's #.
 You state that it's larger but you are incorrect.
 In fact this 10^^^googol is less than g_2 in the sequence, g, in which g_64 = Graham's number.
 My submission to your challenge would be:
 f_(zeta_nought)(3), where zeta_nought = supremum of (epsilon_nought, epsilon_(epsilon_nought), …), and epsilon_(n+1) = supremum(epsilon_n, epsilon_n^epsilon_n, …), and epsilon_nought = supremum of tetrations of omega, and omega = supremum of natural numbers.
 then we define f_a(n) = f_a[n](n), for limit ordinals a, where a[n] is the nth element of the fundamental sequence for a.
 and f_(k+1)(n) = f_k^n(n), where f^(i+1)(n) (the 'i+1'th functional power of f) = f(f^i(n))
 and f_0(n) = n+1
 successive functions in the "f family" are diagonalizations of their respective previous function.
 this utterly blows away anything that's been submitted on this page or discussed by you, though i fear due to your inability to understand the vast difference between your 10 triple arrow googol and graham's number that you won't see this.
 simple proof though, for the comparitively small limit ordinal, epsilon_nought, we have f_(epsilon nought)(2):
 epsilon_nought = sup{w, w^w, …}
 epsilon_nought[2] = w^w
 w^w = sup{w^1, w^2, …}
 w^w[2] = w^2
 w^2 = sup{w*1, w*2, …}
 w^2[s] = w*2
 w*2 = sup{w+1, w+2, …}
 w*2[2] = w+2
 f_(w+2)(2) = f_(w+1)(f_(w+1)(2))
 = f_(w+1)(f_w(f_w(2))) = f_(w+1)(f_8(8))
 meanwhile Graham's # < f_w^64(6) < f_w^64(64) = f_(w+1)(64) << f_(w+1)(f_8(8)), where << means something like "computationally vastly less than"
 i've been verbose in my description, but as you can hopefully see, this is all easily unambiguously definable in 500 characters or less.
 and if you don't understand limit ordinals (which I'm sure you don't) and insist on everything being finite, even though infinite ordinals evaluate perfectly well to finite values when their fundamental sequence is evaluated, let me give you something quick and simple that also surpasses anything mentioned on this page
 a_0 = b_0 = 10
 a_(n+1) = a_n ^^^…^^^ a_n, where there are a_n ^'s
 b_(n+1) = a_(b_n)
 b_10
 even b_2 leaves graham's # in the dust
 and b as a sequence dominates conway's chained arrow notation which dominates knuth's up arrow notation.
 5. Thank you for your contest entry.
 Regarding your initial remarks, I believe you are mistaken, and I stand by what I wrote, namely, that Graham's number $G$ is far less than what I call $10 \uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow\text{ googol }$. Perhaps you misunderstood my notation, and I noticed that you wrote $10\uparrow\Uparrow\text{ googol }$, but I assume you were referring to what I wrote as $\uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow$. (Of course this is very different than $10\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\text{ googol }$, which is much smaller–perhaps use browser zoom to see the difference? I don't have a native symbol here for the triple up.) Note that this website supports the use of $\TeX$ notation.
 My claim is not difficult to verify, since Graham's number $G$ is defined by a process of 64 "layers", and each layer amounts to one more application of what I called $\Uparrow$ (different from $\uparrow\uparrow$), which iterates the adjacent $\uparrow$ operation that many times. Thus, if you look at the definition carefully, adding one to the right-hand argument of $a\uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow b$ is exactly climbing one additional layer in Graham's construction, and so Graham's number is something like $3\uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow 64$. But actually it is somewhat larger than this, because Graham starts with the ad hoc base case of $3\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow\uparrow 3$, rather than the more natural $3\uparrow 3$, which would result from starting with $1=3\uparrow^0 3$ at level $0$. This difference is made up with one more layer, and so it follows that Graham's number $G$ is bounded by $$3\uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow 64 \quad\lt\quad G\quad\lt\quad 3\uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow 65.$$ In particular, it is far less than $10\uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow \text{ googol }$, which is what I had claimed.
 I note that your $a_n$ and $b_n$ idea at the end of your post is very similar to the idea in my move from $\uparrow$ to $\Uparrow$ to $\uparrow\hskip-.55em\Uparrow$, where one has a notation that at each level iterates the previous level that many times, and of course this is the same idea that allows the binary Ackermann function, which I mentioned in my post, to climb much higher still. It is the Ackermann function, of course, that underlies the diagonalizing functions in the beginning of your comment.
 One must admit that it is a little funny that you expressed skepticism about my ability to understand limit ordinals, yet you messed up the definition of $\epsilon_\alpha$ by failing to define $\epsilon_\lambda$ in the case $\lambda$ is a limit ordinal. Without this, of course, the notation $\epsilon_{\epsilon_0}$ makes no sense, and so in this formal sense, your entry fails to describe a number. But of course you intend to take limits at limit stages, so as to produce a continuous sequence. While $\zeta_0$ is a largish countable ordinal for beginners, one can easily describe much larger countable ordinals using essentially the same methods. The ordinal $\zeta_0$ is the smallest ordinal that is a fixed point in the enumeration of all $\epsilon$-ordinals, so $\zeta_0=\epsilon_{\zeta_0}$. This is a comparatively small computable ordinal, much smaller for example than the Feferman-Schütte ordinal, the Veblen ordinals, the Howard Bachman ordinal and eventually the Church-Kleene ordinal, which is the supremum of all computable ordinals (as well as the supremum of all hyperarithmetic ordinals). Far larger countable ordinals arise in the theory of infinite-time computability, such as $\lambda$, $\zeta$ and $\Sigma$, which I have written about at length.
 Finally, let me add that I don't really care for the tone of your comment. I think you will find that you get a better reception in mathematical communication if you treat people with polite respect. You mention my "inability to understand" some simple things and that you are sure that I "don't understand limit ordinals," but this is frankly ludicrous in light of the rest of the content of this website. Have you had a look at it?
 - For some reason, "↑⇑", is what was pasted when I highlighted your triple up arrow. Even now as I'm highlighting it, it's pasting the "↑⇑" again.
 Later in the evening, upon more thought, I decided my submission would actually be far more powerful if my b


text:
The first major construction project for the Air and Space Museum will start this summer.
- This is the first major construction project for the building in Southwest Washington, DC, since its opening 41 years ago.
- Visitors will start seeing changes to the museum in summer 2018.
- The museum will remain open through the project by dividing the construction into two major phases.
- The project is scheduled to take seven years.
- All 23 galleries and presentation spaces will be transformed.
- The museum is raising $250 million through private donations to fund the future galleries.
- The project also includes the complete re-facing of the exterior stone, replacement of outdated mechanical systems, and other improvements supported by federal funding.
By the numbers:
- 13,000: stone slabs replaced
- 23: new galleries or presentation spaces
- $250 million: fundraising goal
- 1,441: newly displayed artifacts
- 7: years scheduled for completion
- 0: days closed for construction
The museum has released artist renderings highlighting the exciting changes to come. These renderings represent the first nine galleries scheduled for renovation. New galleries will be organized by theme, helping you find your favorite stories and make connections across eras.
All information and images courtesy of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


A little mind candy for the middle of your day
Students Call for Salt Water Taffy to Become NJ's Official Candy
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 Students from Samsel Elementary school in Sayreville, N.J. will do their part in an effort to make salt water taffy the state's offical candy. (Published Thursday, June 5, 2014)
 New Jersey has an official state bird (the goldfinch), flower (the common violet), tree (the red oak), fish (the brook trout), folk dance (the square dance), bug (the honeybee) and even a dinosaur (Hadrosaurus foulkii). One lawmaker reckons that what New Jersey needs now is an official state candy.
 Assemblyman John Wisniewski is pushing a bill to honor salt water taffy with the designation. He introduced it after meeting with students at Sayreville's Samsel Upper Elementary School for a lesson on how a bill becomes law. The measure cleared an Assembly committee on Thursday.
 Wisniewski had asked the students to come up with something that deserved to become a law. They wanted to name an official state candy and chose salt water taffy, which was invented in Atlantic City as a popular souvenir of a trip to the shore in the late 19th century. (The sugar-laden confection does not actually contain any salt water.)
 Testifying Thursday before the Assembly tourism committee in Trenton, fifth-grader Tyler Graham said designating an official state candy can help boost tourism at the Jersey shore in the wake of Superstorm Sandy.
 "Wouldn't it be nice to give citizens a reason to come to the shore and purchase the official state candy?" he asked.
 Atlantic City became the epicenter of the salt water taffy world, with confectioners Enoch James, Joseph Fralinger and William Shriver founding taffy and candy companies bearing their names.
 The bill now goes to the full Assembly.
 Assemblywoman Valerie Vainieri Huttle commended the students and thanked them for the samples they passed out.
 "My favorite flavor is banana and chocolate," she said. "I already had one."
 Assemblyman Ralph Caputo said, "The lesson is that when you become a legislator, you get to have candy before lunch."


Difference Between Similar Terms and Objects
Difference Between Groundhog and Beaver
In the mammal [population worldwide, 40% are rodents. These are animals characterized by incisors that continuously grow, both in the lower and upper jaws. They live in human-made and terrestrial habitats and have long tails, robust bodies, and short limbs. There are different kinds of rodents including squirrels, rats, mice, beavers, hamsters, groundhogs, and even chipmunks. They all have distinct characteristics that enable the differentiation between others.

What is Groundhog?
Groundhogs, though capable of swimming and climbing trees, spend the majority of their time on the ground. They make burrows in open spaces and fields and feed on fruits, tree barks, grass, and even plans. They can be a nuisance to farmers because they make unsightly burrows in the farms and feed on the produce. They weigh an average of 3kgs and have short and fluffy tails.

What is Beaver?
Beavers are well known for their ability to manipulate the environment. This is because they make burrows near ponds and lakes, and are capable of building dams in areas that are less appropriate to make it habitable. There have been instances where these rodents have blocked rivers and streams in a bid to make the ponds they desire. They are herbivores as they feed on aquatic plants, tree barks, roots, and even roots. For easy swimming, they have webbed feet, and a strong tail that can be used as a defense mechanism, as well as transparent eyelids that protect the eyes in the water. The average weight for a beaver is 32kgs and is the largest rodents in the world.

