How to Fix "Server DNS address could not be found" Error on Google Chrome?
Question
Issue: How to Fix "Server DNS address could not be found" Error on Google Chrome?
Since the installation of Windows 10, I keep getting "Server DNS address could not be found" error on Google Chrome. It shows up approximately five minutes after I open the browser and persist for almost half an hour. How do I resolve this issue?
Solved Answer
"Server DNS address could not be found" is an error which is related to DNS misconfiguration and usually appears on Google Chrome. People report that this issue might be encountered by people using Windows 8, Windows 8.1, or Windows 10 versions. However, MacOS users should also be aware of this problem.
The cause of "Server DNS address could not be found" error on Google Chrome might be one of the following:
 - Unresponsive domain;
 - Inaccessible DNS server;
 - IP address change at a server-level.
In other terms, IP address of the website you are trying to access is used in packet to packet communication to direct the information to its destination. Although, if the DNS server is unable to retrieve the IP address of the website, Google Chrome displays "Server DNS address could not be found" error.
Usually, the "Server DNS address could not be found" error does not block access to all websites. It pop-ups on random pages, meaning that you may be allowed to search with Google search, but Facebook or YouTube may fail to load.
"Server DNS address could not be found" error"Server DNS address could not be found" is an error which might appear due to faulty DNS configuration.
Some users reported that the occurrence of the "Server DNS address could not be found" pop-up is accompanied by the corruption of web browser's add-ons and extensions[1]. When trying to launch any add-on, the user is informed that Wi-Fi connection[2] hasn't been established successfully.
Fixing "Server DNS address could not be found" Error on Google Chrome
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People who encountered Google Chrome error "Server DNS address could not be found" claim that neither system's reboot, disabling add-ons, restarting Wi-Fi router[3] nor updating Chrome resolved the problem. That's because the bug occurs due to faulty DNS configuration[4]. Therefore, you should try the following methods.
However, in some rare cases, this Google Chrome error might appear due to potentially unwanted programs (PUPs) which are interfering with the browser. Likewise, you should try to fix "Server DNS address could not be found" error by running a full system scan with a professional system optimization tool, like ReimageMac Washing Machine X9.
Use the video guide below to get more details about the "Server DNS address could not be found" and its elimination. You can also follow our step-by-step tutorial.
Technique 1. Clear Host Cache
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As it was mentioned before, "Server DNS address could not be found" error might be related to add-ons, extensions, or plug-ins. Thus, try clearing host and DNS cache as shown below.
 1. Open Google Chrome and click on Menu icon (three vertical dots at the top-right corner).
 2. Select New Incognito Window.
 3. Copy and paste the chrome://net-internals/#dns into the URL bar and press Enter.
 4. Find the Clear Host Cache button and click it.
 "Server DNS address could not be found" Google ChromeYou should clear host cache to fix "Server DNS address could not be found" error.
 5. Once done, right-click on Windows key and select Command Prompt (Admin).
 6. Copy and paste the following commands in the cmd environment and press Enter:
 netsh int ip reset
 netsh winsock reset
 ipconfig /release
 ipconfig /renew
 ipconfig /flushdns
 7. Close Command Prompt and restart Google Chrome.
Technique 2. Configure DNS servers
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Experts say that there is a substantial risk that misconfigured DNS settings are causing "Server DNS address could not be found" Google Chrome error to appear. These steps are designed to eliminate this problem:
 1. Press Windows key and type Control Panel.
 2. Select Control Panel option and the click on Network and Sharing Center.
 3. Select Change adapter settings and right-click on the connection icon (Local Area Connection or Wireless Network Connection).
 4. Select Properties and mark the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP /IPv4).
 "Server DNS address could not be found" error on ChromeTry configuring DNS servers to eliminate "Server DNS address could not be found" error.
 5. Select Properties again and open General tab.
 6. Select Obtain DNS server address automatically and click OK.
 7. In case the Obtain DNS server address automatically has already been marked, select the Use the following DNS server address instead option.
 8. Now enter the following server addresses and click OK afterward:
 Preferred DNS server: 8.8.8.8
 Alternate DNS server: 8.8.4.4
 OR
 Preferred DNS server: 208.67.222.222
 Alternate DNS server: 208.67.220.220
 "Server DNS address could not be found" solutionChange preferred and alternate DNS servers to fix "Server DNS address could not be found" error on Google Chrome.
 9. Finally, re-open Google Chrome and check if the issue has been resolved.
Technique 3. Renew and flush the DNS
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 1. Right-click on Windows key and select Command Prompt (Admin).
 2. Copy and paste the following commands in the cmd environment each followed by Enter click:
 ipconfig /flushdns
 ipconfig /registerdns
 ipconfig /release
 ipconfig /renew
 netsh winsock reset catalog
 netsh int ipv4 reset reset.log
 netsh int ipv6 reset reset.log
 Exit
 "Server DNS address could not be found" message fixRenewing and flushing DNS can help you avoid "Server DNS address could not be found" error in the future.
 3. Finally, reboot your PC and open Chrome to check if this method helped to fix "Server DNS address could not be found" error.
Technique 4. Restart DNS client service
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 1. Right-click Windows Start button and select Run;
 2. Type services.msc and press OK;
 3. Find DNS Client;
 4. Right-click on it and select Restart.
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Prevent websites, ISP, and other parties from tracking you
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snapshot
"Server DNS address could not be found" fix


text:
Alaina Mathers, often known as Amanda Scott, is a name that has been surrounded by curiosity and intrigue. As the adopted daughter of the iconic rapper Eminem, her life has been far from ordinary.
Alaina Mathers was born on May 3, 1993, in the United States. She is the daughter of Dawn Scott, the twin sister of Kim Scott, who was Eminem's on-again-off-again wife and the mother of his biological daughter, Hailie Jade. Eminem became a significant figure in Alaina's life when he adopted her in the early 2000s.
Growing up, Alaina faced the challenges and complexities of a blended family. With Eminem's fame reaching unparalleled heights during that period, the spotlight was often on their family, making it difficult for Alaina to lead a normal childhood.
Privacy and Identity
One of the most striking aspects of Alaina Mathers' life is her commitment to maintaining a low profile. Despite her connection to one of the world's most famous musicians, Alaina has consistently shied away from the public eye. This choice reflects her desire for a sense of normalcy and privacy that eluded her during her younger years.
She adopted the pseudonym "Amanda Scott" to distance herself from her famous adoptive father and the intense media scrutiny that came with it. This choice allowed her to live a life largely removed from the public spotlight, pursuing her personal goals and aspirations without the constant intrusion of the paparazzi and media outlets.
Empowerment and Education
Alaina Mathers has demonstrated a strong sense of independence and empowerment. She pursued higher education and graduated with a degree in public relations. Her decision to focus on her education and personal growth underscores her determination to build a life of her own, separate from her adoptive father's shadow.
Additionally, Alaina has been actively involved in charity work. She has supported various causes and organizations, often using her privacy as a means to contribute without drawing unwanted attention.
Reconciliation with Family
Despite the complexities of her family's history, Alaina Mathers has maintained a connection with her biological mother, Dawn Scott. Tragically, Dawn struggled with substance abuse issues, which eventually led to her untimely passing in 2016. Alaina's efforts to support her mother during her battles with addiction and her willingness to reconcile with her mother highlight her compassion and resilience.
Alaina Mathers, also known as Amanda Scott, has carved out a unique path in life. As the adopted daughter of Eminem, she faced the challenges of growing up in the spotlight but made a conscious choice to embrace privacy and empowerment. Her journey to maintain a sense of normalcy and independence is a testament to her strength and determination. In a world obsessed with celebrity culture, Alaina's decision to prioritize her education, charity work, and personal growth is a refreshing reminder that individuals can choose their own paths, even when born into extraordinary circumstances. While Alaina Mathers may forever be linked to Eminem, she has proven that she is more than just a famous last name—she is a symbol of resilience, empowerment, and the pursuit of a life lived on one's own terms.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Get To Know The Beliefs Of Chinese People When It Comes To Praying
Religion is a topic close to everyone's sentiment; believing in divinity is a very personal issue for every individual. People have their definition when it comes to praying to the deity Jin Paper. Some believe God exists, and others believe that they are just a concept created by humans. But Chinese people have a different take on the aspect of praying to the lord.
Pin on Josh Greco period 1 China
Who does the Chinese believe in?
Most people believe in Buddhism and Daoism; it does not have a strict praying ritual. There are no rigid religious practices; rather, they tend to follow the occasions that help them pray to their gods during those days. Other minorities belong to the Christian religion who regularly meet in the church to pray and have a good time. The other major chunk falls under the criteria of atheism as they do not believe in God, so they generally do not pray.
As there are many people following Buddhism, they indulge in the activity of going to the pilgrimages that many monks follow as the religion can be easily identified with the help of the monks. It is a peaceful religion based on many morals and beliefs, which moulds people into a better human.
Items that help in the process of praying
 - Many items are needed while offering a prayer towards God; these include the religious book with a detailed explanation of how to get involved in the praying act. These books are of immense help to people who have changed their religion or are unsure how to go about it.
 - Chinese people believe in a collective culture, which means that they hold the societal view ultimately rather than focusing on the individuals in the society. So it is essential to follow the mass, and these books are the best aid that can give them a guide when it comes to praying.
 - The Chinese, in their prayers, largely use incense sticks; it refreshes the entire room with a pleasant fragrance. The mellow smell helps calm people as these sticks are burned in a bundle while praying to God, which people traditionally follow. These incense come in different fragrances, so people can opt for whatever smell they like that.
 - It is a large part of their tradition. There are other materials like devotional goods, incense stick holders available in the markets that have a particular shop with the help of which buying these products will be easier. It can be preferable to buy these online as numerous sites allow customers to get the exact products to their home with few clicks. Better quality and a different selection of praying items can be purchased online.
Praying to God gives a peaceful time to oneself to reflect on their thoughts and be calm amidst all the chaos that is going on around the world. Therefore, it is good to remove some time of your day and pray to whoever you believe as it will bring some relief to your mind from all the accumulated stress.


