheric (free-space) optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. We analyze the bit error rate (BER) of the proposed system using pulse position modulation (PPM) taking into consideration the effects of scintillation, avalanche photodiode (APD) noise, thermal noise, and multiuser interference. We show that atmospheric optical CDMA systems can realize communications at a bit rate of 156 Mbps when the logarithm variance of the scintillation σs2 is smaller than, or equal to, 0.1. When σs2 is large, we need to use forward error correction codes (FECs).


Divide large number represented as string in C++ Program
In this tutorial, we are going to learn how to divide a large number that is represented as a string.
We have given a large number in string format and a divisor. Our program should find a reminder.
First, we will find a part of the given number that is greater than the dividend. And then we will add the remaining digits one by one to the divisor.
Let's see the steps to solve the problem.
 - Initialize the large number along with a divisor.
 - Iterate over the given number until we extract the part that is greater than the divisor.
 - Now, iterate from where we left in the previous step until the end of the number.
 - Divide the extracted part with a divisor and add it to the result.
 - Update the number with the next digit.
 - Check whether the result is zero or not.
 - And print the result.
Example
Let's see the code.
 Live Demo
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
string divideLargeNumber(string number, int divisor) {
 // to store the result
 string result;
 int index = 0;
 // extracting the part that is greater than the given divisor
 int dividend = number[index] - '0';
 while (dividend < divisor) {
 dividend = dividend * 10 + (number[++index] - '0');
 }
 // iterating until all digits participate in the division
 while (number.size() > index) {
 result += (dividend / divisor) + '0';
 // adding the next digit to the dividend
 dividend = (dividend % divisor) * 10 + number[++index] - '0';
 }
 if (result.length() == 0) {
 return "0";
 }
 return result;
}
int main() {
 string large_number = "12345678901234567890";
 int divisor = 75;
 cout << divideLargeNumber(large_number, divisor) << endl;
 return 0;
}
Output
If you execute the above program, then you will get the following result.
164609052016460905
Conclusion
If you have any queries in the tutorial, mention them in the comment section.
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What is a 3G pitch? And how about 4G or 5G?
A question we get asked frequently here at McArdle Sport Tec, is "What is a 3G pitch?".
With all the buzzwords being thrown around in the industry these days, we can understand the confusion.
So, what does 3G stand for?
To explain it simply, 3G is short for Third Generation.
Third Generation (3G) surfaces are the newest generation of artificial turf and are referred to as one of the major recent innovations in football. They are designed to offer similar playing characteristics to playing on natural turf, mimicking the ball bounce and ball roll. Read more details about what makes these pitches so effective here.
What sets a 3G pitch apart from older generation synthetic pitches?
A 3G surface is created using a blend of grass-like fibres attached to a special backing. Unlike older style synthetic pitches which were filled with sand, 3G pitches are filled with sand as well as rubber granules. The rubber helps to keep the turf pile upright and makes the surface less abrasive when in contact with skin, resulting in fewer friction burns – which is fantastic for players.
Prior to 3G pitches being developed there were 1G and 2G pitches. 1G pitches are non-infilled surfaces, also known as astroturf, and 2G pitches are sand-based pitches primarily used for hockey.
And what qualifies a pitch to be branded as 3G?
To become an accredited 3G pitch, the surface must meet the RFU or FIFA's stringent guidelines. Each pitch will be tested by an accredited 'Field Testing and Certification' body and retested on a periodic basis to ensure the facility complies with mandatory governing body standards.
How about 4G and 5G surfaces?
The FA's Third Generation Football Turf Guidance state "At the moment there is no such thing as 4G or 5G." These are marketing terms used by companies Some manufacturers may promote non-infilled products, but these have not received acceptance as a suitable football surface and often struggle to satisfy FIFA requirements.
Some organisations offering these 'latest generation surfaces' may not be able to offer the appropriate accreditation for the pitch facility. McArdle build and install our artificial pitches in full accordance with SAPCA (Sport and Play Construction Association) and Sport England guidelines. We work closely with our clients to make sure we stay focused on their specific needs and always fully comply with FIFA, FIH, RFU, World Rugby and IAAF requirements.
Why should I choose a 3G pitch?
3G pitches are widely considered to have revolutionised football and rugby. The pitches are extremely durable and proven to perform well for high-level rugby training. Research commissioned by FIFA also concluded that the game of football didn't change significantly when played on a 3G pitch compared to natural grass, and also found that there were no significant differences in the types or number of injuries between these two surfaces – proving that 3G surfaces are doing their job well in imitating natural grass sports pitches.
For further information, or to discuss a possible 3G pitch project, call our friendly sales team on 01491 827810 Ext 1, or send us a message with any queries you have and we would be happy to help.
3G surface


text:
What is the superior choice: PU Leather or Faux Leather?
Leather has been a popular choice for various products, from furniture to fashion accessories, due to its luxurious look and durability. However, with the rise in ethical and environmental concerns, alternative materials like PU leather and faux leather have gained prominence. These synthetic options offer a similar aesthetic and functionality while addressing some of the drawbacks associated with genuine leather. In this article, we will explore the characteristics, benefits, and differences between PU leather and faux leather to determine which is the better choice for different applications.
What is PU Leather?
Definition and Composition
PU leather, short for polyurethane leather, is a synthetic material designed to mimic the appearance and feel of genuine leather. It is composed of a base fabric, typically polyester or cotton, coated with a polyurethane layer. This layer is responsible for giving the material its leather-like texture and appearance.
The manufacturing process of PU leather involves applying a liquid polyurethane coating onto the base fabric. This coating undergoes various treatments, such as dyeing, embossing, and buffing, to achieve the desired look and texture. The result is a material that closely resembles genuine leather.
Characteristics and Benefits
PU leather offers several advantages over genuine leather. It is more affordable, making it an attractive option for budget-conscious consumers. Additionally, PU leather is available in a wide range of colors and finishes, offering greater versatility in design choices. It is also resistant to fading, cracking, and peeling, providing enhanced durability and longevity.
What is Faux Leather?
Definition and Composition
Faux leather, also known as synthetic leather or vegan leather, is another alternative to genuine leather. It is made from various materials, such as PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or polyurethane, that are combined to create a leather-like material.
The manufacturing process of faux leather involves coating a fabric base with a layer of PVC or polyurethane. This coating is then treated to achieve the desired appearance, texture, and durability. Faux leather can be embossed, printed, or finished with a topcoat to simulate the look of genuine leather.
Characteristics and Benefits
Similar to PU leather, faux leather offers affordability, versatility, and durability. It is often considered a more ethical and sustainable choice, as it doesn't involve animal products. Faux leather is also resistant to moisture and stains, making it easier to clean and maintain compared to genuine leather.
Comparison between PU Leather and Faux Leather
When deciding between PU leather and faux leather, it's essential to consider various factors to make an informed choice. Let's compare these two synthetic materials based on different aspects:
- Durability and Longevity
Both PU leather and faux leather are known for their durability. They are resistant to wear, tear, and abrasion, making them suitable for everyday use. However, PU leather tends to have better longevity due to its stronger polyurethane coating, which enhances its resistance to fading and cracking over time.
- Appearance and Texture
In terms of appearance, both materials closely resemble genuine leather. They have a similar texture, grain patterns, and softness. However, PU leather often has a more consistent texture, while faux leather can have a slightly artificial appearance in some cases. The choice between the two depends on personal preference and the desired aesthetic for the specific application.
One of the significant advantages of PU leather and faux leather is their affordability compared to genuine leather. PU leather tends to be slightly more expensive than faux leather due to its higher-quality composition and enhanced durability. However, both options offer a cost-effective alternative without compromising on style.
- Sustainability and Environmental Impact
When it comes to sustainability, faux leather has an edge over PU leather. Faux leather made from PVC may have a higher environmental impact due to the production process and use of chemicals. On the other hand, PU leather, especially those made with water-based polyurethane, is considered more environmentally friendly. Additionally, faux leather's animal-free production makes it a popular choice for individuals concerned about animal welfare.
- Maintenance and Care
Both PU leather and faux leather are relatively easy to maintain compared to genuine leather. These items have stain resistance properties and can be easily cleaned with a damp cloth.. However, it's important to avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners that could damage the protective coating. Regular cleaning and occasional conditioning can help preserve their appearance and extend their lifespan.
Which is Better: PU Leather or Faux Leather?
Determining which material is better, PU leather or faux leather, ultimately depends on the specific application and personal preferences. Here are some factors to consider:
Intended Use: If durability and longevity are crucial, PU leather might be the better choice. It is ideal for items like handbags, shoes, and furniture that experience frequent use. Faux leather, on the other hand, works well for garments, accessories, and upholstery where a wider variety of colors and textures may be desired.
Personal Preference: Some individuals prefer the more genuine leather-like texture and appearance of PU leather, while others appreciate the ethical and sustainable aspects of faux leather. Consider your values, style preferences, and the overall look you want to achieve.
In conclusion, both PU leather and faux leather offer viable alternatives to genuine leather, each with its own set of advantages. Ultimately, the decision boils down to the specific needs of the application and personal preferences.
In the debate between PU leather and faux leather, there is no definitive "better" option. Both materials offer affordability, durability, and a similar appearance to genuine leather. PU leather excels in terms of longevity and consistency, while faux leather stands out for its ethical and sustainable qualities. Ultimately, the choice depends on personal preferences, intended use, and the specific benefits you value.
By understanding the characteristics and differences between PU leather and faux leather, you can make an informed decision that aligns with your needs, budget, and values. Whether you opt for PU leather or faux leather, you can enjoy a stylish and practical alternative to genuine leather for various applications.
Can PU leather be as good as genuine leather?
While PU leather can closely mimic the appearance and texture of genuine leather, it may not possess the same natural aging and patina that develops over time. However, in terms of durability and affordability, PU leather can be a great alternative.
Is faux leather good for the environment?
Faux leather, especially those made from sustainable materials, is generally considered more environmentally friendly than genuine leather. However, it's important to choose materials that are manufactured using Eco-friendly processes and avoid PVC-based faux leather, which can have a higher environmental impact.
Does PU leather crack easily?
PU leather is designed to be resistant to cracking, peeling, and fading. However, the quality of the PU leather can vary depending on the manufacturing process and the specific product. It's important to choose PU leather from reputable manufacturers to ensure better durability.
How do I clean PU leather?
Cleaning PU leather is relatively simple. You can use a mild soap or a leather cleaner specifically designed for synthetic materials. Gently wipe the surface with a soft cloth or sponge, removing any dirt or stains. Avoid using harsh chemicals or abrasive cleaners that can damage the protective coating.
Is faux leather suitable for upholstery?
Yes, faux leather is a popular choice for upholstery. It offers durability, versatility, and ease of maintenance. Faux leather upholstery can be found in furniture, automotive interiors, and other applications where a leather-like look and feel are desired.