Similarities between Groundhogs and Beavers
 - Both are rodents
 - Both are herbivorous
 - Both do damages to human settlements
 - Both are an important part of the ecosystem

Differences between Groundhogs and Beavers
 1. Habitat
While groundhogs spend the majority of their time on the ground, beavers spend the majority of their time in water features such as lakes and ponds.
 1. Weight
The average weight for groundhogs is 3kgs. On the other hand, the average weight for beavers is 32kgs.
 1. Tails
Groundhogs have short and fluffy tails. On the other hand, beavers have wide and flat tails.
Groundhogs vs. Beavers: Comparison Table

Summary of Groundhog vs. Beaver
Despite the difficulty that may be involved in differentiating groundhogs and beavers, neither of them is a good sign to home and property owners. This is because of the damage involved in garden plants, landscapes, and even lawns. Groundhogs may cause a tripping hazard through the holes they dig as it is difficult to sight them. While they may be an important part of the ecosystem, the prevention of conflicts between these rodents and human beings cannot be ignored. Traps should, therefore, be used to catch the pests and remove them safely.

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3 Comments
 1. In the future fact check… the Capybara is the worlds largest rodent, not the beaver …
 - Someone already told you but since you didn't answer I'm telling you again that capybaras are the largest rodents in the world.
 2. Not sure what I have in my yard there is a large borough it went in. But could not see his tail much it looked black and thin hope you can help me please
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References :
[0]Auerbach P. Wilderness Medicine E-Book: Expert Consult Premium Edition - Enhanced Online Features and Print. Elsevier Health Sciences Publishers, 2011. _URL_
[1]Triefeldt L. Plants and Animals. Quill Driver Books Publishers, 2007. _URL_
[2]Owen Ruth. Beaver Kits. Bearport Publishing, 2011. _URL_
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[4]Image credit: _URL_
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text:
Visualizing large trees with divide & conquer partition
- Publication Type:
- Conference Proceeding
- ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 2013, pp. 79 - 87
- Issue Date:
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This item is closed access and not available.
While prior works on enclosure approach, guarantees the space utilization of a single geometrical area, mostly rectangle, this paper proposes a flexible enclosure tree layout method for partitioning various polygonal shapes that break through the limitation of rectangular constraint. Similar to Treemap techniques, it uses enclosure to divide display space into smaller areas for its sub-hierarchies. The algorithm can partition a polygonal shape or even an arbitrary shape into smaller polygons, rotated rectangles or vertical-horizontal rectangles. The proposed method and implementation algorithms provide an effective interactive visualization tool for partitioning large hierarchical structures within a confined display area with different shapes for real-time applications. We demonstrated the effective of the new method with a case study, an automated evaluation and a usability study. © 2013 ACM.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:


text:
The length of a hall is 18 m and the width 12 m. The sum of the areas of the floor and the flat roof is equal to the sum of the areas of the four walls. Find the height of the wall.
Length of hall = 18 m
Width of hall = 12 m
Let height of hall = h metre
Sum of area of floor & flat roof =
Sum of area of 4 walls =
Height of hall = 7.2 metre
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PREVIOUSThe cost of preparing the walls of a room 12 m long at the rate of Rs. 1.35 per square metre is Rs. 340.20 and the cost of matting the floor at 85 paise per square metre is Rs. 91.80. Find the height of the room.NEXTA metal cube of edge 12 cm is melted and formed into three smaller cubes. If the edges of the two smaller cubes are 6 cm and 8 cm, find the edge of the third smaller cube.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
On 25th August 2022, officials of Oita City in Japan announced that they will not give 15 wild Japanese macaques from Mt. Takasaki to an Uruguayan zoo as a diplomatic present to the country. It appears that the Uruguayan government has declined the controversial offer. Although they did not specify the reason, the city government concluded that "the Uruguayan side declined the donation for technical and financial reasons."
The plan to send the monkeys to a zoo in Durazno province was announced by Oita City in February 2022. This led to many people and organisations petitioning the government not to do it, including Asia for Animals Coalition and the Macaque Coalition. A representative of the city's tourism division said, "we are aware that the signature campaign is being conducted, so we wanted to proceed with caution under the Birds and Wildlife Protection Law while paying close attention to the maintenance of the habitat environment in Uruguay. We cancelled the plan as Uruguay declined to accept it." Japanese macaques naturally live in close family groups that span generations, so to separate any from their friends and families, and remove them from their natural habitat, sending them instead to live the remainder of their lives in captivity in a zoo, would be very cruel.
This is not the first time that the Japanese government has used its native wildlife as gifts to other countries. In 1977, the city donated 30 monkeys from Mt. Takasaki to a zoo in Rome, Italy. It is sad to see wild animals considered as commodities a country may just take from the wild and give to another country as a gift, like giving a box of chocolates or a bottle of wine. Even more, if the animals will end up confined their entire life in the enclosure of a zoo. Fortunately, in this case, it did not happen. Perhaps somebody in the government of Uruguay realised how wrong was this "gift", and how much accepting it would go against the country's nature conservation and ethics.


Workers' Compensation Enhancement: Telephonic Workplace Injury Triage Coming Soon
March 04, 2020
Nurse on phone call smiling to cameraStudies have shown that the day of injury is the most critical point at which positively to influence medical care, claim costs, return to work outcome and employee satisfaction for work-related injuries. Because MCIT recognizes the importance of an employee's receiving prompt, convenient and appropriate medical attention when he or she sustains an injury at work, the Trust is introducing a telephonic workplace injury triage service later this spring.
Determining Appropriate Care Is a Challenge for Supervisors
Responding to injuries in the workplace can be equally challenging for an injured worker and his or her supervisor:
Employees who work alone, at a small site, nontraditional business hours or remote locations may have limited access to immediate medical assistance in the event of an injury.
Supervisors who respond to injuries often lack proper medical training or experience to determine the seriousness of the injury and the appropriate response.
Minor injuries, such as strains and sprains, that would respond favorably to on-site first aid are often referred off site for care, which is more expensive and time consuming but not more effective.
Triage Service Removes Barrier to Prompt Care
To remove barriers to prompt and appropriate care for injured workers, MCIT has contracted with Medcor to provide a telephonic injury triage service. By calling a dedicated hot line for MCIT, the injured employee and supervisor have immediate access 24 hours a day, seven days a week to a nurse who recommends the appropriate care for the injury, whether it be first aid or a medical referral.
After the call, the nurse submits a report to MCIT, which acts as the first report of injury and begins the claim handling process.
Injured workers who choose to self-treat can call back for further advice if their conditions change or worsen.
With the knowledgeable intervention of a trained registered nurse at the time of injury, the injured employee obtains needed and appropriate medical treatments sooner than with the current system. This often means a quicker and better recovery while avoiding unnecessary and costly emergency room visits.
This service is not designed to deal with an emergency or to provide advice if the injured employee has already received medical attention.
As the activation date approaches for telephonic injury triage, the hot line number, information and educational materials will be provided to share with all supervisors and employees.


text:
Rochdale MP, Tony Lloyd, welcomes news that Rochdale Town Centre Conservation Area is making good progress towards repair. The news comes as Historic England recently published its annual Heritage at Risk Register for 2021.
Tony said, "I am delighted that Rochdale Town Centre Conservation Area has made such good progress, and I offer my thanks to Rochdale Council and everyone in the community involved in the success of this project.
"It's a great opportunity to celebrate the hard work and dedication of local people who have come together to care for historic places despite the challenges wrought by the Covid-19 pandemic over the past 18 months.
"The publication of the Heritage at Risk Register reminds us that historic places positively impact people's quality of life. They have been an anchor for local communities during these uncertain times. From high street shops to places of worship, or cherished historic landscapes, they have been vitally important to us and to our wellbeing."
Duncan Wilson, Chief Executive of Historic England, added, "Our heritage is an anchor for us all in testing times. Despite the challenges we have all faced recently, this year's Heritage at Risk Register demonstrates that looking after and investing in our historic places can contribute to the country's economic recovery, bring communities together and help tackle climate change. Our historic places deserve attention, investment and a secure future.".
There are 3 entries on the Heritage At Risk Register within the Rochdale constituency: Rochdale town centre; Church of Christ, Gandy Lane, and; St. John the Baptist Roman Catholic Church, Dowling Street
There is more to do. Over the last year, 130 historic buildings and sites across the country have been added to the register because of their deteriorating condition. Of the £14.5 million in grants given to historic places in England in the past year, £4.8 million were lifeline grants from the government's Culture Recovery Fund. These emergency grants have kick-started essential repairs and maintenance at many precious historic sites during the pandemic and helped protect the livelihoods of the skilled craft workers who keep our cherished historic places alive
Reusing historic buildings is good for the planet. Historic England is working to highlight how reusing and adapting historic buildings, including places rescued from the Heritage at Risk register, can help to tackle climate change by avoiding high carbon emissions associated with demolishing existing buildings and building new ones. To meet the government's target of being carbon neutral by 2050, recycling, reusing and responsibly adapting our existing historic buildings is vital.


