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Spell checking requires the deployment of several server-side components onto a J2EE compatible application server (e.g. Jetty, or Apache Tomcat).
The following server-side components are required to enable spell checking:
Allowed Originsephox-allowed-origins.warSupplies configuration for server components to communicate with your application.
Spell Checkingephox-spelling.warSpell checking service for JavaScript editors.
This guide will help you set up the Spelling server-side components, and show you how to use them in conjunction with editor clients. The steps required are:
 1. Install a Java application server (or use existing)
 2. Deploy server-side components
 3. Create a configuration file and configure the allowed origins service
 4. Pass the configuration file to the Java application server
 5. Restart the Java application server
 6. Set up editor client instances to use the spelling service
1. Install a Java Application Server
Server-side components require a Java Application Server to run.
If you don't already have a Java application server installed you can easily install Tomcat or Jetty with their default settings. These are both simple, open source Java application servers and they're easy to install and configure. The editor SDK supports both of these platforms. You can find the instructions and download links below. For the later setup, it's also helpful if you note any domain name and port number you specify during installation of the web application server.
Memory Requirement
Please ensure that you configure your Java Server (Tomcat/Jetty etc) with a minimum of 4GB.
Please refer to the Services Troubleshooting page if you require instructions on how to explicitly define how much RAM will be allocated to your Java server.
2. Deploy Server-side Components
You'll need to ensure you deploy all of the WAR files packaged with the SDK:
 - ephox-allowed-origins.war
 - ephox-spelling.war
The easiest way to deploy these files is to simply drag and drop them into the webapps directory of your Tomcat/Jetty server (or equivalent folder of another Java application server), and then restart the server.
More information on deploying components/applications:
Deploying applications with Tomcat 6.0
Deploying applications with Jetty
3. Create a configuration file and configure the allowed origins service
It is recommended that you use a plain text editor (eg: gedit, vim, emacs, notepad etc) when creating or editing the application.conf. Do not use editors like Evernote as there is a good chance of smart quotes being used where plain quotes should be used and this will cause the services to fail.
Services requires a configuration file named application.conf to be referenced by the application server.
The SDK comes packaged with an example configuration file (examples/application.conf) that can be used as a reference guide. You can use this example file (after modifying it with your settings). We recommend that you make a backup of the file before editing it.
The allowed-origins configuration element will need to be specified in order for the spelling server-side component to work.
This element configures the allowed-origins service which allows all server-side components to communicate with specified domains.
The origins attribute must list all the domains that instances of the editor will be hosted on. Only requests from the listed origins will be processed by the server-side components. Requests from any other domains will be rejected.
The url attribute defines the location of the allowed-origins service.
elementallowed-originsStores CORS setup information
An array of strings representing the domains allowed to communicate with the services.
Note: Be sure to include the protocol (https or http) and any required port number (eg:8080) in the string.
This string is a concatenation of two values:
String 1: The URL location of the allowed-origins service
String 2: The API to access in the service (/cors).
Entering Origins
The origins are matched by protocol, hostname and port. So you may need a combination of all three, depending on which browser /s you use. If you are serving the editor and services from http://localhost & port 80, then the list of origins should have an entry for "http://localhost" and any other servers with ports, like so:
 origins=["http://localhost", "http://any-other-servers:port"]
 url = "http://localhost/ephox-allowed-origins/cors"
This only applies to port 80 because this being the default http port, browsers omit it when talking to the server. For every other port and hostname, the recommended setting is to make one entry with the port and one without the port. This is because different browsers behave differently with regards to the Origin header. So the config file should resemble:
ephox{ allowed-origins{ origins=["http://hostname", "http://hostname:1234"] url = "http://hostname:1234/ephox-allowed-origins/cors" } }
Ensure that you have the right protocol specified, and for more examples see the section below. If you experience issues, please use the Troubleshooting guide (in the Tip below) and you should be able to see if the browser sends a different origin to the one that you have specified. Both must match for the services to work.
Depending on your configuration and the browser you use, you may need to specify the port number as well when listing the origin. If you observe that requests are failing with services not being available, it may be because the port number is required. Refer to troubleshooting guide - section titled Investigating Using the Browser's Network Tools
allowed-origins Example
ephox {
 allowed-origins {
 origins = [ "http://myserver", "http://myserver:8080", "http://myotherserver", "http://myotherserver:9090", "https://mysecureserver" ]
 url = "http://myserver:8080/ephox-allowed-origins/cors"
4. Pass the configuration file to the Java application server
You'll need to reference the configuration file created in Step 3 as a parameter passed to the JVM running the services. Once the server has been configured to use the file, restart the server.
If the path to your application.conf file has spaces in it, you must ensure you prefix each white space with an escape character (\).
Example: " -Dephox.config.file=/config/file/location/with/white\ space/application.conf"
The following examples demonstrate how to reference application.conf for Tomcat or Jetty instances.
Tomcat (Unix)
Make/edit a script at /tomcat/install/directory/bin/
Ensure the file contains a single line, like (this must be the absolute path as before):
CATALINA_OPTS=" -Dephox.config.file=/config/file/location/application.conf"
Tomcat (Windows):
Setting configuration varies based on installation of tomcat. You can choose one of following options to complete configuration setting.
Option A. Installation though Windows Command line (CMD) with tomcat binary file:
Make/edit a script at DRIVE:\tomcat\install\directory\bin\setenv.bat (This file might not exist for some versions of tomcat, create it in bin folder)
The file should contain a single line:
Example setenv.bat
set CATALINA_OPTS= -Dephox.config.file=DRIVE:\config\file\location\application.conf
After setting up configuration, you can launch tomcat by startup.bat or catalina.bat
Option B. Windows Service Installer:
 1. From start menu, open Monitor Tomcat and see popping up window.
 2. Go to Java tab and see Java Options.
 3. In Java Options, insert new line, which is
 4. Then you can go to General tab to start Tomcat.
Jetty (simple configuration):
You can specify your application.conf as a parameter to this command, along with other jvm parameters:
java -jar /jetty/install/directory/start.jar -Dephox.config.file="/config/file/location/application.conf"
Jetty (automatic configuration for services launching on system start-up)
Edit /etc/default/jetty and add the line:
JETTY_OPTS=" -Dephox.config.file=/config/file/location/application.conf"
Edit /opt/jetty/start.ini and add the line:
The first new lines of the file should read:
# Jetty start.jar arguments
# Each line of this file is prepended to the command line
# arguments # of a call to:
# java -jar start.jar [arg...]
5. Restart the Java application server
Once you have created a configuration file, configured the allowed origins service, and passed the configuration file to the Java application server you must restart the Java application server.
6. Set up editor client instances to use the spelling service
With the above steps completed you can now direct the editor client instances to use the server-side spelling component.
Set the spelling.url configuration property to the URL of the deployed server side spelling component. This URL is provided to you by your Java application server.
Example Client Config
var config = {
 spelling : {
 url: '' // Spelling service URL
var editor = textboxio.replace('_TAG_', config);
 - No labels


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A dual reaction-mass dynamic vibration absorber for active vibration control
MetadataShow full item record
Traditional dynamic vibration absorbers (DVAs) consist of a mass-spring-damper system and are an effective means of attenuating structural vibration over a narrow frequency band. The effective bandwidth of the DVA can be increased by the addition of an externally controlled force, generally applied between the reaction-mass and the primary structure. Such devices are known as hybrid DVAs. This thesis presents a new hybrid DVA configuration which utilizes two reaction-masses in parallel. On this proposed hybrid dual-mass (DM) DVA, the control force is applied between the reaction-masses. It is shown that in broadband control applications, the proposed DM-DVA requires less control force to achieve the same primary attenuation as the traditional hybrid single-mass (SM) DVA. The hybrid DM-DVA was compared to the hybrid SM-DVA with two tests. A numerical simulation of the hybrid DVAs attenuating a single-degree-of-freedom structure was performed. To achieve an equal amount of primary attenuation, the hybrid SM-DVA required 65% higher root-mean-square (RMS) control effort than the hybrid DV-DVA. The numerical model also demonstrated that the hybrid DM-DVA was less sensitive to changes in the system as compared to the hybrid SM-DVA. Additionally, a prototype hybrid DVA was built which could be configured as either the hybrid SM or DM-DVA. The prototype hybrid DVA was used with the feedforward Filtered-X LMS algorithm to control the vibration of a fixed-free beam. The hybrid SM and DM-DVAs attenuated the primary response by a factor of 11.5 and 12.3, while requiring control efforts of 4.9 and 2.7 V/N RMS, respectively. Thus, the hybrid DM-DVA required 45% less control effort while yielding a higher attenuation ratio in this experiment. These results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed DM-DVA for broadband control applications as compared to the traditional SM-DVA.
- Masters Theses