text:
DistributionRead full entry
Mantled howler monkeys are found in southern Mexico (the states of Veracruz, Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, and Tabasco), from Honduras in Central America to Colombia and western Ecuador in South America, and possibly in southern Guatemala where some unconfirmed sightings have been reported (Reid 1997, Cortes-Ortiz et al. 1996). This range includes most forest habitats that lie between sea level and 2500 meters (Reid 1997).
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Let's derive the running time of the median of medians algorithm. Since you can use Google, you already know that the answer is O(n). But do you know why?
Median of medians is a divide-and-conquer algorithm. In each stage of the recursion, we split the array into K subarrays and recurse on them. To combine the results of those recursions, we do a constant amount of work.
So the running time for an array of length N is
T(n) = kT(n/k) + C
where k and C are constants. Usually K=5.
Luckily, we can solve this recurrence with case one of the master theorem. This gives a running time of O(n).
What if, instead, we did O(n) work to combine the results of the recursions? This is essentially what you are claiming.
Then the recurrence would be
T(n) = kT(n/k) + Cn + D
where k, C, and D are constants.
By case 2 of the master theorem, the running time would be O(n log n).
Incidentally, this is the reason why quicksort's running time is O(n log n)-- because it does O(n) work before doing each recursion. In quicksort's case, k = 2.
Anyone can use Google and find the running time of an algorithm. But unless you can derive it, you do not truly understand it. Perhaps you need to do a little bit less talking and a little bit more listening.


text:
GET SAMPLES HERE
NFC/HF ANALOG FRONT-END
The NCD1300 is a NFC/HF analogue front-end able to demodulate RF signals compliant to standards ISO14443A and ISO14443B, and with energy-harvesting capability to supply external devices (specific memories, sensors, …).
The front-end can be easily integrated with a digital part to build a customer-specific RFID tag operating in the HF band; for instance, it can include customized encryption, compression, interface to custom analogue sensors,... The front-end is silicon verified, and samples are available. Additionally, it can be used as external component, with the digital processing unit implemented in an off-chip microprocessor or FPGA.
The NCD1300 is passively powered, meaning that it can harvest energy from the magnetic field. It also includes a Power Supply Unit to enable semi-passive operation with external battery. It demodulates the signal received and extracts the clock, which are made available for the digital part. It also performs load modulation using a signal provided by the digital circuitry. Finally, it also gives a Power on Reset signal, and Field Detection indicator.
A regulated energy harvesting output extracted from the field is also available on a pin and can be used as power supply for external circuitry, with a maximum current consumption of 5mA. If an external battery is connected and the battery voltage is higher than the rectified field, this output takes the energy from the battery instead of from the field.
- Valid for ISO14443A, ISO14443B
- Powered from external magnetic field or from external battery
- Regulated energy harvesting output, providing up to 5mA
- Bit rates from 106kbps till 424kbps
- Integrated resonant and buffer capacitor
- External battery supply range 2.6V ...3.6V
- Wide temperature range: -40ºC to 125ºC
- Firmware Upgrade via NFC
- Zero power configuration (late customization)
- NFC bridge for embedded system
- NFC powering sensor
- Non-invasive medical device for healthcare
- Smart Metering/Vending machine
- Smart Interactive Poster
- Smart Home Appliance
- Wireless Industrial Machine Interface
- Customized/Proprietary system RFID
- Smart Toy
- Display-less Home appliance
- Advanced pairing (for e.g. WiFi or Bluetooth) for dynamic generation of session keys

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Topic: Sarah Ferguson
Jump to
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Sarah Ferguson News
Sarah, Duchess of York (Sarah Margaret; née Ferguson; born 15 October 1959) is a British charity patron, spokesperson, writer, film producer, television personality and former member of the British Royal Family. She was married to Queen Elizabeth II's second son, Prince Andrew, Duke of York, from 1986 to 1996. She is often popularly referred to as "Fergie", a common nickname for people named Ferguson.
The Duchess is the younger daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Susan Barrantes (née Wright), both now deceased. Her children, Princess Beatrice of York and Princess Eugenie of York, are respectively fifth and sixth in the line of succession to the thrones of 16 independent Commonwealth realm states.
Sarah Margaret Ferguson is the second daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and his first wife, Susan Mary Wright. Sarah's older sister is Jane Ferguson Luedecke, a public relations executive now living and working in Australia. After Sarah's parents divorced in 1972, her mother remarried polo player Hector Barrantes and moved to Trenque Lauquen in the Argentine pampas. Sarah stayed at the 480-acre (1.9 km2) Dummer Down Farm at Dummer, Hampshire, her father's home since age 8. Major Ferguson remarried and had three more children.
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License.
It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Sarah Ferguson."


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At the time of the 2011 Census there were 10 Districts in Birmingham (parliamentary constituencies) with an average population size of 107,300.
- Districts range in size from 95,000 in Sutton Coldfield to 127,000 in Ladywood.
- Hall Green and Hodge Hill are the most densely populated, with 59 people per hectare, compared with 17 people per hectare in Sutton Coldfield.
- Hodge Hill and Hall Green are the only Districts that have a greater household size that the Birmingham average of 2.56 persons per household.
- 20% of people living in Sutton Coldfield are pensioners, compared with 7% in Ladywood.
- There were four Districts where the number of people who said they belonged to an ethnic group other than White was above the city average of 46.9%. They were, Hall Green (69.5%), Hodge Hill (66.9%), Ladywood (78.7%) and Perry Barr (65.2%).
- Over half (52.1%) of residents living in Hodge Hill said they were Muslim.
See the documents below for more details.
For more information about the characteristics of the population, such as ethnic group or health, please see our Census pages.
Last Updated : 27th March 2013


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Sue Breese - County Historian
103 East State Street, Sycamore, IL 60178
Hours: 10 a.m. – 3 p.m. Tuesdays & Thursdays
Phone: _PHONE_
The Joiner History Room is a cooperative effort of the DeKalb County Board, the County Judiciary, the County Clerk's Office, the County Facilities Management Office, Sycamore Library and DeKalb County Citizens concerned with safeguarding their historical documents. The Joiner History Room is an archives that has many items of museum quality. Our historical materials date back to the hand written minutes of the first session of the County Commissioners in 1837. As there has never been a fire to destroy any of the county valuable historical files, they have been meticulously preserved to meet the needs of today's researchers.
The collection includes Civil War papers, newspaper files, old photographs and numerous boxes of manuscript materials.
If you should require information regarding one of the townships, the involvement of DeKalb County's Sons in the Civil War, or other information, the Joiner History Room is the much needed repository for historians. The room is open to the public on Tuesday and Thursday from 10:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. Researchers are always welcome.


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The Gee Technology Learning Center (GTLC) has extended the teaching, research, and service reach of the TIM School by erasing geographic barriers and reshaping how education is conceived. To advance the School's travel and tourism mandate through innovation and research, the GTLC creates a virtual connection among faculty, students, colleagues, and resources located almost anywhere.
Designed to share TIM School resources with travel and tourism professionals within Hawaiʻi and across the Asia-Pacific region, the GTLC provides the technology infrastructure upon which an extensive series of professional programs, customized courses, colloquia, and degree programs have been developed.
Technology advancements, particularly the Internet, are redefining the business model. TIM School clearly recognizes that success is dependent on: knowing how to use the technologies of the travel and tourism industry, achieving a strategic understanding of technology's scope, and how this powerful force is restructuring the travel industry.
Three main program initiatives enable the GTLC to advance TIM School's mission through virtual collaboration and communication:
- Distributed learning: The GTLC supports TIM School's distance learning programs by making available synchronous and non-synchronous communication for online credit and non-credit courses. Travel industry professionals constrained by time or distance can pursue advanced education without relocating or interrupting their careers.
- Knowledge sharing: The GTLC supports TIM School's knowledge dissemination commitment by linking global problem-solvers with global thinkers. Virtual collaboration enables talents of resource people, regardless of their location, to be shared widely. TIM School faculty is recognized globally for research in sustainable tourism, technology and tourism, and cultural tourism research efforts. Through the GTLC, TIM School faculty can connect with academic and industry colleagues across the globe without the barriers of distance and cost.
- Professional programs: The GTLC supports TIM School's agenda to provide uniquely positioned professional programs by enabling speakers and participants to communicate and work together in a variety of forms. Course content is often customized to meet specific client needs. Material can be delivered face-to-face using web-based and using multimedia techniques. Enriched learning opportunities, available through the GTLC, provide participants with access to leading industry "thinkers" and enable them to gain valuable experience using the virtual collaboration tools of business.


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Natural Halloysites-Based Janus Platelet Surfactants for the Formation of Pickering Emulsion and Enhanced Oil Recovery
- Additional Document Info
- View All
Janus colloidal surfactants with opposing wettabilities are receiving attention for their practical application in industry. Combining the advantages of molecular surfactants and particle-stabilized Pickering emulsions, Janus colloidal surfactants generate remarkably stable emulsions. Here we report a straightforward and cost-efficient strategy to develop Janus nanoplate surfactants (JNPS) from an aluminosilicate nanoclay, halloysite, by stepwise surface modification, including an innovative selective surface modification step. Such colloidal surfactants are found to be able to stabilize Pickering emulsions of different oil/water systems. The microstructural characterization of solidified polystyrene emulsions indicates that the emulsion interface is evenly covered by JNPS. The phase behaviors of water/oil emulsion generated by these novel platelet surfactants were also investigated. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of JNPS for enhanced oil recovery with a microfluidic flooding test, showing a dramatic increase of oil recovery ratio. This research provides important insights for the design and synthesis of two-dimensional Janus colloidal surfactants, which could be utilized in biomedical, food and mining industries, especially for circumstances where high salinity and high temperature are involved.
author list (cited authors)
Zhang, L., Lei, Q., Luo, J., Zeng, M., Wang, L., Huang, D., ... Cheng, Z.


