text:
Central of Georgia Bridges,
Just before a train would enter Savannah's Central of Georgia Railroad station, it would cross this 1852 viaduct (above), one of a pair of historic bridges at the former Central railroad complex. Spanning both West Boundary Street and the Ogeechee Canal, each of the two structures features four brick arches and decorative details in brick that create both elegance and utility.
(Above and below) The 1852 structure as documented in the Historic American Engineering Record. Photo above has been cropped. To see full-size image and other HAER photographs of this bridge, see Library of Congress web page here.
The second bridge (below), built in 1858, has 48-foot spans as compared to the 30-foot spans on the 1852 bridge. It has segmental arches instead of the elliptical arches of the older bridge. This bridge carried trains to the Central's freight depot and warehouses on the north side of the passenger depot.
(Above and below) HAER photographs of the 1858 structure. Photo above has been cropped. To see full-size image and other HAER photographs of this bridge, see Library of Congress web page here.
(Above) Detail of pier and spandrel of the second bridge. The older bridge can be seen in the background.
(Above) An antique store was built under one of the arches in the 1960s. It was later converted to studio space (called "Old Arch Hall") by the ever-inventive Savannah College of Art and Design.
RailGa.com. Georgia's Railroad History & Heritage. © Steve Storey
Railroad History | The Depot List | Locomotives On Display | Odds & Ends | Sources & References | Home


text:
: List of Standard AAVSO Filter Names
The complete reference list is available at: _URL_
Here is a short list of the more likely filters to use:
- CV : Clear (No filter)
- CBB: Clear Blue Blocking (sometimes referred to as 'Exoplanet' filter)
- U : Johnson U
- B : Johnson B
- V : Johnson V
- R : Cousins R
- I : Cousins I
- SZ : Sloan z
- SU : Sloan u
- SG : Sloan g
- SR : Sloan r
- SI : Sloan i
- TG : Green Filter (or Tri-color green). This is commonly the 'green-channel' in
a DSLR or color CCD camera.
- TB : Blue Filter (or Tri-color blue). This is commonly the 'blue-channel' in a
DSLR or color CCD camera.
- TR : Red Filter (or Tri-color red). This is commonly the 'red-channel' in a
DSLR or color CCD camera.
- O : Other filter not listed above, must describe in Notes

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


A new survey into sickness absence rates and costs highlights an upward trend in the number of sick days an employee typical takes, with many employers underestimating the cost of absenteeism, something Adrian Lewis from Activ Absence is urging employers to address.
The research from XpertHR[i] shows that the UK's median absence rate has risen slightly from 2.5% of working time in 2018, to 2.7% – translating to 6.4 days' absence per employee (up from 5.6 days the previous year). The cost of sickness absence in 2019 stood at a median of £568 per employee, but XpertHR says this is likely to be inaccurate because 42% employers said they did not know if their absence cost data was accurate or not.
Adrian Lewis says, "It's a worrying time for employers due to COVID-19 and the rise in the number of sick days people are taking will add to this. These figures may well increase this year and next too as the true impact of the pandemic is felt.
"The pandemic has put a huge strain on people and their families, both from a health perspective but also financially. People are fearful of their job security and the possibility of facing redundancy in the future. Homeworking has added to this with people feeling isolated from colleagues and the usual work environment.
"All of this can build up and cause both mental and physical illness, leading to more people taking time off sick. It's therefore vital that employers accurately track absence and manage it effectively to reduce the costs associated with absenteeism such as a loss of productivity, paying other staff overtime to do the work or having to hire temporary staff.
"An easy and accurate way for businesses to do this is by using absence management software, which will track absence, flag up patterns which can indicate issues and prompt return to work interviews. Having this data enables employers to put steps in place to better manage absence and reduce costs by understanding why people are off sick.
"By monitoring absence trends employers can have complete visibility over their workforce and will know where to target support, such as wellbeing and mental health support or changes that might be needed in the working culture to mitigate any issues people are having. This data enables companies to nip issues in the bud quickly and helps ensure a happy and productive workforce.Being informed is the best way to manage costs and ensure that absence rates don't get out of hand."
For more information on absence management software visit _URL_
[i] _URL_


text:
Making a post
Make posts on Workplace to let your coworkers know what you're working on. Users can create polls, save their posts as drafts, as well as schedule posts.
When you share something from your Workplace account, you can share it to a group or to your Timeline. When you share something to a group, your post may show up on your Timeline, depending on the privacy settings of the group.
If you share something with everyone at your company, anyone with a Workplace account at your company can see it. Nothing you share on Workplace is visible to people outside of your company.
If your company is using Workplace Advanced, the admins who manage Workplace at the company can access anything you share from your Workplace account, just as they might access your work emails and other work files.
To edit a post you've shared:
- Click in the top-right of your post.
- Click Edit Post.
- Make your changes, then click Save.
If you've added photos as part of your post, you can also delete a photo without deleting the entire post:
- Click in the top-right of your post.
- Click Edit Post.
- Hover over the photos you'd like to delete and click in the top-right.
- Click Save.
Keep in mind that you won't be able to delete photos from a post you've shared from a third-party app. You also won't be able to upload files or change files that you've already uploaded after you've published your post.
To delete a post you've shared:
- Click in the top-right of your post.
- Click Delete post, then click Delete to confirm.
In the new Workplace web experience, the width of your News Feed will adjust depending on the size of your browser window. Large browser windows can view more content and have less empty space.
To prevent individual posts on your feed from becoming very long, we resize images to have a maximum height. This means that sometimes images will not extend to fill all of the available space. When this happens, colored bars are used to improve the presentation of the empty space to the left and right of the image.
These bars are based on the overall color of the image - if the image is dark you will see dark bars and if the image is light you will see lighter bars.
What image ratio should I use?
There is no perfect image ratio to avoid color bars. We recommend horizontal images with a 3:2 aspect ratio or wider. This will minimize bars for the maximum number of screen resolutions.
Horizontal Post: 1200 x 630 px:
Vertical Post: 1000 x 1300 px:
Square post: 800 x 800 px:
Notes cover: 2048 x 758 px:
Ongoing work to improve the experience
To minimize distraction when browsers resize and provide the best image preview experience, we are working on alternative layout options and background treatments.
We are also working on making the feed narrower when browser height is reduced. This would mean that full images can be shown without the color bars in the resized narrower feed.
To tag a coworker or group in a comment or post:
- Go to the composer.
- Press "@" on your keyboard and start typing your coworker's name, or the name of the group you want to tag.
- As you're typing, a list will appear to suggest relevant names.
- Select the coworker or group from the list that appears as you type.
When you tag a coworker their name appears as a blue link, which clicks through to their profile. It will also send them a notification so they can stay up-to-date on the conversation.
Removing a tag
To remove a tagged coworker from a post you've created, you can edit the post to remove their name. To remove a coworker from a comment:
- You can delete the comment
- Edit your comment to remove their name
You can only compose formatted posts with markdown from a computer. You'll need to have the latest version of the Workplace app for iOS and Android to view formatted posts on your mobile device.
To add formatting with Markdown to a group post:
- From your News Feed, click the comment composer and create a post.
- Select a group to post to and click Aa to open Formatting Options.
- Click Text Formatting Help to view the formatting options in the table below, then format your post. You'll see a preview how the finished post will look as you type it.
- Click Post when done.
|Numbered list||1. first item|
|Inline code||'code' // your code here|
You can only compose formatted posts from a computer. You'll need to have the latest version of the Workplace app for iOS and Android to view formatted posts on your mobile device.
Formatting posts in groups can help you structure and highlight your content in the following ways:
- Bold text
- Italic text
- Embedded links
- Bulleted and numbered lists
To format a group post:
- Hover over in the top left of your post.
- Format your post by using the options in the list above. You can insert embedded links or use bold or italics on your text by highlighting the words you'd like to format and clicking on the desired option.
- Click Post.
You can also format your posts using markdown.
You can create a post in a group and schedule it for publication in the future. Scheduling times correspond to your current time zone.
Schedule a Post
To schedule a post:
- Visit the group you would like to post in.
- Open the post composer and write your post.
- When your post is ready, click Schedule Post.
- Choose a date and time in the future when you want your post to be published.
- Click Schedule.
Manage Scheduled Posts
To reschedule, edit or delete a scheduled post:
- Go to the group where your post is scheduled to be posted.
- Beneath the post composer, you will see the Scheduled posts heading and the number of posts you currently have scheduled in that group.
- Click See posts.
- You'll see a list of all your scheduled posts for that group. Choose to Post now or Reschedule post.
- Alternatively, click and Edit post to make changes to your content or Delete post to remove it.
Note: You can schedule a post to be shared between 30 minutes and one month from when you create the post.
To write multilingual posts on Workplace, you need to turn the multilingual option on and to be logged into Workplace from your computer.
To turn multilingual posts on:
- Click your profile picture in the bottom left of Workplace.
- Click Settings.
- Click Language and Region.
- Click Edit on Multilingual Posts, select Write posts in more than one language and then click Save Changes.
To write multilingual posts:
- Start writing your post.
- To write the post in another language, click Write post in another language.
- Next to Language, click Select, then type to search which language you'd like to type in.
- Write in your requested language in the new section of your post.
Action Item posts can be created by any user. You can add Action Items to your posts to effectively communicate follow-ups from meetings or as to-do lists for members of your team.
To create an Action Items post:
- Go to the group you'd like to make the post in and click on the Composer.
- Select Action Items.
- Write something about your list and add your action item.
- To add more action items, press Return on your keyboard.
- You can tag colleagues with an @ mention.
Only the user that posted can edit the post, but action items can be ticked off by anyone within the group.
If you create an action items post, you will be notified when each action is marked as done or undone. If you are tagged next to an action item, you will be notified when the action item has been posted. Once you have ticked off the item associated with your tag, you will no longer receive notifications.
Some topic features are currently in beta and may not be available on your Workplace:
- Adding topics to a post using a hashtag (#).
- Searching for topics globally across seperate groups and multi-company groups.
- Topic suggestions within the post composer.
Visit the What's New section of your Admin Panel to find out more about new and upcoming Workplace features.
Topics are used to group posts that are related. This helps to keep content in groups organized and makes it easier for you to find related posts from across your whole organization.
To make a topic, type # (the number sign) along with a topic or phrase and add it to your post. For example:
Tina has just joined the team! #NewHire.
Topics will also be suggested to you based on the content of your post. Topics pinned by the group admin will show first in the list of suggestions
When you click on a topic in your News Feed, you'll see a list of posts that include that topic. These posts can come from any of the groups which you have access to on Workplace.
If you want to search topics within a specific group, you can use the search bar below that group's cover image or click a topic attached to a post. Alternatively, you can click on any of the topics listed under a group's Topics In This Group section or click Topics underneath the group's cover image.
- A topic must be written without any spaces.
- You can include numbers in a topic, but punctuation and special characters (like $ and %) won't work.
- You can search for


