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Our encoding for encrypted filenames is now open source
Why do Boxcryptor's encrypted filenames consist of Chinese characters? This is a question we often hear about our folder and filename encryption and today we want to give you a detailed explanation.
Filename Character Limit
The underlying problem in choosing the appropriate font is the character limit. Core elements of Microsoft Windows can only handle file paths with a length of maximum 256 characters. This limitation is relevant, for example, when using Windows Explorer. Since files with longer paths would therefore not be accessible, many cloud providers—Dropbox, for example—don't synchronize files with a path length of more than 260 characters.
However, encrypted filenames require even more bytes than plaintext filenames. Thus, we had to find a way to reduce the character count of encrypted filenames, so Boxcryptor would not constantly trigger sync issues.
The solution to this problem is to use Unicode characters instead of ASCII characters. While an ASCII character can only transport 1 byte of information, a Unicode character transports 4 bytes. Thus, for every 4 ASCII characters there is 1 single Unicode character.
Comparable to already existing methods for encoding like Base64, we have developed the binary-to-text method Base4K, which uses 4000 different Unicode characters. While Base64 requires more characters than bytes, Base4K requires fewer characters than bytes. Base4K is more than 50 percent more effective than Base64 in terms of character length.
So why do we use Asian characters for Boxcryptor? The answer is quite simple: We need 4000 different characters and there are just not enough ASCII characters in the Latin alphabet. Also, the required elements additionally had to meet several technical specifications:
- Consecutive points in the Unicode system
- Universal representability (this is not the case, for example, with some symbols such as control characters)
- Unambiguous distinguishability
The large size of the Asian character set proved to be perfectly suitable here. Base4k therefore maps bytes (0x00-0xff) to Unicode points in the ranges 0x4000-0x40ff and 0x6000-0x6fff. Thus, the selection was based solely on technical requirements.
The Asian character set contains many times more symbols than the Latin alphabet. Therefore, it is perfectly suited for our encoding of folder and file names. However, real Asian (e.g., Chinese) file names would look completely different, since the encoded symbols follow neither syntax nor language logic.
By the way: If you use Boxcryptor to encrypt files and folders with real Asian names, you should have no problem in most cases. "Normal" Chinese file names, for example, do not correspond to the structure of encrypted Boxcryptor file names, for example. Accordingly, they are not recognized as such. In the unlikely event that Boxcryptor misinterprets a file as encrypted, you can simply enable the "show also non-decryptable files" setting. This will also display misinterpreted, "real" file names normally.
Now Also Open Source
By the way, although we will not publish the source code of Boxcryptor in its entirety, we have also added a sample implementation of the Boxcryptor encryption algorithm on Github.


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Berwyn Mountain UFO incident
On 23 January 1974 on the Berwyn Mountains in Llandrillo, Merionethshire, North Wales, lights and noises were observed that were alleged to be related to a UFO sighting on Cadair Berwyn and Cadair Bronwen. Scientific evidence indicates that the event was generated by an earthquake combined with sightings of a bright meteor widely observed over Wales and Northern England at the time.
On the evening of January 23, 1974, residents of the Berwyn Mountains area in North Wales reported a loud noise and a bright light in the sky. When UFOlogists claimed that a UFO crashed and the British Government covered up the military's recovery of a crashed spaceship, some tabloid newspapers jokingly labelled it "The Roswelsh Incident".
Declassified Ministry of Defence documents suggest the incident was caused by the combined effects of an earthquake and a meteor. The Institute of Geological Sciences (now British Geological Survey) reported that a magnitude 3.5 earthquake was felt at 8:38 p.m. that night over a wide area of North Wales and as far as Liverpool (also in Formby 13 miles north of Liverpool). It was not immediately identified for what it was, hence the police investigation. However, the magnitude of the shock was such that had it been due to impact, the resulting crater would have been large enough to be easily visible. The unusual lights reported may have been simply the meteor, but may also have included the phenomenon known as earthquake light.
- Musson, R.M.W., 2006. The enigmatic Bala earthquake of 1974. Astronomy & Geophysics, vol 47 no 5, pp 11–15
- McBeath, A., 2006. Meteor, not shower, over Bala. Astronomy & Geophysics, vol 47 no 6, p 8
- Devine, Darren (August 5, 2010). "Released files cast light on famous Welsh 'UFO' sighting". Wales Oline. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- The Sun (2011-01-31). "The Roswelsh Incident". London. Retrieved 2011-01-31.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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How and where was the Reigate cache discovered?
Left: The Reigate doublet in a purpose made mount and a replica now displayed at J. Stoneman and Sons showroom
The Reigate cache of two concealed objects was discovered in 1990, in a shop in Reigate. The funeral directors and monumental stonemasons, J.Stoneman and Sons own the shop. The shop was undergoing a re-fit at the time the cache was found concealed: a doublet and an inkwell.
The cache was located above the ingle-nook fireplace behind the main beam, between the ground floor and first floor. The fireplace is a common location for concealed objects to be found. When found the doublet was crumpled and dirty; it was first thought to be a sack, but recognised as a garment because of the buttons.
What reaction did the discovery of the cache provoke?
The owner luckily recognised that the doublet and inkwell may be of some significance and took them to curator Kay Staniland of the Museum of London for identification. The Textile Conservation Centre was contacted by the Museum of London for advice. Conservator Dinah Eastop examined the doublet and later took the doublet on as a student research project. The interest in the doublet was primarily founded on the fact that it appeared to be an item of working class dress, of which there are very few surviving examples. In the area above the ingle-nook fireplace the doublet would have been protected from some of the environmental conditions that cause textiles to decay; the area would have been dark and dry and the surrounding stone and wood, would have buffered temperature changes.
Susan Stanton undertook the research project at The Textile Conservation Centre from _PHONE_. Examination of the materials and construction of the doublet confirmed the preliminary dating to the early 17th century. Research into the age of the building in which the doublet was found supports this conclusion. Despite the doublet's crumpled, dirty and degraded state, careful research was able to identify that it was made of three layers of linen; an outer, an interlining and a lining, all of a brown/grey colour.
Where is the cache kept now?
The doublet and the inkwell are currently displayed in the J.Stoneman and Sons shop in Reigate where they were discovered. When deciding how she would approach the treatment of the doublet it was important for Susan Stanton to consider how and where it would be displayed, and how the object's history and context could be represented. To preserve the fragile doublet and support it in the best possible way, some of the dust and dirt was carefully removed and it was placed in a custom-made, fully supportive mount. It was not unfolded and placed on a mannequin, although this may have made it easier to recognise the doublet's original shape and construction, because it was too delicate. Instead Stanton constructed a replica, after taking careful measurements from the original. The replica is display alongside the doublet and inkwell.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Improving Schools: Strategies for Action in Mexico
This report develops comparative knowledge for reforms in teacher and school management policies in the context of an OECD member country: Mexico. Mexico's education outcomes can be improved by enhancing the effectiveness of its schools. The standards gap between the performance of students in Mexico and other OECD countries can only be reduced if schools become good at what they do. This report looks at key issues and challenges faced by the Mexican education system and provides policy recommendations on school management, leadership and teacher policies. These recommendations have been developed by considering the outcomes, quality and standards of education and schools in Mexico in terms of what is known internationally about effective schools, and by adapting this knowledge to the Mexican context.
The report has two audiences: It aims to support the Mexican government and key actors in the education system to develop long-term vision and policy in the areas of school management, school leadership, social participation, selection and recruitment of teachers, teacher education, professional development, and evaluation policies in Mexico. At the same time, it provides valuable knowledge in education policy development and implementation useful for other OECD member and partner countries that are in the process of reforming their education systems.
Table of contents
Chapter 1: Conditions for success in education reform.
Chapter 2: Working towards education improvement in Mexico
Chapter 3: Teacher career paths: consolidating a quality profession
Chapter 4: Improving school effectiveness in Mexico: the role of leadership, management and social participation.
Chapter 5: Strategies to improve schools in Mexico: guidance on implementation..
Annex A: Authors Biographies.
How to obtain this publication
Readers can access the full version of Improving Schools: Strategies for Action in Mexico choosing from the following options:
Subscribers and readers at subscribing institutions can access the online edition via iLibrary
Non-subscribers can purchase the PDF e-book and/or paper copy via our Online Bookshop.
Improving Schools: Strategies for Action in Mexico This video presents some of the OECD recommendations to Mexico to improve the quality of education in Mexican schools.
This video was created with the help of the Federal Administration for Educational Services of the Federal District. All images were filmed in the educational centres where legal authorization for this purpose was granted.


