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Topic: Autopilot for Ruddered Kayak (Read 3784 times) previous topic - next topic
Hi, my first post since joining the forum.
I'm planning to build an autopilot to control the rudder on my kayak.
This is different from most autopilots discussed here which navigate to one or more GPS waypoints. Auto mode will use an electronic compass to maintain a selected heading. In manual mode the system will position the rudder according to input.
I have a lot to learn about Arduino (my only 'programing' experience is in VBA) and a lot of hardware selection to do.
I would appreciate advice anyone can give me based on the info I have provided below.
The hardware I think I will need is: -
- A 12v - 5.5v transformer (the power source on the kayak is a 12v battery)
- An Arduino
- A 3 axis tilt compensated solid state compass with shield
- A position interfaced linear actuator (to adjust the rudder angle)
- A controller board for actuator if required
- A switch to select auto/manual modes
- Left & right course select switches each comprising a pedal, reed switch and simple XBee transmitter
- An Xbee receiver with shield
- An LED display (to display course and compass values)
Okay -
You are using a 12V battery - that supplies DIRECT CURRENT or more commonly DC. A transformer requires ALTERNATING CURRENT or more commonly AC.
The Arduino has, mounted on board, a device, commonly referred to as a 7805 which is a voltage regulator. I takes an input of greater than 7V DC and, by turning some of the supply current to heat, supplies 5V DC to the Arduino board. Whatever device you use to control the rudder would either need to operate on 12V DC or have a regulator in the circuit to supply the voltage required.
An important to piece of information would be how much TORQUE you need to control the rudder. Torque is the amount of force it takes to turn something. That translates into ho big an actuator would be required to move and hold the rudder position.
You could use XBee for the foot controls, but since you still have to run wireds to power the XBee module, why not just run wires from the controls and reduce the amount of power you need to power the 2 XBee units at the pedals and the Arduino? Every piece you add that uses electricity means you either have shorter battery life, or you need a bigger battery.
A very important consideration is making everything water tight. That may be the most important and most difficult part of the project.
Conformal coating with the lead wires attached will probably get you 98% of the way towards waterproofing. I agree with the last poster that use wired comms instead of the XBee, I like XBee's but in any situation where wires are easy I will use wired comms a lot less complexity and headaches.
You probably want to look in PID algorithms for controlling the rudder correction, I doubt you need a full-up Kalman filtering approaching with only one sensor and what I imagine is a pretty flat solution space.
Free advice and overpriced at that,
Sounds like a cool project!
I have a suggested simple addition... Am I correct that it takes more energy when you steer with a rudder than when you steer with the paddles? I was thinking you could add a couple of LEDs to indicate when the rudder is "working" (when it's off-center more than 1/2 degree, or so). That would give you a chance to pull in the correct direction before you fight against the rudder... if that's even an issue.
Or, maybe just 2 or 3 LEDs to indicate if you are on-course, and forget about motorizing the rudder? That would save the weight of the motor and the motor-battery (and simplify the project).
I assume you realize that dead reckoning is a poor way to navigate? A fraction of a degree in direction can create a large error at a distance. Wind & currents mean that you are not traveling in the direction in-which you are pointed. And it's an open-loop system without feedback (without self-correction), so errors accumulate.
Hi all, thanks for your suggestions.
Thanks for the correction on transformer vs converter.
The linear actuator will be powered by 12v direct from the battery, via relays that the Arduino will control. I'm struggling with this as most relays I have seen also require a 12v signal voltage, and I'm not sure if an Arduino can provide this...
Very little torque (<1kg) will be required to move and hold the rudder as it will be pivoted above the center of pressure. On kayaks, most of the effort required to turn a rudder comes from the friction of the mechanical cable systems which I won't have.
I'll reconsider the XBee, but running cables to the pedal switches will be very difficult, it's als abut a 3m run from where the Arduino will be and I wonder about voltage drop etc?
Steering with the paddle could be more energy efficient than turning a rudder, but it disrupts paddling rhythm.
The benefit of an autopilot (apart from satisfaction of making it), is that I can just paddle and the kayak will steer itself. I use my kayak for fishing so I spend a lot of time looking at the fishfinder, not the landmark I am heading toward. When I'm trolling on a nice day, I can just zone out and immerse myself in the rhythm of paddling.
Dead reckoning is a crude navigation method, but most marine autopilots are compass based and they work. I tend to head toward a particular landmark. The pedal switches allow me to make course adjustments as I go.
I think I will need some sort of PID. On a kayak it's quite common to hold the rudder in an off-center position to correct cross track error. You never bother looking where your rudder is set, you simply adjust it till you are heading in the right direction.
I am hoping to apply the same rationale to my autopilot. I won't need to monitor the position of the rudder, but to simply adjust the rudder proportionate to the deviation from intended course (within limit switches) at a set interval.
Conceptually something like....
adjustment = (course - heading) * (rudder range/360).
For a 60 degree rudder span if I am 90 deg off course then the rudder will move by 15 degrees and after a set interval check again. If the deviation is reduced, it will make a smaller adjustment.
It's not quite that simple, a deviation can be measured in two directions and I need to ensure I always measure it the shortest way. Still working on the maths of that bit.
I'm hoping to have the LED display alternate between course (C###) and heading (H###).
Waterproofing will be critical - heatshrink and silicon grease go a long way on junctions. Everything will be inside the hull, hanging down off the underside of the deck. Leads will be marine grade and tinned. Pedal switches will be reed switches inside the hull triggered by magnets in the pedals. The electronics etc will be in an IP68 enclosure.
3m should not be a problem for wiring switches - little current so little voltage loss, and you still have to power the romote with XBee which would use more power (and more voltage drop) than just the switches - 2 switches means just 3 wires, power to the XBee would require at least 2, and going with switches and wiring them back would be a lot less complex. either approach would need some sort of water proof connector and the number of wires in the connector would be a small part of the cost. Powering the XBee board with another battery adds complexity, and another battery to maintain. Switches and cabling could be mounted permanent and just connected to the controller when being used.
What you seem to be looking for is a heading hold function on the rudder. You want to travel 238 degrees, wind and current are pushing you slightly off course so you hold a heading of 235 to follow a line to your destination.
Hi Mike,
I am doing the same thing. My wife and I are keen paddlers and would do 10 to 20 miles every weekend. Kayaks (particularly kayaks loaded up with gear) do tend to wander from side to side as you paddle. You can exert significant energy holding them on course using your paddle, or create drag with you rudder. Small, early course corrections are definitely the way to go. Of course the heading will change slightly with every stroke. The key will be to average over a few seconds and gradually bring the kayak back to course. I am approaching the problem a little differently;
When we paddle on the river we tend to follow the same path every time. When we go on longer distances, it is important to use a GPS so you can see your "Crosstrack Error" and not end up paddiling in massive curves. Most hand held GPS units will give you your course to steer back to the "Rhumbline" (the initial straight line between two waypoints). I am also integrating a digital compass. So I will have two modes; 1) Hold Heading, 2) Use GPS.
Rather than a linear actuator, I am using a large servo with bunge


The Balkan Mountains (Kom-Emine)
Section 1 of the Trans-European Alpine Route
This section of the TEAR simply follows Bulgaria's longest and oldest trail, the Kom-Emine, for it's entire length across the Balkan Mountains. The eastern terminus of the trail, along with the entire TEAR, is Cape Emine, where the Balkan Mountains rise out of the Black Sea. The Kom-Emine winds its way towards Kom Peak (near the Serbian border) along a network of dirt roads and walking paths (official estimates are 70% forest/farm tracks, 20% single track, 5% paved).
The Balkan Mountains, or Stara Planina, run east-west across central Bulgaria before curving north and forming the border with Serbia at their western end. They have played an enormous role in the history of Bulgaria and even provide the basis for the name of the entire Balkan Peninsula.
The highlights of the Kom-Emine are the high ridge walks along the western and central sections of the Balkan Mountains (including the Central Balkan National Park), although this also presents the greatest challenge for TEAR hikers due to the lingering snow and unsettled weather in the early spring season. Thankfully a well established system of mountain huts allow for options for weary walkers to dry off and warm up.
The 'nuts and bolts' of the section are provided in the map above, which can be exported for use in offline GPS apps. Information is divided into subfolders for easier viewing and additional details/context are given below.
Main Route
Conceptually, navigation for this section is fairly simple since we're sticking to a single trail the entire way. The Kom-Emine is generally well marked with blazes of red and white stripes, although sometimes an important intersection will have nothing while a clear forest trail could be blazed on every other tree.
There is an official guidebook available (be sure to order the english version) which contains additional historical and cultural details, daily trail descriptions, hut information, and overview maps (not detailed enough for navigation). It's important to note that the trail is traditionally hiked eastbound, from Kom Peak to Cape Emine (this is the way the guidebook is written), while you'll be hiking in the opposite direction.
Alternate Routes
There are several official alternate routes along the Kom-Emine which allow you to bypass the main (exposed) ridges during bad weather. You'll likely encounter snow anywhere above 2000m in April so these trails become very useful options. Unfortunately there is no alternate around the highest point of the Balkan Mountains, Botev Peak (2386m), so you'll have to brave the elements.
The Kom-Emine doesn't pass through many towns due to its path along the main ridges of the mountains. This means you'll have to drop down off the trail to the plains below if you want to restock at a market (these are still small towns so don't expect much variety). There is a fair amount of flexibility with resupply strategies here since you could also opt for longer food carries or supplement your resupply with meals from the many huts along the way. Some of the huts may be closed or have limited services during this time of the year so plan carefully. The schedule given on the resupply spreadsheet is a good balance of limiting off-trail resupply miles and food carry distances. The GPS files include some additional options as well.
There are no places along the trail to buy a threaded fuel canister. You'd have to hike south from the mountains and catch a bus or train to Sofia. The only place where you can catch a train directly from the trail is Gara Lakatnik, after 500km of hiking. You can also take a train into Sofia early in the next section. Denatured alcohol (СПИРТ) can often be found in general stores and is purple.
Most sources should be flowing well early in the year. The sources mentioned in the GPS data are not exhaustive and often don't include obvious sources such as larger rivers or towns. Water can also be acquired at most mountain huts (check hut descriptions in Huts/Shelters info). Possibly the longest water carry of the whole Kom-Emine begins only ~3km after leaving Cape Emine, which may require carrying for the rest of the day and a dry camp. Thankfully the temperatures should be cool and the early terrain is easy.
Huts / Shelters
There are many staffed huts along the route as well as unstaffed shelters in various conditions. Wild camping is not permitted within Central Balkans National Park, but there are many huts and shelters for the ~100km of trail through the park.
Borders / Transportation / Other
The most important information here is how to get to Cape Emine. Burgas has the closest international airport, but I haven't been able to confirm a place to buy threaded fuel canisters for your first resupply. Sofia certainly has them, so you could fly there and take the train to Burgas. Eastern Europe is very easy to explore on a budget, so feel free to travel a bit before hitting the trail. Regardless of how you get to Burgas, you'll then need to take a bus north to Sunny Beach. During the summer the local bus lines in Sunny Beach extend all the way to the Elenite resort area, but in the early season you'll have to walk most of the way or flag a taxi (ask the price beforehand so you don't get ripped off). From Elenite it's a 10km hike to the village of Emona, which has a small hiker-friendly bar/restaurant. I humbly suggest having at least a drink there before walking the ~2km to the Cape and finding a place to camp above the cliffs. In the morning you can watch the sunrise over the Black Sea before setting off.
Day 1 _ 20 km_#TEAR2019_We woke up early
Next Section: The Balkan Gap


