text:
The Wyoming Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention Toolkit is a collaborative effort between the Wyoming Department of Health and the Wyoming Survey & Analysis Center at the University of Wyoming (WYSAC). Funded through the Wyoming Grant to Prevent Prescription Drug/Opioid Overdose-Related Deaths (PDO), this project is intended to make information about prescription drug abuse and related prevention strategies more accessible.
This website aims to provide resources for prevention workers and other stakeholders throughout the lifecycles of prevention efforts. It is modeled after the Strategic Prevention Framework (SPF), a five-step, cyclical process to help stakeholders understand and address issues of substance abuse and addiction in their communities. The SPF model includes the following components:
- Assessment – Using current data to understand local needs
- Capacity – Building partnerships and resources to have capacity to address prevention needs
- Planning – Understanding best practices related to these needs and how to effectively implement them
- Implementation – Delivering the best practices or programs selected in the previous step
- Evaluation – Taking a look at how practices were implemented and whether they led to the intended outcome
Regardless of what step a community is at in its efforts to prevent prescription drug abuse, this website will provide the information and resources they need to get started, or to enhance work that's already being done.


text:
Definitions of polyploid:
- noun: (genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
- adjective: of a cell or organism having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
Example: "A polyploid cell"
Search for polyploid at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
"Works flawlessly!": RhymeZone apps for iPhone/iPad and Android!
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


How to create folders for branches in a repository?
Tomaltach Source
How can I create a folder for my branches in my repository to keep the list of branches in origin from getting too long. A folder would at least allow these to become collapsible and can help with group branches by type for features, bugs, release and hotfix.
gitrepositoryorganization
Answers
answered 2 weeks ago Tomaltach #1
You can prefix the branch you want to create with the folder name or branch type you want. For example you can put a feature branch into a feature folder by making the branch name.
feature/branch_name
This can be done on multiple levels. For example
feature/home/create_home_page
feature/profile/create_add_profile_page
feature/profile/create_profile_list_page
This is an example of how the tree will look.
feature/home
->create_home_page
feature
-> profile
-> -> create_add_profile_page
-> -> create_profile_list_page
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text:
Brooklyn Museum Identifies Maryann's Statue
Remember the statue Sam picked up at Maryann's house in True Blood's season premiere? He remembered it from his encounter with Maryann as a 17-year-old, too. Clearly that statue is significant, but what's the big deal? The Brooklyn Museum has some clues: they have a similar statue in their collection, called "Bird Lady". This statue dates back to around 3500 B.C.E. in Egypt. The symbolism, function, and identity of the figure are not certain; however, similar female figures painted on vessels from the same era appear to be goddesses, because they are always larger than the male "priests" shown with them.
Is this a clue that Maryann is a goddess? Is she 5000 years old? Or is it just another antique she likes to display?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Grammar – Questions with 吗
An interrogative sentence is formed by adding the modal particle "吗 ma" at the end of a declarative sentence.
The sentence pattern is :
Declarative sentence + "吗"
Declarative sentence: 他是老师。 He is a teacher.
Interrogative sentence: 他是老师吗？ Is he a teacher?
tā shì lǎo shī ma？
Declarative sentence: 我身体很好。 I am healthy.
Interrogative sentence: 你身体好吗？ How is your health?
nǐ shēn tǐ hǎo ma ？
Try to turn the following declarative sentences into the questions with "吗", and write the meaning of the sentences in English as well:
1. 他知道。
2. 吃过饭了。
3. 他会在家。
4. 大家都到了。
5. 我很累。
* Note:
– You can post your anwsers in the comment section.
– To write Chinese charaters, click here or you can install Google Chinese IME.
– If you have forgotten the character "吗", click here.
33 thoughts on "Grammar – Questions with 吗"
 1. Hi Konstantin,
 2. I have had my meal. / I have eaten.
 3. He will be at home.
 4. Everyone is here. / Everyone has arrived.
 Good try. Happy learning.
 1. 1) 他知道吗? Does he know smth?
 2) 你吃过饭了吗? Have you had a meal?
 3) …….
 4) 大家都到了吗? Have the authorities arrived?
 5) 你很累吗? Are you very tired?
 2. 1. 他知道。 he knows –> 他知道吗? does he know
 2. 吃过饭了。 ate meal (who ate?) –> 吃过饭了吗? has?? had a meal?
 3. 他会在家。 he may be home –> 他会在家吗? is he likely to be home?
 4. 大家都到了。 everyone has arrived –> 大家都到了吗? has everyone arrived?
 5. 我很累 I'm very tired –> 我很累吗? am I very tired?
 Question: can I add '吗?' after '了"?
 1. Hi FloridaPolyglot,
 The last sentence should be : 你很累吗? (Are you very tired?)
 Yes. You can add '吗?' after '了'。
 3. 你好 Min Min:
 Can you tell me who is the subject in "吃过饭了。 (ate meal)"?
 Thanks / 谢谢
 1. Hi FloridaPolyglot,
 "吃过饭了吗？" is same as "你吃过饭了吗？"
 To answer, "我吃过饭了。"
 So the subject is "I". In conversation, sometimes we will omit the pronounce/subject, just like English.
 1. so you can put two characters together that have two different meanings, to create a new word with a totally different meaning"
 here is the second吃过饭了吗= Did you have a meal?
 4. 你身体好吗？
 I'm new to Chinese and just want to say, Thank you very much for sharing and caring 🙂 At first, I looked this interrogative statement and translated the Chinese characters word by word and came up with my own translation:
 "How good is your body?"
 Is this still right? Though in my context, it's different. If that make sense?
 1. ni hao… i am learning chinese here from two months. my hanzi is good but my grammar is not good.. if there is any lesson for begineers grammar help me min min.
 2. min min can you give a conversation between two friends in a topic:给朋友过生日.
 正确的语法和初学者字。20句对话。1friend=10sentence…..i hope for your help.
Leave a Reply to Min Min Cancel reply


Hanapepe massacre
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Hanapepe massacre
Date September 9, 1924
Location Hanapepe, Hawaii
Goals $2 daily wage
8 hour day
Parties to the civil conflict
Striking Filipino sugar workers
Lead figures
Jack Butler
Deaths: 16 killed
Arrests: 101
Deaths: 4
The Hanapēpē Massacre (also called the Battle of Hanapēpē since both sides were armed) happened on September 9, 1924. Toward the end of a long-lasting strike of Filipino sugar workers on Kauaʻi, Hawaiʻi, local police shot dead nine strikers and fatally wounded seven, strikers shot and stabbed three sheriffs to death and fatally wounded one; a total of 20 people died. The massacre brought an end to armed protests in Hawaii.
By the 1920s, the sugar plantation owners in Hawaiʻi had become disillusioned with both Japanese and Filipino workers. They spent the next few years trying to get the U.S. Congress to relax the Chinese Exclusion Act so that they could bring in new Chinese workers. Congress prevented the importation of Chinese labor.[1]
But organized labor in the 1920s' U.S. mainland supported the Congress in this action, so that for a while it looked as though militant unionism on the sugar plantations was dead. To oppose organized labor, the Hawaiian Territorial Legislature passed the Criminal Syndicalism Law of 1919, Anarchistic Publications law of 1921, and the Anti-Picketing Law of 1923.
These laws, with penalties of up to 10 years in prison, increased the discontent of the workers. The Filipinos, who were rapidly becoming the dominant plantation labor force, had deep-seated grievances: as the latest immigrants they were treated most poorly. Although the planters had claimed there was a labor shortage and they were actively recruiting workers from the Philippines, they wanted only illiterate workers and turned back any arrivals who could read or write, as many as one in six.
Strikes and Massacre[edit]
By 1922 Filipino labor activist Pablo Manlapit had organized a new Filipino Higher Wage Movement which numbered some 13,000 members. In April 1924, it called for a strike on the island of Kauaʻi, demanding $2 a day in wages and reduction of the workday to 8 hours. As they had previously, the plantation owners used armed forces, the National Guard, and strike breakers paid a higher wage than the strikers demanded. Again workers were turned out of their homes. Propaganda was distributed to whip up racism. Spying and infiltration of the strikers' ranks was acknowledged by Jack Butler, executive head of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.
Strike leaders were arrested in attempts to disrupt workers' solidarity, and people were bribed to testify against them. On September 9, 1924, outraged strikers seized two strike breakers at Hanapēpē, Kauaʻi and prevented them from going to work. The police, armed with clubs and guns, came to union headquarters to rescue them. Filipino strikers were armed only with homemade weapons and knives.
The Associated Press flashed the story of what followed across the United States in the following words: Honolulu. - Twenty persons dead, unnumbered injured lying in hospital, officers under orders to shoot strikers as they approached, distracted widows with children tracking from jails to hospitals and morgues in search of missing strikers - this was the aftermath of a clash between cane strikers and workers on the McBryde plantation, Tuesday at Hanapepe, island of Kauai. The dead included sixteen Filipinos and four policemen.[citation needed]
After the massacre police rounded up all male protesters they could find, and a total of 101 Filipino men were arrested. 76 were brought to trial,[2] and of these 60 received four-year jail sentences. Pablo Manlapit was charged with subornation of perjury and was sentenced to two to ten years in prison.[3] The Hawaiʻi Hochi claimed that he had been railroaded into prison, a victim of framed-up evidence, perjured testimony, racial prejudice and class hatred. Shortly thereafter, he was paroled on condition that he leave Hawaiʻi. After eight months the strike disintegrated.
The Federationist, the official publication of the American Federation of Labor, reported that in 1924 the ten leading sugar companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange paid dividends averaging 17 percent. From 1913 to 1923, the eleven leading sugar companies paid cash dividends of 172.45 percent, and most of them issued large stock dividends.
After the 1924 strike, the labor movement in Hawaiʻi dwindled, but did not die, and discontent among the workers rarely surfaced again. Pablo Manlapit, who had been imprisoned and exiled, returned to the islands in 1932 and started a new labor organization, this time hoping to include other ethnic groups. But the time was not ripe in the Depression years. There were small nuisance strikes in 1933 that made no headway and involved mostly Filipinos. Protests since the massacre have discouraged carrying guns at demonstrations.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Chapin, Helen Geracimos (1996). "Suppressing the News and Contributing to a Masscre". Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawai'i. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 131–138. ISBN 978-0-8248-1718-3.
 2. ^ Matsuoka, Fumitaka; Fernandez, Eleazar S (2003). Realizing the America of Our Hearts: Theological Voices of Asian Americans. Chalice Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-8272-3251-8.
 3. ^ Raymundo, Rizaline R (2003). Tomorrow's Memories: A Diary, _PHONE_. University of Hawaii Press. p. 233. ISBN 978-0-8248-2688-8.
Additional sources[edit]
Further reading[edit]


text:
Could anyone tell me what is the relationship between VDDE2 and VDDE2A supply pins of SPC5777C? Could they be tied to different voltages, for example, VDDE2 tied to 5V and VDDE2A tied to 3.3V?
Thanks in advance.
There is none. In the device predecessor (MPC5676R) it was one domain. On the MPC5777C it has been split onto 2 domains (in order to minimize I/O pins affected when using Ethernet).
Yes, they can be tied to different voltages, as you shown in the example.
Retrieving data...