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Let $X$ be a closed irreducible subvariety of projective $n$ space. Let $k$ be the dimension of a maximal linear subspace not intersecting $X$. Then one can define $dim(X)=n-k-1$ (see Harris page 134). Why is $dim(Y) < dim(X)$ for two properly contained such varieties?
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1 Answer 1
This is also mentioned in Shafarevich (p.71), but the development may be different. The dimension of an irreducible quasi-projective variety $X$ is defined as the transcendence degree of the function field of $X$. Then the fact that one can equivalently define dimension as you mention is proved as a corollary of the following theorem: If a form $F$ is not $0$ on an irreducible projective variety $X,$ then $\operatorname{dim}(X_F)=\operatorname{dim}(X)-1.$ This is a bit of a work-around though, maybe you prefer a direct geometric proof!
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The way in which Harris phrased this conclusion made me think that there should be a very easy direct proof from the definition I gave. – Wuggletruggle Jul 19 '12 at 19:01
I agree, I just happened to be holding Shafarevich when I saw the question. – Andrew Jul 19 '12 at 19:17
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TURES COLUMN: Bipartisan support for low cost insulin
Published 9:30 am Tuesday, October 25, 2022
The Georgia Senate debate between the Rev. Raphael Warnock and former college football star Herschel Walker has garnered national attention, as well as a raging debate over insulin.
At the debate, when Democratic Senator Warnock touted policies designed to lower the price of insulin, something that was part of his party's Inflation Reduction Act. This led to a $35 cap on monthly insulin costs for those on Medicare. Warnock also noted that Walker said he would oppose the Inflation Reduction Act.
Walker countered with this statement. "I believe in reducing insulin but at the same time, you gotta eat right. I know many people that's on insulin. Unless you're eating right, insulin is doing you no good. So you have to get food prices down and you gotta get gas down so you can go get insulin," the GOP candidate said, leaving us to wonder what he meant by "reducing insulin" and "eating right."
Forbes cited Dr. Jasmine Clark, when she wrote "I think it's important to note, that most people that require insulin for diabetes have Type I Diabetes (formerly known as Juvenile Diabetes). Their bodies don't make insulin, usually since they were a child. They REQUIRE insulin to live. It has nothing to do with 'eating right'."
A doctor and patient confirmed to me the importance of insulin for survival for those with diabetes; that patient is a fellow runner like me (and ran the Peachtree Road Race), and eats healthy too.
People desperately need insulin to survive. USA Today reports that doctors are concerned that more than 1.3 million Americans are rationing their insulin in a desperate bid to live. According to Yahoo News, the Annals of Internal Medicine found that the number of people in dire insulin straits represent one out of five with this disease. It's not just about eating right.
I'm a big fan of eating healthy, but I also understand that not all Georgians have ready access to healthy food. There are some places that are "food deserts," where grocery stories are hard to come by. One of our LaGrange College graduates made his career about getting food from farms to make it available in low-income neighborhoods. But businesses like his are hard to come by. And not everyone lives near a Fresh Market or Trader Joe's.
Here's something else to consider. "One vial of insulin only costs between $2 and $10 to make, depending on the type, according to Verywell Health.
However, for consumers, one vial of insulin can cost between $50 and $1,000, and a pack of insulin pens can range from $45 to $600. So, if a vial of insulin goes for $1,000 and that insulin costs just $10 to make, that's a 100x markup for consumers".
With only three manufacturers and a competitive $22 billion industry, that's why 20 states, including red ones like Texas, Oklahoma, Alabama, Kentucky, Utah and West Virginia have already capped insulin prices, according to the American Diabetes Association. It's clear that many Americans, conservative and liberal, recognize how important low-cost insulin is, and how it is more than just a matter of just doing the diet right.


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SummaryThe Indiana University School of Medicine Safety Education and Outreach department, formerly known as Community Education and Child Advocacy, operates a not-for-profit Safety Store that offers low-cost or free safety products, including products for children with health care needs or disabilities. Trained staff educate families on how to use the products and practice injury prevention and emergency preparedness regularly. Numerous anecdotal stories suggest that the Safety Store has saved lives, prevented injuries, and increased family confidence and capabilities for keeping children safe.Suggestive: The evidence consists of anecdotal reports of lives saved and injuries prevented.
Developing OrganizationsIndiana University School of Medicine
Date First Implemented2005
Vulnerable Populations > Children; Disabled (physically)
Problem AddressedAccidents at home are a major cause of injury and death for children and adolescents. Safety products can help prevent these accidents, but parents may not know about, have access to, or be able to afford them. The availability of safety products adapted to prevent injury in children with disabilities or health care needs is particularly limited.
- Unintentional injury as leading cause of death: Unintentional injuries are the leading cause of death in children ages 1 to 14 in the United States.1 Approximately 2,000 children 14 years old and younger die each year as a result of a home injury, with fire, suffocation, and drowning being the leading causes of death in this age group.2
- Limited awareness and accessibility of safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs: Safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs often are difficult for families to find and afford. For example, families with children who have hearing impairments need smoke detectors with strobe lights, but these products are often difficult to find.3
Description of the Innovative ActivitySafety Education and Outreach operates a Safety Store that offers low-cost or free safety products, including products for children with disabilities or health care needs. Trained staff educates families on how to use these products and how to practice injury prevention and emergency preparedness regularly. Key elements of the Safety Store's services include the following:
- Accessible location and hours: The Safety Store, located within the hospital gift shop, is open Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., except for holidays.
- Low-cost safety products: The store sells low-cost safety products such as smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, baby gates, outlet plug covers, appliance locks, crib sheet clips, and furniture corner cushions. Through December 2012, nearly 19,000 customers have purchased products at the Safety Store.
- Safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs: The Safety Store carries an inventory of adapted safety products for children with disabilities or health care needs, such as Silent Call systems that include a vibrating smoke alarm with strobe light; wheelchair gloves and ponchos; medical/identification bracelets; allergy labels; tracking devices; and Safe-er-Grip bath and shower handles.
- Evacuation products for children with disabilities or health care needs (Safe Escape program): The Safety Store's Safe Escape program provides products and education to families of children with disabilities or health care needs to support safe evacuation in a fire, emergency, or disaster. Information provided in April 2010 indicates that to date, the Safe Escape program has provided nearly 1,300 families with evacuation products and emergency preparedness education.
- Family education and ongoing support: The Safety Store staff help families identify and select products depending on their unique needs. Staff members also provide education and training to parents about proper product use and installation, along with instruction on how to prevent injuries. For example, staff members teach families how to test smoke detectors, replace batteries, and develop and practice a plan for escaping a fire, emergency, or disaster. In addition, the Safety Store presents education programs and special events featuring safety-related activities for children and parents at Riley Hospital throughout the year. The store informs current and former customers about safety product recalls via e-mail alerts and notices mailed to families.
- Widespread marketing and promotion: Safety Education and Outreach markets the Safety Store through the distribution of brochures and flyers at all hospital newsstands, clinics, and units. In addition, the hospital publishes messages about safety and the Safety Store in a variety of hospital newsletters and on plasma televisions located throughout the institution.
- Future online Safety Store and Safe Escape program: Safety Education and Outreach staff worked in partnership with the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (NACHRI) to create online templates for Safety Stores and Safe Escape programs. The Web sites will expand the capability of children's hospitals nationwide to be able to offer Safety Stores or Safe Escape after staff has completed training for these programs.
References/Related ArticlesSwartz J. Selling safety: injury prevention store saves lives. Children's Hospitals Today. Fall 2006. Available at: _URL_
The Safety Store Web site is available at: _URL_.
Contact the InnovatorCara Fast, MSW
The Safety Store and National Education Network Manager
Safety Education and Outreach
Department of Pediatrics
Indiana University School of Medicine
705 Riley Hospital Drive
Indianapolis, IN 46202
Phone: _PHONE_
Toll-free phone: _PHONE_
Innovator DisclosuresMs. Fast has not indicated whether she has financial interests or business or professional affiliations relevant to the work described in this profile; however, information on funders is available in the Funding Sources section.
ResultsNumerous anecdotes suggest that the Safety Store has saved lives, prevented injuries, and increased parent confidence and capability to keep their children safe. (See the Story section for several examples of these anecdotes.) Information provided in April 2010 indicates that Safety Education and Outreach conducted a study of unintentional injury admissions to Riley Hospital's Pediatric Burn Care Unit from 2005 to 2008 to identify leading causes of burn injury, the circumstances of each injury, and ages of children admitted for care. Analysis of data profiling families served by Safe Escape also is under way. This information will help direct future product selection and the development of prevention education materials to support children with different types of special needs for safe escape in emergencies, disasters, and fires.Suggestive: The evidence consists of anecdotal reports of lives saved and injuries prevented.
Context of the InnovationRiley Hospital for Children supports 447 staffed beds, 16,552 admissions and observations cases, and 231,556 subspecialty outpatient visits annually. The hospital is part of Indiana University Health, an Indiana-based, private, nonprofit organization offering a broad base of tertiary services, specialized pediatric care provided by Riley Hospital, and a Level I trauma center. IU School of Medicine's Safety Education and Outreach had considered several models for providing low-cost safety products and injury prevention education onsite since the mid-1990s and drew inspiration from the pioneering work by Johns Hopkins Children's Safety Center, which opened in 1997. Safety Education and Outreach championed an expanded vision for a safety store to be able to serve all children, including children with disabilities or health care needs, with low-cost child safety products and injury prevention and emergency preparedness education.
Planning and Development ProcessKey planning and development steps included the following:
- Generating interest: Safety Education and Outreach staff met with physicians, nurses, administrators (including the hospital's chief of pediatrics and vice president of operations), and internal committees to build interest in and support for developing the Safety Store. Discussions centered on the importance of providing safety products at low cost to all families along with education; how to promote the Safety Store to families and staff; identification of the location, staffing, and funding support needed to maintain ongoing operations; and identification of the types of injuries treated at the hospital to guide the types of products that could be offered.
- Getting senior management approval: Hospital administration provided the support that was instrumental in identifying and securing the first-floor hospital space to be renovated for the Safety Store.
- Collecting data to determine appropriate stock: Safety Education and Outreach staff analyzed data on unintentional injury admissions to Riley Hospital for the period of 2001 to 2004 to determine which safety products to stock.
- Launching the Safe Escape program: The Safety Store opened in January 2005, providing the Safe Escape program as its initial service.
- Expanding the product line: In the spring of 2005, the Safety Store began selling low-cost safety products to hospital families, staff, and the general public.
- Training staff: All new members of the Safety Store team participated in an orientation that included observing current staff; reviewing all manufacturer instructions and product protocols; and practicing (under the observation of a current staff member) how to use or install all products, assess family needs, and complete paperwork with families.
- Renovation and expansion: The Safety Store was renovated and expanded in 2009 from 306 to 530 square feet, which since then has consistently increased product inventory, customer traffic, and product sales.
Resources Used and Skills Needed
- Staffing: One full-time staff member, several part-time members, volunteers, and interns work together to promote the Safety Store; serve customers; purchase, price, and display products; and enter inventory.
- Costs: The initial cost to open the store was $216,000; hospital funds, in-kind support, and grants support ongoing costs. Because the Safety Store's mission is to provide low-cost safety products and associated education, the store does not earn a profit from product sales; the store uses revenues to purchase additional safety products and educational materials and resources. The Safety Store renovation and expansion in 2009 was accomplished through a


