1. Electronics
Discuss in my forum
How To Hook Up a VCR or DVD recorder to a TV w/Single Tuner Picture-in-Picture
By
Here is an easy, quick hook-up guide for connecting your Cable and VCR or DVD recorder to a TV that has a single tuner Picture-In-Picture function (provided you don't have cable box or satellite receiver).
Difficulty: Easy
Time Required: 20 minutes
Here's How:
 1. Plug the cable or antenna leads into a two way signal splitter.
 2. Connect one cable from the splitter to the TV's RF or Antenna Input.
 3. Connect the other cable from the splitter to the VCR or DVD Recorder's RF or Cable input.
 4. Connect the VCR or DVD recorder's AV line outputs to the TV's AV line inputs. In the case of a DVD recorder, use the Component (Red - Green - Blue) video connections if your TV has them.
 5. Turn on the TV.
 6. Turn on the VCR or DVD Recorder.
 7. Tune the TV to a station.
 8. Tune the VCR or DVD recorder to a Station or put a tape or DVD in and press Play.
 9. Activate the TV's PIP function and switch the PIP source to Video 1, Video 2, or Line-in.
 10. You will see that the main picture is from the TV's internal tuner and the small inset picture is from the VCR tuner or tape, or DVD recorder tuner or DVD disc.
 11. Push the SWAP (or exchange) function.
 12. You will notice that the pictures have exchanged places and the main picture is now from the VCR or DVD Recorder.
 13. Repeat steps 7 through 12 to get familiar with this function.
Tips:
 1. This setup is for either a DVD recorder or VCR with a Television (either Analog or HDTV) with single tuner PIP. If you have both a DVD Recorder and a VCR connected to your Television, and your Television has both Video 1 and Video 2 inputs, connect the VCR to one set and the DVD recorder to the other set. You can then access PIP from either Video 1 or Video 2, in conjunction with your TV's tuner.
 2. The VCR or DVD recorder must be on in order to use the PIP function in a single Tuner PIP set.
 3. This setup must be done differently if you have a cable, satellite box, or a dual-tuner PIP set.
 4. Make sure your cables are long enough, and that they are of the proper type. Make you have have audio and video cables connected.
 5. If your DVD recorder and/or VCR is connected to through a Home Theater Receiver first, and you use the Home Theater Receiver's Monitor output to supply video to your Television, you can access the PIP function through the input that the Home Theater Receiver's monitor output is connected to.
What You Need
 - Television with single tuner PIP function
 - VCR or DVD recorder
 - Cable splitter
 - RF coaxial cables
 - Video cables (composite, S-Video, or Component)
 - Audio Cables
©2013 About.com. All rights reserved.


Solaris Common Desktop Environment: User's Guide
Using the Tabs
There are two tabs, Playback and Record. You can switch between adjusting Playback (Output) and Record (Input) by selecting the corresponding tab (toggles). If you have the Playback tab selected when you check the Application Controls box, the Application control box also displays. Refer to the following illustration for an example of this.
Graphic
Master Output
The following controls are provided on the Master Output window:


text: Process monitoring and control methods during direct metal deposition (DMD) are used to ensure a consistent manufacturing quality of the process. In the optical regime, naturally occurring process emission provides therefore selective and specific element lines, which can be obtained by optical spectrometers. However, DMD processes are in the heat conduction regime and superimposed broad spectral emissions dominate the wavelength specific signals. The aim of this work is to investigate the occurrence of different elemental lines in DMD processes as well as deposition track cross-sectional dimensions. Therefore, experiments were simultaneously conducted by using a high-resolution spectrometer (resolution = approx. 47 pm FWHM at 522 nm and 55 pm FWHM at 407.5 nm) and a medium resolution spectrometer (resolution = 0.73 nm FWHM), which were coupled by a bifurcated optical fibre. A parameter study of 27 single track DMD experiments using Co-Cr-based (MetcoClad21) powder on low-alloyed tool steel C45W (1.1730) substrate material, varying laser power, scan velocity and powder feed rate was conducted. Series of spectra were obtained for all sets of parameters with a scan rate of 100 Hz. The individual wavelength spectrum was analysed and classified by an algorithm into two types. Type-A spectra, with specific element emission lines and Type-B spectra, without significant emission lines with mostly predominant thermal emission radiation. Each deposition track was coupled to cross-sectional dimensions, including height, welding depth and melted areas. In addition, certain elemental lines contained in Type-A spectra were verified by using data from the NIST atomic spectra database. The investigation indicates that the relative number of Type-A spectra with respect to the total quantity of spectra, correlates significant to the process parameters. All detected and identified element lines occurred to be non-ionised elements, especially Cr I, Fe I and Mn I lines were frequently observed.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Italy to test and promote recycled rubber noise reduction strategies
On 23 May in Rome, the presentation of the Life SNEAK project – Optimized Surfaces against noise and vibrations produced by tramway track and road traffic, will take place.
This new European project, of which Ecopneus is a partner, will take place in Rome, at the Cicerone Hotel, together with VIE EN.RO.SE. INGEGNERIA S.r.l, ASSTRA, MOPI S.r.l., University of Florence – Department of Industrial Engineering, Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria – Department of Information, Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Engineering.
The main challenge of the project is the reduction of noise from road traffic and from wheel-rail contact from trams, which mainly affect densely populated urban areas. The project, which centres on the city of Florence, involves the construction of a low-noise stretch of road surface made with recycled materials, such as rubber powder from End-of-Life Tires. Furthermore, retrofit solutions with life cycle costs comparable to those of standard surfaces will be tested, obtaining a substantial reduction in noise.
Among the speakers at the meeting will also be Serena Sgarioto, Ecopneus Innovation Manager, who will help outline the state of the art of the use and diffusion in Italy of asphalts modified with recycled rubber powder from ELTs.


What is the difference between Wallet Synchronization and Daemon Synchronization, in case of using either of local node or remote node?
enter image description here
Daemon status is how synced it's blockchain is. Wallet status is how many blocks are scanned.
A daemon syncs blocks, a wallet scans blocks for incoming transfers.
Your Answer


Fixing Your Limit Switches
Testing and Fixing your limit switches
If any part of your printer will only move in one direction, the usual suspect is a break in the end-stop (limit switch) circuit. The 3 main causes are:
 1. A connector not being seated properly on the motherboard
 2. A wiring issue in the connector for the motherboard.
 3. A bad/broken limit switch (very unlikely)
Before doing any testing, make sure all of your limit switches are properly seated on the motherboard. If one limit switch, usually X or Z is situated improperly, replace switch in
Properly Seated
flickr:_PHONE_
Improperly Seated
flickr:_PHONE_
If you've got a multimeter, follow the directions in the next section. Otherwise scroll down to "Testing Without a Multimeter."
Multimeter Testing
 1. Grab your your multimeter and set it to the diode symbol. This setting tests whether a circuit is open or closed.
 flickr:_PHONE_
 2. Disconnect the offending limit switch from the motherboard
 3. Using the probes from your multimeter, test the outer contact points on the connector.
 flickr:_PHONE_
 4. If you read an open circuit (no response from multimeter readout), press wires back into connector with a small flat heat screwdriver.
 flickr:_PHONE_
 5. Test for closed circuit again. If the multimeter reads a closed circuit, reconnect the limit switch to your motherboard and test all directions again. If you are still having issues, or the multimeter is still reading open circuit, contact moc.eldoodilos|troppus#moc.eldoodilos|troppus.
Testing Without a Multimeter
 1. On the motherboard, swap the limit switches from offending direction with limit switch from a working direction. e.g. If you can only move one direction in X, disconnect the X limit switch and connect the Y limit switch to the X location. Now try moving X in both directions, but DO NOT PRESS HOME!
 2. Disconnect offending limit switch from motherboard and press wire back into connector with a small flat heat screwdriver.
 flickr:_PHONE_
 3. Replace all limit switches and test all directions again. If you still cannot move in all directions, contact moc.eldoodilos|troppus#moc.eldoodilos|troppus.
Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License


text:
The water in the reservoir has been climbing more quickly because a minimal amount of water is being allowed to pass through Cave Run Dam. Areas downstream are already dealing with high water and adding more water would cause more flooding. Instead, the water is held in the reservoir behind the dam until areas downstream start to dry out.
The current water level is far from the record set in 2012, when the water's elevation reached near 760 feet. That is about 19 feet higher than the level as of Tuesday evening. It took so long to empty the extra water in the reservoir that year, some campgrounds did not open until just before Independence Day.
Hiking trails are still open around Cave Run Lake, but they are extremely messy and muddy.


Marrakesh Treaty ratification
11 December 2015
Australians with vision impairment will have greater access to books and other published materials in accessible formats such as large print, braille or audio following Australia's ratification of the Marrakesh Treaty The Treaty is a significant international agreement that will help 285 million people with vision impairment worldwide to access these materials.
Ratifying this treaty is an important part of the Government's commitment to supporting Australians with disability. Accessible format materials are essential to ensuring all Australians can engage fully in school, work and our communities.
By improving access to large print, braille and audio materials in the Indo-Pacific, the Marrakesh treaty will also support economic and social development in our region.
The treaty recognises the commercial interests of copyright holders by encouraging the use of accessible material already available, before relying on the treaty.
Australia joins eleven other countries in ratifying the treaty, which will come into effect three months after 20 countries have ratified or acceded to it. We strongly encourage other countries to take this step.
The Australian Government is also working with the World Intellectual Property Organization to fund practical initiatives to help increase the global availability of books in accessible formats.
Media enquiries
Minister's office: (02) 6277 7500


text: Modelling of molecular emission spectra from interstellar clouds requires the calculation of rate coefficients for excitation by collisions with the most abundant species. Among the interstellar molecules, the CN radical is of particular interest since it is a good probe of dense region and can be used as a tracer of magnetic fields. We calculate fine- and hyperfine-structure-resolved excitation rate coefficients of CN(X2Σ+) by H2(j= 0), the most abundant collisional partner in the interstellar medium. The calculations are based on a new potential energy surface obtained from highly correlated ab initio calculations. State-to-state rate coefficients between the first fine and hyperfine levels of CN were calculated for low temperatures ranging from 5 to 100 K. The new results are compared to the CN–He rate coefficients. Significant differences are found between the two sets of rate coefficients. This comparison shows that the CN–H2 rate coefficients have to be used for observation interpretations and we expect that their use will significantly help the astronomers in the interpretation of the CN emission lines observed with current and future telescopes.


