6
I have XML structure which is input param for my stored procedure. It contains element with & (which is escaped in XML). When I extract that element to VARCHAR I receive & which is not valid XML character. I need to escape it, before converting to XML again. How to do that without REPLACE?
I have the following text: param1=xyz&para2=dasdasdfdas&param3. It is a part of query string. I converted it to XML and send it as a part of XML structure:
<zzz xmlns="_URL_">
 <aaa>aaa</aaa>
 <bbb>param1=xyz&para2=dasdasdfdas&param3</bbb>
</zzz>
Inside the stored procedure I need to extract it. I do that with:
ISNULL(NULLIF(LTRIM(RTRIM(@XMLInput.value('declare default element namespace "_URL_"; (zzz/bbb)[1]', 'NVARCHAR(250)'))), ''), '');
I after that the value contains normal text (&-s are not escaped - &).
After some processing I need to put that string inside other XML. I make:
CAST( ... AS XML);
Because &-s are not escaped I got error.
0
2 Answers 2
13
Use for xml path to create XML instead of casting.
select @YourVariable for xml path(''), type
Empty string in the path expression and the absence of an alias on the returned column will give you your string back as xml.
4
That is perfectly valid XML. If you extract the bbb element using the .value method of the XML data-type, it will be de-entitised at that point, eg
Results
You can extract and add the element with no special handling or replacing, eg using the .modify method of the XML data-type:
DECLARE @xml XML = '<zzz xmlns="_URL_">
 <aaa>aaa</aaa>
 <bbb>param1=xyz&para2=dasdasdfdas&param3</bbb>
</zzz>'
SELECT @xml [before], DATALENGTH(@xml) dl
DECLARE @b VARCHAR(100)
;WITH XMLNAMESPACES ( DEFAULT '_URL_' )
SELECT @b = @xml.value('(zzz/bbb/text())[1]', 'VARCHAR(100)')
SELECT @b
SET @xml.modify('declare default element namespace "_URL_"; insert element bbb { sql:variable("@b") } after (zzz/bbb)[1]')
SELECT @xml [after], DATALENGTH(@xml) dl
0
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text:
|You can help us to rear orphans like Maji and Amadeus, by adopting Maji or one of the monkeys in rehabilitation at Colobus Conservation on the link below:
Alternatively, you can help us to reduce electrocutions and other factors that cause monkeys to become orphans on the link below:
Orphan rearing is just one of the many objectives of Colobus Conservation alongside coastal forest habitat protection, reforestation, community education, poverty alleviation and environmental research. Please help us to protect this biodiversity hotspot from further degeneration by visiting our Facebook page on the link below and clicking on the donate now button:
Thank you for supporting Colobus Conservation!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Fibre length meter
November 12, 2007
By Manufacturing AUTOMATION
OZ Optics Limited has developed a meter designed to measure
the lengths of optical fibres from a few millimetres to 500 metres. The system
can measure lengths of multimode, single-mode and polarization maintaining fibres.
The device works by measuring the time it takes an optical signal to travel
along and back through a fibre.
are updated once per second to allow continuous monitoring of the fibre length,
which also allows the device to be used as an optical strain sensor.
are communicated to a logging computer via a
OZ Optics Limited


text:
Tuesday 18 June
Ceylon birdwing (Troides darsius)
Ceylon birdwing fact file
- Find out more
- Print factsheet
Ceylon birdwing description
The Ceylon birdwing is one of the largest butterflies of Sri Lanka (2). Like most other Troides birdwings, the male is adorned with bright golden-yellow markings on the hindwings, which contrast starkly with the velvety black forewings and interjecting black veins (2). The female is larger than the male, and has a different arrangement of yellow markings on the hindwing, and pale stripes on the forewing (2) (3).
- Troides helena darsius. Top
- Pupa of a butterfly.
- A species or taxonomic group that is only found in one particular country or geographic area.
- Stage in an animal's lifecycle after it hatches from the egg. Larvae are typically very different in appearance to adults; they are able to feed and move around but usually are unable to reproduce.
- An abrupt physical change from the larval to the adult form.
- The process of becoming a pupa, the stage of an insect's development, when huge changes occur that reorganise the larval form into the adult form. In butterflies the pupa is also called a chrysalis.
- CITES (January, 2006)
- Sunday Observer: Nature's jewels at Sinharaja (July, 2006)
- Haugum, J. and Low, A.M. (1985) A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg.
- Troides darsius (July, 2006)
- The World of Birdwing Butterflies (July, 2006)
- Yen, S.H. and Yang, P.S. (2001) Illustrated Identification Guide to Insects Protected by the CITES and Wildlife Conservation Law of Taiwan. R.O.C. Council of Agriculture, Taiwan.
- Tree of Life Web Project (July, 2006)
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Ceylon birdwing biology
The Ceylon birdwing is most active during the morning and early afternoon (3) (5). The butterfly feeds on the nectar of flowers such as Hibiscus, Poinciana (Caesalpinia pulcherrima) and Bougainvillea (3), and the larvae found on the leaves of Aristolochia plants (3) (6).
Orange-yellow eggs are laid singly on the young leaves and shoots of the Aristolochia food plants, which are then voraciously devoured by the young caterpillars after hatching (3) (6). Feeding upon these plants also serves as a defensive mechanism as they contain certain chemicals that make the caterpillars toxic and therefore unpalatable to most predators (7). The caterpillars eventually pupate and undergo metamorphosis into adult butterflies, and maintain these toxic chemicals in their tissues into adulthood (7). The chrysalis of this species is dark brownish-yellow, or greenish-yellow in some individuals, and its leaf-like appearance helps camouflage it amongst the vegetation from potential predators (3). Troides birdwings typically pupate on the twigs or stems of plants close to the larval food plant or on the food plant itself (3).Top
Ceylon birdwing rangeTop
Ceylon birdwing habitat
Occasionally observed in lowland cities (5), this species survives today mainly in its primary habitat of thinly wooded mountain forests, throughout the island with the exception of the far north (4). The Ceylon birdwing has been recorded from sea-level up to an elevation of 2,000 metres, but is now less frequently seen in the lowlands (5).Top
Ceylon birdwing status
Listed on Appendix II of CITES (1).Top
Ceylon birdwing threats
The principal threat to Troides butterflies is deforestation (6). The Ceylon birdwing is under considerable pressure from an expanding and encroaching human population, and from habitat destruction associated with human development (4).Top
Ceylon birdwing conservation
The Ceylon birdwing is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), meaning that any international trade in this species should be carefully monitored (1). However, more needs to be done to help preserve its fragile habitat, including the Aristolochia food plants on which the larvae rely, if the long-term future of this stunning native butterfly is to be safeguarded (6).Top
Authenticated (05/08/08) by John Tennent, Scientific Associate, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London.Top
More »Related species
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Location: Palo Alto, California
Type: Full Time
Castilleja is a dynamic, diverse, and intentional educational community for students in grades 6–12 that believes in the power of women learning and women leading. Founded in 1907, Castilleja fulfills its mission to educate young women to become confident thinkers and compassionate leaders with a sense of purpose to effect change in the world. Every member of the Castilleja community is responsible for fostering an equitable, respectful, and just community. We value building and sustaining authentic relationships and work together to create a collaborative learning and working environment. We are dedicated to a program that is responsive to students' needs and identities and demonstrates a commitment to antiracist values and pedagogy.
THE MIDDLE SCHOOL ATHLETIC DIRECTOR and FITNESS TEACHER
The Athletics Department seeks an educational leader to be the Middle School Athletic Director and Fitness Teacher. This position will support and grow the athletic program, inspire and engage our students in an outstanding athletic experience as well as work closely with other fitness teachers to provide a quality full physical education curriculum. This role will oversee an afterschool sports program that prepares students for lifelong engagement in physical activity and a healthy lifestyle.
The Middle School Athletic Director reports to the Athletic Director and the Middle School Division Head and works closely with other Fitness teachers and the Wellness Department, as well as grade level colleagues. The primary duties include:
- Leads and strengthens a Middle School athletics program that advances the mission of the school.
- Assists in the recruitment, supervision and evaluation of coaches (adult and student) for all MS team sports.
- Ensures that student athletes have access to the equipment, facilities and uniforms they need to compete safely.
- Coordinates with league officials to schedule home and away games for all MS teams.
- Ensures compliance with MS WBAL league policies and regulations.
- Arranges transportation to and from off-site practices and competitions.
- Develops, sustains, and facilitates relationships with nearby facilities.
- Fostering and organizing team social opportunities at collegiate athletic events.
- Collaborates with MS class deans and co-curricular directors to support student-athletes with an athletics program that complements the academic and ethical values of the Middle School.
- Communicate regularly with the Head of the Middle School.
- Assist the Director of Athletics with the organization of an annual banquet that honors our athletes.
- Assists the Director of Athletics with the athletic department's budget.
- Supervises or monitors all MS athletics hosted events and support teams during competitions away from Castilleja.
- Encourages broad participation and engagement in all MS sports.
- Coordinates team rosters, schedule practices and assign facility use.
- Communicates with the Maintenance Department to ensure facilities are maintained and appropriately prepared for use.
- Promotes effective communication between coaches and athletes, and parents.
- Coaches a team during at least one season.
- Assigns, manages and maintains uniforms.
- Other duties as assigned by either the Head of School, Head of Middle School, or Director of Athletics.
- Coach one after school team each season and fitness classes during the school day.
What we are looking for in an Middle School Athletic Director:
- Enthusiasm for engaging middle school girls in athletics.
- Exceptional administrative and communication skills.
- Experience coaching a variety of sports and activities.
- Bachelor's degree in a relevant field.
- Create and/or complement curriculum that meets student needs and identities
- Teach the fundamentals of various sports throughout the school year; leading up to playing games in a controlled environment.
- Emphasize student teamwork and sportsmanship
- Support a classroom environment of collaboration and community
- Bachelor's degree in a relevant field of study
- At least three years of experience in teaching PE and/or coaching Middle School or Upper School Students.
- Experience in and enthusiasm for teaching and coaching Middle School students.
- Demonstrated ability to develop and adapt pedagogy, curriculum, and assessments for students with a range of skill levels and learning styles.
- Commitment to helping girls think independently and develop confidence in their own abilities.
- Excellent collaboration and communication skills.
- Be able to model inclusive behavior in whether on the field or in the classroom.
- Proficiency with technology (google suites, schoology).
Compensation and Benefits:
- Comprehensive Health Benefit Plans
- Superior TIAA Retirement matching
- Castilleja uses a competitive salary scale which takes into account experience, education and skill level. The salary for this position ranges from $82,700 to $142,500.
Connections working at Castilleja
Castilleja School is a non-sectarian independent college preparatory school for young women located in the San Francisco Bay Area near Stanford University and in the heart of Silicon Valley. Founded in 1907 by Stanford University graduate Mary Ishbel Lockey, the school has an enrollment of girls in grades six through twelve, and has a long-standing reputation for the excellence of its academic program. Castilleja educates young women by fostering their intellectual, physical, creative, and emotional growth through an exemplary college preparatory experience within a diverse and supportive community.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Differences between Mosses and Liverworts?
Mosses and liverworts both have leaves and stems. The differences between mosses and liverworts is that the leaves and stems in mosses are more uniform. The leaves and stems of liverworts are more varied with different design patterns.
Q&A Related to "Differences between Mosses and Liverworts?"
Bring it on.
Difference between mosses and liverworts is with the
Well, both types of plants are bryophytes, really simple land plants. Some differences include: The complexity of the rhizoids (these plants lack real roots) unicellular in liverworts
Though liverworts and mosses are similar, the end capsule on liverworts enlarges and matures before the stalk elongates. For this reason, you do not often see the stalks and capsules