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The Cyprus Institute (CyI) has received a Digital Technology Development Award in climate sensitive infectious disease modelling by the prestigious Wellcome Trust foundation in the UK. The project is led by Dr Kamil Erguler of CyI's Climate and Atmosphere Research Center (CARE-C) and focuses on the impact of climate change on the spread and abundance of mosquitoes and other insect vectors of human diseases.
"VEClim" project aims to develop a computational tool that can assess the risk of transmission of such diseases in the future, aiding targeted vector and disease management. The project has a duration of five years and a budget of over half million Euros. It is the first such award the Wellcome Trust has ever made directly to a Cypriot institution.
Climate warming changes the habitable zones of disease-carrying insects that originate in the tropics, such as the notorious tiger mosquito, to countries where cold winter conditions previously prevented their spreading. This in turn increases the risk of transmission of diseases such as Dengue, Chikungunya and West Nile fever. CyI has been among the first to develop computational models of complex life activities that can predict the habitat suitability and abundance of disease vectors that are sensitive to environmental factors and climate change.
The models and predictions produced by the researchers will be made available to the public, policy makers and other stakeholders. A repository of climate relevant risk assessment tools will be developed through the high-performance supercomputing environment of CyI, providing a user-friendly, interactive web-based geographic information and decision support platform. The predictions will inform the public and contribute to global-to-local strategies of vector management, and help with efficient, cost-effective, and ecologically sound and sustainable vector control measures to put a stop to infectious disease spreading.


Irrigation Tutorials
How to Splice Irrigation System Wires
Water-proofing your irrigation system's wire splices is one of the most critical tasks in any installation or repair that involves wire splices. The splices need to be completely water-proof. Taping them up with electrical tape will NOT work for this! The electrical tape will allow water into the splice as it becomes old, brittle, and the adhesive on it dries out. If you don't water-proof your splices it WILL cause your valve to fail! Don't save a buck on a wire splice and ruin a $20 valve! I'll explain in detail why waterproofing is so important later, first let's get down to the details on how to make a good waterproof wire splice.
General Things That you Need to Know about all splices!
Caution: The methods described below are intended for low-voltage wires of 24VAC or less, such as those used in typical irrigation system controls. They should not be used for higher voltages.
DO NOT BURY SPLICES directly in the ground. Put a box around them to protect them and to help you find the later. A small plastic utility box works fine. Glue a large steel washer to the bottom of the box lid using epoxy. This will allow you to find the box with a metal detector if grass grows over it. Splices are the most likely place a wire will short out in the future, so a box makes the splices easier to find and repair.
2-wire irrigation systems: These are a newer type of system that uses only 2-wires to control all the valves. The irrigation controller sends a signal through the valves to a decoder at each valve. The decoder then allows power to the valve solenoid only when told to by the controller. These types of systems depend on electrical "signals" sent from the controller through the wire to the decoder. Any voltage leak at a splice can severely impact the signal and cause the system to malfunction. For this reason splices for 2-wire systems need to be made much more carefully. Many of the 2-wire manufacturers have specific splice methods they require be used in order to protect your warranty. Be sure to use these if required!
Not sure if your system is 2-wire? As i write this in 2013, 2-wire systems are seldom used on residential systems, but they are also gaining popularity and will probably start showing up soon, first on larger systems. The controller case normally will be clearly labeled as "2-wire". A 2-wire system will also have a "decoder unit" installed on the wires at each valve. Standard irrigation control systems have two wires going to each valve. But in a standard system one of the wires goes to a single valve and only that valve. So if you have 4 valves there will be 5 wires (1 common shared by all the valves, + 1 individual wire to each of 4 valves = 5 wires.) On a 2-wire system with 54 valves there would be only 2 wires and each valve would have a decoder unit installed on it. The presence of a decoder to be installed at each valve is the best way to tell if it is 2-wire.
The best way to make the splice is to use special water-proof splice connectors that you can buy at any hardware store. These are made for sealing outdoor wire connections and work very well. There are many different styles and types available.
Water-Proof Twist On Connectors – "Nut" Style or "Wing" Style
Most of the connectors currently used by pros consist of an twist on type wire connector that is filled with a water sealing grease. Sometimes these are called water-proof "nut" or "wing type" connectors. These are inexpensive and very simple to use. Here are general instructions for use since a lot of these inexpensive connectors are sold without instructions. If instructions came with the connectors please use those instructions, as they are intended for the actual connectors you bought!
 1. For every 3 connections you need buy 5 connectors. Why? Because you will probably make several bad splices, and you will have to remove those connectors and toss them in the trash. They can't be reused because when you remove them a lot of the sealer comes out with the wire. (If you look close most connectors actually say "do not reuse" or similar language on them.)
 2. Start by stripping the insulation off the end of the wires to expose the bare metal wire. Do not strip off too much insulation, the exposed bare wire should be about 1/2 the length of the connector body. You can splice 3 wires together easily using a single connector. It's OK to put 4 or 5 wires in a connector, but be warned that it gets a lot more difficult getting the wires to stay in the connector when you use more than 3 wires.
 3. Place the bare ends in one hand and using your other hand, align the wires side-by-side, so the ends of the bare sections are lined up together. Those ends need to all go into the connector together at the same time, so hold the wires tight and don't let them slip out of position. Do not try to insert an additional wire into a wire connector that already has wires spliced together in it. You need to remove all the wires and redo the splice to add more wires.
 4. Push the connector down over the bare ends of the wire. Twist the connector clockwise to screw it on. Hold the wires firmly in position as you twist the connector over them. The connector has threads, a spring, or barbs inside it that will grab the wires and cinch them together tightly as you twist it on. Stop twisting when you feel substantial resistance.
 5. Hold the connector in one hand and tug on each of the wires with the other to make sure the wires are secure and will not pull out. If a wire feels loose or pulls out, disassemble the entire splice and try again. Use a new connector as some of the sealer will probably be lost when you remove the connector, and it needs all the sealer for a good seal. If the wires still pull out after another try you are probably using the wrong size connector.
 6. Finally make a visual inspection of the splice. The insulation on the wire should be fully inserted into the sealer gel or grease. No bare wire should be visible. That's all there is to using twist on wire connectors, they are very quick and easy.
The connector size is important when using twist on connectors! Be sure you buy and use the correct size connector for the wire sizes you are splicing. The package will list the various wire size combinations that the connector works on. The connector colors indicate the connector's size and most are standardized. Here are some general guidelines. Warning: There are some brands that do not follow these color guidelines so double check the instructions on the package!
Connectors for #18 wire. Most residential irrigation systems use #18 size wire, this is the size of most of the multi-wire underground irrigation cables sold in hardware stores. Unfortunately the colors for these connectors are not standardized. Most I have seen are dark blue or black. Make sure it says it will connect 2- #18 wires.
Connectors for #14 & #12 wire. Larger irrigation systems and commercial irrigation often use individual #14 wires. Sometimes #12 will be used for irrigation systems with very long distances between the controller and the valve. Most often these connectors are yellow. Note: Most of the yellow connectors I have seen will NOT connect a single #14 wire to a typical valve solenoid wire. For this you will probably need the smaller #18 wire connectors above.
Twist-On Waterproof Wire Connectors. Wing Style on left (blue), Nut Style on Right (black).
Mechanical Clip Style Non-Stripping Connectors
Clip style is a catch-all name I use for the various types of connectors that use a mechanical clamping system to grab and bite into the wire. Typically with this type of connector you push the wire into a round slot on the connector, and then squeeze some type of clamp that bites into the wire to hold it in place. Some require pliers to squeeze the clamp into the wires. The most popular of these types of connectors for irrigation use is the Blazing Snaploc BVS Series wire connectors and the 3M Scotchlok 314 series connectors. These connectors are more expensive but make a very secure connection almost always on the first attempt. You won't need to buy nearly as many extras for bad splices.
Container Type Connectors
These connectors are a two piece, two step system. You connect the wires together using either a standard twist type wire connector, a crimp sleeve, or even soldering the wires together. Then you shove the splice into a container filled with a water-proofing grease or jell and snap a retainer lid closed to hold the splice inside the container.
A variation on this type of connector is the original waterproofing method used back when I started in the business. You mixed a 2-part epoxy resin in a small plastic envelope and then shoved the splice into the envelope so it was covered in resin. The resin was allowed to harden creating a solid water-proof seal. Unfortunately the resin was a carcinogen