text:
Study: Pretrial Juvenile Detention Increases Odds of Felony Recidivism by 33%
Jurisdictions use pretrial confinement to ensure that young people who have been accused of an offense attend court hearings. It is the most common use of local detention facilities, accounting for 75% of all admissions.
Yet, a stay in pretrial juvenile detention increases a young person's likelihood of felony recidivism by 33% and misdemeanor recidivism by 11%, according to a new peer-reviewed study published in Crime and Delinquency.
The study, conducted by researchers at the University of Washington and supported by the Annie E. Casey Foundation, looked at how long young people spend in pretrial detention and what impact this has on recidivism. Its findings deliver a clear call for changing the status quo in favor of strategies that avoid detaining young people before their cases are adjudicated.
The researchers found that any pretrial detention stay — regardless of its length — increases the likelihood of recidivism. They also discovered that when a young person spends additional days in detention for pretrial reasons, their risk of recidivism jumps by 1% a day.
"This study affirms what we have long believed — that young people are thrown off course by even a single day in pretrial detention," says Nate Balis, director of the Foundation's Juvenile Justice Strategy Group. "These young people, who are presumed innocent because there has been no determination of guilt, are separated from their families, schools, jobs and communities with lasting consequences."
To assess the impact of pretrial detention, the University of Washington researchers analyzed more than 46,000 juvenile cases across 32 jurisdictions in a northwest state from January 2002 through December 2015.
The study defined recidivism as a recorded court filing by a prosecutor within one year of a young person's initial offense (probation violations were not included in this calculation). This approach revealed a significant correlation between "pretrial detention and both felony and misdemeanor recidivism within one year."
Pretrial detention was associated with higher felony recidivism for youth who had few or no prior arrests. According to the study, detained youth who are at lowest risk for reoffending "will learn deviant behaviors, experience disruption in important protective influences, or be exposed to traumatic experiences when placed in secure care even for a very limited duration."
In addition, the findings did not support the notion that pretrial detention served to dissuade other youth in the community from committing crimes.
"As shown by our Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative®, there are more effective and equitable ways than detention to ensure that young people who are arrested — but who present no serious and immediate threat to their communities — will appear in court," Balis says.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Reclaim Strategies for Semiconductor UPW White Paper

菜单
白皮书
Reclaim Strategies for Semiconductor UPW
白皮书
Measurement, Control, and Improvement of UPW Systems for Microelectronics Manufacturers
Reclaim Strategies for Semiconductor UPW White Paper
Reclaim Strategies for Semiconductor UPW White Paper

This white paper explores the challenges involved with reclaim strategies for semiconductor UPW (ultrapure water) within the microelectronics industry. Modern semiconductor fabs are completely dependent upon a continuous flow of UPW for normal operations. These fabs measure their water usage in thousands of cubic meters per day. The cost of producing this water, both in capital expenditures and in discharge costs, is continually rising as worldwide fab capacity and technology is expanded and improved. New requirements to increase the volume of reused UPW and to reduce contamination levels in waste emphasize the importance of constant monitoring and measurement of conductivity, total organic carbon (TOC), temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO).
The solution to these technical challenges is to reprocess the water to allow either UPW recycling within the same processes or to reuse UPW in another process within the facility. Reclaim strategies for semiconductor UPW can provide multiple benefits, including reduced costs and ensured compliance with environmental guidelines. These strategies provide a positive return on investment. UPW – also commonly referred to as DI water within this industry – is expensive to produce, and recycling UPW from the waste stream costs less per liter than initial purification steps. In terms of environmental performance, UPW reuse and other green engineering technologies promote sustainability for the industry. Having a water recycling strategy demonstrates an awareness of the importance of water to the local community, and can therefore bolster those relationships.
In UPW reclaim processes, measurement and control of conductivity, temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) alone will not provide the complete analytical information required to accurately control the system. Particularly, real-time TOC analysis is essential for fab managers to fully understand and control the entire water purification process.
The 6000TOCi sensor by METTLER TOLEDO enables rapid, continuous measurement to ensure that excursions are never missed. This high-performance total organic carbon sensor supports stable and reliable analysis for repeatable and precise measurements. Verifiable system performance and advanced system diagnostics ensure effective TOC measurement. Finally, with an optimized flow rate of only 8.5 mL/min, the 6000TOCi is an extremely water-efficient sensor that minimizes the use of expensive, high quality water.
Thank you for visiting _URL_. We have tried to optimize your experience while on the site, but we noticed that you are using an older version of a web browser. We would like to let you know that some features on the site may not be available or may not work as nicely as they would on a newer browser version. If you would like to take full advantage of the site, please update your web browser to help improve your experience while browsing _URL_.


text:
Farm to Table Nutrition and Growing Workshops
Farm to Table Workshops:
This 12 week workshop series takes an innovative approach to addressing food insecurity through gardening.
At each weekly workshop, community members learn how to care for various edible plants, the nutritional value of each plant and how to cook a healthy meal based on that week's featured plant. Creating the opportunity for workshop participants to take home their own edible plant at the end of each workshop, Royally Fit is removing the barriers to healthy food access.
This workshop is possible thanks to partnership with The Soil Sisters Plant Nursery & Taqueria Acosta.
Subscribe to our newsletter to be the first to find out about our next workshop series!


Re: [xsl] XSL/XML External Link
Subject: Re: [xsl] XSL/XML External Link
From: Wendell Piez <wapiez@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
Date: Wed, 06 Jun 2001 17:58:17 +0100
Morais,
Your problem isn't the link. It's the whole approach to processing you are using.
The offending code is the bit here:
At 09:14 PM 6/6/01, you wrote:
> <xsl:for-each select="paratext">
> <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>
> <xsl:for-each select="extlink"> target="newwindow">
> <xsl:attribute name="href">
> <xsl:value-of
> select="@fileref"/></xsl:attribute>
> <xsl:value-of
> select="text()"/></xsl:for-each>
> </xsl:for-each>
What this is saying is (translated into something like English),
For each paratext, get me:
 The value of the set of text node children,
 Then, for each extlink child,
 An  element,
 with an href attribute,
 whose value is the fileref attribute,
 then the value of the set of text node children....
But according to XSLT, the value of a set of nodes is the value of the first node in the set. So when you say <xsl:value-of select="text()"/>, you are only getting *one* text node (the first) from the set, and the rest are being thrown away.
This is why you are only getting the text up to the link (because that's the snippet in the first text node). Even if you did get the others, they'd be in the wrong place in your output.
You'd be better off with a standard, XSLT-ish template-based solution. You could simply say
<xsl:template match="paratext">

 <xsl:apply-templates/>

</xsl:template>
<xsl:template match="extref">

 <xsl:apply-templates/>

</xsl:template>
It would get you the output you want, and it would be way, way easier to code and maintain.
If this is mysterious to you, a little research on the XSLT processing model might be in order. It's been explained on this list many, many times, so check the archive if your other sources are no help.
Good luck,
Wendell
======================================================================
Wendell Piez mailto:wapiez@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Mulberry Technologies, Inc. _URL_
17 West Jefferson Street Direct Phone: 301/_PHONE_
Suite 207 Phone: 301/_PHONE_
Rockville, MD 20850 Fax: 301/_PHONE_
----------------------------------------------------------------------
 Mulberry Technologies: A Consultancy Specializing in SGML and XML
======================================================================
XSL-List info and archive: _URL_
Current Thread


School Assemblies Should Not Be Mandatory
School assemblies are draining, ineffective, and a waste of valuable time that could be used to educate students.
Assemblies are supposed to spread news to students, but often times students do not pay attention or just don't care about the information being shared. Students use assemblies as a way out of class to spend time with peers. Because of this, assemblies are a joke.
Instead of school assemblies being mandatory, Howell should make assemblies optional.
Some students enjoy pep assemblies, and the festivities that occur during them. Others view assemblies as unproductive and boring.
Students should sign up to attend the assemblies prior to the day they will occur.
Those who don't attend the assembly would instead go in classrooms, or into the small gym, as this space will not be used during the time of the assembly. Staff members not attending would watch over the students.
Those who don't go to the assembly would use the time as a study hall or for other educational purposes. Students could also spend the assembly time in the small gym by participating in games or activities arranged by teachers.
Eliminating forced attendance to assemblies would be a positive, and would encourage more participation and school spirit.
Students who choose to attend assemblies would get a better opportunity to absorb the information being shared. The gym would also be a lot less crowded if people were given the choice to attend assemblies. Those who enjoy attending the assemblies would have a better opportunity to enjoy the experience, as it will not be as jampacked.
Students who view assemblies as a free time with their peers also will not disrupt those paying attention when information is being given. Not forcing assemblies on students would enable everyone to use their time in a more positive and productive way.
School assemblies should not be mandatory. Demanding that all students come to assemblies causes more chaos, and makes the assemblies less enjoyable because they are forced. Giving students the freedom to choose would make assemblies much more enjoyable for everyone, and would help encourage school spirit.