I can't figure out how to add an IN clause in my query, using placeholders.
I'd want it to be something like:
$nids = array(1, 2, 3);
$result = db_query('SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN :nids', array(':nids' => $nids));
Can't find any documentation on this simple task. What's the proper way to achieve this?
You are missing the braces.
Try this:
$nids = array(1, 2, 3);
$result = db_query('SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN (:nids)', array(':nids' => $nids));
For more information, see _URL_ especially the chapter on Placeholder arrays:
Placeholder arrays
Drupal's database layer includes an extra feature of placeholders. If the value passed in for a placeholder is an array, it will be automatically expanded into a comma separated list as will the corresponding placeholder. That means developers do not need to worry about counting how many placeholders they will need.
An example should make this behavior clearer:
// This code:
// Will get turned into this prepared statement equivalent automatically:
db_query("SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN (:nids_1, :nids_2, :nids_3)", array(
 ':nids_1' => 13,
 ':nids_2' => 42,
 ':nids_3' => 144,
// Which is equivalent to the following literal query:
db_query("SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN (13, 42, 144)");
 - I knew I was close ;) Thanks for the answer and the link! – Olof Johansson Jun 16 '11 at 15:20
 - what about the strings? node_types = array('node_type_1', 'node_type_2'); – Serjas Feb 8 '13 at 13:24
 - Same, doesn't matter. – Berdir Feb 8 '13 at 15:43
For Drupal 8
Entity query:
$query = \Drupal::entityTypeManager()->getStorage('entity_type')->getQuery();
$query->condition('field/property', [1, 2, 3], 'IN');
$ids = $query->execute();
Sql Query (select), essentially the same for other query types.
$query = \Drupal::database()->select('table', 't');
$query->condition('column', [1, 2, 3], 'IN');
For Drupal 7
See Berdir's answer.
For Drupal 6
You can do it like this:
$nids = array(1, 2, 3);
$placeholders = db_placeholders($nids);
$result = db_query("SELECT * FROM {node} WHERE nid IN ($placeholders)", $nids);
db_placeholders is needed in Drupal 6 which will creating a string that holds the placeholders needed for the array of values given. Drupal 7 handles all this internally like Berdir describes.
Using the Database API in Drupal 7
Here's how you can use db_select() instead of db_query() for the same results.
$nids = array(1, 2, 3);
 ->condition('n.nid', $nids, 'IN')
$nodes = $query->fetchAll();
Drupal 6 If your array contains strings you need to tell db_placeholders()
$colours = array('red', 'yellow', 'blue');
$placeholders = db_placeholders($colours,'text');
$result = db_query("SELECT * FROM {bricks} WHERE colour IN ($placeholders)", $colours);
Drupal 8 update.
Also valid.
$nids = db_query("SELECT nid FROM node_field_data WHERE nid IN (:nids[]) AND status = 1", [
 ':nids[]' => $nids
 - db_query is deprecated and will be removed in Drupal 9. It shouldn't be recommended as a solution at this point. You also shouldn't use the database directly for querying data related to entities; there are APIs for that – Clive Nov 9 '19 at 7:03
 - The recommendation is strictly Drupal 8 update. The current accepted answer no longer works for Drupal 8, because it lacks square bracket. To reject this answer because it does not work for Drupal 9 another major version is disingenuous. It stops users getting an answer that just works. The sentiment is a clear example of, Perfect is the enemy of good enough. – Chris Calip Nov 12 '19 at 23:27
Your Answer