text:
The Music Home Institute announced the launch of the first music diploma in the Kingdom by the Ministry of Culture, in the presence of a large number of media professionals, journalists, artists, musicians, and those interested in cultural and artistic affairs.
The press conference held on this occasion witnessed a detailed explanation of the program, its courses, specializations and outcomes, and the institute's professors and students also presented a number of live musical performances.
The Executive Director of the Music Home Institute, Moataz Al-Shabanah, explained that the diploma program offered by the Institute will begin as of the current academic year, September 2023-2024, and will continue for two years. It is the first in the Kingdom, and represents a qualitative step in the field of music education locally, indicating that the program A bright beginning for developing music in Saudi Arabia, spreading awareness of its importance and its positive impact on society and improving the quality of life, in line with the goals of the Kingdom's Vision 2030.
Al-Shabana said, "The institute is considered the first of its kind for teaching music, as it provided achievements efforts with a pioneering vision in promoting musical culture, and was able to achieve tangible achievements in the field of music development and teaching, such as: training and qualifying the Saudi National Band and the National Choir to represent the Kingdom in national and international forums, and presenting a group. A large number of talents, artists, musicians and bands, which contributed to winning the Cultural Institutions Award within the National Cultural Awards Initiative from the Ministry of Culture."
Al-Shabana added that the institute is keeping pace with the direction of the nation's future vision in paying attention to teaching music in schools, which requires the presence of large numbers of music teachers. He continued, "The institute contributed to preparing content and an illustrated curriculum for the subject of musical culture for secondary school students and including it on the Madrasati platform, and developing legislation related to licenses." Music centers and institutes in the Kingdom, as well as preparing the first academic program (the development course) and other training courses ending with certificates accredited by the Ministry of Culture and the Technical and Vocational Training Corporation, in addition to managing and teaching music in schools and universities, and there is a project to teach music in private and international schools."
For his part, the partner and founder of the institute, Dr. Ayman Tayseer, confirmed that the establishment of the Music Home Institute in Riyadh and Jeddah came in response to the growing demand for studying music in the Kingdom, by providing a wide range of academic, development and rehabilitation music courses and programs for the sons and daughters of the country, which contributes to spreading the culture of music. Music education locally, especially in light of the work to expand the establishment of new branches in a number of cities and regions, and the comprehensive renaissance that the Kingdom is experiencing under the leadership of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and his faithful Crown Prince.
He explained that the institute includes an elite group of faculty members who hold advanced degrees in music from various countries of the world, who will provide the best academic teaching methods under tight academic supervision that guarantees clear outcomes within the best internationally approved standards, indicating that the diploma program attracts large numbers of those wishing to qualify. Their musical talents to work in the field of education, training, and musical performance. It also aims to give them the ability to read the language of music, perform individually and collectively, perform musical pieces on various musical instruments, and sing.
Professor Ayman Tayseer pointed out that the music diploma program includes two tracks: Music education and music performance, which qualify graduates to work as music teachers in schools or as professional musicians or singers in musical bands. It includes a diverse study plan between theoretical and practical subjects, with major musical instruments allocated for study; Such as piano, violin, oud, qanun, guitar, and singing
He stated that the institute teaches music within programs that end with accredited academic certificates and is compatible with the best international educational curricula, trains and qualifies musical ensembles and manages them, and provides musical consultations, in addition to holding musical events and performances, creating a vocal identity, preparing training packages, as well as offering free music courses.


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I've found this translation _URL_ but I am not sure if English legals use subordinate to define a party that is subordinated to another.
Any suggestion?
EDIT: An approximation of "subordinato" can be "working for someone that employs you".
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It's a perfectly common usage in English too - but we just call such a person a "subordinate" (not subordinated). – FumbleFingers Dec 12 '12 at 17:56
...most of these thousands of instances of "behaviour towards subordinates" will be for this exact context, which I'm voting to close as General Reference. – FumbleFingers Dec 12 '12 at 17:59
I am drafting an agreement where I am say something like "Section x - Exclusion of partnership relationship and employment of party x" OR "Section x - Exclusion of partnership relationship and subordinate relationship" – mm24 Dec 12 '12 at 18:00
I'm not a lawyer, so I wouldn't want to advise on phrasing of a (legal?) agreement. But if you simply look at a few examples in that link I'd have thought it will tell you as much as any answer here, since "behaviour towards subordinates" is often an area that concerns the law. Sexual language/activity involving a subordinate is often discouraged, and may be illegal, for example. – FumbleFingers Dec 12 '12 at 18:14
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closed as general reference by Rory Alsop, tchrist, MετάEd, Robusto, JSBձոգչ Dec 13 '12 at 19:26
2 Answers
English "subordinate" implies a hierarchy, but not necessarily an employment relationship. For example, the subordinates of a military officer are those of lower rank whom he commands. The word need not refer to a hierarchy of persons at all: it is also used to describe nesting in an outline of an argument or essay. From your comment, I guess a reference to an employer/employee relationship is more precise.
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The legal term subordinated may have a narrow technical definition, which can't be guessed without some context.
For example, subordinated debt will have a specific definition not closely related to normal English use of the word subordinate.
In normal English, the final definition
 - militare (inferiore di grado) military :
 - subordinate n
is the primary use, and the penultimate definition
 - (sottoposto) :
 - subordinate, direct report n
 - aide, associate n
 - pejorative stooge, underling n
would be a less-common but still understandable use.
The other definitions (conditional, dependent or non-autonomous) would be more likely in specific, narrow or technical sense.
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text: Using a qualitative community-based research approach, this study examined the role of family, social support and place attachment during a wildfire evacuation of Indigenous residents in remote Northern Ontario. A total of 56 interviews and two focus group discussions were completed with evacuated band members, those who stayed behind, and people who had a management role during the evacuation. In order to obtain diverse perspectives, two focus groups were conducted with different groups, the first with councillors and elders and the second with youths. The results from the interviews and the focus groups illustrated that evacuation experiences of residents were affected by a range of factors, which overall compromised the resilience of the community to the disruptive impacts of the evacuation. More specifically, the study has shown that scattering residents to twelve hosting communities throughout Ontario and Manitoba caused four major problems: communication and information-sharing were more difficult, families were separated, community cohesion and support services were disrupted, and residents' sense of place attachment was impacted. These findings contribute to a robust understanding of the social and cultural factors influencing wildfire evacuation experiences of Indigenous people and how these influence the ability of residents to cope with or adapt to evacuation-related disruptions. Evacuation planning that takes into account the unique socio-cultural characteristics and vulnerabilities of First Nations can minimise the adverse consequences of hazard evacuations and enhance resilience in the face of disruptions.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Table Of Contents
Deploying System States to Clients
Last Modified: April 1, 2021
Create a state to deploy the same system image and set of packages to multiple systems.
A state is any set of packages installed on a system. After you define a state, you can apply it to other systems to more quickly deploy packages to multiple systems.
 1. In SystemLink Web Application, in Systems Management, click Systems.
 2. Double-click the system from which you want to create a state.
 You can also manually define a state under Systems Management»States»»Create.
 3. Click More »Create State.
 4. Specify the workspace the state belongs to. Only users in the workspace you specify can use the state. You can reassign the state to another workspace at any time.
 5. Review feeds, packages, and the image for your system to ensure you want to include them in the state.
 If you include a system image in the state, you can only apply it to NI Linux RT targets. Applying the state erases all currently installed software or data from the primary hard drive of the target.
 6. Optional: Customize the state to include additional packages in your state that are not currently installed on the system. Specify the feeds you need to access the additional packages you want to include.
 1. Under Feeds, click Add.
 2. Specify a feed from a package repository, a URL, or the Downloads page.
 3. Check the box for each package you want to include in your state.
 7. Click Create to finalize the state.
 8. In Systems, select the systems you want to apply the state to.
 9. Click Software.
 10. In the States tab, click Install next to the state(s) you want to apply. The States tab appears only if the feeds and packages in the state are compatible with the systems you select.
 11. Click Next and review the packages and feeds the state contains.
 12. Click Apply.
You can see the software installed on your system in the Available tab.
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Felted Wool Cat Pencil Toppers for Halloween
A few quick stitches are all it takes to sew these cute cat pencil toppers for Halloween.
What You'll Need
The Cat Pack
 - Scraps of felted wool (Choose different colors for the face, eyes, and nose.)
 - Freezer paper
 - Pencil for tracing
 - Perle cotton or wool thread (in black and orange)
 - Fiberfill
 - Unsharpened pencil
 - Ribbon
How to Make It
 1. Download our free cat template.
 2. To felt wool, machine-wash it in a hot-water wash, cool-rinse cycle with a small amount of detergent; machine-dry and steam press.
 3. Lay the freezer paper, shiny side down, over the pattern. With a pencil, trace two head shapes, two eyes, and a nose. Cut out the freezer-paper shapes.
 4. Using a hot, dry iron, press the freezer-paper shapes onto your fabrics (use different colors for cat face, eyes, and mouth); let cool. Cut out the fabric shapes. Peel off the freezer paper.
 5. Position the eyes and nose on the cat face. Use the black perle cotton to blanket-stitch each eye in place. Use the black perle cotton to make a French knot in the center of each eye for the pupil.
 6. Use the orange perle cotton to blanket-stitch the nose in place.
 7. Straight-stitch the whiskers and ear marking (as shown in the photo).
 8. Place the appliqued cat face on top of a plain head shape with the wrong sides facing togehter; baste, leaving an opening at the bottom.
 9. Using the orange perle cotton, blanket-stitch around the cat face. Stuff with fiberfill, then place the cat head on the eraser end of an unsharpened pencil. Tie a ribbon around the pencil underneath the cat head.


Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
Get Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy essential facts below. View Videos or join the Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy discussion. Add Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy to your PopFlock.com topic list for future reference or share this resource on social media.
Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS, sometimes referred to as TDLS, TLS or TLAS[1]) is a technique for measuring the concentration of certain species such as methane, water vapor and many more, in a gaseous mixture using tunable diode lasers and laser absorption spectrometry.[] The advantage of TDLAS over other techniques for concentration measurement is its ability to achieve very low detection limits (of the order of ppb). Apart from concentration, it is also possible to determine the temperature, pressure, velocity and mass flux of the gas under observation.[2][3] TDLAS is by far the most common laser based absorption technique for quantitative assessments of species in gas phase.
A basic TDLAS setup consists of a tunable diode laser light source, transmitting (i.e. beam shaping) optics, optically accessible absorbing medium, receiving optics and detector/s. The emission wavelength of the tunable diode laser, viz. VCSEL, DFB, etc., is tuned over the characteristic absorption lines of a species in the gas in the path of the laser beam. This causes a reduction of the measured signal intensity due to absorption, which can be detected by a photodiode, and then used to determine the gas concentration and other properties as described later.[4]
Different diode lasers are used based on the application and the range over which tuning is to be performed. Typical examples are InGaAsP/InP (tunable over 900 nm to 1.6 ?m), InGaAsP/InAsP (tunable over 1.6 ?m to 2.2 ?m), etc. These lasers can be tuned by either adjusting their temperature or by changing injection current density into the gain medium. While temperature changes allow tuning over 100 cm-1, it is limited by slow tuning rates (a few hertz), due to the thermal inertia of the system. On the other hand, adjusting the injection current can provide tuning at rates as high as ~10 GHz, but it is restricted to a smaller range (about 1 to 2 cm-1) over which the tuning can be performed. The typical laser linewidth is of the order of 10-3 cm-1 or smaller. Additional tuning, and linewidth narrowing, methods include the use of extracavity dispersive optics.[5]
Basic principles
Concentration measurement
The basic principle behind the TDLAS technique is simple. The focus here is on a single absorption line in the absorption spectrum of a particular species of interest. To start, the wavelength of a diode laser is tuned over a particular absorption line of interest and the intensity of the transmitted radiation is measured. The transmitted intensity can be related to the concentration of the species present by the Beer-Lambert law, which states that when a radiation of wavenumber passes through an absorbing medium, the intensity variation along the path of the beam is given by,[6]
is the transmitted intensity of the radiation after it has traversed a distance through the medium,
is the initial intensity of the radiation,
is the absorbance of the medium,
is the absorption cross-section of the absorbing species,
is the number density of the absorbing species,
is the line strength (i.e. the total absorption per molecule) of the absorbing species at temperature,
is the lineshape function for the particular absorption line. Sometimes also represented by,
is the center frequency of the spectrum.
Temperature measurement
The above relation requires that the temperature of the absorbing species is known. However, it is possible to overcome this difficulty and measure the temperature simultaneously. There are number of ways to measure the temperature. A widely applied method, which can measure the temperature simultaneously, uses the fact that the line strength is a function of temperature alone. Here two different absorption lines for the same species are probed while sweeping the laser across the absorption spectrum, the ratio of the integrated absorbance, is then a function of temperature alone.
is some reference temperature at which the line strengths are known,
is the difference in the lower energy levels involved in the transitions for the lines being probed.
Another way to measure the temperature is by relating the FWHM of the probed absorption line to the Doppler line width of the species at that temperature. This is given by,
is the weight of one molecule of the species, and
is the molecular weight of the species.
Note: In the last expression, is in kelvins and is in g/mol. However, this method can be used, only when the gas pressure is low (of the order of few mbar). At higher pressures (tens of millibars or more), pressure or collisional broadening becomes important and the lineshape is no longer a function of temperature alone.
Velocity measurement
The effect of a mean flow of the gas in the path of the laser beam can be seen as a shift in the absorption spectrum, also known as Doppler shift. The shift in the frequency spectrum is related to the mean flow velocity by,
is the angle between the flow direction and the laser beam direction.
Note : is not same as the one mentioned before where it refers to the width of the spectrum. The shift is usually very small (3×10-5 cm-1 ms-1 for near-IR diode laser) and the shift-to-width ratio is of the order of 10-4.
Limitations and means of improvement
The main disadvantage of absorption spectrometry (AS) as well as laser absorption spectrometry (LAS) in general is that it relies on a measurement of a small change of a signal on top of a large background. Any noise introduced by the light source or the optical system will deteriorate the detectability of the technique. The sensitivity of direct absorption techniques is therefore often limited to an absorbance of ~10-3, far away from the shot noise level, which for single pass direct AS (DAS) is in the 10-7 - 10-8 range. Since this is insufficient for many types of applications, AS is seldom used in its simplest mode of operation.
There are basically two ways to improve on the situation; one is to reduce the noise in the signal, the other is to increase the absorption. The former can be achieved by the use of a modulation technique, whereas the latter can be obtained by placing the gas inside a cavity in which the light passes through the sample several times, thus increasing the interaction length. If the technique is applied to trace species detection, it is also possible to enhance the signal by performing detection at wavelengths where the transitions have larger line strengths, e.g. using fundamental vibrational bands or electronic transitions.
Modulation techniques
Modulation techniques make use of the fact that technical noise usually decreases with increasing frequency (which is why it is often referred to as 1/f noise) and improve the signal to noise ratio by encoding and detecting the absorption signal at a high frequency, where the noise level is low. The most common modulation techniques are wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS) and frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS).
In WMS the wavelength of the light is continuously scanned across the absorption profile, and the signal is detected at a harmonic of the modulation frequency.
In FMS, the light is modulated at a much higher frequency but with a lower modulation index. As a result, a pair of sidebands separated from the carrier by the modulation frequency appears, giving rise to a so-called FM-triplet. The signal at the modulation frequency is a sum of the beat signals of the carrier with each of the two sidebands. Since these two sidebands are fully out of phase with each other, the two beat signals cancel in the absence of absorbers. However, an alteration of any of the sidebands, either by absorption or dispersion, or a phase shift of the carrier, will give rise to an unbalance between the two beat signals, and therefore a net-signal.
Although in theory baseline-free, both modulation techniques are usually limited by residual amplitude modulation (RAM), either from the laser or from multiple reflections in the optical system (etalon effects). If these noise contributions are held low, the sensitivity can be brought into the 10-5 - 10-6 range or even better.
In general the absorption imprints are generated by a straight line light propagation through a volume with the specific gas. To further enhance the signal, the pathway of the light travel can be increased with multi-pass cells. There is however a variety of the WMS-technique that utilizes the narrow line absorption from gases for sensing even when the gases are situated in closed compartments (e.g. pores) inside solid materia. The technique is referred to as gas in scattering media absorption spectroscopy (GASMAS).
Cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometry (CEAS)
External cavities can either be of multi-pass type, i.e. Herriott or White cells, of nonresonant type (off-axis alignment), or of resonant type, most often working as a Fabry-Pérot (FP) etalon. Multi-pass cells, which typically can provide an enhanced interaction length of up to ~2 orders of magnitude, are nowaday common together with TDLAS.
Resonant cavities can provide a much larger path length enhancement, in the order of the finesse of the cavity, F,


