text:
The display promises to give a fascinating insight into the lives of ordinary Scots workers who involved themselves in the development of the early trade union movement. Highlights of the exhibition are:
- The original deed of establishment in 1761 of the Fenwick Weavers' Society in Ayrshire which is regarded as the world's first ever co-operative society
- A membership card issued almost two centuries ago to one of the first ever trade unionists in Scotland
- The service and pay book for John Dunlop who fought against fascism in the Spanish Civil War
Finding out more about ordinary folk rather than the 'great and the good' is always a challenge when using documentary sources, but exhibitions like this can at least give us a glimpse into aspects of the lives of our more 'humble' ancestors.
The exhibition runs from 2nd September until the end of October at George IV Bridge, Edinburgh, and should be well worth a visit. More details can be found at: _URL_
|Image: Simon Howden / FreeDigitalPhotos.net|


In this Skellig worksheet, students read to understand the works of David Almond and learn about his life. Students read eleven passages and then answer ten questions related to reading for meaning and understanding the author's craft.
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Classroom Considerations


text:
Pendulums Draw Novel Designs (May, 1936)
Pendulums Draw Novel Designs
INTRICATE geometrical designs, many of striking beauty, are produced by a curious instrument constructed by Milan Fiske, junior student at Beloit College, Beloit, Wis., and known as a precision harmonograph. The unusual device, which its youthful builder believes may be the only one of its kind in the country operating on similar principles, aids in the mathematical study of compound harmonic motions. A platform, mounted on a universal joint, is rocked by a pendulum while a fountain pen at the end of a three-foot arm, also supported upon a universal joint, is given an independent motion by a second pendulum. This traces a design, called a harmonogram, upon a sheet of paper attached to the rocking platform. By swinging the pendulums in various ways, Fiske estimates, as many as 10.000,000 different patterns of curves may be produced.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Why is solid sodium chloride white - and for that matter, why are the majority of salts white in solid form?
closed as too broad by Todd Minehardt, Klaus-Dieter Warzecha, Jan, ron, Zhe Jan 16 '17 at 2:34
Please edit the question to limit it to a specific problem with enough detail to identify an adequate answer. Avoid asking multiple distinct questions at once. See the How to Ask page for help clarifying this question. If this question can be reworded to fit the rules in the help center, please edit the question.
Sodium chloride is colorless because the electrons are tightly bond tho the sodium cation and the chloride anion. Visible light has not enough energy to excite the electrons to higher energy levels. So there's no absorption or emission of visible light of a certain wavelength and therefore no color.
I wouldn't say that the majority of salts is colorless, since the more complex the composition of a salt is the more likely it is not colorless.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


QStyleOptionToolButton#
The QStyleOptionToolButton class is used to describe the parameters for drawing a tool button. More
Inheritance diagram of PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton
Detailed Description#
QStyleOptionToolButton contains all the information that QStyle functions need to draw QToolButton .
For performance reasons, there are few member functions and the access to the member variables is direct (i.e., using the . or -> operator). This makes the structures straightforward to use and emphasizes that these are simply parameters used by the style functions.
For an example demonstrating how style options can be used, see the Styles example.
class PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton#
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton(other)
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton(version)
Parameters
Constructs a QStyleOptionToolButton , initializing the members variables to their default values.
Constructs a copy of the other style option.
Constructs a copy of the other style option.
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.StyleOptionType#
This enum is used to hold information about the type of the style option, and is defined for each QStyleOption subclass.
Constant
Description
QStyleOptionToolButton.Type
The type of style option provided ( SO_ToolButton for this class).
The type is used internally by QStyleOption , its subclasses, and qstyleoption_cast() to determine the type of style option. In general you do not need to worry about this unless you want to create your own QStyleOption subclass and your own styles.
See also
StyleOptionVersion
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.StyleOptionVersion#
This enum is used to hold information about the version of the style option, and is defined for each QStyleOption subclass.
Constant
Description
QStyleOptionToolButton.Version
1
The version is used by QStyleOption subclasses to implement extensions without breaking compatibility. If you use qstyleoption_cast() , you normally do not need to check it.
See also
StyleOptionType
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.ToolButtonFeature#
Describes the various features that a tool button can have.
Constant
Description
QStyleOptionToolButton.None
A normal tool button.
QStyleOptionToolButton.Arrow
The tool button is an arrow.
QStyleOptionToolButton.Menu
The tool button has a menu.
QStyleOptionToolButton.PopupDelay
There is a delay to showing the menu.
QStyleOptionToolButton.HasMenu
The button has a popup menu.
QStyleOptionToolButton.MenuButtonPopup
The button should display an arrow to indicate that a menu is present.
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.features#
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.icon#
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.iconSize#
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.text#
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.arrowType#
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.toolButtonStyle#
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.pos#
PySide6.QtWidgets.QStyleOptionToolButton.font#


text:
hy cant i keep the parameters in the encrypt method as
private String encrypt(String word, int key)
Why do i have to use a new variable called str? I have kept the key variable the same why not the variable word?
I'm not sure I understand what you are asking.
You can give just about any name you want to the parameters received by a method:
private String encrypt(String theWordToWorkOn, int theKeyThatWillBeUsed)
It is usually better and less confusing if the variable names local to a method are unique to that method and NOT the same as class variables. If they have the same names, the class variables are "shadowed" and not used. This can be a problem if you forget which variable you are using. You could think you are setting a class variable but are really working with a local one. When the method exits, the class variable is unchanged.
Unique names prevents this problem.