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Master's in Mathematics in the UAE
A master's degree in mathematics in the UAE is usually earned after a student successfully completes a three to four-year undergraduate mathematics programme. A master's degree delves into more complex mathematical topics and places more emphasis on critical thinking and theory than a bachelor's degree. Entrance to a master's programme is largely based on undergraduate grades and achievements. During a bachelor's in mathematics programme, many students will be required to submit a thesis.
What is a Master's in Mathematics in UAE?
In order to earn a master's degree in mathematics, students in the UAE must successfully pass a certain number of courses. The degree usually takes two years to earn, as long as students are enrolled full-time. Throughout the programme, a strong emphasis will be placed on independent study, and some students may even publish academic material. A Master's in Mathematics degree will usually incorporate the following into the curriculum.
- Courses in advanced calculus and numerical analysis.
- Electives such as differential geometry and chaos theory.
- The application of mathematical formulas and theories.
- Technology and computer-based courses.
As one can see, students will be expected to understand the most advanced elements of the subject. Depending on the institution, students are sometimes allowed to take courses that combine mathematics and business studies, such as financial mathematics. Some students may be able to enroll in a mathematics programme part-time.
What Are the Benefits of Getting a Master's in Mathematics in UAE?
There are many reasons to earn a Master's in Mathematics from the UAE. Here are some of the most common benefits of earning a master's degree.
- Mathematics is a highly versatile subject. This means that students will be able to find employment in any field that requires computation. Science, engineering, finance, accounting, economics, and architecture are just a few of the fields that utilise mathematics.
- Many mathematics programmes in the UAE provide students with links to world class universities outside of the country. Students may be able to learn from professionals affiliated with research universities in the US and Europe.
- A master's degree provides students with access to higher salaries and increased career options. Companies value individuals with master's degrees and those individuals are more likely to encounter advancement opportunities than non-educated workers.
- After earning a Master's in Mathematics, students in the UAE will be eligible to enroll in a doctoral programme. Doctoral programmes focus heavily on research and students in these programmes are more likely to focus on a specific topic within the mathematics field.
Every degree has its own unique set of benefits, but these are just a few of the benefits that master's students may enjoy. The skills and knowledge learned during these years can be extremely valuable in the professional world. The benefits that each student reaps will depend on their career choice and academic record.
What Kind of Career Can You Expect With a Master's in Mathematics in UAE?
As noted above, a Master's in Mathematics is a highly versatile degree. This means that students may gain access to a multitude of career prospects and paths. Some students choose to remain in academia, while others prefer to enter the workforce after graduation. The career choices that you have access to can be heavily influenced by the country you choose to live and work in.
Many mathematicians choose to work in the fields of finance and economics. These individuals work as economists, risk managers, finance directors, and statisticians. They calculate and interpret data for various companies and organisations. Their skills are highly prized in the financial sector, which relies heavily on theoretical data and complex calculations. Risk managers help companies predict and analyse the risk of engaging in certain financial transactions.
Other students will want to work in the scientific and research fields. These individuals frequently find employment as university professors, academic writers, and researchers. Depending on their knowledge base, they may find be hired to work in the following positions:
- Theoretical Mathematicians
- Scientific Computing
It is not uncommon for mathematics students to find employment in the engineering field since it relies heavily on numbers and figures. The computer industry also hires a large number of mathematicians. These individuals assist software developers, computer engineers, and other technology professionals with computational aspects of design and implementation.
Depending on your goals, a Master's in Mathematics can have a major impact on your future and career options. Start your journey towards earning a master's degree by researching a programme today.


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The Federal Trade Commission is making its own bid to protect gig workers against exploitation. The regulator has adopted a policy statement detailing how it will tackle gig workers' problems. The FTC plans to step in when there are misrepresentations about pay, costs, benefits and work terms. Officials also expect to intervene with "unfair or deceptive" algorithms, harsh contracts and anti-competitive behavior such as wage fixing and monopoly-creating mergers.
The Commission said the classification of workers wouldn't affect enforcement, so companies can't avoid repercussions by classifying people as contractors instead of employees. Violators may have to pay fines and change their practices, and the FTC could partner with other government bodies (such as the Justice Department and National Labor Relations Board) to address issues.
There are gaps. It could be difficult for the FTC to prove algorithm-driven abuse, for instance, and it's not clear which non-contractual "restraints" might hurt workers' freedom of movement. However, this could still serve as a warning to gig companies that might hide steep operating costs, fight unionization efforts or collude with rivals to keep wages low.
The FTC isn't alone in hoping to improve the lot of gig workers. A bipartisan measure in Congress, introduced to the House and Senate this February, is meant to provide portable benefits to gig workers. Last year, the Labor Department revoked a rule that made it harder to protect those workers' labor rights. States and cities have also filed lawsuits and otherwise taken efforts to bolster working conditions. However, the FTC's policy provides an extra, nationwide safeguard that might further discourage attempts to exploit the gig economy.


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Broward County (FL) Public Schools have developed lesson plans to address cultural relevancy in classroom instruction. A student body needs reflective images, stories and lessons to build skills and leadership. Take a look at the Haitian Culture Curriculum for grades K – 5.
News: "The Human Rights Archive at Duke University's Rubenstein Library and the estate of broadcaster Jean Dominique have announced a partnership to preserve the broadcast archives of the journalist's iconic Radio Haiti station. From the 1960s to 2002, Radio Haiti was that country's first independent radio station, promoting democratic freedoms, speaking out against human rights […]


text:
Solids Handling - Solids Processing
Our service …
Solids processing as it pertains to solids handling includes conveying (mechanical, pneumatic, and hydraulic conveying), charging, dosing, and storing, as well as mixing and homogenizing. Very diverse methods are used to determine conveying, storage, and dosing behavior so that this information can then be used for unit design.
Wet, solvent-based, abrasive, aggressive and toxic bulk materials can be studied.
We collect the data required for sizing, designing, and scale-up of solids handling units by studying existing units on the laboratory or pilot plant scale. The results are used to calculate unit size, critical dimensions, diameters, pressure losses, mass throughputs, gas flow velocities, etc. Silos and hoppers are designed on the basis of shear and wall friction tests.
The data relevant to individual products are determined in this manner and flow directly into the unit engineering or optimization process. This may concern a unit section (screw conveyor, vibrating conveyor, silo, packaging unit, product feed system, etc.) or an entire unit.
Aside from determining operating and design data, we are ready to assist with commissioning or with the modification of existing units to optimize operational safety, throughputs, and loads.
We can also produce sample quantities (from kilograms to tons) in both batchwise and continuous operation using our mixing and homogenizing equipment of various intensities (tumbling mixer, conical screw mixer, ribbon mixer, plough share mixer, high shear mixer, intensive mixer).

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: In this paper, ultrasonic-vibration assisted electrical discharge machining (UEDM) is used to process SiCp/Al composite materials in order to achieve a higher material removal rate (MRR) and lower surface roughness, width overcut, and relative tool wear rate (RTWR). FLUENT software was used to simulate the gap flow field. The simulation results of the gap flow field show that the ultrasonic vibration of the tool electrode is conducive to the removal of chips, which makes the discharge more stable and improves the machining efficiency. Based on the single factor experiment, the effects of peak current, reference voltage, pulse width, and pulse interval on MRR, surface roughness, width overcut, and RTWR of the workpiece are studied. Then, based on the orthogonal experiment, the grey relational analysis method was used to optimize the process parameters, and the order of the influence of the 4 process indicators on the comprehensive performance and the optimal processing parameter combination was obtained. The reliability of the process optimization was verified with experiments.


text:
Learn how cannabis can help spark your creativity!
Cannabis has long been used and revered for its many benefits, from its widely acknowledged medical applications to its commonly accepted ability to help people relax. And now, with the list of states and countries legalizing marijuana usage for all purposes growing rapidly, we've finally reached a tipping point where cannabis is achieving a level of mainstream acceptance and usage, especially among artists. Many established and aspiring artists are looking to cannabis use to aid in their creativity—whether that's to expand the imagination, connect disparate ideas, take artistic risks, or myriad other ways to create and generate work.
In Cannabis for Creatives, photographer and cannabis advocate Jordana Wright provides what you need to know to take full advantage of cannabis's potential in your creative work. She begins with the basics—how cannabis grows, how it is ingested, and the nuances of variety—then works through both the history of cannabis usage and all the pertinent details of the plant itself—lineage, strains, appearance, flavor, terpenes, and the types of high you can experience. Jordana also discusses the neuroscience of cannabis use, including how it affects the brain and how science measures creativity.
Then, Jordana reveals her findings after conducting more than 30 interviews with artists, including photographers, writers, sculptors, painters, actors, comedians, and musicians as she investigates how these artists use cannabis in their work—including what strains work best for them—and how it has helped them become more creative, increase their artistic output, and have creative breakthroughs. The book also features a series of creative prompts that you can use as guided creative experiences in your own creative work.
Table of Contents
Introduction: Uncovering the Relationship Between Creativity and Cannabis
Chapter 1: Cannabis Use Through History
Chapter 2: Studying Creativity
Chapter 3: Cannabis and the Brain
Chapter 4: Understanding the Plant
Chapter 5: Cannabis and Creativity: The Interviews
Chapter 6: Exploring Your Own Creativity with Cannabis