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The Naval Academy boasts the most extensive undergraduate oceanographic facilities in the country. Located at the mouth of the Severn River, the Hendrix Oceanography Laboratory is a multi-function enclosure where midshipmen study the world's largest estuary, the Chesapeake Bay. The Hendrix Lab includes a Teaching Lab, Autonomous Vehicle Lab, Microscopy Lab, and Field Lab. The Department's research vessel, YP686, a specially outfitted yard patrol craft, enables midshipmen to collect oceanographic and meteorological data for analysis afloat or at the Hendrix Lab. The department also maintains four lab spaces in Chauvenet and Michelson Halls including an Environmental Data Lab, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab, and Coastal Oceanography Lab.
In addition, the Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences Department is a Yardwide leader in applied data science, which is rapidly reshaping the way society functions. The fields of meteorology and oceanography are no different. Our major exposes students to big data and data science applied to our environment. We boast a state-of-the-art dedicated data server (EDMAPS data server), an environmental monitoring network (SRWO), and our classes emphasize techniques used to visualize real-time observations and solve challenging problems!
- Hendrix Oceanography Lab
- CH088 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab
- CH221 Environmental Data Lab
- MI092 Coastal Oceanography Lab
Hendrix Oceanography Lab
The Hendrix Oceanography Lab (HOL) at the United States Naval Academy began operations in September 1985 and is named for Captain Charles N.G. (Monk) Hendrix. The primary purpose of Hendrix is to further the education of midshipmen through hands-on access to oceanographic and meteorologic equipment and the Severn River. The Lab supports instructional labs as well as midshipman and faculty research. The Hendrix Lab also contributes to the Center for Chesapeake Bay Observation and Modeling (CCBOM) and supports students and faculty from other departments at the Academy.
"The naval officer must exploit every opportunity, ashore and afloat, to comprehend the ocean environment so that he may carry out his duties efficiently, effectively, and safely." CAPT Charles N.G. Hendrix USNA '39
The Hendrix Lab consists of 4 laboratory spaces: a teaching lab, a microscopy lab, an autonomous vehicle lab, and a field lab primarily used as swing space for maintenance and calibration of instruments, but also available for teaching labs. The Hendrix Lab also provides access to our specially outfitted Yard Patrol Craft, YP 686, and houses the Annapolis Tide Gauge.
YP686 is one of the Academy's Yard Patrol Craft which has been outfitted specifically for oceanographic research. The vessel carries 4 oceanographic winches, a hydraulic A-frame, 3 j-bar davits, as well as lab space and a suite of oceanographic and meteorological instruments.
CH088 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab
The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab is used to model geophysical atmospheric and oceanic phenomena, including planetary waves, jets, and currents using rotating tanks. The rotating tanks mimic the rotation of the Earth, allowing for centrifugal forces.
CH221 Environmental Data Lab
The Environmental Data Lab is used for computational research and Midshipmen study. This lab is equipped with 5 high performance computers for Midshipmen research and data intensive course work. The Naval Academy Weather Team meets in this lab provides forecasts for USNA and the Annapolis Community.
MI092 Coastal Oceanography Lab
The Coastal Oceanography Lab provides flexible lab space for student designed research and small projects.


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Wildfire explodes near Lake Tahoe, forcing hundreds to flee; critically dangerous fire weather expected through Monday
- Mandatory evacuations were ordered for more than a half dozen communities near Markleeville.
- Wildfires burning in 13 states had torched more than 1,800 square miles.
- Wildfires in the West are being fueled by intense heat waves this summer.
A wildfire roaring near Lake Tahoe that forced hundreds to flee blew up to cover 30 square miles Sunday, one of more than 80 major fires raging across the hot, drought-stricken West, fire officials said.
Authorities at Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest issued evacuation orders for more than a half-dozen communities and two campgrounds near tiny Markleeville, California, a town of less than 200 people about 35 miles southeast of Lake Tahoe. The Tamarack Fire, which ignited two weeks ago, forced closure of a highway and some smaller roads.
Wildfires burning Sunday in 13 states torched more than 1,800 square miles from Alaska to California and Minnesota to New Mexico. Almost 20,000 firefighters worked to keep the blazes at bay.
Among the other major fires, the Bootleg Fire in southern Oregon consumed more than 476 square miles, an area about the size of Los Angeles, and destroyed at least 67 homes. The fire, which was 22% contained, forced 2,000 people to evacuate and threatens 5,000 buildings.
The Beckwourth Complex Fire in California near the Nevada border burned more than 164 square miles and was 73% contained.
Northern California's Dixie Fire roared to new life Sunday, prompting new evacuation orders in rural communities near the Feather River Canyon. The wildfire, near the 2018 site of the deadliest U.S. blaze in recent memory, was 15% contained and covered 39 square miles.
In Nevada, more than 500 firefighters battling the Tamarack Fire faced a Red Flag Warning, meaning warm temperatures, very low humidity and strong winds were conspiring to increase risk.
"Firefighters will continue to actively suppress the fire where they can do so safely," fire managers said in an update. "Crews will be focusing on preserving life and property with point protection of structures and putting in containment lines where possible."
The fire was so fierce that a bike race called "Death Ride" could take no chances.
"We are very saddened to report that due to the fast-growing Tamarack Fire, tomorrow's Death Ride has been canceled," race organizers said on their website. "Please pray for the community of Markleeville, and the first responders from multiple agencies who are working to contain the fire."
Residents, would-be bike racers and spectators were forced to flee. Paul Burgess, who drove from Los Angeles to participate in the ride, said most of the cyclists he met were thankful to steer clear of the fire danger.
"They just said this is just how it goes," Burgess said. "It's part of climate change to a certain extent, it's part of just a lot of fuels that are not burnt, the humidity is low, the fuel moisture levels are low, and … around the state, many parts of it are much like a tinderbox."
Kelli Pennington and her family were camping near the town Friday when they were told to leave.
"It happened so fast," Pennington said. "We left our tents, hammock and some foods, but we got most of our things, shoved our two kids in the car and left."
Meteorologists predicted critically dangerous fire weather with lightning possible through at least Monday in both California and southern Oregon.
"With the very dry fuels, any thunderstorm has the potential to ignite new fire starts," the National Weather Service in Sacramento, California, said on Twitter.
Contributing: Elnor Aspegren, USA TODAY; The Associated Press.