effected by other characteristics, like color. Color is a factor in the data so it will be treated as discrete.
ppc <- ggplot(data = diamonds, aes(x = color, y = price/carat))
ppc + geom_point()
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-18
This could suggest a strong relationship but maybe not. It depends on the center of the distributions for each color.
Jitter
ppc + geom_jitter()
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-19
Jittering moves points a little to reduce overplotting. This makes it look the centers are closer to being equal.
Using alpha can further reduce the effect of overplotting.
ppc + geom_jitter(alpha = 0.1)
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-20
This is more informative, still. Jittering is a common way to reduce overplotting. It can also appear as an option within other geoms that plot points of lines.
Boxplots
Of course, a common way of plotting contionuous ~ discrete is a boxplot.
ppc + geom_boxplot()
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-21
This makes it clear that the medians per color for price/carat are about the same, and certainly not statistically different.
You can decorate the boxes using a fill, which is another aesthetic.
ppc + geom_boxplot(aes(fill = color))
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-22
# or fill all as gray
ppc + geom_boxplot(fill = "gray")
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-22
Plotting distributions with histograms and density plots
The most basic plot of a distribution is a histogram. When plotting histograms it is important to experiment with varied bin widths top see what is the distribution at different levels of detail.
Study the distribution of the carat variable.
summary(diamonds$carat)
## Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
## 0.200 0.400 0.700 0.798 1.040 5.010
pcarat <- ggplot(data = diamonds, aes(x = carat))
pcarat + geom_histogram()
## stat_bin: binwidth defaulted to range/30. Use 'binwidth = x' to adjust
## this.
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-24
Outliers in the data are skewing the picture of the majority. We need to restrict the scale of carat in the data, or the region we're plotting.
pcarat + geom_histogram() + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 3))
## stat_bin: binwidth defaulted to range/30. Use 'binwidth = x' to adjust
## this.
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-25
Now that that's fixed, let's experiment with bin widths.
pcarat + geom_histogram(binwidth = 1) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 3))
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-26
pcarat + geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 3))
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-27
pcarat + geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.01) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0,
 3))
## Warning: position_stack requires constant width: output may be incorrect
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-28
Density plots give a continuous estimate to the distribution.
pcarat + geom_density() + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 3))
## Warning: Removed 32 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-29
The stat_density function created the plotted data. Parameters that effect how the density estimate is calculated are passed through the geom function.
# bumpier
pcarat + geom_density(adjust = 0.5) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 3))
## Warning: Removed 32 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-30
# smoother
pcarat + geom_density(adjust = 5) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0, 3))
## Warning: Removed 32 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-30
If you also map an aesthetic to a discrete variable, like color or fill, it splits the data on this variable and plots them overlaid or stacked.
pcarat + geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1, aes(fill = color)) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0,
 3))
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-31
# Here color is the variable from the dataset
pcarat + geom_histogram(binwidth = 0.1, aes(color = color)) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0,
 3))
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-32
# here, color is an aesthetic and the variable in the data This just
# colored the border and left the fill as black
pcarat + geom_density(aes(color = color)) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0,
 3))
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 13 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 9 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-33
pcarat + geom_density(aes(fill = color)) + scale_x_continuous(limits = c(0,
 3))
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 1 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 6 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 13 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
## Warning: Removed 9 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).
plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-34


The biggest erogenous zone for women is not between her legs but between her ears. Stimulating her body is the easy part. Stimulating her mind shows her what you are really made of. There are many different ways to stimulate a woman's mind so try different techniques. Study, listen and understand your woman and her every need. When your woman grows accustomed to one technique, change things up. Add to your list of things to do to continue stimulating her mind. Each woman has her own unique ways of being stimulated. Be creative and enjoy exploring your options.
Although there are many ways to stimulate a woman's mind, I have compiled a list of 10 ways that will definitely get you started. Please feel free to add to this list in the comments section.
1. Take Charge Women look up to men who are willing to take charge as the leader. Not only wear the title of leader but men who are willing to follow through as the leader and make things happen. Most women embrace having a take charge person that she can trust to lead, direct and follow through.
2.Intelligence Broaden your topics of conversation by studying and researching the things women are interested in. Talk to her outside of bedroom topics. Discuss your life, goals and dreams. Challenge her thinking with new perspectives. Express yourself and articulate your emotions. Instead of groping her and/or being overly sexually explicit about your desires, find other intelligent ways of expressing your desires to her. Express to her she is worth the extra effort and she stands out from the rest.
3.Listening Skills When communicating with a particular woman do your research and find out what her interests are. Listen to her and make mental notes of the certain things she likes or things that make her smile. Listen to what she talks about most often. If she tells you she really likes a certain scent on you, wear it more often. If she tells you she likes a particular food, visit those places for your dates. Take the time to really listen to her and take mental notes. She will tell you exactly what it takes to stimulate her mind. If she doesn't tell you right away, continue striving to earn her trust. Find ways to get her to talking while you patiently listen and take mental notes.
4.Observation Pay attention to the details of her life. What perfume is she wearing? Or has she mentioned a favorite scent? What is her favorite food? Is she a homebody or like large crowds? Pay attention to the small details of her life. Once the details of her life are revealed, do things to show her you are interested in her life. Don't ask her if you should, just do it and do it just because… What are her favorite television shows, designer handbags, shoes, favorite movies, favorite artists, favorite celebrities and/or genre of music. Broaden your knowledge on certain topics. Venture into different places to travel, things to see or people to meet in order to mentally stimulate your woman's mind.
5.Mannerism Show some manners. When you go out on dates with your woman, sit facing the door. Facing the door shows her you have her back. Also when escorting her out, be sure to walk on the traffic side. This shows her you are her protector. When you show her you are a gentleman by opening doors, being respectful and just showing old school charm; this can also stimulate a woman's mind.
6.Pure Emotion When you speak from the heart and are not afraid to share your innermost secrets with her, this shows that you trust her. This stimulates her mind and causes her to trust you with her innermost secrets. Openly express your emotions with her.
7.New Experiences If you frequently visit rhythm and blues venues, try something different. Maybe Jazz/Blues, Country/Western, Caribbean, salsa, piano bars, poetry night or something she hasn't experienced before. Be creative.
8.No Pretending A woman can sense when you are not who you claim to be. Boasting about your six figure salary and all of your exquisite tastes will not stimulate a woman's mind. Maybe a gold digger's mind but not a woman seeking a true partnership. Research diverse topics and share your knowledge with her. If a woman senses you are running game, she will shut down and not trust you. All mental stimulation is lost. Be truthful and honest.
9.Earn Her Trust When a woman has the confidence in her man that he is a problem solver; she begins to let her guard down and trust you more. She opens up her heart to you, knowing you have her best interests in mind. She feels protected and safe. She knows you are safeguarding her heart. She can share things with you that the world doesn't know. She can lean on you for strength when she is weak and you will catch her.
10. Sense of Humor Find ways to make her laugh. Find her unique sense of humor and keep her laughing. Laughter soothes the soul and will stimulate her mind.
Author's Bio:


What Does Biased Mean?
What is meant by being biased?
Is bias good or bad?
Bias is neither inherently good nor bad. Biases can clearly come with upsides—they improve decision-making efficiency. … Biases are the leanings we have when it comes to making judgments.
What does biased mean in statistics?
A statistic is biased if it is calculated in such a way that it is systematically different from the population parameter being estimated. … Selection bias involves individuals being more likely to be selected for study than others, biasing the sample.
Why is bias not good?
Why Is bias a problem?
A problem of bias occurs because to identify the relevant features for such purposes, we must use general views about what is relevant; but some of our general views are biased, both in the sense of being unwarranted inclinations and in the sense that they are one of many viable perspectives.
What are the 3 types of bias?
What is an example of biased?
Bias means that a person prefers an idea and possibly does not give equal chance to a different idea. … Facts or opinions that do not support the point of view in a biased article would be excluded. For example, an article biased toward riding a motorcycle would show facts about the good gas mileage, fun, and agility.
What is bias in simple words?
What are some biased words?
Examples of Biased LanguageBiased LanguageAlternativesHe has had the physical handicap since he was 5 years old.He has had the physical impairment since he was 5 years old.There are many elderly people in our town.There are many senior citizens (or seniors) in our town.1 more row•Jul 17, 2019
Why should you avoid bias?
How do you use the word bias?
Bias in a Sentence 🔉After a long court battle, the firm was found guilty of showing bias against females in its promotion practices. … Your bias against male nannies is causing you to ignore the best caregiving option for your infant. … As a judge, Mary cannot let her personal bias lead her to make an unfair ruling.More items…
How is bias created?
What is bias mean in English?
(Entry 1 of 4) 1a : an inclination of temperament or outlook especially : a personal and sometimes unreasoned judgment : prejudice. b : an instance of such prejudice. c : bent, tendency.
What is a biased sentence?
The definition of biased is unfairly showing favoritism towards something or someone. If you favored one of the candidates going into a contest over the other, this is an example of when you were biased. … Marked by or exhibiting bias; prejudiced. Gave a biased account of the trial.
What does biased love mean?
The tendency to judge in favor of people and symbols we like is called the bias from liking or loving. We are more likely to ignore faults and comply with wishes of our friends or lovers rather than random strangers. We favor people, products, and actions associated with our favorite celebrities.
What is biased writing?
What are some common biases?