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A Local Biodiversity Action Plan (LBAP) for Pembrokeshire was first published in 2000 following UK guidance. The original plan contained detailed information on the biodiversity of Pembrokeshire including habitat descriptions. It also contained 7 Habitat and 23 Species Action Plans. An additional 4 Habitats and 9 Species Action Plans have been published since 2000 as part of a rolling programme. Many actions from these plans have been delivered by individuals, organisations, and through partnership working.
The main function of the Pembrokeshire LBAP continues to be:-
To provide a framework within which existing and new actions are co-ordinated to conserve and enhance biodiversity in Pembrokeshire, taking account of local and national priorities.
Further to the publication of the previous plan there have been several developments and new guidance made available which have led to the requirement for a full review of the Pembrokeshire LBAP to reflect these developments.
The revised Pembrokeshire Local Biodiversity Action Plan is split into 2 volumes:
Volume 1: 'Introduction to the LBAP'
This provides a brief background to biodiversity in Pembrokeshire and the role of the Pembrokeshire Biodiversity Partnership. It also includes information on the priority habitats and species in Pembrokeshire.
Volume 2: Biodiversity Action Plans for Pembrokeshire
This provides a status report for all priority habitats and species in Pembrokeshire, (where known). It also contains targets and actions for the generic, grouped habitat and species plans prepared so far. Lead organisations/individuals have been identified to implement the actions set out in the plans. The successful implementation of these actions will require the continuation of working in partnership with local communities, industry, commerce and individuals.
The action plans are only available in an electronic format as they are dynamic documents which will be amended periodically and contain reports on actions delivered. These plans are available to download from the BARS website (opens new window).
A to Z of Services|
Tourism and Leisure|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Thread Text into Shapes with Adobe CS5
Adobe Creative Suite 5 (Adobe CS5) Illustrator allows you to create custom columns of text that are in different shapes and sizes by threading closed shapes together. This technique works with rectangles, circles, stars, or any other closed shape and can lead to some creative text areas.
Follow these steps to thread text into shapes:
 1. Create any shape, any size.
 For this example, we've created a circle.
 2. Create another shape (it can be any shape) someplace else on the page.
 3. With the Selection tool, select one shape and Shift-click the other to make just those two shapes active.
 4. Choose Type→Threaded Text→Create.
 A threading line appears indicating the direction of the threaded text.
 Threaded text areas flow from one area to another.
 Threaded text areas flow from one area to another.
 5. Select the Type tool, click the top of the first shape to start the threading, and start typing.
 Continue typing until the text flows over into the other shape.
If you no longer want the text to be threaded, choose Type→Threaded Text→Remove Threading, which eliminates all threading from the text shapes. To remove one or more, but not all, shapes from the threading, select the shape you want to remove from the threading and choose Type→Threaded Text→Release Selection.
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Mouse Settings in IGEL OS 12
This article shows the mouse settings that you can configure in IGEL OS 12.
Menu path: User Interface > Input > Mouse
Left-handed mode
☑ The mouse is in left-handed mode.
☐ The mouse is in right-handed mode. (Default)
Natural scroll
☑ When scrolling with the mouse wheel, the screen content moves in reverse to the wheel movement. If you scroll the wheel down, the screen moves upwards and vice-versa.
☐ When scrolling with the mouse wheel, the screen content moves synchronously to the wheel movement. If you scroll the wheel down, the screen moves downwards and vice-versa. (Default)
Emulate 3 button mouse
☑ Enables emulation of the third (middle) mouse button for mice with only two physical buttons. This third button is emulated by pressing both buttons at the same time. The Emulate timeout determines how long (in milliseconds) the driver waits before deciding whether two buttons were pressed at the same time.
☐ Disables emulation of the third (middle) mouse button for mice with only two physical buttons. (Default)
Emulate timeout
Determines how long (in milliseconds) the driver waits before deciding whether two buttons were pressed at the same time.
Hide cursor
☑ The mouse pointer will be hidden after the defined time limit.
☐ The mouse pointer is never hidden. (Default)
Idle time for visible cursor
The period after which the pointer is hidden.
Pointer speed
Determines the mouse resolution in counts per inch.
Double click interval
Changes the maximum interval in milliseconds between two consecutive mouse clicks which are to be recognized as a double-click. The smaller the interval, the faster the consecutive clicks need to happen, to be recognized as a double click.
Double click distance
Changes the maximum distance in pixels between two clicks which are to be recognized as a double-click. The object under the second click is double-clicked.
If the Show input settings tray icon on desktop option is enabled under User Interface > Desktop > Taskbar Items, and a mouse is detected, you can use the Mouse & Touchpad tray app to quickly configure the following mouse settings:
 - Primary Button
 Sets the primary button both for mouse and touchpad. In IGEL Setup, you can configure this through Left-handed mode.
 - Pointer Speed
 Sets the speed of the pointer both for mouse and touchpad. In IGEL Setup, you can configure this through Pointer speed.
 - Double-click Speed
 Sets how fast two consecutive mouse clicks need to happen to be recognized as a double-click. You can test this with the click to test area. In IGEL Setup, you can configure this through Double click interval. The smaller the interval, the faster the consecutive clicks need to happen, to be recognized as a double click.
 - Scrolling Direction
 Sets the direction of the screen movement when scrolling with the mouse. In IGEL Setup, you can configure this through Natural scroll.
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If this problem persists, please contact our support.


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Zodiac is a 2007 crime thriller film based on the real-life Zodiac Killer who terrorized San Francisco in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The movie follows the investigation of the case by a cartoonist, a journalist, and a detective, as they try to identify and catch the elusive killer.
Futura Light. font is used for the movie title on the poster. It was developed by the Bauer Type Foundry in 1928, inspired by basic shapes and considered a significant advancement from the Constructivist principles of the Bauhaus movement.


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POSTPONED | Restoring bird populations | _TAG_
CONFERENCE POSTPONED DUE TO COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Early bird rates until 21 February!
The natural world is under huge pressure from human activity, placing bird populations and their habitats at risk. At the same time, there is growing recognition that avian conservation should look beyond slowing species' declines and avoiding extinction, to actively restoring avian abundance and diversity in landscapes and working to restore whole ecosystems. Despite the challenges facing nature, our understanding of how to restore species and ecosystems has never been greater, and the momentum for ecological restoration is building globally.
Restoring bird populations requires working at a range of scales, from individual animals to whole ecosystems, and from local sites to whole flyways. Birds can be indicators of recovery trajectories for entire ecosystems and can be integral to the success of habitat restoration, for example through their functional roles as predators, scavengers and dispersal agents.
This landmark international conference will bring together the latest science underpinning the restoration of bird species and their ecosystems, focussing on successes, challenges and future directions. This 2020 event coincides with a milestone year for assessing Aichi targets for biodiversity conservation, and comes on the eve of the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration that will run from 2021-2030. It will be of broad interest to conservation-, populationand community-ecologists, practitioners and policy makers.
The conference will aim to cover the following topics:
- Restoring bird populations through habitat and ecosystem restoration – managed restoration, rewilding and connectivity;
- Population reintroduction and reinforcement – the science of translocation, headstarting and other population management strategies;
- Control of invasive species and restoring community structure;
- The functional role of birds in ecosystem restoration;
- Progress towards Aichi biodiversity targets and government commitments to restoration.
ALFRED NEWTON LECTURE
Professor Carl Jones
Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust
Carl has been a conservation pioneer for decades, rescuing species from extinction and restoring their habitats.
The Alfred Newton Lecture was established in 1994 to celebrate the BOU's founder, and is awarded by the BOU to an internationally renowned figure to address a BOU annual conference on a key topic of the conference theme.
Managed wetland restoration and bird populations
Mary Colwell | _USER_
Freelance Producer and Writer, UK
Cultural and social values in restoring bird populations – why this matters
Nicola Crockford | _USER_ RSPB, UK
Working with governments to restore migratory birds and their habitats
John Ewen | _USER_
Institute of Zoology (IoZ), Zoological Society of London (ZSL), UK
Population reintroduction and reinforcement
Control of invasive species and restoring community structure
Joe Tobias | _USER_
Imperial College London, UK
The role of birds in ecosystem restoration: ecological functions, networks and interactions
Island restoration to benefit seabirds: what have we done so far and what can we do better?
Scientific Programme Organisers
David Douglas | RSPB Centre for Conservation Science, UK
Nancy Ockendon | Endangered Landscapes Programme (ELP), UK
Geoff Hilton | Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust (WWT), UK
Amanda Trask | Institute of Zoology (IoZ), Zoological Society of London (ZSL), UK
Female Great Hornbill | Angadachappa | CC BY SA 4.0 via ky.m.wikipedia.org


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About Seed Beads
Seed beads, also known as rocailles, are versatile beads used in embroidery, jewelry stringing, and all kinds of bead weaving applications. The smallest seed beads can go under trade names such as Antiques or Delicas, or they can be simply designated by size, where the bigger the number the smaller the bead. For example, 11 0 seed beads are very small (2mm), but 6 0 seed beads are bigger (4mm).
Although simple bead stringing projects are always a possibility, weaving with seed beads -- which can be done with a loom or off-loom -- is getting more and more popular. Bead weaving is nothing new, it has been practiced by Native Americans for centuries, and enjoyed a surge of popularity among Victorian women.
A common weaving technique for seed beads is peyote stitch. See our videos referenced above for demonstrations of this and other common bead weaving styles. Weaving involves the use of needles, so we've included the most appropriate beading needles above as well. Seed beads can also be used in a variety of sewing, threading, or wire projects.
Fireline thread is very good for bead weaving. It is pre-waxed, doesn't fray, and has very strong tensile strength. However, Nymo thread is good for loomwork because it's very thin, which is an advantage when your project requires that the needle pass through the same bead hole many times. Dandyline from Beadalon is also a nice thread that is strong, waterproof, and does not fray.
Basically, seed beads can be used in any design, whether it's loom weaving, threading, or embroidery, whenever you want to add small points of color or intricate detail. Other ideas include a bead-encrusted picture frame, monogrammed bags, and beaded zipper pulls. The possibilities are limited only by your imagination!
Getting to Know Seed Beads
How Many Seed Beads are in a Gram?