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Enjoy this Easy Science for Kids Chickens Quiz – you'll get your quiz score after completing this FREE online interactive quiz on Chickens. You need to answer all the questions to be able to get your score. You can do this fun Chickens quiz again, till you get the perfect score and become a quiz champion!
Tip: To get it right the first time, read the page with fun facts about Chickens.
[gravityform id="279″ name="POST ID 571″ title="false" ajax="true"]
The Chickens Quiz & our FREE Science Quizzes
Our online quiz games are a free general knowledge questions and answers resource for teachers and educators of kids in elementary school, grammar school and preschool. This fun Chickens quiz helps your kids learn fun facts about Chickens while enjoying this FREE easy science quiz for kids.
If your kid is interested in learning about animals and the world, or is in a special education program, then this is a fun science activity, with reading comprehension benefits for first graders all the way to fifth grade kids. Kids will enjoy competing against their classmates and friends, to see who scores the best, doing this free online kids science quiz on Chickens.
As a reading comprehension training activity for kids you can set a timer to encourage kids to do the reading comprehension faster and better, or limit the number of times the kids can read about the quiz topic, before they do the actual easy science quizzes we offer.
Younger kids who cannot yet read or write, such as Pre-K kids, Kindergarten kids or Preschool kids, will benefit from doing this and our other science quiz games for kids, as a listening comprehension activity; you read out to them about the topic and then read the quiz question and answers. You will select the Chickens quiz answer they think is correct, and at the end you get the quiz score. Your child can try doing the Chickens quiz again, till he or she gets the perfect score faster, as he or she learn to listen more carefully and develop a better memory and attention span!


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There's no independence without an end to detention and incarceration. On the day before our country celebrates Independence Day, we gather in front of the Elizabeth Detention Center to demand a release of all detainees to their communities and an end to the carceral state. No one can be free until we are all free. we demand _TAG_ and _TAG_.
Jails and prisons have seen major COVID-19 outbreaks even in areas where the virus is not spreading as sharply in the general population. Detainees at the privately-run Elizabeth Detention Center have spoken out about the dangerous conditions at the private ICE immigration facility operated by CoreCivic. Detainees recently joined a lawsuit seeking the immediate release of people detained at EDC or, in the alternative, expedited bail hearings. The lawsuit also seeks to stop ICE from admitting new people into EDC and from unilaterally transferring people from EDC to other immigration jails and prisons around the country
Keep in mind:
- New Jersey is located in the US epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic, with the second-highest number of confirmed cases in the country.
- Union County has the fourth-highest number of cases and fatalities in the state.
- Additionally, the Core Civic private detention center in Elizabeth is not relaying information on testing or conditions to the public.
- Hector Mendoza, a plaintiff in the lawsuit, was deported to Mexico two-days after the lawsuit was filed, without notice to his attorney and after a federal judge filed an injection against the deportation. He is still missing.
- Living conditions are inhumane and unsafe
- DHS's own doctors and experts around the nation are speaking up about the need for ICE to release detainees but ICE is not providing adequate levels of testing. _URL_
- Detained individuals are denied testing and medical treatment until they experience only the most severe symptoms of COVID-19, putting them at a higher risk of serious infection. Everyone must be tested properly and released from ICE and jail facilities.
- Many detainees are put in quarantine which is essentially solitary for 23 and half hours a day. This cannot be allowed and there needs to be a humane way to quarantine.
- Detainees must use their own commissary money to buy soap and fever reducers. What happens if they don't have the money?


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Native to boggy areas of the eastern United States and Canada, the cinnamon fern is one of the earliest ferns to emerge in the spring. Young fronds are covered with white, woolly hair before they unfurl. When full grown, the waxy fronds are yellow-green and grow 24 to 36 inches tall and 6 to 8 inches wide. There are two distinctly different types of fronds—fertile and sterile.
The fertile frond resembles a cinnamon stick. It emerges first, and after releasing its spores it turns golden brown, withers, and lies on the ground through the summer.
The sterile fronds appear in late spring, stay green all summer, and turn brown with the first fall frost. This fern requires a slightly acid (pH 5.5 to 6.5) soil that is kept evenly moist. It spreads slowly, and because of its height, it is best used as a background plant.


Build Modifier
The Build modifier causes the faces of the mesh object to appear or disappear one after the other over time.
By default, faces appear in the order in which they are stored in memory (by default, the order of creation). The face/vertex order can be altered in Edit Mode by using Sort Mesh Elements.
The Build modifier.
Start Frame
The start frame of the building process.
The number of frames over which to rebuild the object.
The modifier will operate in reverse, essentially allowing it to be used as a „deconstruction" effect. This is useful for making a set of instancing objects gradually disappear.
Randomizes the order in which the faces are built.
The random seed. Changing this value gives a different „random" order when Randomize is checked. This order is always the same for a given seed/mesh set.
The Build modifier can be used to make a large number of items to progressively appear, without resorting to animating the visibility of each one by one. Examples of this include a mesh containing vertices only, which is used as an Instancing Vertex emitter, and has the Build modifier on it. Such a setup is a workaround/technique for being able to art-direct a semi-random layout of a collection of objects (e.g. leaves/balls forming a carpet). This can be preferable to particles e.g. due to undesirable distribution of items leaving random gaps and overlapping in other places.


inches, meaning it can be used in either a seated or a standing position.
The platform measures 15.7 inches long by 9.8 inches wide and has a textured, non-slip surface. It's designed with a sturdy steel frame that has rubber padding underneath to prevent it from causing damage to floors.
The Advantages of Owning the Best Foot Rest
For an ideal posture while typing on a computer, users should have their wrists parallel to the floor and their spines straight. Knees should be bent at a 90-degree angle. If, when in this position, the feet aren't firmly planted on the floor, a foot rest can help to prop them up. Foot rests have a number of advantages, including:
 - Increasing blood circulation
 - Encouraging better posture
 - Preventing varicose veins and swelling
 - Preventing muscle atrophy
 - Encouraging active sitting
FAQs About Foot Rests
If you still have questions about how to choose the best foot rest, the answers to the following frequently asked questions may help.
Q. What is an ergonomic foot rest?
An ergonomic foot rest improves posture by allowing you to sit with your feet firmly planted with your knees at a 90-degree angle.
Q. How do I choose a foot rest?
Look for an adjustable foot rest made from durable materials that have non-slip padding on the bottom.
Q. How do you use a foot rest?
A foot rest is simply placed under your desk, allowing you to rest your feet on its surface. There's no need to remain in the same position all day long. Feel free to shift and readjust to whatever position feels comfortable.


