Loud pop in knee followed by pain
Loud pop in knee followed by pain

Why do you get knee pain after hearing a loud noise from your knees? Pain following a loud noise heard from the knee can be due to rupture of the ligaments around the knee joint, if you want to know the cause of pain after a loud knee, If you want to know what are the symptoms of knee ligament rupture and what are the solutions to treat them, read more.
Introduction
What happens when we hear a loud noise in the knee that is followed by severe pain?
Familiarity with knee anatomy
What are knee ligaments?
What is the function of the knee ligaments?
How are knee ligaments damaged?
What are the symptoms of lateral knee ligament injury?
Diagnosis
treatment
What are the non-surgical treatments for ligament injuries and tears?
If surgery is required, what is required in surgery?

Introduction
Hearing a very loud sound from the knees, followed by severe pain, is one of the hallmarks and signs of a ruptured ligament in the knee joint.
These tears can occur during sports competitions, injuries and traumas to the knee. Often, small, limited tears in the knee ligaments can heal on their own. In general, 4 ligaments in the knee joint participate in the structure of the knee joint and cause stability and stability of the joint.

What happens when we hear a loud noise in the knee that is followed by severe pain?
If you have recently experienced severe pain in your knee following a loud knee injury, it could be a sign of a problem with your knee ligaments, meaning that a small part of your knee ligament may need to be surgically removed.
It could be due to a sudden rupture of the ligaments involved in the construction of the knee joint, or it could be due to a rupture and rupture of the knee meniscus.
Knee ligament is one of the hallmarks of knee pain when loud noise from the knee and subsequent severe knee pain follows. It can also be said that tearing the menisci of the knee can be accompanied by noise and pain and locking.
Knee locking is much more pronounced following a ruptured meniscus. When a meniscus ruptures, a piece of cartilage is broken and can get stuck in the joint space.

Familiarity with knee anatomy
It is better to study the functional anatomy of the knee to better understand the cause of hearing loud noise, which leads to severe knee pain.
The largest and most functional joint in the human body is the knee. This joint is composed of different structures.
Tendons and ligaments, the bursae and menisci and other components of the lower thigh and upper leg, as well as the patella, are the bones that make up the knee joint.
In general, there is an important point in the structure of the knee, and that is that in the lower part of the femur on the tibia, there should be hinged movements, and the location of the patella in the groove located in the lower and anterior part of the femur is very important, The patella moves up and down in the groove-like sunken mentioned above in the lower front of the femur.
Both the patella post and the outer surface of the lower sheath have cartilage
There are very strong ligaments in the knee joint that connect the bones. They prevent the bones involved in the structure of the knee joint from moving in any direction. The function of the ligaments is to facilitate and correct bone movement.
Knee ligaments will prevent the bones that make up the knee joint from moving abnormally.

What are knee ligaments?
The knee ligaments are:
 1. ACL anterior cruciate ligament
 2. Posterior cruciate ligament PCL
 3. Internal MCL internal ligament
 4. LCl external collateral ligament
The most important position that the knee ligaments allow the knee to move is in the direction of bending and straightening the knee. Of course, the knee may move slightly in other directions, but the main range of motion of the knee and the main type of knee movement is bending and straightening.
The collateral ligaments of the knee are located on either side of your knee joint. In fact, the external collateral ligament is located on the outside of the knee, causing the femurs and the tibia to connect.
The internal collateral ligament is located inside the knee, causing the bones in the inside of your femur to attach to the tibia.

What is the function of the knee ligaments?
Knee ligaments play a major role in maintaining knee stability, which is to prevent lateral movements of the leg relative to the femur.
This means that there are healthy ligaments around the knee joint that cause the knee to bend and straighten and move forward and backward, preventing the knee from moving to the sides.

How are knee ligaments damaged?
In this section, we want to say how the knee ligaments are damaged. In the first part, we examine the damage to the collateral ligaments of the knee.
Damage to the knee ligaments can occur in a variety of ways, often in the form of a strain, or sometimes the ligaments may be incompletely torn or completely torn.
And the lateral ligaments or internal collateral ligaments are more damaged in humans than the external collateral ligaments.
This means that in humans, the prevalence of internal ligament injuries of the knee will occur more than external ligaments.
But because the anatomy and structure of the outside of the knee is more complex.
 - External collateral ligament injuries
They are always associated with more complex injuries, and other knee structures are generally damaged along with external collateral ligament injury.
Injury to the knee ligaments is due to forces acting on the knee and deflecting the leg to either side, or due to forces acting on the knee and pushing the leg to the sides.
Another mechanism is that when a direct blow is applied to the outside of the thigh on the outside of the knee, it causes the surface of the knee joint to open more on the inside. Following this change, stretching of the internal collateral ligament occurs, and the injury can range from a stretch to an incomplete to complete rupture of the internal collateral ligament.
Another mechanism that causes damage to the internal collateral ligament of the knee is that the person standing on one knee bends the knee slightly, in which case the torso rotates on the knee.
In fact, in this case, you rotate your torso on your knees, these injuries are caused by this mechanism more in a group of athletes who do sports such as football, volleyball, skiing and basketball.
The pressures mentioned above with the mechanisms that are applied, if the force of the force is low, will only cause the ligament to stretch and sprain.
The most common injury to a human knee is a sprain and injury to the internal collateral ligament. If too much pressure is applied to these ligaments, it may go through a sprain, resulting in incomplete rupture and complete rupture.
If the pressure is increased, the cruciate ligaments as well as the meniscus of the knee will be damaged. The bones around the knee joint may also break.
 - Now let's see how the external collateral ligament of the knee is damaged
It is said that this ligament will be created by the blows and forces that are applied to the inside of your knee. The external collateral ligament is less damaged than internal problems in humans, but because there is a complex anatomy on the outside of the knee, Like the dorsal capsule of the knee, the cruciate ligament and even the peroneal nerve are damaged

What are the symptoms of lateral knee ligament injury?
The following symptoms occur when the lateral ligaments of the knee are stretched
There is pain in the sides of the knee, pain and tenderness will be felt on the affected ligaments and the pain is diffuse and unlike the pain caused by the injury and rupture of the meniscus which is concentrated in a small area, the pain of rupture of the ligaments is diffuse.
Following the rupture of the ligaments, the pain increases when pressure is applied to the injured area, that is, the pain increases when pressure is applied to the damaged ligament by hand.
Also during the examination, the doctor puts pressure and tension on the ligaments with special maneuvers, and during this time, the pain intensifies and the doctor finds out which side of the knee displacement has occurred.
Swelling is another sign of injury and rupture of the knee ligaments. When the injury is too great and the ligament is torn, a very loud sound will be heard, a very loud sound will suddenly be heard from the knee, followed by severe pain, followed by unstable knee.
There is some instability on examination, it may also bleed inside the knee, and the skin on the inner lateral ligament may turn blue due to bleeding.
In external tears, these events occur on the outside of the knee.

Diagnosis
It is said that the main diagnostic action by the physician is in fact the data and description that the physician should obtain from the patient's symptoms as well as the mechanism of injury and trauma.
The doctor should also perform special examinations of the patient's knee with his own sharpness in order to differentiate the injured ligament from other injuries.
And imaging examinations, imaging techniques such as plain X-rays of the knee and MRI of the knee, and diagnostic studies with arthroscopy can help the doctor make a diagnosis, and sometimes joint fluid aspiration and joint fluid analysis may be needed.

treatment
Lateral ligament injuries rarely require surgery
The important point is that if the injuries of Rano lateral ligaments along with the injuries of other knee structures are cruciate ligaments or meniscus of the knee, nerves and arteries, etc, surgery will be needed for treatment.