text:
java get Object id
In java there is no any specific method that provides us the object's ID. But each object has its own unique hash value which can be treated as unique Id for that object.
To explain this concept here we are getting the hash code for the two object and this can be done by using the hashCode() method on both of the created objects.
String ind = new String("India");
System.out.println("Hash code for String object: " + ind.hashCode());
Above line of code creates a new String object "ind" and its hash code can be get by the method hashCode().
GetObjectId getObj = new GetObjectId();
System.out.println("Hash code for Class object: " + getObj.hashCode());
In above lines we have created a new object of GetObjectId and for its hash code we will be using hashCode() method. Here is the full example code of GetObjectId.java as follows:
Hash code for String object: 70793495
Hash code for Class object: _PHONE_
Recommend the tutorial

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Max C. Fleischmann College of Agriculture. Agricultural Experiment Station
Found in 1 Collection or Record:
Identifier: AC 0239
Abstract In 1887, when the Hatch Act provided federal funds, the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station was created by the Board of Regents. From the beginning, there was an emphasis on experimental work and extension services. It expanded its services under the Adams Act in 1906, and in 1925 the Purnell Fund was established for the further endowment of the experiment stations. The collections contains records of the Agricultural Experiment Station and agricultural issues. The majority of the...

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


/log directory tree to be collected. For more examples, see Glob Library.
 You can also use the standard asterisk as a standard wildcard. For example, /var/log/system.log* matches files such as system.log_1111, system.log_2222, and so on in /var/log.
 Only the latest file is pushed to CloudWatch Logs based on file modification time. We recommend that you use wildcards to specify a series of files of the same type, such as access_log.2018-06-01-01 and access_log.2018-06-01-02, but not multiple kinds of files, such as access_log_80 and access_log_443. To specify multiple kinds of files, add another log stream entry to the agent configuration file so that each kind of log file goes to a different log stream.
 - auto_removal – Optional. If this is true, the CloudWatch agent automatically removes old log files after they are uploaded to CloudWatch Logs. The agent only removes complete files from logs that create multiple files, such as logs that create separate files for each date. If a log continuously writes to a single file, it is not removed.
 If you already have a log file rotation or removal method in place, we recommend that you omit this field or set it to false.
 If you omit this field, the default value of false is used.
 - log_group_name – Optional. Specifies what to use as the log group name in CloudWatch Logs. As part of the name, you can use {instance_id}, {hostname}, {local_hostname}, and {ip_address} as variables within the name. {hostname} retrieves the hostname from the EC2 metadata, and {local_hostname} uses the hostname from the network configuration file.
 If you use these variables to create many different log groups, keep in mind the limit of 1,000,000 log groups per Region per account.
 Allowed characters include a–z, A–Z, 0–9, '_' (underscore), '-' (hyphen), '/' (forward slash), and '.' (period).
 We recommend that you specify this field to prevent confusion. If you omit this field, the file path up to the final dot is used as the log group name. For example, if the file path is /tmp/TestLogFile.log.2017-07-11-14, the log group name is /tmp/TestLogFile.log.
 - log_stream_name – Optional. Specifies what to use as the log stream name in CloudWatch Logs. As part of the name, you can use {instance_id}, {hostname}, {local_hostname}, and {ip_address} as variables within the name. {hostname} retrieves the hostname from the EC2 metadata, and {local_hostname} uses the hostname from the network configuration file.
 If you omit this field, the value of the log_stream_name parameter in the global logs section is used. If that is also omitted, the default value of {instance_id} is used.
 If a log stream doesn't already exist, it's created automatically.
 - retention_in_days – Optional. Specifies the number of days to retain the log events in the specified log group. If you specify -1 or omit this field for a log group that the agent is creating now, the retention will be set to never expire. If the agent is sending logs to a log group that already exists, and you omit this field, the log group's retention is not changed.
 Valid values are -1, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 365, 400, 545, 731, 1827, and 3653.
 If you configure the agent to write multiple log streams to the same log group, specifying the retention_in_days in one place will set the log retention for the entire log group. If you specify retention_in_days for the same log group in multiple places, the retention is set if all of those values are equal. However, if different retention_in_days values are specified for the same log group in multiple places, the log retention will not be set and the agent will stop, returning an error.
 Note
 The agent's IAM role or IAM user must have the logs:PutRetentionPolicy for it to be able to set retention policies. For more information, see Allowing the CloudWatch agent to set log retention policy.
 Warning
 If you set retention_in_days for a log group that already exists, all logs in that log group that were published before the number of days that you specify are deleted. For example, setting it to 3 would cause all logs from 3 days ago and before to be deleted.
 - filters – Optional. Can contain an array of entries, each of which specifies a regular expression and a filter type to specify whether to publish or drop log entries that match the filter. If you omit this field, all logs in the log file are published to CloudWatch Logs. If you include this field, the agent processes each log message with all of the filters that you specify, and only the log events that pass all of the filters are published to CloudWatch Logs. The log entries that don't pass all of the filters will still remain in the host's log file, but will not be sent to CloudWatch Logs.
 Each entry in the filters array can include the following fields:
 - type– Denotes the type of filter. Valid values are include and exclude. With include, the log entry must match the expression to be published to CloudWatch Logs. With exclude, each log entry that matches the filter is not sent to CloudWatch Logs.
 - expression– A regular expression string that follows the RE2 Syntax.
 Note
 The CloudWatch agent doesn't check the performance of any regular expression that you supply, or restrict the run time of the evaluation of the regular expressions. We recommend that you are careful not to write an expression that is expensive to evaluate. For more information about possible issues, see Regular expression Denial of Service - ReDoS
 For example, the following excerpt of the CloudWatch agent configuration file publishes logs that are PUT and POST requests to CloudWatch Logs, but excluding logs that come from Firefox.
 "collect_list": [ { "file_path": "/opt/aws/amazon-cloudwatch-agent/logs/test.log", "log_group_name": "test.log", "log_stream_name": "test.log", "filters": [ { "type": "exclude", "expression": "Firefox" }, { "type": "include", "expression": "P(UT|OST)" } ] }, ..... ]
 Note
 The order of the filters in the configuration file matters for performance. In the preceding example, the agent drops all the logs that match Firefox before it starts evaluating the second filter. To cause fewer log entries to be evaluated by more than one filter, put the filter that you expect to rule out more logs first in the configuration file.
 - timezone – Optional. Specifies the time zone to use when putting timestamps on log events. The valid values are UTC and Local. The default value is Local.
 This parameter is ignored if you don't specify a value for timestamp_format.
 - timestamp_format – Optional. Specifies the timestamp format, using plaintext and special symbols that start with %. If you omit this field, the current time is used. If you use this field, you can use the symbols in the following list as part of the format.
 If a single log entry contains two time stamps that match the format, the first time stamp is used.
 This list of symbols is different than the list used by the older CloudWatch Logs agent. For a summary of these differences, see Timestamp differences between the unified CloudWatch agent and the earlier CloudWatch Logs agent
 %y
 Year without century as a zero-padded decimal number. For example, 19 to represent 2019.
 %Y
 Year with century as a decimal number. For example, 2019.
 %b
 Month as the locale's abbreviated name
 %B
 Month as the locale's full name
 %m
 Month as a zero-padded decimal number
 %-m
 Month as a decimal number (not zero-padded)
 %d
 Day of the month as a zero-padded decimal number
 %-d
 Day of the month as a decimal number (not zero-padded)
 %A
 Full name of weekday, such as Monday
 %a
 Abbreviation of weekday, such as Mon
 %H
 Hour (in a 24-hour clock) as a zero-padded decimal number
 %I
 Hour (in a 12-hour clock) as a zero-padded decimal number
 %-I
 Hour (in a 12-hour clock) as a decimal number (not zero-padded)
 %p
 AM or PM
 %M
 Minutes as a zero-padded decimal number
 %-M
 Minutes as a decimal number (not zero-padded)
 %S
 Seconds as a zero-padded decimal number
 %-S
 Seconds as a decimal number (not zero padded)
 %f
 Fractional seconds as a decimal number (1-9 digits), zero-padded on the left.
 %Z
 Time zone, for example PST
 %z
 Time zone


text:
With both scientific and artistic essay writing, a message is being expressed. In one case the message is very direct and determined, while in the other, the message must be sought after and discovered. Although scientific and artistic writing may seem to be on opposite sides of the spectrum, one could not exist without the other. Artistic writing, like scientific writing must have a meaning, however deeply disguised it may be. Scientific writing, although objective, takes some creativity to easily display the message.
When writing a term paper, the author must find a balance between scientific and artistic writing. The message of the writing must be extractable by the reader, but must also be enjoyable. All kinds of writing share two important characteristics: they result from deeply personal, natural thought processes, and they take on widely public, conventional forms. Although scientific writing and artistic writing can be seen as opposites, they compliment each other to the point that one could not exist without the other.


text:
The temporary treated water storage tanks on the Lake Poway ballfield are almost ready to go into service. As of Friday, July 15 the two tanks were filled, disinfected, and tested for bacteria. One of the final steps before the temporary pipeline can connect the tanks to the water treatment plant is a controlled flushing. This is a California Water Works regulation and must be completed.
The majority of the pipeline flushing is expected to take place later in the week of July 18, with additional pipeline flushing possible over the following weeks. Staff from Public Works water operations and stormwater divisions will be working with the contractor during this process and be in the field monitoring the flow of water. The flushed water will flow through Poway's existing stormwater infrastructure.
The treated water storage tanks and pipeline are part of the temporary bypass project, the first of three projects in Poway's $70 million capital improvement program (CIP) to increase the reliability of drinking water for water customers now and generations to come. The next step of the CIP is to replace the city's aging clearwell (treated water storage reservoir), along with a third project to construct a treated water connection to the San Diego County Water Authority pipeline.