text:
- Deutsche Telekom unleashes Nostradamus
- Apple snatches Samsung's smartphone crown
- BT to abandon inflation-based price increases
In today's industry news roundup: Deutsche Telekom launches the quantum key distribution (QKD) testing consortium it is spearheading, and it's called Nostradamus; Samsung has ceded its smartphone crown to Apple, according to IDC; BT to land customers with one more inflation-linked price hike before it updates its model; and much more!
Deutsche Telekom (DT) has launched the consortium, of which it is the primary partner, that is building Europe's test infrastructure for quantum key distribution (QKD). In a statement, the German operator noted that the European Commission has tasked the wonderfully-named Nostradamus, a consortium unveiled nearly a year ago, to enable the evaluation of QKD devices made by European manufacturers. DT's main partners are Thales and the AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, alongside representatives from academia and industry. According to DT, the launch paves the way for the implementation of European Quantum Communication Infrastructure (EuroQCI) – a secure quantum communication infrastructure spanning the European Union's member countries. EuroQCI is intended to enhance security at datacentres, communications networks and critical infrastructure such as hospitals and power plants. Additionally, the future encrypted EU satellite network IRIS2 (Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity and Security by Satellite) will also rely on EuroQCI. "Nostradamus exemplifies Deutsche Telekom's commitment to pushing the boundaries of digital security. This collaborative effort not only enhances European cybersecurity but also underscores the importance of strategic partnerships in advancing technological resilience", commented Daniela Theisinger, managing director of Deutsche Telekom Global Business. DT has been notably active in the space of quantum technologies. In September 2023, it opened a quantum research lab in Berlin. The telco has also been sealing partnerships, including with quantum specialists Anaqor and AQT (Alpine Quantum Technologies), to offer access to quantum applications and computers for customers of its enterprise services division, T-Systems.
Apple has snatched Samsung's long-held smartphone market share crown, according to research house IDC. "The last time a company not named Samsung was at the top of the smartphone market was 2010," according to IDC, which has analysed full-year smartphone shipment numbers and concluded that Apple ended up as last year's top dog with a market share of 20.1%, ahead of Samsung's 19.4%. Xiaomi was some way behind in third place with a 12.5% market share. Apple managed to take Samsung's crown in a less than stellar year for the mobile device market: According to IDC, global smartphone shipments declined 3.2% year over year to 1.17 billion units in 2023, "the lowest full-year volume in a decade, driven largely by macroeconomic challenges and elevated inventory early in the year." However, "growth in the second half of the year has cemented the expected recovery for 2024," it added. Read more.
BT unveiled it is moving to a new "pounds and pence" pricing approach, to more clearly communicate changes to customers' bills, at the expense of the inflation-linked pricing method it has traditionally used – but not before it hits its customers with one last inflation rate-based price hike. Confirming the changes in a blog, Marc Allera, CEO of BT Group's Consumer division, explained that the new pricing model will kick in at the start of this summer. But before then, it will proceed with its annual price increase on 31 March 2024, which consists of the rate of inflation (or consumer price index – CPI) + 3.9% increase. The UK incumbent telco's pricing method change comes after national regulator Ofcom opened a consultation last year with the view to introduce new regulation that would require price changes to be set out in pounds and pence in a clear and transparent way. Allera noted that BT will let its customers know "clearly and in good time how the way we communicate and charge for their contracts is going to change", as it strives to be "the most personal, customer-focused brand in the UK." BT's move was described by Kester Mann, CCS Insight's director of consumer and connectivity, as "smart" because it shows the operator is moving fast ahead of the likely ban on inflation-linked pricing. "It gives the operator a short window to promote a clearer and more transparent approach compared to its rivals before most other operators inevitably follow suit", Mann noted. In addition, the announcement comes less than 24 hours before many UK operators are set to confirm their annual price hikes for 2024. "This is a delicate topic as households continue to grapple with cost-of-living concerns. Operators need to tread carefully: In CCS Insight's consumer research last month, nearly three-quarters of people said they would consider acting if their mobile or broadband bill went up again this year", the analyst cautioned. He expects the rest of the UK's operators to quickly follow suit. However, the situation appears to be more difficult for Vodafone UK and Three, the operators that are currently trying to appease concerns related to competition and pricing hikes that might kill off their proposed merger. For them, as Mann put it, "it'll mean some crucial decisions given that their pricing strategy will be scrutinised by the competition watchdog as part of a major upcoming investigation into their planned merger".
Orange and Capgemini have announced that their sovereign cloud joint venture, Bleu, is now engaging with "select French public and private organisations" to ensure their readiness to migrate to their forthcoming "cloud de confiance" services and future partner ecosystem. After receiving validation from the European Commission in 2023, first services are set to go live on the platform at the end of 2024. The pair also aims to obtain the SecNumCloud 3.2 qualification from the French National Cybersecurity Agency (ANSSI) to offer "cloud de confiance" based on Microsoft technology. In its statement, Orange highlighted it has seen "strong demand from an array of French organisations" for the Bleu service and therefore has freed up the coming months to prepare their migration, carry out tests and pilots with clients, and to ensure a successful onboarding on Bleu. Orange CEO, Christel Heydemann, explained that the telco is aware of "the specific challenges in terms of data protection and sovereignty for critical infrastructure operators and public institutions" in France, so the company is confident that "Bleu will meet these needs by providing a cloud solution based on Microsoft services while being fully compliant with the standards set by French authorities in its 'trusted cloud' doctrine". Read more.
Tele2 has partnered with Amazon Web Services (AWS) to launch an AI-powered customer support system for its internet of things (IoT) customers. The Swedish operator noted that its offering is powered by Amazon Bedrock, a fully managed service that "enables fast-paced building and scaling" of generative AI (GenAI) applications by selecting foundation models from leading AI companies accessible through application programming interface (API) calls. As the telco continues expanding its IoT business in Europe, it highlighted the importance of providing an enhanced customer experience and claimed that the solution will help IoT customer support agents to deliver "faster and more detailed conversational responses to IoT customer inquiries across multiple channels". In the future, Tele2 plans to upgrade the solution with multi-language support for further localisation for its agents. But that's not all: "An additional objective is making it available for IoT partners and customers as a multi-tenant solution. This way they can increase their own end-customer service efficiency and satisfaction in B2B2x scenarios through streamlined and personalised support". Find out more.
UK operator EE (part of the BT Group) said it has achieved 4G coverage targets related to the Shared Rural Network (SRN) programme six months ahead of schedule. In a statement, the company noted it has expanded its 4G network to more than 1,600 countryside communities across the UK and, with this, has exceeded its goals, as set out by the UK government, before the deadline of June 2024. The expansion has been made in alignment with the first phase of the SRN scheme, under which the four UK operators have committed to upgrade or build mobile infrastructure and expand the reach of their 4G networks to eliminate partial 'not-spots' – areas which receive coverage from at least one operator, but not all. EE claimed that its "careful planning and prioritised investment" have helped it achieve its goal towards meeting the SRN requirements and that following this upgrade, its 4G coverage stands at 94% in England, 89% in Northern Ireland, 86% in Wales and 77% in Scotland. According to its own figures, its mobile coverage and internet access covers 99% of the population and 88% of UK's landmass. "Even though we have met our Shared Rural Network commitments months ahead of time, we will continue to focus on enhancing mobile connectivity in areas without any existing coverage to ensure everyone – residents, tourists, local businesses and the emergency services – have the connectivity they need to thrive in the years ahead", noted Greg McCall, EE's chief networks officer. The next phase of the SRN, which covers the development of new-shared masts to bring 4G connectivity to


text:
The two faces of Tornado. The engine is shown here is from the J-Series Wagoneer or truck configuration with the standard paper air filter and a generator fitted.
Story by Jim Allen
Jeep's overhead-cam six, famously called the Tornado, was one of the first mass-produced overhead-cam engines built in the United States after World War II. As whiz-bang as that sounds, the engine actually has very humble roots.
Willys Motor engineer A.C. Sampietro worked out a simple plan: In 1960 he took the existing lower-end architecture from the Kaiser Supersonic/Continental Red Seal 226-cubic-inch L-head (or flathead) six and began designing a new overhead-cam engine around it.
The 226 engine had been incorporated into the Jeep lineup as the Super Hurricane in 1954, and it had an enviable reliability record. It made 105 horsepower, and when it was introduced it was a welcome addition to the horsepower-starved Jeep engine lineup. Like all flatheads, it had breathing and cooling difficulties, but the Continental-sourced engine became almost legendary for durability in Jeeps and the many other applications in which it served until 1973.
Sampietro's engine came to life in February 1961, when the prototypes were tested. By May, the engine had passed its 100-hour full-power certification tests, and the first production engines came off the line in April 1962. The 230-cubic-inch engine was dubbed Tornado, and in a strange twist of fate, the first Jeeps to have them were not the new Gladiator J-Series pickups or Wagoneer SUVs but the old Willys wagons and pickups they were designed to replace.
Although the basic architecture of the Tornado came from the 226, the blocks were considerably different, not the least of which was the lack of cast-in ports and valves used on a flathead engine and the lack of a camshaft. It was also given full-flow oil filtration, which the L226 did not have. The Tornado had the same stroke as the Super Hurricane and only a slightly larger bore. The crankshaft was more or less the same one used in the 226, but it was strengthened by Tufftriding. This was one of the first times the hardening process was used by an OEM engine builder.
Here is the power and torque graph for the engine as designed. Note the torque line. Jeep rated the engine at 210 pounds-feet at 1,750 rpm. This curve shows it achieving 210 pounds-feet before 1,000 rpm and holding above that to about 3,700. Now that's a torque curve!
The overhead-cam system was unique because one cam lobe opened the intake and exhaust valves on each cylinder. This made for a unique camshaft profile, but it allowed the intake and exhaust valves to be precisely aligned in the spherical (don't call it a Hemi) combustion chamber for optimal breathing in the crossflow head. The valves were large for the displacement -- 1.88-inch intakes and 1.62-inch exhausts. A good number of parts on the engine were aluminum, including the front cover, water pump, valve cover and intake manifold. The engine weighed 575 pounds, some 40 pounds lighter than the 226 flathead.
Despite the Tornado's undersquare configuration -- a 3.34-inch bore and 4.48-inch stroke - it was a bit of a revver at heart. In fact, the engine's 140 hp at 4,000 rpm and 210 pounds-feet of torque at 1,750 rpm was underrated. When Sampietro wrote about the Tornado in November 1962, dyno testing of the two-barrel engine was yielding 155 hp and 230 pounds-feet of torque (gross) as well as BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption) below 0.45 pounds/hp/hour from 1,200 rpm all the way to 4,000 rpm. Sampietro also designed a 153-cubic-inch four-cylinder version of the Tornado that was built overseas.
On the ugly side were the problems with oil consumption and leaking issues seen mostly in the engine's early days. They were relatively easy to fix, both under warranty and in production. Because of the oil consumption and owners not checking the oil until it was too late, a relatively high number of engine failures were reported. Word spread, and even though the issues were largely solved by the next model year, the bad rap followed, and it has stuck to this day. The engine's relative complexity compared with the standard American engine of the day was also an issue for the less well-trained mechanics.
The Tornado didn't die when it was dropped from the lineup in 1965. Its design and tooling was transferred to Industries Kaiser Argentina (or IKA), which also had ties with AMC and Renault. The engine was used in the Torino, a Rambler American clone. With only a few upgrades, the engine was sold at a standard 155-hp level, and an Interceptor version with three side-draft DCOE Weber two-barrels made 176 hp. An economy 181-cubic-inch version (3.34-inch bore and 3.44-inch stroke) was built as well. In 1973, the lower end was upgraded to seven-main configuration, and by the time the engine was discontinued in 1982, there were 215-hp versions floating around. It was used extensively in racing, and it even garnered a few international victories.
The Tornado also appeared in uniform. The low-compression one-barrel version was fitted to the 1967-69 Gladiatorbased M-715 military tactical truck. It was mostly the same, except for the waterproofed components and the 24-volt shielded electricals. Another difference was the elimination of the front engine mounting plate, one of the major sources for oil leaks on the civilian engine. The block had bosses, and the motor mounts were situated there to suit the locations used for the civilian 232ci AMC six.
The lower end of the Tornado was unremarkable. Four-main configuration, long stroke, undersquare. The upper end was remarkable for the day, with a crossflow head and overhead cam. The high-compression (8.5:1) engines had a domed piston while the low-compression engines used flat-tops. The spherical combustion chamber allowed for good airflow. If this head were fitted to an oversquare seven-main engine, it would have been a real barn burner. In its long-stroke undersquare configuration, it had good torque with a hint of "peakyness."
The 226ci L-head, whose basic lower end dimensions became the core DNA for the Tornado. It could be argued that a better engine could have been chosen for this adaptation. Engineer A.C. Sampietro's primary mandate was to develop the engine on a tight budget. This engine was originally designed by Continental Motors, a subsidiary of Kaiser Industries.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Flown is a photography, text and sound exhibition and the finale of a year long project called Flying Solo, exploring independence in shared space.
In a contemporary experience that pushes us towards independence, isolation and spectacle Flying Solo sought the beginning of an intimate alternative.
Three dance soloists from contemporary, hip-hop and African dance researched expressing true self and the diversity of their art forms in shared space. Their research took them through performances in parks, theatres, forests and tents across the UK and Ghana, including Wanstead Flats and Epping Forest.
Flown brings together photographs from the performances by Photographer Alistair H M Simmons and sound and text from interviews with the dance soloists Tyrone-Isaac Stuart, Hayley J S Matthews and Nii-Tete Yartey, who were interviewed and supported by artist Martin J Gent.
Flown is presented by ENSEMBLE, a collection of dance, sound and visual artists who make dance performances and interventions that have intimacy, grace and freedom, lead by dancer Hayley J S Matthews.
Flown is supported by Arts Council England, DanceEast, the People's Forest at Waltham Forest London Borough of Culture, Noyam African Dance Institute, OpenEaling and the Peripheral Space Project.