This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
DataSourceImpersonationInfo Element (ASSL)
Contains the information used to determine impersonation behavior when connecting to the data source for a Database element.
<Database>
 <DataSourceImpersonationInfo>
 <!-- Child elements are only those inherited from ImpersonationInfo -->
 </DataSourceImpersonationInfo>
</Database>
Characteristic Description
Data type and length
ImpersonationInfo Data Type (ASSL)
Default value
None
Cardinality
0-1: Optional element that can occur once and only once.
Relationship Element
Parent elements
Database
Child elements
None
Show:


text:
A telephone directory.
- In the days of the old Empire variety halls, there used to be 'memory men', as they were called, whose acts consisted of memorising long wedges of the telephone book or some such pointless feat.
- Credit bureaus usually are listed in the yellow pages of your telephone book under 'credit reporting agencies.'
- Although he had received many death threats, he didn't want bodyguards, didn't wear a bullet proof vest and didn't remove his name from the telephone book.
For editors and proofreaders
Syllabification: tel·e·phone book
Definition of telephone book in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


German Lessons
Get Off On the Right Foot
English has quite a few idioms using the word "foot," and the German language also "puts its best foot forward" in this regard!
Some German foot expressions are very similar to English:
Ich nehm' mein Herz und leg's dir zu Füßen.
I'll take my heart and lay it at your feet.
Caption 3, Deutsche Musik - Chris und Croissant
 Play Caption
Sometimes, a German expression is close to English, but with a spin of its own:
Er war von Kopf bis Fuß grün angezogen.
He was dressed in green from head to foot [idiom: completely].
Caption 23, Märchen - Sagenhaft - Ein Topf voll Gold
 Play Caption
The above expression is very similar, of course, to the English "from head to toe." Most German idiomatic expressions with the word Fuß are quite different, however:
Und die Besucher müssen wirklich gut zu Fuß sein.
And the visitors must be really good to foot [idiom: agile].
Captions 18-19, Internationale Automobilausstellung - IAA in Frankfurt öffnet die Pforten
 Play Caption
The English foot idiom that comes closest is "light on their feet." At Yabla, we translate idioms literally (word for word), and then add a dictionary-style definition for clarity.
Be careful you don't "put your foot in it" though, as some expressions sound similar to English, but have a completely different meaning:
Was Henne gesagt hat, hat ja eigentlich auch Hand und Fuß.
But I think what Henne has said also actually has a hand and a foot [idiom: makes sense].
Caption 48, Luxuslärm - Interview
 Play Caption
If you recall the English saying "to wait on someone hand and foot," you might falsely interpret the German to mean that Henne was being servile, when in fact she was making sense!
Further Learning
Learn some more expressions about other parts of the body here, and go to Yabla German and see how the word Fuß is used in different contexts.
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text:
: a device that holds or presses parts tightly together
: to hold or press (things or parts of a thing) tightly together with a device : to fasten or tighten (something) with a clamp
: to press or squeeze (something)
What made you want to look up clamp? Please tell us where you read or heard it (including the quote, if possible).


text:
Avoiding Figure Skating Joint Stress with Measuring Device
Figure skating is a beautiful but dangerous sport; repetitive jumping and landing on ice can cause a lot of joint stress. Researchers are working on "smart" blades to measure the force that is exerted on the ice. The data could then be used to prevent injuries.
Injuries Abound When Figure Skating
If you've ever seen a figure skater leap into the air and then come down hard on the ice, you can imagine the stress that's inflicted on the skater's joints over time. In fact, according to a recent article on Phys.org, when an ice skater lands after a jump, he or she might "exert a force magnitude up to six times their body weight." Imagine doing that over and over.
To get a better idea, check out the video below (from Wikipedia.com) to see some common figure skating jumps: toe jumps (loop, flip, Lutz) and edge jumps (loop, Salchow, axel).
"Video demonstrating the different figure skating jumps." by Oharaek. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons.
Stress injuries are, naturally, associated with overuse rather than trauma. Excessive jumping on ice tends to result in stress fractures and reactions, tendonitis, hip muscle strains, knee injuries, and more. The good news about injuries related to overuse is that they can be avoided in the first place.
Arming Figure Skaters with Data to Avoid Stress Injuries
To help ice skaters prevent stress injuries, researchers are working on a device that measures the exerted force when landing on the ice after a jump. The current version measures both horizontal and vertical loads, and the next step is to improve the accuracy of the system. By arming the skaters with data on how hard they are landing, the device could be used to decide when and how to adjust the routine or end the training session accordingly — before figure skating joint stress becomes an issue.
Close-up of a figure skate.
Ice Skate Blade Fitted with Measuring Device
So how does it work? The battery-driven device is built directly onto the blade of the figure skate. The stanchions that connect the blade to the boot have strain gauges attached to them. When the ice skater jumps and lands, the stanchions — and thereby, also the strain gauges — deform due to the exerted force.
Upon deforming, the strain gauges' electrical resistance changes. Next, a Wheatstone bridge circuit measures the change and a central control system calculates the overall force. The whole assembly reportedly only weighs 142 grams and does not touch the ice, making it ideal for the figure skater as it does not interfere with his or her movements.
It would be interesting to see some stress and strain simulations being compared to the test data…
- The Phys.org article, which includes diagrams of the device mounted to the blade: "Measuring on ice: Researchers create 'smart' ice skating blade"
- The original paper cited in the article: "Instrumented figure skating blade for measuring on-ice skating forces"
- COMSOL Now
- Fluid & Heat
- Structural & Acoustics
- Today in Science


text:
In this section, learn about Skin Names, how they provide information about a person's bloodline, how generations are linked and how this sets up systems of reciprocal relationships and responsibilities.
- What are your responsibilities in your community and family? How did you learn these?
- How could you learn how to work with Aboriginal people in your profession?
- How do Aboriginal people relate to their extended parents and grandparents?
- Consider how Skin Names help link families. Why and how would this be important?
- Marriage requirements to monitor bloodlines – why is this important?
- Skin Name and what it means to Aboriginal people.
- Examples of women's roles and men's roles.
- Examples of relations with extended family members.
- Loss of family under 'protection policies' and what this meant for Aboriginal people.


Differences between mysql and oracle
Source: Internet
Author: User
Welcome to the Linux community forum and interact with 2 million technical staff. the difference between mysql and oracle databases in implementing auto-increment columns: mysql can implement auto-increment columns, As long as auto_increment is set during table creation, and oracle cannot set auto-increment columns during table creation, you must use the sequence to implement the auto-incrementing column function and establish the sequence
Welcome to the Linux community forum and interact with 2 million technical staff> enter 1. the difference between mysql and oracle databases in implementing auto-increment columns: mysql can implement auto-increment columns, As long as auto_increment is set during table creation, and oracle cannot set auto-increment columns during table creation, you must use the sequence to implement the auto-incrementing column function and establish the sequence
Welcome to the Linux community forum and interact with 2 million technicians>
1. Differences between mysql and oracle databases for auto-increment columns:
Mysql can implement auto-increment columns. You only need to set auto_increment when creating a table, but oracle cannot set auto-increment columns when creating a table,
You must use the sequence to implement the auto-incrementing column function. The statement for creating the sequence is as follows (assuming the sequence is named ts_sequence ):
Create sequence ts_sequence
Increment by 1 -- add several
Start with 1 -- count from 1
NOMAXVALUE -- do not set the maximum value
NOCYCLE -- always accumulate without repeating
CACHE 10;
After sequence is defined, you can use ts_sequence.nextval and ts_sequence.currval In the insert statement,
Ts_sequence.currval returns the current sequence value, but it must be used after the first ts_sequence.nextval initialization.
Ts_sequence.currval.
2. Differences between mysql and oracle Database indexes:
In the entire database, mysql indexes can have the same name, that is, mysql indexes are table-level, but Oracle indexes cannot have the same name, that is, Oracle indexes are database-level;
Mysql indexes start from 0 and oracle indexes start from 1.
The two indexes are the same:
Create index indexName on tableName (columnName );
Delete Index
Mysql:
Alter table tableName drop index indexName
Oracle:
Drop index indexName
Query the index of a table
Mysql:
Show index from tableName
Oracle:
Select index_name, table_name, column_name from user_ind_columns where table_name = 'tablename'
Related Article
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text:
Warm compresses can hasten the resolution of inflammation and infection in the eyelids.
Types of warm compresses
The best way to warm the eyelids is to use a wheat bag eye mask. These provide both heat and moisture as wheat bags must be wet before heating. Wheat also holds its heat for longer than other methods. Dampen the outer covering of the wheat bag and place it in your microve. How long to heat your bag in your microwave will require a little experimentation. You want the wheat warm, not scalding.
There are three other common techniques:
- The simplest method is to fill a bowl with very hot water from the kitchen tap, wet a flannel in this water, wring it out, and place it over the inflamed area. Unfortunately flannels cool quickly. Once again, be careful not to make the flannel too hot
- A thermos can be filled with boiling water. The thermos mouth is placed underneath the eyelid, allowing steam to warm the affected skin. You must be careful not to place your eyelid too close to the thermos mouth
- Finally, you can use a hot wooden spoon. The wooden spoon is heated by placing it in a boiling kettle or pot of water. After a minute or two the spoon is withdrawn and dried carefully on a towel to remove all boiling water. The warm wood is then placed over the eyelid
How long and how often?
Hot compresses should be applied for about 10 minutes, four to six times a day to begin with. After a few day, just one treatment is usually enough.
What to expect
Please note that due to the application of heat the skin around the area will look pink or reddened after treatment. It is important that you don't confuse this with progression of infection or inflammation. An assessment of whether the changes in the lid are getting worse should be made an hour or two after treatment, not immediately following treatment.