text: This paper aims to explore literature education from the view point of National Literature Criticism First of all, several points of significance are examined related to literature education in general. I argue that literature is not appropriately educated in Korea mainly because it focuses exclusively on practical criticism based on literary texts only. That is to say, students have never been taken into consideration, who must play an active role in literature education. Thus, literature education fails to build dialogic communications between teachers and students. Instead, teachers forces certain literary theories to students unilaterally, which prevents students from developing critical reading. This is practically illustrated reviewing some literary texts in this paper. I suggest an alternative in which a value-oriented consciousness has specifically to be discussed in literature education particularly from the view point of National Literature Criticism. In order to do this, misunderstanding of National Literature Criticism, first of all, should be criticized Then I have tried to suggest an instructive image of National Literature on which literature education is desirably grounded. The characteristics of National Literature are scrutinized in terms of a literature aiming to create a desirable life of the people based on particular and concrete situations of the people. The relatedness of literature to reality and interests in life are discussed in detail. In this respect, it is illustrated that a socio-historical effectiveness of literature should be embodied in literature education by discussing literary texts. In particular, the cognitive aspect of language and its emotional affect is stressed in order to make a literature education total education of emotion discussing topics in humanities, society and history. The crisis of literature is openly debated at the present time. Therefore, a total reconsideration of literature education itself is strongly demanded at the moment, a partial response to the crisis is not enough at all. I have tried to build new literature education methodology to cope with the period of literature crisis in this paper.


text:
Skip to content
New funding is being provided for projects that support people with Machado Joseph Disease (MJD) in the Northern Territory (NT).
MJD is a hereditary neurodegenerative condition. It is in a 'family' of neurodegenerative diseases that includes Huntington's disease. Previously known as 'Groote Eylandt Syndrome', the effects of MJD have been known to Indigenous people in Arnhem Land in the NT for at least four generations.
The new funding from the Australian Government is worth $460,000 and will be delivered to the MJD Foundation, a charity established in 2008 to improve the quality of life for Indigenous Australians living with MJD in Arnhem Land.
'People living with MJD are wheelchair-bound and reliant on care within 10 to 15 years of the first symptoms, and death occurs between six and 29 years of onset,' said Jenny Macklin, Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs.
'The Government is investing $180,000 from the Indigenous Remote Service Delivery Special Account to support new projects in Galiwin'ku, Yirrkala, Ngukkur and Groote Eylandt.
'Projects include a women's camp on Groote Eylandt which will bring together women affected by MJD with volunteer health professionals and researchers.
'The MJD Foundation will also work with the Galiwin'ku, Yirrkala and Ngukurr communities to establish activities such as fishing and camping to help bring together families who are affected to share their stories, experiences and health care priorities.'
Minister for Indigenous, Rural and Regional Health, Warren Snowdon, said the Government is also providing more than $280,000 to the MJD Foundation to develop educational resources and conduct workshops across the NT to support families living with MJD.
Source: Australian Government; MJD Foundation


CSS Cubic Bezier Generator
CSS Cubic Bezier Generator
Predefined Easing Functions
Animation Duration: 1s
 Coordinates of P1 (Green Dot)
 X1: 0
 Y1: 0
 Coordinates of P2 (Red Dot)
 X2: 1
 Y2: 1
 Animation Preview
 10015 Tools
 Get "Online Tools" browser extension!
 Access all tools powered by 10015.io with just one click
 What is Online CSS Cubic Bezier Generator?
 CSS Cubic Bezier Generator is a free online tool for generating CSS code for cubic bezier easing functions by getting info about the animation from time vs progress graph or directly previewing the animation.
 When creating animations on web development, mostly linear transitions are used since most animations are very short and users may not feel the difference between a linear CSS animation and an animation which has an easing function. But, if you are working with complex animations which has a duration above ~0.5s, it is important to use more natural easing functions or elastic movements which attracts users more. There are predefined easing functions in CSS which can be used for better animations which are ease, ease-in, ease-out and ease-in-out. When these easing types are not sufficient, best way to manage an animation timing in CSS is to use Cubic Bezier easing functions.
 Time vs Progress graph for Cubic Bezier Easing
 Time vs Progress graph for Cubic Bezier Easing
 There are 4 parameters in CSS cubic bezier animation timing function which defines the positions of 2 points, P1 & P2. First point P1 identifies the progress at the start of the animation while P2 identifies the final part. Cubic bezier curve is defined in coordinate system starting from point (0,0) to point (1,1). The path between these points describes the progress of the CSS animation.
 - x1, y1: x and y coordinates of P1 (Point 1) which defines start of animation.
 - x2, y2: x and y coordinates of P2 (Point 2) which defines end of animation.
 By defining x and y coordinates of these 2 points, you can define the progress of all animation with cubic bezier funtion in CSS. x values are limited between 0 and 1 while y values may be between minus infinity to plus infinity. But, in terms of achieving natural animation progress, it is limited between -2 to +2 in the tool.
 How to use Online CSS Cubic Bezier Generator?
 You can generate CSS code for cubic bezier animation timing functions by following these easy steps.
 1. First, you have to select 4 coordinates for constructing the cubic bezier starting and ending points.
 2. Animation can be previewed online by pressing the play icon. If the result is not satisfactory, you can fine tune it easily by changing the coordinates. Also, the graph is helpful to predict the CSS animation progress. Its path and slopes give ideas about the result.
 3. Default animation duration is one second, but you can change it between a range from 0 to 5 seconds. Also, predefined CSS animation timing functions can be selected from the list see how they behave.
 4. CSS code or cubic bezier coordinates can be copied and used in your project by just pasting it in your stylesheet.


National Empanada Day
Five Food Finds about Empanadas
The Spanish word for bread is "pan". "Empanar" is a verb form that means "to bread". Emapanada is the past-participle, "breaded".
Originally they were made with bread dough, but now they are made with pastries as well.
Today's Food History
on this day in…
1513 Ponce de Leon landed in Florida while searching for the Fountain of Youth. He thought it was just another island of the Bahamas.
1946 'Catfish' Hunter, baseball pitcher, was born.
1992 R.I.P. Benjamin Eisenstadt. He invented the artificial sweetener, 'Sweet 'n Low' (granulated saccharin and dextrose).