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Version: 3.12
Getting Started with Using Python for ScalarDB Cluster
This document explains how to write gRPC client code for ScalarDB Cluster by using Python.
Prerequisites
Sample application
This tutorial illustrates the process of creating an electronic money application, where money can be transferred between accounts.
Step 1. Create schema.json
The following is a simple example schema.
Create schema.json, and add the following to the file:
{
"emoney.account": {
"transaction": true,
"partition-key": [
"id"
],
"clustering-key": [],
"columns": {
"id": "TEXT",
"balance": "INT"
}
}
}
Step 2. Create database.properties
You need to create database.properties for the Schema Loader for ScalarDB Cluster. But first, you need to get the EXTERNAL-IP address of the service resource of the LoadBalancer service (scalardb-cluster-envoy).
To see the EXTERNAL-IP address, run the following command:
$ kubectl get svc scalardb-cluster-envoy
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
scalardb-cluster-envoy LoadBalancer 10.105.121.51 localhost 60053:30641/TCP 16h
In this case, the EXTERNAL-IP address is localhost.
Then, create database.properties, and add the following to the file:
scalar.db.transaction_manager=cluster
scalar.db.contact_points=indirect:localhost
To connect to ScalarDB Cluster, you need to specify cluster for the scalar.db.transaction_manager property. In addition, you will use the indirect client mode and connect to the service resource of Envoy in this tutorial. For details about the client modes, see Developer Guide for ScalarDB Cluster with the Java API.
Step 3. Load a schema
To load a schema via ScalarDB Cluster, you need to use the dedicated Schema Loader for ScalarDB Cluster (Schema Loader for Cluster). Using the Schema Loader for Cluster is basically the same as using the Schema Loader for ScalarDB except the name of the JAR file is different. You can download the Schema Loader for Cluster at Releases. After downloading the JAR file, you can run the Schema Loader for Cluster with the following command:
$ java -jar scalardb-cluster-schema-loader-3.12.2-all.jar --config database.properties -f schema.json --coordinator
Step 4. Set up a Python environment
You can choose any way you like to manage your Python environment. For the purpose of this guide, we assume that your Python application is running in an environment by using venv.
Create a working directory anywhere, and go there. Then, run the following command to activate venv by running the following command:
$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
Let's install the gRPC packages with the pip command:
$ pip install grpcio grpcio-tools
Step 5. Generate the stub code for ScalarDB Cluster gRPC
To communicate with the gRPC server for ScalarDB Cluster, you will need to generate the stub code from the proto file.
First, download the scalardb-cluster.proto file, then save it in the working directory. For ScalarDB Cluster users who have a commercial license, please contact us if you need the scalardb-cluster.proto file.
You can generate the stub code by running the following command:
$ python -m grpc_tools.protoc -I . --python_out=. --pyi_out=. --grpc_python_out=. scalardb-cluster.proto
The following files will be generated:
 - scalardb_cluster_pb2.py
 - scalardb_cluster_pb2.pyi
 - scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc.py
Step 6. Write a sample application
The following is the sample Python application (electronic_money.py) that uses the stub code. This program does the same thing as the ElectronicMoney.java program in Getting Started with ScalarDB. Note that you have to update the value of SERVER_ADDRESS based on the EXTERNAL-IP value of the ScalarDB Cluster LoadBalancer service in your environment.
import argparse
from typing import Optional
import grpc
import scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc
from scalardb_cluster_pb2 import (
BeginRequest,
BeginResponse,
Column,
CommitRequest,
Get,
GetRequest,
GetResponse,
Key,
Put,
PutRequest,
RequestHeader,
RollbackRequest,
)
SERVER_ADDRESS = "localhost:60053"
NAMESPACE = "emoney"
TABLENAME = "account"
ID = "id"
BALANCE = "balance"
request_header = RequestHeader(hop_limit=10)
def charge(id: str, amount: int) -> None:
with grpc.insecure_channel(SERVER_ADDRESS) as channel:
stub = scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc.DistributedTransactionStub(channel)
begin_response: BeginResponse = stub.Begin(
BeginRequest(request_header=request_header)
)
transaction_id = begin_response.transaction_id
try:
pkey = Key(
columns=[
Column(
name=ID,
text_value=Column.TextValue(value=id),
)
]
)
# Retrieve the current balance for id
get = Get(
namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
table_name=TABLENAME,
get_type=Get.GetType.GET_TYPE_GET,
partition_key=pkey,
)
get_response: GetResponse = stub.Get(
GetRequest(
request_header=request_header,
transaction_id=transaction_id,
get=get,
)
)
# Calculate the balance
balance = amount
if get_response.result.columns:
balance_column = next(
c for c in get_response.result.columns if c.name == BALANCE
)
current = balance_column.int_value.value
balance += current
# Update the balance
put = Put(
namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
table_name=TABLENAME,
partition_key=pkey,
columns=[
Column(name=BALANCE, int_value=Column.IntValue(value=balance))
],
)
stub.Put(
PutRequest(
request_header=request_header,
transaction_id=transaction_id,
puts=[put],
)
)
# Commit the transaction
stub.Commit(
CommitRequest(
request_header=request_header,
transaction_id=transaction_id,
)
)
except Exception as e:
# Rollback the transaction
stub.Rollback(
RollbackRequest(
request_header=request_header,
transaction_id=transaction_id,
)
)
raise e
def pay(from_id: str, to_id: str, amount: int) -> None:
with grpc.insecure_channel(SERVER_ADDRESS) as channel:
stub = scalardb_cluster_pb2_grpc.DistributedTransactionStub(channel)
begin_response: BeginResponse = stub.Begin(
BeginRequest(request_header=request_header)
)
transaction_id = begin_response.transaction_id
try:
from_pkey = Key(
columns=[
Column(
name=ID,
text_value=Column.TextValue(value=from_id),
)
]
)
to_pkey = Key(
columns=[
Column(
name=ID,
text_value=Column.TextValue(value=to_id),
)
]
)
# Retrieve the current balances for ids
from_get = Get(
namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
table_name=TABLENAME,
get_type=Get.GetType.GET_TYPE_GET,
partition_key=from_pkey,
)
from_get_response: GetResponse = stub.Get(
GetRequest(
request_header=request_header,
transaction_id=transaction_id,
get=from_get,
)
)
to_get = Get(
namespace_name=NAMESPACE,
table_name=TABLENAME,
get_type=Get.GetType.GET_TYPE_GET,
partition_key=to_pkey,
)
to_get_response: GetResponse = stub.Get(
GetRequest(
request_header=request_header,
transaction_id=transaction_id,
get=to_get,
)
)
# Calculate the balances (it assumes that both accounts exist)
new_from_balance = (
next(
c for c in from_get_response.result.columns if c.name == BALANCE
).int_value.value
- amount
)
new_to_balance = (
next(
c for c in to_get_response.result.columns if c.name == BALANCE
).int_value.value
+ amount
)
if new_from_balance < 0:
raise RuntimeError(from


text:
Handbag technology and method
Handbag technology and method
Section 1: Analysis of the overall structure of handbags
In terms of market conditions, the handbags we see are complex and varied, and formally. If you analyze them comprehensively, it is not difficult to find that most handbags have such a structural commonality: there are front, back, and Tai Wai; left, right, and Tai Wai; front, back, and bottom materials. It consists of three basic components. For some handbags, the front panel is composed of a few pieces of different poses and flowery materials. The front panel is also equipped with a flat or three-dimensional front outer bag; the rear panel is also installed; the big Wai is divided into a bottom and a zipper. Two symmetrical side bags are installed on both sides of Da Wai. According to the consumer's use, the top three basic components are increased or decreased, so that the overall shape of the handbag changes and is complicated.
However, no matter how complicated the handbags we encounter, it is hard to stop us out of the ordinary. Complex handbags only increase our exceptional workload, but not the technical difficulty of our exceptional. Changes in the shape of handbags, it is difficult to overcome the commonality in the structure of handbags, as long as we can clearly see the structure of handbags, it provides us with the conditions for exceptional.
The structural commonality of handbags is abstracted by inductive summarization after viewing many handbags with naked eyes. If you are a wise man, you will also find that the structure of the handbag also has rules that are invisible to the naked eye. The perimeter of the width is equal to the total length of the corresponding circumference; the perimeter of the bottom material is the same as the connecting element. Are equal in length.
If any set of paper grids violates the above rules, it cannot be used as a bag. As for the structure of the handbags, we will choose a large number of handbags according to the type of handbags, which will be discussed in the internship class.
Section II. Shape analysis of handbag components
The shape of the handbag component (hereinafter referred to as the component of the handle component) is rectangular, square, triangular, trapezoidal, prismatic, circular, elliptic, or regular polygonal. These are what we call regular shapes; there are also convex and concave shapes. A mixture of several shapes, and other shapes that are difficult to name, are called irregular shapes. In order to determine the shape of regular components, or to connect with mathematical knowledge. Rectangular, you only need to measure the length and width to get its shape; the square is shaped by the length of the side; the trapezoid is shaped by the upper, lower bottom and height; the prism is shaped by two diagonal lines; the perfect circle is shaped by diameter or radius; the ellipse is Large and small diameter setting. For those irregular figures, the fourth section of Chapter 4 has already been described. The coordinates can be legally shaped. Although the shape of the handbag component is diverse, it has the following characteristics:
1. All are flat graphics.
2. Mostly axisymmetric figures.
What is an axisymmetric figure?
Fold a figure along a straight line, if it can coincide with the other half of the figure, then this figure is called an axisymmetric figure, and this line is called the axis of symmetry. Because the shapes of handbag components are mostly axisymmetric figures, when we draw out the paper grid, we only need to half out the shape of the component, and the other half can be drawn out by folding in half along the axis of symmetry. This saves us a lot of work and time for the paper grid.
Section three, out of order
The order of the handbags is: first out of the main case (also called the positive case), then out of the second case (out of the secondary case). What is a nobility? The paper grid that can determine the shape or size of other paper grids is called the main grid. What is sub-frame? The paper shape whose size or shape depends on other paper shapes.
The combination of several sub-cells, either shape or length, has a certain relationship with the shape or size of the main cell. In general handbags, the width is the main grid and the circumference is the secondary grid; the back width is the main grid of the front pocket; the front pocket is the main grid of the front pocket; the side pocket is the main grid of the side pocket. Therefore, the general order of handbags is arranged as follows: back width, front width, large bottom zipper circumference, front pocket width, front pocket circumference, side pocket width and side pocket circumference. The order in which handbags are out of order is precisely determined by the rules of the handbag structure mentioned in the first section of this chapter.
Section 4: Outliers
The outsourcing method is the comprehensive use of all the above knowledge (in this example, first out of the main case and then the width).
1. The first piece of paper (the piece of paper is marked with a knife) and the next piece of paper that is larger than the length and width of the latter.
2. In the center of the paper, a straight line is used as a number axis (can not be interrupted, you can fold it in half), fold it in half, and then just above the number axis, make a roar with an iron foot of the garden gauge, and then introduce a straight line (not possible (Interruption) as the second number axis, so that two number axes perpendicular to each other appear on the paper.
3. Fold in half along the second number axis and roar on the first axis. If the roar position is also on the axis of the other half of the folding surface, the coordinate system is qualified. This piece of paper can be used to inherit the grid, such as the divergence of the coordinate system., This piece of paper can be removed (vertical inspection of coordinate system).
4. Measure the surface length and width of the back panel of the handbag, and take half of it and add the length of the paper mouth as coordinates. The surface of the web is long as measured.
5. In the coordinate system, find the point with (129/16, 107/16) as the coordinate, and roar through the half-coordinate axis to find the point (-129/16, 107/16) (-129/16, -107/16) (129/16, -107/16) There are three points. After removing the excess paper along these points, a rectangular shape with a back width of (129/16)× (107/16×2) or 251/8×211/8 is obtained. This specification of SG is compared with its surface specification of 24T/2×201/4, and the length and width are each 5/8 more, that is, the length of the two paper ports. If the four corners of the back panel are curved, you can use a compass to find out its arc. Any other shape can be solved by the coordinate method.
Sixth, according to the shape of the back panel, according to the triangle gap and roaring position of the handbag, write all the text marks on the back panel, and the end of the back panel will be announced.
Seven, use the main form and then come out of the front of the second form and Tai Wai.
Many front panels are a combination of several pieces of material, and the shape and size of the rear panel are the same. Therefore, the rear width can be used to mold the shape of the front width combined material, but its structural law is: the rear width perimeter = the total circumference of the large circle. Once the rear width is determined, the total width of the large circle should be measured using the rear width. The width of the Dawei can only be determined by measuring the handbag. The total length of the Dawei = bottom circumference + zipper circumference; bottom width = zipper circumference × 2. In this way, the paper grid is measured with the paper grid according to the order of the grids, and the shape of each paper grid is drawn out, and the various marks of the paper grid are marked until the paper grid is finished.
The handbag is three-dimensional, and the components can't be taken down to touch the paper grid. The good paper grid can be picked up and compared with the original one, but it is in the paper outlet than the surface of the corresponding handbag component. In order to compare the two with each other, we can first compare the size of the surface component of the handbag, and compare the edge with the surface component of the handbag, until the shape and size are the same as the surface shape of the component, then use a paper mouth length as the unit. The compass to enlarge the paper grid, this method of making the grid, is more practical and easily accepted.


