we can employ either a fixed or sliding window approach to identify our set of points for comparison. Typically, the reference window is a fixed, recent subset of the training data while the target window slides over time.
Scikit-multiflow provides a toolkit for concept drift detection techniques directly on streaming data. The package offers windowed, moving average functionality (including dynamic preprocessing) and even methods around concepts like gradual concept drift.
Note
We can also compare across various window sizes simultaneously to ensure smaller cases of drift aren't averaged out by large window sizes.
Measuring drift
Once have the window of points we wish to compare, we need to know how to compare them.
Expectations
The first line of measurement can be rule-based such as validating expectations around missing values, data types, value ranges, etc. as we did in our data testing lesson. These can be done with or without a reference window and using the mostly argument for some level of tolerance.
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import great_expectations as ge
import pandas as pd
from tagifai import config, utils
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# Create DataFrame
features_fp = Path(config.DATA_DIR, "features.json")
features = utils.load_dict(filepath=features_fp)
df = ge.dataset.PandasDataset(features)
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# Simulated production data
prod_df = ge.dataset.PandasDataset([{"text": "hello"}, {"text": 0}, {"text": "world"}])
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# Expectation suite
df.expect_column_values_to_not_be_null(column="text")
df.expect_column_values_to_be_of_type(column="text", type_="str")
expectation_suite = df.get_expectation_suite()
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# Validate reference data
df.validate(expectation_suite=expectation_suite, only_return_failures=True)["statistics"]
{'evaluated_expectations': 2,
 'successful_expectations': 2,
 'unsuccessful_expectations': 0,
 'success_percent': 100.0}
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# Validate production data
prod_df.validate(expectation_suite=expectation_suite, only_return_failures=True)["statistics"]
{'evaluated_expectations': 2,
 'successful_expectations': 1,
 'unsuccessful_expectations': 1,
 'success_percent': 50.0}
Univariate
Once we've validated our rule-based expectations, we need to quantitatively measure drift. Traditionally, in order to compare two different sets of points to see if they come from the same distribution, we use two-sample hypothesis testing on the distance measured by a test.
Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test
For example, a Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) test, which determines the maximum distance between two distribution's cumulative density functions.
We want to monitor the distribution of the # of tags for a given input so we can capture issues around irregular inference behavior. Other univariate data we may want to monitor include # of tokens in text, % of unknown tokens in text, etc.
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from alibi_detect.cd import KSDrift
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# Reference
df["num_tags"] = df.tags.apply(lambda x: len(x))
reference = df["num_tags"][-400:-200].to_numpy()
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# Initialize drift detector
length_drift_detector = KSDrift(reference, p_val=0.01)
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# No drift
no_drift = df["num_tags"][-200:].to_numpy()
length_drift_detector.predict(no_drift, return_p_val=True, return_distance=True)
plt.hist(reference, alpha=0.75, label="reference")
plt.hist(no_drift, alpha=0.5, label="production")
plt.legend()
plt.show()
{'data': {'is_drift': 0,
 'distance': array([0.06], dtype=float32),
 'p_val': array([0._PHONE_], dtype=float32),
 'threshold': 0.01},
 'meta': {'name': 'KSDrift', 'detector_type': 'offline', 'data_type': None}}
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# Drift
drift = np.random.normal(10, 2, len(reference))
length_drift_detector.predict(drift, return_p_val=True, return_distance=True)
plt.hist(reference, alpha=0.75, label="reference")
plt.hist(drift, alpha=0.5, label="production")
plt.legend()
plt.show()
{'data': {'is_drift': 1,
 'distance': array([0.61], dtype=float32),
 'p_val': array([2.9666908e-36], dtype=float32),
 'threshold': 0.01},
 'meta': {'name': 'KSDrift', 'detector_type': 'offline', 'data_type': None}}
Chi-squared test
And similarly for categorical data (input features, targets, etc.) we can apply the Pearson's chi-squared test to determine if a frequency of events (1D) is consistent with a reference distribution.
We're creating a categorical variable for the # of predicted tags but we could very very apply it to the tag distribution it self, individual tags (binary), slices of tags, etc.
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from alibi_detect.cd import ChiSquareDrift
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# Reference
df.tag_count = df.tags.apply(lambda x: "small" if len(x) <= 3 else ("medium" if len(x) <= 8 else "large"))
reference = df.tag_count[-400:-200].to_numpy()
plt.hist(reference, alpha=0.75, label="reference")
plt.legend()
target_drift_detector = ChiSquareDrift(reference, p_val=0.01)
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# No drift
no_drift = df.tag_count[-200:].to_numpy()
plt.hist(reference, alpha=0.75, label="reference")
plt.hist(no_drift, alpha=0.5, label="production")
plt.legend()
target_drift_detector.predict(no_drift, return_p_val=True, return_distance=True)
{'data': {'is_drift': 0,
 'distance': array([2.008658], dtype=float32),
 'p_val': array([0.36629033], dtype=float32),
 'threshold': 0.01},
 'meta': {'name': 'ChiSquareDrift',
 'detector_type': 'offline',
 'data_type': None}}
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# Drift
drift = np.array(["small"]*80 + ["medium"]*40 + ["large"]*80)
plt.hist(reference, alpha=0.75, label="reference")
plt.hist(drift, alpha=0.5, label="production")
plt.legend()
target_drift_detector.predict(drift, return_p_val=True, return_distance=True)
{'data': {'is_drift': 1,
 'distance': array([118.03355], dtype=float32),
 'p_val': array([2.3406739e-26], dtype=float32),
 'threshold': 0.01},
 'meta': {'name': 'ChiSquareDrift',
 'detector_type': 'offline',
 'data_type': None}}
Multivariate
As we can see, measuring drift is fairly straightforward for univariate data but difficult for multivariate data. We'll summarize the reduce and measure approach outlined in the following paper: Failing Loudly: An Empirical Study of Methods for Detecting Dataset Shift.
We'll use the embedded inputs from our model as our multivariate data. We'll first apply dimensionality reduction and then conduct two different tests to detect drift. We'll start by establishing our reference window:
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import torch
import torch.nn as nn


text:
Time error analysis using real-time data is a complex and lengthy process that can take from weeks to months to perform. To help simplify and speed this process, SiTime has developed Time Error Simulator software to simulate how much wander is generated by the instabilities of the local oscillator. This software runs system simulations for both locked state and holdover state, providing an estimation of time and frequency errors, MTIE, and TDEV. It also provides the ability to recognize various causes of performance degradation including contributors such as temperature, drift and Allan deviation.
This tool simplifies and speeds time error estimation for the system and eliminates the need to perform long tests over many conditions and configurations. Only two basic tests (behavior over temperature and short-term frequency stability) and the drift specification of the local oscillator are needed to simulate time error for a range of scenarios. These scenarios include different system configurations (loop bandwidth, loop order), different conditions (temperature profile, locked state, holdover state) and different modes (PTP Only, PTP + SyncE).
This paper discusses the importance of the local oscillator in the overall synchronization performance of the system, provides how-to information on simulating time error, and covers a variety of models used for time error simulation for PTP and PTP + SyncE applications.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
A star shines in Michigan!
Emmet County is pleased to partner with the Dark Sky Coast Association in celebrating and supporting parks and recreation opportunities in the Northwest region of Emmet County. These efforts are particularly focused on continued education about and protection of the night sky and to the rich cultural heritage of this area. Click here to make your donation and to receive our quarterly newsletter, with the seasonal column "Beyond the Telescope" by Headlands Program Director Mary Stewart Adams!
As a nonprofit organization, the DSCA was established in 2014 to serve as an avenue for people to donate toward this mission. As with all visions, the DSCA's is large, multifaceted, and developing. Goals include a new future Heritage Center at the Headlands International Dark Sky Park; enhanced programs; providing on-site interpreters at the Headlands; outreach to local schools for observatory use, other programs and opportunities to learn about astronomy and the stories in the night sky; plus other ideas being considered by the DSCA board.
Those serving on the DSCA board come from a variety of backgrounds, including other nonprofit board membership, local agencies, and philanthropists in Northern Michigan. Members of Emmet County staff consult with the DSCA on setting goals and discussing future park needs.
The DSCA is a registered 501(c)(3) and accepts tax-deductible donations toward these exciting visions to preserve and interpret the culture, heritage and resources of NW Michigan and Emmet County!
Please consider donating to the DSCA at the following address:
Dark Sky Coast Association
P.O. Box 493
Harbor Springs, MI 49740
If you have questions, contact Mary Stewart Adams at _PHONE_ or email _EMAIL_


text:
Thoughtexchange helps you crowdsource answers to important questions in real time. If you share back what you heard from an exchange, how it impacted you, and what actions you are going to take, you'll ensure participants feel heard this time and take part next time.
You can use the Discover Dashboard to share your thoughts in these three places,
Leaders can respond to participants wherever they find a thought in the Discover Dashboard. Click on the purple thought bubble and start typing. Your leader comment will then automatically appear wherever that thought is published. Remember! This includes the Discover screen in the participant app.
Some great ways to use this feature include:
- Acknowledging what you heard;
- Educating participants on initiatives related to their feedback;
- Sharing an action you'll take related to the thought.
Similar to commenting on thoughts, leaders can comment on themes wherever they appear. Click on the theme, and the option appears at the top of the page. The only exception to this is the AI-generated themes. This set of themes needs to be copied and then you can comment on individual themes.
Use theme-level comments to,
- Share leadership reflections or big-picture actions;
- Summarize the content of a theme;
- Highlight organizational values or underlying interests.
Another way to share your leadership perspective is at the exchange level using the in-app summary report. When you create a Summary Report in the Discover Dashboard, there is space at the top of the page to write a leadership overview.
Use this section to:
- Re-state the purpose of the exchange and how it relates to the organization's goals;
- Detail key actions that will be taken based on the exchange results;
- Share what you learned as a leader.
To learn how other leaders are using Thoughtexchange to crowdsource answers to questions in real-time, check out our Customer Stories page.
If you need support with any of our commenting or reporting features, please contact our support team at _EMAIL_ or reach out to your Client Success Manager.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Improving Georgia's Voter Registry
Supporting local collaboration to improve Georgia's voter list
Georgians polled in a May 2011 nationwide public opinion survey on electoral issues identified voter list inaccuracy as one of the main problems or concerns for them related to upcoming elections. This reflects a legacy of problems with the list over a number of elections. A low level of trust in Georgia's voter registration system, plagued by reports of émigrés and the deceased remaining on the list, would impact Georgians' overall trust in the outcome of the 2012 parliamentary elections and could impede the country's effort to deepen its democratic advancement.
In March 2011, USAID provided support to civil society and government representatives to initiate and conduct a pilot voter addressing project in two districts of Georgia's capital – Old Tbilisi and Didube-Chugureti – to eliminate duplicate addresses and correct inaccurate entries on the voters list. This initiative should help ensure a more precise voter registration database for parliamentary and presidential elections in 2012 and 2013. This would mark an important step toward a free and fair election cycle.
USAID's assistance resulted in more than 133,000 Georgians being linked to new addresses and more than 20,500 to existing addresses. Documents for legalizing nearly 50,000 addresses were prepared and presented to the government's Civil Registry Agency for legalization. Legislation to improve and regulate the process of updating voters' addresses also was drafted to ensure sustainability,
To publicize these results and increase awareness among Georgian citizens, USAID's project gave presentations to the public, media, civil society and government.
- About USAID/Georgia
- Democratic checks and balances and accountable government enhanced
- Inclusive and sustainable economic growth
- Increasingly stable, integrated, and healthy society
- Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment
- Billion Dollar Pledge
- Elections Monitoring
- Programs by region
- News Room
- Working with USAID