Convert 420 kvarh to mlvarh
In this article I will show you how to convert 420 kilovolt-amperes reactive hour into millivolt-amperes reactive hour. Throughout the explanation below I might also call it 420 kvarh to mlvarh. They are the same thing!
How to Convert Kilovolt-amperes reactive hour to Millivolt-amperes reactive hour
A kilovolt-amperes reactive hour is greater than a millivolt-amperes reactive hour. I know that a kvarh is greater than a mlvarh because of something called conversion factors.
Put very simply, a conversion factor is a number that can be used to change one set of units to another, by multiplying or dividing it. So when we need to convert 420 kilovolt-amperes reactive hour into millivolt-amperes reactive hour, we use a conversion factor to get the answer.
The conversion factor for kvarh to mlvarh is:
1 kvarh = _PHONE_ mlvarh
Now that we know what the conversion factor is, we can easily calculate the conversion of 420 kvarh to mlvarh by multiplying _PHONE_ by the number of kilovolt-amperes reactive hour we have, which is 420.
420 x _PHONE_ = 420000000 mlvarh
So, the answer to the question "what is 420 kilovolt-amperes reactive hour in millivolt-amperes reactive hour?" is 420000000 mlvarh.
Kilovolt-amperes reactive hour to Millivolt-amperes reactive hour Conversion Table
Below is a sample conversion table for kvarh to mlvarh:
Kilovolt-amperes reactive hour (kvarh) Millivolt-amperes reactive hour (mlvarh)
0._PHONE_
0._PHONE_
_PHONE_
22000000
33000000
55000000
_PHONE_
_PHONE_
_PHONE_
100100000000
10001000000000
Best Conversion Unit for 420 kvarh
Sometimes when you work with conversions from one unit to another, the numbers can get a little confusing. Especially when dealing with really large numbers.
I've also calculated what the best unit of measurement is for 420 kvarh.
To determine which unit is best, I decided to define that as being the unit of measurement which is as low as possible, without going below 1. Smaller numbers are more easily understood and can make it easier for you to understand the measurement.
The best unit of measurement I have found for 420 kvarh is kilovolt-amperes reactive hour and the amount is 420 kvarh.
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text: The term liveability is used to evaluate the quality of life in a region based on the surrounding physical environment and different location-based social elements. Having a reliable measurement of general well-being of individuals and societies can help the government and non-government organizations planning for better infrastructure. However, a variety of factors can impact the social perception of local environmental conditions, many of which are difficult to measure. This makes different liveability concepts quite challenging to be evaluated. In collaboration with the IRIS Research, we have conducted a Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing (CATI) survey on perceived liveability. This measures the existing individual perceptions of social and environmental elements in the Randwick and Green Square area of Sydney. These perceptions can be grouped according to six factors describing various aspects of liveability. A linear additive model is defined in order to calculate the required area-based liveability indices using available CATI survey data.


sal and distal metatarsal articular angle were learnt through angle adjustment after clipping when the distance from the wedge osteotomy vertex to medial and lateral connection of the first tarsometatarsal joint was same, and the distance from the wedge osteotomy vertex to axis of the first metatarsal bone was different. In research III (Stage III), the changes in the above-mentioned research indexes were studied through angle adjustment after clipping when the wedge osteotomy vertex and wedge angle were fixed, but the proximal osteotomy line slope was different. Research IV (Stage IV) was the simulated osteotomy comparison, osteotomy perpendicular to metatarsal backbone or perpendicular to the horizontal plane was conducted on the model through plaster casting, and then osteotomy section was closed; the changes in elevation of the metatarsal head, 1/2 inter-metatarsal angle and length of the first metatarsal bone were measured. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Results of plane geometry: The closer the wedge osteotomy vertex was to the proximal end, the larger the correction gained was and the smaller the changes in the distal metatarsal articular angle were, but the shortening was more obvious. Moreover, the closer the wedge osteotomy vertex was to the axis of the metatarsal bone, the smaller the shortening was; if only the proximal osteotomy line was different, the indices were the same. (2) Results of stereoscopic geometry: In the case of the same osteotomy angle, the cuneiform bone of the same angle was intercepted, and the degree of correction was obviously greater than that of the plane geometry. This should be related to the thickness of the osteotomy saw and the loss of bone mass caused by the osteotomy. The metatarsal bone was significantly higher after correction when perpendicular to the metatarsal stem compared with that perpendicular to the horizontal surface. In 1/2 inter-metatarsal angle, the difference between the two was only 1°. In metatarsal shortening, it was smaller when perpendicular to the metatarsal stem compared with that perpendicular to the horizontal surface. (3) In conclusion, a. the optimal wedge osteotomy vertex is not at the medial border of the joint but is 1 cm from the medial border of the joint; then, it will approach the axis of the metatarsal. In this way, good correction, steady fixation and further reduction of metatarsal shortening can be achieved. b. The optimal direction of the oscillating saw blade is perpendicular to horizontal plane; however, an approximately perpendicular position to the horizontal plane is acceptable. It does not affect the effect of orthopedics, and further reduces the metatarsal shortening. When the bony closure is closed, the distal end of the metatarsal bone is taken to avoid the elevation of the metatarsal bone with a 2 mm step with the proximal end. c. The angle selection of proximal osteotomy surface can be placed on the metatarsal stem according to the internal fixation condition, and it can also form an acute angle with the metatarsal stem, so that the effect of osteotomy will not be changed.
7.
Chinese Medical Journal ; (24): 2558-2565, 2018.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-690847
ABSTRACT

BackgroundEstrogen, as an important hormone in human physiological process, is closely related to bone metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of estrogen on osteoblasts metabolism in MC3T3-E1 cells.

MethodsWe treated the MC3T3-E1 cells with different concentrations of β-estradiol (0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 nmol/L), observed the morphological changes of the cells, and detected the cell's proliferation and apoptosis of MC3T3-E1 cells. Two transcriptome libraries were constructed and sequenced. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed to confirm the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and then treated the MC3T3-E1 cells with estrogen receptor (ER) inhibitors α and β, respectively, and then examined the expression of Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a genes. The promoter of Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a gene was analyzed, and the ER response elements were identified. Finally, ChIP was used to verify the binding of ER to Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a promoter.

ResultsIn the high-concentration β-estradiol treatment group (1 nmol/L and 10 nmol/L), there was no significant difference in the morphology of the cells under the microscope, 1 nmol/L and 10 nmol/L treated group appeared statistically significant difference in cell apoptosis and proliferation (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). We found 460 DEGs compared with the control group. Among the DEGs, there were 66 upregulated genes and 394 downregulated genes. Gene ontology classification and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis revealed that many bone metabolism-related biological processes and cell signaling pathways were disordered. The qRT-PCR verification showed that the expressions of Tgfbr1- and Bmpr1a-related genes in bone metabolism pathway in the 10 nmol/L treatment group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). ER β was involved in the inhibitory effect of Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a genes. The bioinformatics of the promoter found that there were three ER response elements in the promoter of Tgfbr1, and there were two ER response elements in Bmpr1a promoter regions. ChIP experiments showed that estrogen could enhance the binding of ERs to Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a genes.

ConclusionsEstrogen can promote the apoptosis and proliferation of osteoblasts simultaneously, and the mechanism may be the joint action of transforming growth factor-beta, Wnt, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor-kappaB bone metabolism-related signaling pathway. Estrogen inhibits the expression of Tgfbr1 and Bmpr1a genes through ER β and affects the metabolism of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts.

8.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-689543
ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of daunorubicin on the number and procoagulant activity of Microparticles derived from acute promyelocytic leukemia(APL) cells.

METHODSAPL cells were isolated from bone Marrow of 5 newly diagnosed APL patients, the bone marrow mononuclear cells were collected from 5 patients with iron deficiency anemia as control.APL cells were treated with different concentration of daunorubicin(0.1,0.5,1.0 and 2.0µmol/L) for 24 h. Microparticles were extracted from the cell culture medium for qualitative anaysis of the extracted microparticles.The morphologic features of the microparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy.The number of microparticles was detected by flow cytometry.The procoagulant activity of microparticles was measured by recalcification time assays.

RESULTSUnder a transmission electron microscope, theextracted microparticles took a round or oval morphology with a transparent center,and their diameters were arund 100nm, consistent with the morphological characteristics of microparticles. Compared with bone marrow mononuclear cells-derived microparticles,the counts of the bone marrow APL cells-derived microparticles significantly increased(P<0.05).Daunorubicin increased the shedding of microparticles in a dose-dependent manner(r=0.73,P<0.01).Compared with normal bone marrow mononuclear cells-derived microparticles,bone marrow APL cells-derived microparticles showed higher procoagulant activity(P<0.05).Daunorubicin treatment enhanced the prccoagulant activity of APL cells-derived microparticles which paralleled the increasing drug concentrations(r=-0.78,P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONDaunorubicin can promote the release of APL cells-derived microparticles and enhance their related procoagulan activity.

Subject(s)
Bone Marrow , Cell-Derived Microparticles , Daunorubicin , Flow Cytometry , Humans , Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute
9.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-338274
ABSTRACT
Based on plant species databases, species


text:
Here we present an approach for modeling sensory processing, termed the Nonlinear Input
Model (NIM), which is based on the hypothesis that the dominant nonlinearities imposed by physiological mechanisms arise
from rectification of a neuron's inputs. Incorporating such 'upstream nonlinearities' within the standard linear-nonlinear (LN)
cascade modeling structure implicitly allows for the identification of multiple stimulus features driving a neuron's response,
which become directly interpretable as either excitatory or inhibitory.
Because its form is analogous to an integrate-and-fire
neuron receiving excitatory and inhibitory inputs, model fitting can be guided by prior knowledge about the inputs to a
given neuron, and elements of the resulting model can often result in specific physiological predictions.
providing an explicit probabilistic model with a relatively simple nonlinear structure, its parameters can be efficiently
optimized and appropriately regularized.... "
McFarland JM, Cui Y, Butts DA (2013) Inferring nonlinear neuronal computation based on physiologically plausible inputs. PLoS Comput Biol 9:e1003143 [PubMed]