DokuWiki
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devel:ideas:multiuser_edit
Multiuser Edit
Currently DokuWiki locks a page once someone starts to edit it. This idea is about adding a feature where two or more people could simultaneously edit the same page similar to the Google Docs or Etherpad.
This feature requires some kind of backend server. It could be implemented taking the rather simple mobwrite library which uses a Server written in Python. We could provide a public server backend at DokuWiki.org (or appengine) for people who can't run the server themselves. There is also a fork of mobwrite at GitHub that uses the Tornado Web Server. As the project doesn't seem to be really active anymore we should plan maintaining it ourselves if we decide to use it.
 - The backend technology should be lightweight and low on dependencies to be installed easily on cheap hosting and/or cloud servers
This feature should be implemented as plugin or be optional.
The user who starts editing a page should be able to allow or deny the initialization of a multi-user session.
 - Whoever starts the edit session becomes the "session master"
 - The session master can allow others to join
 - When the session master leaves, the page is saved under his name, but the editing session continues
 - On save, additional users who contributed to the session are mentioned in the edit summary
 - The next person who joined after the old session master becomes the new session master
 - Editing ends when all participants left
As a simple integration of mobwrite is trivial the main task of this project should be to provide a nice user interface and to really integrate with the editing process in DokuWiki.
Some points you should take into consideration:
 - Generate truly random ids that are still somehow connected to the wiki (e.g. add a unique identifier and use the sha1sum of that)
 - Hide/extend the lock screen, take care of the save process (i.e. only remove the information about the editing session when the last one has left it)
 - Handle section edits! When a single section is edited still the whole content is present in the browser (DokuWiki uses hidden inputs for that) so we could still sync the whole page when just a section is edited.
 - What happens when a client goes offline and comes online again? (Find out if/how mobwrite handles that.) And what happens when all other participants have closed the session in the meantime?
Some ideas for the user interface:
 - Display a list of participants
 - Display the cursor position of all participants (e.g. with a div in the background) and highlight changes of different users
 - Provide an optionally visible chat area
If you want to implement this as part of the Google Summer of Code please provide more detailed descriptions how the editing process should look like, perhaps some drafts of the user interface and also more detailed ideas how you'll implement the different features. Feel free to suggest different synchronization backends if you don't like MobWrite.
Additional resources
Requirements
 - JavaScript as a major part of your work will be to implement certain features of the sync client
 - XHTML and CSS as you need to create new parts of the user interface for the editing process
 - PHP as there is also some server side part involved (i.e. the session and lock handling)
 - Some bits of Python in the case of mobwrite as the server backend might need to be fixed/extended.
Difficulty
Medium: Synchronizing stuff isn't easy so expect some difficulties like the scenarios that are outlined above. There are just a few parts of DokuWiki (locks, saving, drafts) concerned so understanding DokuWiki isn't the issue.
Mentors
The following people volunteered to "mentor" any new developers taking up this task by answering questions, giving tips and reviewing code:
Threads on the mailing list concerning this idea
Comments
We have been using a combination of DW and Google Docs or Piratepad during live or Skype work-sessions and realtime editing would be a great addition to DW. Would be more than happy to do beta testing. — Thomas Wingate 2011/02/13 18:48
The need for python limits it's use. Is it possible to create a temporary page when a second user request to edit a section? So instead of locking him out he will be notified that another person is working on another section, and let him chose how to merge the two revisions and a link to a diff comparison could be provided. if both were working on different sections, the system should place every change on it's place with no problem. — damascene 2011/02/16 01:16
Python is only needed for the backend, as explained above there could be a public server at dokuwiki.org that can be used by everyone who can't host his own one. Merging sections is subject of the merge idea. I think for this idea we should assume that always the whole page is edited and otherwise either the page is locked like now or the hidden parts are synchronized, too. — Michael Hamann 2011/02/15 23:45
devel/ideas/multiuser_edit.txt · Last modified: 2012-02-21 09:30 by 202.3.77.183


Types of Staples
bizfluent article image
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Staples hold two or more objects together by punching through the material and bending back on themselves. There are a variety of staples used for different types of paper and various thicknesses. Research the intended purpose for the types of staples in your home or office to ensure they are being used for the proper tasks.
Standard Staples
Standard staples are the most common types of staples found in homes and offices. They are 1/4 of an inch in length and have beveled tips, or tips that are perpendicular to the ends that connect to them. These types of staples will fit any standard stapler. Standard staples will hold pieces of paper to walls and cork boards.
Heavy-Duty Staples
Heavy-duty staples are made thicker than standard staples. They come in 1/4-inch, 3/8-inch, 1/2-inch and 3/4-inch lengths. There are fewer heavy-duty staples per strip than with standard staples because of their thicker width. Heavy-duty staples can puncture through more pieces of paper, usually up to 20 or more. The points are chiseled to penetrate more material than a standard staple. They can also hold heavier objects on walls and cork boards. Heavy-duty staples also work well to bind thick material, such as denim, if you are in need of a quick wardrobe fix.
bizfluent article image
Hemera Technologies/PhotoObjects.net/Getty Images
Mini-staplers are marketed primarily to students. These lighter, smaller staples travel well and take up less space. The stapler will require smaller staples than those used in standard staplers. Mini-staples are harder to find and are usually made for a certain brand of stapler. These staplers provide a way to bind papers together when on the fly. They will not be able to staple a significant amount of paper together, however, because of their small size.
Construction Staples
Staples are also used in home repair and construction jobs. These staples are thick and have highly chiseled tips. This type of staple is ejected out of the stapler at a high speed. This makes using a professional stapler dangerous and you should exercise safety and caution. Wear safety glasses and gloves. High intensity staples are used to staple dry wall to 2-by-4 wood frames.


text: Dust devil in convective boundary layer (CBL) was simulated by Euler-Lagrange approach. By means of large-eddy simulation method and smoothly stretched grid, flow fields of the small scale whirlwind were obtained. Movements of 20,000 dust particles were tracked by computing external forces and velocities with the aid of the simulated high-resolution air flow fields. Characteristics of the simulated airflow were in good accordance with field observations. Distribution of particles reproduced the shape of dust devil. Statistics of particle trajectories revealed basic properties of the movement of dust particles. Small particles with diameter of 0.04 mm were able to form a rolling cylinder and to be lifted easily to a certain height. 0.1 mm dust particles spiraled upwards like a cone with a small cone angle. Particles with diameters of 0.16 mm and 0.3 mm were obviously thrown outward with limited lifting height and fell back to the ground. The negative vertical pressure gradient in the dust devil strengthened particle lifting, unlike in the horizontal wind systems where the vertical pressure gradient isn't the major driving force. Numerical results showed why total suspended particulates (TSP) concentration exceeded the standard value greatly all the year round on the Loess Plateau, where the loess dust from the local ground was one of the major sources of air pollutants. 90% loess dusts were smaller than 0.04 mm in diameter, which made them easily lifted to a high altitude by dust devils even without obvious horizontal wind. Because thermal plumes are common in CBL, dust devils can occur frequently in multi-locations of the Loess Plateau. According to nature circumstances of the Loess Plateau and thermodynamic characteristics of dust devil, the dust-devil-scale simulation indicated one source of the background TSP on the Loess Plateau and how they were lifted into the atmosphere.