text:
A visual representation of a decision problem. An effective way to clarify objectives and display them with the uncertainties, dependencies, and other factors that influence the likelihood of reaching those objectives.
a graphical structure for modelling uncertain variables and decisions
a list of factors in a problem, together with arrows and signs showing the relationship between them
a simple visual representation of a decision problem
In decision analysis, an influence diagram (ID) (also called a relevance diagram) is a graphical and mathematical representation of probabilistic inference and decision problems. IDs are a generalization of decision trees.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Scheper, F. W., Store
918 8th St.;(Beaufort County)
R110 _PHONE_ 0000
July 1 1997
Historic Core Shape:
Number of Stories:
National Register Determination:
Signficant Architectural Features:
Rectangular 2 story frame 3 x 8 bay commercial building w/hipped roof. Roof retains two historic ventilators at its ridge and has a boxed cornice. A storefront extends across the first elev. of the facade and wraps to the 1st bay of the W elev. It has a
A historic former 1-story addition to the was removed ca. 1990.
The building is shown on the 1905, 1913 and 1924 Sanborn maps. The addition to the east is not show in 1905, but is shown in 1913. This building originally housed the mercantile business of German immigrant F. W. Scheper. Scheper moved from Germany to
Source of Historical Information:
Sanborn maps; "A Brief History of the Town of Port Royal, S.C.," Gerhard Spieler, 1992, Historic Port Royal Foundation files; Historic Resources of the Lowcountry, 1979; Christensen Property Transfer Notes, Historic Port Royal Fdn.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Search by mask or keyword:
There - Yonder
Word by letter:
 - There - Letter on T
 - 1 - st. word T
 - 2 - st. word H
 - 3 - st. word E
 - 4 - st. word R
 - 5 - st. word E
All questions by word:
There - Yonder There - *'it'll be o.k.' There - 'ta-da!' There - 'voila!' There -'so ___!' There - Start of many limericks There - Expression of sympathy, when doubled There - "all done!" There - Consoling word There - At that place There - Limerick starter There - See 49-across There - Repeated, words of consolation There - Word with fore or after There - "over ---" There - "it's done!" There - Word said before you go? There - "voila!" There - '___ you are!' There - When repeated, a comforting word There - When repeated, a comforting phrase There - Over yonder There - 'all done!' There - When repeated, it forms a comforting phrase There - Limerick starter, often There - 'i finally finished!' There - "___ goes my baby" (drifters hit) There - Word repeated a consoler There - When repeated, a calming expression There - Cry of accomplishment There - "what'd i tell you!" There - "over __": cohan war song There - Away from the speaker There - Half a comforting phrase There - Neither here nor __ There - Fore or after attachment There - Consoling word, when said twice There - That way There - "don't even go __!" There - Limerick start, often There - In that place There - "that'll do it!" There - It's often heard with a point There - "finished at last!" There - Used twice, it forms a sympathy phrase There - Pointed-out direction There - "voil!" There - Half of a soothing phrase There - Word of solace There - "so ___!" There - Where those are There - Consoling word, when repeated There - "over ___" There - When doubled, comforting words There - Pointer's declaration There - When doubled, a phrase of solace There - Soothing word There - Word with "so" or "hi" There - Where you had to be? There - "finished!" There - That point There - "so __!" There - Comforting phrase, when repeated There - 'done!' There - Here's opposite There - "where?" answer There - "are we __ yet?" There - "done at last!" There - When repeated, consoling expression There - "take that!" There - "it's finished!" There - When repeated, comforting words There - "you can't get __ from here" There - "___ once was a man from..." There - "done" There - "take it!" There - Neither here nor ___ There - "ta-da!" There - Opposite of 67 down There - Pointer's word There - Frequent limerick starter There - Out yonder There - Finger-pointer's shout There - Shout from a pointer There - On that spot There - 'finished at last!' There - First word of many limericks There - At that point There - In that spot There - All -- (sane) There - Just because it needs four more, by the sound of it, at that point There - For comfort this may come at the double There - That's the place to look into for 15 across There - This one might be three in place of it There - If fore follows it follows There - At that point one might find three such There - You must be all like this to solve this one There - This might come at the double to give one comfort There - That's the place for 3 There - If, by the sound of it, four were to follow, then it follows at that point There - That sounds as if it needs four more for three dots There - Double this for comfort There - Yonder is the girl inside There - The about in place There - It follows if fore follows There - That's the place for the end of 10 across There - Would place this at the double for consolation There - Is t to be found at this - or that - point? There - This might bring one some comfort at the double, so placed There - This comes to the fore when it follows There - "and ___ you have it!" There - This upon at that point There - At that point it takes three to make it There - Is that the place for the about turn? There - It may be reassuring for this to come at the double There - In that location There - Oft-repeated word of consolation There - "halt! who goes ___?" There - At this point, t is not at this point There - After that place a son might tell you why (5) There - This about's the approximate place There - That's the place for the girl to be in There - That's herself in that place There - The trio gets confused at this point There - Yonder it's over this There - This fore follows There - After this before because There - 'i'm done!' There - Word said while pointing There - 'i finished it!' There - First word of a limerick There - 'i think that does it!' There - "voilг!" There - Reassurance expressed; but not here There - Not here? no, no! There - Present There - Exclamation of triumph or sympathy There - Not here There - Way over yonder There - "all done" There - When repeated, 'everything will be ok' There - See 95-across There - See 2-down There - Starts limerick repeatedly to sooth baby There - "at last!" There - When repeated, comforting word There - 'done, o.k.?!' There - "i've finished" There - 'voil!' There - Consoling word that bears repeating? There - "done!" There - A word of comfort from another place There - Word repeated when consoling someone There - When repeated, consoling words There - In position There - When repeated, soothing words There - In that direction There - Ether (anag) There - "don't even go ___!" There - '-- it is!' There - Nick leaves thickener - now! There - Thither There - Triumphant exclamation as you crushed resistance There - Jason loewenstein and lou barlow's band There - Vince clarke and alison moyet, the way theywere There - In that respect, please feel reassured! There - Repeatedly soothing word? not at this point There - It's said to comfort the monarch when upset There - It's said to convey sympathy on that issue There - Present comforting word There - A comforting word, if repeated at that point There - On the spot it may be said to be comforting There - You must accept vicar's last word of consolation There - Santa's fourth present arrived There - It's right to probe you on that issue There - Time: present. place: as indicated There - You must shelter leader of resistance - voila! There - It's repeatedly said to comfort one in that position There - Article on school subject that offers reassurance There - At that point, gathered's gathered There - Time short in this world? here's a word of sympathy (5) {5,1} There - In that place its three fold There - In the past he received many a present There - I told you so! you must get right inside There - 13 exchanging money for king's word of approval There - A word of comfort in further education? There - At that point, it's repeatedly said to provide comfort There - Beginning and end of a famous gertrude stein quote There - Word of comfort in that place There - Pointing remark There - A word of comfort leaving artist her easel There - When repeated, a comforting comment There - Consolingly, repeat this: i've done it! There - "who's ___?" There - 'finished!' There - 'that's the spot!' There - Pointer's cry There - "been __, done that" There - See 39-across There - That's the place to take a line off the record There - Repeated, words of soothing There - '___ will be blood' (2007 daniel day-lewis film) There - The jackson 5's 'i'll be ___' There - Present given after the end of august as expression of sympathy There - Start of many a limerick There - Shout made while pointing There - 'all done' There - 'that's the place!' There - The la's "___ she goes" There - Jackson 5 "i'll be ___" There - The sappers told you so! There - 'what'd i tell you!' There - '___ goes the neighborhood' There - 'that did the trick!' There - Remark made with a point? There - Word for pointers There - Starter of limericks There - Pointed remark? There - Common limerick starter There - '__ you go again!' There - "__ you go again!" There - No, no, not here! There - "i did it!" There - Part 1 of today's quote There - "... our flag was still ___" There - Consolation beginning and ending There - "where i'm pointing"


text:
AMPHIBIO is The Futuristic Garment For Underwater Breathing
AMPHIBIO was designed by a student named Jun Kamei at the Royal College of Art in London. The concept here will allow humans to breath underwater. The device has yet to be tested on humans, but that is the next step. Things such as these always start from inspiration and then evolve into real world use. Kumei was inspired by Insects that create a bubble to help them breathe.
When researching insects we found something incredible. So how do these insects do this? Here is an excerpt from National Geographic:
Thousands of microscopic hairs cover the bodies of these insects. These hairs create a water-repellent coating on their shell, so when the insects submerge themselves, an air bubble forms around them. In this manner, the bugs are free to breathe the oxygen in the bubble and stay underwater. As the oxygen level falls and the carbon dioxide level rises inside the bubble, fresh oxygen is drawn from the water and carbon dioxide dissolves into the water. Essentially, the insect could stay underwater indefinitely.
Here is a video Demonstrating the design in action underwater:
We are all or most familiar with the recent news of the boys who were trapped in a cave in Thailand. Operations like that could make use of this kind of technology allowing for a better success rate of rescue. Although this technology is still in the early stages of development, this is exciting because it has real world application when successful. Let us know in the comments below what you think of this new invention in the comments.
Find us on Social below:
Sound Cloud: _URL_
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source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Effects of interactions between humans and domesticated animals
AbstractHumans have many kinds of relationships with domesticated animals. To maintain relationships interactions are needed. Interactions with animals may be beneficial for humans but may also be risky. Scientific literature on effects of humanâ€"animal relationships and interactions in a workplace, health-care and residential context has been reviewed to develop ideas about the effects farm animals can have on humans. Although there are quite a few studies, the variety of methods, the complexity of the material, differences in research goals and variable quality of the studies make that no general conclusions about the effect of animals on humans can be drawn. Nevertheless, when interactions with animals affect people, it may be expected that this will be similar for pets and farm animals
Op dit werk is een Creative Commons Licentie van toepassing.


How Much Weight Can A Wheelchair Hold?
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Wheelchairs are designed to be lightweight and easy to use. They are also designed to hold up to 250 pounds or more.
Some considerations need to be taken into account before getting a wheelchair, such as the design, materials, and size/weight of the person who would be using the chair.
What Is the Max Weight Capacity Of A Wheelchair?
Wheelchairs come in many different weights and sizes, which can vary according to what they're being used for. Most wheelchairs can easily support a weight of 300 lbs.
The maximum allowed weight of a wheelchair varies by type. There are three different models of wheelchairs: basic, lightweight, and heavy-duty wheelchairs.
Basic wheelchairs, also called transport wheelchairs, are commonly used in hospitals and airports. These specialized wheelchairs can support weight limits of 180 – 250 lbs.
Lightweight wheelchairs are the standard everyday wheelchair that is great for indoor and outdoor use. They can support users weighing anything under 300lbs.
Heavy-duty wheelchairs or bariatric wheelchairs are wheelchairs that can accommodate users weighing over 400 lbs. These dedicated wheelchairs can support more than 700 lbs and are strong enough to accommodate users of all weights and sizes.
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Best Heavy-Duty Wheelchairs
Wheelchair tires are a necessity for those with mobility problems. The ideal tire will be durable enough to handle a person's weight and have a large, treaded surface to provide the best traction on uneven surfaces. If you're in the market for a set of wheelchair tires, here are some of the best ones:
Best Manual Heavy-Duty Wheelchair
ALCO 20″ Heavy Duty Chrome Wheelchair
$199.95 ($0.45 / oz)
The ALCO 20″ Heavy Duty Chrome Wheelchair is a manual wheelchair that comes with a chrome-plated steel frame. It has swing-away and detachable footrests, and it also comes with heel loops and calf straps for the user's comfort.
The chair's frame is made from a high-strength chrome steel material that is strong and durable enough to support busty users. It's also double cross-braced around the sides, which further improves the strength and durability of the chair. This wheelchair weighs about 42 pounds and measures 20 inches by 14 inches. The seat is 18 inches deep by 16 inches wide, while the seat height is 21 to 22 inches from the floor. It supports up to 250 pounds of weight.
The ALCO Heavy Duty Chrome Wheelchair is a dual axle reinforced chrome-plated steel wheelchair. The heavy-duty 500 lbs. weight capacity chrome wheelchair has been designed to be more durable than even your standard chrome wheelchairs.
This heavy-duty model provides users with maximum comfort since it features padded armrests, a dual axle position, and a detachable footrest. With these features, you can easily adjust the seat height to your desired level for maximum comfort.
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02/19/2024 06:20 pm GMT
Best Durable and Adjustable
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Factors That Affect Weight Capacity of a Wheelchair
Wheelchairs are not built with the same weight capacity in mind. Various factors affect how much weight the wheelchair will hold. If you are interested in purchasing an even heavier wheelchair, you must know if your wheelchair can take on even more weight.
Many factors affect the weight capacity of a wheelchair, but here are some of the major ones we found.
1. User's Weight And Build
A person's height and weight are two significant factors that can affect the weight capacity of their wheelchair. People with a light build will be able to use a wheelchair with less resistance than people with a heavier build.
Adding weight to a wheelchair will increase its center of gravity and reduce its ability to drive on hard surfaces, especially on uneven ground: the lower the user's weight, the more accessible the wheelchair to control or maneuver.
If you are considering buying a bariatric wheelchair, the size and weight capacity limitations set by the manufacturer is a serious factor to consider before making your purchase.
2. Type Of Terrain The Wheelchair Will Be Used On (Indoors Or Outdoors)
When choosing a wheelchair, factors to consider include the terrain you plan to travel on, the manufacturer's recommendations, and any safety features built into the wheelchair.
If you use a chair to get around, it's essential to consider whether the chair will be used in an outdoor environment or indoors.
Outdoor wheelchairs are built to manage more weight in uneven terrains and rugged surfaces. They also have a more robust aluminum frame, making them more durable than transport and basic wheelchairs.
Most bariatric wheelchairs aren't made for outdoor use, so you should be extra careful when using them on outdoor terrains.
3. Wheelchair Build
The materials used to build a wheelchair will seriously impact how much weight the chair can support and how much it will cost to repair or replace if it fails.
The materials used to make the wheelchair doesn't just determine its weight capacity. The higher the quality of materials used in making a wheelchair, the more comfortable it will be and the longer it will last before needing to be replaced.
Thankfully, Bartriatic wheelchairs are made of reinforced aluminum and strong enough to support a weight of more than 700 lbs.
Wheelchairs are used for people who have a disability or a health condition that prevents them from standing up and walking. They are made with different materials to accommodate different needs, and they are designed to hold different weights.
The maximum weight any wheelchair can safely hold is written on the side by the chair manufacturer, but you must know what kind of chair you have before you start using it or loading it up with heavy items.
For example, there are lightweight wheelchairs made for children that may not handle the same load as an adult's wheelchair.
The weight capacity of different wheelchairs varies due to size, design, and materials.
Most wheelchairs are designed for people weighing less than 300 pounds. The average weight capacity is 250-300 pounds. Heavier-duty wheelchairs can support a weight of up to 400 pounds, while many lighter models can only handle up to 250 pounds.
Wheelchair weight capacity is a crucial factor when purchasing a wheelchair since it determines the size and type of chair someone needs.
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text:
BEING hit on the head by a stray golf ball can cause epilepsy. Paul Eldridge and his colleagues from the Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery in Liverpool describe four cases of young people struck by golf balls, who had epileptic fits up to five years later (
Golf balls travel at up to 210 kilometres per hour, and can transmit enough energy across the skull to damage the brain severely. "Even if you are not knocked out, the injury can be sufficiently severe to cause epilepsy," says Eldridge.
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content.