text:
I know that cooking can be a grueling task, and as cooks we try to take shortcuts whenever possible. One of the main ones being the use of commercial cooking sprays. I understand that taking the time to drizzle oil onto a surface and spread it evenly takes precious time, but I assure you that out of all the shortcuts one can take when cooking this should NOT be one of them.
Do you know exactly what is in that expensive little can of air besides cooking oil? Let's step back and take a good look at it: what does the can remind you of?
Okay okay. So the ingredients aren't the same, but they do involve some sort of chemical propellant to release the spray from the can. It is even listed on the can of cooking spray:
Even the "all natural" PAM contains propellant. (and corn..GMO much?)
What is propellant exactly?
*Propellants are vaporized into pressurized gas. They are used to make
carbonated drinks, whipped cream and cooking-oil spray. The function of a
propellant is to incorporate pressurized gas into the product. A
propellant is a substance that produces gas under pressure. Liquid
propellants, such as nitrous oxide, are used in food. Propellants in asthma sprays are known to be one of the causes of
coughing and bronchospasms. Propellants are known to have carcinogenic
properties. Excess consumption and usage is unhealthy.
EWW! I don't know about you, but I don't want pressurized gasses in my food. Upon further research, I discovered that the main use of propellants is for rocket and other similar fuels. Not something I want on my pancakes.
Yeah, yeah. The MSDA says it is safe! But Monsanto and the FDA say that GMO's are okay as well as rBST growth hormones, etc. I say, trust your instinct. Honestly, if it isn't USDA organic certified, I don't trust it.
If you need some more reasons to chuck that can into the trash and never look back, I will give you my top 3:
1. Cooking sprays contain unhealthy additives.
Who intentionally adds nasty ingredients like soy
lecithin, mono/diglycerides, dimethylpolysiloxane, dimethyl
silicone, or artificial flavors to their food? Well.. If you are using PAM or something similar, that is EXACTLY what you are doing, especially when opting for artificially flavored
varieties, like butter.
2. Cooking sprays typically contain genetically modified organisms AKAGMO's and non sustainable ingredients.
The vast majority of the ingredients contained in cooking spray are derived from genetically modified seeds, which have
been altered so that growers can use more pesticides :( Genetically Modified foods tend to contain much higher levels of pesticides than conventional
crops, therefore increasing the risks of these already dangerous chemicals.
3. Cooking sprays are bad for the environment.
Cooking sprays are unfriendly to the environment for several reasons. First, all of them contain unspecified propellants (I hate that certain ingredients don't have to be fully disclosed), usually nitrous oxide. Nitrous Oxide is a greenhouse gas, doesn't break down easily, and may impact our environment for decades. Secondly is the sheer amount of waste from using such products. I find it to be unnecessary. These cans are not as easy to recycle, and often deter users from doing so after finishing the product. Also, recycling is not a solid solution as it in itself creates a ton of pollution and uses a lot of energy.
"But what can I do about it.." you ask? Simple! Do what our ancestors did and take the time to wipe the vessel down by hand. This way, you can use whichever oil you prefer. If you are steadfast of using a spray, search online for a refillable one!
As a general rule for myself, I don't buy anything ConAgra. Even if it is organic, I don't feel as if they deserve my money. Not until they clean up their act!


Step 9: Manually adding participants
Published 2/1/17, 4:02 PM, by Aaron Bird
This tutorial will explain how to manually add a rider to an event. This could be in response to a postal entry.
The steps to manually add a participant can be summarised as:
 1. If you already know the CTT ID of the participant, you should use this ID and add the new participant
 2. If you do not know the CTT ID, you should search for the ID using the participants first name, last name and gender. If a match is found, you should use this CTT ID
 3. If you are 100% there is not already a CTT ID for this rider in the system, you should add the participant and then use the issued CTT ID.


text:
Flip through our Glossary!
A type of cookware designed for steaming asparagus. The asparagus steamer consists of a long narrow wire basket, a steaming pot, and a lid. The wire basket holds a large quantity of asparagus upright. The upright position allows the hard, woody stems to cook in approximately 2 inches of boiling water while the tips of the asparagus gently steam. The length of cooking will depend on the thickness of each asparagus spear.
Water is placed in the bottom of the steaming pot and brought to a boil. The asparagus stalks are arranged in the wire basket (spears upward) and lowered into the boiling water. When the spears become just tender, the basket is removed and the water is drained away. An asparagus steamer can also be used to steam a variety of other foods such as potatoes, broccoli, corn, carrots, artichokes, and shellfish.
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text:
How a leaf beetle walks underwater
Posted by Xeno on August 11, 2012
Insects are experts when it comes to adhesion on dry surfaces. However, in nature, plants may be covered by water for quite a long period of time, especially after rain. The bionic expert Professor Stanislav Gorb of Kiel University, Germany, and the material scientist Professor Naoe Hosoda of the National Institute for Material Science in Japan, discovered the remarkable ability of the terrestrial leaf beetle to walk underwater. Picking up the beetle's locomotion mechanism, they designed an artificial material, which sticks to surfaces underwater.
Their scientific results are published August 8 in the online journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
"It was a productive collaboration with Naoe Hosoda," states Gorb. "It is commonly known that adhesion between two solids in air can be produced with the help of water. Just like paper that sticks to table when it gets wet." The liquid surface tension between air, liquids and solids is called capillary force. In order to stick to dry surfaces insects use such capillary forces with the aid of their oil-covered adhesive setae instead of water.
"The same principle under water remains an exciting perspective, because without air there is no capillary force. The beetle shows us how to do it. It takes air bubbles under water," explains Gorb. The beetles use air bubbles trapped between their adhesive setae to produce the needed boundary between air, liquids and solids, and thus produce capillary adhesion under water. A necessary condition for this process is some hydrophobic property of the solid. But this is no problem in nature since many leaf tops are water-repellent to some degree, explains the Kiel scientist.
Gorb: "Inspired by this idea, we have designed an artificial silicone polymer structure with underwater adhesive properties." The challenge was to find a possibility to keep air within the material. The solution was a micro structure which produces a material that is sticky underwater without using glue. Probable fields of application can be found in underwater optics or any other kind of underwater technologies.
via Science Daily | How a leaf beetle walks underwater.


Easy Fixes For Temperamental Philips Hue Motion Sensors
James Beetie portrait pic
Designed for indoor and outdoor use, the Philips Hue motion sensor triggers your smart lights when it detects motion and turns them off after a specified period of inactivity. It's a wonderful addition to a smart home system, especially if you already own an Alexa, a HomeKit, or a smart home ecosystem.
However, like other devices that depend on motion sensors, Philips Hue sensors may sometimes work intermittently or even stop working entirely. Luckily, there are several easy fixes for temperamental Philips Hue motion sensors.
This article covers the most common reasons why the Hue motion sensor acts up, and how to fix them. Let's dive right in!
Reason # 1: Your Motions Sensors Are Outdated
A Philips Hue motion sensor
A Philips Hue motion sensor
Believe it or not, Hue motion sensors occasionally undergo software updates. If you have software updates enabled, the sensors will automatically update. But if you've disabled this particular option, you'll have to manually update the device yourself. You can do this by going to the Philips Hue app's software updates page. Here's how:
 1. Open the Hue app on your iPhone, iPad, or Android.
 2. Tap the "Settings" icon on the bottom of the screen.
 3. Scroll down and tap the "Software Update" option.
 4. Upon tapping "Software Update," you'll receive a "Checking for Updates" message on the app. This may take a few seconds to a few minutes.
 5. When it's done, the application will show you a list of connected Hue devices, including bulbs, switches, bridges, and motion sensors. If the motion sensor is in need of updating, simply tap the "Update" button.
The Hue app will download and install the update on your motion sensors. Again, this may take a few seconds to a few minutes.
To avoid this situation from happening, it's best to enable automatic updates for all your Hue devices. Once the update is available, the application will automatically install updates.
During the update process, your lights might flicker. This is completely normal. Likewise, your motion sensor may not fully work during the update process.
Sometimes, the update can take up to 30 minutes to complete, so give it some time. It might take a while if you haven't updated the software for a while. If the sensor doesn't work after 30 minutes, you might also have to restart your phone and unplug the Bridge for 10 seconds before trying again.
Reason # 2: The Batteries Need to Be Replaced
The back of a Hue Motion Sensor showing the reset button and battery compartment
The back of a Hue Motion Sensor showing the reset button and battery compartment
Your motion sensors may not be working because the batteries are dead. In this case, you'll simply need to replace them with AAA batteries (for indoor motion sensors) or AA batteries (for outdoor motion sensors). Unfortunately, you can't use rechargeable batteries in place of AAA or AA batteries as they run at lower voltages.
The batteries in Hue motion sensors need to be replaced once every two years depending on the quality of the battery. When the battery dies, the Hue app will warn you that it needs to be replaced. If you want a more thorough breakdown of the battery usage, download the iConnectHue paid application on your device.
Once you've replaced the batteries, it may take up to 12 hours for the sensor to work. You may also need to place the sensor close to your Hue Hub so the device will detect the change much quicker.
Reason # 3: Your Motion Sensors Need to be Reset
If your motion sensor stops responding out of the blue, resetting it may fix the issue.
Keep in mind that resetting the motion sensor to its factory state will wipe your old preferences. If you're okay with that, here's how to reset your Hue sensor
 1. Delete the motion sensor from the Hue app under "Settings," then go to, "Accessory Setup."
 2. Once you've deleted the motion sensor from the app, grab your device and insert a paperclip in the "Setup" button for 10 seconds. Don't use a sewing needle as it might damage the button.
 3. The LED sensor will blink red for several seconds. When it's ready to pair, the light sensor will blink orange.
 4. Open your Hue app and go back to "Settings," then, "Accessory Setup."
 5. Click "Add Accessory." The app will search for nearby Hue devices that are yet to be connected.
 6. Tap "Add" when "Hue Motion Sensor" appears. You'll then need to follow the on-screen instructions to once again set up the motion sensor.
Reason # 4: ZigBee Channel Issues
For those who aren't aware, ZigBee shares the same 2.4GHz wireless band as Wi-Fi routers. For this reason, there's a decent chance that your Wi-Fi network is interfering with the Zigbee connection between the Hue motion sensor and the Hue bridge.
To change the ZigBee channel of your Hue Bridge, follow these steps:
 1. On your Hue app, go to "Settings," then, "Hue Bridges."
 2. Tap the "i" icon next to the Hue Bridge.
 3. Scroll down and select, "ZigBee channel change."
Upon selecting the above option, you'll be given a choice of four channels: 11, 15, 20, and 25.
Unfortunately, the Hue app doesn't indicate which channel has the least inference, so you'll have to manually select each channel and see what works best. Give each channel about five minutes for the system to connect to the channel and test it out.
Reason # 5: ZigBee Interference
Since ZigBee runs on the same 2.4 GHz radio-frequency as Wi-Fi signals, it's highly susceptible to signal interference. Although the built-in sensor is fully operational, it can't properly transmit the signal to the Hue Bridge or vice versa.
If there's interference between the ZigBee signal and the Hue Bridge, the configured lights won't turn on even when the sensor and the Bridge are placed close to each other.
There are two ways to solve this interference.
One, place your Hue Bridge and your motion sensor in an elevated area. This reduces the change of floor-level electrical devices and furniture from interfering with the connection.
Also, try to place the Wi-Fi and Bridge away from each other. Use a long Ethernet cable if possible. This will prevent the ZigBee signal (coming from the Bridge) and the Wi-Fi signal from clashing against one another.
Reason # 6: Range Issues
A Philips Hue bridge mounted next to a network switch
A Philips Hue bridge mounted next to a network switch
The Hue Bridge hub powers the Hue motion sensor. So naturally, the motion sensor won't work if it's placed too far from the Bridge (or other Hue bulbs).
The easiest solution to this is to place your motion sensor closer to the Bridge.
If for any reason you can't place it close to the Bridge, you'll have to create an external connection between the motion sensor and the Bridge. You can do so by placing a Hue smart light in between the two devices. This bulb will act as a repeater and increase the overall range of your motion sensor.
Reason # 7: Daylight Sensitivity
Hue motion sensors have built-in daylight sensors so the lights don't turn on when you need them. This makes sense because most people don't really use much light during the day, especially if there's plenty of natural light entering the home. However, this also prevents the motion sensors from turning on when you want them to.
When the device detects sufficient daylight, the motion sensor section on your app will appear "Inactive." But if you want the motion sensor to work 24/7 regardless of the daylight, you can personalize the light sensitivity of the sensor on the Hue app. To do this, follow these steps:
 1. On your Hue app, go to the "Devices" tab, then select your motion sensor.
 2. Tap the wizard button at the bottom and select the affected group (e.g., your hall, living room, or all).
 3. Turn the light sensitivity all the way up so it won't turn off during daylight. If the lights are triggered too easily, you can slightly lower the sensitivity.
Reason # 8: Hardware Issues
Tried all the methods above and your motion sensor still doesn't work as expected? Then there might be an issue with the hardware itself
If you've just recently purchased the device, kindly contact your retailer and request a replacement.
On the other hand, if you've had it for under two years, you're entitled to a warranty claim. Philips will repair or replace the motion sensor for defective parts or malfunctions for free. Otherwise, kindly contact the Philips Hue customer service team or visit a local Philips store.
Conclusion
Temperamental Philips Hue motion sensors are annoying at best and inconvenient at worst. Luckily, there are a few easy fixes for unresponsive sensors.
First and foremost, check the device's update settings. If your sensor is due for an update, go ahead and download the latest software update to improve the device's performance.
Also, make sure your sensor is close to the Bridge or a Hue bulb, as it won't work if it's placed too far away. If both solutions don't work, try the rest of the options we've listed above. Good luck!
James Bee