text:
Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Ray Birdwhistell (1918 – October 19, 1994) was an American anthropologist who founded kinesics as a field of inquiry and research. The term kinesics was originally coined by Birdwhistell, and he also proposed the term kineme.
Dr. Birdwhistell was born in 1918 and died October 19, 1994. He was raised and went to school in Ohio. He graduated from Fostoria High School in 1936, and was very involved by being part of the history club, debate team, journalism, and school plays. Birdwhistell attended the Miami University of Ohio, BA,(sociology) Ohio State University, MA (Anthropology) and University of Chicago, where he received his Ph.D. in Anthropology. Afterwards he taught at the University of Toronto (Ontario), University of Louisville (Kentucky), and the University at Buffalo (New York) and Temple University [Philadelphia, (ref. daughter, Jill). From 1944 to 1948 he worked with G. Gordon Brown and Edmund S. Carpenter, who were in the same department as him at the University of Toronto. For some years he was affiliated with the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute and Temple University in Philadelphia, where he worked with Gregory Bateson,PhD, Adam Kendon, Albert Scheflen, MD, and others to develop an interactive approach to the study of mental illness. From 1969 until he retired in 1988, Birdwhistell taught at The Annenberg School for Communication, at the University of Pennsylvania.
He was influenced by his mentor's views, Margaret Mead (1901–1978) an anthropologist, and the work of David Efron in the early 1940s. Birdwhistell became interested in kinesics by analyzing the way people interacted in films. He observed how people unconsciously transmitted information through facial expressions, postures, and eye movements.
Birdwhistell pointed out that "human gestures differ from those of other animals in that they are polysemic, that they can be interpreted to have many different meanings depending on the communicative context in which they are produced". And, he "resisted the idea that "body language" could be deciphered in some absolute fashion". He also indicated that "every body movement must be interpreted broadly and in conjunction with every other element in communication"
The film, TDR- 009, was a result from his productive collaboration with film maker Jacques D. van Vlack. TDR-009 is an eighty minute, 16 mm, black and white sound film of an English pub scene in a middle class London hotel. Birdwhistell and van Vlack observed behavior of listeners in relationship to speakers during the film. Birdwhistell wrote Introduction to Kinesics, Kinesics and Context, and encyclopedia entries and essays. His first book Introduction to Kinesics was published in 1952, but he is more known for his second book Kinesics and Context.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Danesi, M (2006). Kinesics. Encyclopedia of language & linguistics. 207-213.
- ↑ Ottenheimer, H.J. (2007). The anthropology of language: an introduction to linguistic anthropology. Kansas : Thomson Wadsworth. p129.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kirby, E (2006). Ray Lee. Birdwhistell. Retrieved October 16, 2007, from Biography Web: Minnesota State University Web site: _URL_
- ↑ Banning, T (2001). Department of Anthropology: University of Toronto. Retrieved October 15, 2007, from A Brief History of Anthropology Web site:_URL_
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lee, L (2006). University of Pennsylvania: Folklore & folklife. Retrieved October 16, 2007, from Graduate Handbook Web site: _URL_
- ↑ _URL_
- ↑ Barfield, T (1997). The dictionary of anthropology. Illinois: Blackwell Publishing.
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).|

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
STEM.I.AM Coding and Robotics program
About the program
The Advance Queensland STEM.I.AM Program is a coordinated program of activities to increase STEM engagement for Indigenous students from grades 5 to 12. It is a collaboration between the Department of Science, Information Technology and Innovation, Carbon Media Pty Ltd, Department of Education and Training, State Library of Queensland and foundation sponsors including Google and FIRST Australia.
To help close the literacy and numeracy gap, greater participation in STEM from young Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders from urban, regional and remote communities across Queensland is needed.
Engagement in coding and robotics activities will help encourage and inspire students to study in a STEM field at university - an important pathway to achieving employment in STEM careers, vital in today's knowledge economy.
STEM.I.AM coding and robotics activities in libraries
STEM.I.AM coding and robotics activities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander school students will be delivered in public libraries and Indigenous Knowledge Centres in partnership with State Library of Queensland, from August 2017.
Activities include coding and robotics workshops, community-led coding and robotics clubs and coding and robotics competitions.
These activities are funded through the Advance Queensland STEM.I.AM coding and robotics grants for libraries. The grants assist libraries and Indigenous Knowledge Centres to deliver coding and robotics activities that utilise and strengthen existing connections between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and libraries through to increase STEM engagement for Indigenous students from grades 5 to 12.
Public libraries play a key role in the digital literacy learning ecology, and provide an informal, non-academic and non-judgmental environment for everyone in a community to learn, problem solve, and create.
STEM.I.AM coding and robotics activities will be delivered at public libraries and/or Indigenous Knowledge Centres in the following local government areas:
- Aurukun Aboriginal Shire Council
- Cook Shire Council
- Douglas Shire Council
- Gladstone Regional Council
- Logan City Council
- North Burnett Regional Council
- Paroo Shire Council
- Townsville City Council
For further details about the program partners and other STEM activities across Queensland visit the Advance Queensland STEM.I.AM website.
Discover an eclectic range of books, gifts, reproduction prints and more at the Library Shop.


Skip to main content
Model a composite deck
Details of Model a composite deck
 - Module code ESA1117
 - Software
 - SCIA Engineer
 - FAQ topic
The composite deck is a slab with a significant in-plane stiffness that still distributes the gravity loads to the beams below it based on tributary areas. Since SCIA Engineer 17 is possible to model composite deck with four ways of slab behavior:
 - Standard FEM
 - Flexible diaphragm
 - Semi-rigid diaphragm
 - Rigid diaphragm
Note: For modeling of composite ceiling it is necessary to have selected material concrete and steel in the Project data.
The concept is simple. We are talking about a load panel with realistic in-plane stiffness. Although a composite slab has a significant thickness, due to the specific behavior of this structural system, users prefer that each beam takes the load applied directly on top of it. Or strictly speaking, applied on the area measured between the midlines between the beams.
The presence of bending stiffness in the slab would prohibit such simplified load distribution: it would be the stiffness (read also 'deformations') of the beams and slab that would determine how much load will go where. In this case, even if you apply the load directly on the beams, an edge beam would not carry half of the load of an internal beam. See the image below: the FEM formulation results in varying values between equally spaced beams.
Figure 1: Bending moments in composite floor beams: (left) a rigid diaphragm with tributary area action; (right) load distributed based on the FEM formulation of the composite slab.
Does it mean that the "tributary area" simplifying assumption is inaccurate?
Actually, it is the FEM approach that ignores nonlinearities such as cracking of concrete, shear connectors, structural gaps between columns and decks, etc., unless they are explicitly defined in the model. The tributary area method, although a simplification, is based on decades of engineering experience, and tries to address a number of engineering problems in the material and the geometric response that would overcomplicate the design if modeled precisely.
In short, diaphragms allow the user to split the response to lateral loads from the response to gravity loads. Several possibilities exist to tweak the FE model for various use cases. For example, you may choose to model a flexible diaphragm steel deck that supplements the rotational stiffness of attached beams but does not provide significant diaphragm action. The type of gravity load transfer, in this case, is completely up to you: a FEM-based load panel, tributary areas, or simply the actual stiffness of the sheeting. The last one even lets you directly control the deflections of the deck.

The description of individual slab behavior
Standard FEM
Users will find their familiar FEM plates by selecting the "Standard" Element type in the 2D member properties. The standard 2D member has the bending and in-plane stiffness derived from its geometry and assigned material. This option is great for analysis of concrete plates and flat slabs.

Rigid diaphragm
A rigid diaphragm does not use a finite element mesh. It has no bending stiffness. Loads perpendicular to it are transferred to the supporting elements in the same way as for a load panel. Its in-plane stiffness is infinite because no relative in-plane deformations can happen between any two points of the diaphragm.
In previous versions, users used to simulate the rigid diaphragm action by introducing rigid links between, for example, all nodes of a 2D member, or between all column nodes in a floor. This workaround is no longer necessary.
No stresses and deformations can be obtained inside rigid diaphragms because they have no physical stiffness. Therefore, the rigid diaphragms are suitable for the analysis of composite steel-concrete floors. For these, the design of the deck itself is usually based on manufacturer sheets, where the correct sheeting is selected according to the thickness of the deck and the load acting on the floor.

Semi-rigid diaphragm
A semi-rigid diaphragm is a hybrid between the standard FEM plate and a load panel. The actual in-plane stiffness of the 2D member is used in the analysis, but the bending stiffness is eliminated. Gravity loads are transferred like by load panels.
This type of 2D members is suitable for the analysis of composite slabs when the user is not sure about the rigid-body nature of the deck. In the case of large openings, parts of the floor could remain as narrow strips, which are less stiff under an in-plane loading. In this case, the diaphragm action could be compromised, and it is advisable to work with the actual stiffness parameters of the floor and to control deformations.

Flexible diaphragm
Flexible diaphragms are most suitable for the analysis of metal deck floors (sheeting only). The diaphragm action is negligible here. Numerically, this is achieved by eliminating the shear stiffness in the plane of the 2D member. As a result, the lateral loads are distributed to the vertical load bearing elements using an approach similar to tributary areas, independently on the relative stiffness of the various columns and walls. The gravity loads are distributed like by load panels.
Flexible diaphragms are most suitable for the analysis of roofs in composite buildings, where a concrete layer is not poured, or floors in industrial steel buildings, where sheeting or other types of metal plates are used to construct the floor.

Comparison of individual diaphragm types
This section shows a comparative example of the analysis of a composite floor using various types of diaphragms.
The structure is a 2-bay composite floor supported by six columns. A concentrated horizontal load is applied along the edge beam, near the center column, with a small eccentricity. The first model uses a rigid diaphragm, the second one a semi-rigid diaphragm, and the third one a flexible diaphragm. The deformed shapes are presented in top view. To emphasize the specific behavior of each type of diaphragm, the deformation scale has been adjusted separately for each model.

Rigid diaphragm
Figure 2: Rigid diaphragm.
A rigid diaphragm is perfectly rigid in its own plane. It is visible here that the eccentric load results in the diaphragm slightly rotated as a rigid body with its rectangular shape perfectly kept. The displacement of the floor is entirely due to the deformation of the columns.

Semi-rigid diaphragm
Figure 3: Semi-rigid diaphragm.
A semi-rigid diaphragm uses the real in-plane stiffness of the deck for the analysis. In this case, the displacements are due partly to the deformations of the diaphragm and partly to the deformations of the columns. The initial rectangular shape of the deck is not kept (slight in-plane curvature) and a bump is visible in the beam where the load is applied.