R/hints.R
ag_loop_vars
Specify loop variables
Description
This can be used to manually specify which variables are to be included explicitly as loop_vars when autographing an expression into a tf.while_loop() call, or the loop_vars equivalent when building a dataset.reduce().
Usage

ag_loop_vars(
 ...,
 list = character(),
 include = character(),
 exclude = character(),
 undef = character()
)
Arguments
Arguments Description
Variables as bare symbol names
list, include, exclude optionally, the variable names as a character vector (use this as an escape hatch from the ... lazy evaluation semantics).
undef character vector of symbols
Details
Use of this is usually not required as the loop variables are automatically inferred. Inference is done by statically looking through the loop body and finding the symbols that are the targets of the common assignment operators from base R (<-, ->, =), from package:zeallot (%<-% and %->%) and package:magrittr (%<>%). In certain circumstances, this approach may capture variables that are intended to be local variables only. In those circumstances it is also possible to specify them preceded with a -. Note, the specified loop vars are expected to exist before the autographed expression, and a warning is issued otherwise (usually immediately preceding an error thrown when attempting to actually autograph the expression) Only bare symbol names can be supplied as loop vars. In the future, support may be expanded to allow for nested complex composites (e.g., specifying variables that are nested within a more complex structure–passing ag_loop_vars(foo$bar$baz) is currently not supported.)
Value
the specified hint invisibly.
Note
The semantics of this function are inspired by base::rm()
Examples
library(tfautograph)

i <- tf$constant(0L)

autograph({
 ag_loop_vars(x, i)
 while(x > 0) {
 if(x %%2 == 0)
 i <- i + 1L
 x <- x - 1
 }
})

## sometimes, a variable is infered to be a loop_var unnecessarily. For example
x <- tf$constant(1:10)

# imagine x is left over in the current scope from some previous calculations
# It's value is not important, but it exists
autograph({
 for(i in tf$constant(1:6)) {
 x <- i * i
 tf$print(x)
 }
})

# this will throw an error because 'x' was infered to be a 'loop_var',
# but it's shape witin the loop body is different from what it was before.
# there are two solutions to prevent 'x' from being captured as a loop_var
## 1) remove 'x' from the current scope like so:
rm(x)

## 2) provide a hint like so:
ag_loop_vars(-x)

## if your variable names are being dynamically generated, there is an
## escape hatch for the lazy evaluation semantics of ...
ag_loop_vars(exclude = "x")


International Boxing Union (1911–1946)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
The International Boxing Union (IBU) was created June 1911 in Paris, France. It was the first attempt to create a unified international governing body for professional boxing.[1] Signators of the Protocol for the IBU were: Paul Rousseau (President of Fédération Française de Boxe et de Lutte) for France; Fred Tilbury (an Englishman, Master of Boxing, and President of Fédération Belge de Boxe) for Belgium; and Victor Breyer (President of Société Française de Propagation de la Boxe Anglaise), having an official mandate by the New York State Athletic Commission, and consequently acting on behalf of some American boxing authorities. Switzerland joined the IBU in November 1913. Denmark, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Brazil, Argentine, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom also signed up.[1] By 1922, the UK had withdrawn support, and the US were never fully committed.[1]
The IBU suspended operations with the outbreak of World War I, but resumed action on February 5, 1920—this time headquartered in Paris. Eventually, by the end of 1942, the IBU was in the hands of the Nazis and Fascists, who transformed it into the "Associazione Pugilistica Professionistica Europea" (APPE). By December 1, 1944, the IBU/APPE was dormant. In 1946, from the ashes of the APPE, the European Boxing Union (EBU) came into being.
 1. ^ a b c Mee, Bob (1978) Boxing: Heroes & Champions, ISBN 978-_PHONE_, p. 10


text:
How come my SetFocus or other Window command isn't finding the correct window?
This could be for a variety of reasons:
1. Make sure you have the correct window title - use Tools/View System Windows to get a list of all windows currently in your system.
2. If you are specifying a wild card be sure to be as specific as possible as there could be some hidden or child windows with the same string in their title. Be sure to read the help file to understand the way the wildcard works.
3. Perhaps your script is finding a child window which you can't see on the screen. Try setting WF_TYPE to 0 to ignore child windows (LET>WF_TYPE=0).


text:
How bent spaghetti break
Bent dry spaghetti do not break in half but instead in three or more pieces. With the aim to explain this surprising phenomenon, we studied a related problem, namely the dynamics of an elastic rod that is bent quasi-statically and then suddenly set free. Counter-intuitively, we find that the mere release of the rod induces a stress increase. The multiple breaking of bent rods, like dry spaghetti pasta, can then be understood as a cascade of releases (loss of cohesion upon breakings) followed by stress increases leading to new cracks.


text:
Does it snow anywhere in Thailand?
The truth is, the closest most Thais will get to snow is when they visit the Bangkok amusement park Dream World. But, Thailand's climate is varied and during the winter there is frost on the mountain tops in Northern Thailand. There has even been hailstorms that leave the ground white like snow.
Does it snow in Chiang Rai?
As per Thailand's national weather archives, snowfall was recorded in Chiang Rai in 1955.
Does Thailand ever get cold?
What's The Coldest It Gets In Thailand? The average air temperature in Thailand in winter is 27 °C (80.6 °F), but occasionally it might drop below freezing. Those occasions are more likely to happen in Northern-Thailand where the temperature might drop enough to form frost.
Does Chiang Mai have snow?
When can you find snow in Chiang Mai? Weather stations report no annual snow.
Whats the coldest its been in Thailand?
The coldest temperature ever recorded in Bangkok was 50 degrees Fahrenheit (10 degrees Celsius), and that was back in 1955. 1 Cool season temperatures are generally around 80 degrees Fahrenheit (27 degrees Celsius), so it's no surprise that it's such a favorite time to visit.
Does it ever snow in India?
In states like Jammu & Kashmir, Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand, snowfall can be witnessed in the winter season in India.
What is the lowest place in Thailand?
Geography of Thailand
|Satellite view of Thailand|
|Highest point||Doi Inthanon 2,565 m (8,415 ft)|
|Lowest point||Gulf of Thailand 0 m (0 ft)|
|Longest river||Chi River 1,047 km (651 mi)|
How is winter in Thailand?
Winter. While hardly comparable to the icy, snowy winters in many countries, this is the season when Thailand "cools off." From November to February, daily humidity drops to 50% – 60%, and temperatures stay at a relatively comfortable 30 – 35 °C. The winter months are Thailand's most pleasant season.


text:
The UAB School of Medicine, UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, and Department of Neurology are sponsoring a pilot exercise trial evaluating a novel exercise prescription for Parkinson's disease patients that is designed to improve fatigue symptoms, muscle function, and other disease-related symptoms. Each participate will exercise under full supervision three days per week at UAB.
To participate in this study, candidates should meet the following criteria:
- Adults 45-80 years old with Parkinson's Disease
- Able to attend 3 exercise sessions per week at UAB for 16 weeks
- Must pass pre-exercise screening
Exercise Intensity Study
An Exercise Intensity Study is being conducted by the UAB Departments of Human Studies and Nutrition Sciences. To participate in this 20 week study, candidates should meet the following criteria:
- Caucasian or African-American Women between the ages of 21-40
- Be available for four one night overnight stays at UAB over the course of the study
- Willing to participate in an exercise program that will consist of bike riding and treadmill walking
TIGER Study -
The TIGER Study is designed to investigate how variation in DNA sequence may influence levels of body fatness and fitness both prior to and following a 30-week exercise program. We are looking to enroll men and women who meet the following criteria:
- Between the ages of 18-35 yrs
- Fairly sedentary for at least 30 days prior to joining the study
- Motivated to exercise!
Guys: Are you ages 17-22? Inactive? Slightly overweight? (BMI 25-35)
Participants will be randomly assigned to short bursts of high intensity exercise or moderate exercise.
Please call for further information _PHONE_
Please know your current weight.