The Community for Technology Leaders
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Issue No.11 - Nov. (1986 vol.12)
pp: _PHONE_
Krithivasan Ramamritham , Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003
ABSTRACT
An interprocess communication facility provided by the kernel of the Gutenberg experimental operating system is presented. In Gutenberg all interprocess communication is via channels (ports) which are typed by the service which can be requested on them. Ports are created by reference to their service without using the identifier of the process providing the service, a technique we refer to as functional addressing. By using functional addressing, interprocess transfer of port use privileges, and the new concept of cooperation class introduced in this paper, arbitrary process interconnection topologies can be achieved without any explicit use of process identifiers by processes. We present examples of object sharing with abstract data type managers and data-driven protocols of database query execution to illustrate the methods of constructing systems of cooperating processes using the Gutenberg system.
INDEX TERMS
Servers, Protocols, Kernel, Topology, Switches, port, Capabilities, functional addressing, interprocess communication, operating systems
CITATION
Krithivasan Ramamritham, "Functional addressing in Gutenberg: Interprocess communication without process identifiers", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.12, no. 11, pp. _PHONE_, Nov. 1986, doi:10.1109/TSE._PHONE_
17 ms
(Ver 2.0)
Marketing Automation Platform Marketing Automation Tool


text:
Decoding food labels can be a tricky business, particularly for those following strict dietary guidelines like vegans. One such label ingredient you might come across is E528, also known as Magnesium Hydroxide. So, let's dissect what E528 is, its origins, its uses, and importantly, whether it is vegan-friendly or not.
What is E528?
E528, also recognized as Magnesium Hydroxide, is an inorganic compound often utilized as a food additive. It's a white, odorless, non-toxic powder with alkaline properties. Magnesium Hydroxide's roles in food products are many, including acting as an acidity regulator, firming agent, and mineral supplement.
What is E528 made of?
E528 consists of magnesium, a mineral, and hydroxide, an ion made of oxygen and hydrogen. This substance is generally produced by reacting magnesium chloride with sodium hydroxide. As this process does not involve any animal derivatives, it is typically considered vegan-friendly.
What E528 is used for
In the food industry, E528 plays a variety of roles. Its primary use is as an acidity regulator, which helps maintain the pH balance in foods. Moreover, it is also used as a firming agent in canned vegetables, and as a mineral supplement in breakfast cereals and other fortified foods.
What Food Contains E528
You can find E528 in an array of food products. It's frequently used in the production of canned vegetables and fruits to keep them firm. E528 can also be found in some baked goods, confectionery, and fortified food items where it's added as a source of magnesium.
Is E528 Vegan?
Yes, E528 is vegan. It's synthesized from inorganic substances, namely magnesium chloride and sodium hydroxide, which are not derived from animals. However, as with all food products, vegans should read the complete list of ingredients to ensure everything complies with their dietary choices.
Can Vegans Eat E528?
Indeed, E528 is suitable for vegans. Its manufacturing process doesn't involve any animal-derived ingredients. But it's always good practice for vegans to scrutinize the whole ingredient list, as a product could contain other non-vegan elements.
- Potential Animal Testing with E528: E528 itself is vegan, but it's worth noting that some might argue its use indirectly supports animal testing. Many food additives undergo safety tests which may involve animals, despite the substance itself being vegan.
- Animal-Derived Ingredients in E528: There are no animal-derived ingredients in E528. Its creation involves purely inorganic substances.
- Origins and Production of E528: E528 is created synthetically from magnesium chloride and sodium hydroxide, involving no animal materials or by-products.
- E528 in a Vegan Diet: Given its non-animal origins and production, E528 can be included in a vegan diet without violating vegan principles.
Is E528 Safe?
Generally, E528 is considered safe for human consumption by the FDA and the EFSA. It's even used as an antacid and laxative in medicinal products. However, excessive intake might lead to side effects like stomach cramps and nausea. Hence, it should be consumed in moderation.
E528, also known as Magnesium Hydroxide, is a food additive that is safe and suitable for vegans. While it is produced synthetically and involves no animal products, vegans should still ensure that other ingredients in the food product are also vegan-friendly. Lastly, as with all things, moderation is crucial to maintain a healthy and balanced diet


Auditevent-example-error - FHIR v4.1.0
Current Build
Auditevent-example-error
Security Work GroupMaturity Level: N/AStandards Status: InformativeCompartments: Device, Patient, Practitioner
This is the narrative for the resource. See also the XML, JSON or Turtle format. This example conforms to the profile AuditEvent.
Recording that an error has happened due to a client requesting that an Observation resource be Created on the Patient endpoint. Note that the OperationOutcome from failed transaction is recorded as an AuditEvent.entity.

Usage note: every effort has been made to ensure that the examples are correct and useful, but they are not a normative part of the specification.


The topic of this page is to determine whether or not a Loop can be run in parallel. This is determined by looking at the structure of the loop and figuring out what the data dependancies are, and whether they will allow the compiler to Unroll the loop.
The primary data dependancies we need to look at are between two instructions INSIDE the loop, and between two instructions accross iterations, or an inter-iteration dependance.
The first dependance will not cause a problem for unrolling, save that the instructions must be kept in the same order, when the loop is unrolled. The second dependance may or maynot cause the loop to be Non-Parallel. If the a statement requires a value it produces in a previous iteration, then thatstatement is said to have a Circular Dependance. The occurance of a Circular Dependance, means the loop cannot be made Parallel.
Just because a loop has an inter-iteration dependance does not mean that the loop cannot be unrolled, as long as the dependance is NOT Circualr, than it can. The only thing that is neccessary is that the inter-iteration dependance needs to be removed by moving peices of the code around.
Example 1
Can the following Loop be made Parallel?
for (i=1;i<=100;i=i+1){
A[i+1] = A[i] + C[i]; /*S1*/
B[i+1] = B[i] + A[i+1]; /*S2*/
To find the solution, we first need to look at the dependancies.
Inside one iteration:
S2 is dependant on S1 for the value of A[i+1].
Between iterations:
S1 depends on S1 for the value of A[i] computed in iteration i-1.
S2 depends on S2 for the value of B[i] computed in iteration i-1.
Note that S1 depends on S1, and S2 depends on S2 inbetween loop iterations. This is the RED flag we discussed earlier. Because the loop containscircular data dependancies, this loop can not be unrolled.
Example 2
Lets look at another loop.
A[i] = A[i] + B[i]; /*S1*/
B[i+1] = C[i] + D[i]; /*S2/
First start at the dependancies inside one interation of the loop. The only dependance inside the loop is A[i] as a destination and source, but this is not really an issue.
Ok, since that is not an issue, lets take a look at the dependancies between iterations:
B[i+1] is computed, so for iteration i, S1 depends on S2 in iteration i-1.
Since no line contains a circular dependance, the loop can be unrolled. However, it will need a little arranging to remove the one dependance that is still there.
Since S1 does not depend on S2, the instructions do not need to be executed in the order that they are above. This is important to note, since we want to remove the inter-iteration dependance. To remove this dependance we need to shift the loop a little.
If we execute S2 for iteration i, then S1 for iteration i+1 as the loop. Doing this will cause S1 to be'missed' on the first iteration, so to fix that, we will need to run it once before entering the loop, with an index of 1. In effect this executes half of the first iteration of the loop and so we need to run S2 once the loop is complete to finish the other half of it. (Remember here that we are actually executing half of each iteration in our new loop) With those modifications the loop now looks like this:
A[1] = A[1] + B[1];
for (i=1;i<=99;i=i+1)
 A[i+1] = A[i+1] + B[i+1];
B[101] = C[100] + D[100];
This loop can be unrolled, and then run multiple iterations with fewer branches, which, of course, eliminates stalls.
A quick summary of the material presented here:
If there is a circular dependance in between loop iterations, Loop can not be unrolled. End of discussion.
If there are dependancies inbetween too iterations, but they are not circular, you may be able to rewrite the code so that the dependancies are located in a inside a single iteration, and then the loop can be unrolled. If you can not rewrite the loop to remove the inter-iteration dependancies then the loop is not parrallel.
If there are no data dependancies, then the loop can be unrolled, as it is.


Browse Dictionary by Letter
Dictionary Suite
third degree intensive, often painful questioning, as of a police prisoner (usu. prec. by the.) [2 definitions]
third dimension the dimension of depth or volume, as distinguished from the two dimensions provided on a plane surface. [2 definitions]
Third International an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in 1919 to unite all national Communist groups and advocate the spread of Communism.
third party a political party formed in dissension from or opposition to the major parties in a two-party system. [2 definitions]
third person in grammar, the category of pronouns, inflections, and the like that indicates one that is neither the speaker of a sentence nor one to whom the speaker is speaking, but rather, a person or thing that the speaker is speaking about. [3 definitions]
third rail an added rail that carries the electric current in an electric railway or subway.
Third Reich Germany under Nazi rule, from 1933 to 1945; Nazi Germany.
Third Republic the republic of France from 1870 to 1940.
third stream a kind of music that combines jazz improvisation with classical forms.
Third World (often l.c.) the developing nations, as of Asia and Africa, esp. those not aligned with either of the two dominant political blocs.
thirst a feeling of dryness in the mouth or throat, associated with the need or desire to drink. [5 definitions]
thirsty experiencing thirst; needing to drink. [4 definitions]
thirteen the number represented by the Arabic numeral 13 and by the Roman numeral XIII. [3 definitions]
thirteenth indicating rank or position between twelfth and fourteenth. [3 definitions]
thirtieth indicating rank or position between twenty-ninth and thirty-first. [3 definitions]
thirty the number represented by the Arabic numeral 30 and by the Roman numeral XXX. [5 definitions]
thirty-second note a musical note with one thirty-second the time value of a whole note; demisemiquaver.
Thirty Years' War a series of European wars occurring from 1618 to 1648, originally between German Catholics and German Protestants but later involving Sweden, France, and Spain, from which France emerged as the most powerful nation in Europe.
this the person, thing, or matter mentioned, understood, or at hand. [7 definitions]
thistle any of various plants with prickly leaves and showy heads of usu. purplish flowers.