Flexible diaphragm
Figure 4: Flexible diaphragm.
A flexible diaphragm has no in-plane shear stiffness. Therefore, it cannot act as a rigid body. It can only transfer axial forces. The displacements are mostly due to the deformation of the beams that are much more flexible than the columns in this particular case. The floor is entirely deformed by the applied load.


text:
Objectives: Motor vehicle-pedestrian crash is a significant public health concern. The urban campus of Georgia State University poses unique challenges due to a large number of students and university employees. The objectives of this study are twofold: (1) to examine the correlation between specific features of the built environment on and around the University campus and pedestrian crashes; and (2) to identify crash clusters in the study area using network-based geospatial techniques.
Methods: We obtained pedestrian crash data (n=119) from 2003 to 2007 from Georgia Department of Transportation and evaluated environmental features pertaining to the road infrastructure, pedestrian infrastructure and streetscape for each road segment and intersection. Prevalence rate of each feature with pedestrian crashes present was calculated. We used network-based Kernel Density Estimation to identify the high density road segments and intersections, then used network-based K-function to examine the clustering of pedestrian crashes.
Results: Over 50% of the crosswalk signs, pedestrian signals, public transit, and location branding signs (more than three) at intersections involved pedestrian crashes. More than half of wider streets (greater than 29 feet), two-way streets, and streets in good condition had pedestrian crashes present. Crashes occurred more frequently in road segments with strong street compactness and mixed land use present and were significantly (p<0.05) clustered in these high-density zones.
Conclusions: Findings can be used to understand the correlation between built environment and pedestrian safety, to prioritize the high-density zones for intervention efforts, and to formulate research hypotheses for investigating pedestrian crashes. [West J Emerg Med. 2010; 11(3): 295-302.]


Black Walnut Information | Evidenced-Based Supplement Guide on MedicineNet.com - Are there any interactions with medications?
Black Walnut
Are there any interactions with medications?
Medications taken by mouth (Oral drugs)
Interaction Rating: Moderate Be cautious with this combination.
Talk with your health provider.
Black walnut hulls contain a large amount of chemicals called tannins. Tannins absorb substances in the stomach and intestines. Taking black walnut along with medications taken by mouth can decrease how much medicine your body absorbs, and decrease the effectiveness of your medicine. To prevent this interaction, take black walnut at least one hour after medications you take by mouth.
Dosing considerations for Black Walnut.
The appropriate dose of black walnut depends on several factors such as the user's age, health, and several other conditions. At this time there is not enough scientific information to determine an appropriate range of doses for black walnut. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult your pharmacist or physician or other healthcare professional before using.
Therapeutic Research Faculty copyright
Report Problems to the Food and Drug Administration


text:
ACT OF SETTLEMENT (1781)
The Act of Settlement 1781 was passed by the British Parliament on 5th July 1781 to remove the defects of Regulating Act of 1773. The key provision of this Act was to demarcate the relations between the Supreme Court and the Governor General in Council. This Act is popularly known as " The Amending Act of 1781" or "Declaratory Act of 1781".
The basic and fundamental aim of this Act was to establish a new system of Courts to remove the grievances against the Supreme Court and the failure of the Regulating Act's aim of controlling administration through Judiciary.
The conflict between the Supreme Court and Supreme Council reached its apex during _PHONE_. Then, the Supreme Council filed a petition against the improper working of supreme court in Bengal. Similar petition was filed by various zamindars, company's servants and so on. The Parliament, therefore, appointed a Committee (Touchet) to enquire into this matter and report as quickly as possible. Then the Committee submitted its report and as a result the Parliament passed the Act of Settlement in 1781.
Reasons for passing of Act of Settlement 1781:-
- Though the Regulating Act of 1773, brought a major change in the Government's system, but there were certain loopholes which this act failed to achieve. Those loopholes were further fulfilled by the "Act of Settlement 1781"
- Some issues arose with the Administration of Warren Hastings, which led to a lot of discontent and criticisms amongst people. Some of the examples of such issues are :- Patna Case, Cossijurah Case, Nand Kumar Case and so on.
- There was a huge rift between the Supreme Court and Governor-General in Council which imbalanced the Administration to a certain extent.
- Agitation by the people since there was an interference by the Government in personal laws of the communities.
Aim of the Act of Settlement 1781:-
- To indemnify the Governor-General and the Officers of the Council who acted under their orders in undue resistance made to the process of the Supreme Court.
- To remove the doubts and difficulties of the Regulating Act and the Charter which basically created divisions between the Government and Court.
- To provide assistance to the Government of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa so that the revenue can be collected with certainty at any point of time.
- To protect the Rights, Usages, and Privileges of the Indigenous people.
Features of the Act of Settlement 1781
- The Governor-General and Council were exempted from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for the acts done in official way.
- It excluded the matters related to revenue from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
- It even exempted the servants of the company from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for their Official actions.
- It provided that the Supreme Court should have the Jurisdiction over all the Inhabitants. It also asked the Court to administer the personal law of the "Defendants".
- It laid down that the appeals from the Provincial Courts could be taken to the Governor-General-In Council but not to the Supreme Court.
- It basically empowered the Governor-General-In-Council to frame Rules and Regulations for the Provincial Courts and Councils.
The above saying proves, that the "Act of settlement 1781" was the first attempt in India towards the Separation of the Executive from the Judiciary by defining the respective areas of Jurisdiction.
The "Act of Settlement 1781" tried to reconcile the differences and misunderstandings between the Supreme Court and Supreme Council to ensure the harmony in the working of these two vital organs of the Government System. So now let's look at some more provisions of this act.
They are as follows :-
- This Act provided that the Governor-General and Council were completely immune from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for the orders passed or Act done by them in public.
- The Supreme Court had no Jurisdiction in the matters concerning the collection of revenue.
- The Jurisdiction of the "Supreme Court" was precisely defined in this Act. Section 9 of the Act of Settlement provided that the person who had any interest or control over lands and rents into the provinces of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa were immune from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
- This Act provided that the person who were employed in company or under the Governor General were excluded from the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in matters relating to Inheritance, Succession, Contracts except wrong Trespasses.
- This Act provided that no action can be taken against any Judicial Officer in the Supreme Court for any act done by him/her in exercise of his/her Judicial functions.
- The British Parliament for the very first time gave recognition to the Civil and Criminal Jurisdiction of the Provincial Courts which were Independently existing. (Under this Act)
- This Act specified that the Civil and Religious Usages of the Natives and their Ancient Rites must be Protected, Preserved and Safeguarded.
- The framing of Rules and Regulations for conducting Civil Suits and Criminal Trials were only possible due to this Act, since it empowered the Governor-General and the Council for the same.
Landmark case :-
In Bampton V. Petumber Mullick Case, the dispute arose regarding the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court over Indians regarding a part of land which was partly situated in Calcutta and partly outside it. "Section 17" of the Act of Settlement explicitly provides that the Supreme Court shall have Jurisdiction over all the Indigenous people of Calcutta.
Later it was found that the Supreme Court shall have the power and Jurisdiction over the Indigenous people of Calcutta but their cases relating to Inheritance, Succession, Rent, Goods and so on shall be decided with their Personal law i.e Hindu law for Hindus and Mohammedan law for Muslims.
Though this Act benefitted a large section of the people but still there were certain impacts of it on the society.
- This Act completely favoured the Council and gave them a Superior authority over the Judiciary.
- The Executives were strongly Strengthened to ensure that the Britishers were able to maintain their hold on the Indian Empire.
- It was the very first attempt to basically Separate Executive branch of Government from Judiciary.
Though this Act failed to remove the flaws of the Regulating Act of 1773 but it proved to be of a great support in bringing the changes to the system of the Administration and Justice.
Author: Shreya Kaul,
STUDENT AT AMITY UNIVERSITY MP (2020-25)


text: Abstract. Due to the combined effect of wind and rain, the importance of storm movement to surface flow has long been recognized, at scales ranging from headwater scales to large basins. This study presents the results of laboratory experiments designed to investigate the influence of moving rainfall storms on the dynamics of sediment transport by surface runoff. Experiments were carried out, using a rain simulator and a soil flume. The movement of rainfall was generated by moving the rain simulator at a constant speed in the upstream and downstream directions along the flume. The main objective of the study was to characterize, in laboratory conditions, the distribution of sediment grain-size transported by rainfall-induced overland flow and its temporal evolution. Grain-size distribution of the eroded material is governed by the capacity of flow that transports sediments. Granulometric curves were constructed using conventional hand sieving and a laser diffraction particle size analyser (material below 0.250 mm) for overland flow and sediment deliveries collected at the flume outlet. Surface slope was set at 2%, 7% and 14%. Rainstorms were moved with a constant speed, upslope and downslope, along the flume or were kept static. The results of laboratory experiments show that storm movement, affecting the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall, has a marked influence on the grain-size characteristics of sediments transported by overland flow. The downstream-moving rainfall storms have higher stream power than do other storm types.


text:
"Civility's defining characteristic is its ties to city and society. The word derives from the Latin civitas, which means city, especially in the sense of civic community," says author P.M Forni in his book Choosing Civility: The Twenty Five Rules of Considerate Conduct. Another Latin word for city is urbs, which refers to the physical structures or buildings that make up a city. "While buildings and roads make up our physical city or campus, people and relationships make up our community."
In the Fall of 2003, the Office of Campus Life launched the CIVITAS campaign to encourage civility and responsible citizenship in the AU community. Since then, AU community members have continued the goals of this campaign through many different efforts.
CIVITAS, the Latin word for city, was chosen as the theme for the campaign because it connotes the kind of environment that shapes us as good citizens and good neighbors.
The mission of the CIVITAS campaign was to heighten our awareness of the relationship between our personal conduct and the quality of campus life. What we do and say always has an effect on others, whether we see it or not. Civility means more than just holding the door open for someone or respecting campus facilities and grounds. It means consistently treating people with consideration and respect. When our behavior is guided by concern for others in our community, we are being civil!
Practicing civility requires thoughtful behavior and continuous refinement of our perceptions of what matters to us and to others. A short checklist of actions can help us move toward more civil conduct:
Choose - We choose how we behave. Make your choices conscious ones by deciding ahead of time how you will act in a situation and rehearsing it in your mind.
Act – Act thoughtfully, as if you were in the other person's shoes!
Reflect – Consider how your actions and words have made others feel. If you have caused harm or discomfort, apologize, and consider how you can modify your behavior the next time.