What are the non-surgical treatments


text:
Use the Login Page Settings page to customize your login page.
To navigate to the Login Page Settings page, click the gear wheel, select Users & System Administration, and click Login Page under Customize.
Here, you can change the background image and the welcome text that displays above the Login credentials. The default text for the welcome text is your company name as registered in kintone Store.
To customize your login page:
- Enter desired Welcome Text in the box. To display nothing in this area of the Login Page, just leave this field blank.
- Click Browse, locate a file from your device, and select a background image.
- To delete the image, click the Delete icon.
- Click Save.
- When you logout and log back in, you will see the new image and text.
You can use the following file types for the background image:

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Dutch Caribbean Whale Sanctuary this year
Before the end of 2012, the Netherlands will set up a marine mammal sanctuary for whales and dolphins in the Dutch Caribbean waters, recently announced the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation. This is one of the outcomes of a meeting with the neighboring countries of the Dutch Islands in the Caribbean, the French Islands, the USA, the Dominican Republic and Venezuela, about the cooperation between whale sanctuaries.
Whales like the humpback whale often migrate thousands of kilometers from cold northern waters in summer to the tropical Caribbean Sea in winter, so that cooperation is necessary for effective protection.
The participants also agreed to examine the possibilities of setting up a regional network of underwater microphones. This will help to map the sounds made by whales and dolphins, and can register noise from among others ships and speed boats. Noise pollution from ships and speed boats disturbs the possibilities for the whales to communicate with each other. The sound equipment makes it possible to responsibly make the whales visible to tourists.
The French 'Agoa' marine mammal sanctuary and the Dutch Caribbean Islands had already been doing research on the marine mammals around the French and Dutch Windward Islands. This collaboration will be continued. As such, joint surveys will be conducted in which a group of researchers will observe in a structured manner where cetaceans such as humpback whales, sperm whales and orcas, are exactly found and in what numbers. This will take place both around the Windward and Leeward Islands.
The meeting, organized by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation, an IUCN State Member, took place on 4-5 June 2012 on the St. Maarten Island. The purpose of the meeting was the development of joint initiatives and programs for research and protection of whales and dolphins. The initiative builds on the marine mammal action plan of the regional Protocol for the protection of species and areas, the SPAW (Specially Protected Areas and Wildlife) Protocol.
For more information, please contact Paul C. Hoetjes, Policy Coordinator for Nature at the National Office for the Caribbean Netherlands, Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture & Innovation.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


not given in the final rankings, only their competition numbers. Where possible, I have looked up the names from the published scores of preliminary rounds. I assume that the couple's ID number stays the same throughout the competition. Not all couple numbers appear in the scores of preliminary rounds, perhaps because they reached the final via other rounds in other countries or other competitions. In these cases, the couple name reads "Not Provided" with the year and ID number.
In this report, as well as the official average, I also calculate what I call the "sporting average" as used in most subjectively scored competitions; that is, the average if you ignore the couple's highest and lowest score. Finally I calculate the standard deviation of the scores.
The pages are as follows:
 1. Scores chart - shows the scores given by each judge in the selected year.
 2. Hi/Lo chart - shows the high and low scores averages for each couple.
 3. Ranks chart - shows how far the judges agreed on how to rank the couples.
 4. Scores table - shows how many places each couple moves if you ignore high and low scores in calculating the average.
 5. Ranks table - shows detail of how each judge ranked the couples. If they gave two couples equal scores, those couples get the same rank.
 6. Competition ID - we'll come back to this below.
 7. Notes, basically this information.
 8. A table of all the data, not as it looks in the underlying spreadsheet, but as it looks after Power Query mashes all the years into one data set for calculations. This also shows the average score and the standard deviation calculated over the population as a whole; you can select individual years and judges.
Question 1: agreement between the judges
There is not very much consensus between the judges on either the score or the ranking of any particular couple. They make it difficult for themselves to make fine distinctions by not awarding the full range of marks. Marks are out of ten, but the lowest that appears in any of the clasificatorias (not shown in this data) is 3.75.
I see a floor in the marks for the final; in 2015 the flat lines at 7 stand out in the scatter of scores, as though the judges felt collectively that anything lower would be impolite.
The second-placed couple in 2015 has a high score of 10 and a low score equal to that of the lowest couple. The first-placed couple were not ranked first by any judge. The only couple ranked first by more than one judge was placed 9th. To find the lowest-ranked who were placed top by at least one judge, we have to go down the couple ranked 25th overall. The lowest-ranked couple with a top-three ranking from at least one judge were placed 39th of the 41 couples. Looking at the other years, 2015 does not look atypical. In 2012 and 2013, exactly one of the top five was placed first by more than one judge, and in 2014 two of them were, including the winners.
There seems, looking at the Hi-Lo charts, to be slightly more consensus at the bottom than at the top, but this could be just because of the unofficial floors (which it looks as though not every judge agrees on). When I look at the chart of rankings, rather than scores, I don't see any more agreement at the lower end than the higher end.
In the ranking table, you can de-select a particular judge or combination of judges to see how your favourite couple might have done without them.
On only two occasions from 2012 has any one of the top five couples been placed first by more than one single judge.
On the final page of the report you can look at the standard deviation in the scores awarded by individual judges. Some judges appear in more than one year, sometimes with their names formatted differently, as full names were given in only one year. If a judge has a higher standard deviation, it means they awarded a wider range of marks; presumably, they were more convinced that some couples were better than others. A lower standard deviation means they awarded similar marks to everyone. Unfortunately the judges don't seem to agree on which couples they are, or are not, so convinced about.
Question 2: Sporting Average
Because the marks are, in my view, all over the place anyway, eliminating high and low scores before calculating the average doesn't make a lot of difference to the competition overall. It does make a difference to individual couples: it would have reversed the top 2 in 2015, and the couple placed 30th would have risen 8 places. This is the largest gain in any year, and also occurred in 2014. The largest loss is 12 places in 2012, and there seem to be bigger losses than gains for individual couples generally; someone goes down by a lot and everyone they drop below gains one. This seems consistent with the observed'marking floor'; when a judge disagrees with their peers, they apparently tend to do so by awarding a very high mark rather than by going below the general 'floor' for that year.
Question 3: Is there anything we can observe about the couples that goes with high or low scores?
There isn't, in my view, enough agreement between the judges - or enough good video - to say much about this question.
I noticed is that there was a pattern to the numbers pinned on the couples' suits; there are a lot more lower ones. Closer inspection of the source data shows that this probably has something to do with the geographical origin of the couple and their route to the final. The system of awarding numbers is not covered in the published rules, but it seems the lower numbers are given in Buenos Aires and the higher numbers further afield.
So, taking this as a proxy for where couples came from, I checked to see if it was also related to their scores, and this is shown in the final chart, "Competition ID". Answer: not really.
The line in the same chart shows the average score for each block of 10. There are more couples with lower numbers, so perhaps we'd expect their average score to end up closer to the overall average of all couples than it is; it's rather higher. But those couples are also likely to have had more serious competition in previous rounds, which should also drive their average up compared to everyone else arriving via other routes. There isn't an obvious relationship between couple number and score as such. The foreigners are fine too, there just aren't that many of them.
More precise geographical origin of the couples is at least partially given in the source data, but as it's mostly in the form of tiny flags in graphics it would be a lot more work to get it, which I haven't done.
So, basically, no, there isn't anything I can say about how to do well, based on this data. There's no couple who did so clearly well or so clearly badly that you could watch and learn.
General remarks
In my own opinion, it's rather unrealistic of me to look at the Mundial as though it were a sporting competition. If it were you were really going for an exciting sporting competition, or some sort of mechanism for identifying the best dancers, then you would probably design a rather different event. It might, for example, include challenging tests of the ability to dance well to a variety of music, including milonga and vals, on a floor more than one-third full. There might be more rounds, with the judges taking longer looks at fewer couples in each. Judging criteria would be a matter of public record, rather than rumour. And there would be a system for creating agreement between the judges over time, beyond simply agreeing that scores below 7 were impolite. What it is, rather, is a marketing exercise for the 'Tango Salon' industry, designed to honour the heritage and disseminate awareness of the music and dance, while bringing lots of young couples who dance in a certain popular, standard-ish way, to public attention and prosperity.
If you are choosing a teacher, having reached the final in the Mundial indicates that a couple dance well in a particular style and have good tango technique, at least when dancing with their competition partner - as opposed to the very different sort of technique that is used for "Argentine Tango" on Strictly Come Dancing. It is not evidence that even one judge in the final thought they were the best. They may have been, but the chances are the judges didn't know - or if they thought they knew, they certainly didn't agree - in which case, I definitely don't know, and you don't know, either. Their ranking within the final says very little, if anything at all.
This is, in my opinion, pretty much how it should be. I don't think a true sporting competition in these circumstances would necessarily be a good idea. It didn't do ballroom any good, as a social dance.
In particular, I think it's probably a good thing that the judges don't agree. Standardisation would be toxic.
I do have a couple more questions.
 - Can we seperate the level of disagreement between the judges from the question of whether there is any real difference between the couples that they could possibly measure? I can compare the real data with simulated data based on having and not having a real difference, and the results are amusing, but I think I end up assuming what I set out to prove. It might be more interesting to compare the Campeonato de la Ciudad.
 - Does the order in which the couples are called - in four