text:
Talking about Alzheimer's disease using the words of Latinos and non-LatinosMay 21, 2011
(Published in LINKS: Minority Research & Training - Spring 2011)
Effective health communications is not just about clearly expressing your health message. You must deliver the message using language that literally and figuratively speaks to your audience. To improve communications about Alzheimer's disease and research, NIAsupported scientists asked participants—60 Latino Puerto Rican and 60 non-Latino White—living in the Philadelphia area how they would characterize Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's-related clinical trials using their own words.
Data collection and analysis
Participants, depending on their ethnicity, met individually with a Latina or non-Latina research assistant, in a location of their choice. Along with a brief interview, research assistants collected data through a series of free-listing exercises—the research assistant introduced a concept and the participant wrote down all the words he/she associated with that concept.
"For example, the interviewer would ask about 'the words that come to mind with you think of Alzheimer's disease' and participants would make a list," explains Jason Karlawish, M.D., 1997 Summer Institute on Aging Research attendee and lead author on the paper in Alzheimer's & Dementia.
Additional interviewing exercises were about symptoms of Alzheimer's and causes of the disease. Participants listened to a vignette about a wife who cares for her husband with Alzheimer's disease and then were asked to describe the wife. Participants who were caregivers were also asked to list words about Alzheimer's clinical trials, including risks/benefits of research and reasons to participate or not in research studies. Responses were grouped according to the participants' ethnicity and caregiver status.
The Puerto Rican Latino participants were mostly female. Non-Latinos were typically male with more years of education than the Latino cohort.
"We found certain words to describe Alzheimer's were common among all the participants suggesting they are pervasive in messages about the disease," says Karlawish. "For instance 'memory loss' was a universal expression to describe Alzheimer's disease as well as symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. 'Sadness' was also a common word used to describe Alzheimer's among all groups except Latinos who weren't caregivers."
Ethnicity played a role in the responses, as well. Latinos, especially those who were caregivers, used words related to behavioral and emotional problems to describe symptoms of Alzheimer's more frequently than people who were not Latino. Also, only Latino participants identified psychological and psychosocial stressors (specifically "loneliness" and "stress") as causes of Alzheimer's. On the other hand, caregivers who were not Latino listed biomedical causes of Alzheimer's such as "buildup of plaque" and "lack of brain activity," indicating they might have a understanding of the disease pathology.
During data analysis, investigators determined that gender, age, and years of education were not as salient as ethnicity and caregiver status.
Overall, Latinos who were not caregivers had the least knowledge about Alzheimer's disease. In fact, some could not come up with any words to describe Alzheimer's. Researchers suggest that providing general information about Alzheimer's disease could be an important health education message for the Latino community.
Findings about caregiving
In the study, researchers defined a caregiver as someone who had a friend or family member with Alzheimer's disease and who either assisted the patient with activities of daily living or decision-making or provided information to health care professionals. They found that the Puerto Rican Latino caregivers were mostly adult children and non-Latino caregivers were generally the spouse of the patient.
While Latino and non-Latino caregivers shared some common views of Alzheimer's, the researchers also found ethnicity did shape the caregiving experience. For example, Latinos never used the term "caregiver" to describe the wife of the Alzheimer's patient in the vignette.
"Interestingly, no participants used the word 'burden' to describe the caregiver's role, so this word might be best avoided in materials targeted to caregivers," says Karlawish.
Findings about clinical research
Researchers identified differences between how Latino and non-Latino caregivers characterized the risks and benefits of clinical trials for the Alzheimer's patient and caregiver. Most caregivers listed "time" or "side effects" as reasons to not participate in a clinical trial. But non-Latino participants also mentioned travel, concerns about receiving a placebo, and creating false hopes as deterrents, while some of the Latino caregivers did not list any downside.
In listing the benefits of participating in a clinical trial, both Latino and non-Latinos included patient improvement and improved memory. But, there were also differences. Some Latino caregivers said that learning more about the disease would be a benefit. Only non-Latinos identified helping others and helping research as benefits to participation.
Implications of the research
Findings from this study support the notion that when it comes to Alzheimer's messaging, one size does not fit all. "To be most effective, communications materials should account for differences in how Latinos and non-Latinos view the disease, the caregiver's role, and clinical trials," recommends Karlawish.
For example, the research suggests that the difference in how Latino and non-Latino respondents viewed clinical trials could be important to developing culturally appropriate recruitment materials. Materials aimed at recruiting Latinos, for instance, might be more effective if they describe the clinical trial as an educational opportunity for the caregiver, and materials for non-Latinos could portray participation as an altruistic opportunity. The researchers encourage additional research to determine if their findings apply to other Latino and non-Latino groups and have a wider application to Alzheimer's communications.
Reference: Karlawish J, Barg FK, Augsburger D, et al. What Latino Puerto Ricans and non-Latinos say when they talk about Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2011. 7(2):161-170.
Page last updated: March 11, 2013