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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problem icon
Flexi Quads
problem icon
A Knight's Journey
problem icon
8 Methods for Three by One
Fix Me or Crush Me
Doug writes:
For the first part, I took a general matrix $\begin{bmatrix} a&b&c\\ d&e&f\\ g&h&i\\ \end{bmatrix}$, and multiplied this with $\mathbf{F}$ to get $\begin{pmatrix} a+b\\ d+e\\ g+h\\ \end{pmatrix} \therefore$ a+b=1, d+e=1, g+h=0, and c,f,i are irrelevant. There are an infinite number of solutions to this.
Check the identity matrix is one, yes it is. The simplest non-identity is probably $\begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&1&0\\ 0&0&0\\ \end{bmatrix}$
And a complicated one is $\begin{bmatrix} m&1-m&j\\ n&1-n&k\\ p&-p&l\\ \end{bmatrix}$.
To crush $\mathbf{Z}$, I followed the same process. The simplest non-zero matrix is probably $\begin{bmatrix} 1&0&0\\ 0&0&0\\ 0&0&0\\ \end{bmatrix}$
And a complicated one is $\begin{bmatrix} j&m&-m\\ k&n&-n\\ l&p&-p\\ \end{bmatrix}$.
To find a matrix that achieves both, I just combined the equations found previously to the simultaneous set: a+b=1,d+e=1,g+h=0,b+c=0,e+f=0,h+i=0 $\therefore$ b=-c,e=-f,h=-i
$\therefore$ a-c=1,d-f=1,g-i=0
9 variables, 6 equations, but there is probably not just one unique solution.
In fact looking at these, we can quickly jump to $\begin{bmatrix} 1-j&j&-j\\ 1-k&k&-k\\ -l&l&-l\\ \end{bmatrix}$ which satisfies both sets, thus any matrix of this form will fix $\mathbf{F}$ and crush $\mathbf{Z}$.
The above matrix must be, and is, singular, i.e. the eigenvectors do not form an independent set. If the eigenvectors formed an independent set then there would be no vector that would be crushed by being transformed by the matrix.
For the next part, it seems that $\mathbf{F}$ and $\mathbf{Z}$ have been carefully chosen to have 1s and 0s to make simultaneous fixing & crushing possible.
I tried to prove this with the general matrix $\begin{bmatrix} a&b&c\\ d&e&f\\ g&h&i\\ \end{bmatrix}$ multiplied with a fixable general vector $\begin{pmatrix} j\\ k\\ l\\ \end{pmatrix}$ and a crushable general vector $\begin{pmatrix} m\\ n\\ p\\ \end{pmatrix}$
so we have 6 simultaneous equations:
I proceeded to attempt to solve the simultaneous equations, but did not find a general argument to prove it either way.
Steve notes:
The first matrix fixes all vectors and crushes no vectors. So, clearly not all matrices crush vectors. I wonder if others fail to crush vectors?
Anyway, to determine more generally if a matrix $M$ crushes a vector $\mathbf{Z}$ we need to solve $M\mathbf{Z}= \mathbf{0}$. By putting this into components we get three simultaneous equations in $x, y, z$. For the second matrix, the equations I get are
$$x+2y+3z=0, 2x+3y+4z = 0, 3x+4y+5z=0$$
I can solve these by elimination to get the solution as
This is a line of solutions - each vector can be written as $(a, -2a, a)$ for any number $a$.
To check, we can see that
\begin{pmatrix} 1&2&3\\ 2&3&4\\ 3&4&5\\ \end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix} a\\ -2a\\ a\\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} 0\\ 0\\ 0\\ \end{pmatrix}
To determine if the same matrix fixes a vector, I need to solve
$$ \begin{pmatrix} 1&2&3\\ 2&3&4\\ 3&4&5\\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} x\\ y\\ z\\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x\\ y\\ z\\ \end{pmatrix} $$
This gives me equations
2y+3z=0, 2x+2y+4z = 0, 3x+4y+4z=0
I tried to solve these, but they proved to be inconsistent with no solution. So the second matrix does not fix any vector. So, there are clearly matrices which don't leave any vector fixed.
For the third matrix I saved some time by noticing that the second row is $(1, 1, 0)$. So, if this matrix is to crush any vector then that vector must be of the form $(a, -a, z)$.
Multiplying this vector by the matrix gives $(3a+z, 0, -3a-2z)$. This can't be set equal to zero for any choice of $a\neq 0$ and $z$, so the last matrix does not crush any vector.
What does it fix? The second row is again key. It implies that $x+y=y$ which implies that $x=0$. The other rows give equations $-2y+z=0$ and $y-2z=z$, which are inconsistent unless $y=z=0$. So, this matrix doesn't fix a vector either! I wasn't expecting that.
For the last part, note that if the vector $\mathbf{F}$ has all non-zero components $x, y$ and $z$ then it is always possible to construct a matrix such that $\mathbf{F}$ is fixed
$\begin{bmatrix} 1&a& -(x+ay)/z+x/z\\ 1&b& -(x+by)/z+y/z\\ 1&c&-(x+cy)/z+1\\ \end{bmatrix}$
It looks like variable choices $a, b, c$ will be sufficient to make it possible to crush any choice of vector $\mathbf{Z}$ which is not parallel to $\mathbf{F}$, but I'd better make sure.
Acting with this matrix on any other vector $(X, Y, Z)$ gives me
X+aY+\left(\frac{x-(x+ay)}{z}\right)Z = X+bY+\left(\frac{y-(x+by)}{z}\right)Z =X+cY+\left(\frac{z-( x+cy)}{z}\right)Z=0
I can rewrite this to make the factors of $a, b, c$ more clear as
X+\left(\frac{x-x}{z}\right) Z+a\left(Y-\frac{y}{z}Z\right)=X+\left(\frac{y-x}{z}\right) Z+b\left(Y-\frac{y}{z}Z\right)=X+\left(\frac{z-x}{z}\right) Z+c\left(Y-\frac{y}{z}Z\right)
Each choice $a, b, c$ premultiplies the same factor. So, if this factor is not zero I can choose $a, b, c$ so that $(X, Y, Z)$ is annihilated.
This leaves the case when the factor is zero, which occurs if and only if
\frac{Y}{Z} = \frac{y}{z}
Geometrically, this occurs when and only when the projections of the two vectors onto the $x=0$ plane are parallel.


text:
What is significant?
The Thomson River Diversion Tunnel is located about 4km south-west of Walhalla in Gippsland, 1.5km below where Stringers Creek joins the Thomson River. The tunnel was driven through a ridge of land called Stockriders Spur, around which the river formed a horseshoe bend.
Diversion tunnels facilitated alluvial gold mining along the former courses of rivers. After completion the river would flow through the tunnel, allowing in summer time most or all of the flow to be diverted so that the river bed could be sluiced for alluvial gold. In winter the volume of water flow would probably resume the former course, making sluicing very difficult.
Construction of the Thomson River Diversion Tunnel by the Thomson River Alluvial Gold and Tailings Recovery Company was begun in August 1911. Work started at the outlet end and the tunnel was driven at an incline through the slate rock. Construction was completed around October 1912 by blasting through rock at the inlet end. The total length of the tunnel is about 561' (171m). The tunnel is not straight, but reportedly has a sharp change of angle below the entrance and again near the outlet. The entry and exits of the tunnel contribute to the significance as the most visible evidence of the scope of the undertaking.
The fortunes of the Thomson River Alluvial Gold and Tailings Recovery Company are not known, but the working of the horseshoe bend of the Thomson River is not believed to have brought significant dividends. Alluvial mining was never a major feature of the Walhalla field, being confined to sluicing on the beds and banks of Thomson River and its tributaries. In 1886, the mining surveyor observed that nearly all the beds had at some time or other been passed through the sluice-box.
How is it significant?
The Thomson River Diversion Tunnel is of historical and Archaeological significance to the State of Victoria.
Why is it significant?
The Thomson River Diversion Tunnel is historically and archaeologically significant as evidence of one of the dying stages of an industry that had dominated Gippsland for over fifty years. The settlement of the Walhalla area from the mid 1860s had been on the basis of reef mining. With the rapid decline in the fortunes and subsequent closure in 1914 of such prolific mines as Long Tunnel, the sluicing of this part of the Thomson River was one of the last initiatives to win payable gold. Sluicing for alluvial gold in the Thomson River in 1912 had turned the Walhalla wheel full circle from the first prospectors working for gold in Stringers Creek in the early 1860s. The tunnel is significant as one of the last and longest diversion tunnels constructed for winning gold in the Victoria.
The Thomson River Diversion Tunnel is socially significant as a component of one Victoria's most evocative gold mining landscapes. The tunnel contributes to a unique cultural and historical landscape, which was dominated by gold in the nineteenth century, but a landscape with little permanent evidence of its former importance.
THOMSON RIVER TAIL RACE/DIVERSION TUNNEL - History
Heritage Inventory History of Site: According to Aitken and Supple et al, the tunnel was cut through a hill to divert the Thomson River and enable alluvial miners to work the dry bed of the river. This interpretation varies from the mining surveyor's account of the tunnel's purpose in 1871: 'At Cooper's Creek a party are engaged in tunnelling in the bed-rock, to form a tail-race for the purpose of draining the flat, which is supposed to be the old bed of the Thomson River.'References: Aitken, p. 39 Mining Surveyors' Reports (Stringer's Creek Division), December 1871 Supple et al, Site M24 (i)