Tiistai 4.10.2016
Ekaterina Borisova (Higher School of Economics): Elections, protest and trust in government: A natural experiment from Russia
How do flawed elections and post-election protest shape political attitudes? Taking advantage of the largely exogenous variation in the timing of a survey conducted in Moscow, we examine the short-term impact of the parliamentary election of December 4th, and the large protest of December 10th on trust in the Russian government. The fraud-marred parliamentary election had little effect on attitudes toward government, perhaps because allegations of vote improprieties were not new information. In contrast, the large protest of December 10th increased trust in government. Heightened trust arises largely from non-supporters of the ruling party updating their beliefs rather than from social desirability bias, a perceived improvement in government performance, or a "halo" effect. This finding is consistent with the view that autocrats can increase trust in government by unexpectedly allowing protest without repression. It also suggests that when evaluating trust in government citizens may cue not off the content of the protest, but off the holding of the protest itself.
Seminaarit ovat avoinna kaikille aiheesta kiinnostuneille tutkijoille.
Seminaarit pidetään tiistaisin klo 10.30–11.30 ellei toisin ilmoiteta.
Vierailijat noudetaan Rauhankatu 19 B (kirjaston) sisäänkäynniltä.


Tuesday, August 30, 2011
More on predicate logic and direct reference
David Brightly asks here whether modern predicate logic (MPL) in fact rests on 'weak' (relativistic) reference, not strong (direct) reference. He appeals to the way that singular sentences in MPL seem to have a meaning even when the singular term is empty.
There are a number of connected reasons why this won't work. Here are the main characteristics of the relativistic logic (RL) I have defended here.
 - In RL there are two forms of negation for singular sentences. There is a narrow form 'nonF(a)', which is true when a exists and it is not the case that Fa, i.e. a is a nonF; and a wide form, which is true when either nonF(a), or when a does not exist. Excluded middle applies only to the wide form, naturally. By contrast, MPL has no such feature.
 - In RL, a sentence of the form 'An S is P' has a narrow existential sense: it is convertible with 'An S-P exists'. There is no distinction between a wide sense conveyed by 'some', and the narrow sense conveyed by 'exist'. RL is not Meinongian. By contrast, it is open to MPL to invent an existence predicate 'E()', which may satisfied by some members of the domain, but not by others.
 - As a direct consequence, in RL, the wide negation 'it is not the case that Fa' never implies the existential form 'some x is non-F'. By contrast, in MPL a singular sentence is existential, at least in the wide sense: '~Fa' implies 'Ex ~Fx'.
 - A further difference, though probably not relevant here, is that some relational statements in RL are not existential. 'aRb' does not always imply 'Ex aRx', namely in the case where 'R' is not logically transitive. This is how RL avoids the problem of intentionality without invoking Meinongian non-existent objects.
The net result is that if a singular sentence in MPL cannot be empty in the sense required by RL. Let 'v' be a term that purports to denote Vulcan (a non-existent planet). Then either Vulcan lies within the orbit of Mercury - OM(v), or not - ~OM(v). The problem is the negation. If ~OM(v), standard predicate logic implies Ex ~Fx. But that leads to Meinongianism, i.e. positing objects that do not exist, and this, as I have argued, is a form of direct reference. Direct reference is the thesis that if 'Fa' is meaningful, then 'a' refers to something - possibly a non-existent something.
Another argument: how can we even say in MPL that Vulcan does not exist? The sentence '~Ex x=v' will not do, for it asserts of something in the domain that it is not in the domain; '~E(v)' will do, where 'E' means 'exists', but this comes at the price of Meinong's junkyard. For '~E(v)' implies 'Ex ~E(x)', which is precisely Meinongianism. Or it can be denied that 'OM(v)' means anything at all, which is strong Direct Reference of the familiar variety. There is no escape. Either we adopt a radically different semantics and inference schemata, on the lines of RL above, or we are left with Direct Reference.
Labels:,
Monday, August 29, 2011
Google takes up Latin
I was excited when I saw that the Google translator now includes Latin, and immediately gave it an untranslated section of the Logic Museum to look at. Results below. Not promising, sadly, so I am stuck with the tedious manual method for the moment.
Logic MuseumGoogle
Fit autem fallacia consequentis vel arguendo ex propositionibus quarum una sequitur ad aliam et non e converso; vel arguendo ex una condicionali ad aliam condicionalem in qua oppositum antecedentis primae condicionalis ponitur antecedens et oppositum consequentis primae condicionalis ponitur loco consequentis.Or by arguing the fallacy of the consequent becomes one of which follows from propositions to another and not vice versa, or by arguing on the one in which the opposite of the antecedent of the first conditional to another conditional is placed opposite of the consequent of the first antecedent and the consequent CONDITIONAL place is placed.
Labels:,
Wednesday, August 24, 2011
Is God fair to scientists?
Is God fair? We have to assume that God will punish, harshly, those who do not believe his word. In which case, why did God design the universe in such a way that those of an intelligent and inquisitive disposition would conclude that the universe was not designed by God in the way he said he designed it?
Take the case of epicycles, of which 'Belette' comments.
"The massive difference, now, over say Copernican days is that the observations and calculating ability we have are so much better than before. It is no longer possible tlo believe in epicycles, because observations demonstrate clearly that they don't work, except in the trivial sense that any path can be fit by enough epicycles to an arbitrary degree of precision."
I agree. One of Galileo's motivations for his heliocentric theory was his observation of the phases of Venus. These cannot be observed properly without a telescope. Venus is lit by the sun from angles that are not consistent with the Ptolemaic system. There is a good explanation of this in the Wikipedia article on the Ptolemaic system. Why did God design the geocentric system in such a complex way that those of an inquisitive disposition, after inventing telescopes, would observe such apparent inconsistencies? In 1838, Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel successfully measured the parallax of the star 61 Cygni, which is also difficult to explain in the geocentric system. Why did God go to the trouble of designing the geocentric universe in such a complicated way that an detailed observations such those of Bessel appeared to contradict the way God said (in the Bible) that he had in fact designed things?
Note, I am not arguing that the geocentric model is wrong. What I mean is that, if God says it is correct, and if, as seems to be the case, detailed observation and deduction (such as by Galileo and Bessel) suggests that it is not correct, and if God punishes harshly those who disbelieve what he says, then it seems as though God is not being fair. He has designed the universe in such a way that the way it appears to be designed is not the way he has said it was designed, and thus designed it in a way that invites punishment of the inquisitive and intelligent.
What reply can we make to this? Well, we could avoid fundamentalism by distinguish between literal and analogical truths. When it says in Psalm 93 that "the world also is established, that it cannot be moved", perhaps it does not mean that the earth is literally immoveable. Perhaps it is immoveable in a spiritual sense. Or that it cannot be moved from its orbit around the sun, all things being equal. Perhaps it is a statement about the constancy of physical constants, such as gravitational acceleration etc. Yes, that is a reasonable objection, but then we can turn the whole question around. Why did God make statements that are so easily open to a literalist misinterpretation? If so, then it seems God is discriminating against fundamentalists. Is that fair? Surely not.
Or it could be argued that the inquisitive and intelligent are simply wrong. A careful examination of the matter (see the websites linked to in earlier posts) shows that the geocentric theory is the correct one. I reply: whichever theory is correct, it remains that God's design has misled an extraordinary large number of people. Either he is being unfair to astronomers and scientists, or he is being unfair to fundamentalists. We have to choose, and either way it seems that he is not being entirely fair.
Or it could be argued that the inquisitive and intelligent have violated a version of the charity principle. They have followed a line of observation and reasoning that leads them to conclude that God has not told the truth. But logic, as well as the principle, should tell them that God would not have designed the universe in such a way as to contradict what he says. If any theory or reasoning of yours leads to a contradiction with sacred scripture or the teaching of the church, there is something wrong with your reasoning. Indeed, as Ockham argues – as discussed in my last post), we should even make exceptions to the laws of logic when this happens*.
So, is God not being fair to someone? And is that not inconsistent with an essence into which goodness, justice, fairness etc. are built into as though by definition?
* Yes, I realise that Ockham's point is more subtle than that. But this is internet land, where we lay things on with trowels.
Labels:,,
Ockham's solution to the Trinity problem
In the fifth chapter of the third book of his monumental Summa Logicae, Ockham presents an interesting solution to the problem of the Trinity. He says that the following syllogism is not valid:
Every divine essence is the Father
The Son


All Posts
5 Reasons to say YES to a Homestay!
The thought of a homestay in a new culture where you may not speak the language can be scary. With every good challenge, comes an even greater outcome! Here are 5 reasons why you should say YES to a homestay.
 1. Communication becomes a lot more creative
While the thought of a language barrier can cause anxiety, have no fear! Odds are, the family you are living with won't speak much of your language either, leading to opportunities for other modes of communication. Sharing music, movie nights and playing games allows you to connect on a deeper level with your homestay family while being innovative with your communication. It also leads to tons of laughter as both you and your family use charades to tell stories, ask, and answer questions.
 2. Improvement in your language level
Regardless of how many language classes you've taken, nothing beats a hands on experience. Exposure in an authentic context helps improve your skills. From hearing the accent, to learning new phrases, you will leave the homestay with more confidence and a larger vocabulary!
 3. Everyday you learn something new
As you taste new food, participate in local dances, and learn local slang, everyday will be a learning experience. When immersed in a culture or place that is different from your daily norm, simple everyday tasks will turn into lessons.
 4. An authentic way to get to know a culture
It is easy to travel on the surface. Living with a local family allows you to gain experiences that traveling as a tourist could never provide. Discovering local spots, foods, and traditions from a native gives you insight that most travelers will never experience.
 5. A forever family
After living with a homestay family, you will have a new family in a different country forever! As impactful as the experience was for you, it was for them as well! A strong connection will be made and you will always have a place to call home in another part of the world.
Explore our Summer Student Adventures and Custom Group Travel for ways to experience a homestay and travel authentically!


text:
This European Standard (EN511) Cold protection defines the levels of protection against cold hazards, when there is a risk of exposure. The tests needed to determine the resistance varies for cold and heat are very different and often cause confusion. Unlike the EN407 standard for heat resistance, it does not relate to any particular temperature.
EN511:2006 applies to any glove that is used in the protection of hands against convective and contact of temperatures down to as low as -50°C.
Example: A glove with a contact cold level 2 is much warmer than a glove that is only a contact cold level 1. (Contact resistance is measured on a 0-4 scale, 0 the glove has no protection and 4 being the best possible protection)
This is due to the material properties of the gloves, the better the thermal resistance the more protection you will have when exposed to contact with a cold object. A more detailed explanation of the actual tests is detailed below for reference.
The physical tests are very difficult to understand and for most people are unable to directly relate it to real-world situations.
A – Convective cold performance is tested using a model of a hand that is heated to around body temperature. The outside temperature is then reduced to around 20°C below the hand temperature, with a carefully regulated airflow. The amount of electrical energy that is needed to maintain the temperature gradient. Simply, to keep the hand warm it is measured to give an indication to the insulation properties of the gloves. The more power needed to maintain the temperature, the worse the glove's thermal insulation (ITR) properties.