text:
Have you ever looked into your guinea pig's cage and noticed them flip over their house sometimes?
They might have a little hut, igloo, or hideout that they constantly tip over when they feel like it.
Most of the time a guinea pig can even look proud that they've done it, so why do guinea pigs flip over their house?
The main reasons why guinea pigs flip their house over are:
- Because they like to rearrange the things in their cage.
- They'll flip things over when they're mad.
- When they think their cage or house is too small.
- If they're trying to get a better angle so that they can chew on it.
So it's true that they can do it for a lot of different reasons, but luckily there are some easy ways to get them to stop if you don't want them to do it anymore.
Table of Contents
Why Does My Guinea Pig Flip Over Their House?
If you have a guinea pig that flips over their house then sometimes it can be a confusing behavior to see happen.
This is mainly because like most of their behaviors it can have multiple meanings when they do it.
The first reason why they'll knock over their little house is that some guinea pigs just like rearranging the items that are in their cage.
So this can happen when they don't like the spot that a certain item is in so they'll push it around and turn it over to how they want it.
It's fun and almost like a game for them and it's kind of like interior decorating for guinea pigs.
The second reason why they'll do it is when something around them it's starting to make them a little upset.
For example, if another guinea pig in the cage is harassing them, even playfully, then they may start to act out and begin to flip things over.
It can sometimes be hard to tell when your guinea pig is mad, but this can be one of the smaller signs that they are.
Another reason why a guinea pig will flip their house over is if they think that their cage or house is too small for them.
If they don't have enough room to run around and release all of their pent-up energy then you may see this happen.
It's the same with flipping over their little igloo or hut as well, because when they do this, for them it can seem like they're creating some extra space for themselves.
Guinea pigs will also flip over their house so that they can try to get a better angle to chew on it.
They will try to chew on any and everything that they can get their little hands on, so it's no surprise that they will try to chew on their house after they've tipped it over.
Is It Normal For A Guinea Pig To Flip Over Their House?
It is natural to want to know if their house flipping behavior is normal if you have ever seen your guinea pig do it.
It's one of those odd things that you'll see them do every now and then, but is it a normal thing for them to do?
Generally, it's normal for a guinea pig to try to knock over their house when they feel like it.
Most of the time when it comes to guinea pigs it would actually be unusual if they didn't do it every so often.
A lot of guinea pigs just like to rearrange their stuff to how they like it, and usually, that's a good thing.
The reason why it can be a good thing is that it can mean that they still care enough and have enough energy to do these types of activities.
Guinea pigs will try to move around a lot of things in their cage, so you'll see them knock over their food bowl, their toys, and their house, and it's all very normal for them to do.
Will Guinea Pigs Always Try To Flip Over Their House?
Like their houses, guinea pigs can flip over a lot of the items in their cage so much that sometimes it can even seem like they prefer it this way.
Sometimes you may even see them turn it over as soon as you put their house back in the right position too. So is this something that they will always try to do throughout their lives?
Most of the time some guinea pigs will do it as they continue to get older and that's completely normal behavior.
However, some guinea pigs can stop flipping over their house sometimes as well. So it usually depends on the reason why they're doing it in the first place.
If they're doing it because they don't have enough space in their cage or if their house is too small for them, then they may stop once they get a bigger cage and house.
But if flipping over their house is something that they like to do and it's fun for them, then they most likely won't stop unless you intervene in some way.
Should You Stop A Guinea Pig From Flipping Over Their House?
Sometimes when a guinea pig flips over their house they'll put it back to how it was themselves, but most of the time you'll have to fix it for them.
Constantly doing this can start to become slightly annoying over time, so is this something that you should stop them from doing?
Most of the time trying to stop your guinea pig from knocking over their little igloo or hut won't always work out how you want it to.
Guinea pigs are mainly going to do what they want and sometimes that means flipping over their house.
So when they rearrange the items in their cage it's just what they want to do and it's usually fine to let them continue doing it.
However, there are some simple things that you can try to help stop them from doing it all the time.
For example, if they're doing it because they don't like the size of their cage or house, then getting them a larger sized cage or house may stop them from doing it.
A larger-sized house can also help stop them from knocking it over because they won't be able to get the angle that would allow them to flip it over as well.
If that's not the reason why they're doing it and you want them to stop, then getting them a house that is a little bit heavier may help.
A heavy house can make it so that they won't be strong enough to physically pick it up and turn it over.
They'll still be able to push it around to where they want it which can make them happy, and you won't have to constantly come back to their cage and flip their house back over.


For all your dictionary needs!
Index. Are you looking for terms starting with PDA?
Header of pda
Pda
The following statistics are based on the British National Corpus, so they are representative for the British English.
Distribution of usage frequency for the most common synonyms of the noun PDA:
organizerorganiser
Video footage: Night dolly shot of little boy playing games on pda in bed
Play/pauseBuy footageFind more
Definition of the noun pda
What does pda mean as a name of something?
noun
 1. a lightweight consumer electronic device that looks like a hand-held computer but instead performs specific tasks; can serve as a diary or a personal database or a telephone or an alarm clock etc.
Alternative definition of the noun pda
noun
 1. [electronics] Personal digital assistant
 2. Property Damage Accident
 3. Public display of affection
 4. Pathological Demand Avoidance
 5. [computing theory] pushdown automaton
Place
Pda a.k.a. Obando Airport is an airport in Puerto Inírida, Colombia.
Business
 1. PDA: Pickering, Darby and Allday Ltd, PDA, was a British automobile manufacturer from _PHONE_. They built the PDA Cyclecar at their works in Birmingham, equipped with V2-engines from various manufacturers. Approximately 15 units were built.
 2. PDA is a record label.
Music
 1. "PDA" is a song from Interpol's self-titled EP and their first album, Turn on the Bright Lights. This song is one of the oldest songs by Interpol and has appeared on many of their early demos and EPs (included their first demo tape, the Fukd I.D. EP, and the Precipitate EP). Between the release of the Interpol EP and the recording of Turn on the Bright Lights, Interpol released "PDA" as a promo single along with a music video, directed by Christopher Mills.
 2. "PDA" is a musical album of Part Time.
 - released on
 3. PDA is a music video that was nominated for the award Video of the Year in the 2003 Juno Awards.
Miscellanea
 1. PdA a.k.a. Deoxyadenosine monophosphate, also known as deoxyadenylate, or dAMP, is a derivative of the common nucleic acid AMP, or adenosine monophosphate, in which the -OH group on the 2' carbon on the nucleotide's pentose has been reduced to just a hydrogen atom. Deoxyadenosine monophosphate is abbreviated dAMP. It is a monomer used in DNA.
 2. Pda a.k.a. Anam language: Anam, or Pondoma, is a Papuan language of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
 - also known as Pondoma
 3. Pda is a computing platform.
Printed dictionaries and other books with definitions for Pda
Click on a title to look inside that book (if available):
Google previewDigital Forensics for Handheld Devices (2016)
by Eamon P. Doherty
One of the great authorities of computer telephony and telecommunications, Richard Grigonis, author of the Computer Telephony Encylopedia, said, "The PDA is a natural evolution of the paper based day organizers of the 1970s and 1980" [1] ...
Google previewPediatric Cardiology for Practitioners E-Book (2014)
by Myung K. Park
PDA is a special problem in premature infants who are recovering from hyaline membrane disease ...
Google previewGlobal Competitive Advantage Skill of Balanced Scorecard By SWOT Analysis and Strategic Map (2013)
BSC Project Management Essentials by Many Case Study of SWOT Analysis and Strategic Map by tomohisa fujii
The handheld terminal (PDA:personal digital assistants) PDA is a handheld terminal for the individual. It is equipped with the feature of the e-mail and the schedule control, the address book and so on. It is possible to send and receive the ...
Google previewComputational Learning Theory (2002)
15th Annual Conference on Computational Learning Theory, COLT 2002, Sydney, Australia, July 8-10, 2002. Proceedings by Jyrki Kivinen, Robert H. Sloan
Informally a pda is a one-way finite state machine with a stack. Criteria for recognition can be by empty stack or by accepting states, but in both cases the class of languages is that of the context-free ones. If the machine is deterministic ( in a ...
Google previewTopics in Cardiology, An Issue of Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice (2010)
by Jonathan A. Abbott
and, as noted previously, type III PDA is the least common form.7 Consequently, a favorable outcome with coil occlusion can be reasonably ...
Google previewSecurity Consulting (2004)
by Charles A. Sennewald
For shorter trips, where you are gone for a day or so and will be getting back to your office PC, a PDA is an extremely versatile tool. You won't want to write a book on it; however, the folding keyboard enables easy note taking, editing of ...
Google previewOxford American Handbook of Clinical Examination and Practical Skills (2011)
by Elizabeth Burns, Kenneth Korn, James Whyte IV
PDA is a persistent embryonic connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta. Blood flows from the aorta into the pulmonary artery. Symptoms: often asymptomatic. Severe cases show dyspnea on exertion. Signs: collapsing pulse ...
Google previewCan I tell you about Pathological Demand Avoidance syndrome? (2015)
A guide for friends, family and professionals by Ruth Fidler, Phil Christie
PDA is a type of autism. Autism describes the way some people's brains work. It can't be seen just by looking at someone, but it does affect the way someone with autism thinks, talks and behaves. Autism affects different people in different ...
Google previewDictionary of Acronyms and Technical Abbreviations (2012)
for IT, Industrial, and Scientific Applications by Jakob Vlietstra
PCR-PDA PCTG PCTR PCTR PCTV PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU PCU PCUG PCUR PCV PCW PCWG PCX PD PD PD PD PD PD P/D PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PD PDA PDA ...
Google previewHistorical Dictionary of Modern Italy (2007)
by Mark Gilbert, Robert K. Nilsson
PARTITO D'AZIONE/ACTION PARTY (PdA). The PdA was founded in May 1942 by a diverse group of radicals, liberals, libertarians, and socialists. Many former members of Giustizia e Liberta joined the ranks of the new formation, as did' some ...
Google previewDictionary of Medical Abbreviations (2016)
The World's most comprehensive list of English-language medical abbreviations and acronyms by Burt Vance
PD = pupil diameter; pupillary diameter PD = pupils distance; pupillary distance PD = pupillary distortion PD = pyloric dilator PD = pyrimidine dimer PD50 = protective dose 50% PDA = patent ductus arteriosus PDA = patient's distress alarm ...
Google previewConcise Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia (1998)
by Joseph C. Salamone
PKBPDA/PDA). /. PKBPDA/ODA). FIGURE 1. Structures and symbols of polyimides. 906 MOLECULAR COMPOSITES (Polyimide/Polyimide, Laminate Processability) MR, molecular recognition; DP,. Molecular Composites (Liquid Crystalline ...
Google previewEncyclopedia of Multimedia Technology and Networking, Second Edition (2008)
by Pagani, Margherita
Hence, PDA was chosen along with the SDiDTM 1010 card (Wireless Dynamics, 2005) for NFC communications. This card can also be configured to function as a Mifare® card, which is appropriate for secure transfer and storage of electronic ...
Google previewEncyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (2011)
is driven by the potential difference of the apical membrane , PDa. The high intracellular K concentration causes an efflux of K across channels in the luminal membrane thereby producing an intracellular negative PDa of ...
Google previewEncyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (2006)
by Stephanie Felgoise, Arthur M. Nezu, Christine M. Nezu, Mark A. Reinecke
Panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) is characterized by anxiety in and avoidance of situations in which escape or receiving assistance is difficult in the event of a panic attack. Agoraphobic situations commonly include being alone, crowds, ...
Google previewEncyclopedia of Crisis Management (2013)
by K. Bradley Penuel, Matt Statler, Ryan Hagen
Also critical to the documentation process is a preliminary damage assessment ( PDA). This takes place at the local level where the incident took place and expands as far out as the damage has occurred. States vary in the process of a PDA, ...
Online dictionaries and encyclopedias with entries for Pda
Click on a label to prioritize search results according to that topic:
Photos about Pda
Click on an item to view that photo:
pda
If you need related images for an article or a report, you can download stock photos:
Small photo of Woman text messaging on PDA