LEMP is a term used for a group of open source software that is installed to enable servers for hosting dynamic websites and web apps. The term LEMP is actually an acronym which refers to Linux, Enginx, MySQL and PHP. Let's take a look at how to get your LEMP stack installed on a VPS server setup in CentOS 7.
Requirements:
Before you go ahead with this guide make use that you have a separate account on your server without root privileges. You can easily break down this guide into four key steps to enable better understanding of the installation process. Before proceeding make sure that your SELinux context in your Nginx config files is correct or, you can change the SELinux mode to permissive or disabled.
Step 1 – Installing NginxNginx

 - Nginx is responsible for allowing web pages to be displayed. Nginx works as a web server and you need to manually open the CentOS 7 EPEL repository in your terminal using sudo commands. All of your operations can be easily executed without needing any kind of root privileges. It will allow you to install the Nginx repository onto your own VPS server and you need to now do with installing Nginx to set up your web server.
 - One you fire up the Nginx web server on your virtual private server you will be able to spot check if everything is working as it should be. If you performed the above steps correctly you should be able to use the public IP address of your private server.
 - You need to visit the Nginx web page to make sure everything is working properly. Your web server should now be correctly installed to your system. Before you do with the next steps you need to enable Nginx to start at boot.
 - Once you are done with the above steps you need to find your server's IP address. You can either choose to use a SSH connection to find it or you can use the iproute command line.
Note: You might be presented with two lines of data, both of them are correct ip addresses but it's likely that you will be able to use only one of them. This marks the end of the steps required to install Nginx.
Step 2 – Installing MySQL
installing mysql
Instead of using MySQL you should opt in for installing MariaDB instead which is a replacement to MySQL. It is a community developed project and will allow you to install a DBMS system into your private virtual server. Having MariaDB or MySQL setup on your server will allow you to store and manage information on your virtual private server very easily. You need to install MariaDB/MySQL in the same way you installed the Nginx app. But apart from the main app you also need the helper packages to help the different components communicate. Once you are done you need to start the app and setup your database.
setup database
 - Once you have installed the SQL database you need to install a simple security strict to remove any kind of dangerous defaults that might exist in the system. It also locks down access to some of the features for added security of your data.
 - When you are asked for the password for root leave it blank as you do not have a set password, pressing enter will take you to the next menu. If you want to set a root password you can press the password and hit Y to confirm.
 - Whenever you want to stick to the default values you can simply hit enter when you reach any prompt screen. You also need to set the MariaDB/MySQL to start on boot using a 'sudo systemctl enable' command.
This completes the setup of your database and we can move on to installing our PHP.
Step 3 – Installing PHP
installing php
PHP is the most crucial part among the three and it allows our VPS system to process data and display content dynamically. You can use the part to run several scripts connect to your database and present the information on your web server that you just installed. Once you install these components you will be able to access PHP-MySQL and PHP-FPM packages as well.
 - First, you need to configure the PHP processor to make it work with the other components. There are some configurations changes that you need to make to make sure your setup is secure and it involves opening the main php file with root privileges.
 - php infoLook for a cgi.fix_pathinfo file with is commented out with a semicolon and has a value of 1 set by default making it highly insecure. It's a very insecure setting that needs to be changed else your PHP files may malfunction and other users will be able to spam PHP requests which will get executed that should not be executed under normal circumstances. Change the value to 0 to make sure you remove this security flaw.
 - Now we need to start our PHP processor using sudo commands and enable the PHP-FPM to start on boot.
Step 4 – Configuring Nginx for PHP Page processing
We now have all the required components set up and the only configuration change that you need to do is make sure Ngifx uses your custom PHP processor that you installed for displaying any kind of dynamic content.
 - Fire up the Ngifx app on a server level and you need to reach the server block configuration on the Ngifx app. You need to add an index.php option to the file and allow the Ngifx app to index all PHP files every time a new directory is requested.
 - Now you need to change the name of the server so it matches that of your server's domain address. You should also change the server name to match that of your public IP address or your domain name to make it easier to find and access.
Restart Ngifx to make all the necessary changes. This concludes the steps involved in setting up LEMP on your system and now you need to run a simple PHP script to make sure the VPS is working as intended. If you find any problems you should recheck with the above steps and try again.
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Definition
bad block
Contributor(s): Stacey Peterson and Kim Hefner
A bad block is an area of storage media that is no longer reliable for storing and retrieving data because it has been physically damaged or corrupted. Bad blocks are also referred to as bad sectors.
There are two types of bad blocks: A physical, or hard, bad block comes from damage to the storage medium. A soft, or logical, bad block occurs when the operating system (OS) is unable to read data from a sector. Examples of a soft bad block include when the cyclic redundancy check (CRC), or error correction code (ECC), for a particular storage block does not match the data read by the disk.
On magnetic hard disk drives (HDDs), bad blocks can happen when a location on the recording surface is defective or damaged. On NAND flash drives, blocks can become worn from use, making them unreliable or unusable after a certain number of write and erase cycles.
Causes
Storage drives can ship from the factory with defective blocks that originated in the manufacturing process. Before the device leaves the factory, these bad blocks are marked as defective and remapped to the drive's extra memory cells.
A bad block can also result from physical damage to a device that makes it impossible for the OS to access data. On HDDs, mishaps, such as dropping a laptop, can cause the drive head to damage the platter. Dust and natural wear can also damage HDDs.
Damage to a solid-state drive (SSD) can occur when a memory transistor fails. Storage cells can also become unreliable over time, as the NAND flash substrate in a cell becomes unusable after a certain number of program-erase cycles.
The erase process on an SSD requires sending a large electrical charge through the flash cell. Over time, this degrades the oxide layer that separates the floating gate transistors from the flash memory silicon substrate and the bit error rates increase. The drive's controller can use error detection and correction mechanisms to fix these errors. However, at some point, the errors can outstrip the controller's ability to correct them and the cell can become unreliable.
Floating gate memory cell
NAND flash memory uses floating gates to store electrons. A floating gate that contains electrons is charged or programmed. One without electrons is uncharged or erased.
Soft bad sectors are caused by software problems. For instance, if a computer unexpectedly shuts down, the hard drive could turn off in the middle of writing to a block. In this case, the block could contain data that doesn't match its CRC error correction code and would be identified as a bad sector.
What bad blocks do
When a block is damaged or corrupted, it can make the data stored there inaccessible. If operating system or application files are stored in a damaged block, that can cause OS issues or result in an application failing to run. As the number of bad blocks on a disk increases, they can diminish the drive's capacity and performance and eventually cause hardware failure.
Disk utility software, such as CHKDSK on Microsoft Windows systems or badblocks on Linux systems, can scan storage media and mark the failed sectors so that the OS doesn't use them. The firmware on an HDD controller can also identify and mark a bad block as unusable. This usually happens when a block is being overwritten with new data. The controller automatically remaps bad blocks to a different sector. Once it is identified as bad, that sector is not used in future operations.
Bad blocks that are identified during the post-manufacturing testing of a drive are listed on what is called the P-List, short for permanent or primary defect list. Bad blocks found after the drive is in use, caused by physical damage or deterioration of the recording surface, are recorded on the G-List, short for growing list.
When a NAND flash drive identifies a bad block, it's recorded in the device's Bad Block Table (BBT). Before reading from or writing to a NAND device, the controller checks the device's BBT to avoid bad blocks. Flash drives use two kinds of BBTs: NAND-resident ones are retained across system boots, and RAM-resident BBTs are recreated each time the system is booted.
Management
The best way to fix an HDD file that has been affected by a bad block is to write over the original file. This will cause the hard disk to remap the bad block or fix the CRC or data.
Bad block management is critical to improving NAND flash drive reliability and endurance. Unlike magnetic storage media, flash can't be overwritten at the byte level; all changes must be written to a new block and the data in the original block must be marked for deletion.
Once a flash drive fills up, the controller must start clearing out blocks marked for deletion before it can write new data. To do this, it consolidates good data by copying it to a new block. This process requires extra writes to consolidate the good data and results in write amplification where the number of actual writes exceeds the number of writes requested. Write amplification can decrease the performance and life span of a flash drive.
Flash vendors use a number of techniques to control write amplification. One, known as garbage collection, involves proactively consolidating data by freeing up blocks that were written to previously. Done properly, these reallocated sectors can reduce the need to erase entire blocks of data for every write operation.
Storage analyst Eric Slack discusses how NAND flash storage degrades over time and what's being done to increase the endurance of solid-state drives.
Vendors also use data reduction technologies, such as compression and deduplication, to minimize the amount of data being written and erased on a drive. In addition, an SSD's interface can help decrease write amplification. Serial ATA's TRIM and SAS's UNMAP commands identify data blocks no longer in use that can be wiped out. This approach minimizes garbage collection and frees up space on the drive, resulting in better performance.
To extend the life of a solid-state device, the controller software that manages a NAND device can implement a wear-leveling algorithm to distribute program-erase cycles (P/E cycles) evenly across a drive and ensure that no block has excessive use compared with other blocks. With wear leveling, the flash device remaps storage blocks each time a write occurs. This approach ensures that write cycles are spread across all of the memory cells and no one block is written to more than others, reducing the chance that blocks will prematurely fail.
To support operations such as wear leveling and garbage collection, vendors overprovision flash capacity on a drive. That way, a drive has an inventory of cells available to support write operations, improve drive performance and replace cells that wear out.
This was last updated in March 2018
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Significance of Item Category / Account assignment category
Can any tell what is the significance of Item Category / Account assignment category in Sap. Why it is used.
The account assignement comes into picture when you order the material as Indirect. In case of direct it gets valuated under raw material, semi finished, finished etc (Valuation class).
In Account assignment you assign a specific G/L account to a cost center. In reality you can have different cost centers like Production, Maintenance, Quality etc and different G/L accounts like Raw material consumption, machine tools, computer software, buildings, machineries etc.
Suppose if a machine has been procured for production purposes it gets accounted in the machineries G/L account and the cost is accrued by production. Same case if a measuring instrument is procured by Quality department it gets accounted in machineries G/L account and the cost is accrued by Quality department.
It helps in analysing the spend of each department as per the allocate d budget and also helps in allocating budgets to respective departments for future purposes.