Did you know?
standing - definition and synonyms
What are red words?
noun standing pronunciation in American English /ˈstændɪŋ/
 - Facebook
 - Twitter
 1. 1
 [plural] a list of teams or players put in order according to how many points they have won in games or competitions against each other. The usual British word is table.
 2. 2
 [uncountable] the status or reputation that someone or something has
 This latest scandal will undoubtedly have affected his standing with his colleagues.
 of high/great/considerable etc. standing:
 We are delighted to be working with a company of such high standing.
 1. a.
 used about people's social status
 People's jobs are an important measure of social standing.
 The owner of this house would have been a man of standing in Roman society.
 2. b.
 someone's success or status as measured in numbers, for example in an opinion poll
 The president's current high standing in the polls is not likely to last.
Open Dictionary
add a word
global English and language change from our blog
Macmillan learn live love play


3.78. kink/test/TEST
Mod for tests.
Tests are collected in the invocation of TEST.collect_in. TEST.collect_in returns a list of the tests collected in the invocation. This invocation is called a collecting session.
A test is registered to the current collecting session by calling TEST.test.
TEST.group can be used to group tests in the collecting session. Groups can be nested. There is a group named "@all" on the root of the collectiong session.
Each test can be run individually.
Usage example:
:TEST.require_from('kink/test/')
:CONTROL.require_from('kink/')
:Tests <- TEST.collect_in{
 TEST.test('10 + 20 == 30'){
 :Sum = 10 + 20
 Sum == 30 || raise('got {}'.format(Sum.repr))
 }
 TEST.group('Num.op_mul'){
 TEST.test('10 * 20 == 200'){
 :Prod = 10 * 20
 Prod == 200 || raise('got {}'.format(Prod.repr))
 }
 TEST.test('20 * 30 == 600'){
 :Prod = 20 * 30
 Prod == 600 || raise('got {}'.format(Prod.repr))
 }
 }
}
Tests.each{(:T)
 CONTROL.try(
 { T.run }
 { stdout.print_line('OK! [{}]'.format(T.addr)) }
 {(:Exc)
 stdout.print_line('Failed: {} [{}]'.format(Exc.message T.addr))
 }
 )
}
# Output:
# OK! [@all; 10 + 20 == 30]
# OK! [@all; Num.op_mul; 10 * 20 == 200]
# OK! [@all; Num.op_mul; 20 * 30 == 600]
3.78.1. TEST.test(Name $test_thunk)
Registers a test to the current collecting session.
3.78.2. TEST.ignore_test(Name $test_thunk)
Registers a test to the current collecting session, under a group named "@ignore".
Invocation of this fun is invoking TEST.group('@ignore'){ TEST.test(Name $test_thunk) }.
3.78.3. TEST.group(Group_name $thunk)
Collects tests and subgroups within the invocation of $thunk.
It must be called in an invocation of TEST.collect_in.
3.78.4. TEST.ignore_group(Name $thunk)
Collects tests and subgroups within the invocation of $thunk, under a group named "@ignore".
Invocation of this fun is equivalent to invoke TEST.group('@ignore'){ TEST.group(Group_name $thunk) }.
3.78.5. TEST.collect_in($thunk)
Opens a collecting session within the $thunk, then returns the registered tests.
3.78.6. type test
A test case.
Test.run
Calls the test thunk.
Test.addr_parts
Vec of the names of the groups and the test.
The group names appear from shallower ones to deeper ones. The test name appears as the last part.
In the next program, the test named "returns 42" is in the group "FOO.bar", which is in the super group "mod FOO". Adding to that, all the tests are contained in a group "@all". Therefore, Test.addr_parts returns ["@all" "mod FOO" "FOO.bar" "returns 42"].
:Tests = TEST.collect_in{
 TEST.group('mod FOO'){
 TEST.group('FOO.bar'){
 TEST.test('returns 42'){
 :Result = FOO.bar
 Result == 42 || raise('got {}'.format(Result.repr))
 }
 }
 }
}
:Test = Tests.front
stdout.print_line(Test.addr_parts.repr) # => ["@all" "mod FOO" "FOO.bar" "returns 42"]
Test.addr
Returns the addr representation of this test.
It concatenates the groups and the name, such as "@all; mod FOO; FOO.bar; returns 42".
Test.repr
'repr' returns the str representation of the test, such as "(test @all; mod FOO; FOO.bar; returns 42)".
3.78.7. TEST.is?(Val)
TEST.is? returns whether Val is a test.


---------------compute run lengths ′′′′′But first we've got a boundary condition problem for the first base--we solve it here!! RunLengths(1) = 1 ′Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, 2).Value = RunLengths(1) For Base = 2 To Extension(Molecule) If NumberedBases(Base) = 1 Then RunLengths(Base) = 1 Else RunLengths(Base) = RunLengths(Base − 1) + 1 End If ′Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = RunLengths(Base) Next Base ′----save only the terminal value of a run length For Base = 1 To Extension(Molecule) If RunLengths(Base + 1) > RunLengths(Base) Then RunLengths(Base) = 0 ′Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Value = RunLengths(Base) Next Base ′Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, 50 + 1).Value = RunLengths(Molecule) ′boundary condition TwoHit = 0 ThreeHit = 0 For Base = 1 To Extension(Molecule) If RunLengths(Base) = 2 Then Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = Magenta TwoHit = 1 End If If RunLengths(Base) > 2 Then Worksheets("Molecules").Cells(1 + Molecule * 4, Base + 1).Interior.ColorIndex = Cyan ThreeHit = 1 End If Next Base ′--Now determine what fraction of molecules have either 2 bases or 3+ base hits and report results TwoHitAccumulator = TwoHitAccumulator + TwoHit ThreePlusHitAccumulator = ThreePlusHitAccumulator + ThreeHit Next Molecule Worksheets("In Out").Range("E24").Value = TwoHitAccumulator / MoleculesMax Worksheets("In Out").Range("E25").Value = ThreePlusHitAccumulator / MoleculesMax End Sub Public Sub Main_Line( ) Initialize ′---Creates the new strands based on number of washes for varying degrees of completion per cycle If MoleculesMax > 0 And WashCyclesMax > 0 Then CreateTargetStrands AnalyzeTargetStrands For WashCycles = 1 To WashCyclesMax ′Do the desired number of wash cycles Worksheets("Molecules").Range("I3").Value = WashCycles Synthesize Next WashCycles DrawSynthesizedStrands AnalyzeResults AnalyzeSynthesizedStrands End If End Sub
EXAMPLE 3
FIG. 2 illustrates yet another simulated analysis of a number of target polynucleotides using short-cycle sequencing. The simulation was run using the program described in Examples 2a and 2b but using a larger number of target polynucleotides.
That is, in this simulation, the input values used were a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives, 60 repeats of the cycle, and 200 target polynucleotide strands. FIG. 2 illustrates the results obtained. Homopolymers stretches which occurred in the same simulated complementary strand are highlighted in magenta wherever nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row, and in cyan wherever more than two nucleotides of the same base type were incorporated in a row.
The output values obtained were 48 incorporations in the longest extended complementary strand, 20 in the shortest, and 32.00 as the average number of incorporations for the 200 simulatedly extended complementary strands.
Further, the percentage of growing stands extended by two or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 78.5%; and the percentage of growing strands extended by three or more nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch was 4.0%. That is, using a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives resulted in 96.0% of the complementary strands being extended by two or less nucleotides in a homopolymer stretch per cycle of incorporation. Moreover, 95.5% of the 200 target polynucleotides of the simulation were extended by at least 25 incorporated nucleotides, while 100% were extended by at least 20 nucleotides. This illustrated that using a cycle period of 0.8 half-lives, and repeating the cycles 60 times, allows analysis of a 20 base sequence of 200 target polynucleotides.
EXAMPLE 4
This example demonstrates a method according to the invention in which a single nucleotide in a position in a nucleic acid sequence is identified. A template-bound primer is sequentially exposed first to a labeled nucleotide and then to an unlabeled nucleotide of the same type under conditions and in the presence of reagents that allow template-dependent primer extension. The template is analyzed in order to determine whether the first nucleotide is incorporated in the primer at the first position or not. If not, then the sequential exposure to labeled and unlabeled nucleotides is repeated using another type of nucleotide until one such nucleotide is determined to have incorporated at the first position. Once an incorporated nucleotide is determined, the identity of the nucleotide in the position in the nucleic acid sequence is identified as the complementary nucleotide.
EXAMPLE 5
In this example, a series of reactions are performed as described above in Example 1. A nucleic acid primer is hybridized to a target nucleic acid at a primer binding site in the target. The primer comprises a donor fluorophore. The hybridized primer is exposed to a first nucleotide comprising an acceptor fluorophore comprising a blocking moiety that, when incorporated into the primer, prevents further polymerization of the primer. The presence or absence of fluorescent emission from each of the donor and the acceptor is determined. A nucleotide that has been incorporated into the primer via complementary base pairing with the target is identified by the presence of fluorescent emission from the acceptor, and a sequence placeholder is identified as the absence of fluorescent emission from the donor and the acceptor. A sequence of the target nucleic acid is complied based upon the sequence of the incorporated nucleotides and the placeholders.
Claims
1. A method for sequencing a nucleic acid template, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) exposing a nucleic acid template to a primer capable of hybridizing to said template and a polymerase capable of catalyzing nucleotide addition to said primer;
(b) adding a labeled nucleotide for a predetermined time, said predetermined time being coordinated with an amount of polymerization inhibition such that on average only 0, 1, or 2 labeled nucleotides are added to said primer;
(c) removing excess labeled nucleotide;
(d) neutralizing label in any incorporated nucleotide;
(e) repeating steps a, b, c, and d at least once; and
(f) determining a sequence of said template based upon the order of incorporation of said labeled nucleotides.
2. A method for conducting a nucleic acid sequencing reaction, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a nucleic acid template and a primer capable of hybridizing to a portion of said template, thereby to form a primed template;
exposing said primed template to a nucleotide for a period of time that is statistically insufficient for incorporation of more nucleotides than are resolvable by a detection system used to detect incorporation of said nucleotide into said primer;
detecting incorporation of said nucleotide;
neutralizing label in an incorporated nucleotide;
repeating said providing, exposing, detecting, and neutralizing steps at least once; and
determining a sequence of said template based upon the order of nucleotides incorporated into said primer.
3. A method for identifying a nucleotide incorporated into a primer in template-dependent nucleic acid sequencing, the method comprising the steps of:
conducting a plurality of base incorporation cycles, wherein each cycle comprises exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide that is not a chain-terminating nucleotide, wherein said labeled nucleotide is incorporated into a primer hybridized to said template if said nucleotide is capable of hybridizing to a template nucleotide immediately upstream of said primer, and wherein there is about a 99% probability that two or fewer of said nucleotides are incorporated into the same primer strand per cycle; and
identifying incorporated nucleotides.
4. A method for template-dependent nucleic acid sequencing, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) exposing a template nucleic acid to a labeled nucleotide under conditions that allow incorporation of said nucleotide into a primer attached to said template;
(b) removing unhybridized nucleotide from said template at a time after said exposing step that is sufficient for incorporation of no more than about two of said nucleotides per template;
(c) determining if a nucleotide is incorporated into said primer;
(d) identifying any incorporated nucleotide;