Who is considered a virgin?
From Christian Onyishi
Leave a Reply
This Post Has 12 Comments
 1. Arua Marcel
 There are many things to say about virginity.
 First is that it is not only ascribed to females alone but also males but I think it is only that of the females is verifiable.
 For females, it is said that apart from normal sex which is the main activity were virginity is lost one can still loose ones physical virginity through strenuous activities.
 Finally and most importantly, virginity is pride/might. Spiritually speaking I would say that virginity aids spiritual growth and virgins possess some kind of natural spiritual power with non virgins do not have and can never have, but most times they are not really aware of it. This is why some sacrifices can only be valid and Fruitful when virgins are used. Our blessed Mary in one of her messages requests that little virgins be consecrated to her. Why?
 Our Lord Jesus wish to be born of a Virgin. Why? When we read stories of Saints Agnes, Agatha, Cecilia, Maria Goretti, Lucy and other saints who died because they want to preserve their virginity then we will understand that virginity is might.
 Below is an article I once wrote on this matter.
 Virgin-less Virgins
 I use to hear questions like, do we still have virgins? Yes o, many of them. And virgins are precious to God, if not, He would have not allowed her Mother to remain one. St. Ephraim said that Virginity will serve as a chariot, lifting heaven ward all those who have it.
 Some martyrs saw the treasures in Virginity and not only offered it to God but offered their lives for it. Saints like, Agnes, Maria Gorreti, Cecilia, Agatha, Lucy, Philomina etc.
 Keep yourself if you are still one.
 Please o, it is not only females that Virginity is ascribed to. St John the Evangelist was said to be a virgin, and I think that is why Jesus loved him the most.
 The area I want to concentrate are those I refer to as Virgin-less Virgins. Virginity in the right sense deals with everything about the individual not just the physical aspect. Virginity is inside out.
 There are sins against Virginity which if one is comfortable with them even if he or she has never penetrated someone or been penetrated by someone makes the person less a virgin.
 Some of them are:
 If you dress in such are way that you lead others to sin either in thoughts, words or actions.
 If you are in impure relationship,
 If you watch pornography,
 If you masturbate,
 If you engage in impure chats,
 If you make impure calls, messages, or discussions,
 If you use romantic words for pleasure sake,
 Impure hugging, holding of hands, kissing, romancing etc
 Then, you are less a virgin.
 Just as it is possible for one to regain her Virginity physically by using drugs or herbs it is also possible to regain your Virginity spiritually. That's by constantly longing and making effort to be pure all round always.
 What this means is that someone can be physically a virgin but not spiritually a virgin and someone could be spiritually a virgin and not physically a virgin. If one is both spiritually and physically, best. But among being a virgin either physically or spiritually, I think God will prefer the spiritual virgins more.
 What is most important is that you continue to make untiring effort towards total purity of life. If you fall by mistake, rise as quicky as possible and continue in your effort.
 Don't be comfortable with any sin especially the sins of impurity because it leads people to hell more than any other sin, says our blessed Mother Mary to the three seers at Fatima.
 Forget your past and be determined in the future to restore your Virginity.
 Purity remains the answer.
 1. Kingsley Mario Ojobo
 Thanks for that wonderful contribution.
 More wisdom.
 2. Anonymous
 But wait o
 Isn't the holding hands and hugging a little extreme?
 2. Kingsley Mario, Ojobo
 To some, it's naive credulity
 preserving the limb's unity.
 Many take it for granted
 saying, the grace was never bestowed.
 No need to resist nature's call.
 Lose it or be tagged uncivilized
 not willing to socialize.
 The happening ones
 sell it to get their wants.
 Submitting to nature's call.
 Is she a virgin?
 He asks to judge.
 But she dare no question
 to ascertain if he's one.
 He claims forever virgin.
 Is it gender based?
 A call for doctors to answer.
 But in justice and equity
 no gender is an exception.
 Adam and Eve both left the garden.
 What a treasure
 the best from a bride
 to her groom, who paid the price.
 And from the groom, I guess
 to his bride, who said yes.
 Losing it means not death
 let it not be the end.
 Cheer up and rise again
 pursue purity which gives more gain
 and can be restored with no pain.
 1. Pascal
 Wow! This is wonderful. The way you articulated the poem is very awesome.
 3. Kingsley Mario Ojobo
 Virginity is the act of being a virgin,
 And somebody who is a virgin is considered a virgin naa. Lol.
 But wait oo…
 ®Is virginity for both gender or just for females?
 I always hear, "she's not a virgin or she is a virgin," but I'm yet to hear statements like, "he is no longer a virgin."
 ®Also, is someone who engage in Masturbation without any form of sexual intercourse still a virgin?
 ®Is it possible to know if a man is a virgin or not?
 ®Can someone lose his/her virginity and still recover it? Can you undo what you have done?
 ®Does virginity define the true worth of a lady?
 I always hear comments like, "I can't marry her because she's no longer a virgin."
 ®Is being a virgin equivalent to being a good girl?
 ®Virginity, chastity and purity seems to have similar meaning,
 Please can someone clear my confusions.
 4. Francis Sanctity
 To be sexually a virgin in general sense…should be not having sexual intercourse with the opposite.
 This is clearly defined in the words of our Lady to the Archangel ; "How can it be, Since I KNOW NOT a man." Luke 1:26-end.
 5. Emmanuel (Ozigi)
 sex means different things to different people, so virginity can mean different things, too.
 A lot of people think that having penis-in-vagina sex for the first time is how you lose your virginity. But this leaves lots of people and other types of sex out of the picture.
 Some people haven't had penis-in-vagina sex, but they've had other kinds of sex (like oral sex or anal sex) — and they may or may not see themselves as virgins. And there are lesbian, gay, bisexual or pansexual people who may never have penis-in-vagina sex at all. But they probably don't see themselves as lifelong virgins just because they haven't had penis-in-vagina sex.
 Many people believe rape and sexual assault aren't sex — it's only sex if both partners have consent. So if someone was forced or pressured the first time they had vaginal sex, oral sex, or anal sex, they may not see that as "losing their virginity."
 6. Emmanuel (Ozigi)
 There is no one definition of virginity. For some, being a virgin means you haven't had any kind of penetrative sex — whether that's vaginal, anal, or even oral. Others may define virginity as never engaging in vaginal penetration with a penis, despite having had other types of sex, including oral stimulation and anal penetration.
 7. Prof Nkadi Onyegegbu
 I will only take up this topic, VIRGINITY from the position as a Biology teacher.
 Virginity is a state of never having had sexual intercourse.
 Never engaged in sexual intercourse.
 Haven't had penetrative sex.
 Is a special value for unmarried females.
 A personal purity.
 Is an honor and worth.
 Is a quality female or male has.
 Is an ideal condition that is not medical.
 Is a topic that the negative "culture of silence" in our society will not rather discuss in public.
 Is a very important topic that even when discussed by a bold person, draws up so much interest and attention irrespective of age and gender.
 I don talk my own ooo.
 1. Fr. Teclus UGWUEZE
 Thanks dear PROF. Very thoughtful of you
 8. Anonymous
 Honestly that sounds more vague than I've ever heard. Please someone should speak on that


How to Access the DG Assembly: A Detailed Guide
The first step to accessing and using DataGate in your project after it has been installed is to reference the assembly so you can "see" the objects it contains.
To Access the DG Assembly
 1. Set a reference to the DG Assembly by using Visual Studio's Add References dialog box. To open the Add References dialog box, select the "Add References…" on the Project menu of the idE.
 2. On the .NET tab, select the component titled "ASNA DataGate Client", press Select, and finally press OK.
 3. To view the objects within the Assembly, select the Object Browser option from the View menu, or by pressing Ctrl+Alt+J (depending upon the Visual Studio key bindings in use).
 4. In the left-hand pane of the object browser is a list of assemblies referenced by your project. Near the top you will find "ASNA.DataGate.Client" to the right of a tree-view button. Click the tree-view button to display the DG namespaces. Then click the tree-view buttons next to the namespaces to view the objects contained in those namespaces.
To view the details of a specific object in the left pane, click on it in the right pane.
See Also
Overview of DG


The Poitou-Charentes region on the west coast of France has a very varied landscape, many different types of biotopes and a rich flora and fauna with insects.
The marshes of the Marais Poitevin regional nature park have their own unique ecosystem with many insects. This area is also sometimes called 'Venice Vert' (green Venice). You can easily explore it by boat.
The fauna represented in the Poitou-Charentes region is sparse in comparison to the plant biomass present.
However, the multiplicity of habitats (marshes, forests, heathlands, coastal zones, etc…) means that there is certainly a wealth of regional wildlife. Insectivores are well represented including birds and bats.


Skagway, Alaska city officials decided to create their own system for identifying personnel and village citizens. Photo cards identify police officers, fire department personnel, city chauffeurs, senior citizens, bicycle licenses and more in the Alaskan port city.
The city of Skagway, Alaska served as a gateway to the Gold Rush in 1898, and is today a popular port destination for cruise ships. Skagway may be a relatively small city with a population of 890, but security is still a priority for its government agencies. That's why city officials chose a card printer to create identification badges.
The photo identification cards are also used to identify Skagway's senior citizens, who do not have to pay sales tax on food items at the local grocery store. The card is designed to set those over the appropriate age to be identified and not charged the sales tax. The ID card system has simplified the identification process.
"We use the printer to create identification cards for police officers, fire department personnel and other city employees," said Sheryl Gladden, police clerk for the Skagway Police Department. "All the people who drive tour vehicles that are not considered by state standards to be commercial vehicles need city-issued chaffeur permits as well."
Bicycle Rodeo Puts Printer to Test
One of the Skagway Police Department's favorite community events is the Annual Bicycle Rodeo, which Gladden describes as basically a fun bicycle safety class.
"All the kids bring their bikes to the rodeo and have them checked by bicycle mechanics," Gladden explained. "The bikes have lights and reflectors installed if they don't already have them, and are checked thoroughly for any other issues such as loose chains and proper fit. Then they are repaired if needed."
The children are then issued a helmet and proceed to an obstacle course that is similar to a driver education course, but set up for bicycles. Two bicycle patrol officers teach the children about safety issues and test them out on the course. Once they have finished, they are issued a bicycle license.
"Afterwards, they go out in groups with an adult leading on the real road and practice the things they learned on the course," Gladden explained. "Then they all meet at a designated spot for a barbecue, and after that to the local ice cream shop. If they show their bicycle license at the ice cream shop, they get a free ice cream cone."
The bicycle rodeo doesn't just put children to the test; it also tests the Zebra P420i printer to see that it is up for the challenge of rapid ID printing.
"The Bicycle Rodeo cards all have to be made in a short amount of time," Gladden said. "We hook the printer up to a laptop and one person takes pictures while I work the Alpha Card program and print the cards. The kids love watching the whole process."
The Skagway Police Department issued about 55 cards in less than two hours at its most recent Bicycle Rodeo. Even parents wanted their own bicycle licenses, Gladden said.
Overall, Gladden estimated that she and two other staff members print about 150 cards each year with the ID printer, which simplifies card printing. Gladden performed the initial setup, and is the primary person who uses the printer.
"It's definitely helped our operations and the city's," Gladden said, "and it's also helped the grocery store be able to quickly identify senior citizens."
The Skagway Police Department is considering adding encoded barcode functionality to the cards in the future, so that fire department personnel can be checked in and out when they respond to incidents. The Skagway Fire Department is largely a volunteer operation, making it more difficult to track personnel.