text:
- How can I get my call history?
- How can I get call details and SMS details of any number?
- How do I recover my call history on Google Drive?
- How do I find old call logs?
- Is it possible to get call history of any mobile number?
- How can I see my full call history on Android?
- Can I check call history online?
- How can I check my call history online?
- How can I view my call history on AT&T online?
How can I get my call history?
See your call historyOpen your device's Phone app .Tap Recents .You'll see one or more of these icons next to each call in your list: Missed calls (incoming) (red) Calls you answered (incoming) (blue) Calls you made (outgoing) (green).
How can I get call details and SMS details of any number?
For Android phones, you will have to open "Settings", "Security", and check "Unknown sources". The second method involves opening your girlfriend's carrier site and entering her data (account name and password or her phone number and an SMS code sent to her phone) to enter the self-care service.
How do I recover my call history on Google Drive?
Go to Settings. Go to Backup and Reset. Select Restore (It should say restore from Google Account).
How do I find old call logs?
One of the best options out there is Call History Manager….You can refer to your phone manufacturer's instructions for Android call logs recovery.Open Samsung Android phone.Go to Settings > Accounts and backup.Tap Backup and restore.Tap Restore data.Select Phone (including Call and message history).Tap Restore.
Is it possible to get call history of any mobile number?
Yes, it is definitely possible to get the call history of any mobile number. There are multiple methods available for that purpose like using official service provided by your carrier. But if you want to track someone else's call history, you may need to use some 3rd party call tracker apps.
How can I see my full call history on Android?
How To View Call History Directly On AndroidOpen Phone app.Tap Recents.You'll see one or more of these icons next to or below each call in your list: Missed calls (incoming) (red). Calls you answered (incoming) (green). Calls you made (outgoing) (orange).Tap Details to see more information on that phone call.
Can I check call history online?
Your call and text history is a detailed list of every call and text you've made and received across all your Google Fi devices. You can see your history only on the Google Fi website, not in the app. To see your call and text history: Open the Google Fi website.
How can I check my call history online?
Four Steps to Check Call History of A NumberStep 1: Create A PanSpy Account. Firstly, create a PanSpy account by clicking the Sign Up option on the top right corner of this page. … Step 2: Select A Subscription . … Step 3: Install PanSpy App on Target Phone. … Step 4: Start Checking Call History of the Mobile Number.
How can I view my call history on AT&T online?
View your call history online Select the (+) on the My Digital Phone menu. Select Check or manage voicemail & features from the MyVoicemail & Phone Features menu. Select the Call History tab and go to your AT&T Phone Call Logs page. You can sort your call history by name, length of call, or search for a call.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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This question is a derivative of a previous question: Source control - How to version resources that are shared across projects
I have a project that contains code that is consumed by many other projects. Specifically, one folder in this parent project has been branched to dependent child projects.
We have since made changes in the parent project and checked them in. In Source Control Explorer, I right click on the branched folder in the parent project and select "Merge", intending to push the changes to a dependent project. I select the child project as a destination and then select "Latest Version". The wizard informs me "There are no changes to merge."
From my perspective, this isn't true, since the recently updated files are clearly different.
Is there a fundamental misunderstanding of the merge process in TFS here? What do I need to do differently?
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2 Answers 2
up vote 17 down vote accepted
The TFS merge engine relies almost entirely on history, not file contents. This makes it efficient for very large trees, and flexible for tasks like safely cherry-picking changes -- but it also makes answering your question difficult.
The first step is to understand the diagnostic commands tf history, tf merges, and tf merge /candidate. Here is a good introduction:
If you are new to branching & merging in TFS then your history is probably not very complex. I think it's likely you'll find your answer with one quick call to tf merges. However, tracing merge history can become extremely convoluted in the general case, so if you have trouble feel free to post back with more details.
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Go to one specific file you know has changed in your "parent" project. Try merging just that file. Don't check anything in; just see what happens.
Something to watch for: The merge tools will not include files that have been added after you branch. You have to branch new files explicitly before you can merge any further changes. If a file is added to both parent and child folders without using a branch operation, the merge tools don't treat them as versions of the same file (and you can't merge changes between them).
share|improve this answer
Corrections: * Newly added files do not have a merge relationship with other branches until they're themselves branched = TRUE. (note: can be a "branch, delete") * The workaround is to merge the specific file = FALSE. Won't work. Correct answer is to merge a parent that does have a relationship. * Files added to both branches in parallel will not merge = FIXED IN 2008. See #1-2 from… - but note that if the contents don't match, you're stuck with a version conflict that has no "base" info; merging will be a pain. – Richard Berg Jun 11 '09 at 23:22
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Realdo Colombo
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Matteo Realdo Colombo or Renaldus Columbus.
Realdo Colombo (c. 1516, Cremona – 1559, Rome) was an Italian professor of anatomy and a surgeon at the University of Padua between 1544 and 1559.
Early life and education[edit]
Matteo Realdo Colombo or Renaldus Columbus, was born in Cremona, Lombardy to an apothecary named Antonio Colombo. Although little is known about his early life, it is known he took his undergraduate education in Milan and he appears to have pursued his father's profession for a short while afterwards. He left the apothecarys' life and apprenticed to the surgeon Giovanni Antonio Lonigo, under whom he studied for 7 years. In 1538 he enrolled in the University of Padua where he was noted to be an exceptional student of anatomy. While still a student, he was awarded a Chair of Sophistics at the university. In 1542 he returned briefly to Venice to assist his mentor, Lonigo.
Academic career[edit]
In 1543, he returned to Padua to take over the position of Andreas Vesalius, who had travelled to Switzerland to oversee the printing of his book De Humani Corporis Fabrica. Colombo remained in Padua in this capacity for two years before traveling to Pisa at the behest of Cosimo I de Medici. While in Pisa, he worked extensively with Michelangelo. He intended to collaborate with Michelangelo on an illustrated anatomy text to rival De Fabrica but this never came to pass, likely due to Michelangelo's advanced age. In 1548 Colombo took a position at the Sapienza in Rome which he kept until his death in 1559. Because Colombo was not an expert of Galen, the anatomical authority of his time, and because of his very public disputes with the revered Vesalius and Gabriele Falloppio, he was never very highly regarded in Italy.
Colombo and Vesalius[edit]
The relationship between Colombo and Vesalius is not entirely clear. It is often thought that Colombo was a student of Vesalius, but this may not have been the case. Regardless, they had become bitter rivals by 1555. While teaching Vesalius' classes in 1543, Colombo pointed out several errors Vesalius made, most notably attributing properties of cows' eyes to the eyes of humans. Although Vesalius has been much maligned for correcting Galen, Colombo was the first person to criticize him for his own mistakes. When Vesalius returned, he was outraged. He publicly ridiculed Colombo, calling him an "Ignoramus" and stating that "what meager knowledge [Colombo] has of anatomy he learned from me"[citation needed] on a number of occasions. Despite Vesalius's claims, it is likely that Colombo was a proper colleague of Vesalius rather than a student. For one thing, Vesalius attributes many of his discoveries in De Fabrica to Colombo who is referred to as a, "very good friend." Vesalius and Colombo were also from very different academic backgrounds. Vesalius was a Galenic expert, trained in Leuven, whereas Colombo began his study of anatomy as a surgeon. Finally, Colombo refers frequently to Lonigo as his teacher of surgery and anatomy, never mentioning Vesalius.
Colombo and Falloppio[edit]
Title page of De Re Anatomica
Colombo published his only work, De Re Anatomica, in 1559 shortly before his death. Many of the contributions made in De Re Anatomica overlapped the discoveries of Gabriel Falloppio, most notably their claims of having discovered the clitoris. Falloppio published his own book, Observationes Anatomicae, in 1561 and claimed that he had written the work four years prior.[citation needed] This is unlikely as Falloppio's work contains several thinly veiled references to De Re Anatomica. In 1574 Leone Giovanni Battista Carcano (1536–1606), a student of Falloppio, formally charged Colombo of plagiarism, although since Colombo had been dead for over a decade nothing came of these charges.
Contributions to anatomy[edit]
Colombo made several important advances in anatomy, including the discovery of the pulmonary circuit which paved the way for William Harvey's discovery of circulation years later. In the Galenic tradition, blood passed between the ventricles of the heart through micropores in the heart's septum and venous blood became arterial blood in the left ventricle of the heart where air was supplied by the pulmonary vein. During vivisections of dogs and other animals, Colombo repeatedly found only blood, and no air, in the pulmonary vein. In his model, venous blood travelled from the heart to the lungs where it was mixed with air and then returned to the heart. The permeability of the septum was questioned by Michael Servetus in Christianismi Restitutio in 1553 and by Ibn al-Nafis in the 12th century and both proposed that the blood was pushed from the right ventricle to the left via the lungs, however, both of these accounts were largely forgotten. Colombo was the first to propose the pulmonary circuit in an intellectual climate that could expand on his theory. In addition to the pulmonary circuit, Colombo also discovered that the main action of the heart was contraction, rather than dilation as had previously been thought. Both of these discoveries were later confirmed by William Harvey.
Much cited is Columbo's naming and description of the clitoris as "Amor Veneris, vel Dulcedo Appelletur." He stated, "It should be called the love or sweetness of Venus."[1] (See historical and modern perceptions of the clitoris.)
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Elizabeth D. Harvey (Winter, 2002). "Anatomies of Rapture: Clitoral Politics/Medical Blazons". Signs 27 (2): 315–346.
Realdo Colombo in fiction[edit]
External links[edit]