Definition of Head louse
1. Noun. Infests the head and body of humans.
Exact synonyms: Pediculus Capitis
Generic synonyms: Louse, Sucking Louse
Group relationships: Genus Pediculus, Pediculus
Definition of Head louse
1. Noun. A parasitic insect, ''Pediculus humanus capitis'', which lives among the hairs on the head of a human and feeds on blood. ¹
¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Head Louse Pictures
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Head Louse Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Head Louse
head hairs
head home
head honcho
head honchos
head house
head hunter
head hunters
head in the clouds
head injuries
head injury
head kidney
head lettuce
head line
head linesman
head louse (current term)
head man
head mans
head men
head mirror
head movements
head nurse
head of epididymis
head of femur
head of fibula
head of government
head of hair
head of household
head of humerus
head of malleus
Literary usage of Head louse
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. The Animal Parasites of Man by Harold Benjamin Fantham, Maximilian Gustav Christian Carl Braun (1916)
"Eggs o'6 mm. in length; about fifty are deposited by a female head louse. ... The head louse lives especially in the hairy parts of the head of human beings ..."
2. Preventive Medicine and Hygiene by Milton Joseph Rosenau, George Chandler Whipple, John William Trask, Thomas William Salmon (1921)
"... the head louse and clothes louse as races of the same species, and so Nuttall united them under the title Pediculus humanus, designating the head louse ..."
3. Chemical and Microscopical Diagnosis by Francis Carter Wood (1909)
"The antennae are longer than those in the head louse. The eggs are 0.7 to 0.9 mm. in length and are often deposited on clothes. Pediculus pubis (Crab louse) ..."
4. A Treatise on diseases of the skin for advanced students and practitioners by Henry Weightman Stelwagon (1916)
"Both the head-louse and body-louse are grayish in color, with blackish margins. ... Ova of the head- louse attached to a hair (magnified) (after Kaposi). is ..."
5. The Ready-reference handbook of diseases of the skin by George Thomas Jackson (1896)
"... upon the side of the hair, while the scale has a hair passing through its center (Fig. 46). The nit, Ova of head-louse attached to hair. (After KAPOSI. ..."
6. The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General by Thomas Spencer Baynes (1888)
"Attempts have been made to prove that the head-louse (and, in a smaller degree, the body-louse) is liable to slight variation in structure, ..."
Other Resources Relating to: Head louse
Search for Head louse on Dictionary.com!Search for Head louse on Thesaurus.com!Search for Head louse on Google!Search for Head louse on Wikipedia!
Search


text:
Oklahoma Nanotechnology Education Initiative
The ONEI is addressing new workforce challenges by integrating microtechnology and nanotechnology concepts into career and technology education courses, and the OSU Institute of Technology developed nanotechnology courses. The ONEI has sponsored summer camps for eighth-, ninthand 10th-grade students to introduce them to nanotechnology. These camps also introduce students to nanotechnology's application to Oklahoma industry.
Role of CareerTech:
CareerTech has developed instructional resources schools can use to integrate nanotechnology into existing disciplines and offers summer camps to introduce students to nanotechnology.
Sheryl Hale – _PHONE_ – _EMAIL_


1 Answer
0 votes
by (13.1k points)
Angular 7 Pipes
In Angular 1, filters are used which are later called Pipes onwards Angular2. In Angular 7, it is known as pipe and used to transform data. It is denoted by symbol |
Syntax:
{{title | uppercase}}
Pipe takes integers, strings, arrays, and date as input separated with |. It transforms the data in the format as required and displays the same in the browser.
Let's see an example using pipes. Here, we display the title text in upper and lower case by using pipes.
Example:
Define a variable named "title" in component.ts file.
import { Component } from '@angular/core';

@Component({
 selector: 'app-root',
 templateUrl: './app.component.html',
 styleUrls: ['./app.component.css']
})
export class AppComponent {
 title = 'my-first-app';
}
Use the pipe symbol in component.html file:

 {{ title | uppercase }}

 {{ title | lowercase }}

Related questions
...


text:
Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO), established in 1928, was the first scientific research institution in China to carry out satellite and space debris observation, and is the base and operation unit of the Optical Observation Network of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
PMO houses four key laboratories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences: Radio Astronomy, Space Object and Debris Observation, Dark Matter and Space Astronomy, and Planetary Sciences, as well as two research centres of the Chinese Academy of Sciences – the Centre for Space Object and Debris Observation and Research, and the Centre for Antarctic Astronomy. Its research in astrophysics and celestial mechanics is grouped into four divisions: dark matter and space astronomy, Antarctic astronomy and radio astronomy, applied celestial mechanics and space objects and debris, and planetary sciences and deep space exploration. Each division consists of research groups, observation stations, and laboratories, supported by a number of observations stations.
This partnership aims to strengthen the research activities of the Centre for Space Object and Debris Observation and Research, as part of a large network spanning more than 20 countries.
BONNIEVALE WORKERS EMPOWERMENT TRUST
ASTRONOC's first pilot observatory is located on the farm Elethu in the rural Cape village of Bonnievale, on land leased from the Bonnievale Workers Empowerment Trust (BWET). The farm is one of SA's first full-circle BBBEE projects in the agriculture sector.
Elethu simply means "ours", in Xhosa. It was established in 2007 under the wing of Bonnievale Wines, and received 60 ha of fertile river-fronting land, donated by the Langeberg Municipality. While Elethu supplies fruit to Bonnievale Wines, the workers receive mentorship in aspects from management to viticulture.
Through the presence of ASTRONOC, the field of astronomy and related science and technology has opened to this rural community. Via ASTRONOC's Learner Development Programme and other outreach initiatives, a culture of learning in the sciences and techonolgy fields will be developed.


text:
The chapel was built in 1998 on the spot where the very first church of Ekaterinburg stood in the 18th century. In 1723 the church of the future capital of the Urals was founded here. It was constructed of wood and named after St. Catherine, the patroness of mining. Due to a fire in the 1840's the church was replaced by the Grand Catherine's Cathedral. In 1930 the church was closed and was later demolished. Its patterned iron plates were laid on the floor of a cast-iron shop at the new Uralmash plant.
In 1991 the square was marked with a memorial cross. And in 1998 the current small five-domed chapel was consecrated on the spot where the original cathedral's altar had been. In 2003 a capsule containing soil from the burial site of the founder of the city, Vasily Tatishchv, was placed in the chapel.
Хотите поддержать проект, и познакомиться с достопримечательностями Екатеринбурга? Тогда закажите у нас экскурсию :)


text:
NASA astronaut and Camas native Mike Barratt will be featured speaker at the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry's celebration of Astronomy Day on July 23.
OMSI plans a full day (and into the night) opportunity to learn about the universe. Space travel and life on the International Space Station will be discussed by Barratt; he spent 199 days in space on two flights, including the final mission for space shuttle Discovery.
Barratt's lectures are at 11:30 a.m. and 2:30 p.m. in the Kendall Planetarium. Space is limited and reservations are recommended by visiting _URL_
As a child, Barratt frequently visited OMSI, where his mother was a volunteer. He attended OMSI classes and built his first telescope with the help of a former OMSI Planetarium director. His biography is at: _URL_
Astronomy Day activities are included with paid admission.
The day begins at 10 a.m. on OMSI's front plaza with one-on-one conversations with local astronomy experts, including members of Vancouver Sidewalk Astronomers as well as Pine Mountain Observatory, Rose City Astronomers, Columbia River Gorge State Parks, Sunriver Observatory and Portland State University's meteorite lab. Experts will be available on the plaza until 4 p.m.
The day will be capped — weather permitting — with a star-viewing party at OMSI's east parking lot at 9:30 p.m. OMSI is at 1945 S.E. Water Ave. in Portland.