Online Google Dictionary
buyer 中文解釋 wordnet sense Collocation Usage Collins Definition
Font size:
buyers, plural;
 1. A person who makes a purchase
 2. A person employed to select and purchase stock or materials for a large retail or manufacturing business, etc
 1. a person who buys
 2. A buyer is any person who contracts to acquire an asset in return for some form of consideration.
 3. In the retail industry, a buyer is someone who decides what items will be stocked in a store, based on his or her predictions about what will be popular with shoppers. Retail buyers usually works closely with designers, and attend trade fairs and fashion shows to observe trends....
 4. (BUYERS) [], a name for the sailing-smacks that took herrings purchased from the fishing-luggers to sell again. Such as carried fresh herrings were called' fresh buyers' to distinguish them from the vessels that carried cured salt herrings. See Fresh-buyer.
 5. (Buyers) Financial institutions including asset-based lenders, Banks, Hedge funds, Venture Capital firms, private Equity Firms, and Corporations that have applied and been approved to bid on Receivables Market on receivable(s) offered for sale.
 6. (Buyers) Who are major buyers of the raw material, good, or service in question?
 7. (Buyers) refers to individuals who undertake transactional procurement and exercise purchasing responsibility only for easily-secured goods and services at low values and low risk....
 8. One who purchases or acquires property.
 9. A market participant who takes a long futures position or buys an option. An option buyer is also called a taker, holder, or owner.
 10. A member of the travel trade who reserves room blocks from accommodations or coordinates the development of a travel product.
 11. The person or group representative who signs the contract and pays for the speaker.
 12. Retail store employee who purchases clothing from the manufacturer; models show the line of clothing to store buyers
 13. Individual that would like to purchase Taxpayer's Relinquished Property.
 14. The acquirer of products, services, or results for an organization.
 15. This is the person that is buying the Property, sometimes also known as the Purchaser.
 16. The person(s) or entity purchasing Real Property.
 17. means the person who accepts a quotation or offer of the Seller for the sale of the Goods or whose order for the Goods is accepted by the Seller;
 18. most commonly means a professional purchasing person in a business; can also mean a private consumer. Buyers are not usually major decision-makers, that is to say, what they buy, when and how they buy it, and how much they pay are prescribed for them by the business they work for....
 19. The principal in the export transaction that purchases the commodities for delivery to the ultimate consignee. The buyer and ultimate consignee may be the same.
 20. A professional purchaser. Buyers typically specialize in a given group of materials or services and are responsible for market analysis, purchase planning, and coordination with users.
 21. People, when purchasing, make choices then pay money for what they are buying.
 22. A purchasing agent within a public-sector organization. Buyers can include procurement officers from the Federal and Provincial governments (including their respective ministries, departments, crown corporations and agencies), the MASH-sector, and other publicly-funded organizations who must...
 23. The procuring organization. For an internal project the buyer could be the marketing department.
 24. The person who purchases or procures a product or service. This person may also be the decision maker, but not necessarily.
 25. A wholesale or retail employee who analyzes, selects and buys an appropriate product mix in a category.


latter value as \(f(x)\) for some function \(f\text{.}\) As the true length is \(x+\dx\text{,}\) one really should have computed \(f(x+\dx)\text{.}\) The difference between \(f(x)\) and \(f(x+\dx)\) is the propagated error.
How close are \(f(x)\) and \(f(x+\dx)\text{?}\) This is a difference in "y" values:
\begin{equation*} f(x+\dx)-f(x) = \dy \approx dy\text{.} \end{equation*}
We can approximate the propagated error using differentials.
Example 4.4.12. Using differentials to approximate propagated error.
A steel ball bearing is to be manufactured with a diameter of 2 cm. The manufacturing process has a tolerance of \(\pm 0.1\)mm in the diameter. Given that the density of steel is about 7.85 gcm3, estimate the propagated error in the mass of the ball bearing.
Solution
The mass of a ball bearing is found using the equation "mass = volume × density." In this situation the mass function is a product of the radius of the ball bearing, hence it is \(m = 7.85\frac43\pi r^3\text{.}\) The differential of the mass is
\begin{equation*} dm = 31.4\pi r^2 dr\text{.} \end{equation*}
The radius is to be 1 cm; the manufacturing tolerance in the radius is \(\pm 0.05\)mm, or \(\pm 0.005\)cm. The propagated error is approximately:
\begin{align*} \Delta m \amp \approx dm\\ \amp = 31.4\pi (1)^2 (\pm 0.005)\\ \amp = \pm 0.493\text{g} \end{align*}
Is this error significant? It certainly depends on the application, but we can get an idea by computing the relative error. The ratio between amount of error to the total mass is
\begin{align*} \frac{dm}{m} \amp = \pm \frac{0.493}{7.85\frac43\pi}\\ \amp =\pm \frac{0.493}{32.88}\\ \amp =\pm 0.015\text{,} \end{align*}
or \(\pm 1.5\%\text{.}\)
We leave it to the reader to confirm this, but if the diameter of the ball was supposed to be 10 cm, the same manufacturing tolerance would give a propagated error in mass of \(\pm12.33\)g, which corresponds to a percent error of \(\pm0.188\%\text{.}\) While the amount of error is much greater (\(12.33 \gt 0.493\)), the percent error is much lower.
Exercises Exercises
Terms and Concepts
1.
 - True
 - False
Given a differentiable function \(y=f(x)\text{,}\) we are generally free to choose a value for \(dx\text{,}\) which then determines the value of \(dy\text{.}\)
2.
 - True
 - False
The symbols "\(dx\)" and "\(\dx\)" represent the same concept.
3.
 - True
 - False
The symbols "\(dy\)" and "\(\dy\)" represent the same concept.
4.
 - True
 - False
Differentials are important in the study of integration.
5.
How are differentials and tangent lines related?
6.
 - True
 - False
In real life, differentials are used to approximate function values when the function itself is not known.
Problems
Use differentials to approximate the given value by hand.
7.
\({2.05^{2}}\)
8.
\({5.93^{2}}\)
9.
\({5.1^{3}}\)
10.
\({6.8^{3}}\)
11.
\({\sqrt{16.5}}\)
12.
\({\sqrt{24}}\)
13.
\({\sqrt[3]{63}}\)
14.
\({\sqrt[3]{8.5}}\)
15.
\({\sin\!\left(3\right)}\)
16.
\({e^{0.1}}\)
Compute the differential \(dy\text{.}\)
17.
\(y={x^{2}+3x-5}\)
18.
\(y={x^{7}-x^{5}}\)
19.
\(y=\displaystyle{\frac{1}{4x^{2}}}\)
20.
\(y={\left(2x+\sin\!\left(x\right)\right)^{2}}\)
21.
\(y={x^{2}+e^{3x}}\)
22.
\(y=\displaystyle{\frac{4}{x^{4}}}\)
23.
\(y=\displaystyle{\frac{2x}{\tan\!\left(x\right)+1}}\)
24.
\(y={\ln\!\left(5x\right)}\)
25.
\(y={e^{x}\sin\!\left(x\right)}\)
26.
\(y={\cos\!\left(\sin\!\left(x\right)\right)}\)
27.
\(y=\displaystyle{\frac{x+1}{x+2}}\)
28.
\(y={3^{x}\ln\!\left(x\right)}\)
29.
\(y={x\ln\!\left(x\right)-x}\)
30.
\(y={\ln\!\left(\sec\!\left(x\right)\right)}\)
31.
A set of plastic spheres are to be made with a diameter of \({1\ {\rm cm}}\text{.}\) If the manufacturing process is accurate to \({1\ {\rm mm}}\text{,}\) what is the propagated error in volume of the spheres?
32.
The distance, in feet, a stone drops in \(t\) seconds is given by \(d(t) = 16t^2\text{.}\) The depth of a hole is to be approximated by dropping a rock and listening for it to hit the bottom. What is the propagated error if the time measurement is accurate to \(2/10\) of a second and the measured time is:
 1. \(2\) seconds?
 2. \(5\) seconds?
33.
What is the propagated error in the measurement of the cross sectional area of a circular log if the diameter is measured at \(15''\text{,}\) accurate to \(1/4''\text{?}\)
34.
A wall is to be painted that is \(9'\) high and is measured to be \(15',\,1''\) long. Find the propagated error in the measurement of the wall's surface area if the measurement is accurate to \(1/-2''\text{.}\)
The following exercises explore some issues related to surveying in which distances are approximated using other measured distances and measured angles. (Hint: Convert all angles to radians before computing.)
35.
The length \(L\) of a long wall is to be approximated. The angle \(\theta\text{,}\) as shown in the diagram (not to scale), is measured to be \(85.2^\circ\text{,}\) accurate to \(1^\circ\text{.}\) Assume that the triangle formed is a right triangle.
 1. What is the measured length \(L\) of the wall?
 2. What is the propagated error?
 3. What is the percent error?
36.
The length \(L\) of a long wall is to be approximated. The angle \(\theta\text{,}\) as shown in the diagram (not to scale), is measured to be \(71.5^\circ\text{,}\) accurate to \(1^\circ\text{