ResearchPad - el-niño-southern-oscillation _URL_ Default RSS Feed en-us © 2020 Newgen KnowledgeWorks <![CDATA[The 2015-2016 El Niño increased infection parameters of copepods on Eastern Tropical Pacific dolphinfish populations]]> _URL_ The oceanographic conditions of the Pacific Ocean are largely modified by El Niño (EN), affecting several ecological processes. Parasites and other marine organisms respond to environmental variation, but the influence of the EN cycle on the seasonal variation of parasitic copepods has not been yet evaluated. We analysed the relation between infection parameters (prevalence and mean intensity) of the widespread parasitic copepods Caligus bonito and Charopinopsis quaternia in the dolphinfish Coryphaena hippurus and oceanography during the strong 2015–16 EN. Fish were collected from capture fisheries on the Ecuadorian coast (Tropical Eastern Pacific) over a 2-year period. Variations of sea surface temperature (SST), salinity, chlorophyll a (Chl-a), Oceanic Niño Index (ONI), total host length (TL) and monthly infection parameters of both copepod species were analysed using time series and cross-correlations. We used the generalised additive models for determine the relationship between environmental variables and infection parameters. The total body length of the ovigerous females and the length of the eggs of C. bonito were measured in both periods. Infection parameters of both C. bonito and Ch. quaternia showed seasonal and annual patterns associated with the variation of environmental variables examined (SST, salinity, Chl-a and ONI 1+2). Infection parameters of both copepod species were significantly correlated with ONI 1+2, SST, TL and Chl-a throughout the GAMLSS model, and the explained deviance contribution ranged from 16%-36%. Our results suggest than an anomaly higher than +0.5°C triggers a risen in infection parameters of both parasitic copepods. This risen could be related to increases in egg length, female numbers and the total length of the ovigerous females in EN period. This study provides the first evidence showing that tropical parasitic copepods are sensitive to the influence of EN event, especially from SST variations. The observed behaviour of parasitic copepods likely affects the host populations and structure of the marine ecosystem at different scales.
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<![CDATA[Impact of the 2015 El Niño-Southern Oscillation on the Abundance and Foraging Habits of Guadalupe Fur Seals and California Sea Lions from the San Benito Archipelago, Mexico]]> _URL_
The abundance of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) (CSLs) and Guadalupe fur seals (Arctocephalus philippii townsendi) (GFSs) from the San Benito Archipelago (SBA) was determined through nine monthly surveys in 2014–2015. Assessment of their foraging habits was examined based on the isotopic analysis of pups (maternal indicators) (SIAR/SIBER-R). Environmental variability between 2014 and 2015 was also analyzed, in terms of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll (Chl-a) concentration. Both otariids reached their highest abundance in July of both years; however, relative to 2014, the 2015 survey showed a 59.7% decline in the total GFS abundance and a 42.9% decrease of GFS pups, while total CSL abundance decreased 52.0% and CSL pup presence decreased in 61.7%. All monthly surveys for both otariids showed a similar trend (>50% decrease in 2015). Compared to 2014, the 2015 GFSs isotopic niche was three times larger (2.0 in 2015, 0.6 in 2014) and the δ13C was significantly lower. CSLs also showed significantly lower δ13C and higher δ15N in 2015. Interannual segregation was greater for CSLs, and their pup body mass was also significantly lower during the 2015 breeding season (mean = 8.7 kg) than in the same season of 2014 (mean = 9.9 kg). The decrease in δ13C for both otariids reflected a more oceanic foraging; most likely associated with the decline in primary productivity in surrounding areas to the SBA, related to a higher SST caused by the 2015 ENSO, with a subsequent increase in foraging effort. These would explain the fewer observed individuals on land, especially pups, which showed diminished body condition (CSLs). This study highlights the importance of marine mammals as sentinel species that respond dynamically to changes in environment, providing valuable information on the effect of ENSO on pinnipeds in Mexican waters.
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<![CDATA[A Picea crassifolia Tree-Ring Width-Based Temperature Reconstruction for the Mt. Dongda Region, Northwest China, and Its Relationship to Large-Scale Climate Forcing]]> _URL_
The historical May–October mean temperature since 1831 was reconstructed based on tree-ring width of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) collected on Mt. Dongda, North of the Hexi Corridor in Northwest China. The regression model explained 46.6% of the variance of the instrumentally observed temperature. The cold periods in the reconstruction were 1831–1889, 1894–1901, 1908–1934 and 1950–1952, and the warm periods were 1890–1893, 1902–1907, 1935–1949 and 1953–2011. During the instrumental period (1951–2011), an obvious warming trend appeared in the last twenty years. The reconstruction displayed similar patterns to a temperature reconstruction from the east-central Tibetan Plateau at the inter-decadal timescale, indicating that the temperature reconstruction in this study was a reliable proxy for Northwest China. It was also found that the reconstruction series had good consistency with the Northern Hemisphere temperature at a decadal timescale. Multi-taper method spectral analysis detected some low- and high-frequency cycles (2.3–2.4-year, 2.8-year, 3.4–3.6-year, 5.0-year, 9.9-year and 27.0-year). Combining these cycles, the relationship of the low-frequency change with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and Southern Oscillation (SO) suggested that the reconstructed temperature variations may be related to large-scale atmospheric-oceanic variations. Major volcanic eruptions were partly reflected in the reconstructed temperatures after high-pass filtering; these events promoted anomalous cooling in this region. The results of this study not only provide new information for assessing the long-term temperature changes in the Hexi Corridor of Northwest China, but also further demonstrate the effects of large-scale atmospheric-oceanic circulation on climate change in Northwest China.
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<![CDATA[An Ecological Assessment of the Pandemic Threat of Zika Virus]]> _URL_
The current outbreak of Zika virus poses a severe threat to human health. While the range of the virus has been cataloged growing slowly over the last 50 years, the recent explosive expansion in the Americas indicates that the full potential distribution of Zika remains uncertain. Moreover, many studies rely on its similarity to dengue fever, a phylogenetically closely related disease of unknown ecological comparability. Here we compile a comprehensive spatially-explicit occurrence dataset from Zika viral surveillance and serological surveys based in its native range, and construct ecological niche models to test basic hypotheses about its spread and potential establishment. The hypothesis that the outbreak of cases in Mexico and North America are anomalous and outside the native ecological niche of the disease, and may be linked to either genetic shifts between strains, or El Nino or similar climatic events, remains plausible at this time. Comparison of the Zika niche against the known distribution of dengue fever suggests that Zika is more constrained by the seasonality of precipitation and diurnal temperature fluctuations, likely confining autochthonous non-sexual transmission to the tropics without significant evolutionary change. Projecting the range of the diseases in conjunction with three major vector species (Aedes africanus, Ae. aegypti, and Ae. albopictus) that transmit the pathogens, under climate change, suggests that Zika has potential for northward expansion; but, based on current knowledge, our models indicate Zika is unlikely to fill the full range its vectors occupy, and public fear of a vector-borne Zika epidemic in the mainland United States is potentially informed by biased or limited scientific knowledge. With recent sexual transmission of the virus globally, we caution that our results only apply to the vector-borne transmission route of the pathogen, and while the threat of a mosquito-carried Zika pandemic may be overstated in the media, other transmission modes of the virus may emerge and facilitate naturalization worldwide.
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<![CDATA[The Value of Long-Term Stream Invertebrate Data Collected by Citizen Scientists]]> _URL_
The purpose of this investigation was to systematically examine the variability associated with temporally-oriented invertebrate data collected by citizen scientists and consider the value of such data for use in stream management. Variability in invertebrate data was estimated for three sources of variation: sampling, within-reach spatial and long-term temporal. Long-term temporal data were also evaluated using ordinations and an Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI). Through two separate investigations over an 11-year study period, participants collected more than 400 within-reach samples


Reaching Others University at Buffalo - The State University of New York
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Ian Malone
willy waste
Ian is an environmental studies major, a member of Alpha Kappa Chi, UB's professsional environmental fraternity, and an intern with the Office of Sustainability.
What does sustainability mean to you?
Sustainability to me means living in a way that lessens our impact on the planet and not depleting our resources to the point of making life harder for future generations.
What are you doing to help UB become more sustainable?
My contribution for helping UB be more sustainable is using less plastic and buying more locally, recycling more and informing friends about what can be recycled.
I am part of an environmental organization on campus which works towards informing people about sustainable living and how the way we are living now is negatively impacting the environment.
How has sustainability impacted your academic pursuits?
I am now fully invested in pursuing a career that supports living sustainable. My goal is to participate in changing the way we get energy and to move away from conventional gas or oil fuels.
I would like to people to know that even though I have a car, I still bike to as many places as possible. Living sustainable is possible for everyone and starts by changing the little things we do every day.
How could UB improve its sustainability efforts?
UB has made some big efforts to be more sustainable, from the new community bikes around campus to the massive composting facilities that we now have. But I believe that the biggest step towards being more sustainable would be to re-design the campus, around cars and driving everywhere, towards a campus in which students could walk to all of our necessities, such as grocery stores.