Home icon
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MERGE Command
Purpose:
To merge the lines from an ASCII program file into the program already in memory.
Syntax:
MERGE filename
Comments:
filename is a valid string expression containing the filename. If no extension is specified, then GW-BASIC assumes an extension of .BAS.
The diskette is searched for the named file. If found, the program lines on the diskette are merged with the lines in memory. After the MERGE command, the merged program resides in memory, and GW-BASIC returns to the direct mode.
If the program being merged was not saved in ASCII code with the a option to the SAVE command, a "Bad file mode" error is issued. The program in memory remains unchanged.
If any line numbers in the file have the same number as lines in the program in memory, the lines from the file replace the corresponding lines in memory.
Examples:
MERGE "SUBRTN"
Merges the file subrtn.bas with the program currently in memory, provided subrtn was previously saved with the a option. If some of the program lines are the same as those in the subrtn.bas file being merged, then the original program lines are replaced by the lines from subrtn.bas.


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Definition of Rootworm
1. Noun. A worm that tunnels through the roots of young plants. ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Rootworm
1. a beetle whose larvae feed on the roots of crop plants [n -S]
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Rootworm Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Rootworm
Literary usage of Rootworm
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Pathogens of Maize Seeds: Bibliographyby Andrew Kalinski by Andrew Kalinski (1994)
"Mating behavioral studies of corn rootworm beetles are underway.... Additional studies examined the interactions of rootworm insecticides with post..."
2. Legumes in Crop Rotations--Bibliography, January 1990-December 1993 by Mary V. Gold (1994)
"The incidence of corn rootworm larval damage in corn after soybeans was greatest in the central, northeastern, and eastern regions of Illinois, where annual..."
3. Conservation Tillage by Jane P. Gates (1994)
"Corn rootworm infestations were applied at 0, 1650, 3300, or 6600 viable eggs m-1.... 4.1 Mg ha-1 with no rootworm eggs; 4.3 vs. 3.1 with 1650 eggs m-1;..."
4. Productive Soils: The Fundamentals of Successful Soil Management and by Wilbert Walter Weir (1920)
"Corn rootworm.—Corn growers in the Southern states, particularly, suffer much damage from the corn rootworm or "budworm." In some seasons it is difficult to..."
5. The Corn Crops: A Discussion of Maize, Kafirs, and Sorghums as Grown in the by Edward Gerrard Montgomery (1913)
"There are two insects that are most troublesome where continuous corn culture is practiced — the corn rootworm and the root-louse. Corn rootworm There are..."
6. IPM and Biological Control of Plant Pests: Field Crops: Bibliography January by DIANE Publishing Company (1995)
"... Feeding and toxic effects of floral sesquiterpene lactones, diterpenes, and phenolics from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) on western corn rootworm...."
7. Farm Friends and Farm Foes: A Text-book of Agricultural Science by Clarence Moores Weed (1910)
"Consequently this Corn rootworm has been a blessing in disguise,... The discovery of the life history of the Northern Corn rootworm and the pointing out of..."


What is Syndication Loan? (Part 2)
Benefit of Syndication
The major benefit of syndication to Borrower is the large financing amount to be provided by a group of lenders for capital intensive project. Since all lenders share the same credit risk for a single transaction, Borrower do not have to approach and negotiate with numerous lenders to fulfil a single purpose substantial financing. Syndication loans save the time and most likely the cost of financing for Borrower. Imagine if a lender could save the time to conduct due diligence, terms negotiation and client acquisition, the lender would accept a lower lending rate due to saved staff cost and administrative cost. Since MLAB involve in syndication loan market everyday, it has the first hand information on risk appetite of lenders and market price benchmarking which Borrower usually do not have even though there is technological tool to access these information. Last but not the least, the repayment record of syndication elicits a positive reputation to lending market which makes borrower easier to obtain financing in the future.
From the lender side, syndication loan helps the lender to diversify credit risk which is substantial for a single lender to take up the whole syndication loan amount. MLAB act as arranger and bear major responsibility on administration. The MLAB earn an arrangement fee from Borrower which enhance the fee income to compensate the lost interest income from the shared syndication amount. Overall speaking, MLAB could enhance the Risk adjusted return on capital (RAROC) for the bank by arranging a syndication.
Pricing of Syndication
Syndicated Loan can be structured in different types of loans and securities. The varying loan types offer different types of interest, such as fixed or floating interest rates, which makes it more flexible for the borrower. A floating interest rate refers to a variable interest rate that changes over the duration of the debt obligation. Floating interest rate is usually calculated as a base rate plus interest margin. Below is a floating rate example from FinMonster Loan Market, the interest margin is 2.92% while the base rate is HIBOR. Common base rate is Prime Rate, HIBOR or LIBOR in Hong Kong which is determined by the interest fixing date. The most common fixing period is every three months (given 3-months period base rate is chosen).
Mentioned in last article, Pricing of syndication also include the Upfront Fee to be charged from loan proceed. The Upfront fee is a tiered fee base on the financing amount. From the example of Country Garden below, financing amount above HKD75M is top tier lender who change 2.35% Upfront Fee. Second tier lender financing above HKD50M charge 2.17% as Upfront Fee.
From the bank perspective, the higher the Upfront Fee is more attractive in terms of return between two identical deal with same all in yield. The higher Upfront Fee proportion means higher immediate return from the transaction. However, borrower has the other way round of measurement with bank given the available fund from the loan is deducted by the Upfront Fee.
Financial Covenants
Syndication loan is a committed loan. Lenders shall fulfil the obligation to fund the drawdown as long as drawdown conditions are complied. To mitigate the credit risk concern of lenders and closely monitor the credit risk during the tenor, other than borrower undertakings, financial covenants ("covenants") are generally applied to control the borrower investment and monitor the borrower business performance. Compare with public debt, public bonds are widely held and easily transferable, permitting holders to inexpensively diversify, manage, and transfer credit risk. The result is typically less restrictive covenants in light of greater publicly available information about those borrowers, the higher cost to monitor and enforce compliance, and a decline in the ability to mitigate credit risk through contract. By contrast, private debt builds on the pre-existing relationship between lenders and borrowers. Covenants are applied in order to control the borrower's activities. However, covenants can be expensive and imperfect predictors of management behaviour, reflecting the low possibility to assess business performance. Compare with public debt market, the risk that some covenants will limit profitable activity is offset by the ability, among a small group of lenders, to inexpensively renegotiate covenants that have become too restrictive, as well as to exercise control rights.
Covenant level are determined, in part, by the amount of borrower information that a lender possesses or can be cheaply acquired. If the lender is less well-informed, it is more likely to seek stricter covenants in order to more closely control a borrower's future activities. The level of financial covenants are set base on the business forecast agreed by Borrower and Lenders. Below are the general financial covenants applied in syndication loan.
CovenantType of CovenantCovenantType of Covenant
Debt to EBITDALeverage Current RatioLiquidity
Leverage RatioLeverage Debt Service CoverageLiquidity
Debt to Tangible Net WorthLeverage Cash Interest CoverageLiquidity
Debt to EquityLeverage Fixed Charge CoverageLiquidity
Loan to ValueLeverage Interest CoverageLiquidity
Tangible Net WorthNet Worth Quick RatioLiquidity
CapexCapex EBITDALiquidity
Concluding Remarks
This article provides a high level of introduction to syndication loan. Detail of terms and mechanism is complex for syndication base on different financing purpose. A simple corporate loan is straightforward without complicated undertakings and covenants. However, a highly leverage financing such as Leverage Buyout or Project Financing, the terms could be lengthy and complicated. The role of MLAB is important for structuring a marketable transaction which can be concluded for Borrower. Other than structuring, execution is another key for MLAB as there is a lot of parties shall be involved such as participant, legal counsel, consultancy, regulator, etc. All the terms in the facility agreement are set in order to mitigate and control the credit risk to be taken by the lenders according to the business of borrower. Therefore, a gate keeper on documentation execution as last step is also crucial for borrower to avoid post transaction administration and potential default.
Now FinMonster offer you the detail of loan market with benchmarking pricing, terms, lenders, news and analysis that powered by Refinitiv.All users enjoy a free 7-day trial.
You may be also interested: What is Syndication Loan? (Part 1)