text: Jane Poynter is a Biosphere 2 crewmember, author, TV host and company President and CEO. She was born in Britain. Poynter is currently Chief Executive Officer of World View Enterprises Inc., which will be taking Voyagers to the edge of space in a capsule using a high-altitude balloon. World View Experience as well as offering new opportunities for research and education pursuits. Poynter was a founder of Paragon Space Development Corporation, which develops technologies for extreme environments (like outer space and under water). While inside Biosphere 2, she co-founded the firm with fellow biospherian, Taber MacCallum, whom she later married, Grant Anderson, Paragon's President and CEO and several other aerospace engineers. In 2009 the National Association for Female Executives awarded Jane its Entrepreneur of the Year award. Jane is named as co-inventor on a patented experiment self-sustaining habitats flown on the International Space Station, the Russian Mir Space Station, and the U.S. Space Shuttle. Poynter was a developer of the crew and life-support systems for the Inspiration Mars free-return mission to Mars planned for launch in January 2018. The two-person spaceflight mission was originally to be a private, nonprofit venture of 501 days duration which will allow a small human-carrying spacecraft to use the smallest possible amount of fuel to get it to Mars and back to Earth. However, this plan proved unworkable without significant funding and assistance from NASA.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
... including targeted forecasts at the time of your arrival to each point!
Bawtry, Nottinghamshire experiences a temperate climate throughout the year, with mild temperatures, moderate rainfall, and plenty of sunshine throughout the seasons. In the summer, the average temperature is around 18°C (64°F) during the day, with highs of up to 22°C (72°F) and lows of 11°C (52°F) at night. The winter is slightly colder, with average temperatures of around 4°C (39°F) during the day and lows of -2°C (28°F) at night.
Rainfall is moderate throughout the year, with an average of around 797mm (31.4 in) annually. The wettest months are typically December and January, when the average is around 107mm (4.2 in), while the driest months are July and August, when the average rainfall is typically around 55mm (2.2 in).
Sunshine in Bawtry is plentiful throughout the year, with an average of around 1750 hours of sunshine annually. The sunniest months are typically May and June, when the average daily sunshine is around 8 hours, while the least sunny months are typically December and January, when the average daily sunshine is around 5 hours.
As of 2020, the city population is 3573.
This map shows the current & 7-day weather forecast, weather alerts, and weather radar for Bawtry, Nottinghamshire.


text:
Definicja combination by order
Type of order combination
If you combine several orders by order, all the operations from the original orders are copied to the combined order.
You have four production orders (original orders) for paper of identical quality and size.
This paper is manufactered in three operations:
Operation 1: Produce paper
Operation 2: Cut paper
Operation 3: Pack paper
Because all three operations for manufacturing the paper must be carried out for the production orders, you can combine these by order.
The combined order then covers all three operations.
Słownik i definicje SAPa na C.


text:
The World Bank is funding several important environmental projects in the governorate of Tozeur including a project to promote "ecotourism in the reserve of Dghoumes." The project cost is estimated at an amount exceeding 1.5 million Tunisian dinars (MTD), Ridha Guesmi, Regional Director of Environment told TAP correspondent.
He added that the project has started since the beginning of 2013 and will run for five years.
The project aims to boost the ecological tourist movement in this region. It has three main components: the development of a study on sustainable management of the reserve and its environment, review of laws relating to the field of management of the reserve in addition to promoting the skills of local residents in crafts and eco-tourism.
Dghoumes is a park designed in particular to restore the vegetation and plant characteristics of the Tunisian Sahara. It is also home to diverse wildlife.
The World Bank will also contribute to the promotion of the oases of Tozeur as part of a project to promote the ancient oases in Tunisia.
This project aims to establish the criteria and areas of intervention in the Tunisian oases and the WB will fund pilot projects in some oases contributing to the development of the conditions of life and work of farmers and sustainable management.
The Regional Director of Environment specifies that some projects are difficult to be finalized including the controlled regional landfill where the National Agency for Waste Management works to rectify the situation with the contractor to complete the work.
In addition, a tender was launched for the second time to build an eco-tourism center in Midès (Delegation of Tamaghza) to be funded by the state.


The Correct spelling is: unanimously
Common misspellings of the word unanimously are:
How do you spell unanimously?. It is not
 - adj.
 1. Sharing the same opinions or views; being in complete harmony or accord.
 2. Based on or characterized by complete assent or agreement.
 [From Latin Å«nanimus : Å«nus, one + animus, mind.]
 unanimously uÂ·nan'iÂ·mousÂ·ly adv.
 unanimousness uÂ·nan'iÂ·mousÂ·ness n.
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text:
Currently, the director of research of the legislative council (director) is required to prepare a fiscal impact statement for every initiative that is submitted to the title board. An abstract of this information is required to be included on a petition section that is circulated for signatures. The act modifies this process by:
- Requiring the director to prepare a fiscal summary that will appear on a petition section instead of an abstract;
- Specifying that the fiscal summary must include a description of the measure's fiscal impact, including a preliminary estimate of any change in state and local government revenues, expenditures, taxes, or fiscal liabilities if implemented;
- Requiring the director to provide the fiscal summary when a measure is submitted to the title board;
- Requiring the director to only prepare the fiscal impact statement, which will not include an abstract, for those initiated measures for which the secretary of state has approved a petition section; and
- Requiring the fiscal impact statement to be finished 14 days after the petition section was approved.
The act allows a proponent or registered elector to challenge a fiscal summary at a rehearing by the title board and the Colorado supreme court in the same manner as abstracts are challenged. The act requires the secretary of state to notify the director that a petition section for an initiative has been approved.
To implement the act, the general fund appropriation made in the annual legislative appropriation act for the 2020-21 state fiscal year to the legislative department for use by legislative council is decreased by $7,865, and the corresponding FTE is decreased by 0.1 FTE.
(Note: This summary applies to this bill as enacted.)