Do Fish Tanks Need Light? Can I Turn Them Off At Night?
You've got yourself a new fish tank and you are all excited. But something is troubling you. Does my fish tank need lighting?
Let me answer it as clearly as possible:
Your fish tank does need lighting and you can turn them off at night. However, the amount depends on the type of fish and the environment you want to create.
The answer might seem simple but there are several nuances to this subject. From the type of fish you plan on keeping to the type of plants you want, lighting plays a crucial role. How crucial? Read on to find out.
Why Fish Tanks Need Lighting?
Ask any seasoned fish owner and he will tell you this:
Fish are at their peak health when the tank resembles their natural habitat.
This is not a surprise. Fish, at the end of the day, are wild creatures. They need a habitat that provides them with proper nourishment as well as serves their primal instincts. So, before purchasing any fish carefully consider these questions:
 - What species is this?
 - What kind of habitat do they live in?
 - How do I make the fish tank mimic their natural habitat?
You must research these questions and carefully consider your options.
The good news is, it is not anything like rocket science. Just pay attention to a couple of key points and you'll be good to go.
Firstly, you need to consider is the type of fish. When it comes to lighting, fish can be broadly classified into two types:
 - Fish who are used to bright light
 - Fish who live in dark places
The lighting requirements of your fish tank will depend on the type of fish you keep.
For fish who are accustomed to bright light, you need to properly illuminate your aquarium. These fish have a pretty regulated body clock. When I say body clock I mean their bodies respond to the amount of light. Ample light is indicative of daytime which makes the fish active. As soon as the lights are dimmed, the fish go into sleep mode.
On the other hand, fish who live in depths of the ocean or murky lakes aren't accustomed to bright light. In this case, if the tank has too much lighting, the fish will get disturbed which will harm their health.
Secondly, the plants you want to keep also make a difference when it comes to lighting. Some plants need ample light for Photosynthesis while others can grow without much light. As a result, when it comes to plants, there is no concrete answer and everything depends on the individual species.
Fish Tank Needs Lights (Video)
Different Types of Lighting
Now that you know lighting is necessary, let's figure what type of lighting you need.
Generally, lighting is of the following types:
Fluorescent is, perhaps, the most commonly used lighting type. These lights are suitable for almost all of the freshwater fish and plants. Ample, bright light and inexpensive to boot are some of the qualities that make Fluorescent lights suitable for most occasions.
T-5 HO Fluorescent
T-5 HO is a type of fluorescent that produces more light than regular fluorescents. The term 'HO' in the name signifies High Output. T-5 produces almost twice as much light and is thus geared towards people who own large tanks and require a stronger light source for better illumination.
One side effect of T-5 HO is that it produces more heat. So, you should be careful and should carefully monitor the temperature of the tank when using T-5 HO.
L.E.D (Light Emitting Diode)
Amongst the types of lights discussed above, LED, in my opinion, is the best one. A Light Emitting Diode boasts several advantages over the Fluorescent and T-5 HO. First and Foremost, it is cheaper to operate. Secondly, unlike Fluorescent, it lasts a long time without any change to the amount and color of light.
These are the most common types of lights used in aquariums. Not all of them are suited for every tank. Choose the type of light after considering the type of fish and plants you plan on keeping.
Common Lighting Requirements
If you have been paying attention, you will have noticed a pattern:
The type of light needed is subjective.
Similarly, the amount of light you need depends greatly on the type of fish and plants you keep. On average, most fish species need 10-12 hours of light. This number varies depending on the following factors:
 - The number and type of plants
 - Light requirements of individual fish species
 - The amount of ambient light already available
As a thumb rule remember this:
The more the plants, the more light will be required.
The Effects of Lighting on Aquatic Plants
Aquatic plants aren't much different than surface ones. Both of them require nutrients and a healthy amount of light to grow. More specifically, light is needed for photosynthesis.
For the uninitiated:
Photosynthesis is a process by which plants take in Carbon Dioxide and Light to produce food and Oxygen.
So, the more the light, the more Photosynthesis and hence more food. This is the reason why you need to have sufficient light in your fish tank. Without it, the plants will start to lose their vitality and will ultimately die.
The Effects of Lighting on Different Fish
Just like plants, different fish also need different amounts of light.
Light is essential for the proper growth of fish. The amount of light entering the tank regulates the internal body clocks of the fish. With increased light, fish wake up and become active. Similarly, when it gets dark, the internal clock kicks in and fish go to sleep.
On the other hand, If there is too little light, most fish will lose their appetite and their colors will appear dull. If not resolved, the situation can prove fatal.
The best you can do in this regard is to try to mimic the lighting conditions of your fish's natural habitat. Get as close as you can!
The Side Effects of Too Much Light
There is a Chinese saying:
Wu Ji Bi Fan.
It loosely translates to:
Too much of anything is bad.
This is exactly how you should view lighting. Too much lighting is pretty bad for not only the fish but also your fish tank.
In the case of fish, too much light can disturb their metabolism. Not only that fish can also become stressed which can prove to be fatal.
Similarly, your fish tank as a whole also suffers when there is too much light. Algae grow at an accelerated pace under increased lighting. An increase in the amount of Algae not only pollutes the tank but also reduces the amount of Oxygen when the Algae eventually dies.
To tackle this issue, it is crucial to regulate the amount of light your fish tank gets.
Regulating Light
Too much or too little light can spell doom for a fish owner. The loss of fish and the ever-increasing risk of Algae overgrowth are troubling matters. Keeping this in mind, it is pretty important to regulate the lighting.
Following are two simple ways that you can do this:
 - Buy an electronic timer
 - Set an alarm to turn the lights on and off at the same time each day
The latter point is self-explanatory. The first point, however, requires a little explanation.
An electronic timer is a device that regulates the lighting by turning the lights on and off at the same time every day. You just set the time you want and it takes care of the rest.
This is pretty much all you need to know about lighting for your fish tank. If I were to summarize this discussion in a few sentences, It would be:
Research before purchasing any lighting and don't use too much. Plus, use a timer to regulate it.
Frequently Asked Questions
Are LED lights good for fish?
LED lights are quite good for fish. These lights use far less electricity than other lights, say, Fluorescent. Plus, they also produce less heat and can last for a long time without suffering from the color shift.
Can fish see in the dark in a fish tank?
The question of whether fish can see in the dark is highly subjective. There are fish species which can see in the dark but these are mostly deep-sea fish. Fish taken from ponds and freshwater lakes can't see in the dark.
Do fish like aquarium lights?
Fish need aquarium lights. The absence of light can have adverse effects on their health and overall appearance. If there is not enough light, most fish lose their appetite and their colors become dull.
Can LED lights cause more algae in an aquarium?
No LED lights specifically don't cause more Algae. The growth of Algae depends on a couple of factors:
 - The competition for light
 - The amount of light
If there are no aquatic plants, Algae will have no competition and its growth will be accelerated.
On the other hand, if there is more light than needed than Algae is going to grow at an increased rate.
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This paper presents a novel microfluidic device for controlling axonal elongation dynamically by releasing nerve growth factor (NGF) onto a nerve cell. The presented device consists of nano-holes for NGF release and a micro valve for its release control. The amount of NGF that stimulate cells can be controlled very precisely by opening and closing the microvalve. Experiments using a fluorescent solution showed that constant chemical release through the nano-holes was successfully controlled by opening and closing the microvalve at about 2 Hz. This result indicates that the switching control of the microvalve will generate desired concentration of chemicals released from the nano-holes. Moreover, axonal guidance was tested on the fabricated device. We succeeded in guiding an axon of the cell in the direction of the nano-hole array along the NGF concentration gradient.


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Empty properties are a wasted resource. We try to identify these long-term empty properties as they can contribute towards the degeneration of an area and undermine sustainable communities. They may also become a rubbish dumping site or the property condition could deteriorate. There has also been an increase in the number of break-ins to steal metal items such as boilers, radiators and pipework.
Information for owners of empty homes
Where possible the District Council aims to work with owners of empty properties to bring them back into use using the following methods:
- Renting through council leasing or rent deposit schemes
- Private renting through a private agency – letting agencies will offer a range of management services
- Private renting with the owner as landlord
- Selling the property - on the open market through an estate agent or at an auction.
- Enforcement options
Where an owner persistently leaves a property empty, if it is in a poor condition or in an area of high housing need, the District Council may take the following action:
- Report the property to other council departments such as private housing service and planning, in relation to poor condition of property.
- A Compulsory Purchase Order can be issued, if the owner has resisted all voluntary attempts to bring the property back into use.
- Empty Dwelling Management Order: This allows councils to take over the management of residential properties, where an owner of an empty property has turned down offers of help to bring the property back into use, and can offer no good reason why the property should remain empty.
The council would facilitate any capital works needed to allow the property to be leased and use the property to accommodate people in housing need for up to 7 years.
Report an empty property
If you have information on an empty property or wish to complain about one, please contact us.


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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
? + -morph
allotriomorph (plural allotriomorphs)
- (geology) A mineral that did not develop its otherwise typical external crystal form because of late crystallization between earlier formed crystals, typical of matrix minerals in rapidly crystallizing volcanic lavas and shallow igneous intrusions.