Home » Uncategorized » Solutions to problems posted in July
Solutions to problems posted in July
1.
a) What is T+T?. Is the representation z=z_{1}+z_{2},z_{1}\in T,z_{2}\in T unique for z\in T+T?
b) What is \bigcup\limits_{n=2}^{\infty}\left\{T+T+...+T\right.(n terms)\left.\right\}? Do we have uniqueness here?
c) If X is any normed linear space of dimension greater than 1 prove that \{x:\left\Vert x\right\Vert \leq 2\}=\{y+z:\left\Vert y\right\Vert =\left\Vert z\right\Vert =1\}.
We claim that T+T=\{z:\left\vert z\right\vert \leq 2\} and that the representation is unique. Clearly T+T\subset \{z:\left\vert z\right\vert\leq 2\}. Let 0\leq r\leq 2. Then r=e^{ia}+e^{-ia} where \cos a=\frac{r}{2}. For
any b\in \mathbb{R} we have the representation re^{ib}=e^{i(a+b)}+e^{i(b-a)}. If r=e^{i\alpha }+e^{i\beta } with \alpha and \beta real then \sin\alpha =-\sin \beta and \cos \alpha +\cos \beta =r. It follows that \cos \alpha =\cos \beta =r/2. Thus \beta =2\pi -\alpha and e^{i\beta }=e^{-i\alpha }. Thus the representation is unique. Uniqueness of representation for re^{ib} follows from this.
The answer to (b) is
\mathbb{C}=\bigcup\limits_{n=2}^{\infty}\left\{T+T+...+T\right.(n terms)\left.\right\}
and the representation z=z_{1}+z_{2}+...+z_{n} with \left\vert z_{j}\right\vert=1 for all j is unique if and only if \left\vert z\right\vert =n. Clearly any z\in \mathbb{C} is a sum of complex numbers with modulus at most 2 and hence it can be written as a sum of elements of T. Now fix n and suppose z=z_{1}+z_{2}+...+z_{n} with \left\vert z_{j}\right\vert =1 for all j. Then \left\vert z\right\vert \leq 1+1+...+1=n and if \left\vert z\right\vert =n then z_{j}=t_{j}z_{1},1\leq j\leq n with t_{j}\geq 0 for all j. But \left\vert z_{j}\right\vert =1 for all j so t_{j}=1 for all j and z_{j}=\frac{z}{n}. Thus the representation is unique when \left\vert z\right\vert =n. We claim that it is not unique if \left\vert z\right\vert =2. There are infinitely many complex numbers c such that \left\vert c\right\vert =1 and \left\vert z-c\right\vert <n-1. In fact one such number is e^{it} where z=re^{it} is the polar form of z. By continuity the inequality \left\vert z-e^{i\alpha }\right\vert <n-1 holds for any \alpha sufficiently close to t. Any representation of c as a sum of elements of T gives a similar representation for z. Hence the representation is not unique.
c) In the case of complex scalars we can restrict to a one-dimensional subspace and in the case of real scalars we can look at a two dimensional subspace containing a given vector x with \left\Vert x\right\Vert \leq 2.
Note that uniqueness fails: let f_{1}(x)=x,g_{1}(x)=1-x,f_{2}(x)=x^{2} and g_{2}(x)=1-x^{2} in C[0,1]. Then f_{1}+g_{1}=1=f_{2}+g_{2}.
2. If X_{n}^{\prime } are independent identically distributed positive random variables does it follow that EX_{1}X_{2}...=(EX_{1})(EX_{2})... assuming that all the products and expectations exist.
No! Let X_{n}^{\prime } take values 1/2 and 3/2 with probabilty 1/2 each. Then EX_{n}=1/4+3/4=1 so (EX_{1})(EX_{2})...=1. We claim that EX_{1}X_{2}...=0. Since E(X_{1}X_{2}...X_{n+1}/X_{1},X_{2},...,X_{n})=X_{1}X_{2}...X_{n}EX_{n}=X_{1}X_{2}...X_{n} it follows that \{X_{1}X_{2}...X_{n}\} is a non-negative martingale. Hence it converges a.s. We shall show that the limit is 0 a.s. thereby completing the proof. Let N_{n}=\#\{k\leq n:X_{k}=3/2\}. Then X_{1}X_{2}...X_{n}=(1/2)^{n-N_{n}}(3/2)^{N_{n}}=\frac{3^{N_{n}}}{2^{n}}. By SLLN applied to \{I_{X_{k}}=3/2\} we see that \frac{1}{n}N_{n}\rightarrow 1/2. Hence \log (\frac{3^{N_{n}}}{2^{n}})=N_{n}\log 3-n\log 2=n(\frac{1}{n}N_{n}\log 3-\log 2)\rightarrow \rightarrow \infty a.s. because 1/2\log3-\log 2<0.
3. Consider the inequalities m(A+B)\leq m(A)+m(B) and m(A+B)\geq m(A)+m(B). Are these true when A and B are open sets in \mathbb{R}? Are these true when A and B are compact sets in \mathbb{R}?
Suppose A=K_{1} and B=K_{2} are compact. Translate K_{2} by \sup K_{1}-\inf K_{2}. Then the inequality does not change and the proof is therefore reduced to the case \sup K_{1}=\inf K_{2}(=c, say). In this case K_{1}\cup K_{2}\subset K_{1}+K_{2}-c ( because c\in K_{1}\cap K_{2}) and m(K_{1})+m(K_{2})=m(K_{1}\cup K_{2}) (because K_{1}\backslash \{c\} and K_{2} are disjoint) so m(K_{1})+m(K_{2})\leq m(K_{1}+K_{2}-c)=m(K_{1


Design Specifications
 - Min Wall Supported: 2mm
 - Min Wall Free: 3mm
 - Min Wire Supported: 2mm
 - Min Wire Free: 3mm
 - Min Embossed Detail: 0.4mm
 - Min Engraved Detail: 0.4mm
 - Min Bounding Box: x+y+z≥75mm
 - Max Bounding Box: 250x380x200mm
 - Min Escape Hole: One hole: 25mm, Two holes: 15mm, Four holes: 10mm
 - Interlocking or Enclosed Part?: Yes
 - Multiple Part per STL: Yes
 - Clearance: 0.9mm
 - Accuracy: Medium accuracy
Design Tips
Sandcastle Rule: If this structure was made of wet sand, would it break? Sandcastle Rule: If this structure was made of wet sand, would it break?
There's a part in the production process for sandstone 3D printing during which the model is fragile and brittle. It's basically like wet sand. When you design, ask yourself this question: if I made this out of wet sand or brittle clay, could I lift the design without it breaking? If the answer is "no," then your design might break in production.
Hanging structures are not printable. Hanging structures are not printable
Any structure that has a hanging structure is likely to break. This includes the end piece in an unsupported, heavy object, as pictured. Another example of something that would break is a miniature of a person with an arm sticking straight out. The arm would break off.
Exposure to water will fade colors Exposure to water will fade colors
The colors we use are similar to Inkjet Printer coloring, which fades when wet. The same principle applies to 3D printed colors. In this photo, the original color was a sky blue (as represented in the lower right of the photo), and after we dipped the model in water the blue faded and whitened. This model should not be designed for applications that requires the model to touch water.
The more supported, the thinner the structure (& vice versa) The more supported, the thinner the structure (& vice versa)
Supported structures are structures that connect to other structures. As an example, think of an empty box. The bottom of the box is supported by the side walls, and can therefore be thinner. On the other hand, something like a fan blade is not supported except at the end. This kind of unsupported structure should be made thicker to avoid breakage during production.


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Browsing Backed Up Data Using Functions for Windows File System Agent from the Command Line Interface
You can perform browse operations using the Command Line Interface. The input is taken from an XML file and the output is entered in another XML file.
Procedure
The following procedure is an example of browsing data using functions such as aggregate using a command line XML.
 1. Download the input_function.xml file and save it on the computer from where the command will be run.
 2. Modify the XML template as per your setup.
 The following example lists the mandatory elements and sample values.
 <databrowse_BrowseRequest opType="Find">
 <entity commCellId="2" clientName="imindexing33" subclientName="SC2"
 backupsetName="commandline" appName="Windows File System" _type_="0"/>
 <paths path="\**\*"/>
 <mode mode="2"/>
 <queries type="AGGREGATE" queryId="1">
 <aggrParam field="FileName" aggrType="COUNT"/>
 <whereClause connector="AND">
 <criteria field="FileName" dataOperator="LIKE">
 <values val="*.docx"/>
 </criteria>
 </whereClause>
 </queries>
 <ma clientName="indexingstorage"/>
 <advOptions copyPrecedence="0"/>
 </databrowse_BrowseRequest>
 3. Change the XML element values.
 4. Run the following command from the software_installation_directory/Base folder.
 Make sure to provide the name and path of the output xml file in which you want to retrieve your browse results.
 qlist backupfiles -af input_function.xml -dpath output_template.xml
 5. Verify the results in the output_filter.xml.
Last modified: 1/11/2018 6:07:14 PM


text:
- Enter a word for the dictionary definition.
From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48:
Purpura \Pur"pu*ra\, n. [L., purple, purple fish: cf. F. purpura. See Purple.] 1. (Med.) A disease characterized by livid spots on the skin from extravasated blood, with loss of muscular strength, pain in the limbs, and mental dejection; the purples. --Dunglison. [1913 Webster] 2. (Zool.) A genus of marine gastropods, usually having a rough and thick shell. Some species yield a purple dye. [1913 Webster]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Alberta Contact Information
Alberta Energy Regulator
The Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) ensures the safe, efficient, orderly, and environmentally responsible development of hydrocarbon resources over their entire life cycle. This includes allocating and conserving water resources, managing public lands, and protecting the environment while providing economic benefits for all Albertans.
Environment and Sustainable Resource Development
Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (ESRD) is the Government of Alberta department responsible for protecting and enhancing Alberta's natural environment, while ensuring responsible resource development.
AER Contact Information
Suite 1000, 250 –
5 Street SW
Calgary, AB T2P 0R4
ESRD Contact Information
To call toll free within Alberta dial _PHONE_


text:
How to calculate unit weight of steel bar ? By Afroz Civil Summary D ia. of bar in mm Weight of bar in Kg 6mm 0.222Kg 8mm 0.395 Kg 10mm 0.616 Kg 12mm 0.888 Kg 16mm 1.578 Kg 20mm 2.466 Kg 25mm 3.853 Kg 32mm 6.313 Kg 40mm 9.865 Kg Formula for calculate Weight of steel bar per metre length. *Weight =(Diameter of steel bar ) 2 /162 Kg/m * Here , Explanation ◆ What is Steel? Steel is the most versatile commonly used structural material. The essential elements in steel are metallic iron and the element non-metallic carbon, with small quantities of other elements such as silicon, nickel, manganese, chromium and copper. It is thus an alloy. Though steel is usuall
Showing posts with the label How to Calculate Unit Weight Of Steel Bar ?