text:
Most Active Stories
- Unification Of Ypsilanti And Willow Run School Districts Fast Approaching
- Roundabout Construction Near Costco Will Soon Be Underway
- Emilio Teubal is a 'Constant Reinventor'
- Local cyclists organize 'Ride of Silence' in Ann Arbor, Ypsilani
- Controversial 413 East Huron Development Project wins Ann Arbor City Council Approval
Thu March 7, 2013
If Caffeine Can Boost The Memory Of Bees, Can It Help Us, Too?
Originally published on Thu March 7, 2013 6:13 pm
Who knew that the flower nectar of citrus plants — including some varieties of grapefruit, lemon and oranges — contains caffeine? As does the nectar of coffee plant flowers.
And when honeybees feed on caffeine-containing nectar, it turns out, the caffeine buzz seems to improve their memories — or their motivations for going back for more.
"It is surprising," says Geraldine Wright at Newcastle University in the the U.K., the lead researcher of a new honeybee study published in the journal Science.
In order to study the effects of caffeine on bees, Wright and her colleagues trained the bees, Pavlovian style, to associate a reward of food with a smell of a flower.
"It's a little bit like Pavlov's dog," explains Phil Stevenson of the Royal Botanic Garden in Kew, outside London. "When Pavlov rang the bell, the dog salivated. And in this case, when the bee detects the smell, it extends its proboscis," Stevenson says. (The proboscis is the bee's long, hairy tongue used to suck up the nectar from the flower.)
The researchers wanted to know whether the bees would respond differently to flowers that contained a caffeinated nectar, compared to those that just had sugary nectar.
And, wow, turns out there was quite a difference. The bees feeding on the caffeinated nectar were three times better able to remember the flowers' odor 24 hours later, Stevenson says.
So could this mean that a caffeinated bee has a better memory? "That's exactly what the study shows," he says.
"They [the caffeinated bees] just didn't forget," says Wright.
And the benefit of remembering? Wright says these bees may have an advantage over their pollinating competitors in terms of locating food.
So, whether the caffeine is improving bees' memories — as these researchers suggest — or simply making bees more motivated or vigilant to seek out more of the stimulant, it's intriguing that caffeine could be giving bees the same kinds of buzz that people get.
"Caffeine absolutely influences our behavior," says Abraham Palmer of the University of Chicago. "It changes mood and performance in a variety of different ways." Due to genetic differences, our individual responses to caffeine vary.
Some of the best studies on the effects of caffeine on people come from the U.S. military, where caffeine has been studied as a way to keep soldiers alert.
In one study, researchers observed the effects of caffeine on a group of sailors who were training to become Navy Seals.
During one portion of that training, they are substantially sleep deprived and exposed to a variety of other stressors, "including cold temperatures and demanding physical activities," explains researcher Harris Lieberman of the U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine in Natick, Mass.
When Lieberman studied the behaviors of sailors who consumed caffeine compared to those who had a noncaffeinated placebo, he documented a range of benefits.
"We found that in moderate doses, caffeine enhanced ability to pay attention, and it enhanced vigilance," says Lieberman.
And caffeine also seemed to improve the exhausted sailors' short-term memories, something Lieberman was not expecting to see. "We were surprised that caffeine had such widespread effects," he says.
But in the absence of exhaustion, caffeine doesn't seem to help people remember any better.
"I don't think we have good data that establishes that caffeine has beneficial effects on memory," Lieberman says — at least among people who are well rested.
AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:
Most of us know what it feels like to have a little caffeine in our system. A cup of coffee wakes us up, gives us a bit of a buzz. Well, it turns out caffeinated nectar does something similar for honey bees. That's the finding of a new study published in the journal Science, as NPR's Allison Aubrey reports.
ALLISON AUBREY, BYLINE: It's too early in the year to expect to see honey bees, says researcher Phil Stevenson, especially from his perch at Royal Botanic Garden at Kew, just outside London.
PHIL STEVENSON: That's right. I mean, I've seen a couple of queens from but will be colonies around, but no honey bees as of yet. Yes, it's still a bit chilly for that.
AUBREY: But it won't be long. And Stevenson says when the bees start foraging for food in spring, they take long flights in search of nectar and then haul it back to their hives.
Now it turns out some of this nectar actually contains caffeine. Not just the nectar of coffee plants, but also citrus plants - including lemons, and oranges. So Stevenson and his colleague were curious. They wanted to know if this caffeinated nectar influenced the behavior of bees. So they designed a study.
STEVENSON: And in this study, you can train bees to associate a reward of food with a smell. It's a little bit like Pavlov's dog. When Pavlov rang the bell, the dog salivated. In this case, when the bee detects the smell, it extends its proboscis.
AUBREY: The smell came from flowers, the proboscis is the bee's long, hairy tongue used to suck up the nectar.
Now, in the study, Stevenson wanted to see whether the bees would respond differently to flowers that contained a caffeine rich nectar, compared to those that just had sugary nectar.
STEVENSON: We found that when they were taking sugar nectar with caffeine, they were three times better able to remember the flowers a day later than bees that were feeding on to sugar alone.
AUBREY: So could this mean that a caffeinated bee has a better memory?
STEVENSON: That's exactly what the study shows. We were very surprised by it, but obviously we were also very excited because it shows that bees are better able to remember a flower. And, of course, for bee this makes it better able to locate food.
AUBREY: Which is obviously a big plus in life.
Now, some researchers wonder if bees simply prefer caffeinated nectar. But whether it's improving their memories were making them more motivated to seek it out - it's intriguing that caffeine can be giving these the same kind of buzz that people get.
ABRAHAM PALMER: Caffeine absolutely influences our behavior. It changes mood and performance in a variety of different ways.
AUBREY: That's Abraham Palmer of the University of Chicago. He says due to genetic differences, our individual responses to caffeine vary. But studies show that caffeine does work on our brain's reward system, and in moderate doses can help improve attention and performance on all sorts of mental and physical tasks. Some of the best studies come from the U.S. military, where caffeine has been studied as a way to keep soldiers alert.
Researcher Harris Lieberman explains he studied a group of sailors who were training to become Navy SEALs.
HARRIS LIEBERMAN: During one portion of that training, they are substantially sleep deprived and exposed to a variety of other stressors.
AUBREY: Including cold temperatures and demanding physical activities. Lieberman says when he compared the sailor who consumed caffeine compared to those who had a non-caffeinated placebo, he documented range of benefits.
LIEBERMAN: We found that in moderate doses, caffeine enhanced ability to pay attention, it enhanced vigilance.
AUBREY: And it seemed to improve the exhausted sailors' short-term memories, something Lieberman was not expecting to see.
LIEBERMAN: We were somewhat surprised that caffeine had such widespread effects.
AUBREY: But Lieberman says, in the absence of exhaustion, caffeine doesn't seem to help people remember any better. So he doesn't think that caffeine is much of a memory booster.
LIEBERMAN: No, I don't.
AUBREY: But whether it's humans or those bees, there's clearly something about caffeine that keeps us coming back for more. Allison Aubrey, NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


text:
Internal Wave Generation Boundary
(x max, ymax)
( xorigin, yorigin)
Definition sketch for computational grid
a. The grid axes should be aligned as much as possible with the
predominant wave direction.
b. Points of interest in the computational domain should be kept at least one
c. The water depth should be uniform along the wave generation boundary.
d. The grid spacing should be chosen to resolve the shortest wave period of
interest (Tmin) in the shallowest part of the domain (hmin). This typically
corresponds to having at least eight grid points per wavelength in the
shallow regions and 20 to 30 points per wavelength at the peak wave
period (Tp) in the deep regions (hmax).
e. The maximum water depth has to be less than half the shortest wavelength of interest (hmax ≤ L(Tmin)/2). In regions with relatively deep water
along the offshore boundary, an artificial maximum depth can be
imposed in the numerical model to ensure that the shortest waves of
interest are resolved. For example, if we are interested in modeling a sea
state with Tp =10 s and Tmin = 6 s over an area where the water depth
ranges from 5 m to 100 m, a maximum depth of 28 m can be imposed
corresponding to L(Tmin)/2.
The maximum size of the computational area should be based on the
amount of available computational resources. For typical PC's or workstations with 100 to 200 MB of virtual memory, the grid size should not
exceed 500 x 500 grid points. Larger grids can be used at the cost of
much longer computational times.
Chapter 4 Setting Up and Running BOUSS-2D


text:
Let's Escape Level 9
Let's Escape Level 9
Let's Escape Level 9 Walkthrough, Solutions, Cheats, Answers for iPhone, iPad, Android, Kindle, iPod Touch and other device by Mobest Media
- Check those hole of the snooker table, collect a knife handle.
- Check the ball beside, tap the ball and reveal the color.
- Now check the dart board, remember the number with different color of darts.
- So if we arrange the number according to the color on the ball, we will get 11913.
- Now tap in 11913 to the running machine, and collect a blade below.
- Now use knife to cut the trampoline and collect a silver key.
- Use silver key to open the cabinet on the right, collect a pliers from inside.
- Remember the arrangement of those color ball.
- Tap the snooker table, and imagine drawing line by following those color ball.
- You will see 5,1,6 and 2.
- So now use pliers to take off the dart board, there is a safe behind it.
- Tap in 5162 to open the safe and collect a key.
- Use the last key to open door.
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Every year, the ISAPP European network organises schools in astroparticle physics at the doctoral level for experimentalists, observers and theorists. The present school will be held in Paris, 15- 25 June 2015, and is dedicated to Cosmology. Time is ripe for an in-depth look at the field in light of the new results from the Planck satellite mission and the beginning of an era of large surveys dedicated to dark energy research. No prior experience in cosmology is required as introductory courses will present the standard cosmological model and observational techniques. Topics to be covered include the cosmic microwave background, the early universe, large-scale structure, dark energy observations and theory, modified gravity, instrumental techniques. It will finish with a look to future prospects in major research areas.
The present school is open to PhD students and post-docs working in the fields of cosmology, high energy astrophysics and particle physics and will be held in Paris, at the AstroParticle and Cosmology (APC) laboratory, from 15 to 25 June 2015.