text:
From draft to law: how long it takes for Parliament to adopt laws
In cooperation with the Parliament of Georgia Apparatus and within the framework of our parliamentary monitoring project, in 2012 TI Georgia started collecting procedural information about initiated draft laws and observing existing lawmaking practices in the Parliament of Georgia. This is the second post in a three-part series that discusses some of the data we collected. (First blog post: Who initiates the most laws in Parliament.)
Adhering to a procedural timeline in lawmaking is an important aspect of good governance in the Parliament. Public committee sittings theoretically allow the public and civil society representatives to participate so that enacted legislation will reflect the needs of relevant stakeholders; however, citizens' involvement is dependent on the existence of parliamentary procedures that allow it.
In the Georgian Parliament, it is well known that in the past, important laws have been passed in a speedy manner, depriving stakeholders of the chance to be fully engaged. For example, an amendment to the law governing political parties, which introduced controversial changes to party financing rules, was adopted near the end of 2011, only 12 days after it was introduced, leaving some political actors and civil society groups frustrated about procedural hastiness.
Types of Laws
The Parliament of Georgia has adopted a total of 298 laws so far in 2012. We collected data on five types of laws passed this year:
- Law of Georgia: Changes to the existing laws or new laws passed by the Parliament, so-called "ordinary" laws.
- Organic Law of Georgia: Hierarchically higher than ordinary laws. Changing or adopting an organic law requires a greater quorum and threshold during the plenary hearing.
- Changes to the Constitution: Once an initiative for amending the Constitution is registered by Parliament, a constitutional draft law enters a one-month public consultation period after completion of which hearings in Parliament can resume.
- Parliament regulations: Changes to the Rules of Procedure of the Parliament of Georgia affect only the work of the Parliament. In June 2012, the Parliament adopted new Rules of Procedure that entered into force after the election of the current Parliament, with some of the norms scheduled to come into force after the 2013 Presidential elections results are announced officially.
- Changes to the 2012 State Budget: Revisions to the 2012 State Budget were made three times in 2012. Such changes require the draft to pass a hearing in the Budget-Finance Committee and be approved by MPs at a plenary sitting only once.
Figure 1 shows the breakdown of adopted laws according to type.
Figure 1: Laws adopted by Parliament in 2012 by type
Data we collected from the Parliament in 2012 allows us to examine how long draft laws were considered before they were passed in the first half of 2012. We calculated the discussion period for each law as the number of calendar days on which a draft was in Parliament, including the days on which it was registered at the Bureau and when it was passed. For example, if a law was registered at the Parliament Bureau on a Monday, and passed the third and final hearing on the following Monday, then its discussion period would be 8 days. Figures 2 and 3 show the ranges of discussion periods for all laws adopted in 2012.
Figure 2: 2012 laws and days of discussion in Parliament
Draft laws that were considered for more than 60 days are shown in Figure 3 to maintain clarity. Out of 298 laws adopted in 2012, 254 were also initiated in 2012, while the rest were registered during previous sessions; these are also included in the second chart.
Figure 3: 2012 laws by discussion days (above 60 days)
We also calculated average, minimum and maximum discussion periods for each type of law initiated and adopted in 2012; see Figures 4 and 5. If we include the discussion periods for laws initiated during previous sessions into these figures, we get an average of 74.6 days for regular laws and 30.5 days for organic laws. This significant shift in the averages is seen because several laws had extremely long discussion periods, as compared to the average. These long discussion periods change the maximum discussion period significantly, with 1,573 days being the maximum for laws and 155 days the maximum for organic laws.
Figure 4: Average length of discussion of laws initiated and adopted in 2012
Figure 5: Minimum and maximum days of discussion of laws initiated and adopted in 2012
As shown in the figures above, the path from draft to law is different for each type of legislative initiative. Discussion periods varied a lot within the regular laws category, with laws being adopted after discussion periods ranging from two to 1,573 days. About half of the draft laws were discussed and passed after 17 to 32 days. For more information on the 2012 laws, check our database (in Georgian only).
The Rules of Procedure of Parliament do not directly specify the acceptable minimum and maximum time-frames for the discussion of laws. Moreover, Parliament may also pass laws in an expedited manner within one week, upon with the Bureau's permission. However, it was not always clear when the expedited mode was applied for draft laws tracked by us. For example, 15 laws were adopted within 8 calendar days, among which there were three amendments to the 2012 budget, must-carry/offer regulations adopted in late June, and two draft laws that were initiated and passed during the extraordinary session in July when the new government cabinet was approved. However, none of these laws were clearly labeled as having been approved by the Bureau for expedited discussion. On the other hand, there were laws which were clearly approved for expedited discussion -- but whose discussion periods were longer than one week.
We also observed that some laws were held for a long time in the 2008-2012 Parliament before finally being passed in 2012. Some examples of laws which were adopted after lengthy delays are:
- Changes to the Law of Georgia on Drugs, Psychotropic Materials, Precursors and Drug Aid liberalizing drug policies and fines: 1,573 days;
- Changes to the Law of Georgia on Civil Service and Changes to the Law of Georgia on Incompatibility in Public Service specifying income declaration reporting requirements for public officials: 243 days;
- Law of Georgia on Free Trade and Competition which was an important law preparing Georgia for future EU Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement negotiations: 240 days.
The new 2012-2016 Parliament has a different composition which presents an opportunity for changes to existing practice. The presence of a strong minority in Parliament will make it especially important that procedural requirements are followed carefully and that they are designed to encourage discussion and deliberation in the lawmaking process. Considering this, TI Georgia recommends that:
- The Rules of Procedure be reviewed and a better procedural framework elaborated with clear guidelines for planning draft law discussions, containing reasonable minimum and maximum spans for each stage of discussion;
- Draft laws be discussed in an expedited manner only when absolutely necessary and that the initiators of draft laws be required to justify the request for expedited procedures in the explanatory note attached to the draft; also, plenary and committee sitting schedules should clearly identify which drafts on the agenda are being discussed under expedited procedures;
- Parliamentary committees commit to carefully following all procedural requirements and schedule hearings so that openness of lawmaking is guaranteed.


This one simple tip could potentially save your house $$$
Flexible braided pipes are responsible for more than 20% of home water damage claims in just Australia alone.
The flexi hose is a plumbing connection from the water main to major appliances and sinks to replace copper pipes. These hoses are also used on toilets to replace the copper pipe connecting water from the stop tap to the cistern.
Flexi pipes are very versatile and are often used to save time and money, however long term it could potentially cause a lot of issues, leading to major damage to your home, such as leaks, ruptures and flooding.
Due to these flexi pipes only having a shelf life of 5-10 years, regular maintenance should be carried out. A homeowner can easily check for themselves by visually inspecting for freys, corrosion and general wear and tear.
If anything looks suspicious, it's important to call a suitably qualified plumber for correct maintenance and replacement.
As a general rule flexible pipes should be replaced every 5-10 years depending on the brand. They should be watermarked and compliant with relevant standards: AS/NZS 3499


text:
ALTER GROUP groupname ADD USER username [,... ] ALTER GROUP groupname DROP USER username [,... ] ALTER GROUP groupname RENAME TO newname
ALTER GROUP changes the attributes of a user group. This is an obsolete command, though still accepted for backwards compatibility, because groups (and users too) have been superseded by the more general concept of roles.
The first two variants add users to a group or remove them from a group. (Any role can play the part of either a "user" or a "group" for this purpose.) These variants are effectively equivalent to granting or revoking membership in the role named as the "group"; so the preferred way to do this is to use GRANT or REVOKE.
The third variant changes the name of the group. This is exactly equivalent to renaming the role with ALTER ROLE.
The name of the group (role) to modify.
Users (roles) that are to be added to or removed from the group. The users must already exist; ALTER GROUP does not create or drop users.
The new name of the group.
Add users to a group:
ALTER GROUP staff ADD USER karl, john;
Remove a user from a group:
ALTER GROUP workers DROP USER beth;


Pangram Checking
Difficulty Level Easy
Frequently asked in Factset o9 solutions Pocket Gems Zoho
Hash Hashing StringViews 3041
Problem Statement
In the "Pangram Checking" problem we have given a sentence "s". Check if the given sentence/string is Pangram or not. A Pangram is a sentence/string containing every letter of the alphabet from a to z or No case sensitivity.
Input Format
The first and only one line containing a sentence/string "s".
Output Format
The first and only one line containing "Yes" if the input string is a pangram. Otherwise, print "No".
Constraints
 - 1<=|s|<=10^6
 - s[i] must be a lower case English alphabet or space " ".
Example
pack my box with five dozen liquor jugs
Yes
pack my box with dozen liquor jugs
No
Algorithm
1. Create a hast table(bool vector). To mark the characters present in the string.
2. Traverse all characters in the input string.
3. If the uppercase character, subtract 'A' to find the index.
4. If the lower character, subtract 'a' to find the index.
5. Mark the value in the vector as true. (present)
6. Return false if any character is unmarked.
7. Else, return true.
Implementation
C++ Program
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
 string s;
 getline(cin, s);
 int n=s.length();
 int freq[26];
 memset(freq,0,sizeof(freq));
 for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
 {
 if(s[i]!=' ')
 {
 freq[s[i]-'a']++;
 }
 }
 int temp=0;
 for(int i=0;i<26;i++)
 {
 if(freq[i]==0)
 {
 temp=1;
 break;
 }
 }
 if(temp==1)
 {
 cout<<"No"<<endl;
 }
 else
 {
 cout<<"Yes"<<endl;
 }
 return 0;
}
Java Program
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Scanner;
class sum
{
 public static void main(String[] args)
 {
 Scanner sr = new Scanner(System.in);
 String s = sr.nextLine();
 int n=s.length();
 int freq[] = new int[26];
 for(int i=0;i<26;i++)
 {
 freq[i]=0;
 }
 for(int i=0;i<n;i++)
 {
 if(s.charAt(i)!=' ')
 {
 freq[s.charAt(i)-'a']++;
 }
 }
 int temp=0;
 for(int i=0;i<26;i++)
 {
 if(freq[i]==0)
 {
 temp=1;
 break;
 }
 }
 if(temp==1)
 {
 System.out.println("No");
 }
 else
 {
 System.out.println("Yes");
 }
 }
}
i really like the content of tutorialcup
No
Complexity Analysis
Time Complexity
O(n) where n is the size of the given string "s". Here we simply visit the string char by char and store the freq of each char from a-z.
Space Complexity
O(1) because we don't create too much extra space here. Simply declare an array of size 26 and store the freq of each char in it.
Translate »


text:
American astronomers are to honor a 500 square mile area in southwest Kerry as an international 'dark sky reserve' for the quality of its night sky and lack of pollution.
The honor is regarded as the highest designation for the exceptional quality of the area's night sky, according to the Irish Times.
The paper says the southwest Kerry area will be the first region in Ireland to receive such an award.
If it achieves 'gold-tier' reserve status, it will become the first region in the northern hemisphere to get this designation.
The report says local hope this will lead to an astro-tourism spin-off for Kerry.
The paper reports that astronomers and senior council officials will gather in the town of Cahersiveen on Monday evening to await the announcement from the US-based International Dark-Sky Association (IDA) in Arizona.
The IDA was set up in 1988 to protect and raise awareness of the night sky.
The global movement has gathered information on how light pollution at night affects aesthetics, energy bills, animal welfare and human health.
The paper says the association works closely with ecologists to minimize the impact of artificial lighting on wild areas and has worked to achieve awareness of human health implications, particularly in the US.
The area of Southwest Kerry set to be honored is sandwiched between mountains and the sea and includes Kells, Foilmore, Cahersiveen, Portmagee, Valentia Island, Dromid, the Glen, Ballinskelligs, Waterville, Derrynane and Caherdaniel.
It is regarded by astronomers as an exceptional nocturnal location with minimal pollution and of great scientific interest.
The Irish Times says it offers an array of visible phenomena including the Milky Way, zodiacal light and faint meteors.
A campaign to raise awareness of light pollution in the area was instigated by the Kerry Astronomy Club's Julia Ormonde.
The award will offer a major boost to the campaign as only six locations worldwide have been given the higher distinction of international dark sky reserves and only two gold-tier reserves have been awarded: the Aoraki Mackenzie (New Zealand) and Namib- Rand Nature Reserve (Namibia, Africa).


text:
AutoSave for the Petrochemical Industry
Increase Safety and Reliability
MDT AutoSave is part of the change management and audit infrastructure that helps refineries and chemical plants identify and eliminate hazardous situations while increasing productivity. AutoSave ensures that proper rollback/recovery data exists while providing a proper audit trail and notification of changes. This can be invaluable in understanding what program changes were made, why, and by whom so that your people, process and equipment are protected.
AutoSave's unique features, including internal security capabilities, have long been beneficial to petrochemical companies seeking to better manage operational changes.