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HONG KONG, 18 September 2018 – Canon announced today announced the New EOS R Imaging System – comprising the EOS R, Canon's first Full Frame Mirrorless Digital Interchangeable Lens, four RF Lenses as well as EOS R system accessories- a new imaging system of cameras and lenses that achieves unprecedented image quality, enhanced usability, and expanded photographic possibilities. The command of light is the essence of visual expression through photo and video, for which lenses are vital. In pursuit of even higher image quality, Canon has created the new EOS R System, which features a revised lens mount—the point of contact between camera and lens—that expands the possibilities of optics, allowing for even greater freedom when designing lenses.
Created to utilize RF lenses—born of lens design ideals—to the fullest, the EOS R System employs the newly developed RF Mount, a fully electronic controlled lens mount with a large 54mm internal diameter, a short flange distance of 20mm and a high capacity, high speed data communication system between camera and lens. The RF Mount employs the same large 54mm internal diameter as the renowned EF mount, enables RF Lenses to achieve peak optical performance, delivers maximum freedom of optical design and ensures future system expandability. Its short 20mm flange distance through the use of mirrorless camera design allows a shorter back focus distance, the lens' rearmost lens element thus can be placed very close to the focal plane of a camera's image sensor, which means nearly all of the optical system length can be utilized for image quality enhancement. Furthermore, the 20mm flange distance is selected to maintain balance between optimal image quality and the demand for durability and reliability for professional use. The RF Mount also features a newly developed high capacity, high speed data communication system with a future-proof 12-pin electrical contacts. With 10 times the existing transmission speed, the new communication system allows more precise lens controls, real time image processing and aberration corrections and enhanced shooting operation with the new Control Ring featured in all RF Lenses. Through this advancement, Canon is now able to expand the possibilities of high image quality, advanced specifications and compact design to deliver attractive interchangeable lenses options previously thought unachievable.
The new EOS R, Canon's 1st Full Frame Mirrorless Digital Interchangeable Lens Camera, is designed to take full advantage of the strengths of the new RF mount to achieve high quality images in a more compact and lightweight body than conventional DSLR cameras. EOS R features a 30.3MP CMOS Sensor, latest DIGIC 8 processor, new generation Dual Pixel CMOS AF (DAF) with world's fastest AF speed of 5,665 AF positions, 4K Video Shooting with Canon Log and 10-bit output and a host of improved photographic and video features. Designed with EVF-based operation in mind, EOS R retained the acclaimed EOS intuitive operation by completely re-designing the layout of control interface. The EOS R is fully compatible with EF and EF-S lenses through the use of EF-EOS R mount adapter, allow users to harness the maximum potential of the EF and EF-S lenses in their possession.
Four new RF lenses are also launched with the EOS R, are the including Canon's first F2 Standard Zoom Lens RF 28-70mm f/2L USM, Ultra-fast Standard Lens RF 50mm f/1.2L USM, Standard Zoom Lens RF 24-105mm f/4L IS USM and versatile Macro Lens RF 35mm f/1.8 Marco IS STM. Apart from these, Canon also launched 3 types of Mount Adapter EF-EOS R, Battery Grip BG-E22 and other accessories for EOS R to further strength the EOS R system. The EOS R system, together with the current EOS Full Frame DSLR and EF Lenses, provides professionals and photo amateurs a wide range of Full Frame Camera and Lens selections to meet the demands of various shooting style and photo genres.
In addition to the EOS R system, Canon also announced the new lightweight professional Super Telephoto Lens EF 400mm f/2.8L IS III USM and EF 600 mm f/4L IS III USM, a Fast Standard Lens EF-M 32mm f/1.4 STM for EOS M system and a compact Speedlite EL100, further expanding the choices of professional photographers and amateurs in EOS ecosystem.
Canon's EOS System made its debut in 1987 and flourished with EF lenses at its core. Today EF lenses are the system's keystone and are also employed by such products as cinema cameras and network cameras, and have come to support the development of a variety of the Company's businesses as an enduring core of Canon's input technologies. With the addition of the new EOS R System to the continuing EOS System, Canon is further expanding the boundaries of image capture and strengthening the EOS System as a whole.


text:
- 1 What do you eat with dumplings for dinner?
- 2 What do you serve with pork Gyozas?
- 3 What do you eat Gyozas with?
- 4 How many dumplings do I need for one person?
- 5 Do you boil or fry dumplings?
- 6 What do you eat vegetable gyoza with?
- 7 What do you serve with dim sum?
- 8 How do you serve Gyoza dumplings?
- 9 What does gyoza mean?
- 10 Is Gyoza the same as dumplings?
- 11 How healthy are dumplings?
- 12 Can you eat raw dumplings?
- 13 Are dumplings high in carbs?
What do you eat with dumplings for dinner?
What to Serve with Potstickers: 13 Asian Sides
- Vegetable Stir Fry. Give your dumplings a colorful companion by serving them with a vegetable stir-fry.
- Fried Rice.
- Fried Green Beans with Garlic Sichuan Sauce.
- Fresh Spring Rolls.
- Hot and Sour Soup.
- Egg Drop Soup.
- Char Siu Roasted Eggplant.
- Potsticker Rice Noodle Bowl.
What do you serve with pork Gyozas?
Gyoza, which are packed with lots of garlic and chives and fried to perfection, have long been considered a satisfying food to enjoy over drinks. They can be happily paired with beer, highballs, or sours.
What do you eat Gyozas with?
Gyoza is usually dipped in a mixture of soy sauce and rice vinegar with some chili oil called ra-yu dribbled in. Often it is either served as a side order to ramen, but in Japan, you can also find people eating it with rice.
How many dumplings do I need for one person?
You'll want to make at least as many dumplings as your guests can eat in one sitting—estimate about 15 to 20 dumplings per guest, on the generous side.
Do you boil or fry dumplings?
Boil or pan fry them the usual way. If steaming, prolong the cooking time by 2 minutes. 2. Recook leftover dumplings: Fry them with a little oil in a pan.
What do you eat vegetable gyoza with?
And while rice and steamed veggies make it a meal, there are lots of easy ways to make delicious dinners starring potstickers.
- Make a stir-fry with them.
- Serve them with an Asian-style slaw.
- Stir them into soup.
- Top a rice bowl with them.
- Make a pasta salad with them and your favorite Asian-style dressing.
What do you serve with dim sum?
" Congee (rice porridge), which can be sweet or savory, and on the sweeter side, small egg or custard tarts and fried sesame balls, are common as well." The easiest dishes to make at home, Cheung notes, are sui mai and spring rolls.
How do you serve Gyoza dumplings?
Serve the gyoza with a dipping sauce of soy and rice vinegar and sprinkle over the chopped green of the spring onions. There you have it; a tasty, football-friendly dinner for you and your mates.
What does gyoza mean?
noun. a Japanese dish consisting of dumplings typically filled with ground meat and vegetables and pan-fried, then steamed.
Is Gyoza the same as dumplings?
Dumplings are most commonly steamed, pan fried, deep fried, or boiled. While jiaozi dates back about a thousand years, gyoza is a much more recent innovation. The gyoza was soon born with a thinner dumpling wrapper and more finely chopped stuffing.
How healthy are dumplings?
"Steamed or boiled dumplings are a reasonably healthy option, but you need to think of things like the filling, serving size and condiments you are using," she tells Coach. "The veggie and seafood ones have the lowest energy [kilojoules]."
Can you eat raw dumplings?
The short answer is no. Eating raw dough made with flour or eggs can make you sick. Raw dough may contain bacteria such as E. coli or Salmonella.
Are dumplings high in carbs?
Eating steamed dumplings gives you access to healthy carbohydrates, a macronutrient your body requires for energy. Each two-dumpling serving contains 12 to 22 g of carbohydrates, or 9.2 to 16.9 percent of the 130 g the Institute of Medicine recommends for daily consumption.