- Emily Jacobs
 - Emily Jacobs
 - Emily Jacobs
 - Emily Jacobs
Is there anything better than a crunchy, salty potato chip?
Created in 1853 in Saratoga Springs, N.Y., potato chips were originally meant to be a prank in response to a surly customer complaining about his potato fries being "too thick," but their thin, crisp qualities turned out to be something very different than a joke. "Saratoga chips" instantly became a hit, and their popularity traveled from upstate New York to all around the country. By the 1920s they had become a well-known and popular snack, and potato chip manufacturing companies starting popping up everywhere in the culinary industry.
On March 14, America celebrates potato chips and all of their glory through National Potato Chip Day. The widely distributed chip is one of America's favorite snacks, and with so many brands and varieties available, potato chips continue to be one of the most popular food items that you can buy. And while you can walk into any convenience store, gas station, or supermarket and pick up a bag, the Cook editors here believe that there's nothing more gratifying than making your own at home.
While potato chips seem like a simple fry-job, they're actually quite a complex kitchen project. The potato is a mysterious creature, made up of starches and carbohydrates that make the alchemy of cooking one a tricky task. While something like mashing boiled potatoes can be an easy feat, frying them sliced and getting the perfect consistency and just the right balance of oil is something that can only be done with the knowledge and understanding of a potato.
To help us discover how to make the perfect potato chip, we turned to molecular gastronomy guru Dave Arnold to help us develop a recipe. As the director of culinary technology at the International Culinary Center, Arnold leads the way in developing groundbreaking technologies and techniques in the world of cooking. The award-winning food writer and culinary science-whiz took some time out of his busy schedule to discuss the genetics of a potato with us to help us achieve creating the ultimate potato chip, and it all came down to water and sugar.
"[The main goal of making a potato chip is] getting all of the water out of it so that it becomes crispy but at the same time mains its structure," he explained. He added that, along with the structure, the color of your potato chip is important, and this is highly affected by the amount of sugar found in potatoes.
With these two things in mind, Arnold let us in on a few secrets for how to cook a potato chip perfectly and maintain its perfect brown-blonde exterior. While the structure of a potato chip is complex, the recipe is simple, and as long as you keep the underlying principles that Arnold explains to us in mind, you'll get a perfect potato chip, every time.
 - 1. Keep It Thin
 Emily Jacobs
 The most important part about a potato chip, and one reason why it became such a popular hit in 1853, was because it was thin and crisp. To get the perfect consistency, it's recommended to slice your potato 1/8 of an inch thick. This can easily be done using a mandoline, but if you don't have one on hand, there's never a bad time to polish up on your knife skills.
 - 2. Soak 'Em
 Emily Jacobs
 This is where we go back to all of that sugar talk. The best way to get rid of a potato's residual sugar and wash off its starch is to give it a nice cold water bath. Soaking the potatoes in cold water while you're preparing the rest of the recipe is also a great way to prevent them from oxidizing, which is another type of browning that can occur with a potato.
 - 3. Dry Them Out
 Emily Jacobs
 One of the most prized features of a potato chip is its taste of oil every time you sink your teeth into one, Arnold tells us. The science behind a perfect chip is a potato rid of all of its water, so that it can absorb the oil instead. Before you even start to fry them, make sure to dry them out as much as possible. The best way to do this is to lay them out in one layer on a kitchen towel and roll it up to squeeze out the excess moisture.
 - 4. Take It Slow
 Emily Jacobs
 The best piece of advice Arnold gave us is to gradually bring your oil up to temperature — with the potato slices in it. He adds his potato slices to the oil when it's at a cool 200 degrees, and then brings the oil up to frying temperature (350 degrees) to let them fry. The reason behind this is because by frying the potatoes at a low temperature, you're essentially boiling the potato slices and allowing the water to exit so the oil can enter.
 See all the steps to a perfect potato chip at The Daily Meal
 More from The Daily Meal
 7 Things You Didn't Know You Could Make With Potato Chips
 How to Make a Better Meatball
 15 Best Cooking Apps for Your Smartphone
 8 Foods That Are Worth Buying Frozen


text: Audio slideshows is the topic of Today. For journalist an audio slideshow can add depth to a story, it gives the consumer more visuals to pair to a story. This may make the story more real to the reader. The audio on a slideshow can give them a feel of being there in the story. This gives the journalist more dimensions to their story. The pictures in the slideshow are important because they in this case are the story, and the audio is telling the pictures story as well. This also shows that the journalist can tell a story in more than one way. This is very important for a journalist, it shows diversity in their work.


text:
- endeavor •
Pronunciation: en-de-vêr • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Verb, intransitive
Meaning: To try hard, attempt, to take pains, to make an effort.
Notes: Today's Good Word is spelt endeavour in Jolly Old, like labour and colour. This word was immortalized on the ship that carried Captain James Cook on his "voyage of discovery" around the globe in the late 1660s. This trip made such an impression on history that we placed her name on the fifth and final NASA space shuttle to be built. The verb may be used as a noun, as in, "His work was a monumental endeavor." An endeavor is an extraordinary attempt; any lesser attempt is just a try.
In Play: As viewers of the British mystery series Inspector Morse will know, the good inspector preferred to be called just "Morse", without revealing his Christian name. Toward the end of the series we learned why: his father was an admirer of Captain Cook and in his fervor had named his son, Endeavour. Remember that endeavor means "to try hard": "Susan Liddy-Gates endeavored to retrieve the money Hans Opp had taken from his clients in a Ponzi scheme, but failed to do so."
Word History: Today's Good Word comes from the French phrase se mettre en devoir de faire quelque chose "to make it one's duty to do something". Devoir came from Old French dever "duty, obligation", in turn from Latin debere "to owe". The neuter past participle of debere is debitum, which also served as a noun meaning "thing owed". English borrowed its terms debit and debt from this word, even while it was borrowing its French grandchildren. Debere originally meant "to deprive someone of something", because it came from Latin de- "away, un-" + habere "to have". (We shall endeavor now to offer Chris Berry the show of gratitude he so deserves for submitting today's extraordinarily Good Word through the Alpha Agora.)


text:
Regional Snowfall Index (RSI)
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the Regional Snowfall Index (RSI)?
RSI is a regional snowfall impact scale that uses the area of snowfall, the amount of snowfall, and the number of people living within a snowstorm. Since the index uses population information, it attempts to quantify the societal impacts of a snowstorm. RSI has been calculated for large snowstorms back to 1900 and therefore the index puts a particular event into a century scale historical perspective.
What do the ReSIS values mean?
RSI is reported as both a raw index value and a categorical value from 0 through 5. The raw index value can range from 0.01 to 35.0. These values are converted to categories in the following manner:
RSI Category Definitions Category RSI Raw Score Approximate Percent of Storms 5 >18 1% 4 10-18 2% 3 6-10 5% 2 3-6 13% 1 1-3 25% 0 0-1 54%
So a Category 5 snowstorm is a very rare event while Category 0 and 1 snowstorms are quite typical.
Who uses ReSIS?
RSI is currently a new product produced by the National Centers for Environmental Information. It is envisioned that RSI will be used to help place snowstorms into a century-scale historical index. Some examples of potential include federal and state emergency managers, government and private sector financial agencies, insurance companies, and the transportation industry.
How is RSI different from the Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale (NESIS)?
RSI is calculated for specific regions (Northeast, Southeast, …). Only the snowfall within a particular region is used to calculate the index for that region. NESIS on the other hand uses snowfall and population information from the eastern two-thirds of the U.S. in its calculation. Therefore NESIS is a quasi-national index. The "Northeast" designation is due to the fact that the algorithm used to calculate NESIS has two constants specifying the average area and population affected by 10" or more snowfall. So NESIS can be considered a quasi-national index that is calibrated to the Northeast.


Contact Us
News Releases
EPA takes action against Del Monte Fresh Produce to protect community, workers from hazardous waste Company fined $190,000 for improperly stored and handled hazardous waste
Release Date: 09/25/2008
Contact Information: Dean Higuchi, _PHONE_,
(09/25/08) HONOLULU -- The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency today fined Del Monte Fresh Produce Co., a Kunia, Oahu, fruit grower, $190,000 for hazardous waste storage, handling, and used oil management violations.
In August 2007, EPA inspectors found open and unlabeled containers of hazardous waste at the facility and evidence of a release of used oil.
"Companies must properly store and handle hazardous waste to protect the community, workers and the environment," said Jeff Scott, director of Waste Programs for the EPA's Pacific Southwest region. "I am pleased that Del Monte has corrected the violations and that the facility no longer presents a potential risk to human health and the environment."
Additionally, the EPA found the facility had stored containers of hazardous waste without a permit and stored hazardous waste for longer than the 90 days allowed by the EPA's hazardous waste storage rules. At the time of the inspection, the company had ceased its pineapple growing operations.
The facility also failed to:
* have a response plan for hazardous waste and used oil spills and have an emergency response coordinator;
* properly manage other wastes, such as lead acid batteries;
* keep adequate hazardous waste training records for its staff;
* properly store used oil and label the containers; and
* respond to releases of used oil, and comply with oil pollution control requirements.
The EPA's hazardous waste rules require facilities to properly store, label and seal hazardous waste containers. Facilities must also have trained staff, as improperly stored hazardous waste can potentially spill and pose a risk to workers and the environment. Proper disposal of hazardous waste is required at a permitted disposal site, with the required permits and notifications made to the EPA.
For information on hazardous waste, please visit:
# # #