What is the difference between the Express and Comprehensive Diagnostic modes?
The express diagnostic checks every device on you laptop once to determine how much power it consumes, the comprehensive diagnostic checks three times. Testing multiple times improves the accuracy of the results generated from the diagnostic. We recommend that you try a comprehensive diagnostic as it will give you better results for future use of the product.
Sorry this did not help. What problem are you experiencing?
Great! Thanks for the feedback.
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Best Film
Deaths Scenes
Greatest Movie Death Scenes
Film Title/Year and Description
Charlotte's Web (1973)
Spider Charlotte (voice of Debbie Reynolds) sadly died on a wooden beam while singing the last lines of "Mother Earth and Father Time."
She had sacrificed herself for ill-fated friend Wilbur the pig (voice of Henry Gibson) and produced her magnum opus (an egg sac).
Wilbur gave a despairing cry of "CHARLOTTE!" when he realized she was gone.
Don't Look Now (1973)
Director Nicolas Roeg's supernatural thriller opened with the scary drowning death of red-raincoated, young blonde daughter Christine (Sharon Williams) in a fishpond in England. Her red/white beach ball had fallen in the water and she tried to retrieve it. Her father John Baxter (Donald Sutherland), an architectural restoration expert, sensed her impending death and raced out of the country estate to the pond. The anguished, grief-stricken father dragged her lifeless body to the muddy bank and delivered CPR, but he was too late and couldn't save her. He spent most of the rest of the film haunted by her death.
There were many visual foreshadowing clues given in the opening scene that were later elliptically inter-woven into the film, ominously portending further death:
 - Psychically connected, John felt the moment his young son Johnny's (Nicholas Salter) bicycle ran over a piece of glass and punctured the tire, near the pond
 - The art slide John was viewing of a cathedral's stained-glass window (which he would later visit for restoration) included a red-figured dwarf sitting in a pew
 - John noted meaningfully: "Nothing is what it seems"
 - When he spilled a glass of water in his study, Christine's red/white ball splashed into the pond
 - A drop of liquid from the glass hit the slide (directly onto the dwarf figure), causing a swirling globule of film acetate to slowly 'bleed' red across the entire picture (ruining it)
 - His red-raincoated daughter drowned
 - His wife Laura (Julie Christie) was reading the book: "Beyond the Fragile Geometry of Space" - the 'fragile geometry' of the family was forever changed
When the grieving couple traveled to Italy shortly later, they befriended two elderly sisters, blind psychic Heather (Hilary Mason) and Wendy (Clelia Matania). It was stated by Heather that Christine could be seen among them, and John was warned that he was in grave danger. He conducted a long search for her in the city of Venice, where he faced his final moment of life after a number of false leads.
He sighted an elusive small figure in a bright red hooded coat in a dark Venice alleyway - thinking it was his daughter being pursued by a serial killer, he pursued what turned out to be his nemesis. He ascended a swirling staircase, assuredly telling the figure with its back to him: "I'm coming. It's okay. It's okay. I'm a friend. I won't hurt you. Come on." It wasn't his daughter - but a murderous dwarf (Adelina Poerio) - the one pictured sitting in the pew in the slide - who turned around, withdrew a long sharp knife from her right coat pocket, and deftly sliced his throat with one quick swing. He fell onto the stone floor and bled to death - punctuated by the peals of bells, swirling camera angles and quick images from earlier in the film. [The slide was fully covered with a swirl of red and destroyed.] John's funeral at a Venetian canal-side church ended the film.
The Murderous, Red-Coated Dwarf in Venice
The Exorcist (1973)
# 41
In a supremely self-sacrificial act during the cathartic finale of the horror film, the formerly-rebellious priest Father Damien Karras (Jason Miller) taunted the demon inside the possessed devil-girl Regan (Linda Blair) as he wrestled against her. He provoked and welcomed the demon to leave her body and come into his own so that he could destroy the Evil:
Take me. Come into me. God-damn you. Take me. Take me.
She grabbed and ripped the amulet medal from his neck - symbolically removing his protection from evil (foreshadowed previously in Damien's surreal dream). At the moment of his own demonic possession, he suddenly pulled back, his body trembled and his eyes rolled up (and turned green), and his face momentarily took on the appearance of Regan's demon.
He growled and tumbled backwards. On the floor, Regan had regained her former self, and her stifled cries were made in her own voice, but she was terrorized by the demon within Karras. Now that he was filled with the beast-monster, he stood and staggered toward her with his arms outstretched to strangle her - but with all his own fortitude and strength, he screamed: "No!" as he battled the demon's attempt to kill her.
He hurled himself toward the bedroom window - his body was thrown through the glass and he fell to his death on the steep concrete steps below. Karras [with a symbolic first name - Damien/Demon] gave his own life to save Regan's spirit and life, with the promise of being reborn.
From the bedroom window, Lt. Kinderman (Lee J. Cobb) viewed Karras' bloodied body ["FIGHT PIGS," a slogan typical of early 70's rebellion, appropriately adorned one of the adjoining walls of the steps, in red] at the foot of the Prospect Street steps. Regan cried hysterically, but she was cured. With police cars and bystanders crowding around, Father Dyer (William O'Malley) broke through and grabbed Karras' hand, beseeching him: "Do you want to make a confession? Are you sorry for having offended God and for all the sins of your past life?" Signaling his assent, Karras unclenched and gripped Dyer's hand. Dyer absolved him of his sins during the administration of last rites. The price or cost of Regan's recovery to sanity and wholeness was that both priests die during the exorcism.
Live and Let Die (1973)
# 15
In the climax of this eighth Bond film, 007 agent James Bond (Roger Moore) was in mortal combat against criminal heroin drug dealer and statesman Dr. Kananga (Yaphet Kotto) within his subterranean lair on the Caribbean island of San Monique.
Bond and "lover" Solitaire (Jane Seymour) were tied together, and Bond's forearm was sliced to draw blood and lure "diners" (sharks). The two were to be lowered into Kananga's pool and served up as bait for his pet sharks.
007 employed the magnet gadget on his Rolex watch to snag a CO2 shark bullet (he hid it in his mouth), and then used the buzz-saw gadget to cut himself free.
In a final combative showdown, Bond and Kananga both fell into the shark pool, where Bond forced a large compressed-air shark bullet (or pellet) into Kananga's mouth and made him bite into it and swallow it. He pushed him below the water's surface, and then when the bullet discharged, his body began inflating, in a clearly-disgusting and gory death scene.
He was propelled out of the water into the air like a rising helium balloon. When his floating-upward, engorged body struck an upper structure, his elasticized, swelled-up body of skin popped or exploded. When Solitaire was released and asked: "Where's Kananga?", Bond quipped: "He always did have an inflated opinion of himself."
Sisters (1973)
"Colored" TV game-show player Philip Woode (Lisle Wilson) was brutally and viciously stabbed (with multiple stab wounds in the mouth, leg, and back by a huge carving knife) after he had had brought an inscribed birthday cake to aspiring French-Canadian model Danielle Breton (Margot Kidder) in her Staten Island apartment after a one-night stand.
He was murdered by her once-conjoined and insane Siamese twin sister Dominique Blanchion (also Margot Kidder in a dual role).
The bloody and gruesome slaying was witnessed, with director Brian De Palma's split-screen technique, from an apartment across the way by aspiring journalist Grace Collier (Jennifer Salt) as he scrawled with his blood to write the word HELP on a window.
Later in the film, Dominique also slashed her strange ex-husband/doctor Emil Breton (William Finley) with a scalpel across his groin and caused him to bleed to death on top of her.
Sleeper (1973)
As part of their rebellion against the totalitarian government in the year 2173 in Woody Allen's science-fiction comedy satire, futuristic rebels Miles Monroe (Woody Allen) and not-very-bright socialite Luna Schlosser (Diane Keaton) successfully kidnapped and killed the never-seen Leader.
The Leader (a wheel-chair bound dictator with a white dog) was ultimately reduced to a benign, disembodied nose after a bombing - and then 'killed' when they threw his nose under a steam-roller.
Soylent Green (1973)
In a moving death scene, Sol Roth (Edward G. Robinson in his final film role) experienced


Take this quiz after you have read the rest of the pages in the web site
 1. Name the five new Associate member countries in WAGGGS.
 2. What member country has withdrawn from WAGGGS to become part of Boy Scouts?
 3. How many member countries are there now?
 4. Who is now chairman of the WORLD BOARD?
 5. What was the name of the special handbook published by GSUSA in 1942?
 6. What did it expect of every troop?
 1. Cambodia, Armenia, Malawi, Chad and Qatar
 2. Indonesia
 3. 144
 4. Kirsty Gray
 5. Girl Scouting in War Time
 6. Every troop was expected to plan and carry out a project aimed at helping our country during the war.