text: Organizations deploy gamification in CSCW systems to enhance motivation and behavioral outcomes of users. However, gamification approaches often cause competition between users, which might be inappropriate for working environments that seek cooperation. Drawing on the social interdependence theory, this paper provides a classification for gamification features and insights about the design of cooperative gamification. Using the example of an innovation community of a German engineering company, we present the design of a cooperative gamification approach and results from a first experimental evaluation. The findings indicate that the developed gamification approach has positive effects on perceived enjoyment and the intention towards knowledge sharing in the considered innovation community. Besides our conceptual contribution, our findings suggest that cooperative gamification may be beneficial for cooperative working environments and represents a promising field for future research.


text:
I do not have any background on economics. So my question might sound too simple and I hope it to be clear enough. I am curious about the following:
Is there any formal definition of a relationship between resource availability and demand? Intuitively I would expect that resource shortage, demand would increase. But this is not expected by the law of demand, assuming that the price of the resource would increase. Am I confusing something here?
Thank you, best
EDIT 1: _USER_ Thank you for your answer. _USER_ and _USER_ thank you for your contributions. They were very useful to understand these concepts deeper. I was reading a little more about this and I wonder if the concept of scarcity is instead better applied here. I reformulate my question:
(1) does supply-induced scarcity implies that demanded is greater than supply?
(2) what is the correlation between supply-induced scarcity and quantity demanded?
EDIT 2: To be more clear, I understand that scarcity does not necessarly refer "to whether a good is in shortage or surplus, nor to whether there are only a few or whether there are many". That is to say that scarcity is not the same as availability. Instead, scarcity "refers to the possible existence of conflict over the possession of a finite thing" (_URL_ The scarcity of a good (or a resource) happens when supply is not sufficient to meet the demand. "Supply-induced scarcity occurs when environmental degradation, pollution, natural variation or a breakdown in the delivery infrastructure constrains or reduces the total supply or local availability of a specific resource. As the supply of natural resources is reduced, options for pursuing productive livelihood strategies are undermined, potentially creating competition between livelihood groups." (_URL_ That is, supply-induced scarcity is correlated with the resource availability.
Now concerning the questions (1) and (2), it seems reasonable to say that in circumstances of supply-induced scarcity, when a decrease on the availability of a resource happens, because supply is not sufficient to meet the demand, the quantity demanded is higher than in circumstances closer to equilibrium. Does this make sense to you?
Now returning to my original question:
Is there any formal definition of a relationship between resource availability and demand?
I do not know how to answer it. But taking into account the conclusions above it seems plausible to say that there is a relationship between resource availability and quantity of demand (instead of demand): in circumstances of supply-induced scarcity the quantity of demand may increase.
What do you think?


text:
Got that pioneering spirit? You're invited to help build Israel's periphery by planting roots in southern soil with Nefesh B'Nefesh.
Generally speaking, any food produced by a non-kosher animal is non-kosher. Thus, the egg of a non-kosher bird is not kosher but the egg of a kosher bird, such as a chicken, is kosher. If one comes across an egg and does not know which bird laid it, how does one tell a non-kosher egg from a kosher egg?
The Talmud gives us two ways to tell if an egg is of a non-kosher bird. If the egg is totally round like a ball rather than round at one end and tapered at the other end, a non-kosher bird laid the egg. So, too, if the yolk of the egg surrounds the white of the egg rather than the other way around, or if the egg has no white but is filled with yolk. If, however, the egg is round at one end and tapered at the other, the white of the egg surrounds the yolk and it looks like the egg of a chicken or of another identifiable kosher bird, the egg is kosher and may be eaten without any further investigation as to its pedigree.
In accordance with the general principle articulated above, the egg of a neveilah chicken that died before it was properly slaughtered, as well as the egg of a treif chicken that suffered from one of the treif-rendering defects previously discussed, is prohibited for consumption.
If a non-kosher egg, such as the egg of an eagle, was cooked in the same pot as kosher eggs, the kosher eggs remain kosher and may be eaten provided the non-kosher egg was cooked in its shell. The reason for this is that a kosher item cooked with a non-kosher item only becomes non-kosher if it absorbs the taste of the non-kosher item cooked together with it.
The shell of the non-kosher egg acts as a buffer through which the taste cannot be transferred to the kosher eggs. If, however, the non-kosher egg is taken out of its shell or its shell is cracked and it is cooked with the kosher eggs, the kosher eggs become non-kosher and cannot be eaten even if the kosher eggs remain in their shells unless the ratio of the kosher eggs to the non-kosher egg is at least 61 kosher eggs to the 1 non-kosher egg.
What is the status of an egg with bloodstains or blood specks?
The basic principle here is that the Torah only prohibits the consumption of blood of meat but not the blood of eggs. Nevertheless, there is a concern that a blood spot in an egg may indicate the presence of the beginning of the formation of the embryo of a chick. Although a hatched chick would be permissible for consumption if properly slaughtered, the embryo of a chick inside an egg of a bird, even a kosher bird, is forbidden for consumption. Such a blood spot that raises the concern of the existence of the beginnings of an embryo in the egg is referred to in the halacha as dam rikum.
The concern of dam rikum, however, is only present in the case of an egg laid by a chicken that mated with a rooster but it is not present in the case of an egg laid by a chicken that was not fertilized by a rooster. A fertilized egg may hatch into a chick after the hen has sat upon it for a period of three days whereas an egg that was not fertilized by a rooster, referred to in the halacha as beitza hamuzeret, will never hatch into a chick never mind how long the hen sits on it. Accordingly, any blood found in an unfertilized egg cannot be dam rikum and under Torah law may be eaten.
About the Author:
If you don't see your comment after publishing it, refresh the page.
No tweets found.
The Rambam, therefore, adds a second component: by getting angry, Moshe misled the people as to the nature of God. The masses felt that Moshe's anger was reflective of God's anger.
One of the most complex Tanach personalities is the central figure of this week's Haftorah: Yiftach, the Shofet, Judge.
"I saw an advertisement for group swimming lessons during the summer," Mr. Leiner said to his wife. "I think it would be good for our Pinchas."
Rabbeinu Tam Tefillin
'Transgressing Bal Tigra'
Question: As Shavuot is fast approaching – a holiday on which we dwell on the story of Ruth and the origins of the royal house of David – I was wondering if you could help me resolve something. The Mishnah never makes any mention of the Hasmonean kings, the mitzvah to light a Chanukah menorah, or the miracle of the oil that lasted eight days. Some people say that Rabbi Yehudah HaNassi – the redactor of the six orders of the Mishnah and a scion of King David – omitted these topics because the Hasmoneans improperly crowned themselves, ignoring the rule that all Jewish kings are supposed to come from the tribe of Yehudah. They argue that this is also why the Talmud does not include a separate tractate on Chanukah. Is this true?
In this week's parshah the Torah discusses many halachos of tumah. One halacha is that a person who is tamei may not enter the Mikdash. Doing so makes him liable for kareis.
The highway was packed with bumper-to-bumper traffic, and there I sat with hands gripped tightly on the steering wheel, begging the cars to move. My heart swelled at the thought of seeing my son, who was just coming back from his year of learning in Eretz Yisrael. How I had missed him! Though I was used to him being away (if you can ever really get used to a child being away), a special space in my heart was empty – as I waited for him.
No one lives in a vacuum. No, that doesn't mean we didn't get sucked up through a vacuum cleaner hose in the pre-Pesach cleaning frenzy, it means that whether we like it or not, our environment—the people and things around us—makes a big impact on who we are.
According to biblical law, once an area has been converted in to a reshut hayachid by enclosing it with a halachically acceptable eruv, one may carry inside the enclosed area. But according to rabbinical law, it is simply not enough to enclose an area in which one wants to carry with an eruv. This alone will not permit carrying from the home into the street or vice versa. Neither will it alone permit carrying from a condominium apartment into the lobby or other common areas.
Yidsville had a small but dedicated Jewish community. There was one Orthodox synagogue, led by Rabbi Well, a day school, women's mikveh, kosher butcher shop, pizza store and restaurants.
In this week's parshah the Torah tells us that Hashem told Aharon to redeem every firstborn child. This is known as pidyon haben. The Rema, in Yoreh De'ah 305:10, rules in the name of the Rivash that one may not appoint a shaliach to perform pidyon haben. Many Acharonim argue with this ruling and posit that one can appoint a shaliach to perform pidyon haben.
You may remember how we once did an experiment with a story (about a monster fire in Arizona) without Jewish protagonists, but containing a universal lesson that I believed worthy to record for the readers of Chodesh Tov. We are there yet again, this time directly north in Wisconsin.
Please bear with me as we once again record a story we investigated in the hope that the lesson is unique and worthy of our attention. It is going to take us five full columns to complete the tale, and I thank you in advance for your patience.
Elevated Train Tracks And Eruvin
(Please note: The question has been modified to reflect amendments suggested by a reader, Yisrael Levi, in last week's column.)
More evidence that Jews tried to change their fate at the hands of the Nazis: Archaeologists discovered that Jews at the Sobibor death camp built an escape tunnel but apparently didn't live to use it.
An ancient frog can now be added to Israel's history. The "painted frog," though to be extinct, turns out to be a descendant of a one million-old frog.
Sen. Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey died Monday at the age 89. His life was a classic Jewish rag-to-riches story of a young man who worked his way to business and political success.
The Middle Ages have returned to Europe, or maybe they never left. Jews dipping matzos in blood is old hat. Now a Norwegian newspaper depicts circumcision as a violent and bloody religious custom.
The heinous crime that put "Prisoner X" Ben Zygier in an Israel jail where he killed himself was not known until today: He butchered a secret Mossad operation to bring home the remains of 3 soldiers.
The surgery was a complete success, but the surviving twin is still not out of danger.
Last week, police executed a search warrant in the couple's former home in Dewitt.
"They located the barbecue in a grassy area, ignoring safety guidelines."
Printed from: _URL_