Similarly, the counter is initialized to zero just once when the companion object is created.
We specify that whenever we create a new object of type Customer, we increment the companion object's createdInstanceCount variable by one, then copy its new value in the customer object's instance variable number.
The Customer class and its companion object are "friends" and have access to each other's private members.
As noted, companion objects are singleton objects. More generally, we can say that all of Scala's singleton objects are either:
 1. companion objects, which share a name with a class defined in the same file; or
 2. standalone objects, which have no class as a companion but serve some other purpose in the program.
Nearly all the singleton objects that you've seen in O1 so far have been standalone objects.
For an additional example of a companion object, take a look at StarCoords.scala in the Stars module.
Methods in a companion object
You can define methods on a companion object just as you can define methods on any singleton. Just to illustrate the point, let's add a method to our companion object:
object Customer:
 private var createdInstanceCount = 0
 def printCount() =
 println("So far, " + this.createdInstanceCount + " customer objects have been created.")
end Customer
Now we can write Customer.printCount() to print out the report.
The type of a companion
As noted, a companion object isn't an instance of the class whose companion it is and doesn't have the data type defined by that class.
Like other singleton objects (Chapter 2.3), each companion object has its own data type that isn't shared by any other object. The REPL session below illustrates the difference between the types of Customer instances and the Customer companion object.
Customer("Eugenia Enkeli")res3: Customer = #1 Eugenia Enkeli
Customer("Teija Tonkeli")res4: Customer = #2 Teija Tonkeli
Customerres5: Customer.type = Customer$@185ea23
Customer is the type of all the instances of class Customer.
Customer.type is the type of class Customer's companion object (and no other object).
static?
To readers who have previously programmed in Java or related languages: the variables and methods that are defined as static in those languages are often defined in singleton objects (and companion objects especially) in Scala. In Scala, you have no need for (and the language does not provide) a static modifier.
Uses for companion objects
An instance counter for a class is a classic introductory example that serves to clarify the basic concept of a companion object. Here are a couple of other uses for companion objects that are more common in practice:
 1. Constants: a companion object is a nice place for storing constants. Many constants pertain to a class in general and are not instance-specific. For example, the StarCoords companion object defines the constants MinValue and MaxValue that represent the edges of the coordinate system (-1.0 and +1.0).
 2. Auxiliary functions: Sometimes, you'll want to define a function that's associated with a class but isn't a method on the class's instances. In such cases, you can write the function as a method on the class's companion object. The companion object will then serve as a convenient place for keeping auxiliary functions that are related to the class. Those functions may be public or — if intended to be used by the class alone — private.
It's never absolutely necessary to define a companion object, in the sense that one couldn't make a program work without one. But for the above use cases, companions provide a nice, clean solution. Many classes in the Scala API have a companion object.
Bonus Material
The remaining topics in this chapter aren't important for O1 or indeed for learning to program in general, but they are occasionally useful when programming in Scala.
Using a singleton object as a package
Scala lets us import methods — and variables, too — from an object. Let's try it:
object toolkit:
 def sumOfThree(a: Int, b: Int, c: Int) = a + b + c
 val Greeting = "Ave!"// defined object toolkit
import toolkit.*
That imports the contents of the toolkit singleton. With that done, we can access those methods and variables without mentioning the object's name, as shown below.
sumOfThree(100,10,1)res6: Int = 111
Greetingres7: String = Ave!
Now the sumOfThree call, for example, doesn't look like we're calling a singleton object's method. We invoke sumOfThree as if no target object was involved at all.
Every now and then, you may find it convenient to define such a "package-like" singleton object, which is meant to be imported from and which contains an assortment of methods that are more or less related to each other and .
println, readLine, and "package-like" objects in the Scala API
The familiar println function is actually a method on a singleton object named Predef. This one particular object has an elevated status in Scala: its methods can be called in any Scala program without an import and without an explicit reference to the object.
As for readLine, you learned to use it in Chapter 2.7 by first importing scala.io.StdIn.*. As you did that, you essentially used a singleton object named StdIn as a "package-like object".
importing just about anywhere
In the ebook's examples, we have generally placed any import statements at the top of the Scala file. This is a common practice.
Scala also lets you import locally within a particular class or object or even an individual method:
import myPackage1.*
class X:
 import myPackage2.*
 def myMethodA =
 // Here, you can use myPackage1 and myPackage2.
 def myMethodB =
 import myPackage3.*
 // Here, you can use myPackage1, myPackage2, and myPackage3.
end X
class Y:
 // Here, you can use myPackage1 only.
end Y
Such local imports sometimes make code easier to read.
importing from an instance
As noted above, you can use a singleton object like a package and import its methods. As a matter of fact, you can even do the same to an instance of a class, if you're so minded.
class Human(val name: String):
 val isMortal = true
 def greeting = "Hi, I'm " + this.name// defined class Human
val soccy = Human("Socrates")soccy: Human = Human@1bd0b5e
import soccy.*greetingres8: String = Hi, I'm Socrates
The last command issued above is actually a shorthand for soccy.greeting.
In most cases importing from instances like this is liable to make your code harder to read.
Object creation in Scala and the new keyword
This box contains some further details concerning how instantiation works behind the scenes in Scala. Feel free to skip this box entirely, but you could take a look in case you happen to be interested in this topic or if you happen to know the new keyword from some other language and are wondering about whether you need it in Scala, too.
In some other programming languages, the new keyword is routinely used for creating objects. For example, if we had a class Animal, we'd instantiate it like so:
new Animal("llama")
But in Scala, we're used to writing this shorter command instead:
Animal("llama")
As it happens, the first command with new also works in Scala, and new is one of Scala's reserved words. The meaning of the word is to instantiate a class to produce a new object. However, we don't (almost ever) need to write new in our Scala code. Why not?
Behind the scenes, Scala works as follows. Let's say you've written this code:
class Animal(val species: String)
That defines a class for you, but what it also does, implicitly, is define a companion object for the class and an apply method on that companion object. That companion looks like this:
object Animal:
 def apply(species: String) = new Animal(species)
The generated object has an apply method that corresponds to the class's constructor parameters. Internally, the apply method instantiates the class using the new keyword.
That auto-generated companion object does not show up in the code you write but exists just the same. If it didn't exist, we'd need to write new Animal(...) to instantiate class Animal. The companion and its apply method mean that Animal.apply(...) and Animal(...) work equally well. The latter is the simplest and most common way to instantiate a class. (That holds from Scala's version 3 onwards. In older language versions, it was much more common to type new.) Some more information: Universal Apply Methods.
One further detail: Such an auto-generated apply method has one more word in front of def. That word, inline, isn't strictly necessary here but it does improve the code's runtime efficiency. An inlined method doesn't get allocated a frame on the call


text: We estimated the distant cloud cover by the all-sky image data for forecasting amount of solar energy for short periods. It is confirmed that the time variation of estimated cloud cover is leading and having similar shape to the observed solar radiation. The main result in this study is as follows. (1) According to the image processing results of the cloud, the JPEG data almost similar to RAW data. Therefore, JPEG data file is small memory capacity, high resolution and it is superior as image data collection file format. (2)The ceilometer observes the cloud cover in π/3 rad around the zenith. To the observed solar radiation, the time variation of estimated cloud cover is similar, but also lagged. (3)We presented the estimating method of distant cloud cover by using saturation level of the all-sky cloud image. To the observed solar radiation, the time variation of estimated-distant cloud cover is similar and leading for several ten minutes from several minute. (4)The data to use for an estimate of distant cloud cover is obtained by all-sky image camera with the GPS timer. Therefore, the presented method will be feasible easily.


text:
Indexing is the process of replacing a unique identifier such as the CHI number, or a combination of identifiers such as name, date of birth and post code with a randomly assigned study ID so that records can still be linked but no explicit "real world" identifiable information about an individual is made public. The process uses probability matching of available personal identifiers to a population spine and returning an anonymised unique person identifier specific to the project. For health data where PHS is the data controller eDRIS can perform the indexing, otherwise indexing services are provided by trusted third party indexing services from National Records Scotland (NRS) Indexing Team or PHS CHI Linkage (CHILi) Team as required.
A useful image illustrating the indexing process can be found at the NRS website here.
Data for your study will be linked using established probability matching techniques based on the Howard Newcombe principles. Linkage will be undertaken by a trusted third party and a Population Spine used as an intermediary linkage tool. The Population Spine contains the personal identifiers of all individuals in Scotland who have been in contact with NHS Scotland. The steps describing the process of linking data are detailed below:
- Data Providers will supply personal identifiers (only) plus their own person or record ID number to the indexing team.
- The indexing team will probability match the identifiers to the Population Spine using complex algorithms.
- The Data Provider will receive a file back with their own person or record ID number and a unique person index ID number specific to that dataset. This is generated by the indexing team.
- The Data Provider will attached the received index ID number to the remaining content of the dataset to be provided for linkage and send to their Research Coordinator.
- The Research Coordinator will confirm that the agreed data has been received and send the file to the linkage agent. The linkage agent is an automated computer programme which carries out the linkage.
- The linkage agent will receive 2 files all the datasets and their unique person ID numbers plus a master control file containing a master person ID and all the dataset unique Person index ID numbers.
- The linkage agent will then replace all the dataset unique Person ID numbers with the master Person ID number on each of the content data files.
- This allows the person analysing the data to see all the records belonging to an individual across all the datasets without the need to see the personal identifiers.


Vacancy: Research Assistant (Byzantine) Greek philology
The Database of Byzantine Book Epigrams (DBBE,, based at Ghent University, will launch a completely revamped version in the near future, and is therefore seeking a well-qualified collaborator to maintain data and prepare records.
The candidate will be part of a team of preand postdoctoral scholars within the project Poetry from the Margins. Literary, linguistic, philological and cultural-historical analysis of a new corpus of Byzantine book epigrams (_PHONE_), directed by Professor Kristoffel Demoen and generously supported by the Research Fund of Ghent University (within the "Concerted Research Actions" program). It is based at the Greek Section of the Departments of Literary Studies and Linguistics.
The successful applicant will start employment on 1 September 2019.
The job includes the following tasks and expectations:
 1. to create and maintain the textual records that form the core of the digital database, relying on primary sources and existing publications;
 2. to adapt the existing records to the structure of the soon-to-launch database;
 3. to consult Greek manuscripts, primarily by way of digital reproductions;
 4. to contribute to the scholarly activities of the research group (e.g. organizing events in collaboration with the other members of the team, or participating in co-publications);
 5. to come and live in Belgium, work closely together with the other team members, and contribute to a pleasant and stimulating atmosphere.
Envisaged profile: the successful candidates will have
 1. an MA degree in classics (with an emphasis on Greek) or in Byzantine philology. In order to be eligible, candidates must have obtained their MA degree at the time of application or demonstrate convincingly that they will have that degree in hand by September 2019;
 2. excellent knowledge of classical Greek, and at least good notions of medieval Greek;
 3. very good knowledge of Greek paleography and editorial techniques, as evidenced by their curriculum studiorum (courses, subject of papers and dissertations, summer schools, etc.);
 4. very good knowledge of English and at least good reading skills of several other languages relevant to the field (primarily German, Italian, French, Modern Greek);
 5. the attitude to contribute to a research team.
We offer:
 1. a contract for one year of full-time employment with a status equivalent to that of a doctoral bursary;
 2. a competitive salary that corresponds to the salary scales for PhD students as established by the Flemish government (ca 2,000€ net / month);
 3. office space at the University, full membership of both the Department of Literary Studies ( and the DBBE research team and a solid and engaging academic working environment with a strong international profile.
The project is related to the academic interests of several other colleagues at Ghent University. The successful candidate will be able to interact with scholars and students affiliated with various departments and research institutes at the Faculty of Arts and Philosophy, such as the Department of Literary Studies, the Department of Linguistics, the Ghent Institute for Classical Studies, and the Pirenne Institute for Medieval Studies. S/he can receive support to apply for PhD funding in Gent in the future.
Applications should include a full curriculum vitae (including accurate information on grades and study results), a motivation letter, and two letters of reference. Applications must be sent electronically (preferably as pdf) to Floris Bernard (, no later than June 21, 2019.
Shortlisted candidates will be asked to complete a small written assignment by July 5, and will be invited for a Skype interview around July 10.
Please address any queries to Floris Bernard (