Introduction: Electronics Necklace From Headphone Cable
For some time, I've been contemplating how I can make an intelligent, micro-controller-powered necklace, but I hadn't been able to figure out how to make it small enough to be attractive. Even if a microcontroller is small enough to fit in a necklace pendant, the battery to power it usually isn't. Then, I had a revelation: why not store the microcontroller and battery behind my neck/hair, where nobody can see it, and connect the necklace pendant to the microcontroller via a headphone cable? Modern headphone cables might contain 3 or 4 über-thin wires, so I would be able to move power, ground, and two data lines from the microcontroller behind my neck to the pendant hanging in front. Here, I'll show you a little bit about my experiments with headphone wires for wearables.
Step 1: Parts
 - 3-4 headphone cables. The larger (radially) the cables, the easier they will be to work with, but they might look more clunky. Best to get a wide variety.
 - Headphone jack breakout. Something like this, although it's a little large.
 - For this project, I'm using an Arduino Micro, but any Arduino will do, and an Adafruit neopixel
 - Solder, cables, breadboard--the usual
Step 2: Step 1: Break Out the Wires
Measure your neck to determine how long your wire should be. Then cut the headphone wire in half, such that there is NECK_CIRCUMFERENCE/2 wire connected to the headphone jack, and NECK_CIRCUMFERENCE/2 wire of separate headphone cable. I say this about the headphone jack because we'll be using it to control data messages and power on the wires from the microcontroller. Overestimate NECK_CIRCUMFERENCE so that you have some room in case something goes wrong. Strip the wire and see the inner wires as shown above. You might find some structural fibers (the yellow fuzz shown above), which is annoying and gets in the way. Cut it or burn it. Now, the remaining wires are covered in some fiber as well. In their current state, we cannot contact the conductive wires underneath the fiber, so for each fiber-covered-wire, burn the tips for 10 seconds or so until you see silver. This is tough, fume-y, and requires patience.
Step 3: Step 2: Identify Connections
Now you should have one headphone wire with its headphone jack in tact. Plug that jack into the female connector you bought, and using a multimeter, identify which prong on the female jack corresponds to which headphone wire. When you've done this, you're almost done! Except...
Step 4: Step 3: Solder and Done!
Here, I've soldered the headphone cables to this Adafruit neopixel. This is tough because the headphone wires are hard to solder, so use lots of flux, have patience, and keep backups! In my particular project, I soldered wires from one cable to power and signal, and one of the wires from the second cable to ground. I then used the headphone jack as a clasp for the necklace, as well as a switch to turn it on (Power goes from the battery through the neopixel, out through the headphone wire and back to the ground connection of the battery).
Step 5: Suggestions?
This method isn't the easiest/nicest/prettiest/most stable. Thoughts/feedback/improvements?


text:
How tall are jackrabbits?
A black-tailed jackrabbit can grow up to 24 inches (61 cm) in length, weigh as much as 8 lbs. (3.6 kg) and live upwards of five years. Their powerful back legs can propel them across the landscape at a speed of nearly 40 mph (64 kph) and their leaps can exceed 20 feet (6 m).
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Help make Alexa smarter and share your knowledge with the worldLEARN MORE


text:
posted by Leslie-To:Writeacher.
True or False
Is the following sentence properly functuated.
The young appearing patient went to the doctor's office.
Answer is FALSE
My question is WHY? - Is it BAD sentence structure - we have ruled out that the apostrope is CORRECT.
Should there be a comma after patient?
or the intire sentence should be re-written.
"young appearing" is a very awkward phrasing. If it MUST be used, then there should be a hyphen there.
(With or without a hyphen, I still don't like it!)


The Yamaka (यमक; Pali for "pairs") is a text of the Pali Canon, the scriptures of Theravada Buddhism. It is a text on applied logic and analysis included in the Abhidhamma Pitaka.
The Yamaka consists of ten chapters, each dealing with a particular topic of Buddhist doctrine: roots (mula), aggregates, elements (dhatu), and so on.[1] Its title ('pairs') stems from its treatment of topics by way of a thesis and antithesis: Is all X Y? Does this imply that all Y is X?
The text's commentary treats the ten chapter headings as a mātikā, though no explicit matrix is presented in the text.[1] A. K. Warder suggested that the text was a late addition to the Abhidhamma Pitaka, and represented an advanced text in applied logic meant to refine the knowledge of scholars already familiar with the Thervada abhidhamma system. In many places, the text considers the question of where and under what circumstances a being will be reborn given certain circumstances and levels of understanding.[1]
 1. ^ a b c Norman, Kenneth Roy (1983). Pali Literature. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 105–06. ISBN 3-447-02285-X.
External linksEdit


text:
Thursday, Oct 7, 2010, 10:00 am
Labor Unions a Key to Happiness, New Report Says
Even though U.S. public opinion of unions remains low, a new report finds that labor groups nonetheless improve the general well-being for union and non-union citizens in several industrialized countries.
The findings appear in the September issue of Social Indicators Research, a journal which focuses on quality of life measurements. They highlight a link between union density and life satisfaction based on data from fourteen developed nations.
The researchers (three American academics) used individual and aggregate data to measure what effect unions have on the overall happiness of the country and their citizens using a measurement known as "subjective well-being," a scientific concept that evaluates quality of life or general happiness. They found that organized labor is a boon to the well-being of those who live in industrialized regions in places like Europe, Japan and Australia.
"Our ﬁndings strongly suggest that unions increase the life satisfaction of citizens, and that that this effect holds for non-union members as well," wrote Notre Dame University political science professor Benjamin Radcliff, Notre Dame Ph.D candidate in political science Patrick Flavin and Texas A&M University political science associate professor Alex Pacek. "Moreover, we also ﬁnd that labor organization has the strongest impact on the subjective well-being of citizens with lower incomes."
The findings are a bright spot for labor groups at a time when union membership has declined and American public opinion for labor groups have remained low. The results were positive across all sectors from the society to the individual: countries and individuals who live countries with high union densities had a higher level of life satisfaction; union members reported being generally happier than non-union members by one-tenth; and the less fortunate who were union members had the highest improvement in their quality of life.
The study outlines several variables that contribute to an improved well-being, including many that have been touted by labor advocates. For one, unions provide a measure of job security that provides safeguards for sudden layoffs. Secondly, the power of collective bargaining allows for a sense of empowerment through mechanisms like grievance procedures. Unions also reduce a sense of alienation through a support network. Nonunion members and society at large also benefit through a "contagion effect" through inter-personal communication.
"As such, people are likely to be more satisfied themselves the more they interact with other satisfied people. Those in countries with a higher proportion of more-satisfied-than-otherwise union members are likely to be more satisfied, on average, than those in countries with fewer proportional union members," the report said.
Although the total unionization rate in the United States is only 12.3 percent, the research underscores how labor groups are contributing to the quality of life in industrial nations. The big takeaway: life satisfaction is directly related to unionization rates even as public and private sector unions have come under attack in recent years.
But the United States still has a way to go, according to the union coalition American Rights at Work. The group points out America ranks on the bottom on the quality-of life-scale because of small union membership numbers. Employers have also continued to prevent unions from forming in the workplace, leading to lower levels of general well-being.
Unions have indeed been criticized for everything from stifling wages and benefits, influencing political organizing, to hampering economic productivity, but the researchers note that it's important to consider organized labor as an agent for improving happiness.
If the study rings true, that's not good for Americans. If membership continues to decline, then the populace faces many unhappy days ahead.
Like what you've read? Subscribe to In These Times magazine, or make a tax-deductible donation to fund this reporting.
Akito Yoshikane is a freelance writer based in Chicago.


13.3 Viewing a List of Software RAID Devices on a Server
Use the Software RAIDs task in the iManager Storage plug-in to create and manage your software RAID devices.
 1. In iManager, click Storage > Software RAIDs.
 2. Select a server in the Novell eDirectory tree where you are logged in.
 A list of software RAID devices appears in the Software RAIDs list. Depending on the number of devices, this can take a few seconds. Avoid clicking again in the page until it refreshes and displays the Software RAIDs list.
 3. Select a RAID device from the Software RAIDs list to view its details.
 For an overview of the subtasks available from this page, see Software RAIDs.


Amazon Redshift
Database Developer Guide
The AWS Documentation website is getting a new look!
Try it now and let us know what you think. Switch to the new look >>
You can return to the original look by selecting English in the language selector above.
PG_DEFAULT_ACL
Stores information about default access privileges. For more information on default access privileges, see ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES.
PG_DEFAULT_ACL is visible to all users. Superusers can see all rows; regular users can see only their own data. For more information, see Visibility of Data in System Tables and Views.
Table Columns
Column Name Data Type Description
defacluser integer ID of the user to which the listed privileges are applied.
defaclnamespace oid The object ID of the schema where default privileges are applied. The default value is 0 if no schema is specified.
defaclobjtype character
The type of object to which default privileges are applied. Valid values are as follows:
 - r–relation (table or view)
 - f–function
 - p–stored procedure
defaclacl aclitem[]
A string that defines the default privileges for the specified user or user group and object type.
If the privileges are granted to a user, the string is in the following form:
{ username=privilegestring/grantor }
username
The name of the user to which privileges are granted. If username is omitted, the privileges are granted to PUBLIC.
If the privileges are granted to a user group, the string is in the following form:
{ "group groupname=privilegestring/grantor" }
privilegestring
A string that specifies which privileges are granted.
Valid values are:
 - r–SELECT (read)
 - a–INSERT (append)
 - w–UPDATE (write)
 - d–DELETE
 - x–Grants the privilege to create a foreign key constraint ( REFERENCES).
 - X–EXECUTE
 - *–Indicates that the user receiving the preceding privilege can in turn grant the same privilege to others (WITH GRANT OPTION).
grantor
The name of the user that granted the privileges.
The following example indicates that the user admin granted all privileges, including WITH GRANT OPTION, to the user dbuser.
dbuser=r*a*w*d*x*X*/admin
Example
The following query returns all default privileges defined for the database.
select pg_get_userbyid(d.defacluser) as user, n.nspname as schema, case d.defaclobjtype when 'r' then 'tables' when 'f' then 'functions' end as object_type, array_to_string(d.defaclacl, ' + ') as default_privileges from pg_catalog.pg_default_acl d left join pg_catalog.pg_namespace n on n.oid = d.defaclnamespace; user | schema | object_type | default_privileges -------+--------+-------------+------------------------------------------------------- admin | tickit | tables | user1=r/admin + "group group1=a/admin" + user2=w/admin
The result in the preceding example shows that for all new tables created by user admin in the tickit schema, admin grants SELECT privileges to user1, INSERT privileges to group1, and UPDATE privileges to user2.
On this page:


[OnyxCeph³™ Wiki]
DokuWiki - World Wide Web
User Tools
Site Tools
Module Bracket Erase
Module BracketErase
Program version BASIC 2D PRO 3D PRO LAB OMS
Availablility n/a n/a optional optional optional
The module Bracket Erase can be used to remove brackets and bands in a model scan. By removing these parts from the scan, you can create finishing aligners, splints or retainers, before the brackets are actually removed from the patient.
Ideally, a segmented scan of the patient from before the bracket treatment is used to replace the removed bracket geometry with the exact surface of the actual teeth of the patient.
First Steps
 1. Segment both the current scan with brackets as well as the initial malocclusion scan
 2. Open Bracket Erase module with the current scan
 3. Load the malocclusion scan as a reference scan
 4. Use automatic or manual bracket selection to define the geometry that should be replaced
 5. Select the option "Replace whole tooth" to remove bands
 6. Select the option "Show Refence" to see the fitting of the reference surface
Module user interface
en/bracketerase.txt · Last modified: 2021/04/29 10:42 by onyxadmin


text:
GS1-128 is an alphanumeric barcode used to label outer packaging and logistic units, for example pallets, that will not pass through a checkout point. Since the barcode may contain more information than the EAN-13, it is also used to mark electricity meters, electrical installations and equipment.
Who uses GS1-128?
Manufacturers, distributors, suppliers and carriers in a number of industries use the GS1-128 to mark pallets with transport and pallet labels. It is used in supply chains worldwide as part of GS1's global standards, facilitating transports both locally and globally.
The benefits of GS1-128
The Barcode GS1-128 can contain information that provides traceability, which makes it possible to follow goods during transport, it facilitates inventory management and provides more efficient handling when transporting.
How is GS1-128 used?
The barcode is printed on a pallet or transport label according to the GS1 Logistic Label standard. GS1-128 may contain more information than a standard EAN code about what's on the pallet. For example, it might include SSCC, GTIN, GSRN, GIAI, expiry dates, and batch numbers. A GS1-128 includes application identifiers (AI) that describe the type of information contained in the barcode.