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Ditch the DVD player for streaming films alternatively.
- 1 Upgrade the Firmware on a Vizio tv
- 2 Connect an LG TV to Netflix
- 3 why the Genius Feature My ipod itouch Doesn't Work?
- 4 Avoid YouTube Autoloading in HD
Netflix has created its service that is streaming-video to setup simple and simple. The method involves two fundamental steps: produce an online account and introduce the software in your streaming "stick," set-top package or smart television. Although setup involves several other details, like the quality associated with connection that is internet in many circumstances, you could have Netflix ready to go in moments.
Use the internet to www flix and put up an account; then load the Netflix application on the streaming "stick," set-top field or smart TV and enter your bank username and passwords.
Produce a Netflix Account
Begin a web browser up on your own favorite Computer, Mac or smart phone. Go right to the web site, www flix , and stick to the instructions to generate a merchant account. Your website will ask you for a message target to validate your recognition and a repayment technique such as for instance a credit or debit account quantity. Select the known standard of solution you would like and submit the web application.
Check Always Web Connection
Make fully sure your television is internet-enabled, either by having a wired Ethernet or Wi-Fi connection. Additionally, the text rate is essential. Netflix suggests a information install speed of at minimum 3.0 Mbps for standard-definition (SD)-quality movie. For high-definition (HD) content, you will need 5.0 Mbps, and ultra high-definition requires 25.0 Mbps.
Select or Install Netflix App
When you have A tv that is smart look at factory-installed apps to see if Netflix has already been available; TVs from many manufacturers includes the Netflix application. In the event that you do not view it, stick to the maker's directions to down load the Netflix software and install it. Introduce the software, and it surely will prompt you for the e-mail target and password you utilized to generate your account.
In really unusual circumstances, your TV's that is smart software be incompatible utilizing the Netflix application. You may need certainly to change the television with a more recent model or update its pc software.
It _URL_ is possible to view Netflix on a regular television by having an HDMI connector by plugging in a streaming "stick" such as for instance Amazon Fire Stick, Bing Chromecast or Roku, or even a set-top field such as Apple television, Amazon Fire television or one from a satellite/cable television provider. The device will have the Netflix app pre-installed in most cases. Set up the app along with your username and passwords and also you're ready to stream movie.
View Streaming Video
With all the account put up and also the software operating, look at movie content making use of your television's remote to navigate the Netflix interface. Once you decide on a profile, the Netflix software displays Releases that isвЂњNew, вЂњNetflix OriginalsвЂќ and a number of other groups. While you browse and watch content, the Netflix pc software вЂњlearnsвЂќ your requirements and makes suggestions centered on your watching history.
Streaming on Other Devices
Utilising the exact same Netflix account as the only on the television, you are able to stream movie content to many PCs, laptops and mobile phones. For PCs and laptop computers, make use of a appropriate web browser such as Bing Chrome, Apple Safari or Mozilla Firefox. For cellular devices, download the Netflix software from your own unit's app store.
Optional: Parental Controls
Start thinking about establishing the Netflix account's controls that are parental avoid content that clients or workers might feel is objectionable. Making use of your account's 4-digit PIN quantity, you are able to produce a number of audience pages, all of that has unique maturity that is content settings.
Assistance with Kinks and Snags
On unusual occasions, you might encounter trouble during your Netflix installation. To assist you sort out any issues, call Netflix support, search the web assistance database on their site or utilize the real time text talk feature. Netflix help can be obtainable in the application it self.


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Russell, Westfield students win awards at regional science fair, qualify to advance
SPRINGFIELD — While a Pope Francis student from Russell won the grand prize award at the Region IV Science Fair at Western New England University on March 10, Westfield High School students also fared very well, with one first place award, one second place, and six third place winners.
The Sanofi Specialty Grand Prize Award went to Elizabeth Hanechak of Russell, a sophomore at Pope Francis Preparatory School in Springfield. Hanechak's biochemistry project, "The Deletion of a Disulfide Bridge through Site-Director Mutagenesis to Adapt Cutinase to the Biodegradation of Polyethylene Terephthalate," earned her a slot in the International Science and Engineering Fair at Dallas, Texas, in May.
Putting her project in plain English, Hanechak explained that she was mostly focused on trying to find a practical solution to the plastic disposal problem. She said recycling doesn't really work, because less than 4% of the 51 million tons of plastic in the U.S. gets recycled annually. Incineration also doesn't work, as it is well known that burning plastic releases toxic chemicals. Hanechak said biodegradation uses naturally occurring microorganisms to degrade the plastic, but is very slow and takes a long time, making that solution also impractical.
"My research was trying to improve an enzyme shown to degrade plastic, to make it work faster and more efficiently," she said, adding that the experiment went pretty well, "beyond what I was hoping for — my mutations degraded the samples 55% better than [others]. One degraded an entire plastic sample within 24 hours."
Hanechak said since Pope Francis does not have a high school science fair, she did the research on her own, reading scientific journals for months before coming up with the idea for the research proposal. She worked with a microbiology professor at Westfield State University on the project as an independent research student, funded by her mother, she said.
Hanechak said Pope Francis has been very supportive, giving her access to most scientific journals, and time off to go to the lab. They will also give her a week off to go to the International Science Fair in Dallas.
"Science is my everything," Hanechak said. Regarding the plastic problem, she said, "It's really scary to think about in the future, but it's exciting to see people working on it. It gives you new hope, that all is not lost."


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The current US flag was designed by a 17 year old who originally got a B- grade for it
Robert G. "Bob" Heft (January 19, 1941 – December 12, 2009), born in Saginaw, Michigan, was the designer of the current American 50-star flag as well as a designer of a submitted 51-star flag proposal. He spent his childhood in Lancaster, Ohio, where he created the American flag as a school project.
Flag design and adoption
Heft designed the current U.S. flag in 1958 while living with his grandparents. He was 17 years old at the time and did the flag design as a high school class project. He unstitched the blue field from a family 48-star flag, sewed in a new field, and used iron-on white fabric to add 100 hand-cut stars, 50 on each side of the blue canton.
Heft originally received a B- for the project. After discussing the grade with his high school teacher, Stanley Pratt, it was agreed that if the flag was accepted by the United States Congress, the grade would be reconsidered. Heft's flag design was chosen and adopted by presidential proclamation after Alaska and before Hawaii were admitted into the union in 1959. According to Heft, his teacher honored their agreement and changed his grade to an A for the project.
Heft has also stated he had copyrighted designs for American flags with 51 to 60 stars.
When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood, more than 1,500 designs were spontaneously submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower by Americans. Although some of them were 49-star versions, the vast majority were 50-star proposals. At least three, and probably more, of these designs were identical to Heft's adopted design of the 50-star flag. Archived in the Eisenhower Presidential Center in Abilene, Kansas, only a small fraction of the proposed designs have ever been published.
On December 12, 2009, Heft died from a heart attack at Covenant Medical Center in the city of his birth ‒ Saginaw, Michigan. He was 68.


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Maggy Pavlou's Creating the WOW Factor March 3-6, (Saturday, Sunday, Monday, Tuesday) 4-day Class
We will begin by designing and making the felted cloth, then piecing and cutting this cloth into a finished garment and fusing the pieces with the needle-felting machine. No experience with a felting machine is necessary but students should have constructed a large felted garment before. By making 3 to 4 swatches of different sample fabrics, students will explore individual style and color combinations to determine their favorite for the large garment.
After the design has been finalized and the cloth produced, students will press the cloth, cut shape and piece together by hand sewing or needle felting, depending on our individual designs. Finishing details are important and with the goal that everyone will take home a finished garment, the students will also learn about closures and finishing details. Maggy will focus on raw edges and lightweight, flowing drape, both of which are hallmarks of her work. Students will also explore openings and stitched ridges in finishing their garments with individuality and creativity.
[Prerequisite: Students must be experienced in using a sewing machine.]
Level of Difficulty: All levels of experience
Number of Students: 12
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Komos experiment kit to bring along: Cultivate primeval crabs yourself
RRP³: €16.00 *
€9.95 *
Content: 1 Piece
*prices incl. VAT plus shipping costs
Ready to ship today,
Delivery time appr. 1-4 days²
Sold 32 times in the last month
Total price: 9.95 * 16.99 * (41.44% Saved)
 - 541009
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 - ATTENTION! Not suitable for children under 3 years of age. Risk of suffocation, as small parts may be swallowed or inhaled.
Why are salt crabs real primeval animals? How do tiny eggs become living crabs? Where do... more
Experiments from Kosmos at Schafi-Shop
Contents Prehistoric crabs
Why are salt crabs real primeval animals? How do tiny eggs become living crabs? Where do such primeval crustaceans actually live?
Try it out!
The primeval animals move into the children's room! With this KOSMOS experiment set children can breed crabs from the time of the dinosaurs simply by themselves. Let's go! To bring the salt crabs to life, the breeding tank is prepared with water and salt and put in a warm place. From the egg, to the larva, to the funny scurrying primeval crabs - equipped with a magnifying glass, the children are present at every step and observe exciting changes every day.
So that everything is easy, the age-appropriately illustrated instructions explain how to raise and care for the little animals and provide interesting background information on the primeval creatures. An exciting introduction to the world of biology!
 - Cool! Now prehistoric crabs from the time of the dinosaurs are moving into the children's room.
 - The exciting cultivation set allows children to experience the development from the egg to the funny scurrying primeval crabs. A magnifying glass helps to ensure that nothing is missed.
 - With the utensils contained in the set, children can breed, feed and care for the little animals all by themselves.
 - The colourful instructions explain in simple steps how to raise and care for them and contain interesting additional information about the small primeval animals.
 - This KOSMOS experiment kit offers a first insight into the world of biology and is an exciting present for children from 8 years on.
Contents: Instructions, salt crab eggs, feed, sea salt, breeding station, measuring cup, observation bowl, spatula, pipette, magnifying glass
207x129x57mm (LxWxH)
Sprache Anleitung: Deutsch
Sprache Verpackung: Deutsch
Spielart: Experimentierkasten
Spielsachen: Lernspielzeug
Gifts: Ja
Altersgruppe: ab 8 Jahren, bis 12 Jahre
Shipping weight: 0,2 kg
Manufacturer: Kosmos
Made in: EU (Germany)
brand: Kosmos
Zielgruppe: Jungen, Mädchen
The publishing history
1893: Walter Keller and Euchar Nehmann take over the publishing house
The KOSMOS publishing house
Well-known products and brands
The KOSMOS family and board games
The KOSMOS experiment boxes and access to knowledge
The KOSMOS quality
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Legal Guide
Home > Legal Guide
What is a 995 motion to dismiss in California?
If you are charged with a felony, or with a felony and misdemeanour, in California, your defense attorney may make a 995 motion to dismiss, in certain circumstances. You should speak to a Los Angeles DUI Lawyer, or criminal attorney, to discuss your case. We are going to take a look at the 995 motion in more detail.
This motion, the California Penal Code 995 motion to give it its full title, is used to ask a judge to dismiss one or all charges. The motion is made after the initial hearing, if the court decides to refer the case for trial.
Why is the 995 motion used?
The idea of having a pre-trial hearing in a case which involves a felony charge, is to decide whether the evidence is sufficient to refer the case for trial. If the judge decides that the evidence is sufficient, the case is referred for trial. It's at this point that a 995 motion can be filed, if the defense feels that the judges decision should be looked at again. The defense has to provide probable cause for the request. This has to be based on either:
 - The decision to refer the case for trial was not legal.
 - The case was referred for trial without probable cause.
What are these reasons for a 995 motion; let's look at them in more detail.
The committal to trial was made illegally
A defendant has certain rights which must be adhered to, during the pre-trial hearing. If any of these rights were not adhered to the committal to trial is not legal. Rights include, the opportunity to be represented by a lawyer and the chance to present witnesses and evidence.
There is no probable cause for committal
During the pre-trial hearing, the judge has to establish that there is probable cause to refer the case for trial. This does not mean that guilt has to be established at this point; that happens during the trial. It simply means that there has to be enough evidence to suggest that a reasonable person may be able to find the defendant guilty. If there is not sufficient evidence in place, the judge should not refer the case for trial.
You can see that a pre-trial hearing is intended to be the time and place where cases are only referred for trial if sufficient evidence is in place. If mistakes are made during this part of the process, a defendant could be unfairly committed for trial. This is why the 995 motion exists. It provides the opportunity for the defense to ask for the findings of the initial judge to be reconsidered.
The hearing for a 995 motion normally only lasts for around an hour and the judge normally provides a decision there and then; although they may sometimes take extra time. If the motion is granted then the related charge is dismissed. The prosecution can then appeal the decision or re-file the charge. It's important to note that most charges have a two dismissal rule attached. Once a charge has been dismissed twice it cannot be re-filed.
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Datum
A datum is a set of values used to define a specific geodetic system. Geodetic systems or geodetic data are used in geodesy, navigation, surveying by cartographers and satellite navigation systems. In engineering and drafting, a datum is a reference point, surface, or axis on an object against which measurements are made.