text:
Do pelagic predators hunt in random patterns or with some more organized approach that actually has some mathematical significance? Underwater Times picked up on an article in ScienceNews, about a study showing that fish like tuna, billfish, and some sharks exhibit a mathematical logic in their movements, called a Lévy walk or flight.
In tracking various ocean predators, the researchers noted foraging patterns that were not random - moving here and there without any particular method to their movements - but more deliberate, punctuated with long movements and demonstrating evidence of mathematical fractals.
A fractal is a mathematical pattern that is used to describe the shapes of many things, from snowflakes to the shapes of leaves. No, snowflakes and leaves don't have intelligence, at least not intelligence that necessarily demonstrates free will. But in analyzing the foraging patterns of their test subjects, the researchers detected a level of mathematical thinking or intelligence that was not purely random-based, which was the prevailing theory in the past.
"Many of the animals displayed Lévy behavior at least some of the time, researcher David Sims and his colleagues report — 'the strongest evidence yet that these Lévy patterns are exhibited by wild animals,' he says. Lévy behavior showed up more often in waters where plankton, fish and other food was scarce. In regions with plentiful food, random motion dominated. This observation, says theoretical physicist Gandhimohan Viswanathan, fits with earlier suggestions that 'animals may use a Lévy flight motion to improve their chances of finding prey.'"
This kind of research can provide more insight into migration and other feeding patterns based on availability of food. Perhaps in the future we can better understand or anticipate the actions or movements of some species or their ability to adapt when environmental conditions change.
Read ScienceNews article.


text:
A German woman working as an astronaut: That shouldn't be anything special. But Suzanna Randall will actually be the first German woman to fly to the International Space Station (ISS). In today's Germany, there are still sectors that are disproportionately dominated by men. Space travel is one of them. In 2023, astrophysicist Suzanna Randall plans to become the first German woman to join the rotating crew of the ISS. Her path to this point in her career hasn't been easy. To date, Germany has only sent male astronauts to serve on the ISS. Thanks to a private initiative called "Die Astronautin" ("The Female Astronaut"), the dream of sending the first German woman into space is about to become a reality. Suzanna Randall, who beat out competition from 400 other applicants, has been undergoing the rigorous astronaut training program since 2018.
Related article - Rally: Passion-Led Investing
Destined for space - Germany's first female astronaut | DW Documentary


text:
Sumpu Castle Park
A beautiful park in the heart of the city, where you can also experience tea ceremony.
Sumpu Castle Park is located on the former site of Sumpu Castle, which was originally constructed in 1585. The castle was famous as the home of legendary Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu, who spent his twilight years here in the early 17th century. The castle grounds' turrets and East gate have been restored, reminiscent of how they appeared 400 years ago. The park is surrounded by stone walls and two moats, and is a popular resting place for locals. Locals enjoy jogging picnic and strolling. The park is also home to Momijiyama Garden, where you can get a taste of authentic Japanese culture. There are four Japanese gardens and a teahouse where you can experience tea ceremony. Enjoying a cup of green tea while gazing out on the beautiful garden, you are sure to feel closer to the traditional culture of Japan.
Tatsumi Yagura Turret
Higashi-Gomon East Gate
Huge timbers were used to build the gate
Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu (_PHONE_)
A statue of Tokugawa Ieyasu standing in Sumpu Castle park
Sumpu is the old name of Shizuoka City which had been used since 8th century to 19th century. Tokugawa Ieyasu lived in Sumpu Castle between the age of 6 and 18, and during the last 10 years of his 73 year from where he conducted as a Shogun. Thus during these 10 years, Sumpu had been described as the capital of Japan.
The big Tatami rooms for the gate guards used to be upstairs in the East Gate Museum
A model of Sumpu Town in the 17th century is displayed in the museum
Momijiyama Garden in Sumpu Castle park
Tea room in Momijiyama Garden
You can enjoy Japanese green tea and Japanese confectionary.
Local people spends leisurely time in this park
There are also a lot of events that take place in the Sumpu castle park. One of them is the DAIDOGEI World Cup : it is Asia biggest street performance event ! Have a look on our blog post reporting the topic in ENGLISH and in FRENCH 🙂


text:
Date Added: Jul 2009
This paper presents Agilla, a mobile agent middleware designed to support self-adaptive applications in wireless sensor networks. Agilla provides a programming model in which applications consist of evolving communities of agents that share a wireless sensor network. Coordination among the agents and access to physical resources are supported by a tuple space abstraction. Agents can dynamically enter and exit a network and can autonomously clone and migrate themselves in response to environmental changes. Agilla's ability to support self-adaptive applications in wireless sensor networks has been demonstrated in the context of several applications, including fire detection and tracking, monitoring cargo containers, and robot navigation. Agilla, the first mobile agent system to operate in resource-constrained wireless sensor platforms, was implemented on top of TinyOS.


text:
Thanksgiving is a time for good food, family memories... and lots of water. (TenSafeFrogs/flickr)
Turkey, of course, is essential for any Thanksgiving meal. You're probably also about to enjoy some delicious stuffing and cranberry sauce, maybe some mouthwatering mashed potatoes, perhaps a piece of heavenly sweet potato pie. But Thanksgiving dinner isn't possible without water -- a lot of water.
Food production is water intensive and we eat a lot of food on Thanksgiving.
In fact, it takes over 40,000 gallons of water to produce food for a large holiday meal for four adults and four children that includes a 20-pound turkey with all the fixings, according to Danny H. Rogers, a professor and agricultural engineer at Kansas State University Reasearch and Extension.
Rogers gave a presentation last year highlighting Kansas' water usage to the state's Joint Committee on Energy and Environmental Policy. Here's part of the chart Rogers put in his presentation:
Gallons of Water Needed
Margarine (including cooking)
Fresh fruit salad
Milk for four
Wine for four
Source: Kansas Department of Agriculture (2010)
That 40,000 gallons of water doesn't even include the water it takes to actually cook the meal and clean up after it. To put that in perspective, a family of four would use about the same amount of water if they each took a 10-minute shower every day for almost a year, according to EPA estimates of household water usage.


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 - A summit meeting is a meeting of heads of state or government, usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearranged agenda. Notable summit meetings include those of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin during World War II. However, the term summit was not commonly used for such meetings until the Geneva Summit. During the Cold War, when American presidents joined with Soviet or Chinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a "summit". The post-Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of "summit" events. Nowadays, international summits are the most common expression for global governance.