text:
Lamp Shell Terebratulina septentrionalis
It would be easy to mistake a lamp shell for a small bivalve mollusk, as both have a hinged shell in two parts and live attached to the sea floor. Lamp shells, however, have a very thin, light shell and the two parts are different sizes, with the smaller one fitting into the larger. The shell valves cover the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the animal whereas in bivalve mollusks they are on the left and right side of the body. Lamp shells attach their pear-shaped shell to hard surfaces by means of a fleshy stalk that emerges from a hole in the ventral shell valve. With the shell valves gaping open, the animal draws in a current of water that brings plankton with it. Taking up most of the space inside the shell is a feeding structure called the lophophore, which consists of two lateral lobes and a central coiled lobe covered in long ciliated tentacles. The beating of the cilia creates the water current. Lamp shells are found worldwide, but they are especially abundant in colder waters. In the northeastern Atlantic, Terebratulina septentrionalis is mostly found in deep water, while along the east coast of North America, it commonly occurs in shallow water. This species is very similar to Terebratulina retusa.


I learned a new inflector method the other day, constantize. Here's the method I used it in.
def allowed_to_read?(role)
 level = "Document::CAN_READ_" + self.readinglevel.upcase
 arr = level.constantize
 return true if "#{arr}".include? "#{role}"
end
I have an app where only certain people are allowed to read certain documents. So each user is assigned a role and then each document is assigned a group saying who is allowed to read it. I named the roles and readinglevels the same and then made a constant in the model that's named, for example:
CAN_READ_ASSISTANT = ["assistant", "associate"]
So when I'm checking if someone is allowed_to_read a document, I look at the document's readinglevel and join it to the string "Document::CAN_READ_". Then what I want to do is find out if the user's role is included in the array named the same as the string I just created. That's exactly what the constantize method does. If I didn't have the line arr = level.constantize and I just tried to do an include? on the level variable above, I'd get an error that include? is not a method for a string. But after the constantize method is run, it finds the array just fine.


text:
Change names of vehicles
Tools: VC GXT Editor
Tutorial author: FunGt
This tutorial explains how to change the names of the vehicles that appears when you get into any of them.
- Run GXT Editor and on File box insert the GXT file location, for example:
- If the path is correct, click Load and the file will be opened into the Editor.
- The vehicle names are located in MAIN and they are alphabetically ordered on the right box.
- Click on any vehicle name and in the bottom box will appear the name.
- Edit this name as you want, then click Apply and Save.
C:\Program Files\Rockstar Games\GTA Vice City\Text\american.gxt


Introduction
Celebrex is a prescription medication used to treat pain and inflammation caused by conditions such as arthritis, bursitis, and tendinitis. It is one of the most commonly prescribed medications in the United States and has been used by millions of people. Given its widespread use, many people wonder how long it takes for Celebrex to start working.
This article will provide an overview of the topic and explain the purpose of this article for its audience. It will then explore the timeframe of Celebrex's effectiveness, the science behind how quickly Celebrex works, the process of how long Celebrex takes to work and when you can expect to feel the effects, and strategies to maximize Celebrex's effectiveness.
Exploring the Timeframe of Celebrex's Effectiveness
Celebrex (celecoxib) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used to treat pain and inflammation caused by conditions such as arthritis, bursitis, and tendinitis. Celebrex works by blocking the production of certain chemicals in the body that cause inflammation, which helps to reduce pain and swelling.
When it comes to how long it takes for Celebrex to start working, there is no one-size-fits-all answer. The time to onset of action for Celebrex varies from person to person and depends on various factors, including dosage, route of administration, and other medications being taken. Generally speaking, it is believed that Celebrex takes effect within 1-2 hours after ingestion.
The Science Behind How Quickly Celebrex Works
The Science Behind How Quickly Celebrex Works
The Science Behind How Quickly Celebrex Works
Celebrex works by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which plays a role in the synthesis of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are chemicals that contribute to inflammation and pain. By blocking the production of these chemicals, Celebrex helps to reduce pain and swelling.
The amount of time it takes for Celebrex to take effect depends on several factors, including its pharmacokinetics, or the rate at which it is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. Additionally, the time to onset of action may be affected by other medications being taken, the route of administration (i.e., oral versus topical), and the dosage.
How Long Does It Take for Celebrex to Begin Working?
The pharmacokinetics of Celebrex are complex and vary depending on the dosage and route of administration. When taken orally, Celebrex is rapidly absorbed and reaches peak concentrations in the bloodstream in 1-2 hours. The half-life of Celebrex is 9-12 hours, meaning that it takes 9-12 hours for the drug to be eliminated from the body.
Clinical studies have shown that Celebrex typically begins to take effect within 1-2 hours of taking the medication. However, it is important to note that the time to onset of action may vary from person to person. Additionally, the time to onset of action may be affected by other factors, such as other medications being taken, the route of administration, and the dosage.
Analyzing the Time Necessary for Celebrex to Take Effect
When considering how long it takes for Celebrex to start working, it is important to distinguish between acute and chronic use. Acute use refers to short-term use, such as taking Celebrex for an isolated incident of pain or inflammation. In these cases, the time to onset of action is typically shorter than with chronic use.
In addition to acute and chronic use, the time to onset of action may be affected by other factors, such as the dosage, route of administration, and other medications being taken. For example, taking higher doses of Celebrex may result in a longer time to onset of action, while taking lower doses may result in a shorter time to onset of action. Similarly, taking Celebrex via injection as opposed to orally may result in a faster time to onset of action. Finally, taking other medications that interact with Celebrex may increase the time to onset of action.
Understanding the Process: How Long Celebrex Takes to Work
Understanding the Process: How Long Celebrex Takes to Work
Understanding the Process: How Long Celebrex Takes to Work
Once Celebrex is ingested, it is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream and metabolized by the liver. It is then eliminated from the body through the kidneys. This process is known as metabolism and elimination, and it is responsible for the time to onset of action of a medication.
Various factors can influence the time to onset of action of Celebrex, including the dosage, route of administration, and other medications being taken. Additionally, patient-specific factors, such as age, weight, and kidney function, can also affect the time to onset of action.
When Will You Feel the Effects of Celebrex?
As mentioned previously, the time to onset of action of Celebrex varies from person to person and depends on various factors. Generally speaking, it is believed that Celebrex takes effect within 1-2 hours after ingestion. However, some people may experience relief sooner or later than others.
It is also important to remember that taking other medications that interact with Celebrex may delay or reduce the effectiveness of the drug. Therefore, it is important to talk to your doctor about any medications you are currently taking to ensure that they do not interact with Celebrex.
Investigating the Delay in Celebrex's Action
If you are experiencing a delay in the time to onset of action of Celebrex, it is important to determine the cause of the delay. Possible causes of a delay in the time to onset of action include taking too low of a dose, taking other medications that interact with Celebrex, or having a medical condition that affects the absorption of the drug.
If you are experiencing a delay in the time to onset of action of Celebrex, there are several strategies you can use to maximize its effectiveness. These strategies include taking the recommended dosage, taking the medication at the same time each day, avoiding other medications that interact with Celebrex, and talking to your doctor about any medical conditions that may affect the absorption of the drug.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the time to onset of action of Celebrex varies from person to person and depends on various factors, including dosage, route of administration, and other medications being taken. Generally speaking, it is believed that Celebrex takes effect within 1-2 hours after ingestion. If you are experiencing a delay in the time to onset of action of Celebrex, there are several strategies you can use to maximize its effectiveness.
By understanding the science behind how quickly Celebrex works and the factors that can affect the time to onset of action, you can better understand how long it takes for Celebrex to start working and how to maximize its effectiveness.
(Note: Is this article not meeting your expectations? Do you have knowledge or insights to share? Unlock new opportunities and expand your reach by joining our authors team. Click Registration to join us and share your expertise with our readers.)
By Happy Sharer
Hi, I'm Happy Sharer and I love sharing interesting and useful knowledge with others. I have a passion for learning and enjoy explaining complex concepts in a simple way.
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text:
Spatial developments of Hungarian agriculture in the transition: the case of crop production
[Räumliche Entwicklungen der ungarischen Landwirtschaft im Transformationsprozess am Beispiel der Pflanzenproduktion]
The paper investigates spatial changes in cultivation and land use of wheat, maize and oilseed in Hungarian agriculture using different methods to measure these changes. The results suggest that spatial structure of crop productions has remained fairly stable during analysed period. The spatial concentration increased significantly for wheat and maize production and maize land use, whilst the changes were not significant for other cases. Estimates confirm the presence of spatial autocorrelation for all cases. The degree of spatial autocorrelation has no unambiguous pattern over time, except for maize production. Finally, we have not found significant relationship measured by PSE index between agricultural support and spatial concentration, but estimates show positive and significant effects of the share of private farms in the production of certain crops on spatial concentration.
|Date of creation:||2007|
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If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.