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Benefits to Governments
Smart Career Development Program (SCDP) is a world-class, large-scale(Mass), comprehensive, customizable, cost-effective education programs (IT and non-IT). It builds the workforce skills with the aim of developing their careers. The program is always directed towards jobs required in the labor market.
No, SCDP aims to leverage the talent pool in the country by providing customized training programs that are suitable in training duration and topics to cover:
1. Computer Literacy:
8 - 12 weeks training curricula
Mostly targeting under graduates and government employees
2. Professional Training:
4 - 6 months training curricula
Mostly targeting university graduates
3. Vocational/User Training:
3 - 4 month training curricula with Hands-On workshops.
Mostly targeting students who didn't attain High School or university certificate.
Medrar has various capabilities and modes of delivery of SCDP training programs to suit each client:
Contact our PROGRAM MANAGER


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Welcome to the Division of Fine Arts and Communication
Quincy University's Division of Fine Arts and Communication guides students of music, art, graphic design, theatre, and communication to grow and develop their talents, both as creative individuals and as team members. Our programs emphasize hands-on experiences:
- Communication students hone their skills in our multimedia labs and television studio, and student newspaper.
- Music students practice in our performance facilities and recording studio and participate in Concert Choir, Symphonic Band, and more.
- Our Art/Graphic Design students use the Coleman-Hughes Graphic Design complex, complete with everything they need, from a darkroom to ceramics studio.
- Theatre students perform in MacHugh Theatre, stage a Madrigal Dinner, and create a traveling children's production.
These experiences plus courses taught by faculty members who are talented artists and communicators themselves will help our students succeed in a variety of careers.


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ALBANY, GA (WALB) - Albany city officials say all six flood control gates to the Flint River remain closed for now, as they keep close watch on the River level. Those gates keep the Flint River from rolling into the city's drainage system.
They were controversial in the 1994 flood, because it made it more difficult to pump rain water out of the city. But new equipment has helped.
The Joshua Street flood gate near the water treatment plant and the other six gates were shut when the Flint River reached 25 feet, to keep the water backing up into the drainage system.
Albany Assistant City Manager Phil Roberson said, "Probably half of the city drains into the Flint River either through these canals or goes through the waste water treatment plant. So the canals serve a huge purpose in moving water out of Albany when you have rainwater."
In 2002, FEMA funds paid to build these flood mitigation structures. Huge pumps that will send water from the city around those closed gates.
"And we can actually cut those pumps on and pump around the structures into the river when those canals fill up, and keep the neighborhoods dry," Roberson said.
City planners have more pumps running at the Holloway Basin, emptying holding ponds and canals. With more rain forecast this week, city officials feel more confident today. "So there is a lot of things now going for us that will cause us to better able to handle these waters if we get storm water coming in, rain water, while the river is up."
Planners have taken what they learned from the 1994 and 1998 floods, and improved those river gates technology to keep flooding out of homes.


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The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) achieved a major milestone yesterday, Friday, Nov. 3, 2017, with the release of a new … More
Tag: climate change
Why Does the Annual Harp Seal Slaughter Continue?
The Canadian seal slaughter began off the coast of Newfoundland this year on March 28th. This is two weeks earlier than usually allowed, as climate change is affecting the seal population. With disappearing ice, Canadian seal hunters are worried that there will be fewer seal pups to hunt, so the Canadian government has allowed the killing of pups as young as 4 weeks this year instead of the usual 6.
Sea Level Problem Much Worse than Previous Estimates: Report
A new report suggests that sea levels will rise as much as five feet in but a single century. Not … More


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Stargate: SG-1: Ancient Egyptian Deities to the Modern Eye
Gabriel, Angiola L.
MetadataShow full item record
This paper seeks to understand the appropriation of ancient Egyptian deities into Stargate: SG-1. It seeks to understand why those particular deities were chosen, how they were manipulated and for what reasons the deities were altered as they were. This paper will compare the original deity to the Stargate: SG-1 version in order to see what was changed and to figure out what purpose these alterations serve. In no way is this paper going to be able to address every set, piece of cloth, or movement of the actor. However, it will address major alterations and similarities of the ancient Egyptian deities into Stargate: SG-1.


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Identification and occurrence of Australian Armillaria species, including A. pallidula sp.nov. and comparative studies between them and non-Australian tropical and Indian Armillaria.
Interfertility studies with single-basidiospore isolates showed that the Australian species A. luteobubalina, A. novae-zelandiae, A. fumosa, A. hinnulea and A. pallidula sp.nov. are biological species. Single-basidiospore isolates of A. novae-zelandiae from Australia and New Zealand were interfertile, confirming the occurrence of this species in both countries. The occurrence of A. novae-zelandiae, A. fumosa and A. hinnulea in New South Wales and Queensland and A. luteobubalina in South Australia, New South Wales and Queensland is documented. The host range of the latter species has been extended. A. pallidula is described from a plantation of Pinus caribaea on a former subtropical eucalypt forest site in Queensland. The affinities between it, other Australian species, the tropical species A. fuscipes, A. fellea, A. mellea var. camerunensis and a number of Indian species of Armillaria are considered. Detailed descriptions of the micromorphological features of A. fuscipes and A. fellea are given.


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MATS / Innosat
The first mission to be realised using the InnoSat platform is the MATS scientific mission, created by the Department of Meteorology (MISU) at Stockholm University. MATS, an acronym that stands for "Mesospheric Airglow/Aerosol Tomography and Spectroscopy", will use optical measurements techniques to study the mesosphere. MATS will apply tomography to gain information about atmospheric structures and wave patterns; by looking at the mesosphere from many different directions it is possible to reconstruct three-dimensional pictures. By collecting data from the mesosphere over two years' time, MATS will thus allow us to address a wide range of scientific questions about this remote part of the atmosphere.
OHB Sweden contributions
OHB Sweden acts as the prime contractor for the development of the InnoSat platform, the first flight model for MATS and for the launch and operations of the MATS satellite. OHB Sweden works in partnership with ÅAC Microtec who is responsible for the On-Board Computer (OBC) and the power subsystem.
The Swedish National Space Board (SNSB) is financing the development of the InnoSat platform and the first flight model aimed for the MATS mission.
SNSB is also financing the development of the MATS scientific instrument which is carried out by Omnisys Instruments and KTH in Sweden under the leadership of MISU.
The launch of the MATS mission is planned for 2019.


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The equation is equation #23 in the paper. It's a model for the density of stars in the Milky Way's disk. It has an exponential dependence on both $R$ and $Z$. $R$ is the distance from the center of the galaxy, and $Z$ is the distance above/below the plane of the disk.
The relation is roughly this:
The problem I'm seeing is the $Z$-dependence of the formula. $R$ and $Z$ here are standard cylindrical coordinates. Thus, $Z$ can be positive or negative. The problem is that the formula blows up when $Z$ is negative. This is unphysical, since the number density must generally decrease going further away from the disk.
Am I missing something? Or should the equation really have an absolute magnitude of $|Z + Z_0|$?


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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Abaza terms that indicate people, beings, things, places, phenomena, qualities or ideas.
- Category:Abaza proper nouns: Abaza nouns that indicate individual entities, such as names of persons, places or organizations.
This category has only the following subcategory.
- ► Abaza proper nouns (0 c, 1 e)
Pages in category "Abaza nouns"
The following 29 pages are in this category, out of 29 total.