text:
When your application users use Directed Web Access (DWA) for a Pega Survey, you want them to see a warning message that is localized for their locale when they close the survey. In the example provided here, the English language pyCaption warning message that is displayed when users close the survey is localized for German.
Design the message to be localized
Create the language pack
Apply the language pack to your application
Verify the translation results
Following the example, you create a field value pyCaption warning msg for the message text that you want to localize in the Pega Survey.
- Create a field value to store the message you want to localize, for example, pyCaption warning msg.
Specify the values for the following fields:
Field Name: pyCaption
Field Value: warning_msg
Localized Label: Specify any warning message that you want to display, for example:
Are you sure you want to exit this page? If you leave the page now, the survey will be locked for 120 minutes.
Field Value pyCaption warning_msg with Localized Label
- Create a single-value text property that maps to the field value created in Step 1.
Single-value property pxTextInput for Field Value pyCaption
For example, here is a section that application users view.
Section label for the warning message
- Drag a layout of type free form 1 X 1.
- Insert a label in that cell.
- Configure the cell properties as follows:
Label For:.warning_msg
Inline Style: display:none; (This value hides the cell; it does not occupy space.)
Cell properties for warning message
Follow this example, adapting it to meet your needs:
var warn_msg ="";//Empty the warning message variable
/*Add a listener function to fetch the warning message from the html*/
if(window.attachEvent)//For Internet Explorer 8 and earlier
window addEventListener('onload', initPage);//For Internet Explorer 9 and later and Chrome and FireFox
/* The function below will fetch the localized value from the warning_msg label that you added to the section of the survey */
var labels = document.getElementsByTagName("label");
for(var i=0;i< labels.length;i++)
warn_msg = labels[i].innerText;
break;// break from the loop when the message is found
/* Add another event listener to the Submit button to clear the warning message so that it is not displayed if the user actually submits the form and does not close it without completing it. You want to show the warning only if the user has not completed the survey */
/*Attach the listener to the window so that it displays a warning message when it is being closed.
//Method to clear the message so that warning message is not displayed on Submit
//Method to show the localized warning message
Using the Localize Application wizard, you import the language ruleset (German, in this example) and follow the remaining steps to create the language pack. When you are done, you have a.zip file of the language translation for use in your application.
- From the User Interface landing page, click
to open the Localize Application wizard.
User Interface landing page > Tools > Translate to New Language
- In the Localize Application wizard, select the application ruleset and version.
Localize Application wizard, Step 1, Select Application Rule Sets
- Wait for the system to verify that localization is enabled for all user interface components of your application.
Localize Application wizard, Step 2, Verify Localization Is On
- Optionally, perform manual tasks outside of the wizard to update the rules, properties, and portals as needed.
Localize Application wizard, Step 3, Manual Tasks
- Select the language that you want for localization, for example, German.
Localize Application wizard, Step 4, Select Languages
Check for the language pack, selecting the option that applies to your application:
Acquired the Pegasystems language pack
Add all PRPC field values to my application translation pack
Already translated the PRPC field values or not using out-of-box components
In this example, the first option is selected: Acquired the Pegasystems language pack.
Localize Application wizard, Step 5, Check for Language Pack
Set the options for handling an existing translation of the field and providing sample files and base field values from any rulesets.
Localize Application wizard, Step 6, Set Options
Export the translation by clicking the language to create the translation pack.zip file.
Localize Application wizard, Step 7, Export Translations
When prompted, save the translation pack.zip file to a local folder.
Prompt to open or save the language pack.zip file
Close the Localize Application wizard.
In the downloaded language pack, you work with the TextToTranslate.xml file to apply the localized message to your application. Then you return to the Localize Application wizard to work with the translation that is in progress. You import the translated language ruleset, upload the language pack, and view the results of the translation.
- Extract the downloaded language pack and open the TextToTranslate.xml file to see the English language label.
- Browse the folder to find the TextToTranslate.xml file.
Downloaded language pack TranslationFiles lists the TextToTranslate.xml file
Open the TextToTranslate.xml file and find the localized English label.
Remember to open the TextToTranslate.xml file in Microsoft Excel because this is the format that is required for modifying and delivering the language pack.
In the Translation column, enter the Translated Warning message. Save and close the file.
Translation column holds translated warning message
Archive the folder again: Create a.zip file again of the extracted folder.
In PRPC, from the
landing page, click.
User Interface landing page, Tools, List Translations in Progress
Select the language, for example, German.
Wizards In progress, Open, Import German translations
In the Localize Application wizard,
, specify the German language ruleset and version.
Important Make sure that the language ruleset version matches the base ruleset version. If the language ruleset does not match the base ruleset, the Field Value rule is not selected for translation.
Localize Application wizard, Step 1, Select Import Rule Sets
Upload the translation pack.zip file that contains the German translations by browsing and selecting the file.
Localize Application wizard, Step 2, Upload Translation Pack
See the confirmation message: File uploaded successfully.
Localize Application wizard, Step 2, Successful upload of translation pack
Click Next to complete the Localize Application wizard.
Localize Application wizard confirmation of completion
You verify the translation results by changing the Locale Settings in your application.
- Change the browser locale setting to German to see the warning message in German.
- From the
landing page, click.
User Interface landing page, Tools, Locale Settings
- In Locale Settings, the Use Locale field, select Deutsch.
Locale Settings, Use Locale Deutsch
- Run the flow to see the warning message in context when you close the survey.
Warning message translated to German
In this example, the browser locale is set to English and the PRPC application locale is set to German. The text of the Windows security dialog box remains in English, which is the locale set by the browser for this test case. The text of the warning message, however, displays the German translation of the English text for the PRPC application. When you and other users click the link directly in the application, you can see the entire message displayed in the language set for your locale in your browser.
- Repeat Steps 1 and 2 to test the translated warning message in another locale, for example, English or Hindi.
Test English locale setting
Test Hindi locale setting


What is a monkey dish?
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Monkey dish is a small shallow kind of dish which can be used to serve cole slaw or applesauce. The main aim of this dish is to separate the cold or watery dishes from the main course. The dish is quite big and is around 4 1/8 inches in diameter and has the capacity to hold 3.5ounces.
- what kind of dish is a monkey dish?
- what is monkey dish used for?


text:
We are extremely happy to announce that Eye4Sky Technologies has signed a contract to supply 4 Polarization Modulation Packages (PMPs) for the Photospheric Magnetic Field Imager for ESA Vigil mission. This contract confirms the great potential of our technology for astrophysical exploration.
The first of its kind, ESA Vigil will monitor our active and unpredictable Sun to protect vital infrastructure on Earth, in space as well as space explorers from its violent outbursts. By keeping an eagle eye on the 'side' of the Sun, the spacecraft will stream a constant feed of near real-time data on potentially hazardous solar activity, before it rolls into view from Earth. This monitoring system is expected to substantially improve the accuracy of space weather forecasts and improve the reliability of event-based alerts and alerts to end users when solar events occur.
The Photospheric Magnetic Field Imager (PMI) instrument is a vector magnetograph that will provide complete information on the magnetic field vector in the photosphere and physical parameters crucial for advanced space weather applications. PMI is a telescope that is a diffraction-limited imaging system, a high-sensitivity polarimeter and a high-resolution spectrograph.
The scope of supply includes an Engineering Qualification Model, an Engineering Functional Model, a Flight Space and a Flight Module unit.
ESA Vigil is scheduled for launch in 2026.


text:
Title: Bayesian analysis of Home Care longitudinal data
Abstract: Estimation of uncertain future patients' demands is a key factor for appropriately planning human and material resources in health care facilities, where unplanned demand variations may deteriorate the quality of schedules and, consequently, of the provided service. This issue is even more important for health services provided outside hospitals, e.g., for home care services, where patients are assisted for a longer period and additional planning decisions related to service delivery in the territory must be taken. With the goal of helping home care management to take robust decisions, in this paper we propose a Bayesian model for estimating and predicting both the demand for care and the history of health conditions for patients in the charge of a home care service. In particular, we jointly model the temporal evolution of patients' care profile and the weekly number of visits required to nurses, and use a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to compute posterior inference and prediction. The model is applied to data of one of the largest Italian home care providers, obtaining small prediction errors.
Author: Inad Nawajah
Advisors: A. Guglielmi, R. Argiento, E. Lanzarone
University: Politecnico di Milano
PDF (Link alla tesi possibilmente)


text:
ICPSR Geographic Names Thesaurus
Geographic Names is an alphabetical and hierarchical list of geographic location terms used in ICPSR's metadata records. The points below describe the structure and logic of the list:
Non-preferred terms are italicized and indicate (with USE notation) the appropriate term to apply.
USE: United States
USE FOR: USA
The hierarchy, expressed as broader term/narrower term is structured to (potentially) indicate a region-continent-country-state/province-city continuum.
BROADER TERM(S): Europe
NARROWER TERM(S): Amsterdam
While regional, continent, and country names are included in the current list, state/province and city names are included on the basis of their occurrence in ICPSR-archived data sets. These will continue to be added as needed.
Sub-regional geographic designations (such Middle East, Southeast Asia) are also included with their associated country names listed as related terms.
Scope notes are used to delineate the geographic coverage of a region or sub-region. Additionally, they are used to indicate historic context in cases of country name changes. In such cases, relevant dates are given along with instructions/restrictions on the use of particular country name forms. Open dates (e.g. 1991- ) indicate current context.
SCOPE NOTE(S): Formerly member of USSR; independent 1991-.
SCOPE NOTE(S): Use limited to _PHONE_.
Literary and historic warrant for the Geographic Regions and Country Names list is established through the following sources:
Merriam-Webster Geographic Dictionary. 1998. 3rd edition. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated.
Random House Webster's College Dictionary. 1999. New York: Random House.


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How To Peel And Seed Tomatoes
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The first step in preparation of tomato sauce is peeling and seeding tomatoes. Here's how you can go about it.
Peeling the tomatoes
Remove stalk from tomatoSeparate small green stalk of the tomato with the help of knife.
Tomatoes immersed in boiling water
Boil a half pot of water (enough for submerging tomatoes). Once water gets boiled, dip tomatoes in water and allow them to remain in this way for almost 20-30 seconds or more. The skin will start splitting. Take care that tomatoes should not be overcooked.
Transfer the tomatoes from boiling water pot to cold water bowl. Immerse it completely in the cold water till the tomatoes are ready for the peeling.
Peeling tomatoes with knifeOnce the tomatoes are completely cooled then remove it from ice water and start gently peeling it with sharp knife end.
Seeding Tomatoes
For seeding cut the tomatoes into half.
Squeezing tomatoSqueeze half of the tomato in one hand and pull out the seeds with other.
Now the tomatoes are ready to be used in your favorite recipes.
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Denotation vs. Connotation
actual cautery
actual cautery in Medicine
actual cautery ac·tu·al cautery (āk'chōō-əl)
An agent or process, such as electrocautery or a hot iron, that cauterizes tissue using heat and not a chemical means.
The American Heritage® Stedman's Medical Dictionary
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Examples from the Web for actual cautery
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text:
The Access Network is a valuable core asset. Monitronix's CPMS can be deployed as a modular or total solution for proactive maintenance of the Access Network.
The various components, from compressor dryers to monitoring systems to transducers, can be integrated into an existing cable pressure monitoring system.
- Return on Investment within three months.*
- Can be integrated into a workflow management system.
- Labour saving functions such as inbuilt diagnostic facilities and portable, handheld transducer testers for use in the field.
- Saves time and money through remote access to monitoring systems via PSTN or Ethernet.
- Reduces the number of required site visits through monitoring of compressor dryers.
- Quick and easy installation of wall-mountable, compact monitoring systems. Rack space is not a requirement.
- Reduction in maintenance costs through the use of Digital Flow Panels. DFPs provide local and remote tracking of air usage and can be retrofitted to any make of compressor dryer.