One of the little known features of CMS Made Simple is the User Defined tag. Basically, this allows you to write PHP code inside the Admin Panel. Use the 'Add User Defined Tag' button in Extension » User Defined Tags in the Admin Panel, write some code, and then insert into a template or page with {newpluginname}. Simple!
As an example, I've put together a one line plugin/tag that will show your current User Agent information (which browser you're using). The output is right here: CCBot/2.0 (_URL_
If you're not looking at the source, all that is in the page is {user_agent}. To see how this code works, edit the user_agent tag in the Extensions » User Defined Tags page of the admin.
This is a VERY powerful feature if used right. Remember, user defined tags do not get cached, therefore, scripts to rotate ad banners and such will work just fine. Note also that tag code has to be written without opening < ? php and ending ? > tags.


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Time and Place
The pyMOR School will take place from Monday at 14:00 to Friday at 12:00 (August 22-26) in the seminar room Prigogine (V0.05-2/3).
The timetable will be adapted based on the information provided by the participants during registration.
Introduction to Python
Note that we are not planning to give an introduction to Python/NumPy/SciPy, but there are plenty of free online resources to learn the basics before the start of the School:
- for inexperienced programmers:
- for more experienced programmers:


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Glacier Bay Crabs
The Life and Times of Dungeness Crabs in Glacier Bay National Park and Preserve
Life history of Dungeness crabs; distribution of Dungeness crabs throughout Glacier Bay; animal ecology; the effectiveness of a marine preserve for protecting species, such as Dungeness crab; special adaptations to a marine environment
Dungeness crabs are an important benthic species of Glacier Bay. Glacier Bay was closed in 1999 to all commercial fishing of Dungeness crabs because of the possibility of a collapse of Alaska's Dungeness fisheries. Preliminary studies indicate that this closure will increase the size and abundance of this important species, as well as improve its genetic biodiversity.
What factors are important to maintaining a strong population of Dungeness crab in Southeast Alaska?
Students will know...
- The life history of Dungeness crabs
- The place of the Dungeness crab in the food web of Glacier Bay's marine environment
- The physiological adaptations that allow crabs to thrive in the extreme conditions of Glacier Bay
- The relationship between a thriving fishery and marine preserves
Students will be able to...
- Compare and contrast the life histories of human beings and Dungeness crabs.
- Create displays to share information on Dungeness crabs.
- Build models to compare and contrast members, both terrestrial and marine, of the Arthropoda Phylum.
- Research and illustrate the place of the Dungeness crab in the food web of its marine environment.
- Analyze data from a study on the distribution of Dungeness crabs in Glacier Bay to draw conclusions about the animal and its ability to adapt to the extreme conditions of the environment.
- Examine a brief history of the commercial Dungeness crab fishery in southeast Alaska and its effect on the population of Dungeness crabs.
- Assess the effectiveness of a marine preserve on the continued health of a commercially important population of animals.
- Crabs in Glacier Bay
- Unit Outline
- Instructional Resources
- Activity #1
- Activity #2
Dungeness Crabs at home in Glacier Bay
- Activity #3
The economic significance of a crab refuge
- National Standards
Science, English/Language Arts, Geography, Mathematics, Social Studies
- Grade Levels:
- Fifth Grade-Eighth Grade
- Biology: Animals, Conservation, Marine Biology, Oceanography, Wildlife Management
- National/State Standards:
- Science as Inquiry, Life Science, Science in Personal & Social Perspectives, History & Nature of Science, Data Analysis and Probability, Environment & Society, The Uses of Geography


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TEA classifies Texas public school districts into community types using factors such as enrollment, growth in enrollment, economic status, and proximity to urban areas. These community types, or "district types," group districts into eight categories ranging from major urban to rural. Charter school districts make up a ninth category. The categories are as follows:
- Major Urban
- Major Suburban
- Other Central City
- Other Central City Suburban
- Independent Town
- Non-Metropolitan: Fast Growing
- Non-Metropolitan: Stable
- Charter School Districts
District type classifications are used in agency reporting and monitoring systems. For more information on the 2010-11 district type category descriptions, see the glossary.
View and download Texas public school districts categorized by district type.
For questions or comments about district type data, please contact the Texas Education Agency Division of Accountability Research by e‑mail
or by phone at _PHONE_.
This page last updated February 9, 2012.


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What is the shortest formal statement you can write that is provably equivalent to the Continuum Hypothesis in ZFC?
Please use only variables and the following symbols: $\forall, \exists,\lor,\land,\neg,\to, \in,=$ (parentheses may be added for convenience and do not contribute to the length of the formula). For example, symbols and expressions like $\subset,\emptyset,\{\dots\},\aleph_0,\mathcal{P}(x)$ are not allowed for purposes of this problem. Please give references if equivalence of your statement with $CH$ is not immediately obvious.
share|improve this question
Why does it matter? – François G. Dorais Dec 3 '11 at 7:43
I agree that some motivation for this question would be useful. For example, if you are really asking about defining $\aleph_1$ simply then there are various equivalents of CH that do not need this. – Juris Steprans Dec 3 '11 at 12:35
When asking this question, I hoped that there is a particularly nice and short formulation that can help me to build better intuition about CH. – Vladimir Reshetnikov Dec 3 '11 at 21:04
Vladimir, such a motivation seems misguided; it would be like trying to understand how an algorithm works by looking only at the shortest possible version of it in assembly language. Of course, one wants to think about it instead in terms of higher-level defined concepts, and there is no reason not to do so. I discuss a similar issue in mathoverflow.net/questions/12370/…. – Joel David Hamkins Dec 3 '11 at 23:11
I have to fight with all my might to not post "Your Mom." – Michael Blackmon Dec 10 '11 at 5:22
1 Answer 1
up vote 6 down vote accepted
I don't know if this is the shortest (number of symbols?) but in
D. Scott, "A Proof of the Independence of the Continuum Hypothesis", THEORY OF COMPUTING SYSTEMS, Volume 1, Number 2. Available at: _URL_
there is (at the bottom of page 1) a concise formulation of CH. The sentence actually uses the symbol $\mathbb{N}$ for the natural numbers, but you can get rid of it of course.
share|improve this answer
Scott's sentence involves quantifiers $\forall X$ and $\forall f$. He explains in the preceding paragraph that $X$ is understood to be a subset of $\mathbb{R}$, and $f$ is understood to be a function $\mathbb{R}\to\mathbb{R}$. If these assumptions were made explicit then the sentence would become very much longer. – Neil Strickland Dec 3 '11 at 11:14
Yes sure, you are right. Scott's also goes on in the second page explaining how to use less concepts (subsets of reals can be seen as f:R->{0,1}, etc). But it is true this is not a direct answer to Vladimir's question. – Matteo Mio Dec 3 '11 at 13:10
Neil, please note Dana Scott is a lady :-) – Tomek Kania Dec 4 '11 at 19:39
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Scott – Matteo Mio Dec 4 '11 at 20:41
Since I sometimes read comments but don't bother to follow links (usually for lack of time), I fear Tomek Kania's comment might confuse people despite Matteo Mio's correction. So let me repeat the correction without links: Dana Scott is male. – Andreas Blass Dec 5 '11 at 0:59
Your Answer


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Google essentially analyzes source code and not screen appearance. There is a small part of the algorithm that does simulate the screen appearance of a page - done so that the content area and its links get the most importance, and things like footer links are given less pop. Screen simulation is also part of Google's check for possible spam factors, such as hidden text.
So the answer is essentially no. Text justification is not a ranking factor.
Now if the page layout gives the visitor a bad time, then that dissatisfaction make create a domino effect: fewer natural links, no social media attention, things like that. So indirectly, the way text is justified may affect ranking, but that's IN-directly.
You want to make sure that the page is highly readable. Justified text on screen tends to be harder to read, because a browser does not currently have elaborate kerning functions the way that printed documents do.