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Grapher v15 added the ability to create a scatter plot and color the symbols with a gradient, based on the values in a data column. To display a scatter plot with data-based coloring and show a color scale for these points, complete the steps below:
- Select the scatter plot in the Object Manager.
- Click on the Symbol tab in the Property Manager.
- In the Plot Symbol Properties section, expand the Fill section.
- Set the Color variable.
- Define the desired Colormap.
- Check the box next to Show color scale.
- Now that the color scale exists, you can select it to edit the properties in the Property Manager.
Color scatter plot points based on data values and then display a color scale to display which values represent which colors.
Updated March, 2020


number
Principle
animate
audio
fac
interpol
lead
local
memory
vertex
vol
Voir aussi
Principe
Objects are referenced by an identifier (number or a name) assigned at creation. To change this query object or simply invoke this identifier To change or query this object just invoke this identifier.
Examples:
cube("A")dim(200); creates the cube side 200 and name A.
col vol(2)=1,.7,.5; assigns orange colr to volume number 2.
normal vertex(3)vol(7); returns the vertex 3 normal of volume 7.
etc...
number animate
number animate
 Returns the number of the current image of an animation.
number animate=n
 Changes this number.
Note: must be in the interval [1,dim animate].
number audio
number audio directory("dir")
Returns the numbers associated with the audio read directory("dir").
number fac
number fac displ
Returns the number of the facet currently displayed (useful for thz command func fac).
number interpol
number interpol vol(id)
 Returns the counter value of the function interpol(ni) vol(num) between 1 (1st image) and ni (last image).
Note:
Useful to test the end of interpol vol.
number lead
Returns the number of the absolute leaders (roots of the anchor trees).
number memory
number memory
 Returns the number of all the memories.
number memory("nnn")
 Returns the number of the memory name nnn.
number memory(num1)=num2
 Changes the number of the memory num1. num1 and num2 may be indeferently numbers or strings.
See also: name memory.
number local
Returns the identifier of object whose a local function is currently executed. ((useful for the command local vol)
number vertex displ
Returns the number of the vertex currently displayed.
number vol
number vol displ
Returns tehe number of the volume currently displayed.
See also:
scale number
read poi format name number


text:
Adala UK is a UK based NGO. We gather testimonies and evidence of human rights violations in Western Sahara in order to:
* raise awareness among the British public and internationally of human rights violations committed against the Saharawi people living in the Occupied Territories;
* be a legitimate source of documentation of human rights violations committed against the Saharawi people;
* ensure international governments and inter-governmental bodies put pressure on the Moroccan government regarding its policies that negatively impact on the human rights of the Saharawi population.
Our aim is to mobilise national and international support to hold the Moroccan government to account and change existing practices regarding human rights.
We collaborate with a growing number of human rights activists based in Western Sahara and in Morocco, who provide first-hand accounts of the situation on the ground.


text:
At the Rural Design Summit (2009) a design training exercise was carried out on a site at Birsay, Orkney. Whilst the site had already gained planning consent for eight houses, during the exercise, it was considered that further solutions could be investigated through a more detailed masterplanning exercise. Dualchas Building Design, who had participated at the Summit, was subsequently invited, by the Scottish Government, to participate in an additional workshop which involved planners, roads engineers and Councillors. The aim was to take a fresh approach towards the site and to (1) use it as a case study to consider alternative ideas (2) look at the design/cost implications, and (3) apply a B-plan technique to help develop the masterplans.
The Dualchas Building Design presentation into this study is available


text:
At Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala, trained women serve as 'skilled coconut pollinators' for coconut hybrid production under the revolving fund scheme on Seed Production. Coconut climbing and pollination was Men's territory so far, since the practice involved considerable drudgery and the risk involved. Owing to this, number of palm climbers has been on the decline and coconut communities were experiencing severe shortage of skilled climbers-cum-pollinators. The drudgery in climbing was largely reduced with the introduction of climbing machines and safety consciousness is addressed by the addition of safety device to the climbing machine.
Artificial pollination is the most important and crucial activity in the production of quality hybrids in coconut. It demands fine-tuned scientific procedures along with skilled labour force for climbing the tree and pollinating the female flowers at the right stage. The pollinator is required to climb over the crown manoeuvring through the coconut leaves with power, courage and skill. Artificial pollination for hybrid production includes emasculation, bagging, processing of male flowers to collect pollen, dusting pollen on female flowers for 3 to 7 days, bag removal and labelling of bunches. On an average eight to ten times of climbing is required to complete the pollination of an inflorescence within a period of one month. Thanks to the climbing machines, the 'Friends of Coconut' programme sponsored by the Coconut Development Board (CDB) in Kerala and to a greater extent, training programmes of CPCRI through its KVKs is helping to overcome the situation.
Women have learnt the steps in coconut pollination with ease and carried out the work with confidence. Time taken for completion of pollination work by women pollinators was same as that of male workers. They are able to manage 60 tall palms for pollination work, just like their male counterparts.
Success of women pollinators in coconut hybrid production will hopefully encourage more women to take up this profession as it is much remunerative and improves their social and economic status. Moreover, the Institute is planning to utilise them as women master trainers to train other women in coconut hybrid seed production and increased production of quality planting material. This venture could be one of the best options as a trend setter for augmenting hybrid seed production, overcoming acute labour shortage, women empowerment, gender equality, agricultural and rural development in the coconut communities of Kerala, which will be a model for other coconut growing states.
(Source: CPCRI, Kasaragod)


text:
MafFilter is a program written in C++ with the Bio++ libraries. It is a command line program (that is, without graphical user interface) which uses the Bio++ Options (BppO) syntax. This syntax is of type 'keys'='values', which can be passed directly as arguments of the maffilter program
maffilter option1=value1 option2=value2... optionN=valueN
or more conveniently, stored in an "options" file (specified with param=option_file), or a combination of both:
maffilter param=option_file maffilter param=option_file option1=value1 option2=value2
See the Bio++ Program Suite (BppSuite) manual for more information.
MafFilter typically takes as input a MAF file and a series of commands which determine the output file(s) that will be written and where. Additional input files might be specified, such as gene annotation files (typically in GFF/GTF format). Here is the structure of a minimal option file:
DATA=example.file //A user-defined variable, representing the input maf file, without extension input.file=$(DATA).maf.gz //Input maf file, gzipped input.file.compression=gzip output.log=$(DATA).maffilter.log //Output log file maf.filter= //A coma separated list of filters, here empty (the programs only read the input file and exits).
The list of filters can be split on multiple lines for convenience, providing each line is escaped by a '\' at the end to indicate that the next line is a continuation of the current one:
maf.filter=Filter1,\ Filter2,\ Filter3
Please refer to the Bio++ Program Suite manual for more details, including the use of variables, priority of option values, etc.


text:
The history of Lodgepole has been closely associated with railroad development and overland travel in western Nebraska. It was originally established as a station when the Union Pacific Railroad was completed to this point in 1867. A company of U.S. soldiers from nearby Sidney Barracks camped here to guard the railroad against Indian attack, and during the early 1860's a Pony Express Station was located a few miles to the east.
Lodgepole derives its name from Lodgepole Creek where Indians reportedly secured timber for their tipi poles. Little permanent settlement occurred until the early 1880's, and the town was platted in 1884. By 1886 it had a population of about 200 people. Stock raising was an important early industry, and many of the state's pioneer ranches were located in the region.
This depot was constructed by the Union Pacific Railroad in 1887 on a site adjacent to the tracks. It replaced an earlier section house and was in use until 1968. In 1971 a gift from Mrs. Doris Bates Rowan in memory of her parents, Mr. and Mrs. B. J. Bates, made possible its preservation at this location, where it now serves as the Lodgepole Depot Museum.
Lodgepole Museum Board
Cheyenne County Historical Society
Nebraska State Historical Society
Lodgepole City Park, Lodgepole


Tamil Diplomat
Will Vankalai Village be protected from the sea erosion in Mannar?
People express grief that Sea erosion is gobbling up land in the Village of Vankalai in the Mannar-Nanattan Pradeshiya sabai area.
Vankalai is a village with marine resources in Mannar District and engage in fishing livelihood.
Even for small high tide the sea waters invade the village, say the affected villagers.
Due to continuous sea erosion for the last 27 years, nearly 2 Kms of land had submerged, say the people. As a result of long time requests by the people 3 buffer walls were constructed some years back. Nevertheless the sea had eaten up to the buffer walls, the people say.
However, as the said buffer walls are also sinking due to sea erosion, the village people are requesting that while old buffer walls are renovated, several new walls should be constructed.
Particularly, the anti-sea erosion buffer wall in existence now is found up to only a short distance. There is a need to construct several additional buffer walls, said the affected people.
Although they had approached several factions including related officers and politicians, requesting to build the buffer wall, no constructive action had been taken by them, said the sorrowed people.
In the area where three buffer walls are built earlier considerable amount of land is safeguarded from sea erosion but in area where no wall is available the sea is advancing in claiming land areas, they say.
While saying that if the lethargy shown by the concerned officials in attending to the several years long requests by the people continued, they said that, further land will be submerged by the sea. They call for constructive action regarding the buffer walls.
Hence they request the Officials and politicians concerned to pay attention to this matter and take action with speed to protect the village from sea erosion.