text:
Nagaland Zoological Park, Rangapahar is one of the Model Zoological Parks in India. It was initially granted recognition as a "mini" Zoo by Central Zoo Authority (CZA). Presently the Zoological Park is recognized as a Medium Zoo by the Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi.The Zoological Park has been attracting more and more number of visitors every year after it was opened to public. Students both from schools and colleges visit the park as part of the curricula. Efforts are being made to encourage the visitors in the field of nature education and conservation of biodiversity. Annual number of visitors is 67367.
Zoo Animal Collection:
The Zoo has an exquisite collection of 40 species of birds and animals with a captive population of over 300 individuals. The collection includes 22 species of wildlife listed under Schedule I & II of Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 which signifies that the collection has more endangered species. Besides, vast majority of them are native species and are of regional representation of fauna of North-East India.
|No. of. Species
|Schedule I & II
ACTIVITIES DURING THE YEAR 2017-18.
- Wildlife Week Celebration in the Zoological Park.
Nagaland Zoological Park celebrated Wildlife Week 2017 on 7th Oct 2017 inside the Zoo premises with the theme, "Listening to the Young Voices." Photos of Wildlife in the Zoo were gifted to students and children. Special printed mugs with wildlife photos commemorating Wildlife week 2017 were distributed to visitors.
- First ever Wildlife Photo exhibition held in the Zoo.
The Nagaland Zoological Park hosted the first Wildlife Photo exhibition in the Zoo for an upcoming Local Wildlife Photographer and Department Photographer Shri. Onenjungshi Ao on 21st Oct. 2017. The objective was to create awareness about India's rich Biodiversity. The exhibition also included photographs of captive wildlife of the Park.
- Conducted North East Regional Zoo Keepers Training.
One week training for Zoo Keepers of North East India on the theme "North East Regional Zoo Keepers Training on Management of Captive Wildlife" was successfully conducted for Zoo Keepers from Zoo in the North East from 20th to 25th November 2017.
- Special Squeeze cage donated to Zoological Park By Assam Rifles.
The No.1 Workshop Assam Rifles located at 3rd Mile Dimapur designed and fabricated a Special Resizeable Squeeze-cum- Transportation cage as a Civic Action Project for Nagaland Zoological Park, Rangapahar. The cage was donated to the Zoological Park on the eve of the New Year 2018.
- Official Visits
During the current year number of senior offices visited the Zoological Park including Principal Secretary, PCCF & HoFF and PCCF & Chief Wildlife Warden Nagaland.
- Arrival of Emu in Nagaland Zoological Park.
Australian Emu (Dromaius Novaehollandiae) two adult Emu and four chicks were brought from Guwahati. Tall and Majestic the Emu belongs to a group of fightless running birds known as ratites, the most primitive of modern bird families. It is the second largest bird after Ostrich.


text:
Built for Emergency Response
DroneUp provides unparalleled management of sUAS operators during critical and emergency response events. Combining geospatial technologies, task management, mission-specific communications, and airspace transparency, our command center can identify, notify, deploy instantly, and deconflict drone operators regardless of mission area size.
Utilizing dynamic geofencing, complex metadata filtering, and other data models, sUAS operators are assigned missions/tasks, provided with encrypted communication channels, and gather critical data for storage and analysis. The common operating environment streamlines airspace management and deconfliction. It also connects governments, corporations, and NGO's with the necessary pilot pool during large-scale events requiring surge support from disparate organizations.
Real-Time Location of All sUAS Operators
Rapid Web-Based Mission Creation
Selection of Operators by Roles, Assets, or Skills
Instant Mission Notification to Operators
Mission-Specific Encrypted Communications
Multi-Agency Collaboration and Deconfliction
Command & Control Dashboards
Unlimited Number of Resources
DroneUp sUAS Response during Hurricane Irma
September 11, 2017, at 5:15 pm EST


Structure
When you create a new Sift, the command line tool redsift creates a skeleton project structure with placeholder files for all the major components. We'll deal with the details laters, but right now we'll focus on the main DAG configuration file sift.json.
The top level sections under dag that can be configured are inputs, nodes, exports and stores:
"dag": {
 "inputs": {},
 "nodes": [],
 "exports": {},
 "stores": {}
}
The following pages deal with these sections in detail.
Structure


text:
Header Front Crop Loss; Can you afford to leave $85,000 in the paddock?
Farmers take a great deal of risk and effort bring crop to the point of harvest. In drier years with short patchy crops and lower yields harvest is even more challenging. Grain losses of 10% in cereals and up to 30% in lupins is common. Setting up the combine harvester to reduce grain loss during harvest is well understood. As are modifications to the header front that reduce crop loss during harvest. While these are essential to maximise profit at this critical stage, so we really appreciate the cost of header-front grain loss and what we are leaving in the paddock?
Dr Glen Riethmuller highlighted in his article[i] the average crop loss in harvest for wheat was costing a farmer AU$72,000 based on a 4,000ha program. This was wheat at AU$300/t. At AU$350/t[ii] this is AU$85,000 profit left in the paddock!
What is each head worth in your wallet?
The average Australian wheat crop density is 0.58t/acre (1.t/ha) and the average head of wheat is 13 grains high x 4 rows = 52 grain per head. With grain loss estimated at 280 grain of wheat/m2 = 1 bushel/acre loss (or approximately 67kg/ha)[iii]. Therefore:
- Head loss per m2 is = 280 grains/m2 ÷ 52 grains/ head = 5.38 heads/m2 loss = 1 bushel/ acre loss
- One (1) tonne of wheat is 37 bushels[iv] at approximately AU$350/t. 1 bushel us worth (350 ÷37) = AU$9.46.
- 38 heads/m2 causes AU$9.46/ acre (or AU$23.36/ha) loss in profit.
Each head lost per m2 is costing the farmer AU$1.76/acre (or AU$4.35/ha) in lost profit!
Or to put another way, each head saved per square metre in a 4,000ha program adds AU$17,400 profit to the farmer's wallet.
Modification to header front
Primary Sales provides the header front modifications of the "Adapt-a-Gap" Knife Guard System and cereal extensions and, where applicable, the "Vibra-Mat" to reduce header-front loss and help "save" seeds. These tools help improve cutting, assist even feed of material, enable the header-front to cut lower and help capture cut material. But how fast would you pay for this investment? Table 1 provides an indicative cost for these header-front modification tools.
Table 1: Indicative investment cost for header-front modification tools
Recovery of investment
We can determine how many acres it will take to recover the investment on a set of "Adapt-a-Gap" knife guards, cereal extension fingers and "Vibra-Mat" based on number of heads saved per square metre. Table 2 shows the number of acres/ hectares a farmer needs to farm for wheat (based on 1.4t/ha yield at approximately AU$350/t at port = AU$490/ha).
Table 2: Recover investment in how many acres/ hectares?
Two heads better than none
With an average 1.4t/ha wheat crop having approximately 112 heads/m2 and header front loss at 5% to 10%, this equates to 6 to 11 heads/ m2 are being lost. Table 3 illustrates that even in a 5% existing loss situation that a 33% recovery rate (i.e. 2 heads/m2) can generate AU$34,000 in additional profit for the farmer across a 4,000 hectare program of wheat.
Table 3: Profit generated through successful head recovery by size of program
Other Crops Offer greater benefits
Even greater benefits will be derived from use of header-front modifications in other popular crops such as canola, lupin and field peas where frontal losses are typically inn the 10% to 30% range. For canola, using a AU$550/t port price and an average loss of 1 bushel per acre and 44 bushels/t. A 4,000-hectare program is leaving AU$50,000 in the paddock. Table 4 shows return in profit through recovering 10%-40% of this loss through "Adapt-a-Gap" knife guards and cereal finger extensions.
Table 4: Profit generated through successful recovery for Canola by size of program
Crop losses at the header-front is costing farmers much more than is generally realised. As Australian farmers face more frequent drier seasons resulting in patchy, short and light crops, aiding crop recovery will be critical for the survival of some farmers and essential for all others. For further information on Primary Sales "Adapt-a-Gap" knife guards, cereal finger extensions or the "Vibra-Mat" visit _URL_.
[i] "How to successfully harvest short, patchy crops"AGRIC, 5 Sept 2017.
[ii] All crop costs based on Glencore Agriculture October 2018. Price at port.
[iii] Data courtesy of Australian Customer Harvesters Association
[iv] Bushel to the tonne _URL_
Download PDF of article


text:
The Covid-19 pandemic has seen a large increase in the number of people dying at home. Deaths at home have increased by 36% relative to pre-pandemic levels. Only about 2% of those deaths were Covid-19 related, with most deaths happening due to other causes.
This project builds on ADR Scotland's earlier work, exploring the increase in deaths at home during the Covid-19 pandemic and its implications for end-of-life care and health service usage.
The project will use the following datasets:
- National Records of Scotland deaths records
- Community Health Index registry data
- Unique Property Reference Numbers (used to identify the number of household members living with individuals in the cohort, and to address changes in the last year of life)
- Scottish Morbidity Record (SMR) datasets: SMR01 (acute hospital admissions), SMR04 (psychiatric admissions), SMR06 (cancer registrations)
- Unscheduled care datasets: NHS 24 calls, Scottish Ambulance Service use, A&E admissions, out-of-hours general practitioner episodes
- Prescription data (using data on payments via the Data Capture Validation and Pricing system)
- Hospital proximity calculations
- Monthly hospital bed occupancy data (from aggregated Information Services Division (ISD) hospital activity data – i.e. ISD(S)1).
Potential of the research
This project will address the following key questions:
- How was the population dying at home during the pandemic period different to the population during the pre-pandemic period, in terms of demographics, clinical characteristics, and health service usage?
- Did the shift to deaths at home vary across the country (by region), and what factors explain the shift in addition to the pressures from the pandemic?
- What are the implications of the shift on the quality of care received by people dying at home?
- What are the implications for both unpaid and paid carers?
Start date: February 2021
This project is funded by ADR Scotland via its core grant from the Economic & Social Research Council (ESRC) as an ADR UK partner.
Further details are available at the Scottish Centre for Administrative Data Research (SCADR) website.