to log and where to store some of the log information. Keep in mind that some of the options discussed below are only available in PowerShell 5.x, so the recommendation is to upgrade all pc's to PS 5.x so you can take advantage of all the latest and greatest security features.
PowerShell logs connection attempts and successful connections by default but does not log what commands or scripts are executed by default. The Microsoft team has given us the ability to log in great detail what happens when PowerShell is executed but you need to enable the logging options. Logging is a little bit of an art form because the more logging you turn on, the greater the chance the logging will have a negative impact on the performance of the PC.
There are three log settings that can be enabled to log activity for WinRM remote sessions:
 - Module Logging
 - Script Block Logging
 - Transcription
Module Logging
Module logging records pipeline execution details as PowerShell executes, including variable initialization and command invocations. Module logging will record portions of scripts, some de-obfuscated code, and some data formatted for output. This logging will capture some details missed by other PowerShell logging sources, though it may not reliably capture the commands executed.
Module logging has been available since PowerShell 3.0 and logged events are written to Event ID# 4103. Please be aware, module logging generates a large volume of events! The information captured is useful, especially when trying to figure out what happened during a security breach, but you will definitely blow up your security log and cause it to roll over very easily. If you have a SIEM tool that captures log data, this probably isn't a concern for you, but if you don't have SIEM in your org then turning on module logging may not be in your best interest.
Script Block Logging
Script block logging records blocks of code as they are executed by the PowerShell engine, thereby capturing the full contents of code executed by an attacker, including scripts and commands. Due to the nature of script block logging, it also records de-obfuscated code as it is executed. For example, in addition to recording the original obfuscated code, script block logging records the decoded commands passed with PowerShell's -EncodedCommand argument, as well as those obfuscated with XOR, Base64, ROT13, encryption, etc., in addition to the original obfuscated code. Script block logging will not record output from the executed code.
Script block logging events are recorded in Event ID # 4104. Script blocks exceeding the maximum length of an event log message are fragmented into multiple entries. Scripts are available to re-assemble log messages split across log entries. PowerShell 5.0 will automatically log code blocks if the block's contents match on a list of suspicious commands or scripting techniques, even if script block logging is not enabled. These suspicious blocks are logged at the "warning" level in Event ID #4104, unless script block logging is explicitly disabled.
Enabling script block logging will capture all activity, not just blocks considered suspicious by the PowerShell process. Script block logging generates fewer events than module logging but the volume still can be considerable.
Transcription
Transcription creates a unique record of every PowerShell session, including all input and output, exactly as it appears in the session.
Transcripts are written to text files, broken out by user and session. Transcripts also contain timestamps and metadata for each command in order to aid analysis. However, transcription records only what appears in the PowerShell terminal, which will not include the contents of executed scripts or output written to other destinations such as the file system.
PowerShell transcripts are automatically named to prevent collisions, with names beginning with "PowerShell_transcript". By default, transcripts are written to the user's documents folder but can be configured to any accessible location on the local system or on the network.
I like the idea of turning on transcription and sending those logs to a file share. The logs are simple text files and are easy to read and scan at a glance if necessary. Also, since they're just text files, they are very efficient to store and can be compressed and archived without much effort. You can setup transcription to write transcripts to a remote, write-only network share. Machines would dump log data there but only a handful of people could remove those logs.
Conclusion
I have walked you through many of the options available for PowerShell Remoting. The take away from this article hopefully is that you realize that, by default, PowerShell authentication is strong. However, detailed logging is not enabled by default. PowerShell only logs connection attempts in its default config, but there is the ability to log in great detail everything that occurs within a PowerShell session. The downside here is that turning on logging has an impact on machine performance and disk space and you will have to figure out for yourself what the best mix is for your org.
Enabling script block logging and transcription will record most activity while minimizing the amount of log data generated. At a minimum, transcription logging should be enabled, in order to identify commands run and code that was executed.
My Recommendations
Follow these recommendations and you will have a very strong security posture with respect to running PowerShell in your organization:
 - Turn on transcription logging and have logs write to a central file share
 - Lock down who has the ability to remove logs from the central share
 - Turn on script block logging and assess the impact on your PC's
 - Module logging is also recommended but it will generate large volumes of event log data, so think carefully before enabling this setting
 - Enable a certificate infrastructure for your domain
 - Install SSL certificates on all domain computers
 - Disable the HTTP port in use for PowerShell after SSL certs have been deployed
 - Limit via GPO which PC's can initiate PowerShell connection attempts
 - Install Windows PowerShell v5 on every node in your environment
 - Eliminate local administrators on PC's and servers aggressively
I hope you find this practical guide useful in your research. I welcome you to leave comments below and let me know what concerns or feedback you have. If you like articles like this, don't forget to sign up for my mailing list. I usually write one article a week and I never share your info with anyone or any business.


biology question #855
Clare Reading, a 54 year old female from Mesa asks on July 17, 2002,
What is the pH of Diet Pepsi? (or cola,generally) and... Does smoking affect the body's pH? If so, does it create an acid or alkaline condition?
viewed 13401 times
the answer
Barry Shell answered on July 17, 2002, A:
The pH of soda pop is mostly determined by the dissolved carbon dioxide which produces carbonic acid. The pH of pop is around 2 or 3.
Different parts of the human body have different pH values. The stomach is about 1, while the normal pH of human blood is about 7.4. It would seem very unlikely that the pH of the body would change much because of smoking. The body has an elaborate system to regulate the pH of the blood and hold it at about 7.4. This is called buffering and our bodies have all sorts of systems to buffer the blood pH. Even if smoking did make a difference, the body would compensate and get the pH back to normal. The only indirect way in which smoking might affect body pH is through damage to the lungs. There are many respiratory diseases that wreak havoc with the body's pH regulation system, and some of these could be caused by a lifetime of smoking. Most of these cause the blood to become more acidic. This of course is compensated in various ways because so many systems within the body require a steady pH of 7.4. But this compensation can lead to other problems in other parts of the body that are compensating, i.e. the kidneys. A good reference source on this is pH of the Blood by Michael J. Bookallil.
Add to or comment on this answer using the form below.
(required if you would like a response)
Note: All submissions are moderated prior to posting.


text:
Wandering Jew Plant or Tradescantia Zebrina is an extremely beautiful but low-maintenance indoor houseplant. Considered invasive in nature in a lot of areas around the world, this quality of the plant makes it an increasingly popular indoor vining houseplant. Their characteristic heart-shaped leaves with a deep purple hue, stands them out from an army of indoor varieties, making them ideal decor plants.
About Tradescantia Zebrina - Wandering Jew in Hanging Basket
- They have deep purple-hued leaves with a shiny silvery sheen on them.
- The plant requires a bright lighted location to grow best, or else the purple sheen gets bleached out.
- The plant requires moderate watering and can even tolerate some spells of drought. Overwatering might lead to yellowing of leaves and root rot.
- It is another low maintenance plant that can survive well in air-conditioned rooms.
- It is one of the resounding pet-friendly varieties.
- Healthy and bushy Wandering Jew of height of 8-10 inches in Hanging Basket of 9 inches. Mentioned height is including the pot height.
- FREE Delivery
- PlantCare planner prepared by botanist (shared over WhatsApp)
How to care for Wandering Jew Plant?
Light and Temperature tips for Wandering Jew Plant
- The plant requires indirect sunlight.
- The temperature should vary between 18 - 30 degree celsius
- Make sure if you are placing the plant indoors it receives some amount of bright indirect light. The absence of bright light will fade the distinctive leaf markings and the silvery sheen.
- Avoid direct sunlight.
- The plant cannot grow in low light levels.
Water Tips for Healthy Growth of Wandering Jew Plant
- Always examine the moistness of the soil and water accordingly.
- Make sure before watering that the top of the soil has been dry out.
- The soil should not be completely dry.
- Never water the crown of the plant, always water the soil from the side.
Soil Tips for Wandering Jew Plant
- Fertilize the plant once a month with diluted liquid fertilizer.
- During monsoon fertilize once in 2 months.
- You can use any organic fertilizer.


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In January 1895, Norwegian explorers Henrik Bull and Carsten Borchgrevink from the ship Antarctic landed at Cape Adare. Borchgrevink returned to the cape leading his own expedition in 1899 and erected two huts, the first human structures built in Antarctica.
The first buildings erected by Carsten Borchgrevink at Cape Adare were prefabricated of pine by the Norwegian factory Strømmen Trævarefabrikk. These huts are still standing, and the site is recognized internationally as a significant historic site.
As a result of initiatives by the Antarctic Heritage Trust the site with the buildings is registered in the Antarctic Treaty System as an Antarctic Specially Protected Area the highest level of protection available under the terms of the Treaty.
The remains of two Borchgrevink's Hut have also been designated, a Historic Site or Monument, following a proposal by New Zealand and the United Kingdom to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting.


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Azerbaijan, Baku, 22 February / Trend corr S. Agayeva / Poland is ready to support the efforts of the GUAM countries in consolidation of democracy and market economy, Warsaw official stated at the GUAM-Poland meeting, which took place in Warsaw on 21 February, the Azerbaijani Embassy in Poland told Trend .
The Polish side expressed its will to continue cooperation with the Organization for the Democracy and Economic Development - GUAM.
The meeting of the Deputy Foreign Ministers of GUAM countries ( Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova), as well as that of Poland, discussed the prospects for multi-side cooperation in the fields of trade, investment promotion, energy, transport and tourism.
The participants noted the necessity to intensify the role of European Union in GUAM. Poland officials voiced their readiness to render their assistance in implementation of the New European Neighbourhood Policy Action Plan signed with Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova.
The GUAM countries and Poland emphasized their adherence for the peaceful settlement of the conflicts existing in the organization's member countries, in accordance with the UN Security Council's resolutions.
Four post-Soviet republics; Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova, established the GUAM format in 1997, during a summit of presidents of European Union countries in Strasburg. In 1999, Uzbekistan joined the organization, but left four years later. In 2006, at the first summit of the organization in Kiev a decision was made to announce GUAM as an international organization with a new name; Organization for Democracy and Economic Development - GUAM. Later, such formats as GUAM-Poland, GUAM-USA and GUAM-Japan were established.