text:
In a number of key ways shipbuilding is different than any other industry that builds big things. In a nutshell, that means problems common to other industries require different approaches, and challenges unique to shipbuilding cannot be solved using general tools.
What makes shipbuilding different?
Ships and offshore structures are typically already being engineered before the design is approved and built before the engineering is complete. This means that pre-existing engineering work, and already built sections, need to be considered when the resulting changes that need to be made are handed down.
Ships, and shipbuilding, are governed by regulations and regulatory bodies that apply to shipbuilding. Unlike buildings and other onshore facilities, the only projects that approach the same scale, a single ship operates in a variety of environmental, regulatory, and political landscapes as it travels around the globe.
Large shipbuilding programs consist of tens or dozens of vessels of the same class. Even between two sister ships, the differences can be significant. This differs quite a bit from any other industry – consumer goods are designed once and manufactured millions of times, buildings are typically designed and built once, even airplanes are engineered once and built hundreds, if not thousands, of times with comparatively small variations between each plane and the next. Shipbuilders have to get it right quickly while managing a large amount of change between each ship.
Managing a huge amount of change
To get things right quickly, while managing that large amount of change, your organization needs to:
- Allow your design and engineering teams to manage and track changes throughout the project.
- Facilitate dynamic communication between engineering and production departments.
- Ensure that any change across sister ships is seamless and transparent.
- Have your teams working in the same unified platform and on the same drawings that will be delivered to class societies.
[eBook] Why Shipbuilding Requires Shipbuilding Specific Solutions
If you're a shipbuilding executive, you'll already be closely familiar with the challenges you face within your industry, so make sure to look out for solutions for and insight into the problems you encounter every day. For those who have had less exposure to shipbuilding, this eBook will provide you with a fantastic overview of why the more unique aspects of shipbuilding demand shipbuilding specific solutions.Access the eBook


frac-
 tional part.
 Time fields:
 H hour (00..23)
 I hour (01..12)
 k hour ( 0..23)
 l hour ( 1..12)
 M minute (00..59)
 p locale's AM or PM
 r time, 12-hour (hh:mm:ss [AP]M)
 S Second (00.00 .. 61.00). There is a fractional
 part.
 T time, 24-hour (hh:mm:ss)
 + Date and time, separated by '+', for example
 '2004-04-28+22:22:05.0'. This is a GNU extension.
 The time is given in the current timezone (which
 may be affected by setting the TZ environment
 variable). The seconds field includes a frac-
 tional part.
 X locale's time representation (H:M:S)
 Z time zone (e.g., EDT), or nothing if no time zone
 is determinable
 Date fields:
 a locale's abbreviated weekday name (Sun..Sat)
 A locale's full weekday name, variable length (Sun-
 day..Saturday)
 b locale's abbreviated month name (Jan..Dec)
 B locale's full month name, variable length (Janu-
 ary..December)
 c locale's date and time (Sat Nov 04 12:02:33 EST
 1989). The format is the same as for ctime(3) and
 so to preserve compatibility with that format,
 there is no fractional part in the seconds field.
 d day of month (01..31)
 D date (mm/dd/yy)
 h same as b
 j day of year (001..366)
 m month (01..12)
 U week number of year with Sunday as first day of
 week (00..53)
 w day of week (0..6)
 W week number of year with Monday as first day of
 week (00..53)
 x locale's date representation (mm/dd/yy)
 y last two digits of year (00..99)
 Y year (1970...)
 %b The amount of disk space used for this file in 512-byte
 blocks. Since disk space is allocated in multiples of the
 filesystem block size this is usually greater than
 %s/512, but it can also be smaller if the file is a
 sparse file.
 %c File's last status change time in the format returned by
 the C 'ctime' function.
 %Ck File's last status change time in the format specified by
 k, which is the same as for %A.
 %d File's depth in the directory tree; 0 means the file is a
 command line argument.
 %D The device number on which the file exists (the st_dev
 field of struct stat), in decimal.
 %f File's name with any leading directories removed (only
 the last element).
 %F Type of the filesystem the file is on; this value can be
 used for -fstype.
 %g File's group name, or numeric group ID if the group has
 no name.
 %G File's numeric group ID.
 %h Leading directories of file's name (all but the last ele-
 ment). If the file name contains no slashes (since it is
 in the current directory) the %h specifier expands to
 ".".
 %H Command line argument under which file was found.
 %i File's inode number (in decimal).
 %k The amount of disk space used for this file in 1K blocks.
 Since disk space is allocated in multiples of the
 filesystem block size this is usually greater than
 %s/1024, but it can also be smaller if the file is a
 sparse file.
 %l Object of symbolic link (empty string if file is not a
 symbolic link).
 %m File's permission bits (in octal). This option uses the
 'traditional' numbers which most Unix implementations
 use, but if your particular implementation uses an un-
 usual ordering of octal permissions bits, you will see a
 difference between the actual value of the file's mode
 and the output of %m. Normally you will want to have a
 leading zero on this number, and to do this, you should
 use the # flag (as in, for example, '%#m').
 %M File's permissions (in symbolic form, as for ls). This
 directive is supported in findutils 4.2.5 and later.
 %n Number of hard links to file.
 %p File's name.
 %P File's name with the name of the command line argument
 under which it was found removed.
 %s File's size in bytes.
 %S File's sparseness. This is calculated as (BLOCK-
 SIZE*st_blocks / st_size). The exact value you will get
 for an ordinary file of a certain length is system-depen-
 dent. However, normally sparse files will have values
 less than 1.0, and files which use indirect blocks may
 have a value which is greater than 1.0. The value used
 for BLOCKSIZE is system-dependent, but is usually 512
 bytes. If the file size is zero, the value printed is
 undefined. On systems which lack support for st_blocks,
 a file's sparseness is assumed to be 1.0.
 %t File's last modification time in the format returned by
 the C 'ctime' function.
 %Tk File's last modification time in the format specified by
 k, which is the same as for %A.
 %u File's user name, or numeric user ID if the user has no
 name.
 %U File's numeric user ID.
 %y File's type (like in ls -l), U=unknown type (shouldn't
 happen)
 %Y File's type (like %y), plus follow symlinks: L=loop,
 N=nonexistent
 A '%' character followed by any other character is discarded,
 but the other character is printed (don't rely on this, as fur-
 ther format characters may be introduced). A '%' at the end of
 the format argument causes undefined behaviour since there is no
 following character. In some locales, it may hide your door
 keys, while in others it may remove the final page from the
 novel you are reading.
 The %m and %d directives support the # , 0 and + flags, but the
 other directives do not, even if they print numbers. Numeric
 directives that do not support these flags include G, U, b, D, k
 and n. The '-' format flag is supported and changes the align-
 ment of a field from right-justified (which is the default) to
 left-justified.
 See the UNUSUAL FILENAMES section for information about how un-
 usual characters in filenames are handled.
 -prune True; if the file is a directory, do not descend into it. If
 -depth is given, false; no effect. Because -delete implies
 -depth, you cannot usefully use -prune and -delete together.
 -quit Exit immediately. No child processes will be left running, but
 no more paths specified on the command line will be processed.
 For example, find /tmp/foo /tmp/bar -print -quit will print only
 /tmp/foo. Any command lines which have been built up with -ex-
 ecdir ... {} + will be invoked before find exits. The exit
 status may or may not be zero, depending on whether an error has
 already occurred.
 UNUSUAL FILENAMES
 Many of the actions of find result in the printing of data which is un-
 der the control of other users. This includes file names, sizes, modi-
 fication times and so forth. File names are a potential problem since
 they can contain any character except '\0' and '/'. Unusual characters
 in file names can do unexpected and often undesirable things to your
 terminal (for example, changing the settings of your function keys on
 some terminals). Unusual characters are handled differently by various
 actions, as described below.
 -print0, -fprint0
 Always print the exact filename, unchanged, even if the output
 is going to a terminal.
 -ls, -fls
 Unusual characters are always escaped. White space, backslash,
 and double quote characters are printed using C-style escaping
 (for example '\f', '\"'). Other unusual characters are printed
 using an octal escape. Other printable characters (for -ls and
 -fls these are the characters between octal 041 and 0176) are
 printed as-is.
 -printf, -fprintf
 If the output is not going to a terminal, it is printed as-is.
 Otherwise, the result depends on which directive is in use. The
 directives %D, %F, %g, %G, %H, %Y, and %y expand to values which
 are not under control of files' owners, and so are printed as-
 is. The directives %a, %b, %c, %d, %i, %k, %m, %M, %n, %s, %t,
 %u and %U have values which are under the control of files' own-
 ers