Template:Asic
From Bitcoin Wiki
Revision as of 16:01, 8 March 2015 by TheRealSteve (talk | contribs) (Template)
Jump to: navigation, search
Template
Edit this section to edit the template.
Template:Asic/doc
Overview
Template to be used for ASIC chip details - e.g. developer, hashing specs, process, media.
The reason for using a template rather than a whole bunch of copy/paste scenarios is that it makes it easier to use it across different pages - e.g. entries in a list of ASICs, summary/sidebar entries on a developer's page, full entries on the page for the chip itself (if applicable - currently only Avalon seem to be using this) - and to vary presentation/update to more standards-compliant output as time goes along.
Not included in this template
The following items are not included in this template, for the reasons specified:
 - Gen / Generation labels. These mean different things to different people and ultimately have no bearing on a chip's specifications.
 - Temperature specifications. Appropriate TDP information is rarely available for mining chips, with some manufacturers instead referring to how hot a chip gets in a given miner at a given temperature. However, as this temperature is highly dependent on the specific configuration of the miner (single fan / double fan / water cooling / immersion cooling), this once again has no bearing on a chip's specifications.
 - Cores count The number of cores stated for a mining chip is moot unless each manufacturer uses the exact same design, number of stages per core, etc. Despite plenty of commonality, implementations do differ enough that the concept of a 'core' is difficult at best to use as a distinguishing feature.
Usage
This is a relatively straight forward wiki template and many of the notes about using templates apply here.
This template only uses named parameters. Some of these parameters take multiple values, delimited by a comma, which should be treated as anonymous parameters - i.e. the order in which you specify them determines which sub-parameter you specify a value for.
As an example, the named parameter dev takes three values, name, web and logo, in that order; dev=name,web,logo. These sub-parameters are referenced as 'dev.name and dev.web in this documentation.
Note: Whenever an arbitrary string contains a comma, you must encode it as ,. E.g. dev=Company, Inc.,_URL_
Visual guide
The following table serves as a visual guide, showing which parameter is inserted at which location in the output.
[dev.logo][dev.name][dev.web]
Facilitators: [codevs]
Mining specifications:
Gh/sJ/GhMh/JVHzWh/HzGh/mm²η-factor
mining(n):Ghmining(n):Jmining(n):Vmining(n):Hz
Technical specifications:
Foundry: [die.foundry]
Die: [die.size]mm @ [die.node]nm ([die.topology])
Package: [package.type] [package.size]mm
Markings: [package.markings]
Known date codes: [datecodes]
[pics(n):file]
[pics(n):caption]
[chip.name][chip.web] [chip.bct]
Introduced: [chip.date]
Datasheet: [chip.datasheet]
[warning]
Additional notes: [notes]
Miners using this chip: [miners]
Sources: [sources] (only shown if showsources=1 is set)
Template template
Although straight forward, this template does have quite a few parameters. If you've already familiarized yourself with the parameters and their meaning, the following template template can help; just copy/paste and adjust values as appropriate.
{{asic | dev=name,web,logo | codevs=list | chip=name,web,date,bct | datasheet=list | pics=list(4) | mining=Gh:J@V:Hz list(4) | die=foundry,node,topology,size | package=type,size,markings | datecodes=list | notes=string | sources=string | showsources=0/1 | warning=canceled|needinfo|vaporware|scam }}
Sandbox
Before using this template in a page, consider using the sandbox. Not only does this allow you to test the output of your parameters, it also provides debug information on each of the provided parameters and several of the derived values, making it easier to fix any problems with the values you provide.
Parameters
ParameterDescription
dev Details about the primary developer of the ASIC.
required multiple value parameter
syntax: dev=name,web
example: dev=[Company, Inc.],_URL_
dev.name Name of the primary developer. Can be a [wiki link] if the company has a page on the wiki.
Note that if the name contains any commas, these should be replaced with the HTML encoded version ,
required string
dev.web Website of the primary developer.
optional non-wiki link string
dev.logo Developer's logo. If possible, source this from the company's wiki page. If they don't have one, this would be a good excuse to make one! Otherwise, upload an image and reference simply as filename.extension
optional wiki picture filename
codevs Names of co-developers. An example of a co-developer is an ASIC design/finishing/proofing house or a facilitator between the primary developer and the foundry.
optional comma separated list of strings
syntax: codevs=Company A,Company B,Company C
example: codevs=A6 LLC
chip Non-technical details of the chip
required multiple value parameter
syntax: chip=name,web,date,bct
example: chip=Blockerator 2000,_URL_ 20th 2014,_URL_
chip.name (Code) Name of the chip. Many developers will name their chip or use a part code as a reference. If no such name can be found, the chip may be used exclusively in a particular line of miners, which do have a name, and that name can be used instead. Otherwise, leave blank.
optional, string, defaults to unknown
chip.web Website with information about the chip. This can be a forum thread/post but should not be a BitcoinTalk thread. See chip.bct instead.
optional non-wiki link string
chip.date Introduction date of the chip. This can often be difficult to assess as the chip goes through various stages of development before it goes to market. If possible, find the tape-out date. If this can't be found, try to find when it was first introduced to market, e.g. in an announcement, press coverage, etc. Alternatively, if the chip package has a date code that precedes that introduction, use the date code as a basis instead.
If no exact date is known, year/month will suffice .
optional date string (no commas)
chip.bct BitcoinTalk thread/post with information and/or discussion about the chip.
optional non-wiki link string to the BitcoinTalk forum.
datasheet Links to the chip's datasheet(s) and/or significant resource(s) of technical information, if available.
optional comma separated list of [wiki link] strings.
optional list of comma separated [wiki links]
syntax: datasheet=[wiki link1],[wiki link 2],...
example: datasheet=_URL_
pics Pictures to be included in the template, typically of the top and bottom of the chip and optionally die and/or design photos (up to 6 pictures total) along with simple captions that may include links to further media along the same lines (e.g. Top, [_URL_ Die shots]) in the following structure: filename.extension:caption
optional comma separated list of up to six media structures
mining Specifications of the chip's Bitcoin hashing performance. Hashing performance of a typical chip is a complex issue with multiple variables. The most common two variables are core voltage and core frequency. Combined, these affect both the hash rate and the power consumption. To enforce per-setting parity for these values, they must be specified as any permutation of the following structure: mining=<Gh:J@V:Hz
Where Gh is the hash rate, J is Joules/Ghash, V is the core voltage and Hz is the core frequency.
The leading < can be used if a J/Gh rating is derived from at-the-wall power consumption of a miner in case there is no information on the chip. At-the-wall power consumption is always greater than that of the chip due to losses in the power supply, voltage regulators on the board, and losses in auxiliary circuitry.
Trailing units may be specified for clarity but will not be used to determine how to interpret the data.
For example, you could specify only the hash rate (mining=200) or the power consumption at a given hash rate (mining=200Gh:0.82J) or the hash rate at a given core voltage (mining=200@0.7).
The template will automatically


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PURPOSE: To study the clinical involvement of the ocular surface and the in vivo morphology of corneal cells and nerves, in patients affected by active and inactive Graves' orbitopathy (GO). METHODS: The study included 26 consecutive GO patients and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. GO was diagnosed on the basis of the criteria of the European Group on Graves' Orbitopathy, and disease activity was evaluated by the Clinical Activity Score (CAS). Each participant underwent a full eye examination, including an evaluation of symptoms (Ocular Surface Disease Index score), tear break-up time, fluorescein and lissamine green staining, corneal apex sensitivity, and Schirmer's test. The corneal apex was examined by means of confocal microscopy to investigate the number and morphology of epithelial and stromal corneal cells and subbasal nerves. RESULTS: Eleven (43%) of the 26 patients had active GO. One-way ANOVA with the least-significant difference (LSD) post hoc test revealed statistically significant differences between patients and controls in all the evaluated parameters, except corneal sensitivity and nerve reflectivity. Among the GO patients, the only significant difference observed in active compared with inactive disease was in the number of hyperreflective (activated) keratocytes (P<0.001, LSD). Corneal sensitivity correlated inversely with proptosis (P<0.001, Spearman's test). CONCLUSIONS: GO patients show clinical and confocal corneal alterations and signs and symptoms partially related to dry eye disease. The ocular surface inflammation in GO seems to be due to both the dry eye and the autoimmune orbitopathy.
Corneal involvement in Graves' orbitopathy : an in vivo confocal study / E. Villani, F. Viola, R. Sala, M. Salvi, C. Mapelli, N. Currò, G. Vannucchi, P.L.M. Beck Peccoz, R. Ratiglia. - In: INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE. - ISSN 0146-0404. - 51:9(2010), pp. 4574-4578.
|Titolo:||Corneal involvement in Graves' orbitopathy : an in vivo confocal study|
VILLANI, EDOARDO (Primo)
VIOLA, FRANCESCO (Secondo)
BECK PECCOZ, PAOLO LUIGI MARIA (Penultimo)
RATIGLIA, ROBERTO (Ultimo)
|Parole Chiave:||Graves' orbitopathy ; confocal microscopy ; dry eye ; cornea|
|Settore Scientifico Disciplinare:||Settore MED/30 - Malattie Apparato Visivo|
Settore MED/13 - Endocrinologia
|Data di pubblicazione:||2010|
|Digital Object Identifier (DOI):||_URL_
|Appare nelle tipologie:||01 - Articolo su periodico|


text:
A team of US archaeologists has discovered the ruins of a city dating back to the period of the first farmers 7,000 years ago in
's Fayyum oasis, the supreme council of antiquities said on Tuesday. Egypt
"An electromagnetic survey revealed the existence in the Karanis region of a network of walls and roads similar to those constructed during the Greco-Roman period," the council's chief Zahi Hawwas said.
The remnants of the city are "still buried beneath the sand and the details of this discovery will be revealed in due course," Hawwas said.
"The artefacts consist of the remains of walls and houses in terracotta or dressed limestone as well as a large quantity of pottery and the foundations of ovens and grain stores," he added.
The remains date back to the Neolithic period between 5,200 and 4,500 BC.
The local director of antiquities, Ahmed Abdel Alim, said the site was just seven kilometres (four miles) from Fayyum lake and would probably have lain at the water's edge at the time it was inhabited.