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L'Architecture de l'environnement bien tempéré
Today's architectural thinking is focused on the major issues of ecology, environmental standards, growth and urban management. Now published for the first time in French, The Architecture of Well-Tempered Environmentis a classic of architectural criticism on the relation between environment and architecture. Published in 1964 and revised in 1984, this book makes an important contribution to current debate on contemporary architecture, in which the rapport between ecology and habitat is transforming the definition of architecture...
Architecture as "environment"
Will the discipline of ecology and the necessity of protection environment lead to a transformation of architecture in the 21st century? In this book, Reyner Banham advocates for the reconciliation of architecture and environment. He raises this question from a technological and aesthetic point of view. The author takes as the starting point for his analysis the idea that architecture is a place of experimentation and acquired experience rather than the simple construction of monuments. In his view, what matters are not individual buildings considered separately but the context, the environment and the relationship between skin and networks. This original ecological approach to architecture thought of as environment, developed by the Archigram group in the 1960s, now serves as a conceptual and aesthetic reference for many architects, artists and theoreticians.


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LAS VEGAS — Nevadans are highly concerned about the drought; 72 percent say it is extremely or very serious according to the new 2016 Conservation in the West poll by Colorado College.
Residents ranked drought higher in importance than voters from six other western states did. The poll found 68 percent of Nevadans support additional conservation measures over diversion of water from rivers in less populated areas. State Assemblyman Edgar Flores says much of the problem could be solved if people used water wisely.
"It's a everybody coming to the table type of issue," Flores says. "And not just looking at how are we going to find more water, but 'What am I doing to making sure that the water we do have, we're preserving it and utilizing it in the most efficient manner.'"
Nevada is the driest state in the nation, with the lowest annual rainfall. The state has received $1.8 million in federal funding to implement the "Water Smart" conservation program.
The poll also asked people about public land and found a majority in the Silver State oppose efforts to transfer federal land to state control.
Mauricia Baca is executive director with the Outside Las Vegas Foundation.
"Whenever people discover these recreational opportunities they become more and more deeply connected to Nevada as a state," says Baca. "If it were to transfer to a different sort of control where perhaps it was more privatized, that access would be restricted."
The poll also found that more than three quarters of Nevadans say conservation is important when choosing political candidates, and 72 percent support continuing investment in the Land and Water Conservation Fund. - See more at: _URL_


DOI QR코드
DOI QR Code
Multi-Objective Short-Term Fixed Head Hydrothermal Scheduling Using Augmented Lagrange Hopfield Network
 - Nguyen, Thang Trung (Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University) ;
 - Vo, Dieu Ngoc (Dept. of Power Systems, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology)
 - Received : 2013.03.04
 - Accepted : 2014.07.24
 - Published : 2014.11.01
Abstract
This paper proposes an augmented Lagrange Hopfield network (ALHN) based method for solving multi-objective short term fixed head hydrothermal scheduling problem. The main objective of the problem is to minimize both total power generation cost and emissions of $NO_x$, $SO_2$, and $CO_2$ over a scheduling period of one day while satisfying power balance, hydraulic, and generator operating limits constraints. The ALHN method is a combination of augmented Lagrange relaxation and continuous Hopfield neural network where the augmented Lagrange function is directly used as the energy function of the network. For implementation of the ALHN based method for solving the problem, ALHN is implemented for obtaining non-dominated solutions and fuzzy set theory is applied for obtaining the best compromise solution. The proposed method has been tested on different systems with different analyses and the obtained results have been compared to those from other methods available in the literature. The result comparisons have indicated that the proposed method is very efficient for solving the problem with good optimal solution and fast computational time. Therefore, the proposed ALHN can be a very favorable method for solving the multi-objective short term fixed head hydrothermal scheduling problems.
1. Introduction
The short term hydro-thermal scheduling (HTS) problem is to determine power generation among the available thermal and hydro power plants so that the fuel cost of thermal units is minimized over a schedule time of a single day or a week while satisfying both hydraulic and electrical operational constraints such as the quantity of available water, limits on generation, and power balance [1]. However, the major amount electric power in power systems is produced by thermal plants using fossil fuel such as oil, coal, and natural gases [2]. In fact, the process of electricity generation from fossil fuel releases several contaminants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere [3]. Therefore, the HTS problem can be extended to minimize the gaseous emission as a result of the recent environmental requirements in addition to the minimization the fuel cost of thermal power plants, forming the multi-objective HTS problem. The multi-objective HTS problem is more complex than the HTS problem since it needs to find several obtained non-dominated solutions to determine the best compromise solution which leads to time consuming. Therefore, the solution methods for the multi-objective HTS have to be efficient and effective for obtaining optimal solutions.
In the past decades, several conventional methods have been used to solve the classical HTS problem neglecting environment aspects such as dynamic programming (DP) [4], network flow programming (NFP) [5], Lagrange relaxation (LR) [6], and Benders decomposition [7] methods. Among these methods, the DP and LR methods are more popular ones. However, the computational and dimensional requirements of the DP method increase drastically with large-scale system planning horizon which is not appropriate for dealing with large-scale problems. On the contrary, the LR method is more efficient and can deal with large-scale problems. However, the solution quality of the LR for optimization problems depends on its duality gap which results from the dual problem formulation and might oscillate, leading to divergence for some problems with operation limits and non-convexity of incremental heat rate curves of generators. The Benders decomposition method is usually used to reduce the dimension of the problem into subproblems which can be solved by DP, Newton's, or LR method. In addition to the conventional methods, several artificial intelligence based methods have been also implemented for solving the HTS problem such as simulated annealing (SA) [8], evolutionary programming (EP) [9], genetic algorithm (GA) [10], differential evolution (DE) [11], and particle swarm optimization (PSO) [12]. These methods can find a near optimum solution for a complex problem. However, these metaheuristic search methods are based on a population for searching an optimal solution, leading to time consuming for large-scale problems. More, these methods need to be run several times to obtain an optimal solution which is not appropriate for obtaining several non-dominated solution for a multi-objective optimization problem. Recently, neural networks have been implemented for solving optimization problem in hydrothermal systems such as two-phase neural network [13], combined Hopfield neural network and Lagrange function (HLN) [14], and combined augmented Lagrange function with Hopfield neural network [15-17]. The advantage of the neural networks is fast computation using parallel processing. Moreover, the Hopfield neural network based on the Lagrange function can also overcome other drawbacks of the conventional Hopfield network in finding optimal solutions for optimization problems such as easy implementation and global solution. Therefore, the neural networks are more appropriate for solving multi-objective optimization problems with several solutions determined for each problem.
In this paper, an augmented Lagrange Hopfield network (ALHN) based method is proposed for solving multiobjective short term fixed head HTS problem. The main objective of the problem is to minimize both total power generation cost and emissions of NOx, SO2, and CO2 over a scheduling period of one day while satisfying power balance, hydraulic, and generator operating limits constraints. The ALHN method is a combination of augmented Lagrange relaxation and continuous Hopfield neural network where the augmented Lagrange function is directly used as the energy function of the network. For implementation of the ALHN based method for solving the problem, ALHN is implemented for obtaining non-dominated solutions and fuzzy set theory is applied for obtaining the best compromise solution. The proposed method has been tested on different systems with different analyses and the obtained results have been compared to those from other methods available in the literature including λ-γ iteration method (LGM), existing PSO-based HTS (EPSO), and PSO based method (PM) in [3] and bacterial foraging algorithm (BFA) [2].
The organization of this paper is as follows. Section 2 addresses the multi-objective HTS problem formulation. The proposed ALHN based method is described in Section 3. Numerical results are presented in Section 4. Finally, the conclusion is given.

2. Problem Formulation
The main objective of the economic emission dispatch for the HTS problem is to minimize the total fuel cost and emissions of all thermal plants while satisfying all hydraulic, system, and unit constraints. Mathematically, the fixed-head short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem including N1 thermal plants and N2 hydro plants scheduled in M sub-intervals is formulated as follows:
where F1sk is fuel cost function; F2sk, F3sk and F4sk are emission function of NOx, SO2, and CO2 of sth thermal plant at kth sub-interval scheduling, respectively; wi (i = 1, …, 4) are weights corresponding to the objectives.
subject to:
Power balance constraints:
where Bij, B0i, and B00 are loss formula coefficients of transmission system
Water availability constraints:
Generator operating limits:

3. ALHN based Method for the Problem
3.1 ALHN for optimal solutions
For implementation of the proposed ALHN for finding optimal solution of the problem, the augmented Lagrange function is firstly formulated and then this function is used as the energy function of conventional Hopfield neural network. The model of ALHN is solved using gradient method.
The augmented Lagrange function L of the problem is formulated as follows:
where λk and γh are Lagrangian multipliers associated with power balance and water constraints, respectively; βk, βh are penalty factors associated with power balance and water constraints, respectively; and
The energy function E of the problem is described in terms of neurons as follows:
where Vλk and Vγh are the outputs of the multiplier neurons associated with power balance and water constraints, respectively; Vhk and Vsk are the outputs of continuous neurons hk, sk representing Phk, Phk, respectively.
The dynamics of the model for updating inputs of neurons are defined as follows:
where
where Bhj and Bsi are the loss coefficients related to hydro and thermal plants, respectively; Bsh and Bhs are the loss coefficients between thermal and hydro plants and Bsh=BhsT.
The algorithm for updating the inputs of neurons at step n is as follows:
where Uλk and Uγh are the inputs of the multiplier neurons; Usk and Uhk are the inputs of the neurons sk and hk, respectively; αλk and αγh are step sizes for updating the inputs of multiplier neurons; and αsk and αhk are step sizes for updating the inputs of continuous neurons.
The outputs of continuous neurons representing power output of units are calculated by a sigmoid function:
where σ is slope of sigmoid function that determines the shape of the sigmoid function [15].
The outputs of multiplier neurons are determined based on the transfer function as follows:
The proof of convergence for ALHN is given in [15].
3.1.1 Initialization
The algorithm


text:
Clue: Native of Katmandu
We have 2 answers for the clue Native of Katmandu. See the results below.
- Like some mountain guides
- Neighbors of Indians
- Like soldiers known as Gurkhas
- Sherpas, e.g.
- High land language
- Some Annapurna climbers
- From Katmandu
- From Kathmandu, e.g.
- Certain Himalayan native
- Like some Sherpas
Last Seen In:
- Universal - December 16, 2013
- USA Today - December 09, 2011
- Washington Post - September 28, 2000
Found an answer for the clue Native of Katmandu that we don't have? Then please submit it to us so we can make the clue database even better!