text:
Vehicle Design Evaluation Using The Digital Proving Ground 2000-01-0126
Recent advancements in three-dimensional digital terrain mapping and vehicle simulation technology present an opportunity to introduce "real-world feedback" early in the design process. Designers of suspension, braking, steering and safety systems can evaluate and optimize designs using computer simulation of a vehicle on the digital proving ground (DPG). A range of possible design behaviors can be identified and analyzed prior to expensive prototyping and testing. Even a series of specific test maneuvers may be evaluated prior to actual testing to ensure safety of the driver and prototype vehicle. As a result, the design process is more efficient and the use of the actual proving ground is more cost effective.
This paper presents an overview of the use of the digital proving ground for vehicle design evaluation. Several examples of digital proving ground tests will be discussed. Digital 3-D models of a test track facility may be available from the construction of the grounds, or they can be created with laser measurement techniques, such as LIDAR. Tire-terrain contact patch simulation techniques provide for the use of validated physics models to study 3-D vehicle behavior undergoing simulated tests for handling, ride, braking compliance or other maneuvers.
International Truck & Bus Meeting & Exposition
Electronics for Trucks and Buses 2000-SP-1568, Computer Applications for Crash, Optimization, and Simulation Research-SP-1496, SAE 2000 Transactions Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems-V109-6


text:
Huitt-Zollars prepared a drainage master plan for the Fort Bliss Directorate of Public Works (DPW) in conjunction with US Army Corps of Engineers Fort Worth District (USACE). A significant portion of the existing drainage infrastructure is subjected to periodic stormwater inundation during intense rainfall events.
A vital component of the study was building a 2D hydrodynamic model of the Fort Bliss Main Cantonment storm drainage system. This complex stormwater model included analysis of 36 miles of storm drains, ditches, open channels, culverts, pump stations, and 41 detention ponds and retention ponds.
Recommended system improvements were developed based on the deeper insight gained from the wealth of information provided by the model simulations. An opinion of probable cost for all the recommended drainage system improvements has been estimated at $3.3M.


Welcome to XLogic's Assembly KeyGen tutorial. What you will need: TASM 3.0 or higher (Comes with TD). A Good Text Editor (EDIT.COM). A Good Dos Debugger (I will use TD, S-ICE and DG are also Acceptable). A File access monitor (SCANF is included). An ASM Command Listing (go buy a book). A GOOD (intermediate) knowledge of ASM. <-- Don't bug me for help. X-Tract 1.51 (included). 1. Introduction. This was the first key generator I ever wrote. It taught me more about assembly than any book I've read, considering that I originally learned assembly from debugging stuff. This is a very easy keygen to do, but you use the same process to write other much more complex keygens. The best way of writing a keygen in my experience is: 1. Debug, dissasemble, do whatever is necessary to UNDERSTAND what the hell the program is doing. 2. Extract the relevant code, reverse it or whatever needs doing to make it ready for the keygen. 3. Write the keygen. 4. Use a key you made, debug the program, and make sure it works 101%. 2. Let's Get Started! Ok, look at the program, how it runs. See if it prompts for a reg number, if it looks for a key file, any way it gets registration in. With X-Tract, there are no prompts for reg numbers, or anything. Ok, so now you run a file access monitor, to check if it looks for a reg key. (I have included a good file access monitor with the package, SCANF. To make it put file access up on the screen, use "scanf con" to run it) Bingo. It looks for X-TRACT.KEY. Now the debugging starts. First create a file called X-TRACT.KEY in the same directory as X-Tract, and load your debugger. Step through with the file access montior loaded to see where it opens the key file. You trace over the following call, and the file monitor tells you that the key has been opened. cs:366B 2EA27908 mov cs:[0879],al cs:366F 9C pushf cs:3670 E8D71A call 514A Now you restart debugging and trace one instruction into that function call. You trace over the first function call, and notice that it displays the startup banner: X-TRACT (tm) Executable File Extractor Version 1.51 7-26-95 Copyright 1994-95 by Pablo Carboni. All Rights Reserved. The next block of code uses an Int 21h call. You notice that this is what opens the file. Int 21h's usage is as follows: ah = 3D ; Open file Handle for file access al = 02 ; file access code dx = filename offset ; Where the filename is in memory Int 21h ; Try to open the file jnb ok ; If the file exists, and has been opened, jump jmp error ; If the file hasn't been opened, jump. So what this block of code does is try and open the file. cs:5150 B8023D mov ax,3D02 cs:5153 BAFC21 mov dx,21FC cs:5156 CD21 int 21 cs:5158 7303 jnb 515D cs:515A E9ED00 jmp 524A Since you made a file called X-TRACT.KEY before you started debugging it should jump on the first jump. You then end up here: cs:515D 2EA3D805 mov cs:[05D8],ax cs:5161 B43F mov ah,3F cs:5163 2E8B1ED805 mov bx,cs:[05D8] cs:5168 B99B00 mov cx,009B cs:516B BABD00 mov dx,00BD cs:516E CD21 int 21 cs:5170 3D9B00 cmp ax,009B cs:5173 7303 jnb 5178 cs:5175 E9D200 jmp 524A The first line stores the files handle for future access from AX to memory location 05D8h. Now, we see another Int 21h call coming up. This time it is as follows: ah = 3Fh ; Read Data from the open filehandle in BX bx = [05D8h] ; get the file handle we saved just before. cx = 9Bh ; How many bytes we want to try and read. dx = 0BDh ; Where we want to put the read bytes. Int 21h ; Do the deed When this returns, AX will be the actual number of bytes read from the file. So what is this next piece of code doing? cs:5170 3D9B00 cmp ax,009B cs:5173 7303 jnb 5178 cs:5175 E9D200 jmp 524A Its checking if it could read 9Bh bytes from the file, and if it could, continue. As you should have noticed, if any of the previous tests have failed, they jump to location 524Ah. Keep this in mind when you are debugging the code. Now you hit this big lump of code: cs:5178 BEBD00 mov si,00BD cs:517B BF5521 mov di,2155 cs:517E B99A00 mov cx,009A cs:5181 0E push cs cs:5182 1F pop ds cs:5183 0E push cs cs:5184 07 pop es cs:5185 FC cld cs:5186 F3A6 rep cmpsb cs:5188 7403 je 518D cs:518A E9BD00 jmp 524A rep cmpsb....... hmmm, a byte-by-byte compare statement. how this is called is: cx = Number of bytes to compare DS:DI = First lot of bytes to compare ES:SI = Second lot of bytes to compare rep cmpsb ; do the compare je continue ; jump here it the same jmp error ; jump here if not the same So what should be at the start of the rego key? Whatever is at ES:DI. The other location has what was in the rego key that you created. Now you get to this: cs:518D AC lodsb cs:518E 3CE0 cmp al,E0 cs:5190 741B je 51AD And a few more with different compares. It is checking if one of these is equal to the byte it loaded from DS:DI (its there from after the 1st compare). Could it be checking for the type of registration? Lets continue and see. cs:51AD 2EA28008 mov cs:[0880],al cs:51B1 B43F mov ah,3F cs:51B3 2E8B1ED805 mov bx,cs:[05D8] cs:51B8 B92A00 mov cx,002A cs:51BB BABD00 mov dx,00BD cs:51BE CD21 int 21 cs:51C0 3D2A00 cmp ax,002A cs:51C3 7403 je 51C8 cs:51C5 E98200 jmp 524A It saves the byte it just checked to cs:880h. Then it does what it did before with Int 21h, it reads 2Ah bytes from the file to ds:00BDh. If it could read 2Ah bytes, it continues on, otherwise it quits. Now would be a good time to get out of the debugger and make the key file. 9Bh + 2Ah bytes (add the two cx vaules from the file read Int 21h's) is equal to 197 bytes, so now would be a good time to get out, make a file of size 197 bytes, With the first lot of data it compared (that string of bytes), then either a E0h, E1h, E2h or E3h, which it looked for. I will use a E0h. You've got your registration key half done. After making it, you should be able to pass all of the tests it performs to the point where we left off. If you had problems, have a look at the key that I provided called XLOGIC.REG to get some hints. Now you hit this: cs:51C8 BEBD00 mov si,00BD cs:51CB 8BFE mov di,si cs:51CD B92A00 mov cx,002A cs:51D0 2E8A1E8008 mov bl,cs:[0880] cs:51D5 AC lodsb cs:51D6 32C3 xor al,bl cs:51D8 AA stosb cs:51D9 80EB22 sub bl,22 cs:51DC E2F7 loop 51D5 Now before i tell you, try and work out what this does. Here is what it is doing: 1. si = 0BDh ;the location to start from 2. di = si ;set the second location to start from 3. cx = 2Ah ;how many times to loop 4. bl = cs:880h ;get that byte that it checked for earlier 5