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I think the difference between 50% and 5% might be the difference between marketing and engineering. Engineers tend to be very literal.
If 2 cores get you 180% performance of 1, then in simple terms, that extra core is 50% that gets you the 80%.
What I asked the engineering team was "what is the actual die space of the dedicated integer portion of the module"? So, for instance, if I took an 8 core processor (with 4 modules) and removed one integer core from each module, how much die space would that save. The answer was ~5%.
Simply put, in each module, there are plenty of shared components. And there is a large cache in the processor. And a northbridge/memory controller. The dies themselves are small in relative terms.


greater than atmospheric pressure. It is this high pressure in front of the wind turbine that deflects some of the upstream air around the turbine.
Albert Betz was amongst the first to study this phenomenon. He notably determined the maximum limit to wind turbine performance. The limit is now referred to as the Betz Limit. This is derived by looking at the axial momentum of the air passing through the wind turbine. As stated above some of the air is deflected away from the turbine. This causes the air passing through the rotor plane to have a smaller velocity than the free stream velocity. The degree at which air at the turbine is less than the air far away from the turbine is called the axial induction factor. It is defined as below.
U2 = U1(1 − a)
U4 = U1(1 − 2a)
U4 is introduced here as the wind velocity in the far wake. This is important because the power extracted from the turbine is defined by the following equation. However the Betz limit is given in terms of the coefficient of power. The coefficient of power is similar to efficiency but not the same. The formula for the coefficient of power is given beneath the formula for power.
P=0.5\rho AU_2(U_1^2-U_4^2)
C_p\equiv\frac{P}{0.5\rho AU_1^2}
Betz was able to develop an expression for Cp in terms of the induction factors. This is done by the velocity relations being substituted into power and power is substituted into the coefficient of power definition. The relationship Betz developed is given below.
Cp = 4a(1 − a)2
The Betz limit is defined by the maximum value that can be given by the above formula. This is found by taking the derivative with respect to the axial induction factor, setting it to zero and solving for the axial induction factor. Betz was able to show that the optimum axial induction factor is one third. The optimum axial induction factor was then used to find the maximum coefficient of power. This maximum coefficient is the Betz limit. Betz was able to show that the maximum coefficient of power of a wind turbine is 16/27. Airflow operating at higher thrust will cause the axial induction factor to rise above the optimum value. Higher thrust cause more air to be deflected away from the turbine. When the axial induction factor falls below the optimum value the wind turbine is not extracting all the energy it can. This reduces pressure around the turbine and allows more air to pass through the turbine, but not enough to account for lack of energy being extracted.
The derivation of the Betz limit shows a simple analysis of wind turbine aerodynamics. In reality there is a lot more. A more rigorous analysis would include wake rotation, the effect of variable geometry. The effect of air foils on the flow is a major component of wind turbine aerodynamics. Within airfoils alone the wind turbine aerodynamicist has to consider the effect of surface roughness, dynamic stall tip losses, solidity, among other problems.
Angular Momentum and Wake Rotation
The wind turbine described by Betz does not actually exist. It is merely an idealized wind turbine described as an actuator disk. Its a disk in space where fluid energy is simply extracted from the air. In the Betz turbine the energy extraction manifests itself through thrust. The equivalent turbine described by Betz would be a horizontal propeller type operating with infinite blades at infinite tip speed ratios and no losses. The tip speed ratio is ratio of the speed of the tip relative to the free stream flow. This turbine is not too far from actual wind turbines. Actual turbines are rotating blades. They typically operate at high tip speed ratios. At high tip speed ratios three blades are sufficient to interact with all the air passing through the rotor plane. Actual turbines still produce considerable thrust forces.
\lambda\equiv\frac{R\Omega}{U_1}
One key difference between actual turbines and the actuator disk, is that the energy is extracted through torque. The wind imparts a torque on the wind turbine, thrust is a necessary by product of torque. Newtonian physics dictates that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If the wind imparts a torque on the blades then the blades must be imparting a torque on the wind. This torque would then cause the flow to rotate. Thus the flow in the wake has two components, axial and tangential. This tangential flow is referred to as wake rotation.
Torque is necessary for energy extraction. However wake rotation is considered a loss. Accelerating the flow in the tangential direction increases the absolute velocity. This in turn increases the amount of kinetic energy in the near wake. This rotational energy is not dissipated in any form that would allow for a greater pressure drop (Energy extraction). Thus any rotational energy in the wake is energy that is lost and unavailable.
This loss is minimized by allowing the rotor to rotate very quickly. To the observer it may seem like the rotor is not moving fast, however it is common for the tips to be moving through the air at 6 times the speed of the free stream. Newtonian mechanics defines power as torque multiplied by the rotational speed. The same amount of power can be extracted by allowing the rotor to rotate faster and produce less torque. Less torque means that there is less wake rotation. Less wake rotation means there is more energy available to extract.
Blade Element Theory
Most wind turbines have three blades. Very small turbines may use two blades for ease of construction and installation. Vibration intensity decreases with larger numbers of blades. Noise and wear are generally lower, and efficiency higher, with three instead of two blades. Turbines with larger numbers of smaller blades operate at a lower Reynolds number and so are less efficient. Small turbines with 4 or more blades suffer further losses as each blade operates partly in the wake of the other blades. Also, the cost of the turbine usually increases with the number of blades.
Materials
One of the strongest construction materials available (in 2006) is graphite-fibre in epoxy, but it is very expensive and only used by some manufactures for special load-bearing parts of the rotor blades. Modern rotor blades (up to 126 m diameter) are made of lightweight pultruded glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), smaller ones also from aluminium. GRP is the most common material for modern wind turbines. Wood and canvas sails were originally used on early windmills. Unfortunately they require much maintenance over their service life. Also, they have a relatively high drag (low aerodynamic efficiency) for the force they capture. For these reasons they were superseded with solid airfoils.
Strip theory
Solidity affects
Grit affects on airfoil performance
Stalling and furling
Stalling works by increasing the angle at which the relative wind strikes the blades (angle of attack), and it reduces the induced drag (drag associated with lift). Stalling is simple because it can be made to happen passively (it increases automatically when the winds speed up), but it increases the cross-section of the blade face-on to the wind, and thus the ordinary drag. A fully stalled turbine blade, when stopped, has the flat side of the blade facing directly into the wind. Furling works by decreasing the angle of attack, which reduces the induced drag from the lift of the rotor, as well as the cross-section. One major problem in designing wind turbines is getting the blades to stall or furl quickly enough should a gust of wind cause sudden acceleration. A fully furled turbine blade, when stopped, has the edge of the blade facing into the wind.
A fixed-speed HAWT inherently increases its angle of attack at higher wind speed as the blades speed up. A natural strategy, then, is to allow the blade to stall when the wind speed increases. This technique was used on many early HAWTs, until it was realised that stalled blades generate a large amount of vibration (noise). Standard modern turbines all furl the blades in high winds. Since furling requires acting against the torque on the blade, it requires active pitch angle control which is only cost-effective on very large turbines. Many turbines use hydraulic systems. These systems are usually spring loaded, so that if hydraulic power fails, the blades automatically furl. Other turbines use an electric servomotor for every rotor blade. They have a small battery-reserve in case of an electric-grid breakdown.
The variable wind speed wind turbine uses furing as its main method of rotation control. The wind turbines have three modes of operation
 - Below rated wind speed operation
 - Around rated wind speed operation
 - Above rated wind speed operation
At above rated wind speed the rotors furl at an angle to maintain the torque. This is also known as feathering
Tip speed ratio
The ratio between the speed of the wind and the speed of the tips of the blades of a wind turbine. High efficiency 3-blade-turbines have tip speed ratios of 6-7. Modern wind turbines are designed to spin at varying speeds (a consequence of their generator design, see below). Use of aluminum and composites in their blades has contributed to low rotational inertia, which means that newer wind turbines can accelerate quickly if the winds pick up, keeping the tip speed ratio more nearly constant. Operating closer to their optimal tip speed ratio during energetic gusts of wind allows wind turbines to improve energy capture from sudden gusts that are typical in urban settings.
In contrast, older style wind turbines were designed with heavier steel blades, which have higher inertia, and rotated at speeds governed by the AC frequency of the power lines. The high inertia buffered the changes in rotation speed and thus made power output more stable. The speed and torque


text:
How can I map littoral sea bottom properties and bathymetry?
Heege, T., Kobryn, H. and Harvey, M. (2008) How can I map littoral sea bottom properties and bathymetry? In: Fitoka, E. and Keramitsoglou, I., (eds.) Inventory, assessment and monitoring of Mediterranean Wetlands: Mapping wetlands using Earth Observation techniques. EKBY & NOA. MedWet publication, pp. 92-93.
|PDF - Published Version |
Download (4069kB) | Preview
*Open access, no subscription required
Littoral sea bottom properties can be mapped from Earth observation sensors if the reflection of the sea bottom contributes a detectable part to the signal measured by the sensor. This sea bottom reflection must be separated from all other simultaneously measured portions of light for further mapping and classification procedures. Other contributors of light scattered to the sensor are atmospheric molecules and aerosols, the water surface reflection, and light scattered and absorbed due to particular properties of water constituents and the pure water itself.
|Publication Type:||Book Chapter|
|Murdoch Affiliation:||School of Environmental Science|
|Publisher:||EKBY & NOA. MedWet publication|
|Item Control Page|


text:
ICAN @ Trier University
Welcome to the Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience @ Trier University!
The ICAN is a collaboration of researchers who share a common interest in the study of the neural basis of human cognition, affect and behavior. The ICAN brings together research interests in neuroscience in the Trier area. The internal and external members of the ICAN maintain an exchange about current projects and research topics within a regular colloquium. In addition, expertise in the core neuroscientific methods is passed on in the ICAN within workshops and training courses; this also applies in particular to young scientists. The ICAN is thus the central scientific platform in the Trier area with the aim of promoting cooperative neuroscientific research.