text:
FALCON – IFE's Flow Assurance Loop for CO2 transport.
The test facility contributes with research for safe and cost effective CO2 transport through experimental results used for modelling and validation of pipeline simulators.
The CO2 flow loop is a semi-outdoor test rig designed and built to accommodate test campaigns related to pipeline transport and well injection of pure CO2 or CO2 mixtures. The design and the instrumentation of the test facility serves the main motivation for building the flow loop, emphasizing pipeline flow of CO2 with phase transitions.
The FALCON test facility has a typical multiphase flow, closed loop design, as illustrated in below (Figure 2). It consists of a test section (5), a return section, a main separator (1), a liquid pump (2), a gas booster (3) and various auxiliary components. It also has a unique system for pressurization, consisting of a high-pressure cylinder (6) with a piston operated by a hydraulic aggregate.
For tests involving depressurization, flush-out and choking tests, for example, the loop is reconfigured as a once-through setup, normally using the storage tank (7) as a low-pressure reservoir/sink and the high-pressure cylinder with moveable piston as a mass flow source.
The flow rig has an advanced, combined heating and cooling system and is well insulated.
Operational control of the loop is through a fully integrated computer system, which also handles the data acquisition.
The test section can be inclined at any upward or downward inclination from horizontal to vertical.
Schematic of the FALCON test facility with the key components. 1: Main separator, 0.5 m3, 2: Liquid pump, 3: Gas booster, 4: Flow meters, 5: Test section (ID = 44 mm), 6: High-pressure cylinder with piston, 0.08 m3, 7: Storage tank, 1.2 m3, 8: Compressor.
Topics that can be studied include:
- Basic steady state multiphase flow of CO2, measuring pressure drop, holdup and flow regimes in pipelines with inclinations form horizontal to vertical
- Flow through wellhead chokes with significant pressure drop, Joule-Thomson cooling and phase transition
- Various shut-in and startup scenarios with heat transfer and phase transition
- Pipeline and vessel depressurization for pipeline integrity during maintenance operations and unintended pipeline rupture
- Pressure transients caused by sudden valve closing; fluid hammering
The test facility can also be used for testing instruments and components.
FALCON CO2 flow loop with the test section in vertical position.
The test facility is currently equipped with instruments for control of input parameters (flow rates, pressure and temperature) and for characterization of the flow and other phenomena in the test section. In addition to the many pressure and temperature sensors, these include:
- Flow rate meters (Coriolis and ultrasonic meters)
- Density meters
- Differential pressure transducers for pressure drop measurements
- Fast response pressure sensors
- Accelerometer and Acoustic Emission sensor for cavitation/vibration monitoring
- Two broad beam gamma-densitometers for phase fraction/holdup measurements
- A single-camera x-ray system for phase distribution mapping
- View cells and high-speed cameras
- An on-line system for sampling and analysis of CO2 streams from the loop for mole fraction of impurities and their partitioning between gas and liquid phases; Gas chromatography and infrared laser spectrometer for N2, CH4, H2O and O2.
Loop material: AISI 316
Fluids : Pure CO2 and CO w/impurities, e.g.N2, CH4, H2O, O2
Pressure: Max. 150 bara
Temperature range: -150 °C to +50 °C
Test section: ID 44 mm, Length = 13 m
All pipe inclination, from -90° to + 90 °
Superficial vapour velocity range: 0 – 10 m/s (55 Am3/h)
Superficial liquid velocity range: 0 – 3 m/s (15 Am3/h)
Equipment for pressurization and pressure control of the test rig
Test section in horizontal position.
FALCON CO2 flow loop, field test on the dispersion of CO2 from a simulated pipe rupture


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From Ohio History Central
Acanthodians were among the earliest fishes with jaws and are found in Silurian through Permian rocks. Their fragmentary remains are found in Devonian, Mississippian, and Pennsylvanian rocks in Ohio. These remains consist of shiny, rhomboid-shaped scales and fin spines. Fin spines of a comparatively large acanthodian, Machaeracanthus, are found in the Columbus Limestone.


This guide will show you how to use the Nreal Light controller and Nreal phone controller. The tutorial will demonstrate how to create apps using Nreal Light controller as an interaction model.
Controllers provide a simple way for users to navigate in mixed reality. In the latest version, NRSDK supports two types of controlling methods: Nreal Light controller and Nreal phone controller. The Nreal Light controller can be paired with a Nreal Light computing unit or a mobile phone through Bluetooth. The Nreal phone controller is only available when using the phone as Nreal Light's computing unit.
Currently, only the Nreal Light controller (available in the Nreal Developer Kit) is available to developers. The Nreal phone controller will serve as a second input choice for users in the future.
How to Use the Nreal Light Controller
The Nreal Light Controller
 - On the front
Controller Features Description
3DoF Tracking 3 degrees of freedom
Touchpad Press = Trigger Button. Can detect touching and clicking. Customizable for your app, e.g. scrolling.
App Button Press and hold to recenter your controller. Press can be customized for your app, e.g. opening an in-app menu or performing a special action. ( Pay attention: For Nreal Light Controller, pressing the App Button equals to pressing the Touchpad Button)
Home Button Press and hold to open Exit App Window. Press can be customized for in-app action, e.g. return to the previous step.
LED Light Display controller status
 - On the back
Controller Features Description
Charging pins The three bottom-facing charging pins connect the controller with the computing unit. It is also used to send data from the computing unit to the controller.
Power Switch The Nreal Light controller on/off switch is below the charging spots. Green means the power is on, and red means the power is off.
 - Nreal Light Controller LED Guide
See LED demo below:
 - Connecting the Nreal Light Controller
 1. Make sure the Bluetooth on your Neal Light computing unit/or Android mobile phone is on. (The Bluetooth on Nreal Light computing unit is on as default.)
 2. Turn the Nreal Light controller power switch on. Long press the touchpad until the green light starts blinking.
 3. Put the Nreal Light controller on the computing unit, and they will be paired automatically.
 4. If pairing is successful, the LED will stop blinking and become solid green. If you cannot complete this step, remove all other controllers in the Bluetooth record list and try again.
 - Charging the Nreal Light Controller
Magnetically attach to the Nreal Light computing unit. Battery power will be shared between the two whether the controller is on or off.
The lithium battery in the controller is not removable. Please do not attempt to open the controller. Damage caused this way cannot be fixed.
How to Use Your Phone as a Controller
Controller Features Description
3DoF Tracking 3 degrees of freedom
Home Button Press and hold to open Exit App Window. Press can be customized for in-app action, e.g. return to the previous step.
Tutorial： Nreal Light Controller
Input in Unity
These following points will help you better understand the Input from NRSDK in Unity.
ControllerProvider: This provides various controller state information to NRInput, including rotation, button press, button up, battery, and gyro. There is a default provider for Nreal controllers. You can also write a custom controller provider.
EventSystem: Integration with Unity's standard EventSystem supports user interaction with GUI and other physical objects. NRIput will automatically generate an EventSystem when the application runs.
Visualizations: Default visualizations, such as controller visual, ray visual, and reticle visual, are already included. There is also an interface for you to reskin visualizations.
Enabling NRInput
To enable NRInput, simply drag the NRInput prefab into your scene hierarchy. If you already have a Main Camera set up, drag it onto Override Camera Center in the NRInput prefab. Otherwise, the prefab will find the Main Camera. Users can now interact in the app using Nreal Light controllers.
Raycast Modes in NRInput
There are two raycasting modes included in the NRInput: the Gaze Mode and the Ray Mode.
The Ray Mode is the default raycasting mode most apps will be based on. In this mode, the ray will start from the center of the controller.
When in Gaze Mode, the raycast will start from the center of the user's forehead and emanate in a forward direction. Thus, the ray will be invisible.
Current Controller Features
Since NRSDK supports multiple types of controllers, a method was scripted to help you understand the features your current controller supports.
 - Sample Use Case:
bool supportsPosition = NRInput.GetControllerAvailableFeature(ControllerAvailableFeature.CONTROLLER_AVAILABLE_FEATURE_POSITION);
bool supportsGyro = NRInput.GetControllerAvailableFeature(ControllerAvailableFeature.CONTROLLER_AVAILABLE_FEATURE_GYRO);
Some Common Usage of NRInput
 - Sample Use Case:
void Update()
 //returns a int value of how many available controllers currently
 //returns true if a Trigger button is currently pressed
 //returns true if a Trigger button was pressed down this frame
 //returns true if a Trigger button was released this frame
 //returns if controller is 3DoF, otherwise returns the position of the domain controller
 //returns the rotation of the domain controller
 //returns the ControllerType of the domain controller
 ControllerType controllerType = NRInput.GetControllerType();
 //returns true if the touchpad is being touched
 //returns a Vector2 value of the touchpad, x(-1f ~ 1f), y(-1f ~ 1f)
 //returns a Vector3 value of gyro if supports
 //to get what hand mode is using now, left-hand or right-hand
 ControllerHandEnum domainHand = NRInput.DomainHand;
 //the same as NRInput.GetRotation()
 //returns the rotaion of the left hand controller
Get Frequently Used Anchors
The NRInput provides an easy way to get frequently used anchors quickly.
 - Sample Use Case:
Transform gazeAnchor = NRInput.AnchorsHelper.GetAnchor(ControllerAnchorEnum.GazePoseTrackerAnchor);
Transform leftRayAnchor = NRInput.AnchorsHelper.GetAnchor(ControllerAnchorEnum.LeftRayAnchor);
Raycasters in NRInput
Three raycasters are included in the NRInput prefab. One of which for Gaze Mode, and the other two for Ray Mode. The raycaster class inherits from Unity's BaseRaycaster class. A chosen raycaster's farthest raycasting distance can be modified directly from the Inspector window. You can also define which objects are interactable by changing the parameter of its Mask.
Building a Project with User Input
To help you get started with integrating control into your own app, we have prepared a sample case study.
By reading the study you will be able to:
 1. Select a range of appropriate inputs to use with the controller.
 2. Write code in C# to receive user inputs such as the Home, Bumper, Trigger and Touchpad.
 3. Activate, rotate, and move a GameObject by using the input.
 4. Interact with physical objects and UGUI in the unity environment.
 1. When pointing the controller at the cube, its color will change to green.
 2. The color of the cube will randomly change when you press the trigger button.
 3. The cube will rotate with the controller.
 4. Activate or deactivate the cube for rotation by pressing the UGUI button.
 1. Drag NRCameraRig and the NRInput prefab to the scene hierarchy.
 1. Create a cube. In the Inspector window, set its position to (0, 0.1, 3), and scale to (0.3, 0.3, 0.3).
 1. Create a script named "CubeInteractiveTest.cs" as follows and add it to the cube.
 public class CubeInteractiveTest : MonoBehaviour, IPointerClickHandler, IPointerEnterHandler, IPointerExitHandler
 private MeshRenderer m_MeshRender;
 void Awake () {
 m_MeshRender = transform.GetComponent();
 void Update()
 //get controller rotation, and set the value to the cube transform
 transform.rotation = NRInput.GetRotation();
 //when pointer click, set the cube color to random color
 public void OnPointerClick(PointerEventData eventData)
 m_MeshRender.material.color = new Color(Random.Range(0f, 1f), Random.Range(0f, 1f), Random.Range(0f, 1f));
 //when pointer hover, set the cube color to green
 public void OnPointerEnter(PointerEventData eventData)
 m_MeshRender.material.color =;
 //when pointer exit hover, set the cube color to white
 public void OnPointerExit(PointerEventData eventData)
 m_MeshRender.material.color = Color.white;
 2. Add a DirectLight to brighten the cube.
 1. Add a Canvas and delete the EventSystem.
 1. Set the Canvas RenderMode to WorldSpace, and then set its position and scale to an appropriate value such as that listed below.
 1. Remove the "Graphic Raycaster" component from it and add Canvas Raycast Target.
 1. Add two buttons to the Canvas as its children. Name one button activeBtn and the other deactive. Remember to also change the