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Posted by Boniface Okoro, Umuahia | 2 March 2016 | 3,333 times
The Abia State Government has vowed to tackle the issue of flooding in Aba to guarantee durability of roads in the commercial city.
The State Governor, Dr. Okezie Ikpeazu, raised the hope of residents of Aba of a flood-free city when he went to inspect the progress of rehabilitation work on some roads in the city yesterday. He promised that his administration would soon construct a six-kilometre canal for channeling of water from the Ifeobara Pond to Aba River (popularly known as Aba Waterside).
According to the governor, the ongoing dredging of Waterside River and massive construction of drainage system in Aba are geared towards enhancing easy flow of water in Aba.
He said that government is working hard to recover the natural water basin around Ifeobara which links roads such as Old Express, Ukwu Mango axis of Faulks road, Omuma, Port Harcourt and Uratta roads, which are strategic to Aba.
"Part of what we have up our sleeves is to recover the entire catchment natural water basin in that area, which from what we saw, has been taken up by illegal structures, some, high rise buildings," the governor said.
"This is my way of confirming the fact that going forward, any structure that we find within the vicinity of those basins – Ifeobara and the one around Uratta – will go down. Part of our plan is to see if we can convert it to a fish pond and then give right of way naturally to water to flow into the natural basins that nature have designed as it were," he added.
Ikpeazu explained why serious attention is being given to Ngwa Road in the commercial city.
"Ngwa Road is very, very important because we have three very strategic markets on this road. We have the New Market, Cemetery and the one at the bridge head. Ngwa Road runs the entire breadth of Aba, from Port Harcourt Road. So, if we are to recover Ngwa Road properly, it means that somebody can access Ogbor Hill from the city centre and even from Port Harcourt," he said.
He said that the state would carry out palliative work on Port Harcourt Road, though a federal road, because of its importance.
The governor, who expressed satisfaction with the pace and quality of work done by the contractors so far, said that the volume of work done by his administration shows that it has the capacity to manage resources. He called on Abians and Aba residents, in particular, to pay their taxes to enable government to do more.
The roads inspected by the governor during the visit include Urata, Omuma, Old Express, Ngwa Road, Emelogu, Ehere, among others.
-Photo shows Governor Ikpeazu flagging off work on a road project in Aba.
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Research Article - Journal of Food Technology and Preservation (2020) Volume 4, Issue 4
Investigating the nutritional, sensory and storage qualities of substituted mungbean-garri diets.
The study investigated the nutritional, sensory and storage qualities of substituted mungbeangarri diets. Mungbean substituted garri in different proportions (30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%) to generate ready-to-eat mungbean-garri diets. Substituted mungbean-garri samples and 100% garri were subjected to chemical (proximate, anti-nutrient) and sensory analysis, the most acceptable diet was further subjected to microbial growth count. The proximate composition of the garri samples range from 2.16 g-4.42 g/100 (protein), 1.68 g-2.04 g/100 (crude fiber) and 375 kcl-388 kcal (energy). Anti-nutrient composition of 1.4% (saponin), 0.19% (phytate) and 0.43% (oxalate) were found to be significantly lower (p<0.05) in sample A (30%M:70%G). The sensory analysis was conducted with 30 taste panels (school children) on a nine-point hedonic scale. Sample A (30%M:70%G) ranked highest in all the parameters (appearance, texture, mouldability and general acceptability) tasted even higher than the values obtained for 100% garri sample, though not significant (p<0.05). Sample A (30%M:70%G) was later stored in three different packaging materials (polythene bag, sac bag and plastic container) on shelf and inside the cupboard for a period of four weeks. Lower microbial growth count of 1 ? 103 was observed with mungbean-garri sample packaged in sac bag and stored on the shelf (SBS) during the first and second week of storage, while samples packaged in a plastic container and stored in the cupboard (PCC) recorded the lowest microbial growth count during the third (3 ? 103) and fourth (5 ? 103) weeks of storage. However, microbial growth count recorded in the samples stored on the shelf and inside the cupboard ranged from 103 to 9 ? 103 and were within the acceptable limits for ready-to-eat-foods after four weeks. Conclusively, substituted mungbean-garri diet with the substitution of 30% mungbean and 70% garri was more acceptable and nutritionally better for a feeding trial involving school children. Substituting garri with 30% mungbean is therefore recommended for general use as a way of improving nutrient intake of garri users.Author(s): Agugo UA, Asinobi CO, Afam Anene C


Mechanical Transmission,
Location: * L.S Ingersol Physics Museum Middle of Room
transmission.jpg
Description:
This demonstrates a simple machine.
Equipment
Location
ID Number
apparatus
Ingersoll Museum
Setup:
 1. No Setup Needed
Cautions, Warnings, or Safety Concerns:
 1. Gears could jam
Demonstration: A system of various sized gears which are able to interlock and interchange to produce different magnitudes of force on the drive shaft. These various sized gears while in series with the system can produce differential force applied on the drive shaft. This is a simple example of how a manual transmission works and how simple engineering can produce varied results .
_URL_
References: 1. Transmission Wiki 2. []
fw: Transmission (last edited 2013-07-12 18:18:15 by localhost)


Displaying File Size Metadata
Steps for displaying a table's File Size report and the metadata about the table's file's size distribution.
Describes how to open a table's File Size report and the metadata of a file.
 1. In a supported browser, log in to Workload XM.
 2. In the Search field of the Clusters page, enter the name of the cluster whose workloads you want to analyze.
 3. From the navigation panel under Data Warehouse, select File Size Report.
 4. In the File Size Report page, either search for a specific table, or locate the table by sorting the tables by the number of files, the number of partitions, or the table size.
 For example, the File Size Reports shows that the Animantarx table has 7 million files and 913 partitions.
 5. To display details about the table's file size distribution, select a table name.
 For example, the following table's details window shows that the Aerosteon table uses 42 data files that range from 10 to 24.5 GiB and the graph displays the Q1 and Q3 file size distribution.