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Watch Glowline Video
Located on a section of the Elizabeth River Trail, The Glowline is the fourth luminous trail in the U.S. and the first on the East Coast. The primary goal of the Glowline project was safety, as this section of the trail was poorly lit during night.
The Elizabeth River Trail Foundation spent a lot of time on research, and tested numerous types of alternative lighting for this special project. They came to the conclusion that glow stones from Ambient Glow Technology provided the best results. The 800 feet long, 12 feet wide concrete path was created using AGT™ ULTRA Emerald Yellow 1/2" Glow Stones. The stones are made using a proprietary process that absorb UV light from the sun during the day, then instantly glow in the dark for up to 15+ hours afterward.
"We tried a variety of materials, and these stones were the brightest and glowed the longest," - Kindra Greene, executive director of the Elizabeth River Trail Foundation.
Steps of installation:
- The old asphalt trail was removed.
- A concrete bed was put in place.
- The glow stones were then added to a top layer of concrete, using stencils made in the shape of fiddle ferns.
- After curing, the top layer of concrete was lightly ground down to expose the stones.
The path to a brighter future is lit by glowing stones. These innovative alternatives offer an environmentally friendly and magical way of illuminating any path or walkway in your city.


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Q. How many times did God feed the Israelites quail in the wilderness?
A. Twice Exodus 16:13; Numbers 11:31
16:13 So it came about at evening that the quails came up and covered the camp, and in the morning there was a layer of dew around the camp.
11:31 Now there went forth a wind from the LORD and it brought quail from the sea, and let them fall beside the camp, about a day's journey on this side and a day's journey on the other side, all around the camp and about two cubits deep on the surface of the ground.
The first time the Israelites grumbled for food, God tolerated their grumbling and simply fed them. Things were different the second time. God had just finished consuming with fire some of them for complaining (Numbers 11:1). Others had the nerve to complain again and even express ingratitude for the manna He had been providing them (:4-6). He gave them their meat, but "While the meat was still between their teeth, before it was chewed, the anger of the LORD was kindled against the people, and the LORD struck the people with a very severe plague" (:33). God is a patient God, but His patience has its limits. Don't put Him to the test and find out what they are.
Have a great weekend in His service!


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Building off of cksum's answer, if you can get ahold of the mask, overlay and shadow images at high enough resolution (
_USER_ images are still only about 140px square,) and you're comfortable with the command line/shell scripting, you can use ImageMagick, a nice command line image processor, to actually mask and compose the icon.
Once you've installed ImageMagick, (_URL_) [They have installation instructions here] you should be able to process your image with the mask, overlay and shadow:
convert YourImage.png overlay.png -composite YourImage_overlay.png
convert YourImage_overlay.png mask.png -alpha off -compose CopyOpacity -composite YourImage2.png
convert shadow.png YourImage2.png -composite YourImage_largest.png
convert YourImage_largest.png -geometry 512 Icon512.png
convert YourImage_largest.png -geometry 256 Icon256.png
This assumes that Your_Image is large and square (1024x1024) and that the mask.png, overlay.png and shadow.png are the same size.
Ideally, you wouldn't just resample the largest icon down to get the smaller versions, but you could instead use normal icon making software (e.g. IconBuilder) and use it to make YourImage at each size, then do the above to each one individually.
As for getting the mask, overlay and shadow images to the correct size, my best recommendation would be to enlarge them and then build them back (i.e. drawing a new roundrect and gradients) at full resolution with Photoshop or GIMP.
Once you have the image at each resolution, you can throw it into Apples own Icon Composer (in the iOS/Mac SDK) to create the.icns
It's not the easiest solution, but it provides you the flexibility of specifying the exact mask and other effects and of the command line.


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Unintentional drowning in northern Iran: a population-based study.
ABSTRACT The Iranian Ministry of Health documented that about 1500 people died from drowning annually in Iran between years 2000 and 2001. This study is a descriptive, retrospective, population-based analysis of 342 unintentional drowning deaths occurring to residents and tourists in Guilan and Mazandran Provinces in Iran over a 1-year period (2005-2006), using multiple data sources. The findings from this study demonstrate that the drowning rate for residents of the study population, 4.24 per 100,000, is much higher than drowning rates for populations in developed economies in Europe. Risk factors for drowning in the study populations include male gender, young age, and swimming in unsupervised areas. Drownings occurred most frequently in rivers, followed by canals and lakes. While much more remains to be done to investigate the problems associated with drowning deaths and injuries in Iran, the information obtained from this study can help point the way to targeted interventions.
- SourceAvailable from: Ali Davoudi kiakalayeh[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Drowning is a serious but neglected health problem in low-and middle-income countries. To describe the effectiveness of drowning prevention program on the reduction of drowning mortality rates in rural settings at the north of Iran, and guide its replication elsewhere. This interventional design included preand post-intervention observations in the rural area of the Caspian Sea coastline without a comparison community. Cross-sectional data were collected at preand post-intervention phases. Outcome evaluation was based on a four-year period (March 2005-March 2009) utilizing drowning registry data for the north of Iran. The implementation program increased the rate of membership in an organization responsible for promoting safety in high risk areas near the Caspian Sea. Compared to a WHO standardized population, drowning incidence in rural areas of the study demonstrated a continuous decrease in age-specific drowning rate among the oldest victims with a gradual decline during the implementation. In the study area, the epidemiological aspects of the study population were exposed and contributing factors were highlighted. This study showed that the promotion of passive interventions had a greater effect on drowning rate than that of active interventions.Archives of trauma research. 01/2012; 1(3):112-7.
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A household survey was conducted to determine the epidemiological characteristics of injuries among people living in Tehran, the mega capital of Iran. Using cluster random sampling in April 2007, survey was conducted seeking information about injuries occurred within families in past Persian year. All injury patterns and causes were classified according to ICD-10 and analysed using SPSS version 16. Out of 9173 household participants, 765 ones (8.3%) had injuries during the past Persian year, frequently open wounds and burns with a male to female ratio of 0.54 : 1. They occurred mostly due to 'exposure to the inanimate mechanical forces', followed by 'contact with heat or hot substances' and 'falls'. The common locations were home, and then streets. Approximately 15% of injuries required medical attention and the incidence rate was 175.5 per 10,000 person-year with male to female ratio of 2.37 : 1. They were frequently fractures and open wounds and mostly associated with falls and transport accidents that had been transpired on streets or at workplace. This study evidences the high rate of injuries in Tehran city and prevention priorities should be given to traffic and home injuries.International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 04/2014; · 0.67 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Background: To evaluate the present status of blood utilization and develop practice guidelines in teaching hospitals in Northern Iran. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the amount of blood prepared and used preoperatively for 11 elective procedures, from March 2010 to March 2011 in teaching hospitals in Northern Iran. Study variables included the crossmatch transfusion ratio, the transfusion index and transfusion probability. The crossmatch transfusion ratio and the transfusion index were also calculated for each type of elective surgery performed during the study period. Results: During the study period, 5981 units of blood were crossmatched for 1970 cases. Out of these1835 units of blood were transfused which means only 31% of blood was utilized while 69% was not needed. The overall crossmatch transfusion ratio for 11 procedures was 31.1 and many procedures were found to have a high transfusion ratio and a low transfusion index. Conclusion: The introduction of maximum surgical blood-order schedule will lead to a reduction of blood outdating and crossmatch workload. Although routine cross match seems necessary for two elective surgical procedures (coronary artery bypass graft and hysterectomy); in vast majority of elective surgical procedures type and antibody screening is recommended. Keywords: Blood, transfusion, crossmatch, ratio, probability, index.IJBC. 10/2013; 6(1):27.


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Navigating the university system: The effects of Chinese and Indian graduate students' social networks on academic progression
MetadataShow full item record
Currently more than half a million international students are enrolled at U.S. colleges and universities. All of these students face challenges associated with integrating into their new host education environments and learning how to make their way through the rules and regulations of their host university and community.
Social network theories attribute behaviors to the structural and relational attributes of one's social network including access to resources and information. The social networks of most international students are insular, dense, and homogeneous and serve to reinforce cultural norms in the host society. Further, they provide little to no access to dissimilar others and limit information flow to redundant information.
China and India are the countries of origin of over 20% of U.S. international students. The goal of this research was to understand the constructs of the Chinese and Indian students' social networks and ascertain factors affecting satisfaction and influencing academic progression. Support related to making their way through the university system and residing in the host community framed the social networks. Among the variables studied were tie strength, homogeneity, and roles and relationships of network members.
Results indicated that while significant differences existed within the Chinese and Indian student populations, their networks contained many similarities. Males' networks were more homogeneous and dense than females' networks and weak links were more prevalent in females' networks. Chinese males had the most insular networks. The networks of Indian students and Chinese females were in many cases more similar with one another and different from those of Chinese males. Network members were predominately friends and most were students. University faculty and staff were present in only 12% of Chinese males' networks and at least 25% of all other groups.
Not all students were satisfied that their networks met their needs. Despite having the largest networks, Chinese students wanted even larger networks. Just under half of Indian students wanted larger networks. Universally, students indicated their networks enabled academic progression and Chinese females rated their networks more effective than all others. Despite significant differences among and between the populations, the students were able to invoke effective networks enabling academic progression.
- Doctoral Dissertations