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Parameter Sweep
Parameter Sweep is an advanced technique in electronic design used to evaluate and optimize circuit performance at varying values of component parameters.
30. June 2023
3 minutes reading
Definition
Parameter Sweep is an advanced technique in electronic design used to evaluate and analyze the circuit's response at varying values of one or more component parameters. By performing this type of sweep, one can systematically change the parameter settings and observe the effect on circuit performance to identify optimal operating conditions and achieve desired results.
Purpose of running a Parameter Sweep
Parameter Sweep plays a crucial role in electronic design and analysis. By running it, the following objectives can be achieved:
 1. Circuit design optimization
 Parameter Sweep enables the evaluation of circuit performance at different settings of component parameters. This allows for the identification of optimal values and adjustments to the design to achieve desired functionality, stability, and efficiency.
 2. Troubleshooting and diagnostics
 Parameter Sweep helps identify potential issues and errors in a circuit. By varying the component parameters, one can observe how the circuit response changes and identify the causes of errors or undesired behavior.
 3. Design process optimization
 Performing a Parameter Sweep can expedite the design process by identifying optimal parameter settings early in the development phase. This minimizes the need for iterative loops and saves time and resources.
Parameter Sweep
Implementation
To perform a Parameter Sweep, you select one or more component parameters to be evaluated and define a set of values for these parameters to vary between. Subsequently, simulations or physical measurements are performed on the circuit for each combination of parameter values to obtain a comprehensive set of results that can be analyzed and compared.
 1. Design your circuit: Begin by building your electronic circuit using a schematic design tool. Add the necessary components such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, active components, etc. Also, define the parameters you wish to vary in the parameter sweep.
 2. Identify parameters: Choose the circuit parameters you want to vary, such as resistor values, capacitor capacitances, voltage levels, frequencies, etc. These parameters can be specific values you want to test or a range of values within an interval.
 3. Configure the parameter sweep: Set up the sweep in your simulation tool. Specify the values or interval you want to vary the parameters within and define the number of steps or interval size between the values.
 4. Define results: Identify the output parameters you want to observe as a response to the parameter sweep. This may include voltages, currents, power, or other circuit characteristics relevant to your analysis.
 5. Perform the simulation: Initiate the sweep simulation. The simulator will now perform multiple simulations with different values of the selected parameters and record the results for each combination.
 6. Analyze results: After the simulation is completed, you can analyze the results. This typically involves studying graphs showing how the output parameters vary with the changed parameter values. You can identify patterns, draw conclusions, and gain a deeper understanding of how the circuit responds to different parameter values.
A parameter sweep enables you to explore various aspects of your circuit, optimize its performance, and understand how different parameters affect its behavior.
Advantages
Parameter Sweep brings several benefits to electronic design and analysis:
 - Optimal performance
 By performing a Parameter Sweep, one can identify the optimal settings of component parameters that result in maximum performance for a given circuit. This enables design optimization and ensures efficient circuit operation under different operating conditions.
 - Error identification
 By varying the component parameters in a Parameter Sweep, changes in circuit response can be observed, allowing for the identification of potential errors or problematic areas. This enables error correction and improves the circuit's reliability and quality.
 - Time savings
 Parameter Sweep can help reduce time consumption in the design process by identifying optimal parameter values early in the development phase. By reducing the need for experimental iterations and trial-and-error methods, the sweep accelerates the design process and increases productivity.
 - Optimized design process
 Performing a Parameter Sweep can lead to a deeper understanding of circuit behavior under varying parameter values. This can result in more sophisticated and well-balanced design solutions that meet specific requirements and preferences.
Parameter Sweep is a powerful technique in electronic design that enables optimization of circuit performance, error identification, and time savings in the design process. By systematically varying the component parameters, optimal settings can be achieved, ensuring maximum performance and reliability for electronic circuits. It is an invaluable tool for electronic engineers seeking to deliver quality designs in less time.
Copyright © 2024 Nordcad Systems A/S
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Done, you can finally start to use console commands for Counter Strike Global Offensive. Range is from 0 - 1 with 1 being damage equal to what is done to an enemy Client only command Modified in v1. Place mode allows labelling of Area with Place names. White means respond physically to damage but never break. Firstly, simply launch your game and once you're loaded up exec the moviemaking config you want to use. The console is also used to stop, start, record, and stop recording demo files for later use.
The following is a list of console commands and variables. This is only for debugging. If 2, it'll show non-solid entities that would do it if they were solid. Use -1 to disable it. Otherwise, it will issue a warning to the client. Cannot be set while connected to a server. Player becomes non-solid and flies.
ChangePlaybackRate Changes the playback speed. Seems like everyone said something different and it drove me crazy. To navigate the camera, move the mouse out to the viewport, keep the left mouse button pressed and move around using the W, A, S, and D keys. Hulls are color code as follows: Gre cmd Displays the allowed connections between each node for the currently selected hull type. Make sure you enable your console! Demo File Name The name of the file to save the demo as. Use multiple times to access all four corners.
Useful for finding stray areas missed when Place Painting. Draws an X on top of each memory. I will show you two ways of recording that allow you to achieve high quality. Arguments: filename to write results into 178. If set to 2 then player has infinite total ammo but still has to reload the 2056. Red means ignore all damage.
This way you get the best frame blending and smoothness. The lower the better as far as rendering overhead of the budget panel 228. Range is from 0 - 1 with 1 being damage equal to what is don 674. The playback will be choppy and look buggy and the sound may loop or be completely muted. This forces the player's voice to be played back in the audio output. I don't know if you will cover some of these aspects in your tutorial, seeing how, if I'm not mistaken, your tutorial will pretty much cover the basics needed in order to make a clip, and not all these extra things, but if you do - that'd be awesome! Nodes that are not visible from the selected node will be drawn in blue.
Hulls are color code as follows: Gre 134. Force the engine to flush an entity packet. Also you can change things via commands that you could also change in the in-game settings menu. The following procedure will generate output called mymovie based on the demo file created in the Recording tutorial demotest. Linear Interp Angles What this tool does it take only the very first sample in the selection range and the very last sample in the range, and then linearly interpolates the view direction smoothly across the entire range. In this post we have collected almost any console and cvar commands found in Counter-Strike Global Offensive.
Changing this convar manually will have no effect 2146. Client only command Modified in v1. To work, they require the server admin to enable cheats. Hulls are color code as follows: Gre cmd Displays the allowed connections between each node for the currently selected hull type. You are able to see other players through walls wireframe wallhack. Waypoints along the route are drawn as small cyan rectangles.
Fish become immobile and unresponsive. After a few moments depending on your internet connection speed the demo will be downloaded and you can now navigate to the demo folder which can be found by going into your Steam Library and right clicking on Counter Strike: Global Offensive and going to properties. Really just defines a named point you can jump to. Hulls are color code as follows: Gre 135. . A demo must be loaded from within the game by console command or demoui interface. You can for example change several settings through the console, but there are also commands that enable certain overlays, such as the frames per second display, or an overlay that shows your network stats and ping….
This includes viewpoints recorded during a respawn wait. Use multiple times to access all four corners. There's no 100% working fix for this but on of the ways always works. Should be done before map launches. You do not need to specify the.


Expert Voices
Gallery: Oldest Living Things in the World
A new field of study
Cover for The Oldest Living Things in the World
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Paulette Beete, NEA senior writer-editor, contributed this article as part of partnership between NEA and Live Science's Expert Voices: Op-Ed & Insights.
Rachel Sussman's work is equal parts art, science and philosophy, and with her images of 3,000-year-old lichen and 7,000-year-old trees, she draws poignant perspectives on the nature of time, life and humanity's place in it.
Sussman's work provides audiences with a way to understand ideas around deep time, and has served as a portal for connecting scientists from disparate disciplines, providing them with a platform to consider the intersections between their various specialties.
The artist has exhibited widely in solo and group shows at venues including the Berlin Botanical Museum, the Montalvo Arts Center, the Museum of Contemporary Photography, and the American Museum of Natural History. And this past April, University of Chicago Press published the monograph "The Oldest Living Things in the World" You can read more about Sussman's work in her interview, view her work live at Pioneer Works Center for Art and Innovation in Brooklyn on September 13th, 2014, and see several of her images from her Oldest Living Things project in this gallery.
Not really moss
2,000+ year old La Llareta
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
La Llareta #0308-2B31 (2,000+ years old; Atacama Desert, Chile)
What looks like moss covering rocks is actually a very dense, flowering shrub that happens to be a relative of parsley, living in the extremely high elevations of the Atacama Desert.
Effects of climate change
9,550 year old Spruce Gran Picea
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Spruce Gran Picea #0909 – 11A07 (9,550 years old; Fulufjället, Sweden)
This 9,950-year-old tree is like a portrait of climate change. The mass of branches near the ground grew the same way for roughly 9,500 years, but the new, spindly trunk in the center is only 50 or so years old, caused by warming at the top of this mountain plateau in Western Sweden.
Here from the start
2,000-3,000 year old Stromatolites
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Stromatolites #_PHONE_ (2,000 - 3,000 years old; Carbla Station, Western Australia)
Straddling the biologic and the geologic, stromatolites are organisms that are tied to the oxygenation of the planet 3.5 billion years ago, and the beginnings of all life on Earth.
Really old moss
5,500 year old Antarctic Moss
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Antarctic Moss #0212-7B33 (5,500 years old; Elephant Island, Antarctica)
This 5,500-year-old moss bank lives right around the corner from where the Shackleton Expedition was marooned 100 years ago on Elephant Island, Antarctica. It was a victory simply being able to locate it. These days it's easier to get to Antarctica from space.
A tale of trees
10,500 year old Dead Huon Pine
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman)
Dead Huon Pine adjacent to living population segment #_PHONE_ (10,500 years old, Mount Read, Tasmania
Fire destroyed much of this clonal colony of Huon Pines (as seen in this photograph) on Mount Read, Tasmania, but a substantial portion of it survived. The age of the colony was discovered by carbon-dating ancient pollen found at the bottom of a nearby lake bed — the pollen was genetically matched to the living colony.
Simpler than it looks
2,000 year old Welwitschia Mirabilis
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Welwitschia Mirabilis #0707-22411 (2,000 years old; Namib-Naukluft Desert, Namibia)
The Welwistchia is primitive conifer living only in parts of coastal Namibia and Angola where moisture from the sea meets the desert. Despite appearances, it only has two single leaves, which it never sheds. National plant of Namibia.
Interesting uses
2,000 year old Pafuri Baobab
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Pafuri Baobab #0707-1335 (Up to 2,000 years old; Kruger National Park, South Africa)
This baobab lives in the Kruger Game Preserve in South Africa and requires an armed escort to visit. Baobabs get pulpy at their centers and tend to hollow out as they grow older. These hollows can serve as natural shelters for animals, but have also been appropriated for some less scrupulous human uses: for instance, as a toilet, a prison, and a bar.
Under the sea
One-time use only, not for re-publication - 100,000 year old Posidonia Oceania Sea Grass
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Posidonia Oceania Sea Grass #0910-0753 (100,000 years old, Balearic Islands, Spain)
At 100,000 years old, the Posidonia sea grass meadow was first taking root at the same time some of our earliest ancestors were creating the first known "art studio" in South Africa. It lives in the UNESCO-protected waterway between the islands of Ibiza and Formentera.
The oldest organisms
Bristlecone Pine, oldest things on earth
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Bristlecone Pine #0906-3030 (White Mountains, California)
Bristlecone pines are the oldest unitary organisms in the world, known to surpass 5,000 years in age. In the 1960s a then-grad student cut down what would have been the oldest known tree in the world while retrieving a lost coring bit. A cross section of that tree was placed in a Nevada casino.
An endangered plant
13,000 year old Rare Eucalyptus
(Image credit: ©Rachel Sussman, from "The Oldest Living Things in the World" by Rachel Sussman. (One-Time use).)
Rare Eucalyptus (species redacted for protection) #_PHONE_ (13,000 years old; New South Wales, Australia)
This critically endangered eucalyptus is around 13,000 years old, and one of fewer than five individuals of its kind left on the planet. The species name might hint heavily at its location, so it has been redacted.