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When TCP/IP is enabled for SQL Server, the Database Engine will listen for incoming connections on a connection point consisting of an IP address and TCP port number. The following procedures create a tabular data stream (TDS) endpoint, so that SQL Server will listen on an additional TCP port.
Possible reasons to create a second TDS endpoint include:
 - Increase security by configuring the firewall to restrict access to the default endpoint to local client computers on a specific subnet. Maintain Internet access to SQL Server for your support team by creating a new endpoint that the firewall exposes to the Internet, and restricting connection rights to this endpoint to your server support team.
 - Affinitizing connections to specific processors when using Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA). For more information about how to configure a TCP/IP port to a NUMA node, see How SQL Server Supports NUMA.
Configuring a TDS endpoint consists of the following steps, which can be done in any order:
 - Create the TDS endpoint for the TCP port, and restore access to the default endpoint if appropriate.
 - Grant access to the endpoint to the desired server principals.
 - Specify the TCP port number for the selected IP address.
To create a TDS endpoint
 - Issue the following statement to create an endpoint named CustomConnection for port 1500 for all available TCP addresses on the server.
 USE master
 CREATE ENDPOINT [CustomConnection]
 AS TCP
 FOR TSQL() ;
To grant access to the endpoint
 - Issue the following statement to grant access to the CustomConnection endpoint to the SQLSupport group in the corp domain.
 GRANT CONNECT ON ENDPOINT::[CustomConnection] to [corp\SQLSupport] ;
To configure the SQL Server Database Engine to listen on an additional TCP port
 1. In SQL Server Configuration Manager, expand SQL Server Network Configuration, and then click Protocols for .
 2. Expand Protocols for , and then click TCP/IP.
 3. In the right pane, right-click each disabled IP address that you want to enable, and then click Enable.
 4. Right-click IPAll, and then click Properties.
 5. In the TCP Port box, type the ports that you want the Database Engine to listen on, separated by commas. In our example, if the default port 1433 is listed, type,1500 so the box reads 1433,1500, and then click OK.
 If you are not enabling the port on all IP addresses, configure the additional port in the property box for only for the desired address. Then, in the console pane, right-click TCP/IP, click Properties, and in the Listen All box, select No.
 6. In the left pane, click SQL Server Services.
 7. In the right pane, right-click SQL Server , and then click Restart.
 When the Database Engine restarts, the Error log will list the ports on which SQL Server is listening.
To connect to the new endpoint
 - Issue the following statement to connect to the CustomConnection endpoint of the default instance of SQL Server on the server named ACCT, using a trusted connection, and assuming the user is a member of the [corp\SQLSupport] group.
 sqlcmd -SACCT,1500
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Inspiration from the need for the sustainable environment and efficient use of natural resources.
What it does
Envotech will provide a number of ways through which we can save a large number of natural resources and can use the water, soil and so many thongs in an efficient way.
How I built it
I built my skill by following tools:
 - Amazon web services: Here I have added all my skill's fact and added Alexa kit to it using Skill Id and AWS-lambda Id to my Alexa console.
 - Alexa developer console: Here I have added all my invocations and test it and then launch it.
Challenges I ran into
 1. I build my skill in my exam time due to my interest in Alexa.
 2. Finding and making fact a lot of time was used.
Accomplishments that I'm proud of
Making a great environment skill which promotes sustainable development and efficient use of natural resources is really a big task to do something for all people.
What I learned
I have learned how to create a positive impact on society by making skills on Amazon Alexa which is a wonderful experience for me. I have also learned how to use natural resources in a sustainable manner.
What's next for Envotech
I am thinking to make the skill better by including Videos or pictures or slides for performing the everyday action in an efficient manner and teaches all people the importance of sustainable environment and how we together can contribute in this noble deed.
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each minute but is otherwise zero, and your master key costs $0.01 per operation, setting maximum messages to 3 can achieve significant savings. To prevent data keys from being reused across bursts (55 seconds), set the maximum age of each cached data key to 20 seconds.
 - Expensive master key operations: If your application uses a low-throughput encryption service that costs as much as $1.00 per operation, you might want to minimize the number of operations. To do so, create a cache that is large enough to contain the data keys you need. Then, set the byte and message limits high enough to allow reuse while conforming to your security requirements. For example, if your security requirements do not permit a data key to encrypt more than 10 GB of data, setting bytes processed to 10 GB still significantly minimizes operations and conforms to your security requirements.
Learn more about data key caching
To learn more about data key caching, including how to implement it, how to set the security thresholds, and details about the caching components, see Data Key Caching in the AWS Encryption SDK. Also, see the AWS Encryption SDKs for Java and Python as well as the Javadoc and Python documentation.
If you have comments about this blog post, submit them in the "Comments" section below. If you have questions, file an issue in the GitHub repos for the Encryption SDK in Java or Python, or start a new thread on the KMS forum.
– June


text:
An Edge Social Night
Edge Night Outline
Goal of this Night
The middle school youth will grow in community and get to know other youth in the group. Socials are typically a good way to gain interest from new youth or to break down cliques and encourage teens to meet new people. It is a great way to break up some of the teaching nights or to gain momentum for the beginning of a new semester or youth ministry year.
About this night
This is a fun Edge night that has great potential to really wow the teens. It will take the traditional game of mini golf and transform it into indoor glow in the dark putt-putt golf. From the moment youth walk through the door, they should be able to see the transformation of the room with this really cool environment. This is a perfect Edge night to take a break from the curriculum and have a fun-filled night with youth and Core Team! The night will begin with prayer, followed by game rules and team assignments. Then the teens will have an opportunity to play some mini golf and the night will end with fun awards, prizes, and prayer.
Before The night
Tell all middle school youth to come dressed in comfortable and light color clothing so that their clothes will glow with the black lights. Also, it might be funny if the Core Members come dressed in plaid golf polo's and visors, for added effect.
Create an indoor mini golf course:
1. Plan the course to fit the available space.
- Create a basic drawing of the space you plan to use on notebook or graph paper.
- It does not need to be exact in size but should represent the overall shape of the room.
- Plan out the course for mini golf – how many holes, where each one goes, and the general layout of each one.
- When you design the layout, remember to end each hole at the beginning of the next so that players can simply step forward to the next green.
2. Use 2×4 wood or something comparable to build a frame for each hole.
- You can build angles and corners into the course by planning holes to fit together like puzzle pieces; this will make the course more challenging and enjoyable.
3. Design the holes so that a hole-in-one is not impossible.
- Build holes where you can bank the ball off of a hazard into the cup.
- Make them challenging and try not to have any of the holes the same.
4. Use old sections of carpeting for the greens.
- You can use any type of carpeting except shag because the fibers are too long. Concrete flooring is too smooth to control the ball.
- If you don't have old carpeting around try calling a near by hardware store and see if they have any old carpet they could donate.
5. Cut the carpet sections so that the carpeting meets the outside edge of the frame you have made for each hole.
- Turn the carpeting face down then lay it over the frame.
- Nail the carpeting to the underside of the frame.
- Turn the frame over so that the carpet becomes the base, or green, of the hole.
6. You can now place your obstacles along the green if you haven't already built them into the frame.
- Build your obstacles out of wood blocks, coffee cans with the ends cut out, or plastic containers with weights in them as bumpers.
- The wood blocks can be nailed together as a "T" and placed at various angles to form corners or ramps (placed on its side).
- The cans can be made into tubes.
- Each obstacle can be moved or arranged to create a different course each time.
7. The "hole" for each course can be a cup on its side secured to the carpet.
8. Create a flag with the respective hole number to put on each putting green.
9. Once the course is completely set up with all the various obstacles put on the glow in the dark paint.
Swap all of the lights in the room with black lights to create the glow in the dark effect of the room.
Give each Core Member five stickers (each Core Member should have different stickers). One sticker is for them and then they will put the remaining four stickers on four youths' hands as they come in the door (try to do two girls and two guys if possible). This will designate the teams for putt-putt golfing — adjust as needed for the size of the Edge group.
Environment is key to this night and will really be exciting for the Edge youth if it is done well. Make sure to do all the necessary prep work; it will take some time to collect all the supplies, especially if some of it is being donated. Make sure to leave enough time to make the course well; it is going to take a team effort to pull it off so be sure to rely on your Core Team for help!
- Golf putters
- Golf balls (enough for your group, always good to have extra!)
- Carpet squares
- Wood (to make frames for the putt-putt course)
- Background music
- Score cards
- Prizes for the winning team
- Material to create waterfalls
- Material to make caves
- Rockwork or rocks
- Black Lights
- Glow in the dark necklaces
- Glow in the Dark Paint
Suggestions for Supplies
(2 months prior)
Put a memo in your parish bulletin asking for these supplies.
Make phone calls to local mini golf businesses and ask if they have anything old and laying around that you can use.
Call local hardware stores and see if they have any old carpet or wood they could donate
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