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SAF-T in Portugal
In 2008, Portugal became the first country to adopt the SAF-T file, which companies use to submit accounting and invoicing information to the Portuguese tax authorities.
What is SAF-T?
SAF-T is an XML file based on a standard international pattern developed by the OECD. It enables accounting and invoicing data to be submitted electronically to the tax authorities of a given country. The name SAF-T is the abbreviation for Standard Audit File – Tax purposes and it designates the file that contains all of a company's tax-relevant information relating to a given period of time. This system was created with the aim of facilitating the collection of relevant tax data in electronic format by tax inspectors and auditors, as a support for taxpayers' tax returns and the analysis of accounts and other types of tax-relevant records. Consequently, it is an important tool in the fight against tax evasion.
In practice, the SAF-T file collates all of the data contained in a company's invoicing and accounting system, including: the identification of the company, its customers and suppliers, the identification of the products sold and services rendered by the company, the invoices and receipts issued, transportation documents, restaurant bills and more.
Types of SAF-T files
There are actually two types of SAF-T files: SAF-T invoicing and SAF-T accounting.
SAF-T invoicing is a simplified file that extracts a company's invoicing data from certified invoicing programmes. The use of such programmes is mandatory for companies which have their head office or a stable establishment in Portugal. This file must be submitted to the tax authorities every month. Starting on 1 January 2020, it must be submitted no later than the 12th of the month following that to which it relates. The invoicing programmes automatically create the file with the relevant documents and it can then be exported and sent automatically or manually input on the e-fatura portal no later than the deadline set by law (see what's new in 2020).
Another type of file is the SAF-T accounting, which works along the same lines as the SAF-T invoicing but collects all of a company's accounting records for a specific financial year. This includes information about suppliers, customers, partners and other debtors and creditors.
Until recently, this SAF-T file was mandatory but was only exported and sent to the tax authorities when they requested it (as part of an inspection, for example). However, starting from the 2020 financial year, the SAF-T accounting file has become mandatory for use in the automatic pre-filling-in of the IES, the electronic statement submitted annually for the fulfilment of accounting, tax and statistical obligations of companies in Portugal.
The "Simplified Business Information" (Informação Empresarial Simplificada or "IES" in Portuguese) is an electronic statement. Using a single means and a single form, companies can submit various data about their annual accounts (deposit of accounts, accounting and tax statements and annual accounting data) that previously had to be submitted using different means and to different entities: The Tax Authority, Statistics Portugal and Banco de Portugal. The creation of the IES in 2007 considerably simplified Portuguese companies' contributory obligations, helping to cut costs and foster a more competitive and transparent economy.
As mentioned above, the big news in 2019 was the introduction of the interconnection between the SAF-T accounting file and the filling in of the IES, with the SAF-T accounting file having to be exported no later than 30 April of the year following the financial year in question, so that Annexes A and I of the IES would be automatically filled in in advance. This will be applicable from 2021 onwards, relating to the 2020 financial year.
Who is required to submit a SAF-T file?
Those who have to submit a SAF-T file are all taxpayers who pay IRC (corporate income tax) or who pay IRS (personal income tax) with organised accounting, and those who are required to submit any of the component annexes of the IES.
Where is the SAF-T file validated?
A certified accountant must export the SAF-T file and submit it on the Tax Authority's portal within the time frame stipulated by law.
How is the SAF-T file sent and validated?
The SAF-T invoicing file must be exported and input (manually or, if the certified invoicing programme allows, automatically) no later than the 10th of the month following that to which it relates. This must be done by a certified accountant.
From 2021 (so, relating to the 2020 financial year), the submission deadlines for SAF-T accounting files will be as follows:
- No later than 30 April of the year following that to which the accounting data relates in the case of personal income taxpayers (IRS) with organised accounts and corporate income taxpayers (IRC) required to have their accounts for the financial year approved by 31 March;
- No later than 15 June of the year following that to which the accounting data relates in the case of corporate income taxpayers (IRC) required to have their accounts for the financial year approved by 31 May;
- No later than the end of the fourth month after the end date of the tax period, in the case of corporate income taxpayers (IRC) whose tax period does not coincide with the calendar year;
- In the case of companies which are ceasing trading, no later than the 60th day before that which constitutes the deadline for submission of the statement relating to the termination period; said time frame will also apply in respect of the submission of the file relating to the tax period immediately prior.
When the certified accountant uploads the SAF-T accounting file to the Tax Authority's portal, the relevant annexes on the IES will be filled in automatically and the ATM references will be automatically generated for the payment of registration of the rendering of accounts.
Consequences of the new SAF-T accounting rules
Once a company's SAF-T accounting file has been submitted, all of its accounting records will automatically available to the Tax Authority, which will even have access to the date and time of the company's successive accounting records. This transparency places even more responsibility on the companies and on those in charge of their accounts and could result in large fines if the accounts are not updated within the deadlines stipulated by law. Indeed, delays of more than 90 days in the accounting records are punishable by fines of as much as €5,000. Consequently, it is essential that all accounting information is provided regularly to ensure that those responsible for the company's accounting records are able to process and submit them in timely fashion.
NEWCO has a team of certified accountants with over 30 years' experience in providing accounting services and ensuring the fulfilment of tax obligations for companies of different sizes and operating in a wide range of business sectors.


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ESP8266 PWM Tutorial | LED Fading using ESP8266
Pulse Width Modulation or PWM is a technique of delivering power to loads like LEDs and Motors (PWM can also be used to encode messages). In this ESP8266 PWM Tutorial, I'll teach you how to use ESP8266 WiFi Module to generate Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals that will be used for LED Fading.
Overview
We have seen several PWM tutorials using a variety of microcontrollers (or IC's) like 8051, Arduino, Raspberry Pi and IC 555. Using the PWM technique, we have controlled the intensity of an LED (increased or decreased its brightness), changed the speed of a DC Motor (increase or decrease the speed) and also rotated a Servo Motor.
Now in this ESP8266 PWM Tutorial, I will control the brightness of an LED connected to the GPIO2 Pin of the ESP8266 WiFi Module i.e. LED Fading using ESP8266.
PWM in ESP8266
The ESP8266EX Microcontroller i.e. the SoC that is the heart of all the ESP8266 Modules (like ESP-01, NodeMCU, etc.) consists of four dedicated PWM output interfaces. The pins corresponding to PWM in ESP8266EX are as follows:
PWM Pins in ESP8266EX
Pin Name
Pin Number
MTDI
10
MTDO
13
MTMS
9
GPIO4
16
If you observe, all these four pins are not available in our ESP8266 ESP-01 WiFi Module. Then how can we implement PWM in ESP8266?
The answer for this is very simple: using Software Programming i.e. using Timers of the microcontroller, to be exact.
PWM in ESP8266 WiFi Module can be implemented with the help of Timer Interrupts. The frequency of the PWM signal can be anywhere between 1Hz to 1KHz (some say, the minimum frequency is 100Hz!).
How to Implement PWM in ESP8266?
The software implementation of the PWM generation in ESP8266 is very similar to that in Arduino. Since we are using the Arduino IDE to program the ESP8266, the function responsible for producing PWM Signal is analogWrite (the same function which we have used in Arduino as well).
analogWrite function takes in two parameters: Pin number and PWM Value. In place of Pin Number, enter the number of the Pin through which you want use the PWM Output.
Coming to the PWM Value, here you need to enter a value based on the resolution of the PWM. In case of Arduino, the resolution is 8-bit, so you would have to enter a value between 0 and 255.
In case of ESP8266, the PWM in ESP8266 uses a 10-bit resolution. So, you will have to enter a value between 0 and 1023. Here, PWM value "0" means 0% duty cycle and PWM value "1023" means 100% duty cycle. Any value between 0 and 1023 will make the duty cycle.
NOTE:
 - If a pin in ESP8266 has been assigned analogWrite to generate PWM Signal, it cannot be used as a digital output pin i.e. you cannot use digitalWrite(); function on that pin.
 - In order to use the pin as a digital pin, you need to write analogWrite(pin number, 0) in order to free it up.
Circuit Diagram of ESP8266 PWM Tutorial for LED Fading
The following image is the circuit diagram for programming ESP8266 WiFi Module using Arduino as USB-to-Serial Converter and also LED Fading using PWM Signal.
ESP8266 PWM Tutorial Circuit Diagram
Components Required
 - ESP8266 WiFi Module (ESP-01)
 - Arduino UNO
 - Push Button
 - SPDT Switch (Slide Switch)
 - Resistors (1 KΩ and 2.2 KΩ)
 - Small LED (5mm or 3mm)
 - Connecting Wires
 - Breadboard
Circuit Design
Connect an LED (I have used an 8mm LED, you can use a 5mm or 3mm LED with a current limiting resistor) to the GPIO2 pin of the ESP8266 WiFi Module.
The VCC and CH_PD are connected to a 3.3V supply and GND is connected to GND. RST (Reset) pin of the ESP8266 WiFi Module is connected to GND through a push button.
Now, the RX and TX pins of the ESP8266 are connected to RX and TX of Arduino UNO. Note in the circuit diagram that the RX pin of ESP8266 is not directly connected to the RX pin of the Arduino but through a level converter (consisting of 1KΩ and 2.2KΩ Resistors).
Finally, the GPIO0 Pin. This pin responsible for enabling programming mode in the ESP8266. Connect the GPIO0 Pin to a SPDT slide switch i.e. to its centre terminal and connect one of the two terminals to GND. The other terminal is used as a GPIO Pin.
Code
The code for ESP8266 PWM LED Fading Tutorial is given below.
Working
After making all the connections properly as per the circuit diagram, enable Programming Mode in ESP8266 i.e. slide the GPIO0 switch to GND position and push the RST button.
Upload the code using Arduino IDE (first, select Generic ESP8266 Module in boards and also the correct PORT Number).
After uploading the program, slide the GPIO0 pin to GPIO Position and push RST button once. Now, the code will start running and initially you can see the LED slowly increasing its brightness through 5 steps to maximum intensity.
After this, the fading action begins where the LED fades in and out i.e. low to high and high to low is a loop.
Applications
 - The ESP8266 PWM Tutorial is just a demonstration of the PWM function of the ESP8266 WiFi Module.
 - Using the PWM Technique in ESP8266, you can implement several projects like Servo Motor Control, Web Controlled Servo, DC Motor Speed Control etc.
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Most of the seafarers especially, the Officers of watch will be aware of TRS or Tropical revolving storm. We have also discussed in detail regarding Tropical Revolving Storm you can read it here. However, as far as this article is concerned, let us look at the signs of a TRS, so…View More What Actions vessel should take to avoid Tropical Revolving Storm?
Tropical Revolving Storm or TRS Tropical Revolving Storm or TRS are intense tropical depressions which develops in tropical latitudes over large sea area. A tropical revolving storm may be defined as a roughly circular atmospheric vortex, originating in the tropics or sub tropics, where in the winds of gale force…View More What is Tropical Revolving Storm or TRS?
Ice at sea can be classified as following types: Sea Ice, formed by the freezing of sea water. Icebergs, huge masses of floating ice. River Ice, sometime encountered in harbours during spring break-up, generally presents only a temporary hindrance to shipping. Sea Ice accounts for most of the ice…View More Ice at Sea