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Development of a market-oriented framework for biodiversity measures in agriculture in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
Farmers in Baden-Württemberg should permanently implement more measures to preserve and promote biodiversity on their land. In addition to the further development of public funding, market-oriented incentive systems are also needed in order to better value the biodiversity services of Baden-Württemberg farmers along the supply chain. In the future, this should make it possible for regional and EU quality programs to record, evaluate and reward the implementation of biodiversity measures by farms.
Conception and development of a biodiversity evaluation system for regional and EU quality programs and application on 20 pilot farms; conception and implementation of a simple on-site ecological monitoring on the 20 pilot farms; evaluation and adaptation of the evaluation system, extended test run on 50 farms.
Development of a bonus system for the biodiversity performance of farmers in close cooperation with the ministry, committees of the regional and EU quality programs in the county and market partners; presentation of the project results at an event for ministries, committees and licensees of the regional and EU quality programs in Baden-Württemberg and the food industry.
Contact person: Patrick Trötschler
Phone: +49 (0) 7732-9995-41


Torr to Pounds Per Square Inch Conversion
Enter the pressure in torr below to get the value converted to pounds per square inch.
SWAP UNITS
Results in Pounds Per Square Inch:
Loading content.
1 Torr = 0.019337 psi
How to Convert Torr to Pounds Per Square Inch
Calculators can be used to convert measurements from one unit to another
To convert a torr measurement to a pound per square inch measurement, multiply the pressure by the conversion ratio. One torr is equal to 0.019337 pounds per square inch, so use this simple formula to convert:
pounds per square inch = torr × 0.019337
The pressure in pounds per square inch is equal to the torr multiplied by 0.019337.
For example, here's how to convert 5 torr to pounds per square inch using the formula above.
5 Torr = (5 × 0.019337) = 0.096684 psi
Torr and pounds per square inch are both units used to measure pressure. Keep reading to learn more about each unit of measure.
Torr
The torr is a measure of pressure equal to 1/760 of an atmosphere. Torr is based on an absolute scale of pressure, which is equivalent to the atmospheric pressure plus the gauge pressure.
The torr is a non-SI metric unit for pressure. Torr can be abbreviated as Torr; for example, 1 torr can be written as 1 Torr.
Pounds Per Square Inch
One pound per square inch is the pressure of equal to one pound-force per square inch.
The pound per square inch is a US customary and imperial unit of pressure. A pound per square inch is sometimes also referred to as a pound-force per square inch. Pounds per square inch can be abbreviated as psi; for example, 1 pound per square inch can be written as 1 psi.
PSI can be expressed using the formula:
1 psi = 1 lbfin2
Pressure in pounds per square inch are equal to the pound-force divided by the area in square inches.
Torr to Pound Per Square Inch Conversion Table
Torr measurements converted to pounds per square inch
Torr Pounds Per Square Inch
1 Torr 0.019337 psi
2 Torr 0.038674 psi
3 Torr 0.05801 psi
4 Torr 0.077347 psi
5 Torr 0.096684 psi
6 Torr 0.116021 psi
7 Torr 0.135358 psi
8 Torr 0.154694 psi
9 Torr 0.174031 psi
10 Torr 0.193368 psi
11 Torr 0.212705 psi
12 Torr 0.232042 psi
13 Torr 0.251378 psi
14 Torr 0.270715 psi
15 Torr 0.290052 psi
16 Torr 0.309389 psi
17 Torr 0.328726 psi
18 Torr 0.348062 psi
19 Torr 0.367399 psi
20 Torr 0.386736 psi
21 Torr 0.406073 psi
22 Torr 0.425409 psi
23 Torr 0.444746 psi
24 Torr 0.464083 psi
25 Torr 0.48342 psi
26 Torr 0.502757 psi
27 Torr 0.522093 psi
28 Torr 0.54143 psi
29 Torr 0.560767 psi
30 Torr 0.580104 psi
31 Torr 0.599441 psi
32 Torr 0.618777 psi
33 Torr 0.638114 psi
34 Torr 0.657451 psi
35 Torr 0.676788 psi
36 Torr 0.696125 psi
37 Torr 0.715461 psi
38 Torr 0.734798 psi
39 Torr 0.754135 psi
40 Torr 0.773472 psi


text:
Workshop 1: Overview of the situation and needs analysis
Director of the Institute for Adult Education of Republic of Srpska, Mr Goran Zmijanjac reading the workshop material
Group work: Needs analysis
Workshop 2: Results of the analysis and defining recommendations
Group work: Discussing strengths and weaknesses and defining recommendations
By carefully listening to the needs of ministries of education in those administrative units that have regulated the field of adult education legally, but also in those who are still in the process of adoption of the law, and with the aim of improving the framework conditions for adult education, DVV International – Country Office B&H in 2018 organised two meetings/workshops on the topic „Laws and Regulation in the Field of Adult Education".
Overall objective of the meetings was to improve implementation of the adult education system through a comprehensive analysis and understanding of adopted laws and regulation in different administrative units of B&H, their comparative analysis in the context of legal solutions and their practical application, in order to identify advantages and disadvantages, and agree on eventual needs for changes of legislation or procedures of their implementation.
The meetings were held on 25th and 26th of October in Tarčin and 22nd and 23rd of November in Jahorina, and the participants were legal associates and contact persons for adult education within the ministries of education from in total 11 administrative units of Bosnia and Herzegovina (9 cantons of Federation of B&H, Republic of Srpska, and District Brčko).
Based on the analysis of all existing laws and regulation, and their implementation and applicability in practice, eleven key recommendations for improvement of the field of adult education for the following period were defined, in which one suggests to the competent authorities that it is necessary to:
Participants of the second meeting, each for its administrative unit, also defined necessary steps by following the mentioned recommendations, whereby the realisation of all the steps defined is planned for the period December 2018 - December 2019.


Simpson's Diversity Index Calculator
Created by Purnima Singh, PhD
Reviewed by Wojciech Sas, PhD candidate and Steven Wooding
Last updated: Apr 06, 2022
Omni's Simpson's diversity index calculator allows you to measure the diversity of species in a given community. Just enter the population of different species, and our calculator will compute Simpson's index for your data.
Read on to know the definition and formula for Simpson's diversity index. You will also find an example of Simpson's diversity index calculation.
What is Simpson's index?
Simpson's indices are a way of quantifying the biodiversity of communities. The value of Simpson's index reflects how many different types of species are in a community and how evenly distributed the population of each species is.
The Simpson's index D (introduced by Simpson in 1949) is the probability that any two individuals randomly selected from an infinitely large community will belong to the same species, i.e.,
D = Σpi2,
where pi is the proportion of individuals in the i-th species.
If you have a finite size community, the formula for calculating Simpson's index (D) is:
D = Σ(ni * (ni - 1)) / (N * (N - 1)),
where:
 - ni — Number of individuals in the i-th species; and
 - N — Total number of individuals in the community.
Simpson's index is one of the most popular and robust ways to measure diversity in a community; as D increases, diversity decreases. Although originally proposed to measure diversity in ecological communities, nowadays, we use it widely in quantifying diversity in other areas as well — for example, gender or ethnicity diversity at organizations.
The Shannon diversity index is another approach for quantifying species diversity.
Simpson's diversity index formula
According to the original formula proposed by Simpson, a higher D value suggested a community with low biodiversity. This sounds a bit counterintuitive, as typically, a high diversity index should imply a more diverse community. Hence, we usually express Simpson's diversity index as 1 - D, which is also known as the Gini-Simpson index, i.e.,
Gini-Simpson index = (1 - D) = 1 - [Σ(ni * (ni - 1)) / (N * (N - 1))]
The Gini-Simpson index (or Simpson's index of diversity) measures the probability that two randomly selected individuals belong to different species.
Another popular index for measuring diversity is the inverse Simpson index:
Inverse Simpson index = 1 / D
How to use Simpson's diversity index calculator?
Let us see how to calculate Simpson's diversity index for the following data set:
Species label Population
A 300
B 335
C 365
 1. Enter the species population, i.e., 300, 335, and 365 in the first, second, and third-row, respectively. You can enter data for up to 50 species.
 2. The calculator will display the Simpson's Index (D = 0.33), Simpson's diversity index (1 - D = 0.67), and Simpson's reciprocal index (1 / D = 2.99) in the result section.
Example of Simpson's diversity index calculation
Lets us calculate the diversity indices for the same data set as above:
 1. Sum the population of individual species to get the total number of observations, N.
 N = 300 + 335 + 365 = 1000.
 2. Evaluate N * (N - 1):
 N * (N - 1) = 1000 * 999 = 999,000.
 3. Determine ni * (ni - 1), for each species:
 300 * 299 = 89,700; 335 * 334 = 111,890; and 365 * 364 = 132,860.
 4. Add the values in step 3 to get Σni * (ni - 1):
 89,700 + 111,890 + 132,860 = 334,450.
 5. The Simpson's Index (D) is:
 D = Σ(ni(ni - 1)) / (N(N - 1))
 D = 334,450 / 999,000
 D = 0.33
 .
 6. The Simpson's diversity index (or Gini-Simpson index, 1 - D) is:
 1 - Σ(ni(ni - 1)) / (N(N - 1)) = 0.67.
 7. Simpson's reciprocal index (1 / D) is:
 1 / D = 2.99.
As you can see, calculating the diversity indices for large data sets is quite cumbersome and not everyone's cup of tea. That is why we recommend using Simpson's index calculator so that you can easily estimate Simpson's indices.
Simpson's diversity index interpretation
The Gini-Simpson index score varies between 0 and 1. A high score indicates high diversity, and a low score indicates low diversity. When the diversity index is zero, the community contains only one species (i.e., no diversity). As the number of different species increases and the population distribution of species becomes more even, the diversity index increases and approaches one.
FAQ
How do I calculate Simpson's diversity index?
To calculate Simpson's diversity index for any community, follow the instructions:
 1. Add the individual species populations to get N.
 2. Determine N × (N - 1).
 3. Work out n × (n - 1) for each species, where n is the number of individuals in each species.
 4. Sum all the values in step 3.
 5. Divide the sum obtained in step 4 by the value obtained in step 2. As a result, you will get Simpson's index D.
 6. Evaluate Simpson's diversity index as 1 - D.
How do I use Simpson's diversity index?
Simpson's diversity index gives a measure of community diversity. We can use it to get an idea about how diverse any specific institution/community is. We can also use it to compare two different communities to see which is more diverse.
What does a high Simpson's index of diversity indicate?
The higher the value of the index, the greater the diversity of the community. A diversity index close to 1 means that there are several species in the community, and the population proportion of species is even.
What does a low Simpson's diversity index mean?
A low Simpson's diversity index means that the community is not very diverse. For example, if there are only one species in the community, Simpson's diversity index is 0.
Purnima Singh, PhD
Input population data for each species
Species 1
Species 2
You can add data for up to 50 species; fields will appear as you need them.
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