TY - JOUR T1 - ADHA's Focus on Advancing the Profession: Minnesota's Dental Hygiene Educators' Response JF - American Dental Hygienists Association JO - J Dent Hyg SP - 53 LP - 53 VL - 81 IS - 2 AU - Monson, Angela L AU - Engeswick, Lynnette M Y1 - 2007/04/01 UR - _URL_ N2 - Purpose. Developing degree-completion programs to enable associate-prepared dental hygienists to complete a baccalaureate degree is essential to help advance the profession. This study determined current associate degree dental hygiene students' interest in degree completion, preferred educational venue, and examined if current interest in course topics supports the ADHA's Focus on Advancing the Profession. Methods. A 55-item survey was designed and distributed to 296 first-year and second-year dental hygiene students enrolled in 8 Minnesota associate degree programs during fall 2004. Seven of the 8 schools participated for a reponse rate of 69% (N=206). The survey included items to elicit interest in degree completion, preferred educational venue, and interest in course topics. Researchers grouped course topics according to the ADHA focus areas for advancing the profession (research, education, practice & technology, licensure & regulation, and public health). Results. Results of the survey revealed that 66.0% of dental hygiene students are currently interested in completing their baccalaureate degree. The top 2 educational venues for program delivery include evening classes held in off-site locations near their home communities (50.4% very interested) and complete online class format (35.6% very interested). Students were least interested in completing coursework during traditional daytime hours (12.6% very interested). Interest in course topics related to technology (58.3 highly interested) and advanced clinical hand instrumentation (55.7% highly interested) were the strongest, while students were least interested in the design and implementation of research (8.3% highly interested), evaluating scientific literature (7.6% highly interested), and statistics (7.6% highly interested). Conclusion. This study reveals a strong demand for degree-completion programs, with preferred educational venues in nontraditional formats, such as evening classes in off-site locations or online course delivery, to attract the highest number of applicants. Students indicate the highest interest in course topics in the ADHA focus area of practice and technology, with the least interest in research. Development of degree-completion programs should design curriculum in a format that meets the needs of their targeted population, while including course topics that advance the profession as suggested by the ADHA focus areas. ER -


. When someone blocks you, they disappear from your friends list on (friends) Facebook . Here's how you can check it.
 1. Open the Facebook application on your computer or smartphone.
 1. Log into your Facebook profile.
 1. Select Friends (Friends) to access your friends list.
 1. Enter the name of the friend you suspect has blocked you in the search box (Search) or try to find it manually by scrolling through your friends list.
If your friend is not on your friends list, they have either blocked you or unfriended you.
Search Facebook
You can search Facebook to find out if you have been deleted or blocked by a friend. To find someone on the Facebook , open the main page of Facebook and find the search bar in the upper left corner of the screen. Then enter your friend's name or email address in the search bar. This method will only work if you know exactly the correct username or email address the person is using on Facebook .
If you can't find your friend's profile photo page and recent messages, they probably blocked you at Facebook .
How to check if someone has blocked you? It's even easier to tell when someone has blocked you on
Messenger . All (All) what you need to do is to try sending them a direct message by doing the following.
 1. Open the Messenger app.
 1. Select New Message (New Message) in the upper right corner of the screen.
 1. In the To (To:) field, enter the name of the person you suspect has blocked you.
If you see your friend's name and profile picture in the list, they haven't blocked you. If they don't show up in the list and you can't send them a message, it means they blocked you for Facebook .
What to do if someone
blocked you (Blocks) you on Instagram and Facebook
Finding out that someone blocked you on social media can be frustrating, especially if you don't know the reason . If this is your situation, the best course of action is to try to figure out what happened and what caused the other person to block you in the first place.
If someone has blocked you and it bothers you more than you would like, you can always block them back (block them back) and forget about it.
Who (Has) blocked you on Instagram , Facebook or any other social network? How did you know about it? Share your experience with us in the comments section below.
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 home page >> photo recovery >> recover lost photos panasonic camera
 photo recovery from Panasonic camera
 I have a Panasonic Lumix DSLR, but I accidentally deleted photos from the camera, how can I recover lost photos from Panasonic Lumix DSLR?
 I searched the web for Panasonic Lumix camera recovery solution and found out that people delete photos and video files from Panasonic camera or formatted Panasonic camera memory card by mistake and need Panasonic format recovery software.
 Panasonic camera recovery, video recovery and data recovery is not as difficult as you thought. In order to recover lost deleted or formatted video files from Panasonic digital camera, DSLR camera, HD camcorder, you need to use Panasonic data recovery software to scan the memory card of Panasonic camera or camcorder.
 Download panasonic data recovery software for free from the link below:
 Photo recovery for Panasonic digital camera
 Panasonic recovery software can recover deleted formatted damaged photos (JPG, JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, TIF, TIFF, RAW, etc.), videos (MP4, AVI, 3GP, AVCHD, h364, MPG, MPEG, MOV, WMV, ASF, VOB, M2TS, etc.) and other media from Panamos digital camera and camcorder. It is also capable of recovering lost files from all panasonic compact cameras, dslr cameras and camcorders after camera damage or memory card error. Data recovery software supports photo and video recovery from Panasonic Lumix tz60, tz40, dmc-tz60, fz200, tz35, fz72, dec-lx100, tz55, lx7, panasonic DSLR camera 4k, gh5, DMC-Gh5EB, L10, L1, DMC -Gh4, DMC-G6, DMC-G5, DMC-GX7, GF7, FG5, compact cameras LX7, FZ200, FZ70, ZS30 (TZ240), ZS25, TS5 (FT5), TS25 (FT25), SZ9, SZ3, XS1 Fh20 (FS50), LZ30, F5, DMC-FZ1000EB, DMC-FZ200, DMC-FZ72, DMC-FZ62, DMC-LZ40, DMC-LZ30, DMC-TZ70, DMC-TZ57, DMC-SZ10, DMC -TZ60, DMC-TZ55, DMC-TZ40, DMC-TZ35, DMC-TZ30, DMC-SZ9, DMC-TZ8EB-K, DMC-SZ3, LUMIX CM1, DMC-LX100, DMC-LX7, DMC-LF1, DMC- FT5, DMC-FT25 , DMC-FT30 etc.
 Download panasonic data recovery software to your Windows computer and use it to recover video files, or unformat panasonic camera memory card (including Sandisk/Kingston/Sony Pro, Duo, Pro Duo, Pro-HG, Micro( M2), XC, SD card, MicroSD, SDHC, SDXC, MicroSDHC, MicroSDXC, SD mini, CF compact flash card, MMC flash card) or hard disk hdd (hdd) and retrieve deleted formatted images and video data.
 How to recover deleted files from Panasonic cameras and camcorders
 First of all, stop using the panasonic camera or camcorder immediately when you realize that photos or videos are missing. This is because the space of deleted files is marked as free for new files. So any new photos and video files can use the space to save the new file. Once this happens, the deleted files will not be recovered.
 Now follow the below steps to recover your lost panasonic camera files
 Step 1. Connect your panasonic camera or camcorder to your computer, and then check if it is displayed as a drive letter (such as E:) on your computer.
 If not, remove the memory card or hard drive from the camera/camcorder, and then use a memory card reader to connect the memory card to the computer, or connect the hard drive to the computer as a slave or external hard drive.
 Step 2. Run the Panasonic Data Recovery Software, and select the camera/camcorder drive in the data recovery software, and then click "Next" to view the camera's memory card.
 Step 3. You will see the played files. Select the ones you want to recover and click the "Recover" button to save them.
 Download Panasonic file recovery software and recover lost files from Panasonic cameras and camcorders.
 Other useful data recovery tutorials
 windows data recovery
 USB photo recovery
 recovering deleted files from an external hard drive