Artificial Intelligence Intersects with Renewable Energy
In his sixth post in the series, Marshall Kirkpatrick focuses on the intersection between artificial intelligence and renewable energy. By way of reminder, Marshall launched a 30 day series that explores the intersection between AI and the various innovation components on my emerging futures visual.
AI Intersects with Renewable Energy
As he has in each post, Marshall identifies the key subject matter experts that sit at the intersection of AI and the visual component in question. In the case of renewable energy, the key influencers are: Jim HarrisJoe NyangonLauri Kinnunen, and Ketan Joshi. Here is the foresight and related future scenarios identified at the intersection of Artificial Intelligence and renewable energy (taken straight from Marshall's post):
AI-optimized energy systems: AI could be used for super-detailed modeling of energy use across buildings and in natural systems, including detailed predictions of passive solar capacity, wind speed, and building energy load. By decreasing unpredictability, efficiency and utilization of renewable energy would grow substantially
Leaps forward in solar: Neural networks could substantially improve the efficiency and reliability of photovoltaic energy capture, serving as a boost converter and driving the cost of solar power way down
Bill bots: Intelligent autonomous agents could negotiate energy prices for our homes and energy-consuming devices around the clock, removing hassle from billing and conservation but increasing privacy risks by making energy consumption data signatures accessible to 3rd parties.
This intersection is a critical step towards the enablement of an Energy Internet as described by economist Jeremy Rifkin. Rifkin looks at the energy component of a third industrial revolution platform in his book titled the Zero Marginal Cost Society. In it, he describes how Internet technology and renewable energies are merging to create an energy Internet that changes the way power is generated and distributed in society – a paradigm shift in energy similar to what occurred in computing. He describes an emergent system with synergies between five pillars that drive this paradigm shift:
 1. Shifting to renewable energy
 3. Deploying hydrogen and other storage technologies to store intermittent energies
The intersection analysis that Marshall pursues via his posts is a great example of deriving the foresight required to navigate in this emerging future. The other posts in the series on AI and intersections can be found via the links below:
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Coronavirus tests and certificates
 Coronavirus antigen testing at port of Tallinn (D terminal)
 We offer coronavirus testing at Port of Tallinn (D terminal) for travelling, with the issuance of the corresponding certificate.
 If you have symptoms of the disease, please contact 1220 or your family doctor. You must come for the coronavirus test with a face mask.
 Antigen tests determine the presence of coronavirus-specific proteins in a sample. Coronavirus tests are most sensitive when the amount of the virus in the body is at its highest – usually from a few days before to around five days after the onset of disease symptoms. Therefore, a positive antigen test result most likely means that the patient has recently fallen ill and is infectious to other people.
 For whom?
 Coronavirus antigen tests for travel are intended for people who need to rule out infection with COVID-19 so that they are able to travel to countries where coronavirus antigen test results are acceptable.
 How testing works?
 The sample is taken from the nasopharynx using a special cotton swab.
 How quickly are the results available?
 Antigen test results with the certificate are available within 30 minutes.
 Can the results be used as a travel certificate?
 Yes, a certificate for the coronavirus test result will be issued to the e-mail address of the person tested.
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Gas Turbine Alternator RTDs Meaning and Explanation
Hello everyone,
We are in operation of 19.6 MW GE make gas turbine (Mark Vie control system) with Brush make alternators. There are nine RTDs installed for alternator i.e. :
1. Stator coupling end : 3 nos, (DTGSF1, DTGSF2, DTGSF3)
2. Stator collector end : 3 nos : (DTGSA4, DTGSA5, DTGSA6)
3. Cold gas TE : 1 no ( DTGGC10)
4. Hot air TE & CE: 2 nos (DTGGH18. DTGGH19)
Can anyone explain what are meaning of the tags, its functions and its importance?
Thanks and regards
>1. Stator coupling end : 3 nos, (DTGSF1, DTGSF2, DTGSF3)
DTGSF1 Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Forward #1
DTGSF1 Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Forward #2
DTGSF1 Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Forward #3
There are three RTDs, embedded in the generator stator at the "forward" end of the generator (also referred to as the turbine end, or the drive end, or the driven end), usually one RTD in each phase (of the 3-phase generator)
>2. Stator collector end : 3 nos : (DTGSA4, DTGSA5, DTGSA6)
Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Aft #4
Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Aft #5
Detector, Temperature-Generator Stator Aft #6
There are also usually three RTDs, embedded in the generator stator at the "aft" end of the generator (also referred to as the collector end, the non-drive end, the non-driven end), usually one RTD in each phase (of the 3-phase generator); I have always presumed DTGSA4 is measuring the temperature of the same phase as DTGSF1, and DTGSA5 is measuring the same temperature as DTGSF2, and so on
>3. Cold gas TE : 1 no ( DTGGC10)
DTGGC10 Detector, Temperature-Generator Gas Cold #10
This RTD measures the temperature of the cold "gas" (air in an air-cooled generator; hydrogen in a hydrogen-cooled generator--the cooling "gas")
>4. Hot air TE & CE: 2 nos (DTGGH18. DTGGH19)
DTGGH18 Detector, Temperature-Generator Gas Hot #18
DTGGH19 Detector, Temperature-Generator Gas Hot #19
There is usually an RTD at each "exit" of the air cooling the generator, one at the turbine end (the "forward" end) and one at the collector end (the "aft" end)
Should a high temperature develop in the generator stator (turbine end or collector end), the embedded RTDs could help in detecting the high temperature. Again, as was mentioned in another thread--operators should always be "trending" readings like these, because if they rise, and the rate of rise, can be an indication of a problem--possibly a serious problem if the rate of temperature rise is very quick.
By monitoring the temperature of the air entering and leaving the generator one can also gauge the effectiveness of the cooling of the generator. Again--trending these temperatures is key to spotting a problem BEFORE it becomes a serious problem.
Hope this helps!
Hello CSA...
Yes this will help. recently the RTD DTGSA-4 was increasing gradually till 96 deg C (normal 70-74 deg C) and operator raised alarm. While troubleshooting b instrument engineer, the GT got somehow tripped. Later we came to know its trip setting is 120 deg C.
Now I have a query.... will it really require to set the particular temp at collector end to be set at 120 Deg C. I think it is not.
But anyway thank you CSA sir for the explanation and help
Would it surprise you to know that most generators supplied with a unit packaged by GE don't have trips configured for the generator RTDs? Alarms, yes; but trips, no.
GE's philosophy as a packager is that an alarm should alert a conscious operator to a problem--which might be or become a serious problem--and the operator can raise the issue with the operations supervisor or other plant personnel to decide what corrective action to take.
This is a good philosophy--because when the turbine control system is configured to alarm AND trip for just about every possible condition then the unit becomes unreliable. In the case you are describing if only one stator RTD is indicating a problem the plant personnel should be able to decide how to handle the situation. In your case, it seems the I&C technician was troubleshooting the issue without understanding how the Mark VIe handles RTDs and what can happen when an RTD is disconnected or the wiring is otherwise "disturbed"--and probably was also unaware that a single out-of-range RTD signal (high in this case) would also result in a turbine trip (if the scenario you described is actually what happened--a LOT of times trips are incorrectly attributed to something OTHER than what really tripped the turbine by people who should know better, but don't--the Trip History and the Alarm Display have the required information to be able to say precisely what tripped the turbine!). And, so, if what you say happened actually happened, this is another case of making the unit unreliable by trying to make it trip for any and all conditions and taking the ability of operators and their supervisors to make appropriate decisions.
Now, if the unit was not configured/programmed to trip on a single high stator temperature and the tech caused an out-of-range signal which would have resulted in a trip had it been configured/programmed to trip on a high-high value then all that would have happened is that the signal would have been out of range and the unit would have continued to run (which is probably what the tech thought would happen because it appears he didn't check to see if the unit would trip on a high value--which should have been done).
So, trying to use the automated turbine control system to protect the unit in just about any or every case can actually have undesired results. And, guess what gets the blame? The Mark* turbine control system! Because it tripped the turbine! And, someone thinks--now--the turbine should not trip on a single high-high generator stator temperature (real or caused by an instrument tech). BUT, when the unit was built and ordered someone in the organization that was purchasing the unit decided the unit SHOULD trip on high-high generator stator temperatures, and so it was configured/programmed that way. And that person is probably long gone and no longer associated with the unit, and now someone (you, included) doesn't believe the unit should trip on a single high-high generator stator temperature reading.
Can you see what the issue here is? It's trying to substitute machine intelligence (that of the Mark* turbine control) for operator and operator supervisor intelligence. And, more and more sites are thinking this way, and this is leading to more and more turbine trips and blame being incorrectly attributed to the Mark*. Because owners and managers don't want to pay operators and technicians to be properly trained and want to let the hero turbine control system make all the decisions about whether or not to trip the turbine to protect it from inexperienced operators and technicians.
Yes; it happens everywhere around the world. Not so much in Europe, but pretty much just about everywhere else. Cut training budgets; pay operators and technicians less; and let the hero turbine control system make all of these decisions instead of trained, experienced operators, technicians and their supervisors. (Most operations supervisors get promoted to that position from a job as an operator. And, if they didn't get much, if any, training as an operator how does that make them a good supervisor? Learning by mistake is not the best way to learn how to run a turbine-generator or a power plant.)
As for the trip value of a reading--120 deg C is about 250 deg F. And, that's a fairly high temperature for a normal, air-cooled generator being operated properly (with a good supply of clean, dry cooling air, an unobstructed air way, a clean generator stator and clean generator cooling fan blades).
Here's the deal: It's not uncommon for embedded generator stator RTDs to fail over time. And it's made worse when generators are operated at high stator temperatures for long periods of time. Now, sometimes, it's just the wiring that gets damaged, but sometimes it's the stator insulation. And, it's very difficult to replace most embedded generator stator RTDs. So, they just get left "open" circuited in most cases. I'm NOT saying that has happened or was happening at your site (you didn't tell us what the results of the tech's checks were, which should have been completed after the turbine tripped and before it was re-started). I'm just saying this is not an uncommon occurrence for many generators around the world.
Finally, RTD wiring is very confusing to most people. VERY confusing. It's actually very simple, but it can appear very complicated. And, the Mark* turbine controls will react differently when one wire is removed as opposed to another (most Mark* RTD inputs require three wires, not just two). (And, that's not documented in