Law of Similarity: Overview & Examples
Instructor: Orin Davis
Psychologists use the Law of Similarity to understand behavior. Learn the Law of Similarity, which is the tendency to link similar items into a distinct group, and see examples of how it affects you every day.
Definition of the Law of Similarity
Have you ever walked down a busy street on a summer day and heard the music coming out of the cars with open windows? You are probably hearing multiple songs at once, and yet you are able to identify each of them and not get lost in the ocean of sound. Within each song, the series of notes is connected more closely than it is to the notes of any of the other songs, and it is this similarity that allows you to pick out the Beatles, Frank Sinatra, and Barbara Streisand all at the same time. The fact that we link things that are similar and treat them like a distinct group is the Law of Similarity. Psychologists use the Law of Similarity to understand behavior.
Examples of the Law of Similarity
To really understand how the Law of Similarity works, let's look at a few examples.
Example 1
Take a look at the letters below:
h h h h h h h h h h
q q q q q q q q q q
n n n n n n n n n n
p p p p p p p p p p
You would probably describe what you see as four rows of letters instead of ten columns of letters, because we tend to group similar things into whole sets - that's the Law of Similarity.
Example 2
What shape do you see in this picture?
ASCII Smiley
If you look closely, you will see that the smiley face is made of individual characters. We are able to see each of the eyes and the mouth because they are made of similar characters that we combine in our minds using the Law of the Similarity. While the light and dark contrasts help, we would be able to see the smiley face as long as the characters that make up the eyes are all the same but also distinct from the characters that make up the background. That way, we can group the characters using the Law of Similarity and distinguish them as eyes that are separate from the background of the face.
The Law of Similarity is a Gestalt Rule
The Law of Similarity is one of the rules that comes from Gestalt Psychology ('gesh-TAHLT'; German for 'whole'), which is about how human beings perceive wholes. Gestalt Psychology describes how a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Take a look at Example 3 to see for yourself.
Example 3
Here are four lines:
Four Lines
Here are four more lines:
Four lines in a square
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The polling interval determines how often the endpoint sends its status and receives commands, for example, every 15 minutes or every hour. If needed, you can change the polling interval in Basic Configuration of the group's policy or you can force an immediate update as described in this procedure.
For more information, see Changing Policy Settings.
To force an update:
 1. From the endpoint, in the system tray, right-click the Webroot icon.
 2. From the drop-down menu that displays, select Refresh configuration.
 The system updates.


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I an using a book which is teaching me how to use various App Inventor tools. When I produce a list, the items are each surrounded by inverted commas, but examples in the book have no inverted commas. I am following the instructions closely but can't get the inverted commas to disappear.
Can anyone help, please?
You mean, your list looks like something like this?
Have you tried this?
probably you are talking about the show list as json property?
you can deactivate it in the Screen properties...
you might want to provide a screenshot of the list, so we can better understand, what you are talking about...
Trying to push the limits! Snippets, Tutorials and Extensions from Pura Vida Apps by Taifun.
@william632, please provide a screenshot / photo of the list you are talking about.
Probably you are setting the text of a component to a list.
Here's a screenshot. In the example in Mike McGrath's book, there are no inverted commas.
I don't mean commas - I mean speech marks.
Here is a photo of how it appears in the book:
Did you apply the Tajfun advice and you deselected the property "ShowListAsJson" in the properties of Screen1?
Don't give strange or wrong answers. There is a feature in Screen1 that Tajfun mentioned. It is enough to uncheck this property.
And to better understand see below image. You can see the how lists are shown when ShowListsAsJson is ckecked or not. Most probably the book you are reading was written using an earlier version of MIT App Inventor
Genius! Thank you so much. Now, why couldn't Mike McGrath have mentioned that in his book?
This is probably why:
AppInventor is growing. Written books no longer ...
Thank you. The book, "Building Android Apps" is second addition and covers App Inventor 2.
Thank you to everyone who responded to my query. Very much appreciated.
See all releases from 2013 and changes to App Inventor 2
AI2 has been around for several years and a lot has changed since then. New components have been added, new properties have been added.
Thank you - my edition is dated 2014 - in computing terms, a long time ago!
Thank you - useful to know.
This topic was automatically closed 7 days after the last reply. New replies are no longer allowed.


EBF 483
Introduction to Electricity Markets
8.4 LMP on a Three Node Network, Constant Marginal Cost
8.4 LMP on a Three Node Network, Constant Marginal Cost
Now that you've seen the basic idea of LMP calculations, we'll move on to the three node network. This will be more complicated because we'll need to use our power flow adjustment calculations as we did in a previous lesson. We will go through a couple of different versions - one with constant marginal costs and one with linear marginal costs.
Our example with constant marginal costs is based on the three node network in the figure below. The marginal cost of Generator A is $5/MWh and the marginal cost of Generator B is $2/MWh. In this example we will impose some capacity constraints on the generators - Generator A can produce at most 10 MW and Generator B can produce at most 7 MW. Demand at Node C is 10 MWh.
3 node network labeled A,B,C, equal resistance. Node 1: MC = $5. capacity= 10MW, Node 2: MC = $2, Capacity = 7MW. Node 3: Demand = 10MWh
Figure 8.6: A three node Network
Source: This image by S. Blumsack © Penn State University is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
First, we will clear the market and calculate flows without imposing any limits on the transmission lines. The market-clearing solution is for Generator B to produce 7 MWh and Generator A to produce 3 MWh. The SMP is $5/MWh. Flows in the network are calculated as:
F BC = 1 3 G A + 2 3 G B =5 2 3 MW F AC = 2 3 G A + 1 3 G B =4 1 3 MW F AB = 1 3 G A - 1 3 G B =- 4 3 MW
Since there is no transmission congestion in the network, we have that the LMPs are all identical and equal to $5/MWh.
Now we will impose congestion on the system by assuming that the maximum possible flow on Line (B,C) is 5 2/3 MW (which was our flow solution above). We will also assume that demand increases to 11 MWh, so we need to redispatch the generators to avoid overloading Line (B,C). We calculate the redispatch as follows, using the same technique as in Lesson 4:
ΔF BC = 1 3 ΔG A + 2 3 ΔG B =0
 = 1 3 ΔG A + 2 3 ( 1-ΔG A )=0
 - 1 3 ΔG A + 2 3 =0
 ΔG A =+2MWh, ΔG B =-1MWh
We now have GA = 5 MWh and GB = 6 MWh. Since marginal costs are constant, we have:
LMP(A) = $5/MWh; LMP(B) = $2/MWh
LMP(C) = 2 × $5 + (-1 × $2) = $8/MWh
The LMPs at the generator nodes (A and B) are equal to the generator marginal costs. The LMP at Node C reflects the costs of the actions needed to deliver an additional MWh to Node C (increasing generator A by 2 MWh, which imposes a cost of $5/MWh; and reducing output at generator B by 1 MWh, which saves $2/MWh).


text:
noun. ['ˈhaɪdrənt'] a faucet for drawing water from a pipe or cask.
- water faucet
- plumbing fixture
- water tap
Rhymes with Hydrant
Sentences with hydrant
1. Noun, singular or mass
Attach the hydrant to the top of the standpipe and the bleeder/check valve to the bottom.
Most hydrant spouts are equipped with a threaded brass male hose fitting.
noun. ['ˈhaɪdrənt'] a discharge pipe with a valve and spout at which water may be drawn from the mains of waterworks.
- discharge pipe