text:
Eighteen ways to raise your kids Jewish
By Rabbi Fabian Werbin
- Your kids need a Hebrew name. The way we name them is through the Brit Milah for the boys and Simchat Bat for the ladies. During these ceremonies the kids receive their Jewish name.
- Teach the kids one new Hebrew word every week.
- Bring the kids to the Synagogue; make them feel that the Synagogue is their home.
- Teach them Hebrew. Hebrew is the common language of the Jewish people.
- Read with them the stories of the Tanach (Bible). The kids will love to know the stories of Noah, Abraham, Moses, Sampson, King David, Elias the Prophet and more.
- Celebrate with them all the Jewish holidays. Ask them to prepare a picture for the upcoming festival and show it to the family during the celebration.
- Talk to them about Israel. Israel is the center of the Jewish life. Begin saving money now to send them to visit Israel.
- Ask your rabbi to visit you at home, and get together with the rabbi. Your rabbi will be glad to tell your kids stories about Judaism. The kids will be very proud and impressed seeing their rabbi at their homes.
- Send the kids to a Jewish camp. It is amazing how the kids reinforce their Jewish identity when they attend Jewish summer camps.
- Visit the sick. This is a very nice mitzvah and the kids appreciate when you do that. If you teach them that visiting the sick is highly valued in Judaism, they will come with you to fulfill this commandment.
- Cook Jewish food with them. Every holiday has its own recipe. Cook with your kids, have fun and talk about kashrus with them.
- Give Jewish gifts to your kids. A Menorah for Hanukkah, a dreidl, a new kippa, a nice costume for Purim, a chain with a Magen David.
- Take them to Jewish Museums. It is incredible how the kids strengthen their identity after visiting Museums like the Holocaust Museum or the Jewish Museum.
- Paint a t-shirt using Jewish symbols with your kids. Your kids will be proud to use the shirts, especially since they made them with their parents!
- Show them old Jewish movies like "Yentl", "Fiddler on the Roof", "A Stranger Among Us", etc. Remember the first talking picture was "The Jazz Singer", the story of a Jewish Cantor.
- Bring the kids to the Synagogue and show them the Torah scrolls. They will love the experience and will learn that Torah is for everybody, not only for adults.
- Every night before they go to sleep, bless them and teach them to say Sh'ma Israel
- On Fridays nights encourage the ladies to light the candles and the boys to say Kiddush.


text:
Canadians on welfare have significantly higher odds of reporting poor physical and mental health, finds a University of Toronto study.
Statistical analysis of data from the 1996-97 National Population Health Survey revealed that welfare recipients were more likely to report poor or fair health, depression and distress than people not on welfare as well as fewer social supports. The study, published in the March/April issue of the Canadian Journal of Public Health, also found that welfare recipients whose activity was not restricted by long-term disability had greater odds of reporting heart disease than non-welfare recipients.
"These findings indicate that adults on welfare struggle with a broad spectrum of health problems," says the study's senior author, nutritional sciences professor Valerie Tarasuk. "I believe the increasing inadequacy of welfare benefits in many provinces may put them at even greater health risk. The impact of welfare program reforms on the health and well-being of recipients must be assessed and monitored."
The finding that welfare recipients were more likely to report heart disease is of concern because this condition can be prevented or managed, at least in part, by lifestyle modifications, says the study's lead author, U of T medical student Nicholas Vozoris. "Affording special diets, exercise, medications and medical supplies not covered by government programs may be problematic for welfare recipients since many of these healthy lifestyle choices are associated with increased costs," he says.
Source: Eurekalert & othersLast reviewed: By John M. Grohol, Psy.D. on 21 Feb 2009
Published on PsychCentral.com. All rights reserved.
The purpose of life is a life of purpose.
-- Robert Byrne


text:
The archaeological site of Asine, a city mentioned by Homer, includes the acropolis, built upon a triangular rocky hill by the sea, the surrounding area and the hill of "Barbouna" to the west. Excavations have brought to light a settlement inhabited during the Early and Middle Helladic, the Mycenaean, the Geometric and the Archaic periods, the corresponding cemeteries as well as an important mycenaean necropolis on the "Barbouna". The walls of the acropolis with the large bastion date from the Hellenistic period (3rd century B.C.). The acropolis was reconstructed during the Byzantine times.
Excavations of both the acropolis and the Mycenaean cemetery of ancient Asine were carried out by the Swedish Archaeological Mission in _PHONE_. Work was resumed from 1970 onwards by the Greek Archaeological Service and the Swedish Archaeological Institute.


text:
Seasonal foods are preferred by Japanese people. Crops can be grown earlier in some warmer areas and these can then be shipped across the country. Colder areas harvest the same crops later and can ship these to warmer areas.
Did I mention we have already eaten fresh corn on the cob? Doesn't that suika (watermelon) look good? What is that other fruit? It is called a biwa which is a loquat. It is delicious. It has a nice firm texture and tastes like a combination of different fruits such as apple, peach and others.


FFT not matching with Continuous FT
31 views (last 30 days)
The fourier transform of a unit amplitude cosine with period T is two delta functions, at -1/T and +1/T with amplitude 1/2.
dx = .1;
x = 0:dx:9.9;
fs = 1/dx;
y = cos(x*2*pi/10);
Y = dx*fft(y); %Continous FT and DFT differ by scale dx
X = -fs/2 : fs/length(x) : fs/2 - fs/length(x)
Y = fftshift(Y);
plot(X,real(Y));
The amplitudes of my deltas is 5 and not .5. Why? I've scaled by the appropriate constant..
Accepted Answer
Rick Rosson
Rick Rosson on 4 Aug 2011
Again, using dx as the scale factor is perfectly valid and correct. The results you are seeing in practice do in fact match the theory. Remember, the theory says you should see an impulse of size 1/2 at +Fc and -Fc. What is the height of an impulse of size 1/2? It is not 1/2. The height of an impulse is infinite. The area of the impulse is 1/2, not the height of the impulse.
What you are seeing is two discrete impulses of height 5. What is the width of those impulses? I would argue that the width (the frequency increment or distance between each of the discrete frequencies) of each impulse is 0.1 hertz, so that the area of the impulses is 1/2, as expected.
Does that make sense?
More Answers (5)
Rick Rosson
Rick Rosson on 4 Aug 2011
You have scaled by the appropriate constant for the Continuous Time Fourier Transform (CTFT), but the fft function computes the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). The appropriate scaling factor for the DFT is the number of samples N, not the time increment dx.
Please try:
N = size(y,2);
Y = fftshift(fft(y))/N;
HTH.
Rick
Stuart
Stuart on 4 Aug 2011
Seth Popinchalk
Seth Popinchalk on 4 Aug 2011
Computing the correct scaling of the FFT is difficult as you must also account for the length of the signal data.
This is explained in more detail in this great blog post from a couple years ago:
Rick Rosson
Rick Rosson on 4 Aug 2011
Technically speaking, it is not a question of whether one scale factor is "correct" and the other "incorrect". The issue is really that both scaling factors are correct, but they are providing two different ways of looking at the same result. In effect, each of two scaling factors provides in the same exact Fourier spectrum, but in different units of measure. It is really a question of what you want to see and for what purpose. The choice of scaling factor is just that: a choice. You need to choose the right scaling factor for the right reason.
BTW, these two scaling factors are not the only ones. You can also choose not to scale the result at all, or you can convert the spectrum from an linear scale to a logarithmic scale (in the form of decibels). And there are still others as well.
Ultimately, the scaling factor of the spectrum is really quite unimportant for most applications. In general, it is the overall shape of the spectrum that matters, not the absolute scale.
HTH.
Rick
 1 Comment
Stuart
Stuart on 4 Aug 2011
Sure, but I need a particular scale factor, and the theory of what that scale factor should be (ie T) is not aligning with what I am getting in practice.
Sign in to comment.
Rick Rosson
Rick Rosson on 4 Aug 2011
One other thing I noticed in the code you posted: When you plot the spectrum, you should plot the magnitude of the Fourier coefficients, not the real-part of the coefficients.
So, instead of
plot(X,real(Y));
please try
plot(X,abs(Y));
In this particular example, it may not make any difference, but in general, it will.
HTH.
Rick
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