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February 23, 2023
100 W 10th Ave.
Eugene, OR 97401
OBOB Book Group
Thursday, February 23, 2023
Grades 3-5: sign up for quizzes and conversation about OBOB titles.
For kids in grades 3-5: get together for fun quizzes and conversation about two of this year's Oregon Battle of the Books (OBOB) titles.
For the February meeting, we're reading "Me, Frida, and the Secret of the Peacock Ring" by Angela Cervantes and "Measuring Up" by Lily LaMotte. Sign up and we'll give you free copies of the books to keep.
Starting Jan. 2, sign up online: _URL_


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Effective Number of Bits (ENOB): The Best Digitizer Performance Metric
While the nominal vertical resolution of a high-speed waveform digitizer (specified in bits) is often promoted, its true performance is provided by its measured Dynamic Parameters and in particular by its Effective Number of Bits (ENOB). This article describes the measurement of the Dynamic Parameters and presents measurements for a leading-edge GaGe 12-bit Digitizer.
A widely used digitizer-like device, the Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO), is optimized for the visualization of unknown signals. The relatively low 8-bit vertical resolution of most DSOs is sufficient for signal visualization and is offered at the highest sampling rates (~200 Giga Samples/second). Furthermore, high-end DSOs are often optimized for the determination of signal edge positions in the time domain, such as in eye-diagram measurements. Accordingly, product marketing typically promotes DSO's high input bandwidth and vertical performance parameters are not emphasized.
By downloading a white paper, the details of your profile might be shared with the creator of the content and you may be contacted by them directly.


those who received the last dose of an EU-approved vaccine.
EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen that it was time to revive the EU tourism industry and for cross-border friendships to rekindle safely.
Discussions on the plans will begin.
7) Answer: E
External Affairs Minister Dr S Jaishankar and EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Josep Borrell have reaffirmed commitment to support Afghanistan in its path towards peace, security, self-reliance and prosperity.
Dr Jaishankar and Mr Borrell called for respecting and protecting the national sovereignty and territorial integrity of Afghanistan.
They reaffirmed their strong and continued support to an inclusive, Afghan-led, Afghan-owned peace process.
As representatives of the world's largest democracies, External Affairs Minister Dr.Jaishankar and Mr.Borrell reaffirmed that any political settlement in Afghanistan must protect the human rights and fundamental freedoms of all Afghans, including women, youth and minorities.
They reiterated that the nature of the peace settlement and its outcome will shape the future of international support and assistance.
They jointly and firmly condemned the unacceptable level of violence perpetrated against the national forces of Afghanistan and civilians and the targeted assassinations of civil rights activists, media persons and Ulema.
They reiterated their call for an immediate, permanent and comprehensive nationwide ceasefire.
8) Answer: D
India has scaled another peak in its effort to contain the COVID-19 virus with the administration of more than 16 Crore four lakh vaccine doses so far to its citizens.
Union Health Ministry said, the country also administered more than 13 Crore doses as the first dose and more than three crore vaccine doses have been administered as the second dose.
The Ministry said, more than two lakh 29 thousand beneficiaries of the age group 18 to 44 years received their first dose of COVID vaccine.
The cumulative vaccination coverage for this age group is over six lakh 62 thousand across 12 States and Union Territories.
The Ministry said that more than five crore 29 lakh beneficiaries in the age group of over 60 years has received the first dose and over one crore 23 lakh received the 2nd dose.
The country has administered nearly 11 lakh 50 thousand vaccine doses till 8 pm.
More than six lakh 15 thousand beneficiaries were vaccinated for 1st dose and over five lakh 33 thousand beneficiaries received 2nd dose of vaccine.
9) Answer: B
Government said that 28 States and Union Territories have started lifting food grains from Food Corporation of India depots for free distribution of food grains to the poor under Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana.
Last month, Centre had decided to provide free food-grains to nearly 80 crore beneficiaries covered under National Food Security Act, NFSA in the month of May and June.
Under this scheme, five kilogram per person per month food grains will be provided to the NFSA beneficiaries belonging to both Antyodaya Anna Yojana and Priority Householders categories.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi had stressed that it is important that the poor people of the country have nutritional support when the country is facing the second wave of coronavirus.
The Consumer Affairs Ministry said, Food Corporation of India has already positioned sufficient food grains in all States and UTs for successful implementation of the scheme.
It said 28 States and UTs have started lifting foodgrains from Food Corporation of India depots and Rs. 5.88 lakh tonnes of food grains have been supplied for further distribution to beneficiaries.
Lakshadweep has completely lifted May and June allocation whereas Andhra Pradesh and Telangana have already lifted 100 percent of May allocation.
The Ministry said, the rest of the States and UTs have also been sensitized to immediately start lifting the foodgrains under the scheme.
It has advised them to encourage migrant NFSA beneficiaries for using the facility of portability under One Nation One Ration Card plan.
The Ministry said, Centre will bear the entire cost of implementation of this scheme, without any sharing by States and Union Territories.
10) Answer: C
In Snooker, Mark Selby became the World Champion for the fourth time.
It took place from 17 April to 3 May 2021 at the Crucible Theatre in Sheffield, England.
Selby won the Championship defeating Shaun Murphy by 18-15 victory at professional snooker tournament.
He has now moved up to second spot in world rankings, next only to Judd Trump.
Prior to this, Selby won the Championship title in 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2021.
11) Answer: E
Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister Dharmendra Pradhan remotely flagged off the first supply of UCO, Used Cooking Oil based Biodiesel blended Diesel from Indian Oil's Tikrikalan Terminal, Delhi.
The Centre had initiated Expressions of Interest for "Procurement of Bio-diesel produced from Used Cooking Oil" on the occasion of World Biofuel Day on 10th August 2019.
Such "Expressions of Interest" are being periodically released by Oil Marketing Companies.
Speaking on the occasion, Mr Pradhan complimented the Oil industry on the stellar role played by them in keeping the fuel lines running despite the stiff challenges of the pandemic.
He also lauded the OMCs for going beyond the usual business imperatives by extending support for medical oxygen supply to the nation in this crisis.
Mr Pradhan also appreciated Indian Oil's leadership role in smoothening the Liquid oxygen logistics in the country through various initiatives.
Regarding the first supply of UCO-based Biodiesel from Indian Oil's Tikrikalan Terminal, the Minister termed it as landmark in India's pursuance of Biofuels.
He said it will have a positive impact on the environment.
This initiative will garner substantial economic benefits for the nation by shoring up indigenous Biodiesel supply, reducing import dependence, and generating rural employment.
12) Answer: B
Government has said that about 65 per cent more wheat has been procured during the current Rabi Marketing Season in comparison to the corresponding period last year.
Consumer Affairs Ministry said, the procurement of Wheat is continuing smoothly in the procuring States of Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Chandigarh, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir and Bihar at Minimum Support Price.
The Ministry said, a quantity of over 299 lakh tonnes of Wheat has been procured against the last year corresponding purchase of around 181 lakh tonnes.
It said, about 29 lakh 46 thousand farmers have already benefited from the ongoing procurement operations with MSP value of over 59 thousand Crore rupees.
The Ministry said over 721 lakh tonnes of paddy have been procured in the ongoing Kharif Marketing Season 2020-21 and Rabi Marketing Season.
About one crore eight lakh farmers have benefited from the ongoing procurement operations.
13) Answer: D
The Ministry of Ayush and the Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports have tapped into the spirit of International Day of Yoga to encourage the public to pursue Yoga as a daily routine for good health and well-being. The International Day of Yoga has been celebrated annually on 21 June.
The two Ministries came together to organize a virtual event to mark 50 days in the countdown to International Day of Yoga 2021.
In view of the COVID surge all the Yoga Day promotional activities are being conducted through digital & electronic platforms to encourage participation by citizens from their respective homes.
The Ministry of Ayush has, in this context, been propagating the message "Be with Yoga, Be at Home".
14) Answer: C
In Madhya Pradesh, 379 crore rupees have been transferred into the accounts of 16 thousand 844 beneficiaries under the Mukhyamantri Jan-Kalyan Sambal scheme.
Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chouhan said the state government accords high priority to benefit the poor families of unorganised sector workers.
The Chief Minister informed that in the difficult times of crisis beneficiaries of Sambal Yojana are also being given three months of free ration along with financial assistance.
He called upon the beneficiaries to take precautions against the corona and to protect others along with themselves.
Meanwhile, Free Swastha Aahar Yojana (Healthy Food Scheme) for the corona patients of Bhopal is also being launched.
Medical Education Minister Vishwas Sarang said that the patient will get nutritious food on time free of cost in the hospital where he is admitted.
Minister Sarang said that as a pilot project, this scheme has been started in 110 hospitals in Bhopal.
On its success, this scheme will be started in other cities of the state as well.
15) Answer: D
Singer Pink will be honoured with the Icon Award at the 2021 Billboard Music Awards (BBMAs).
The award aims to recognize artists who have achieved success on the Billboard charts and left an indelible impact on music.
Pink joins previous honourees that include Neil Diamond, Stevie Wonder, Prince, Jennifer Lopez, Celine Dion, Cher, Janet Jackson, Mariah Carey and Garth Brooks.
"As a little girl, I always dreamed about being a singer and sharing my love of music with the world," the 41-year-old singer, who is the youngest recipient to date, said in a statement.
"Years later, to receive the Billboard Music Awards Icon Award is hard to fathom! I feel so honoured to join the ranks of music idols like Cher, Garth Brooks, Janet Jackson and Stevie Wonder.
16) Answer: B
TMC leader Mamata Banerjee will be sworn in as the Chief Minister of West Bengal for the third time.
Governor Jagdeep Dhank