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Using the ArcToolbox window
In any ArcGIS Desktop application, you open the ArcToolbox window with the Show/Hide ArcToolbox Window button found on the standard toolbar or by clicking Geoprocessing > ArcToolbox.
Key features of the ArcToolbox window
You can customize the contents by adding and removing toolboxes
To add any toolbox to the ArcToolbox window, right-click the ArcToolbox entry and click Add Toolbox as illustrated below. Browse to the location containing the toolbox you want to add and select the toolbox.
To remove a toolbox, right-click the toolbox and click Remove. The toolbox will be removed from the window contents but will not be deleted from disk.
The contents of the ArcToolbox window are saved with your document
This is perhaps the most useful feature of the ArcToolbox window. You can customize the contents of the window to contain just those toolboxes you need for your current project. When you save your ArcMap, ArcGlobe, or ArcScene document, the contents of the ArcToolbox window are saved. The next time you open the document, the window will be the same as when you saved the document. See below for more information about saving and loading the contents.
ArcToolbox window displays the toolbox label, not its name
The Catalog window displays the toolbox name. The ArcToolbox window displays the toolbox label. This may take you by surprise if you add a toolbox whose name is different than its label.
The ArcToolbox window contains shortcuts to toolboxes
The toolboxes you see in the ArcToolbox window are references to a toolbox. They are analogous to shortcuts in Windows Explorer or layers within ArcMap. This means that if you remove a toolbox from the window, you're simply removing it from the list and not truly deleting it on disk. However, if you delete one of its tools, the tool is deleted from the toolbox on disk. In this way, toolboxes in the window behave like feature layers in ArcMap—if you remove a feature layer in the ArcMap table of contents, the dataset it refers to is not deleted. However, if you start editing the contents of the layer and delete a feature, the feature is deleted from the dataset on disk. It's the same way with toolboxes in the window—if you delete one of its members (a toolset or tool), it is permanently deleted from the toolbox.
The ArcToolbox shortcut menu
You can add any custom or system toolbox by browsing and selecting the toolbox.
If you want to create a new empty toolbox, click Add Toolbox and browse to the location where you want to create the toolbox. In the Add Toolbox window, click the new toolbox button, as illustrated below.
This opens the geoprocessing Environment Settings window.
Hide Locked Tools
When checked, only those tools for which you have a license will appear in the window. Only tool product level licenses (ArcView, ArcEditor, and ArcInfo) are examined—individual extension licenses are not examined.
Save Settings and Load Settings
Geoprocessing settings are the list of toolboxes found in the ArcToolbox window. You can save these settings for later loading.
Save Settings > To File will save the list of toolboxes and environment settings to an.xml file. You can load these settings by clicking Load Settings > From File and browsing to a saved.xml file.
You can also save settings as the default settings so that the next time you create a new document, the ArcToolbox window will read the default settings. To save your settings to the default settings, click Save Settings > To Default. You can also load the default settings using Load Settings > From Default.
Geoprocessing settings do not include a toolbox's toolsets and tools. Toolbox content is read when you start an application and open the ArcToolbox window.
The contents of the ArcToolbox window in ArcCatalog are the default settings. If you change the contents of the ArcToolbox window in ArcCatalog, the default settings will be overwritten when you exit ArcCatalog.
Toolbox contents in multiple applications
If you have only one application open on your computer, the contents of the Catalog and ArcToolbox windows are kept synchronized; if you remove a tool from a toolbox in the ArcToolbox widow, the Catalog window is immediately updated, showing that the tool was removed. Likewise, if you delete a tool from a toolbox in the catalog tree, the ArcToolbox window is immediately updated.
However, If you have multiple application sessions open, such as an ArcCatalog and an ArcMap session, the contents of a toolbox are not synchronized between the two application sessions. For example, if you delete a tool in one application session, it will still be present in the other application and can still be executed. This occurs because all applications, when they are started, read the contents of all toolboxes and store the contents in memory. As you delete, remove, or add tools, these changes are made in memory and are not written to disk until you exit the application session. This means that you can always use a tool that was present when the session began, even if another application removed it.
The general rule is that if you are altering toolbox content, alter it in one application, then exit and restart other applications to see the changes.


Do Patients with Epididymitis Must Have an Operation? - Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill
Do Patients with Epididymitis Must Have an Operation?
Date:2021-08-09 click:
Patients with epididymitis do not need surgery to achieve the therapeutic effect, but they need to choose the treatment method according to their inflammation degree. There is much epididymitis that is not serious, so they only need to take medicine. Medications such as herbal medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can achieve the therapeutic effect. Of course, to a more severe degree, epididymitis requires surgery.

Although the epididymis is not the principal place to produce semen, if various pathogenic bacteria or various inflammations infect it for a long time, it will further affect the daily semen quality. After getting epididymitis, not all kinds of sperm will decrease the first time.

As the inflammation further effectively affects the epididymis and infects the surrounding tissues, it will cause other aspects of the body to be complicated by inflammation. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with inflammation effectively in time.

Epididymitis, an inflammatory disease, has a different degree of impact on each patient. In addition, its inflammatory condition is also other. Therefore, after suffering from epididymitis, the treatment method will also be selectively treated according to the disease. It means not that once having epididymitis, there must be surgery.

For epididymitis, surgery is generally not required because it belongs to the pathological symptoms of inflammation. And if patients want to eliminate inflammation effectively, they can start to use Diuretic Anti-inflammatory Pill. As long as rely on drug treatment, it can achieve a good effect.

Herbal medicine Diuretic Anti-inflammatory Pill can effectively treat epididymitis without side effects and avoid sequelae or complications caused by surgical treatment. Diuretic Anti-inflammatory Pill is made from herbal medicine, will not harm the body or produce resistance, which is a good choice for treating epididymitis. After the practical effect and the inflammation are slowly and effectively eliminated, the final therapeutic effect can be achieved after more exercise and conditioning through oneself.

Of course, there are individual cases of epididymitis that are more serious and have caused damage to some internal tissues. Therefore, it is necessary to use surgery to treat internal problems effectively. Thus, in the face of different disease conditions, the treatment is selected. Naturally, there will be a certain degree of flexibility in the method, which does not mean that surgery is mandatory.

Therefore, the disease of epididymitis does not mean that surgery is necessary to achieve the therapeutic effect, but the specific degree of epididymitis is different. After a comprehensive examination, it is possible to choose medical treatment or surgical treatment. The final treatment method is determined according to the condition, so it does not mean that surgery is necessary to remove the inflammation effectively.

Nursing measures for epididymitis

Clinically, epididymitis is divided into acute epididymitis and chronic epididymitis.

For acute epididymitis:

1. The patient is required to stay in bed, raise the scrotum, use a cloth bag or scrotal support to lift the scrotum, cold compress in the early stage of the disease, and hot compress or hot water bath in the late stage. If there is a childbirth requirement, do not use hot water for bathing.

2. Patients in the acute stage be careful during the hot compress, requiring the patients to prohibit sex and avoid physical labor. If indwelling catheterization is required, prevent the spread of inflammation in time.

For patients with chronic epididymitis, hot compresses can be used to relieve pain and reduce lumps.

You may also be interested in:

How Can Epididymitis Harm Sperm?
How does Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill work on epididymitis
Notices During Epididymitis Treatment

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I'm kind of confused - you seem to be asking both about loading data from XML as well as how to implement a generalized casting system.
Anyway, as for the implementation details, if I remember correctly. warcraft 3 used to have standardised names for different things. Spell animations were given names such as Spell1, Spell2, etc. Attack animations had names such as Attack1, AttackCrit and AttackSpin. The game engine would pick an animation out of a "list" of animations that you allowed. So for example, an attack might have two animations enabled by it - Attack1 and Attack2. Whereas a specialized spell might only have one animation attached, such as SpellSummon. you only needed to supply the animation names. The animations were build into the models (the animations could be baked into the models using 3dSMax. I'm not sure about how it was done, as I've never ventured into the modelling side of things, but I'm pretty sure there was a plugin provided by blizzard for animation.)
As for particle effects and particle systems, the were known as "buffs". Buffs had no gameplay impact at all. They were used to attached particles and trails to "attachment points" on the model. these attachment points were also baked into the model. common attachment points included (hand,left), (hand,right), and chest. There were also other, more specialzed attachment points that only worked on a few models such as (mount). Anyway, these buffs could have a duration associated with them, and the particles expired after the duration.
When the particles were created, they played their "created" animation. and then they looped an intermediate animation. on being destroyed, they played their "destroyed" animation. Like I said, particles were controlled indirectly through buffs.
As for storage, blizzard has it's own format (.MPQ I think), with it's custom method for storing objects. I don't remember the details, but the wikipedia page has some decent information.
Hope this helps


Summary of Minnesota State Charter School Facility Law
In 1991, Minnesota passed the first charter school statute in the nation and started the first charter schools in 1992. In 1996, the Minnesota Legislature appropriated funds for a charter school lease aid grant program.
Lease aid grant statute
Minnesota law (Statute 124D.11, subdivision 4) allows charter schools to apply to the Minnesota Department of Education (MDE) for building lease aid when a charter school has insufficient total operating capital revenue (as defined under section 126C.10, subdivision 13). The MDE must review and either approve or deny a lease aid application using the following criteria:
 1. the reasonableness of the price based on current market values;
 2. the extent to which the lease conforms to applicable state laws and rules; and
 3. the appropriateness of the proposed lease in the context of the space needs and financial circumstances of the charter school.
The State distributes these lease aid funds on a per-pupil basis. The amount of funds perpupil unit served for a charter school for any year may not exceed the lesser of
 1. 90 percent of the approved per-pupil cost or
 2. the greater of (1) the charter school's building lease aid per-pupil for fiscal year 2003, (excluding the adjustments under Laws 2002, chapter 392, article 6, section 4; this may not exceed $1,500 for these grandfathered schools) or (2) $1,200, generally for newer charter schools.
The requirement that charter schools pay at least 10 percent of their facility costs helps ensure that schools will lease appropriate and reasonable facilities. The building lease aid may not be used for custodial, maintenance service, utility, or other operating costs. Charter schools make up the difference between state aid and actual rent by spending general aid funds.
Application process
The process for obtaining facility aid includes the following steps:
 1. Charter schools determine that their facility complies with health and safety regulations, local building codes and provisions for persons with disabilities.
 2. The charter school then submits its lease contract to MDE for review on the basis of reasonableness and appropriateness. If the lease is satisfactory, MDE approves the lease facility aid. If building modifications are necessary and appropriate, those are often subsumed into lease payments over several years.
 3. The MDE makes lease aid payments to charter schools on a monthly basis.
State funding and Federal grant
For fiscal year 2004, $17,768,623 was appropriated in state lease aid funding and the total facilities lease aid appropriation for fiscal year 2005 is $22,236,119.
Minnesota is one of four grant recipients under the State Charter School Facilities Incentive Grants Program. Minnesota will use its Federal grant to enhance its charter school facility initiative by making building improvement grants, augmenting state appropriations for lease aid, providing technical assistance in selecting appropriate charter school facilities and disseminating information about best use of facilities.
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Last Modified: 11/21/2006