|R'(x)|$ is of the same order as $d (\log \log x)/dx = 1/(x \log x)$, even though $R(x) << \log \log x$. When you compute $N(t) = \int t d(\log \log t)/dt \cdot dt + \int t R'(t) dt$, the two terms are of the same order of magnitude, and you have no control over $N(t)$. – David Speyer May 4 '12 at 17:07
@ David, Thank you for the explanation. Now the gap is clear to me. I have accepted your answer as the answer to this question. – Nilotpal Sinha May 6 '12 at 7:04
Because the scale is too small in Mertens's theorem, and the prime number theorem as well as the Riemann hypothesis are hidden by the $O(1/\log{X})$ notation.
Indeed, the former amounts to strengthening this term to $o(1/\log{X})$; the latter - to $O(1/\sqrt{X})$.
[Incidentally, one could go for equivalent statements to a still smaller scale. Of course, an estimate like $\sum_{p < X} 1/p^2 = \mathrm{const} + O(1/X)$ does not say anything at all about the primes. But one could, if one wished, express the prime number theorem by elaborating on the $O(1/X)$ term. ]
To elaborate on this a bit, let me go to a slightly bigger scale where the prime number theorem begins to emerge outside of $o(1)$. This is also more natural; indeed, it was how Mertens's theorem was proved.
By partial summation, Mertens's estimate is equivalent to $\sum_{p < X} (\log{p})/(p-1) = \log{X} + O(1)$; or, if one prefers, $\sum_{n < X} \Lambda(n)/n = \log{X} + O(1)$. The prime number theorem however is the statement that the $O(1)$ term converges to a constant: $\sum_{n < X} \Lambda(n)/n = \log{X} - \gamma + o(1)$. Indeed, the related bound $\sum_{n < X} \Big( \frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{X} \Big) \Lambda(n) = \log{X} - 1 - \gamma + o(1)$, another form of the prime number theorem, is what de la Vallee Poussin actually obtained in his original paper. Here $\gamma = 0.57\ldots$ is Euler's constant, but this is of no importance for us, see the next paragraph. Also the $\log{X}$ logarithmic pole corresponds to the pole of $\zeta(s)$ at $s=1$, whereas the $o(1)$ term expresses there being no zeros with $\mathrm{Re}(s) = 1$. The Riemann hypothesis is the correspondingly stronger bound $O(1/\sqrt{X})$ on the $o(1)$ oscillating term. At this scale, in contrast to $\psi(X) = X + O\big( \sqrt{X} (\log{X})^2 \big)$ or $\pi(X) = \mathrm{Li}(X) + O(\sqrt{X}\log{X})$, a logarithmic factor in addition to the square root is not required, as $\sum_{\rho} 1 / |\rho|^2 < \infty$ over the zeros.
Here finally is how to deduce the more usual form $\psi(X) \sim X$ of the prime number theorem from the refinement $S(X) := \sum_{p < X} \Lambda(n)/n = \log{X} -\gamma + o(1)$ of Mertens's theorem: Summing by parts, $\psi(X) = XS(X) - \int_1^X S(t) \, dt = X(\log{X} - \gamma + o(1)) - \big( \int_1^X \log{t} \, dt - \gamma X + o(X) \big) = X + o(X)$.
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Let me introduce myself. I'm Daniel (aka QuantumBear), Cofounder of TunnelBear. My blog posts will be technical and focus on coding and development of TunnelBear apps and services.
At TunnelBear we are big fans of the Play Framework and Scala. So in my first post, I'm kicking things off with a little explanation of how to get started with user authentication in the Play framework. Along the way we will see a few common concepts used in Scala code such as functions as first class objects, case classes, pattern matching, options, implicits and traits.
The finished code for this project is available here.
First a look at what a standard API endpoint, or Action, looks like in the Play Framework v2.x:
def hello = Action { Ok("hello") }
To construct an Action we pass it some code that returns a Result (in this case, the OK result). Note that the argument to create an Action is actually a function itself. In this case a function that takes no arguments (sometimes called a code block) and that returns a Result.
Being able to pass functions as parameters like this is a key difference between Java and Scala and we will be making good use of it going forward.
For authenticated APIs, we found ourselves repeatedly checking usernames and passwords in the same way throughout the codebase. For example, if a user is defined like this:
'case class User(username:String, password:String) {
def checkPassword(password: String): Boolean = this.password == password }
//User lookup
object User {
def find(username: String):Option[User] = users.filter(_.username == username).headOption
Then the authenticated actions might look like this:
def helloUser(username:String, password:String) = Action { val user:Option[User] = User.find(username).filter(_.checkPassword(password)) user match { case Some(user) => Ok(s"hello ${user.username}") case None => Forbidden("I don't know you") } }
Wouldn't it be nice if we could write code that acted directly on a User object without explicitly handling authentication every time? Perhaps actions like this:
def helloUser(username:String, password:String) = AuthenticateMe(username:String, password:String) { user:User => Ok(s"hello ${user.username}") }
How do we go about constructing AuthenticateMe?
Well it's a method that needs to return an Action, and its argument is a username, password and a User => Result function. We just need to handle the two cases where authentication succeeds and fails, returning a Forbidden result in the failure case and executing argument function otherwise:
def AuthenticateMe(username:String, password:String)(f: User => Result) = Action { val user:Option[User] = User.find(username).filter(_.checkPassword(password)) user match { case Some(user) => f(user) case None => Forbidden("I don't know you") } }
All that has been done here is factor out the common authentication and error handling code and make the dynamic part (i.e. the code that gives us a Result from a User) an argument.
AuthenticateMe is making use of Options and Pattern Matching, two useful Scala constructs described nicely in The Neophyte's Guide to Scala
Taking things further:
Passing the username and password around is a little clunky, and what about handling other forms of authentication like cookies?
Let's aim for something like this:
def helloUser = AuthenticateMe { user => Ok(s"hello ${user.username}") }
But how are the username, password or cookie to be accessed now?
First, let's dig a bit deeper into actions:
An Action actually takes a function of type Request => Result as an argument, where the Request holds information about the incoming http request such as it's parameters, headers, cookies etc. So you can think of an Action as telling the Play Framework how to convert an incoming http request to a response, which it can then render.
In the above examples we didn't need to use the Request object explicitly and so used an Action constructor which ignores the Request. Actions can also be written with the request like this:
def hello = Action { request => Ok("hello") }
In order to get at the authentication details this time, the request parameter is needed.
First a few helpers that extract useful information from requests:
'object AuthUtils {
def parseUserFromCookie(implicit request: RequestHeader) = request.session.get("username").flatMap(username => User.find(username))
def parseUserFromQueryString(implicit request:RequestHeader) = {
val query = request.queryString.map { case (k, v) => k -> v.mkString }
val username = query get ("username")
val password = query get ("password")
(username, password) match {
case (Some(u), Some(p)) => User.find(u).filter(user => user.checkPassword(p))
case _ => None
def parseUserFromRequest(implicit request:RequestHeader):Option[User] = {
parseUserFromQueryString orElse parseUserFromCookie
parseUserFromQueryString looks for "username" and "password" http parameters in the request, and if found attempts to return the authorised user. If no user is found there, the fallback is to look for a signed cookie containing the username.
Note the use of the implicit keyword for the request parameter.
If a parameter to a function is marked as implicit, the parameter does not need to be explicitly passed in. For this to work, you have to mark a suitable value as implicit somewhere in the scope of the function.
This can clean up code where the same parameter is passed to multiple functions.
Here is the improved version of our authentication wrapper:
def AuthenticateMe(f: User => Result) = Action { implicit request => val user = AuthUtils.parseUserFromRequest user match { case Some(user) => f(user) case None => Forbidden("I don't know you") } }
There are times when you need finer control over what kind of users can access an api.
Let's extend our users so they now have a "premium" status and also a balance:
case class User(username:String, password:String, isPremium:Boolean, balance:Int) { def checkPassword(password: String): Boolean = this.password == password }
We might like to restrict an API to only those users who meet specific conditions. If we can define some traits that can be mixed in with a Controller, we can tell at a glance which users can access which API.
For example, for an API which only "premium users with a balance of at least 8" can access, constructing traits like PremiumUsersOnly and BalanceCheck might be handy. The aim is this:
'object PaidApplication extends Controller with Authentication with PremiumUsersOnly with BalanceCheck {
//set required balance here
override def getRequiredBalance = 8
//only premium user's with balance of at least 8 should be allowed through
def helloUser = AuthenticateMe {
Condition is a new type we define which is simply shorthand for "a function that takes a User and returns either a pass, or a fail". The Either type will suit us well as a return type, being either a Right on success or a Left on failure. Either is like an extended Option that can not only signal a failure, but also hold information about the failure:
'object Conditions {
type Condition = (User => Either[String, Unit])
val isPremiumUser:Condition = {
user => if(user.isPremium)
Left("User must be premium")
def balanceGreaterThan(required:Int):Condition = {
user => if(user.balance > required)
Left(s"User balance must be > $required")
AuthenticateMe now has to check not only the username and password as before, but also additional conditions on the user. Here are the additions neededin the Authentication trait:
'trait Authentication {
self:Controller =>
//additional conditions
var accessConditions: List[Conditions.Condition] = List.empty
val user = AuthUtils.parseUserFromRequest
Forbidden("Invalid username or password")
else {
//username and password check have been passed.
//collectFirst will return the first condition in the Left state (i.e. error state)
accessConditions.map(condition => condition(user.get)).collectFirst[String]{case Left(error) => error}
match {
case Some(error) => Forbidden(s"Conditions not met: $error")
case _ => f(user.get)
The Authentication trait holds a list of conditions which are tested after authentication is complete. If any of these Conditions fail, then we get the error message of the first one and display it to the user with a 403 Forbidden status code.
Finally we can define our traits which will add to the accessCondtions list as they are mixed in to the controller:
'trait PremiumUsersOnly {
self:Authentication =>
accessConditions = accessConditions :+ Conditions.isPremiumUser
trait BalanceCheck {
self:Authentication =>
def getRequiredBalance:Int
accessConditions = accessConditions :+ Conditions.balanceGreaterThan(getRequiredBalance)
} '
Add a couple of users:
val users = List(User("_EMAIL_", "password", true, 10), User("_EMAIL_", "password", true, 3))
If Alice tries to access the helloUser api she will be denied:
curl -v _URL_\&password\=password < HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden Conditions not met: User balance must be > 8
Whereas Bob will be allowed through:
curl -v _URL_\&password\=password < HTTP/1.1 200 OK hello _EMAIL_
Complete code samples are available here.


text:
What are flash interviews?
What is a Flash construction interview? The Flash construction interview is one of the most popular forms of construction interviewing today. It basically involves a construction executive meeting a top construction executive or construction executives from the prospective construction employer during an construction interview process, who is consequently shuffled between each interviewer for brief periods of time (10-15 minutes each) so that everyone gets a chance to meet you and form a brief opinion. You of course get the same benefit to meet them, however this form of meeting is usually used as a screening interview method and not used on candidates who are being seriously evaluated.