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Case Study
Ansys + Apollo Tyres
"Ansys Fluent software helped in analyzing the hydroplaning risk of passenger car tyres by calculating the lift force on the tyres."
— Sowntharya L, Scientist, Tyre Simulation / Apollo Tyres
Hydroplaning occurs when a layer of water builds up between the tires and the road surface, which leads to loss of contact that prevents the vehicle from responding to control inputs, such as steering, braking or accelerating. The tread design and dimensions play an important role in expulsion of water, thus reducing the risk of hydroplaning. Predicting the speed of onset of hydroplaning and the lift force experienced by the tire aids in optimizing the tread pattern.
Hydroplaning in tires is a safety criterion. Hence, there is a need to minimize the loss of contact by modifying the groove design while keeping the development cost low. Experimental testing is highly expensive and limited, which affects the validation of the simulation results. Also, hydroplaning and tire noise are conflicting phenomena, and they should be optimized with proper balance.
Engineering Solution
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis using Ansys Fluent simulated the water flow through the car tires. The developed simulation methodology predicted the lift force and hydroplaning speed.
The developed methodology helps in:
- Selecting the best tire pattern to minimize hydroplaning.
- Optimizing water flow channel in tires to delay the onset of hydroplaning.
- Increasing the wet grip potential of tires.
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Ogden Driggs had a very eventful trip to Europe when he was a boy.Why did his family have to leave Continental Europe in a hurry, and what famous person came home to America on the same ship?
The Driggs family had to leave Paris because the Germans had invaded France. They spent six months in England before returning to the US on Feb. 23, 1915 on the S.S. St Paul. Robert Frost and family were also on the ship.
Ogden Driggs was aboard the St. Paul when it returned to NYC 13 Feb. 1915. Poet Robert Frost and his family were also aboard. I'm guessing the quick return was due to the outbreak of WWI.
Correction: Arrival date was the 23rd of Feb.
Ogden Driggs traveled on the USS St. Paul from Liverpool, leaving Great Britain on 13 Feb 1915, along with poet Robert Frost & family. Just 3 days before, Germany had declared all waters surrounding Great Britain as a war zone. Interesting enough, Driggs also traveled as a boy from the Phillipines, via Havana, in 1913 during the height of the Moro Rebellion. On that return voyage he traveled with Chess Master Frank J. Marshall.
The Driggs family left Continental Europe in February 1915 most likely due to the danger during World War I, and on their ship (the St. Paul) was Robert Frost.
You're all correct! By his own account, Ogden and his family were evacuated to England aboard the U.S. destroyer Tennessee in 1914, and spent six months in England before heading home. He was only nine, so he probably didn't remember seeing Robert Frost aboard ship. Frost was then an up-and-coming poet, having published his first two collections while living in England.Thanks to kac for pointing out Ogden's earlier brush with war and celebrity. His folks sure knew how to pick vacation spots!
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Changing Combinations - The Passback
The challenge lies in the potential for teams to quickly convert a losing combination to a winning one by a simple Passback, slowing an opponent so that a teammate moves ahead. Slowing techniques may be accomplished by luffing or Ragging on an opponent or Pinning her beyond the layline and forcing her to sail a longer distance, helping a team mate to move ahead. Simply described, a passback is a technique used by a competitor to cause an opponent to lose one or more positions and effectively bring a teammate ahead one or more positions.
An upwind passback or is performed by a competitor to weather of an opponent luffing her jib on the leeward opponent so that they both slow down. Meanwhile, a teammate to leeward of both boats goes fast and moves ahead of the opponent to weather. The passback becomes more challenging when the opponent in the middle effectively luffs and slows the third boat to leeward. With all this luffing going on, two team mates are going slowly while only one of the other team is going slowly. This means that the two other opponents may be going fast elsewhere on the race course. Obviously, a passback quickly accomplished is desirable for the team dedicating two boats. This is demonstrated in Figure 1.
At times, with the three boat set up described above, it is more advantageous to execute a Speed Passback. This would be the case when the opponent in the middle has a poor position on your teammate to leeward. With a speed passback, just the bad air from the weather teammate would be enough to slow the opponent in the middle, pass her back, and bring the leeward teammate ahead. A speed passback does not require luffing and would be best utilized when speed is vital and the weather teammate does not want to lose her position in the race by luffing and slowing.
Another form of passback is accomplished when a teammate forces an opponent beyond a layline, making both of them travel a further distance while a teammate who was behind goes the shorter distance and passes a mark ahead of both. A mark passing passback is demonstrated in Figure 11 and Figure 14.


Translator Disclaimer
Paper
3 September 1998 Characteristics of contrast and application for small-target detection
Author Affiliations +
Abstract
The detection of small targets, especially of a target within a single frame of data, is an important problem in image processing. A lot of work have already been proposed for this problem. Of them, nonlinear morphology-based methods have shown their advantages than traditional linear methods in target detection. Many of these methods are based on local background estimate and threshold computation. A thresholding procedure is required for the methods. However, none of them shows how to get an appropriate threshold and what is the relation between a threshold and the detection performance of the detector. In this paper, we use the contrast between target and local background to be the measurement of characteristic of targets and background. Here, the contrast between target and local background is the ratio of target residual, which is acquired by subtracting local background estimate from the original image, and local background estimate. By analyzing the difference between the contrast between target and local contrast between background and local background, we can determine an appropriate threshold which can achieve high probability of detection while produce very small probability of false alarm. Experiments on a large read sea- surface ship images prove the effectiveness of the method presented in this paper.
© (1998) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nong Sang, Tianxu Zhang, and Weiqiang Shi "Characteristics of contrast and application for small-target detection", Proc. SPIE 3373, Signal and Data Processing of Small Targets 1998, (3 September 1998); _URL_
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Alabo David Briggs
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Upload files directly to Cloudinary from a React application
Upload files directly to Cloudinary from a React application
Alabo David Briggs's photo
Alabo David Briggs
·Jul 14, 2020·
Introduction
Cloudinary is a SaaS technology company that provides a cloud-based image and video management services. It enables users to upload, store, manage, manipulate, and deliver images and video for websites and apps
image2 1.png
The most common approach to uploading files directly to cloudinary would be to first upload to the server e.g Node.js, Go, PHP then from the server upload to cloudinary. In this article we will learn how to upload directly to cloudinary using React hereby eliminating the need to first send the file to the server. PS: This approach can also be used with any other technology and not just react
Prerequisites
 - Code editor that supports JS (preferable VS code)
 - Cloudinary account
 - Knowledge of React JS
 - Familiar with cloudinary dashboard
Why upload to cloudinary directly?
As stated earlier, the most common way through which media files are uploaded to cloudinary directly would be to first send to the server then upload to cloudinary. This approach can be improved if we can remove the first step of sending to the server and rather send to the cloudinary directly from the front end. For Example, Imagine we want to upload a 10mb image but first upload to the server which will take let's say 10 seconds, then the server uploads the 10mb images again to cloudinary which takes another time. The point of this new approach is to eliminate the need to upload first to the server which will not just save us resources but also save us time and improve user experience.
image4.png
Cloudinary setup
Before uploading directly to cloudinary you need to setup the your cloudinary account to accept uploads directly. Below are the steps
Step 1: Login to cloudinary
image5.png
Step 2: Go to settings/ upload
image6.png
Step 3: Scroll down and click on "add upload preset"
image3.png
Step 4: Fill out the form
 - Fill out the preset and folder name.
 - Change "signed mode" to unsigned upload
 - Note: "folder" is the name of the folder the files will be uploaded to.
image1.png
Step 5: Copy preset name and api key
In your dashboard copy your API and the name of the just created preset name. It will be needed to make the direct upload using axios.
image7.png
Save the copied key and preset name and proceed to the next section
Uploading using react
After the above steps have been completed the next step would be to upload a file directly to cloudinary directly from your react app. To achieve this we follow the steps below.
Note: You should already have your react app setup to follow this steps
Step 1: Create file input component
const FileInput = () => {
 return <input type="file" onChange={()=>{}} />;
};
export default FileInput;
Step 2: Add an onChange handler to handle input change
const FileInput = () => {
 const onChangeHandler = ({target:{files}}) => {
 handleUploadImages({files);
 };
 return <input type="file" onChange={onChangeHandler} />;
};
Step 3: Add function to upload to cloudinary
This function will upload the selected file to cloudinary directly using axios.
const handleUploadImages = async (images) => {
 try {
 const uploads = images.map(async (image) => {
 try {
 const formData = new FormData();
 formData.append('file', image);
 formData.append('tags', 'tutorial');
 formData.append('upload_preset', 'tutorial');
 formData.append('api_key', 'API_KEY');
 formData.append(
 'timestamp',
 // eslint-disable-next-line newline-per-chained-call
 moment().utcOffset('+0100').format('LLLL')
 );
 const uploadResponse = await Axios.post(
 '_URL_
 formData,
 { headers: { 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest' } }
 );
 return uploadResponse;
 } catch (err) {
 return console.log(err);
 }
 });
 const uploadResponses = await Axios.all(uploads);
 console.log(uploadResponses);
 } catch (err) {
 return console.error(err);
 }
 };
From the code above you can see that some values are appended to the form data before uploading.
 - upload_preset: This is the name of the upload preset that was created on cloudinary in step 3 and 4.
 - api_key: This is the api key on your cloudinary dashboard
 - tags: This is the tags that can be used to sort the image in your cloudinary dashboard. The value can be anything. In this case we call it "tutorial"
 - file: This is the file to be uploaded
 - timestamp: This is simply the time the picture was uploaded. In the case we used moment JS to get the time
If noticed above we mapped over the selected files and uploaded each individually this is in cases of multiple file uploads. Then we used Axios.all() to send all request simultaneously without having to wait for one to finish before the next one starts
const handleUploadImages = async (images) => {
 try {
 const uploads = images.map(async (image) => {
 // do things on things here
 });
 const uploadResponses = await Axios.all(uploads);
 console.log(uploadResponses);
 } catch (err) {
 return console.error(err);
 }
 };
After the above steps your component should look like this
import Axios from 'axios';
import moment from 'moment';
const FileInput = () => {
 const handleUploadImages = async (images) => {
 try {
 const uploads = images.map(async (image) => {
 try {
 const formData = new FormData();
 formData.append('file', image);
 formData.append('tags', 'product');
 formData.append('upload_preset', 'tutorial'); // this is yout upload opreset
 formData.append('api_key', 'API_KEY'); // This is your upload key
 formData.append(
 'timestamp',
 // eslint-disable-next-line newline-per-chained-call
 moment().utcOffset('+0100').format('LLLL')
 );
 const uploadResponse = await Axios.post(
 '_URL_
 formData,
 { headers: { 'X-Requested-With': 'XMLHttpRequest' } }
 );
 return uploadResponse;
 } catch (err) {
 return console.log(err);
 }
 });
 const uploadResponses = await Axios.all(uploads);
 console.log(uploadResponses);
 } catch (err) {
 return console.error(err);
 }
 };
 const onChangeHandler = ({target: {files}}) => {
 handleUploadImages(files);
 };
 return <input type="file" onChange={onChangeHandler} />;
};
export default FileInput;
You can then send the return object from cloudinary to your server and the most important fields are secure_url and public_id. Of which you can used public_id for complex transformations and secure_url to access the image barebones. You will also find other fields there which you might find useful.
Conclusion
Uploading directly to cloudinary by first sending to the server is a good approach but it can be better optimized by uploading directly to cloudinary whilst eliminating the need to first upload to the server first then from server to cloudinary. This helps save resource and gives a better user experience as time for file uploads will be reduced by a great percentage.