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DARPA has engineered a set of wheels that can turn into tracks while in motion in under two seconds.
The Reconfigurable Wheel Track (RWT) allows vehicles to morph as the terrain changes, allowing drivers (or remote pilots) to quickly adapt to changing environments and better handle obstacles. This technology would enable greater terrain access and faster travel — both on- and off-road.
As shown in a demonstration at Aberdeen Test Center, Maryland, earlier this year, the morphing wheel system, developed by the Carnegie Mellon University National Robotics Engineering Center, would allow troops to respond to impending threats rapidly by reconfiguring the wheels — without stopping — and re-route off the road.
The system also comes with a Multi-mode Extreme Travel Suspension that provides shock absorbency, which anyone who has ever ridden in a Humvee will be thankful for.
"We're looking at how to enhance survivability by buttoning up the cockpit and augmenting the crew through driver-assistance aids," said Maj. Amber Walker, the program manager for GXV-T in DARPA's Tactical Technology Office. "For mobility, we've taken a radically different approach by avoiding armor and developing options to move quickly and be agile over all terrain."
According to DARPA, the Ground X-Vehicle Technologies program "aims to improve mobility, survivability, safety, and effectiveness of future combat vehicles without piling on armor."
Take a look at the video below to watch the wheels transform and to watch the vehicles tackle asymmetrical terrain:


should be done to prove this.
When using the commission expense from the tax return be ALERT -- the commission expense might include wages and thus you have an employee vs. independent contractor issue (see section on Employee vs. Independent contractor, below). Separate the wage expense from the actual commission expense. The commission expense can then be used in an algebraic formula to determine retail sales.
Method 3 - Retail Income Formula
Information needed:
 1. Commission expense on tax return
 2. Commission percent paid on retail sales
Commission Expense divided by the Employee Commission percent paid on sales equals Retail Income
There are two items to consider when reconstructing retail sales using this formula:
 1. Consideration for special sales on products (there might not be a 100 percent mark-up) and
 2. Consideration for "walkthrough" traffic where no specific worker receives a commission.
It is worth reiterating that these audit techniques are guides and not absolutes. However, they have been effective in previous examinations. Using the techniques, adjustments have been made to the individual (booth renter) who failed to report his or her commission income. In the situations encountered, Forms 1099 were not issued by the salon owner for the commissions paid. In addition, salon income was also adjusted. The salon had understated retail revenue. The first indication of a potential problem was noted through the COGS percentage comparison.
Example - Retail Income Formula
Information provided:
 1. Commission Expense per Tax Return equals $15,000
 2. Commission Percent equals 15%
 3. COGS equals $53,000
 4. Retail income per tax return equals $105,000
COGS times 2 equals the Potential Retail Income
$53,000 times 2 equals $ 106,000
Retail Income equals the Commission Expense divided by Employee Commission Percent paid or $15,000 divided by 15 percent which equals Retail Revenue of $100,000.
Analysis of Reported Retail Income:
1. There is a percent mark-up on cost. The industry practice is 100 percent mark-up on cost. This mark-up percent is reasonable.
2. The commission expense reported on the tax return indicates retail revenue should be at least $100,000.
Note: Small amounts of skimming are not easily identified. These two formulas were designed to identify large discrepancies.
Rental Income
If all stylists are employees there will be no rental income.
If the salon has all booth rentals, the salon owner is a landlord. Verify the available spacehow many chairs, or "booths" are there, and the number that were occupied. As with any landlord, be suspicious whenever there are unrented booths. This means the business is operating below capacity and costing the landlord money. It is very unlikely the business would have unrented booths.
Appointment Book
The appointment book can be used as a tool in an income probe. Have the salon owner or individual (the individual may be a stylist or some type of worker providing a service) go through a day in the appointment book and explain the scheduling and recording procedure for appointments. Normally, there is a coding system used to designate the type of service scheduled and whether or not the customer kept the appointment. For example, the barber may enter the customer's name for a regular cut, the customer's named may be circled for a style and a "b" may be placed by the customer's name to indicate a beard trim. Each salon has its own scheduling and recording procedures.
It is crucial to ask in the initial interview about the types of services provided (cuts, perms, coloring) and the scheduling procedures (walk-ins, set appointments). Also, ask the salon owner about the salon activity, what percentage of each service is customary for that salon and how much activity is normal. The salon owner may remember busy or slow months. Verify the statements by looking in the appointment book and reconcile the statements to the income reported.
Frank, a barber stated that he worked 5 days a week. Reviewing the appointment book, it was determined that he actually worked 6 days a week. However, consistent with his statement, but inconsistent with the appointment book, he reported only income from the operation of 5 of the 6 days.
Another important examination step is to compare the type of services and the number of appointments to the amount of income reported. The salon should have a list of services and prices. Services provided could include: hair cuts, shampoo/style, perms, hair color, nail services, skin care/facials, make-up hair removal, tanning, massage, etc. Compare the services provided with the standard prices. Use the Service Revenue Formula to calculate the average appointment price. By calculating the average appointment price, that amount can be compared to the standard prices changed in the salon. This technique is not an absolute, but can indicate potential income problems.
In addition to the appointment book, a salon or barbershop may also maintain a daily income summary. This should be tested and compared to the appointment book. In some situations, using only the appointment book, the income reported was very close to the correct income. However, in other situations, income was understated. In one case, it was found that the daily income was understated by about $300 due to numerous walk-in appointments not recorded in the appointment book. In that situation, the barber had, however, recorded the correct income in the daily income summary. The point is that while the appointment book is an important document to review, it may not reflect all services actually rendered. Therefore, it is important to analyze it in conjunction with other available records.
Method 4 - Rental Income Formula
Information needed:
 1. Flat rate of rent
 2. Number of Stations
 3. Rent Revenue per Tax Return
Flat Rent Paid times Number of Stations times 52 Weeks equal the Rental Revenue (adjust for vacancy rate)
Analysis of Rent Revenue Reported
Total Rent Revenue Reported divided by 52 Weeks equal's weekly rental revenues
Weekly rental revenues divided by the number of stations equal the amount reported per station.
Example - Rental Income Formula
Information Needed:
 1. Flat Rate of Rent per Station equals $130
 2. Number of Stations equals 10
 3. Rent Revenue per Tax Return equals $65,000
$130 times 10 times 52 equals $67,600
Total Rent Revenue Reported divided by 52 Weeks equal's weekly rental revenues:
$65,000 divided by 52 equals $1,250 per week rental revenue
Weekly rental revenues divided by the number of stations equal the amount reported per station:
$1,250 divided by 10 equals $125 reported per station
Compare the flat rate of rent per station and the reported rate per station. In this particular example, $130 compared to $125 is reasonable. The objective of this comparison is to identify large discrepancies between the flat rate of rent and the reported rate of rent.
Indirect Methods
The Service does not have unlimited discretion to use an indirect method. An indirect method should be used only when the facts of the individual case warrant its use. For example, when:
 1. The taxpayer has no books and records, or incomplete books and records. Incomplete means not sufficient for the examiner to perform a meaningful audit.
 This issue should be documented in the workpapers. If a taxpayer's books and records are inadequate, the examiner should prepare a detailed inventory of the books provided and why they are inadequate. Failure to produce the appointment book for review will usually constitute incomplete records.
 2. The examiner tests the books and records provided by the taxpayer (for example, with a Cash-T method) and determines that they do not accurately reflect income. While use of the Cash-T method may not always, in itself, be used as evidence of the correct tax liability, it can be used a basis, or justification, for the Service to reconstruct the taxpayer's income using an indirect method.
Identification of likely sources of unreported income is generally necessary for the Service to sustain an indirect method of deficiency. In the case of salons and barbershops, like most cash intensive businesses, the most likely source of unreported cash or other unreported service, retail or rental revenue is the business itself. Courts have upheld the Service in situations in which the taxpayers have likely sources of income and no books and records. Careful documentation of the investigation is essential in sustaining a deficiency in such a case.
Employee VS. Independent Contractor
This section discusses the common law factors and relief under Section 530, State Regulatory Authority, revenue rulings, and court cases.
Common Law Factors
The question of whether an individual is an independent contractor or an employee is determined based upon consideration of the facts and application of the law and regulations in each particular case.
See Professional & Executive Leasing V. Commissioner, 89, T.C. 225, 232 (1987), aff'd 862 F.2d 751 (9th Cir. 1988); Simpson v. Commissioner, 64 T.C. 974m 984 (1975). Guides for determining the existence of that status are found in three substantially similar sections of the Employment Tax Regulations; namely, section 31.3121(d)-1, 31.3306(i)-1, and 31.304(c)-1, relating to the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), the Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA), and federal income tax withholding, respectively.
In general, it should be noted that section 3121(d) (2) of the Internal Revenue Code requires the application of the common law rules in determining the employeremployee relationship. In determining whether an individual is an