Google Cloud Platform
BigQuery
Managing Jobs, Datasets, and Projects
This document describes how to manage jobs, datasets, and projects.
Contents
Jobs
Jobs are used to start all potentially long-running actions, for instance: queries, table import, and export requests. Shorter actions, such as list or get requests, are not managed by a job resource.
To perform a job-managed action, you will create a job of the appropriate type, then periodically request the job resource and examine its status property to learn when the job is complete, and then check to see whether it finished successfully. Note that there are some wrapper functions that manage the status requests for you: for examples, you can run jobs.query which creates the job and periodically polls for DONE status for a specified period of time.
Jobs in BigQuery persist forever. This includes jobs that are running or completed, whether they have succeeded or failed. You can only list or get information about jobs that you have started, unless you are a project owner, who can perform all actions on any jobs associated with their project.
Every job is associated with a specific project that you specify; this project is billed for any usage incurred by the job. In order to run a job of any kind, you must have READ permissions on the job's project.
Here is how to run a standard job:
 1. Start the job by calling the jobs.insert method using a unique job ID generated by your client code. The server will generate a job ID for you if you omit it, but we recommend generating it on the client side to allow reliable retry of the jobs.insert call.
 2. Check job status by calling jobs.get with the job ID and check the status.state value to learn the job status. When status.state=DONE, the job has stopped running; however, a DONE status does not mean that the job completed successfully, only that it is no longer running.
 3. Check for job success. If the job has a status.errorResult property, the job has failed; this property holds information describing what went wrong in a failed job. If status.errorResult is absent, the job finished successfully, although there might have been some non-fatal errors, such as problems importing a few rows in an import request. Non-fatal errors are listed in the returned job's status.errors list.
See the asynchronous query as an example of starting and polling a job.
There is no single-call method to re-run a job; if you want to re-run a specific job:
 1. Call jobs.get to retrieve the resource for the job to re-run,
 2. Remove the id, status, and statistics field. Change the jobId field to a new value generated by your client code. Change any other fields as necessary.
 3. Call jobs.insert with the modified resource and the new job ID to start the new job.
Running or pending jobs can be cancelled by calling jobs.cancel. Cancelling a running query job may incur charges up to the full cost for the query were it allowed to run to completion.
See jobs in the reference section for more information.
Generating a job ID
As a best practice, you should generate a job ID using your client code and send that job ID when you call jobs.insert. If you call jobs.insert without specifying a job ID, BigQuery will create a job ID for you, but you will not be able to check the status of that job until the call returns. Moreover, it may be difficult to tell whether the job was successfully inserted or not. If you use your own job ID, you can check the status of the job at any time and you can retry on the same job ID to ensure that the job starts exactly one time.
The job ID is a string comprising letters (a-z, A-Z), numbers (0-9), underscores (_), or dashes (-), with a maximum length of 1,024 characters. Job IDs must be unique within any given project.
A common approach to generating a unique job ID is to use a human-readable prefix and a suffix consisting of a timestamp or a GUID. For example: "daily_import_job_1447971251". An example of a method that generates GUIDs can be found in the Python UUID module. For an example of using the Python uuid4() method with jobs.insert, see the example code in Loading data from Google Cloud Storage.
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Datasets
A dataset is a grouping mechanism that holds zero or more tables. Datasets are the lowest level unit of access control; you cannot control access at the table level. Read more about datasets in the reference section. A dataset is contained within a specific project. You can list datasets to which you have access by calling bigquery.datasets.list.
Choosing a location
You can optionally choose the geographic location for your dataset when the dataset is created. All tables within the dataset inherit the same location value. Possible options include:
 - "US": United States
 - "EU": European Union
For legal information about the location feature, see the Google Cloud Platform Service Specific Terms.
Location limitations
 - You can only set the geographic location at creation time. After a dataset has been created, the location becomes immutable and can't be changed by the patch or update methods.
 - All tables referenced in a query must be stored in the same location.
 - You can stream data into a US or EU dataset, but inserting data across these locations can increase latency and error rates.
 - When copying a table, the destination dataset must reside in the same location.
 - Google Cloud Logging is unsupported for EU datasets.
 - Google Analytics Premium customers who export their data to BigQuery must use a US-based BigQuery dataset as the destination.
Setting the location
To set the dataset location:
BigQuery web UI
When creating a dataset, select the location from the Data location dropdown.
BigQuery command-line tool
Use the --data_location=<location> flag.
BigQuery API
Set the location property.
Examples
Java
This sample uses the Google APIs Client Library for Java.
Python
This sample uses the Google APIs Client Library for Python.
C#
This sample uses the Google APIs Client Library for .NET.
PHP
This sample uses the Google APIs Client Library for PHP.
Projects
A project holds a group of datasets. Projects are created and managed in the APIs console. Jobs are billed to the project to which they are assigned. You can list projects to which you have access by calling bigquery.projects.list.
See projects in the reference section and Managing Projects in the APIs Console help for more information.
Example
Java
This sample uses the Google APIs Client Library for Java.
Python
This sample uses the Google APIs Client Library for Python.
C#
This sample uses the Google APIs Client Library for .NET.
PHP
This sample uses the Google APIs Client Library for PHP.


text:
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of New Jersey Book
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of New Jersey, a richly illustrated, 336-page color guide to the state's 73 endangered and threatened wildlife species, is now available. Authored by Bruce E. Beans and Dr. Larry Niles of the Endangered and Nongame Species program, the book is divided into seven sections: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, insects, and bivalves (mussels). Each animal is discussed individually including its ecology, distribution, and population status. Sixty-four detailed maps and more than one hundred spectacular color photos provide readers with a rare glimpse of these seldom-seen species.
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of New Jersey is an extraordinary resource and educational tool for anyone interested in preserving the state's natural heritage and provides a valuable wake-up call for all of us.
The book is available in bookstores, via online booksellers, through Rutgers University Press, or by calling _PHONE_.


text:
Objectives: The Health Survey for England physical activity module interview, although not validated, is used as a performance indicator to see if people are achieving current physical activity targets and is the primary source of information for physical activity related policy making. The aim of this study was to assess the validity of the Health Survey for England physical activity module as a measure of physical activity in older adults with coronary heart disease.
Methods: Seventy-two older adults who had experienced a cardiac event completed the Health Survey for England physical activity interview and wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Physical activity classification levels were derived from accelerometry and from the Health Survey for England physical activity interview, together with the number of episodes in which participants were moderately active for 30 min or more.
Results: The Health Survey for England physical activity interview exhibited high sensitivity (1.0) and specificity (0.76) for people engaged in high levels of physical activity, moderate sensitivity (0.40) and specificity (0.56) for people engaged in medium levels of physical activity and low sensitivity (0.35) and high specificity (0.92) for people engaged in low levels of physical activity. Compared with the accelerometer, the survey misclassified 63% of participants.
Conclusions: The Health Survey for England physical activity interview misclassified true activity levels in older adults with heart disease by overestimating actual activity in the less active participants. Similar biases on self-report physical activity measures have been demonstrated in the general population, suggesting that the Health Survey for England physical activity module interview may be providing inaccurate information on national activity levels.