 You can recover deleted Worldwild files just like you can do it yourself on your computer. So you don't have to go to data recovery centers looking for data recovery services from professionals. You can Performa data recovery and photo recovery all over the world, including countries, Japan, USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Philippines, Germany, Bangladesh, Egypt, France, Italy, Thailand, Nepal, Netherlands, South Africa, Poland, Turkey, Iraq, Spain, Sweden, Kenya, Cameroon, Malaysia, Russia, Belgium, Israel, Austria, Long Island, Romania, Zimbabwe, Greece, Sierra Leone, Mexico, Denmark, Switzerland, Morocco , Norway, Ireland, Singapore, Ghana, Tanzania, Finland, Portugal, Liberia, Jordan, Algeria, Jamaica, Guinea, Uganda, Hong Kong, Czech Republic, Argentina


text:
16th - 19th century antique and decorative prints and maps
How to find us
James Gillray CartoonsValley of the Shadow of Death
A Pig in a Poke
Tiddy - Doll
A Great Stream
hand colored copper plate engraving, by James Gillray, first
published by Hannah Humphrey in 1797, this image issued by Henry
G. Bohn in _PHONE_ as part of The
Works of James Gillray from the Original Plates with the Addition of
Many Subjects Not Before Collected.
Here Gillray comments on the issue of paper money, to save the Bank of England from the consequences of William Pitt's finanicial measures. The Wigs, who opposed the paper money system with all their might, are here endavouring to persuade John Bull (England) to refuse the notes. Pitt , who has the gold safely locked up under the counter, is offering Bull paper bank notes while Sheridan on our left and Fox on our right try to him convince him to refuse the notes.
Copyrighted 2007 by The Scrapbook 34 Main St. Essex, Massachusetts 01929 Tel: _PHONE_


text:
E. Cobham Brewer _PHONE_. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. 1898.
Sandschaki or Sandschaki-sherif [the standard of green silk].
The sacred banner of the Mussulmans. It is now enveloped in four coverings of green taffeta, enclosed in a case of green cloth. The standard is twelve feet high, and the golden ornament (a closed hand) which surmounts it holds a copy of the Koran written by the Calif Osman III. In times of peace this banner is guarded in the hall of the noble vestment, as the dress worn by the prophet is styled. In the same hall are preserved the sacred teeth, the holy beard, the sacred stirrup, the sabre, and the bow of Mahomet.


text:
Here is a 3-step process for Triangulation: Collect, Arrange, Compare/Group.
- Collect all the Match-segments you can. I recommend testing at all three companies (23andMe, FTDNA, and AncestryDNA), and using GEDmatch. But, wherever you test, get all of your segments into a spreadsheet. If you are using more than one company, you need to download, and then arrange, the data in the same format as your spreadsheet. Downloading/arranging is best when starting a new spreadsheet. Downloading avoids typing errors, but direct typing is sometimes easier for updates. I recommend deleting all segments under 7cM – most of them will be IBC/IBS (false segments) anyway, and even the ones which may be IBD are very difficult to confirm as such. You are much better off doing as much Triangulation as you can with segments over 7cM (or use a 10cM threshold if you wish), and then adding smaller segments back in later, if you want to analyze them. NB: Some of your closer Matches will share multiple segments with you – each segment must be entered as a separate row in your spreadsheet. The minimum requirement for a Triangulation with a spreadsheet includes columns for MatchName, Chromosome, SegmentStartLocation, SengmentEndLocation, cMs and TG. Most of us also have columns for SNPs, company, testee, TG, and any other information of interest to you. Perhaps I need a separate blog post about spreadsheets… ;>j
- Arrange the segments by sorting the entire spreadsheet (Cntr-A) by Chromosome and Segment StartLocation. This is one sort with two levels – the Chromosome column is the first level. This puts all of your segments in order – from the first one on Chromosome 1 to the last one on Chromosome 23 (for sorting purposes I recommend changing Chromosome X to 23 or 23X so it will sort after 22). This serves the purpose of putting overlapping segments close to each other in the spreadsheet where they are easy to compare.
- Compare/Group overlapping segments. All of these segments are shared segments with you. So with segments that overlap each other, you want to know if they match each other at this location. If so this is Triangulation. This comparison is done a little differently at each company, but the goal is the same: two segments either match each other, or they don't (or there isn't enough overlapping segment information to determine a match). All the Matches who match each other will form a Triangulated Group, on one chromosome – call this TG A (or any other name you want). Go through the same process with the segments who didn't match TG A. They will often match each other and will form a second, overlapping TG, on the other chromosome – call this TG B. [Remember you have two of each numbered chromosome.] So to review, and put it all a different way: All of your segments (every row of your spreadsheet) will go into one of 4 categories:
- – TG A [the first one with segments which match each other]
- – TG B [the other, overlapping, one with segments which match each other]
- – IBC/IBS [the segments don't match either TG A or TG B]
- – Undetermined [there are not enough segments to form both TG A and TG B and/or there isn't enough overlapping data to determine a match.]
- NB: None of the segments in TG A should match any of the segments in TG B.
- At GEDmatch – the comparisons are easy. Just compare two kit numbers using the one-to-one utility to see if they match each other on the appropriate segment. The ones that do are Triangulated. You may also use the Tier1 Triangulation utility or the Segment utility. I prefer using the one-to-one utility and Chrome.
- At 23andMe you have several different utilities:
- – Family Inheritance: Advanced lets you compare up to 5 Matches at a time. You may also request a spreadsheet of all your shared segments; sort that by chromosome and SegmentStart, and check to see if two of your Matches match each other. The ones that do are Triangulated.
- – Countries of Ancestry: Sort a Match's spreadsheet by chromosome and SegmentStart, search for your own name, and highlight the overlapping segments. The Matches on this highlighted list who are also on overlapping segments in your spreadsheet are Triangulated (the CoA spreadsheet confirms the match between two of your Matches)
- At FTDNA it's a little trickier, because they don't have a utility to compare two of your Matches. So the most positive method is to contact the Matches and ask them to confirm if they match your overlapping Matches, or not. The ones that do are Triangulated. An almost-as-good alternative is to use the InCommonWith utility. Look for the 2-squigley-arrows icon next to a Match's name, click that, and select In Common With to get a list of your Matches who also match the Match you started with. Compare that list of Matches with the list of list of Matches with overlapping segments in your spreadsheet. Matches on both lists are considered to be Triangulated. Although this is not a foolproof method, it works most of the time. And if you find three or four ICW Matches in the same TG, the odds are much closer to 100%. Remember, every segment in your spreadsheet must go in one TG or the other, or be IBC/IBS, or be undetermined. If a particular Match, in one TG, is critical to your analysis, then try hard to confirm the Triangulation by contacting the Matches.
- AncestryDNA has no DNA analysis utilities. You need to convince your Matches to upload their raw data to GEDmatch (for free) or FTDNA (for a fee), and see the paragraphs above.
Comments to improve this blog post are welcomed.
10 Segmentology: How to Triangulate; by Jim Bartlett 20150511