text:
Using prepared statement is favorable in two regards: It is more efficient than direct execution of SQL code, since a statement that is used repeatedly needs to be parsed, analyzed, and, optimized only once. This can lead to a significant performance gain, depending on the complexity of the statement. Secondly, since no user input is used to create the SQL statement, but parameters are only passed as function arguments when the statement is executed, SQL injection is effectively prevented.
So here is a short example of how to use this from Lua using the luapgsql interface.
First, connect to a database:
local conn = pgsql.connectdb('')
Using a prepared statement is a two step process. First, the statement needs to be prepared. This is done only once per connection using the prepare() function.
When preparing a statement, use $1, $2, $3 in the SQL code as placeholders for the actual data parameters, which will be supplied later, when the statement is being executed. To give PostgreSQL an idea which data types you will be using you have to supply "example" parameters to the prepare() function. The value of the parameter will be ignored, it will only be used to determine the data type. In the example below a prepared statement with name'myselect' and one parameter, a string value, is created:
conn:prepare('myselect','select firstname from person where lastname = $1', '')
Now the prepared statement can be used as often as needed using the execPrepared() function, indicating the name of the prepared statement and supplying the actual data values:


text: A noise reduction method of Fresnel computer-generated hologram (CGH) using wavelet transform and smooth filter is presented. Noise in hologram is very difficult to remove because an interference pattern is recorded on a digital camera during the digital processing. It also occurs in the reconstruction process, which is affected by discrete quantizing levels and optical experiment setup. So, we develop an algorithm that is capable of changing pixel values at different scales with imaginary or real value according to the requirements of each position in the hologram. A new algorithm is proposed to satisfy the above requirements using a mathematical transformation between the smooth filter function and mother wavelet function in a wavelet transform. In this paper, a theoretical model to predict the effect of noise is described and verified by the experimental results. Based on this, the resultant noises in the reconstructed image by Fresnel CGH algorithm are decreased clearly when spatial light modulator (SLM) for 3D object is placed at distance from 260 mm to 900 mm. The enhanced 3D images can be obtained from digital holograms using efficient noise reduction algorithm to apply this proposed model.


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CommandSim > Scenario Design > How to show/hide a broken window
How to show/hide a broken window
In the course of mitigating the incident, your responders may open doors and break windows. You can show this effect using environment variables in the same way as the instructions relate in "How to embed a victim in a node/location". That article gives the background information about environment variables, as well as the article "Adding Environment or Participant Variables".
As a follow-on to this article, if you want to show or hide smoke as a result of breaking the window, see our article "How to Change the State Programmatically."
Essential Idea
The essential elements you will need to add a broken window are:
 1. A picture of the location with the window intact
 2. A picture of the window broken
 3. An environment variable that will say whether the window is intact or broken.
Pictures typically come out of digital cameras at a high resolution, at least 180 or 300 dpi, and often more than 1000 pixels wide. For screen rendering, you can reduce the dpi to 72, and the overall size (for a picture filling the whole screen) to 640x480. You should reduce your broken window picture (item #2, above) by the same proportion as you reduce the node/location photo.
Note: You can resize the image inside of Flash, but that does not reduce the picture's dpi--it only scales the photo down. This means the photo still takes up the larger space. Larger space is not bad in itself, but it then requires more bandwith to transmit around your network, so there can be loading delays. Therefore, we recommend smaller sizes.
The essential idea is to create a Movie Clip with your broken window picture, and create an environment variable to hold the status of the clip as visible or invisible. Then you will add code to check the status of the variable when the movie first loads, as well as hook up a routine that detects when the value changes -- and you will tell the broken window clip to show or hide itself, depending on the value.
The steps are:
 1. Place your node photo at the bottommost layer of your movie.
 2. On a higher layer you will import your broken window graphic. Position the broken window exactly in the place you want it to appear, covering the intact window.
 3. Then, by choosing Modify > Convert to Symbol... (with the broken window selected), you convert it into a Movie Clip -- this allows it to be given an (instance) name to which we can refer (so we can write code to tell that instance to show or hide itself).
 4. Now give this instance an Instance Name (for example, "broken1").
 5. Create a new layer to hold the code that will tell the broken window to turn on or off.
 6. Open the Actions panel and enter the following code into the panel:
function eVarValChg (id, val) {
 if (id == "WINDOW1" && val == "true") {
 broken1._visible = true;
 } else if (id == "WINDOW1" && val == "false") {
 broken1._visible = false;
var win1Val = _parent._parent.getEnvironVar("WINDOW1");
if (win1Val == "true") {
 broken1._visible = true;
} else {
 broken1._visible = false;
There are two blocks of code to explain. In the first block, the code that begins with function eVarValChg defines a routine that CommandSim knows to call if an environment variable changes (for example, the instructor sets the value of a variable). Whenever a variable changes, the variable name (the message) is passed in as id and as well as the new value (val). The next line checks to see if the message is WINDOW1, which will be the name of our environment variable. If it is, then the routine sets the visibility of the broken window Movie Clip to visible (true) or invisible (false), depending on whether the value coming in is true or false.
The second block is an instruction to execute when the movie first loads. Instead of waiting to be told the value of WINDOW1, it queries CommandSim for the value, and based on the value, it sets the broken window MovieClip to visible or invisible.
The preceding steps have taken care of all the things we need to do in the node's Flash file. Now we have to add the environment variable WINDOW1 to our scenario definition.
The simplest way is to open the Scenario Designer tool and choose the STATES & VARIABLES tab. In this tab on the top right is an area in which you can create or modify environment variables. When you click to add an environment variable, it will ask you for the name (which is what instructors see, and may have spaces), the id (in our example, WINDOW1) which cannot have spaces, and the starting value. Type in a name, type in WINDOW1 for the id, and make the starting value false if you want the broken window to be invisible by default, or true if you want to start the scenario with the window broken already.
Once you save your scenario file, and then use the ServerFilePrep tool to package it into a form for the server, you are all done. When you load the instructor panel next, you should see your environment variable in the STATES & VARIABLES tab on the instructor panel. If you click the name, the current value will appear in the box below. You can enter the new value (true or false), then press the Do It button. The clock must be running (not paused) for the new value to take effect.
Note: if you prefer to make the change directly in the scenario XML file (without using the Scenario Designer), you can add the following to your scenario definition file, replacing the line that reads