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text:
Biological Systems Engineering faculty members, Dr. Troy Peters, Dr. Bin Yang, and Dr. Lav Khot, recently traveled to China to collaborate with faculty, students, and scientists at the Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University in Yangling, China. This is part of an international cooperation partnership that the Department of Biological Systems Engineering Department has with this university. The primary objectives of this visit were to strengthen international exchange and cooperation with this university and encourage additional Chinese Scholarship Exchange students to come do research with WSU in the future. They met with the Dean of the College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Dr. Shaojin Wang, toured the college and gave presentations to almost 200 students and faculty there. Dr. Peters gave a presentation titled "Irrigation Issues and Advances in the Pacific Northwestern United States," Dr. Khot gave a presentation titled "Precision Agriculture of Specialty Crops," and Dr. Yang gave a presentation titled "Overcoming the Challenges of the Next Generation of Biofuels and Bioproducts Production." In addition, each faculty member met individually with researchers from their specific areas to discuss plans for future collaboration and exchange of ideas.
On the way home, Dr. Peters and Dr. Khot also visited Hebei University in Baoding (hosted by Dr. Yongsheng Si). They similarly met scientists and engineers there, gave presentations and discussed plans for cooperation and collaboration for future grant proposals and research.


text: Cost is one of the major factors to be considered when choosing a thermal insulator. Design engineers continuously strive to provide the best at the lowest possible cost. In the tropics climatic conditions are essentially hot and humid and a cause for daily discomfort. To some extent, air-conditioning of buildings has solved this problem. The major deterrent to air-conditioning is the exorbitant cost of imported thermal insulation materials. This has prompted a search for local, low-cost but effective thermal insulation for buildings. Coconut fiber is available at minimal cost from the copra industry in Trinidad, as it is a waste product from the coconut. The viability of using coconut fiber as building thermal insulation was explored by conducting thermal conductivity tests on 200 mm × 400 mm × 60 mm thick slab-like specimens. The test equipment used was a locally designed constant temperature hot box apparatus. This apparatus was designed to test slab-like specimens under steady-state conditions. The reliability if this experimental set up was checked using Gypsum Plaster. The thermal conductivity test results for coconut fiber over the density range 30 kg/m3 to 115 kg/m3 showed the characteristic hooked shape graph for fibrous material. For the 60 mm thick specimens at a mean temperature of 39 °C, a minimum thermal conductivity of 0.058 W/mK occurred at an optimum density of 85 kg/m3. The thermal conductivity of commonly used industrial insulators, namely loose-fill expanded vermiculite, cellular glass and blanket fiber glass, at a mean temperature of 38 °C are 0.066 W/mK, 0.061 W/mK and 0.052 W/mK respectively . When compared, these results show that air dried coconut fiber has far reaching potential for use as an effective building thermal insulation.


text:
currently not a multicultural environment and for the most part in my experience, most Japanese people will act very surprised when interacting with those who do not naturally understand Japan's cultural norms.
I think that immersion in native material is an important part of cultural studies. Harry Potter books individual are kinda long and the whole series itself would be a huge time investment. I think that time might be better spent reading Japanese native material.
Who should read this book?
People are are huge Harry Potter fans and want to read this book despite its weak points as a language study tool.
If you are interested in reading a novel based off of a story you already know, there are sooo many novelizations of movies or anime out there. There are also many books that have been turned into movies. I do not think it would be difficult to find an alternative book that readers will find to be good comfortable reads.
Of course please ignore my recommendations if your feelings happen to be the opposite of mine. Those who really want to read Harry Potter in Japanese should read Harry Potter in Japanese. My advice is more aimed for those who are wondering if this novel would be a good fit for their Japanese language journey.
I do recommend that language learners be very familiar with the Harry Potter universe before attempting this book. I would only recommend this book to those who have read it in English(or whatever native language is of the language learner). This is not a book that you should be reading for the first time in Japanese.
I own the hardcover edition of this novel and it is 568 pages long. Since the version of this book is physically larger then most Japanese novels, this means it will take even longer to complete in comparison. This book itself is quite heavy and I recommend that readers purchased the paper back book instead for ease of use. I like to switch positions a lot while reading and found that the physical size of the book limited my sitting positions.
All of the Harry Potter movies have been dubbed to Japanese. There are also Japanese audio book versions of Harry Potter available as well. I think that the amount of media attached to this series will make it attractive to language learners.
4 thoughts on "Japanese Novel Review: ハリー・ポッターとアズカバンの囚人 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J. K. Rowling"
Hello! Thanks for the great review!
Some time ago, I decided to read the whole Harry Potter series in Japanese, but I stopped halfway through the Prisoner of Azkaban because I was reading too many books at the same time. Reading your review makes me want to pick it up again 🙂
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Thanks for the comment! Yes, the Harry Potter series so very long so it seems like a big commitment. There are so many great book out there in Japanese I'm sure it would be hard to stay focused on a story you already know.
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It is so interesting that you had such a different experience reading it in Japanese compared to English (perception of characters etc.)
I haven't read it myself and don't plan to, but since I am about to open up Little Women in Japanese I feel a bit apprehensive😅
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It might depend on the translator! I have heard that there are others out there who are not a fan of the writer who translated the Harry Potter series. The writing quality from Little Women is on a totally different level then Harry Potter so I have a feeling that you will like reading that beautiful copy of Little Women that you were able to find. Its a literary masterpiece and I think it can withstand any possible translation issues.


text:
Ninety-eight years ago on this date -- Nov. 14, 1914 -- the Dodge Brothers produced their first car. Or at least, that's the convenient history. But we did some fact checking, and it turns out that on Nov. 14, 1914, the Dodge Brothers (that's supposedly Horace on the left and John on the right, but correct us if we have them backwards) were merely photographed riding in the rear seat of the first car to bear their last name. According to "The Dodge Brothers: The men, the motor cars, and the legacy" by Charles K. Hyde, here's the full story:
The widely accepted history of the initial production of early Dodge Brothers automobiles in November 1914 is at odds with much of the evidence about the earliest Dodge Brothers cars. Automotive historians have thought that the first production car, later named "Old Betsy," came off the assembly line at the Hamtramck factory on 14 November 1914. Guy Ameel, superintendent of final assembly for Dodge Brothers since the start of automobile production, served as John and Horace's chauffeur that day. With the brothers in the back seat, Ameel stopped the first Dodge Brothers car in front of John Dodge's mansion on Boston Boulevard in Detroit and a photographer recorded this important moment.
"Old Betsy" was more likely an experimental prototype car assembled several months before 14 November 1914 and not a production car at all...
So, there you have it: The Dodge Brothers were photographed being chauffeured around in a prototype vehicle in front of one of their mansions on this date 98 years ago.


text:
01 Apr 2020
Evaluating The Results From The Brixton Project In The UK And Understanding How Residential Energy Markets Can Interact With The Grid
- Verifying the performance of electricity network control system used. What needs
- Evaluating the ROI – What were the economics from the last 5 years and what will they be
in 20 years, 10 years and 5 years and how do the economics influence the system design?
- Lessons learnt: examining one technical and one strategic mistake and suggesting a
solution for future developers.
If you want to know more about this and other topics directly from end users of energy storage technologies join us at one of these annual events: The Energy Storage World Forum (Grid Scale Applications), or The Residential Energy Storage Forum, or one of our Training Courses.