Embed Block
The Embed Block feature allows you to add external content from third-party sources to your website by pasting the embed code.
Here are the steps on how to add the Embed Block to Editor.
1. In the Site Editor, hover your mouse to the left sidebar and click BUILD (pink button):
2. Under the FEATURES section, click ADVANCED:
3. Drag and drop the Embed Block onto the area of the page you want it to be positioned at:
4. There are two ways to add or paste codes:
 - Click ADD EMBED. Start pasting the codes once the Embedded Content pop-up window appears:
 - Hover on the Embed Block feature and click EDIT. You can paste the codes once the Embedded Content pop-up window appears:
5. Once the codes have been pasted, you will instantly see the content added to your page:
This Embed Block feature is very much helpful especially if you have details already on what to add to your website via scripting (codes).
The Embed Block with an External Site with URL
To embed an external site:
1. Switch embed type to link:
2. Enter the website's address (URL) into the Link field.
NOTE: You can only embed websites which HTTP/HTTPS protocol corresponds to the website's primary domain. Some HTTP sites may not be displayed in the Editor, but appear on the live site.
You can adjust embed content height to larger or smaller. (Smaller will create a scrollable box for the item).
With Embed Link type this option is always enabled. For Embed Code type simply disable the ADAPT TO FULL HEIGHT option.


rURL, 0, INTERNET_FLAG_TRANSFER_BINARY|INTERNET_FLAG_KEEP_CONNECTION);
 // If OpenURL fails, we won't get past here
 nBytesRead = pFile1->Read(buffer, MAXBUF - 1);
 buffer[nBytesRead] = '\0'; // necessary for message box
 char temp[100];
 if(pFile1->Read(temp, 100) != 0)
 {
 // makes caching work if read complete
 AfxMessageBox("File overran buffer — not cached");
 }
 ::MessageBox(::GetTopWindow(::GetDesktopWindow()), buffer, "URL CLIENT", MB_OK);
 }
 catch(CInternetException* e)
 {
 LogInternetException(pParam, e);
 e->Delete();
 }
 if(pFile1) delete pFile1;
 delete [] buffer;
 return 0;
}
Note that OpenURL() returns a pointer to a CStdioFile object. You can use that pointer to call Read() as shown, or you can call ReadString() to get a single line. The file class does all the buffering. As in the previous WinInet client, it's necessary to call Read() a second time to cache the file. The OpenURL() INTERNET_FLAG_KEEP_CONNECTION parameter is necessary for Windows NT challenge/response authentication, which is described in Module 33. If you added the flag INTERNET_FLAG_RELOAD, the program would bypass the cache just as the browser does when you click the Refresh() button.

Testing the WinInet Client #2

You can test the WinInet client #2 against any HTTP server. You run this client by typing in the URL address, not by using the menu. You must include the protocol (https:// or ftp://) in the URL address. Type https://localhost. You should see the same HTML code in a message box. No status messages appear here because the status callback doesn't work with OpenURL().

Asynchronous Moniker Files

Just when you thought you knew all the ways to download a file from the Internet, you're going to learn about another one. With asynchronous moniker files, you'll be doing all your programming in your application's main thread without blocking the user interface. Sounds like magic, doesn't it? The magic is inside the Windows URLMON DLL, which depends on WinInet and is used by Microsoft Internet Explorer. The MFC CAsyncMonikerFile class makes the programming easy, but you should know a little theory first.

Monikers

A moniker is a "surrogate" COM object that holds the name (URL) of the "real" object, which could be an embedded component but more often is just an Internet file (HTML, JPEG, GIF, PNG and so on). Monikers implement the IMoniker interface, which has two important member functions: BindToObject() and BindToStorage(). The BindToObject() function puts an object into the running state, and the BindToStorage() function provides an IStream or an IStorage pointer from which the object's data can be read. A moniker has an associated IBindStatusCallback interface with member functions such as OnStartBinding() and OnDataAvailable(), which are called during the process of reading data from a URL. The callback functions are called in the thread that created the moniker. This means that the URLMON DLL must set up an invisible window in the calling thread and send the calling thread messages from another thread, which uses WinInet functions to read the URL. The window's message handlers call the callback functions.

The MFC CAsyncMonikerFile Class

Fortunately, MFC can shield you from the COM interfaces described above. The CAsyncMonikerFile class is derived from CFile, so it acts like a regular file. Instead of opening a disk file, the class's Open() member function gets an IMoniker pointer and encapsulates the IStream interface returned from a call to BindToStorage(). Furthermore, the class has virtual functions that are tied to the member functions of IBindStatusCallback. Using this class is a breeze; you construct an object or a derived class and call the Open() member function, which returns immediately. Then you wait for calls to overridden virtual functions such as OnProgress() and OnDataAvailable(), named, not coincidentally, after their IBindStatusCallback equivalents.

Using the CAsyncMonikerFile Class in a Program

Suppose your application downloads data from a dozen URLs but has only one class derived from CAsyncMonikerFile. The overridden callback functions must figure out where to put the data. That means you must associate each derived class object with some UI element in your program. The steps listed below illustrate one of many ways to do this. Suppose you want to list the text of an HTML file in an edit control that's part of a form view. This is what you can do:

 1. Use ClassWizard to derive a class from CAsyncMonikerFile.
 2. Add a character pointer data member m_buffer. Invoke new for this pointer in the constructor; invoke delete in the destructor.
 3. Add a public data member m_edit of class CEdit.
 4. Override the OnDataAvailable() function thus:
void CMyMonikerFile::OnDataAvailable(DWORD dwSize, DWORD bscfFlag)
{
 try {
 UINT nBytesRead = Read(m_buffer, MAXBUF - 1);
 TRACE("nBytesRead = %d\n", nBytesRead);
 m_buffer[nBytesRead] = '\0'; // necessary for edit control
 // The following two lines add text to the edit control
 m_edit.SendMessage(EM_SETSEL, (WPARAM) 999999, _PHONE_);
 m_edit.SendMessage(EM_REPLACESEL, (WPARAM) 0, (LPARAM) m_buffer);
 }
 catch(CFileException* pe) {
 TRACE("File exception %d\n, pe->m_cause");
 pe->Delete();
 }
}
 1. Embed an object of your new moniker file class in your view class.
 2. In you view's OnInitialUpdate() function, attach the CEdit member to the edit control like this:

m_myEmbeddedMonikerFile.m_edit.SubClassDlgItem(ID_MYEDIT, this);

 1. In your view class, open the moniker file like this:

m_myEmbeddedMonikerFile.Open("https://host/filename");

For a large file, OnDataAvailable() will be called several times, each time adding text to the edit control. If you override OnProgress() or OnStopBinding() in your derived moniker file class, your program can be alerted when the transfer is finished. You can also check the value of bscfFlag in OnDataAvailable() to determine whether the transfer is completed. Note that everything here is in your main thread and - most important - the moniker file object must exist for as long as the transfer is in progress. That's why it's a data member of the view class.

Asynchronous Moniker Files vs. WinInet Programming

In the WinInet examples earlier in this module, you started a worker thread that made blocking calls and sent a message to the main thread when it was finished. With asynchronous moniker files, the same thing happens, the transfer takes place in another thread, which sends messages to the main thread. You just don't see the other thread. There is one very important difference, however, between asynchronous moniker files and WinInet programming: with blocking WinInet calls, you need a separate thread for each transfer; with asynchronous moniker files, only one extra thread handles all transfers together. For example, if you're writing a browser that must download 50 bitmaps simultaneously, using asynchronous moniker files saves 49 threads, which makes the program much more efficient. Of course, you have some extra control with WinInet, and it's easier to get information from the response headers, such as total file length. Your choice of programming tools, then, depends on your application. The more you know about your options, the better your choice will be.