We strongly urge you to make a backup copy of the scenario definition file before you edit it, in case you enter an incorrect character or accidentally delete something important. Flash is unforgiving with errors in XML files.
For an example of this, you can use the example file from the article "How to embed a victim in a node/location".
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Lint Rule Reference
More information
Want a lint that isn't here? We're looking to our community to add lints that leverage Flow's type system. (Tutorial blog post coming soon!)
Available Lint Rules
all
While all isn't technically a lint rule, it's worth mentioning here. all sets the default level for lint rules that don't have a level set explicitly. all can only occur as the first entry in a .flowconfig or as the first rule in a –lints flag. It's not allowed in comments at all because it would have different semantics than would be expected. (A different form of comment with the expected semantics is in the works.)
sketchy-null
Triggers when you do an existence check on a value that can be either null/undefined or falsey.
For example:
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const x: ?number = 5;
if (x) {} // sketchy because x could be either null or 0.
const y: number = 5;
if (y) {} // not sketchy because y can't be null, only 0.
const z: ?{foo: number} = {foo: 5};
if (z) {} // not sketchy, because z can't be falsey, only null/undefined.
Setting sketchy-null sets the level for all sketchy null checks, but there are more granular rules for particular types. These are:
 - sketchy-null-bool
 - sketchy-null-number
 - sketchy-null-string
 - sketchy-null-mixed
The type-specific variants are useful for specifying that some types of sketchy null checks are acceptable while others should be errors/warnings. For example, if you want to allow boolean sketchy null checks (for the pattern of treating undefined optional booleans as false) but forbid other types of sketchy null checks, you can do so with this .flowconfig [lints] section:
[lints]
sketchy-null=warn
sketchy-null-bool=off
and now
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function foo (bar: ?bool): void {
 if (bar) {
 ...
 } else {
 ...
 }
}
doesn't report a warning.
Suppressing one type of sketchy null check only suppresses that type, so, for example
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// flowlint sketchy-null:warn, sketchy-null-bool:off
const x: ?(number | bool) = 0;
if (x) {}
would still have a sketchy-null-number warning on line 3.
sketchy-number
Triggers when a number is used in a manner which may lead to unexpected results if the value is falsy. Currently, this lint triggers if a number appears in:
 - the left-hand side of an && expression.
As a motivating example, consider this common idiom in React:
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{showFoo && <Foo />}
Here, showFoo is a boolean which controls whether or not to display the <Foo /> element. If showFoo is true, then this evaluates to {<Foo />}. If showFoo is false, then this evaluates to {false}, which doesn't display anything.
Now suppose that instead of a boolean, we have a numerical value representing, say, the number of comments on a post. We want to display a count of the comments, unless there are no comments. We might naively try to do something similar to the boolean case:
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{count && <>[{count} comments]</>}
If count is, say, 5, then this displays "[5 comments]". However, if count is 0, then this displays "0" instead of displaying nothing. (This problem is unique to number because 0 and NaN are the only falsy values which React renders with a visible result.) This could be subtly dangerous: if this immediately follows another numerical value, it might appear to the user that we have multiplied that value by 10! Instead, we should do a proper conditional check:
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{count ? <>[{count} comments]</> : null}
untyped-type-import
Triggers when you import a type from an untyped file. Importing a type from an untyped file results in an any alias, which is typically not the intended behavior. Enabling this lint brings extra attention to this case and can help improve Flow coverage of typed files by limiting the spread of implicit any types.
untyped-import
Triggers when you import from an untyped file. Importing from an untyped file results in those imports being typed as any, which is unsafe.
unclear-type
Triggers when you use any, Object, or Function as type annotations. These types are unsafe.
unsafe-getters-setters
Triggers when you use getters or setters. Getters and setters can have side effects and are unsafe.
For example:
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const o = {
 get a() { return 4; }, // Error: unsafe-getters-setters
 set b(x: number) { this.c = x; }, // Error: unsafe-getters-setters
 c: 10,
};
nonstrict-import
Used in conjuction with Flow Strict. Triggers when importing a non @flow strict module. When enabled, dependencies of a @flow strict module must also be @flow strict.
deprecated-declare-exports
Note: This lint was removed in Flow version 0.68, along with the declare var exports syntax.
Triggers when the deprecated syntax is used to declare the default export of a declared CommonJS module.
Before Flow version 0.25, the way to declare the default exports looked like this:
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declare module "foo" {
 declare var exports: number; // old, deprecated syntax
}
In version 0.25, we introduced an alternative syntax:
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declare module "foo" {
 declare module.exports: number;
}
The new syntax is simpler and less magical. The old syntax will be removed in a future version of Flow.
This lint is enabled by default. If you see an error, you should try to rewrite the offending declaration. If you are unable to rewrite the declaration (for example, if it's part of a node_module dependency), you can disable the lint in your .flowconfig.
To disable this lint, add a line to the [lints] section of your project's .flowconfig file.
[lints]
deprecated-declare-exports=off
However, note that this syntax will be removed soon, so you should file issues with any projects that still use it.
unnecessary-optional-chain
Triggers when you use ?. where it isn't needed. This comes in two main flavors. The first is when the left-hand-side cannot be nullish:
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type Foo = {
 bar: number
}
declare var foo: Foo;
foo?.bar; // Lint: unnecessary-optional-chain
The second is when the left-hand-side could be nullish, but the short-circuiting behavior of ?. is sufficient to handle it anyway:
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type Foo = {
 bar: {
 baz: number
 }
}
declare var foo: ?Foo;
foo?.bar?.baz; // Lint: unnecessary-optional-chain
In the second example, the first use of ?. is valid, since foo is potentially nullish, but the second use of ?. is unnecessary. The left-hand-side of the second ?. (foo?.bar) can only be nullish as a result of foo being nullish, and when foo is nullish, short-circuiting lets us avoid the second ?. altogether!
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foo?.bar.baz;
This makes it clear to the reader that bar is not a potentially nullish property.
unnecessary-invariant
Triggers when you use invariant to check a condition which we know must be truthy based on the available type information. This is quite conservative: for example, if all we know about the condition is that it is a boolean, then the lint will not fire even if the condition must be true at runtime.
Note that this lint does not trigger when we know a condition is always false. It is a common idiom to use invariant() or invariant(false, ...) to throw in code that should be unreachable.
deprecated-utility
Triggers when you use the $Supertype or $Subtype utility types, as these types are unsafe and usually just equivalent to any. If the utilities were being used in a sound manner, the desired behavior can usually be recovered through the $Shape utility or bounded generics.
dynamic-export
Triggers when a dynamic type (usually any) appears in a position exported from a file. Note that this is a very noisy lint, and can be triggered even when exporting types that are defined in our library definitions to include any types. For this reason we recommend turning it on on a per-file or even per-line basis using flowlint comments rather than for your whole repository in the flowconfig.
Was this guide helpful? Let us know by sending a message to @flow


text:
Instructions for a RainBird R-50 Sprinkler
The Rain Bird R-50 rotor is a discontinued sprinkler model, so while you won't be installing a new system, you might be using a preexisting one at a new house. If you're unfamiliar with such a system, begin with the basics. First make sure you understand the installation process, if you are responsible for installing it. Then, move on to adjusting individual sprinkler heads and modifying their watering patterns.
Adjusting the Bypass
The bypass regulates how much water flows through the sprinkler's drive mechanism. Before you can change a nozzle, which defines a sprinkler's spray pattern, you must adjust the bypass so that it's flow matches the requirements of the nozzle in gallons per minute (GPM). The nozzle will indicate the proper GPM, so insert a flat screwdriver into the bottom of the sprinkler inlet and rotate it until the bypass matches nozzle specifications. For Sam and Shrub models, pull out the internal assembly from the drive housing and rotate until screen ridges match the desired GPM set point. Return the assembly to the drive, matching up the double ribs with the large drive housing opening.
Changing the Nozzle
Once you've ensured that the bypass will align with the nozzle, install the nozzle. Lift the nozzle up with a flat screwdriver, then pop the nozzle retainer out of the top of the assembly. Push the nozzle out by sticking the screwdriver into the slot at the top of the nozzle and applying pressure. Slide a new nozzle in place, and apply a new nozzle retainer to keep it in place. Align the nozzle properly, with the lip on top. If you do not have extra nozzles, you likely will need to replace the sprinkler head with a model from the 5000 Series, as this model has been discontinued.
Modifying the Arc
The arc is how far around the sprinkler will water. R-50 sprinklers are capable of watering in a full circle, or an entire 360 degrees, but you also can set them to cover part-circle patterns as small as 25 degrees. When adjusting the arc, look for the left side of the arc, which is fixed and marked by two vertical lines on the sprinkler head casing. This is where the sprinkler will stop in its rotation before rotating the other way. If the fixed left point is undesirable, move the entire sprinkler head around until the left point is where you want it. Then, with the sprinkler head up and the vandal collar down, twist the top to adjust the arc to your desired radius.
If a sprinkler head becomes stuck at one end of its rotation arc and won't turn back, this most likely means that the water pressure is too low. Optimum water pressure is measured in pounds per square inch (PSI), so test your water pressure using a pressure gauge at the sprinkler's source. If it is too low, adjust it. If a valve won't pop back down, this likely means there is debris in the system or it is broken.
Sarah Moore has been a writer, editor and blogger since 2006. She holds a master's degree in journalism.


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SAMPLE
The SAMPLE clause takes samples evenly in the result set and returns the specified amount of data.
Legacy version compatibility
SAMPLE is a new clause added in Nebula Graph 2.6.0.
SAMPLE can be used in GO statements only. The syntax is as follows:
<go_statement> SAMPLE <sample_list>;
sample_list is a list. Elements in the list must be natural numbers, and the number of elements must be the same as the maximum number of STEPS in the GO statement. The following takes GO 1 TO 3 STEPS FROM "A" OVER * SAMPLE <sample_list> as an example to introduce this usage of SAMPLE in detail.
 - The list sample_list must contain 3 natural numbers, such as GO 1 TO 3 STEPS FROM "A" OVER * SAMPLE [1,2,4].
 - 1 in SAMPLE [1,2,4] means that the system automatically selects 1 edge to continue traversal in the first step. 2 means to select 2 edges to continue traversal in the second step. 4 indicates that 4 edges are selected to continue traversal in the third step. If there is no matched edge in a certain step or the number of matched edges is less than the specified number, the actual number will be returned.
 - Because GO 1 TO 3 STEPS means to return all the traversal results from the first to third steps, all the red edges and their source and destination vertices in the figure below will be matched by this GO statement. And the yellow edges represent there is no path selected when the GO statement traverses. If it is not GO 1 TO 3 STEPS but GO 3 STEPS, it will only match the red edges of the third step and the vertices at both ends.
SAMPLE in GO
In the basketballplayer dataset, the example is as follows:
nebula> GO 3 STEPS FROM "player100" \
 OVER * \
 YIELD properties($$).name AS NAME, properties($$).age AS Age \
 SAMPLE [1,2,3];
+-----------------+--------------+
| NAME | Age |
+-----------------+--------------+
| "Spurs" | UNKNOWN_PROP |
| "Tony Parker" | 36 |
| "Manu Ginobili" | 41 |
+-----------------+--------------+
nebula> GO 1 TO 3 STEPS FROM "player100" \
 OVER * \
 YIELD properties($$).name AS NAME, properties($$).age AS Age \
 SAMPLE [2,2,2];
+---------------------+-----+
| NAME | Age |
+---------------------+-----+
| "Manu Ginobili" | 41 |
| "Tony Parker" | 36 |
| "Tim Duncan" | 42 |
| "LaMarcus Aldridge" | 33 |
| "Tony Parker" | 36 |
| "Tim Duncan" | 42 |
+---------------------+-----+
Last update: October 26, 2021
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