A Rainy Sanitary Sewer is Constructed to Carry
By Aina Parasher|Updated : July 5th, 2022
A Rainy Sanitary Sewer is constructed to carry-
 1. Sanitary Sewage
 2. Storm Sewage
 3. Surface Water
 4. Ground Water
Answer: B. Storm Sewage
A Rainy Sanitary Sewer is constructed to carry Storm Sewage.
Solution
The sewage from the kitchen, bathroom, etc is carried to the treatment plant for treatment through a set of underground pipes known as a sanitary sewer. Sanitary sewers are an underground network of pipes that transport sewage from toilets, sinks, kitchens, and other plumbing fixtures to a wastewater treatment facility where it is filtered, treated, and then released.
A rainy sanitary sewer is constructed to carry Storm rainfall-runoff which is known as Storm Sewage.
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The Central Coast Maritime Museum Association preserves and interprets the maritime history of California and beyond. Our mission is to provide an easily accessible educational venue for maritime history, science and technology.
Restoration of the Alma is Under Way!
Thanks to a generous grant from the Hind Foundation, the conservation, and stabilization of the historic vessel Alma is under way.
The Alma is an important part of California's maritime history and we are very fortunate to be able restore her for future display in Morro Bay. Consultation with experts indicates that the Alma is eligible for listing on the US Department of Interior's National Register of Historic Places.
Built at San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf in 1927, the Alma gained notoriety on the morning of December 23, 1941, when under the command of the late Merle Molinari of Cayucos, she headed north toward Piedras Blancas and rescued crewmembers of the Union Oil Tanker Montebello which had been torpedoed and sunk earlier that morning by a Japanese Submarine. After the Montebello incident, the Alma assisted the war effort by patrolling local waters and towing targets for the military. In the post-war years, the Alma worked the waters of Estero Bay as a harbor tug and became an iconic figure of the working Morro Bay waterfront.
A 46' tug, Alma is a surviving example of a "gas boat," utilitarian workboat common to California harbors in the early 20th century.
The work currently underway will replace and repair decks, bulwarks, wheelhouse exterior and some interior structural members. Future work will repair cracks in the ferro cement hull coating, paint exterior, fabricate display cradle, create interpretive signage, move the vessel to a display location.
The costs for the project have been reduced by generous donations of time and effort from local volunteers and businesses. If you are interested in supporting the effort to restore the Alma please contact us.


#26 Correction of Exchange-Correlation Error (3): Hybrid Functional - Materials Square
MatSQ Blog > Quantum Espresso
2019-12-05 16:45:14
In this weekly tip, following the previous weekly tips #24 DFT+U and #25 van der Waals correction, we will learn how to correct GGA errors using hybrid functional.
1. Hybrid Functional
The methods DFT+U and van der Waals correction, which we learned from the previous weekly tip, correct the correlation part of exchange-correlation potential. Meanwhile, the hybrid functional corrects the exchange part.
The hybrid functional, such as PBE0, B3LYP, and HSE, was known as the high-accuracy correction method of exchange-correlation energy [1]. It has higher accuracy than the GGA method as it mixes the Fock exchange to the exchange-correlation functional of GGA when describing electronic structure [2]. In this time, the exchange energy approximation of GGA and HF is mixed in a different method according to the kind of hybrid functional. Unlike the GGA, the hybrid functional has a long-range interaction effect because the Fock exchange describes some part of the long-range interaction.
The hybrid functional not only corrects the total energy of materials but also serves useful in obtaining the correct electronic structure. In particular, it can almost solve the bandgap underestimation, which is the fundamental error of GGA [3]. GGA always estimates a smaller bandgap than it actually is, while Hartree-Fock always estimates larger than it actually is. Therefore, the hybrid functional that mixes them at an optimal ratio can effectively reduce the bandgap estimation error.
However, the hybrid functional consume a lot of calculation resource than GGA.
In this weekly tip, we will find out the difference between GGA and hybrid functional regarding electronic structure and calculation time through the density of states (DOS).
2. Setting Hybrid Functional in MatSQ
The keyword for hybrid functional can be set at "Scripting option: General." To use a specific hybrid functional, you should write the desired name of hybrid functional at the "DFT Functional" option in &SYSTEM Namelist. The list of available functional can be retrieved from the Documentation.
3. Precautions When Using Hybrid Functional
The calculation with hybrid functional is so complicated that it is not supported in the template mode. Therefore, you should add relevant keywords to the input script in the Manual mode for further calculation setting.
In GGA calculations, the k-point is set to obtain an electronic structure with adequate accuracy while considering efficiency. However, calculation resources are consumed excessively if the GGA k-point setting is applied to exchange energy calculation. Therefore, we should separately set the number of crystal momentum q, which is used for only Hartree-exchange calculation, by adding nqx1, nqx2, and nqx3 keywords under &SYSTEM.
Unlike the general GGA calculation, it consumes extremely high memory to calculate the exchange energy in hybrid functional DFT. Moreover, the memory size of the MatSQ server is set according to the number of cores. Hence, it is better to increase the number of cores if the calculation takes too much time or too big memory.
MatSQ provides a server with 48 cores per node. Thus, you should increase the number of nodes if you want to use more than 36 cores. Moreover, the MatSQ credit is consumed in proportion to the number of cores. Therefore, more credit is consumed when using two more nodes compared to using one node, even it takes the same time.
4. Calculation Results
We can find out the change of electronic structure when using the hybrid functional through the DOS of the silicon primitive unit cell.
👉 Check the result of calcultaion
Based on the DOS graph obtained by three functional, the entire shape of the DOS graph did not show a significant change. However, the bandgap was improved.
Check the table below for a summary of the bandgap data, calculation time, and the credits used to obtain that data.
When using HSE, we found out that PBE0 the hybrid functional can solve some of the bandgap underestimation problems of PBE. However, the calculation time increased more than 10 times. In GGA, the calculation time is generally proportional to three squares of the number of atoms, but the calculation time might be increased more than five squares when using the hybrid functional.
For example, the silicon primitive unit cell, which is the calculation model used in this example, consisted of just two atoms, but it consumed around 50 min in using the hybrid functional.
Therefore, while hybrid provides better results, you need to be careful of the consumption of computing resources.
We checked the changed electronic structure when using the hybrid functional as well as the precautions of calculation and increased calculation time. Moreover, the hybrid functional DFT can provide improved results, but it needs to be careful because of the high consumption of computing resources.
In MatSQ, you can apply the hybrid functional at the simple structure to obtain an improved DFT result!
Thank you for your interest in Materials Square weekly tips until now.
We are ending the weekly tip season 1 with this weekly tip as the last one. However, we will come back season 2 with more content. Thank you!
[1] Martin, R. M., & Martin, R. M. (2004). Electronic structure: basic theory and practical methods. Cambridge university press.
[2] Paier, J., Marsman, M., Hummer, K., Kresse, G., Gerber, I. C., & Ángyán, J. G. (2006). Screened hybrid density functionals applied to solids. The Journal of chemical physics, 124(15), 154709.
[3] Jain, M., Chelikowsky, J. R., & Louie, S. G. (2011). Reliability of hybrid functionals in predicting band gaps. Physical review letters, 107(21), 216806.
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frolep rotrem - 2020-01-12 13:15:01
Malg Eum Yu - 2020-01-13 10:37:53
Thank you so much!
Djamel - 2020-07-23 12:08:50
I need tutorial for calculation a spontanus polarization of 2D materials whith quantum espresso. Thank you


text:
Tang's nesting crows 2: Yes, whose eggs were those?
The three eggs in the crows' nest as seen in Tang's earlier image, also shown here, show similarity in colour and pattern. However, one of the eggs is of slightly different shape than the other two and smaller. And according to the literature, the Asian Koel's (Eudynamys scolopacea) egg is smaller than that of the House Crow's (Corvus splendens). Can the smaller egg then be that of the koel's? We need to monitor the situation and wait for the hatching. The nestling of the koel can easily be differentiated from that of the crow once feathers develop (see image of koel nestling, bottomj).
Angie found bluish shells with dark speckles as well as light cream ones at the base of the tree where the crows' nest was the day after koels attacked the nest (see image on left as well as earlier posting. Is it possible that either the crow or the koel laid eggs of two different colours? After all, as Lin Yang Chen pointed out, there are reports of egg dimorphism among certain species of birds. Unfortunately bird watchers have yet to pay much attention to such details.
Input by Hung Bun Tang, Angie Ng and Lin Yang Chen
Images (top to bottom) by HBT, Angie and YC


text:
Mobile sensing is an objective continuous behavioral health measurement methodology used in behavioral health research. This methodology uses sensors in digital devices like smartphones to collect and measure information related to mental well-being.
EARS, Ksana Health's Effortless Assessment Research System, provides a convenient turnkey behavioral sensing system of continuous behavioral health measurement to behavioral health researchers.
Continuous objective data collection from EARS provides greater data volume and richness than intermittent or periodic subjective data collection methods. EARS allows for remote data collection that can be easily and efficiently scaled for a large number of study participants. If subjective ecological momentary assessments are part of the study design, questions can be easily configured to be sent to the study participant in a variety of ways.
The ability to collect continuous objective measurements from smartphone sensors can reveal more than self-reporting alone. This objective measurement can be provided alongside of subjective measures like participant self-reported responses.1 Continuous behavioral health measurement through EARS opens up new behavioral health study design possibilities.
Data collected through continuous objective measurement with EARS is passive and automatic. Study participants use their smartphone as they normally would with minimal need for input. This lowered use burden can result in fewer study participant drop-outs.2
Continuous behavioral health measurement through EARS is passive and remote, which reduces potential bias which may come from researcher interaction with participants and participant lapses in self-reporting. This can contribute to more accurate research results.
Getting important research funded involves a variety of factors. Novel methodologies enhance research design and makes research more attractive to funders. Continuous behavioral health measurement, with its passive, objective, and remote characteristics, provides a grant application with important differentiating features that can be attractive to funding institutions.
Mobile sensing has been used in research for many years. It is made possible by digital, cloud, and sensor technologies. EARS, in particular, has over been used in over seven years of rigorous NIH-funded research.
EARS provides benefits to behavioral health researchers that improve grant proposals, study designs, and study operations. If you are interested in EARS, please contact us to schedule a demo.
15 February 2022
Continuous Behavioral Health Measurement is an emergent opportunity to produce richer real-world data & evidence. Real-world data and evidence have been defined by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and its...Continue reading
For many years, mental and behavioral health care providers have effectively used surveys and validated scales to measure mental health status. These scales, like the PHQ-9 and GAD-7, have wide usage. A...Continue reading