----End for Winsock, WinInet, IIS and MFC----

Further reading and digging:
 1. IIS 6.0 and CGI.
 2. Apache web server for Windows ISAPI support.
 3.


text:
|Quick Facts: Janitors and Building Cleaners|
|2010 Median Pay||
$22,210 per year
$10.68 per hour
|Entry-Level Education||Less than high school|
|Work Experience in a Related Occupation||None|
|On-the-job Training||Short-term on-the-job training|
|Number of Jobs, 2010||2,310,400|
|Job Outlook, 2010-20||11% (About as fast as average)|
|Employment Change, 2010-20||246,400|
Janitors and building cleaners keep many types of buildings clean, orderly, and in good condition.
Most janitors and building cleaners work indoors, but some work outdoors part of the time, sweeping walkways, mowing lawns, or shoveling snow. Because office buildings are usually cleaned while they are empty, many cleaning workers work evening hours. The work can be physically demanding and sometimes dirty and unpleasant.
Most janitors and building cleaning workers learn on the job. They do not need formal education.
The median hourly wage for janitors and building cleaners was $10.68 in May 2010.
Employment of janitors and building cleaners is expected to grow 11 percent from 2010 to 2020, about as fast as the average for all occupations. While overall job prospects are expected to be favorable, those with experience are likely to have the best opportunities.
Compare the job duties, education, job growth, and pay of janitors and building cleaners with similar occupations.
O*NET provides comprehensive information on key characteristics of workers and occupations.
Learn more about janitors and building cleaners by contacting these additional resources.


text:
Maine takes domestic violence extremely seriously. As a result, sentencing can be especially harsh. Nonetheless, as with any crime, the State must prove the elements of the offense beyond all reasonable doubt to get a conviction.
William H. Ashe, a respected criminal defense attorney in Maine, will argue a strong case on your behalf, casting doubt on guilt. Provided below is an overview of what must be proved in domestic violence cases in Maine and what defense may be employed. Remember, each case is different according to the facts and circumstances. If you have additional questions or want to start building a strong defense today, contact the Law Offices of William H. Ashe to learn more about his approach to criminal defense and how he may help you in your specific case.
What are the elements of domestic violence assault in Maine?
In Maine, anyone charged with assault can also have the added element of domestic violence when the alleged victims qualify as a family or household member. Assault, according to Title 17-A §207, occurs when a person:
- intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly
- causes bodily injury or offensive physical contact
- to another person.
A bruise or other visible signs of an assault are not necessary for the commission of the crime. If a person shoves or bumps into another person offensively can satisfy the elements required of assault. To be a domestic violence assault, the alleged offender must have committed that assault, according to 17-A §207A, against a family or household member.
Title 19-A §4002(4) defines family or household members as:
- current or former spouses or domestic partners
- current or former roommates
- current or former intimate partners or persons who engage(d) in a sexual relationship
- biological parents of a child
- Minor children of a household member when the alleged offender is an adult household member
- adult household members related by blood or marriage.
What are the penalties in Maine of a domestic violence conviction?
Penalties in Maine are based on the offense and its classification as a misdemeanor or felony. There are also other consequences to a domestic violence penalty that often apply regardless of the classification of the offense.
Misdemeanor Domestic Violence Sentencing
Domestic violence assault is typically a Class D misdemeanor. Penalties for this crime classification include:
- a fine up to $2,000
- a jail sentence up to one year
- probation up to two years (17-A §1201)
- participation in a 48-week Batterers Intervention education program (17-A §1204).
Felony Domestic Violence Sentencing
Domestic violence assault is enhanced to a Class C felony when the alleged offender has a prior conviction within the last ten years – according to 17-A §9-A. The convictions that qualify as an enhancer include any of the following:
- Domestic violence assault 17-A §207-A
- Domestic violence criminal threatening 17-A §209-A.
- Domestic violence terrorizing, 17-A §210-B.
- Domestic violence stalking, 17-A §210-C.
- Domestic violence reckless conduct, 17-A §211-A.
- Violating a Protection from Abuse order 19-A § 4011.
If an alleged offender was convicted of similar charges in another state, then that would count also as a prior conviction.
Domestic violence assault can be charged as a Class C felony when the alleged offender violated conditions of release per 15 §1092 1(B). In this scenario, the defendant is on bail for domestic violence and violated the condition of bail by either (1) contacting the alleged victim; or (2) possessing a firearm.
A Class C felony conviction can result in the following penalties:
- a fine up to $5,000
- a prison sentence up to five years
- probation up to two years
Other Consequences to a Domestic Violence Conviction
There are other consequences of a domestic violence assault conviction. Important consequences that can be life-changing include the following:
- You can face problems with child custody if you currently have shared custody or want to pursue custody.
- Anyone convicted of domestic violence (misdemeanor or felony) in Maine is prohibited from ever possessing firearms or ammunition for the rest of his or her life. A violation can result in a federal crime.
- If you were convicted of felony domestic violence, you can lose your right to vote.
- If you were convicted of felony domestic violence, you may face particular difficulty finding employment or good housing.
There are many other collateral consequences of a conviction just by the mere existence of a criminal record. These consequences are worth considering as reason to fight a charge of domestic violence assault in Maine.
Are there defenses in Maine to a domestic violence assault case?
You should never plead guilty at an arraignment because that denies you your right to fight the criminal charges against you. In domestic violence cases, there are defenses that may apply in your specific case. These defenses include:
- Self-Defense. If you were defending yourself against another person's use of physical force, you have a defense in Maine. When self-defense is raised, the prosecutor will have to prove that your conduct was not self-defense.
- Witness Credibility. Was the alleged victim motivated to lie about the domestic violence? For example, is there a custody case pending or did the alleged offender and victim recently breakup? Given the close relationships those involved in domestic violence share, there are often reasons an alleged victim will lie or create a story, and if his or her credibility is questioned, that casts doubt on the alleged domestic violence.
- Factual Dispute. In these cases, it is often one person's word against another person's word. Who really struct who first? Was the physical force intentional or incidental to another activity? Guilt can boil down to the small details of these types of cases.
Even when there isn't a specific defense, a good attorney will develop a strong defense strategy to help you get the best outcome possible in your case.
Contact an Aggressive, Smart Domestic Violence Defense Attorney in Maine Today
Domestic violence charges are deeply personal and emotional. Getting aggressive yet compassionate legal representation can be fundamental to fighting the charges without undue stress. William H. Ashe, a reputable criminal defense lawyer in Maine, will provide a strong and thoughtful defense. Contact his law office online or at _PHONE_ to schedule a consultation and to learn more about how he can help you fight domestic violence charges.


text:
Main Article Content
Tabebuia serratifolia is an arboreal species, widely distributed in Brazil, with high economical and ornamental value. Its propagation is made by seeds dispersion and little is known about the methodology to evaluate its seeds physiological quality. Therefore, this work studied types of appropriate substrate and temperatures for running the germination test of Tabebuia serratifolia under laboratory condition. The germination test was carried out using two seed lots (harvest of 1998 and 1999), two types of substrates(blotter and sand) under different temperature regimes (ranging from 15 to 35oC on a termogradient table, and an oscillating regime 20-30oC in a BOD incubator) with photoperiod of 12 hours. The evaluation was made daily and the results expressed as percentage and index of germination speed.The results showed that the seed germination was higher at temperatures in the 25 to 35oC range, being quicker at 30oC. Under temperature oscillating from 20 to 30oC, germination was not favored. Regarding to the substrate both sand and blotter were promising to be used in the germination test in the optimal range of temperature.


text:
The ME69 pressure transmitter detects pressure or vacuum in a process system. The corrosion-free plastic design is rugged and resistant to aggressive media, making it ideal for use in water treatment.
The transmitter consists of a ceramic sensor with integral electronics. The sensor's diaphragm is deflected in relation to the process pressure or vacuum supplied, resulting in highly accurate readings.
- Rugged design
- High accuracy
- Resistant against aggressive media
- Electroplating plants
- Water treatment plants
- Process water treatment
- Wastewater treatment
Description Part no. Pressure/vacuum transmitter ME69


text:
The HHVT is a web-based tool that predicts the daily number of emergency department (ED) visits for heat-related illness across North Carolina. The current version of the tool inputs 5-day National Weather Service (NWS) point forecasts of daily maximum heat index and employs empirical relationships to translate these values into useful information regarding the probability of emergency department visits due to the heat. It is geared towards public health officials and emergency management personnel across the state of North Carolina. The current, updated version of the tool incorporates important feedback gained from community engagements with stakeholders.
The foundation of the tool is previous research that examines vulnerability and exposure to heat-related illness (HRI) in North Carolina. The findings of this work revealed a specific geography to heat-related illness, focused in rural areas of North Carolina and greatest among populations that are exposed to high heat.
Higher rates of HRI occur in eastern North Carolina, particularly in counties in and near the Sandhills (counties include Bladen, Scotland, Robeson, Sampson). HRI incidence rates are significantly lower in and near cities (including Raleigh, Durham, Charlotte, Greensboro, Burlington) and in western North Carolina, where the mountain range results in cooler summer temperatures.
Vulnerability: the degree to which a person (population) is sensitive to, or unable to cope with, negative effects of heat (definition adapted from IPCC).
At Risk: a person (population) that experiences greater exposure to heat.
Emergency Department (ED) Visits: patient visits to an emergency department. An ED specializes in the short-term care of patients who present without a prior appointment. Note: EDs do not include urgent care facilities.
Incidence Rate: the number of new heat-related illness ED visits per the population at risk.
Who's at risk for heat-related illness?
The most vulnerable populations to heat are those with an inability to cool down efficiently in high temperatures. These include older persons (65 years and older) and those under the age of five years old. However, in North Carolina, the most at risk populations are those often exposed to both high temperatures and humidity. These populations are often engaged in outdoor occupations or activities, such as exercise, yard work, or occupational tasks.
Isolated and rural populations are most at risk for HRI, particularly in the Coastal Plain (eastern North Carolina) and Piedmont (middle of North Carolina). These communities are removed from metropolitan locations and include only small towns. Urban populations experience the lowest heat-related illness, but are still vulnerable to high temperatures due to the urban heat island effect, which causes urban locations to be warmer than surrounding rural locations.
Working Age Demographic (15 to 54 years old)
The most at risk population in North Carolina is the 15 to 54 age group. Although these populations are less vulnerable to heat-related illness, they are most at risk due to their increased likelihood of engaging in outdoor activities and occupations. Heat-related illness occurs more frequently in males in the 15 to 54 age group range than in females of the same age range. Within this age group, heat-related illness occurs more often on the weekdays (Monday-Friday) and in the months of June, July, and August.
The 15 to 17 age demographic is the most at risk of demographics under 18 years old. This population is likely to engage in organized sports. Compared to other age groups, this age group experiences higher rates of heat-related illness in August and September with the onset of high school.
Elderly Age Demographic (65 and Older)
Although lower rates of HRI are observed in NC, this population is still vulnerable to HRI if exposed to high heat. Relative to other age demographics, this population experiences higher rates of heat-related illness in June when high summer temperatures are first observed.
Other risk factors for HRI in NC
Other risk factors increase the likelihood of heat-related illness in certain populations. Some of these risk factors include, but are not limited to, living in a mobile home, engaging in labor intensive agriculture or other strenuous outdoor occupations, limited access to air conditioning, low educational attainment, and living below the poverty live.