פורום בינלאומי לנושא סת"ם
Wednesday, March 14, 2012
where does the word "vellish" come from?
I was totally stumped today when someone asked me why sefardi sksav is called vellish and where the word comes from, particularly since it sounds like an ashkenazic name.
 1. A few years ago, I sent this question to Dr. Marc Caplan, Tadetnick Professor of Yiddish studies at Johns Hopkins University.
 He did some research and wrote back that "Vellish" is from the German "wälsch," which means "Foreign."
 The original German word literally means "Welsh," and is the old German/anglo saxon word for the celts, to whom they collectively labled: Welsh.
 How Vellish is that?!
 2. I also did some research on this a while ago and came up with a similar answer: "Vellish" is from the old German word welsch meaning "Romanic" — which was originally a reference to the French and Italians.
 In Yiddish the word came to refer to Jews from Spain and Portugal, and in STAM the word came to refer to all Sfardi-style writing.
 3. Good question and even better answer. Tks!
 4. A response from someone I know who has a good yedia in these sort of things...
 "My guess - and I bet I am right - is that it originally meant "Italian," since "welsch" and "welschland" were archaic German names for Italian and Italy. So it was probably the form of the ksav which originated, or was felt to originate, in Italy. Don't be thrown off by the fact that it refers to the Sefardi ksav. First of all, until recently Sefardim were called "Frenks" in Yiddish, which is obviously derived from "French." For that matter, the Sefardim in Greece and Turkey used to call Italian Jewish merchants who lived among them "Francos."
 By that token, by "Welsch" was also meant many things. See here:
 where you can see that it is a term that meant many things in different parts of Europe. It is the origin of Wales, and from it is derived the Celts and also the Gauls (which refer to the French). Similarly, it also used to refer to "Southern Europe" in general, and not only Italy.
 To sum up: I think it meant Italian, but don't assume that it actually came from Italy. Most people who used it were only calling it what they already knew it was called."
 As you can see a similar response to what is mentioned here already.
 5. i saw last week in a sefer (i forgot which, it was written at least 100 years ago), that vellish is the name of the city that first started using those letters for their printing press


won't make entries in OPB_SRVR_RECOVERY table. such as lack of database space to load data. The server then reads all sources again and starts processing from the next rowid. This can include loss of connection or target database errors. perform recovery is disabled in setup. (b) Fatal Errors This occurs when the server can not access the source. the server can not update the sequence values in the repository.. target or repository. to abort a session when the server encounters a transformation error. By default. completed and failed. waiting to run. © Others Usages of ABORT function in mapping logic. running. Establish the error threshold in the session property sheet with the stop on option. and a fatal error occurs. .
after it reaches the commit interval. (a) Target based commit Server commits data based on the no of target rows and the key constraints on the target table. - (b) Source based commit Server commits data based on the number of source rows. Commit Intervals A commit interval is the interval at which the server commits data to relational targets during a session. the server continues to fill the writer buffer. When a server runs a session.- The normal reject loading process can also be done in session recovery process. A pipeline consists of a source qualifier and all the transformations and targets that receive data from source qualifier. when a session does not complete. As a result. Router and Update Strategy transformations are active transformations. The server generates a commit row from the active source at every commit interval. During a session. The rows are referred to as source rows. Although the Filter. the server commits data to the target based on the number of rows from an active source in a single pipeline. The performance of recovery might be low. the server does not use them as active sources in a source based commit session. the amount of data committed at the commit point generally exceeds the commit interval. When the buffer block is full. The commit point also depends on the buffer block size and the commit interval. The commit point is the commit interval you configure in the session properties. When each target in the pipeline receives the commit rows the server performs the commit. if o Mapping contain mapping variables o Commit interval is high Un recoverable Sessions Under certain circumstances. During a session. The server commits data to each target based on primary –foreign key constraints. you need to truncate the target and run the session from the beginning. it identifies the active source for each pipeline in the mapping. . the Informatica server issues a commit command.
using the reject loading utility. the server creates a reject file for each target instance in the mapping. what to do with the row of wrong data. the server appends a rejected data to the reject file. and another column indicator. (You cannot load rejected data into a flat file target) Each time. (a) Row indicator Row indicator tells the writer.00 To help us in finding the reason for rejecting. you run a session.D. You can correct those rejected data and re-load them to relational targets.0.Reject Loading During a session. there are two main things. Row indicator 0 1 2 3 Meaning Insert Update Delete Reject Rejected By Writer or target Writer or target Writer or target Writer If a row indicator is 3. the writer rejected the row because an update strategy expression marked it for reject.D.D. Locating the BadFiles $PMBadFileDir Filename. Reading Rejected data Ex: 3._PHONE_. If the writer of the target rejects data.0.bad When you run a partitioned session. They appears after every column of data and define the type of data preceding it .D. the server writers the rejected row into the reject file.D.0.1. the server creates a separate reject file for each partition. (b) Column indicator Column indicator is followed by the first column of data.
. The target accepts it unless a database error occurs.Column Indicator D Meaning Valid Data Writer Treats as Good Data. Bad Data. such as finding duplicate key. Bad Data. Bad Data O N T NOTE Overflow Null Truncated NULL columns appear in the reject file with commas marking their column.
cfg [folder name] [session name] . It also used the code page of server/OS. in place of NULL values. the writer will again reject those rows. Keep in mind that correcting the reject file does not necessarily correct the source of the reject. Hence do not change the above. Trying to correct target rejected rows before correcting writer rejected rows is not recommended since they may contain misleading column indicator. However.Correcting Reject File Use the reject file and the session log to determine the cause for rejected data. if those rows also had a 3 in row indicator. a series of "N" indicator might lead you to believe the target database does not accept NULL values. For example.in The rejloader used the data movement mode configured for the server. Correct the mapping and target database to eliminate some of the rejected data when you run the session again. If you try to load the corrected file to target. rename the rejected file to reject_file. in middle of the reject loading Use the reject loader utility Pmrejldr pmserver. not because of a target database restriction. and they will contain inaccurate 0 values. the row was rejected b the writer because of an update strategy expression. Why writer can reject ? Data overflowed column constraints An update strategy expression Why target database can Reject ? Data contains a NULL column Database errors. such as key violations Steps for loading reject file: After correcting the rejected data. so you decide to change those NULL values to Zero. Column.
or work on one or two reject files. . load then and work on the other at a later time.Other points The server does not perform the following option. You can correct and load all of the reject files at once. when using reject loader (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Source base commit Constraint based loading Truncated target table FTP targets External Loading Multiple reject loaders You can run the session several times and correct rejected data from the several session at once.
which is getting stored as same target directory. it is generated at EL log. such as data format and loading instruction for the External Loader. For using an External Loader: The following must be done: configure an external loader connection in the server manager Configure the session to write to a target flat file local to the server. Choose an external loader connection for each target file in session property sheet. Method: When a session used External loader.External Loading You can configure a session to use Sybase IQ. . the server loads partial target data using EL. The External Loader option can increase session performance since these databases can load information directly from files faster than they can the SQL commands to insert the same data into the database. Issues with External Loader: Disable constraints Performance issues o Increase commit intervals o Turn off database logging Code page requirements The server can use multiple External Loader within one session (Ex: you are having a session with the two target files. If the session contains errors. However. the server continues the EL process. If the session fails. The control file contains information about the target flat file. Teradata and Oracle external loaders to load session target files into the respective databases.ctl " and you can view the file in $PmtargetFilesDir. the session creates a control file and target flat file. details about EL performance. The control file has an extension of "*. One with Oracle External Loader and another with Sybase External Loader) - Other Information: The External Loader performance depends upon the platform of the server The server loads data at different stages of the session The serve writes External Loader initialization and completing messaging in the session log.
using database reject loader. The EL saves the reject file in the target file directory You can load corrected data from the file. The reject file has an extension of "*. and then click flat file options .- The EL creates a reject file for data rejected by the database. open the session property sheet Select File target.ldr" reject. and not through Informatica reject load utility (For EL reject file only) Configuring EL in session In the server manager.
and row overhead can include row to key information. and in most circumstances. stores group values as Configured in the Group-by stores index values for The master source table As configured in Joiner condition. Column overhead includes a null indicator. data cache stores calculations based on Group-by ports stores ranking information based on Group-by ports . you need to consider column and row requirements as well as processing overhead. . it deletes the caches files .Caches server creates index and data caches in memory for aggregator . server requires processing overhead to cache data and index information. stores master source rows . Caches Storage overflow : Transformation Aggregator Rank Joiner Lookup index cache stores group values As configured in the Group-by ports. For maximum requirements. add the total column size in the cache to the row overhead. Server stores key values in index caches and output values in data caches : if the server requires more memory . multiply min requirements by 2. Caches Storage overflow : releases caches memory. Steps: first. Multiply the result by the no of groups (or) rows in the cache this gives the minimum cache requirements . it deletes the caches files .it stores overflow values in cache files . and in most circumstances. the server releases caches memory.joiner and Lookup transformation in a mapping.rank . When