text:
BeritaBali.com reports that Bali's Environmental Protection Agency (BLH) has recorded salt water intrusion into the ground water supply at distances between 39 and 330 meters from the shore line. The BLH is blaming this development on the high usage of ground water, particularly by the hotel sector.
The worst affected areas are in Sanur, Kuta, Candi Dasa and Nusa Dua. Meanwhile, the use of ground water in Denpasar is now approaching 3 million cubic meters per month.
The head of the technical laboratory division of BLH, Gede Surjana, said he is concerned by the degree of salt water intrusion into Bali's water supply and the level of salinity measured in ground water samples. He further warned that if something is not done soon to limit the over-use of ground water, Bali will face a clean water crisis by 2020.
He estimates the maximum permissible use of ground water for all of Bali stands as 300 million cubic meters per year.
Discovery Tours. Articles may be quoted and reproduced
if attributed to _URL_.


Design Buzz
Pour Cost: What It Means and Why It's So Important to Bar Profits
What does the term pour cost mean? In this article we'll define the meaning of pour cost and discuss why it's one of the keys to profitability for every bar.
One of the most shocking conversations I have with bar managers is their lack of understanding the meaning of the term pour cost. Worse yet, they've been selected to manage someone else's hard-earned money. This edition of the Design Buzz defines pour cost, how it's calculated, and why this and accurate inventory methods are the keys to bar profitability
Pour cost is a term developed by the hospitality industry and is defined as the amount of alcohol to make a drink to its selling price, and is expressed as a percentage. In reality, this is what's known as ideal pour cost percentage. Many bar owners and managers who are cognizant of the term pour cost, but don't understand its true meaning, often fall into the trap of using percentages they've heard or read. It's not uncommon to hear people say that their pour cost is 30%, without having a clue how it's really calculated. Often times, people simply think that that is the industry standard and they want to be like everyone else! The reality is there is another term that is even more important – actual pour cost, which I'll discuss below. The reason all of this is so important is because it enables you to monitor your true profitability. For now, first things first: let's understand the basics of pour cost.
How to Use Pour Cost to Calculate the Selling Price of Drinks
The way to calculate your ideal pour cost percentage for pricing drinks is a two-step process:
1. Take the number of shots you get out of a bottle and divide that quantity into the cost of the bottle to develop your unit cost.
2. Divide the unit cost by your desired selling price; this is your ideal pour cost.
3. Next you need to decide if you are tracking your ideal pour cost with or without sales tax. You should calculate it without sales tax as you can't keep that money.
A more direct and useful method is to divide the unit cost by the desired percentage; this will tell you your selling price for any given drink. Here's a useful example:
If you get 27 shots out of a bottle (a pour size of 1.25 oz) and the bottle cost is $7.50, then your unit cost per shot is 27.7 cents. If you want a "well" pour cost of 8%, then divide 27.7 by 8%, the desired drink price is $3.46. To develop the actual selling price (with sales tax), simply multiply this result by your state's sales tax. If your state sales tax is 10%, then multiply your desired drink price ($3.46) by 1.10, you arrive at a selling price to the customer of $3.81, which you may wish to round up to $4.00.
As you know, in the bar business we have different value groups and different pricing for each, so it's impossible to make consistent profit margins across the board. Simply stated, the art of upselling is where the greatest profit margins lie in the bar business; I discuss this is greater detail in a previous post in Design Buzz, which you can reference below. According to my good friend and industry expert, Chuck Deibel, among his hundreds of bar clients the ideal pour cost percentages for the various alcohol groups are as follows:
· Well liquor is around 10% or less.
· Call liquor will fetch in the 12% to 18% range.
· Top shelf will be in the high teens to mid 20's and Premium will be in the low-to-high 30's.
Chuck further states, "Depending on product mix and pricing, I see bottle beer anywhere from the mid 20's to mid 30's. Draft beer ranges from the high teens to the high 20's."
Related Posts:
Productive Bar Design: What Are The Most Profitable Drinks?
What Bar Owners Need to Know About Liquor Inventory Control
So far we've discussed the concept of ideal pour cost, and I also alluded to the term known as actual pour cost. Are you aware that over 85% of bar owners are losing 20% of their profits? Folks, this is NOT an infomercial! I know this sounds crazy, but this is a very well documented fact. Chuck Deibel, a CPA having performed thousands of inventory audits over 20 years, stated this in a 2014 State of Ohio Sales Tax Audit, which you can download below. The reason inventory loss runs rampant and undetected is due primarily to two factors:
· Extreme high profit margins cloud the owner's perception.
· The complexity of product mix and product pricing.
To illustrate the latter point, just think about the following:
· The various levels of pricing (well, call, top-shelf, premium, etc.).
· Also consider that you might be selling the same drink at different prices, such as Happy Hour and Daily Specials.
· You serve batch drinks in the form of margaritas, long island ice tea, etc.
Given all of the above, now consider attempting to calculate how much money you should make at the end of one shift. Oh, and by the way, how about those free drinks your bartenders are giving away (to increase their tips) and the over-pouring and other wasteful habits! Can you now tell me how much you should have made last night alone? You see, as a bar owner you are living in a parallel universe:
Not only are many bar professionals unaware of their ideal pour cost, most don't know their actual pour cost – the one that takes all of the above factors into account. There is a difference between ideal pour cost and actual pour cost, and the difference between the two results in the amount of your lost sales and inventory.
According to Deibel, "Many bar operators don't calculate their ideal cost for pricing and most, if not all, don't recalculate it on an ongoing basis. Not doing so can cost you thousands of dollars."
pdfColumbus Bar 1st Audit Report
pdfColumbus Bar 4th Audit Report
Why BevInco Inventory Control Can Help Bar Owners Improve Profitability
So just why is knowing your actual pour cost so important? For one, the odds are that you're amongPhoto of Typical BevInco Audit Report the more than 85% of all bar owners who is losing 20% of their inventory. Worse yet, the stability of your business could become impaled if you are ever audited by your state liquor authority. Although the state allows for shrinkage (according to the above-mentioned state tax audit), it's far less than the amount you are probably losing. The state expect its tax based on the amount of shrinkage they allow, and unless you're up-to-date of your actual pour cost (and tightening your inventory controls), an audit fine of $98,000 is not uncommon, as stated in a previous blog post, referenced below.
There is a routine method of calculating your actual pour cost, and that is a unique service offered by noted industry expert BevInco. BevInco, which operates an international network of factory-trained local dealers, innovated a systematic methodology of helping bar owners calculate their actual pour cost and shrinkage. The mystery of knowing everything about your inventory, shrinkage – and ultimately your actual pour cost – can, in fact, be unraveled. Your local BevInco dealer performs an on-premise inventory service by systematically entering all of your drink and batch recipes into their proprietary software and also weighing all open bottles, batches and kegs. The result computed by the software is the actual pour cost. There is no other way to compute actual pour cost. With BevInco, you get meaningful pour cost information; a sample report (shown above) can be downloaded below. BevInco clients frequently reduce their shrinkage from 20% to 2-3% within the first four months!
As you can see, unless you know exactly what you've sold there is no way of knowing your actual pour cost, and certainly no way of knowing the habits of your bar staff. It's critical to the success of your bar to get in control of your pour cost and inventory.
Related Posts:
Productive Bar Design: State Audit Peace of Mind With BevInco
Easybar Liquor Control Systems for Maximum Bar Profitability
Easy Ice: Ice Machine Subscriptions for Bars & Nightclubs
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text:
|Origin:||Perhaps from Old English dragan 'to pull'|
1 [intransitive and transitive]TTWTEC
to remove mud or sand from the bottom of a river, harbour etc, or to search for something by doing this:
They dredged for oysters.
2 [transitive + with]DF
to cover food lightly with flour, sugar etc
dredge something ↔ upphrasal verb
to start talking again about something that happened a long time ago, especially something unpleasant:
Newsweek magazine dredged up some remarks which he made last year.
to manage to remember something, or to feel or express an emotion, with difficulty:
Robertson tried to dredge up an image of her in his mind.
From somewhere she dredged up a brilliant smile.
to pull something up from the bottom of a river, lake etc


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Thứ Bảy, 11 tháng 2, 2017
BRAIN TUMOR ELASTiCITY _ INTRAOPERATIVE SWE
 Abstract
Purpose: Objective Shear wave elastography (SWE) enabled living tissue assessment of stiffness. This is routinely used for breast, thyroid and liver diseases, but there is currently no data for the brain. We aim to characterize elasticity of normal brain parenchyma and brain tumors using SWE.
Materials and Methods: Patients with scheduled brain tumor removal were included in this study. In addition to standard ultrasonography, intraoperative SWE using an ultrafast ultrasonic device was used to measure the elasticity of each tumor and its surrounding normal brain. Data were collected by an investigator blinded to the diagnosis. Descriptive statistics, box plot analysis as well as intraoperator and interoperator reproducibility analysis were also performed.
Results: 63 patients were included and classified into four main types of tumor: meningiomas, low-grade gliomas, high-grade gliomas and metastasis. Young's Modulus measured by SWE has given new insight to differentiate brain tumors: 33.1 ± 5.9 kPa, 23.7 ± 4.9 kPa, 11.4 ± 3.6 kPa and 16.7 ± 2.5 kPa, respectively, for the four subgroups. Normal brain tissue has been characterized by a reproducible mean stiffness of 7.3 ± 2.1 kPa. Moreover, low-grade glioma stiffness is different from high-grade glioma stiffness (p = 0.01) and normal brain stiffness is very different from low-grade gliomas stiffness (p under 0.01).
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there are significant differences in elasticity among the most common types of brain tumors. With intraoperative SWE, neurosurgeons may have innovative information to predict diagnosis and guide their resection.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I know that an infinite set can be partitioned into 2 infinite subsets.
Can one partition an infinite set into finitely many infinite subsets?
share|improve this question
Are you asking that given an infinite set, can that set be partitioned into $n$ infinite sets for all $n$? – ferson2020 Jan 30 '13 at 16:26
In fact, you can also partition it into infinitely many infinite sets. For example, with the set $\mathbb N$, you can let $A_n=\{k\in\mathbb N\mid k=2^nm\text{ with }m\text{ odd}\}$ for $n=0,1,2,\ldots$ – Hagen von Eitzen Jan 30 '13 at 16:30
Let $n$ be given. Partition the integers into those that are multiples of $n$, those that leave a remainder of 1 when divided by $n$, those that leave a remainder of 2 when divided by $n$,... and those that leave a remainder of $n-1$ when divided by $n$. – MJD Jan 30 '13 at 17:20
2 Answers 2
Well, if you can do it with 2, you can keep partitioning one of them.
share|improve this answer
Ok, thanks Andreas. – student Jan 30 '13 at 16:26
Of course. We do it by induction.
Theorem: If $A$ is an infinite set and $n>0$ is a natural number then we can write $A$ as a disjoint union of $n$ infinite sets.
Proof. For $n=1$ this is obvious, so we actually start with $n=2$.
For $n=2$ we can do it because every infinite set can be split into two infinite sets.
Suppose that we can split $A$ into $n$ parts, $A_1,\ldots, A_n$. Each is infinite, split $A_n$ into $B$ and $C$, and so the partition $A_1,\ldots,A_{n-1},B,C$ is a partition of $A$ into $n+1$ parts. $\square$
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Your Answer


Take the 2-minute tour ×
When receiving servers (while playing tennis), I've noticed that the tennis ball seems to bounce up higher on me when the server uses a topspin serve than when the server hits a flat serve. Why is that?
Is it because of something about how the spin affects the bounce of the ball (i.e., the effect of the spin during the time when the tennis ball is in contact with the court)? Is it because of how the spin affects the flight of the ball while it is in the air? Perhaps it's because topspin serves tend to be hit with a higher, "loopier" trajectory, and this changes the angle of incidence when the ball hits the court during the bounce? Or maybe it's something else entirely? What would you expect the effect of the topspin to be on the trajectory of the ball, based upon physical principles?
Background on tennis: When serving, the server has to hit the tennis ball over the net and then into the service box; the ball is required to bounce within the service box. The receiver stands back a bit, and after it bounces up, the receiver hits it back.
A flat serve is a serve where the ball has no spin. A topspin serve is a serve with topspin: the top of the tennis ball is rotating forward (in the direction of the ball's travel) and the bottom of the ball is moving backward (opposite the direction of the ball's travel). Topspin causes the tennis ball to "curve downwards", due to the Magnus effect.
From the server's perspective, topspin is useful, because it means the server can hit the ball higher over the net and the serve will still go in. That allows a topspin serve to be more reliable: the server has more margin for error. In contrast, with a flat serve, the serve has to be aimed very precisely: aim too high, and the ball will "go long" and bounce outside of the service box; aim too low, and the ball will hit the net. A flat serve will usually look like a "line drive" (the path of the ball is close to a straight line), while a top spin serve will look more "loopy" (the ball goes higher over the net, then swerves down).
Flat serves usually travel faster. With a topspin serves, the ball usually doesn't have quite as much velocity (I imagine some of the energy of the server is spent on imparting spin, rather than propelling the ball forward). Nonetheless, from my personal experience, it feels like when I am receiving a topspin serve, the ball bounces up higher and often gets out of my comfort zone: the flat serve might bounce up to waist level, where it's comfortable to hit the ball, but the topspin serve might bounce up to shoulder level, where it's less comfortable. Why does this happen? Or, is it an illusion?
share|improve this question
More Phys.SE posts on Magnus effect: physics.stackexchange.com/search?q=magnus+effect – Qmechanic May 15 '13 at 6:45
1 Answer 1
When the player hits the ball with top spin, it makes the ball, well, spin.
By spinning, the ball will modify the airflow around itself and thus create an air pressure profile which will deflect the ball : this is the Magnus effect.
So by applying top spin on the ball the way tennis players do, the ball is rotating in the direction of the trajectory. This will bend the trajectory downwards. If you look at the ball's speed as a vector, the vertical component of the top-spun ball's velocity is greater than the normal served ball.
You simply direct the ball more vertically into the ground with a top spin. So after contact with the ground, the ball with top spin will leave the ground more vertically than a normal ball.
Since you are familiar with the sport, you might also have noticed that after contact, the top-spun ball will slightly accelerate towards you. This comes from the fact that part of its rotation has transfered itself into horizontal momentum. If you let a spinning ball fall vertically on the ground, after contact, it will fly out flat in some direction. I think this is also one of the reason why top spin serves are so hard to handle.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


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Kepel(Stelechocarpus burahol) seeds available for sale,origin from Indonesia. Payment methode:Paypal or western union. Seeds price $4 USD per one seed(Can be negotiated). Discount and special price for wholesale buyer. Offer closed in the end of april. Send message to Maryoto1981(at)gmail.com to order. Information about kepel fruit: Stelechocarpus burahol, known as the kepel,kepel fruit,keppel fruit,kepel apple or burahol is an annonaceous plant from the humid evergreen forests of Southeast Asia,known for producing an edible fruit.The fruit is grown only in central Java. The plant is an evergreen,with stiff,elliptical,glossy leaves. The fruits of Stelechocarpus burahol grow on the lower part of the trunk,on the larger branches.They have a spicy flavor akin to that of the mango.They are greenish-yellow and oval,3-4 centimeters long.The new growth is bright pink or burgundy,known for producing an edible fruit. One can propagate S. burahol from the seeds of ripe fruit. The fruit of this species has traditionally been known in Java to have value as an oral deodorant.Out of the pulp, seed and peel, the peel has the best adsorbent ability. A 2012 study showed that it reduced the odor of feces by activating the probiotic bacterium Bifidobacter.Stelechocarpus burahol is also an antihyperuricemic and has traditionally been used to treat gout. This fruit is an identity flora of Daerah Istimewa Jogjakarta.Stelechocarpus burahol was loved by Javanese princesses because it was a symbol of unity and mental and physical integrity.Because it functioned as a deodorant,many common people did not have this tree planted because they believed they would get cursed.That made this tree rare. This fruit was also believed to be used by Javanese Princesses as contraception.The fruit is believed to have the function of preventing kidney inflammation.The wood can be made into house tools,the leaves used to lower cholesterol. This rare fruit can be found at Keraton Jogjakarta Area,Taman Mini Indonesia Indah,Taman Kiai Langgeng Magelang and Kebun Raya Bogor.