(Latin: unoccupied, vacant; related to vacuus, "empty")
avoid (verb), avoids; avoided; avoiding
1. To reject, to shun, to stay away: Because of her sensitive skin, Geraldine tries to avoid sitting in the sun.
2. To keep away from, to stay out of the way of someone or something: Lauren's former husband now avoids her whenever they happen to be in the same place.
Margery, a high school student, manages to avoid doing the dishes by claiming she has to do her homework.
3. To prevent the occurrence of; to stop from happening: If at all possible, people should avoid repeating the same mistakes when investing their money in those companies that are unable to maintain reasonable profits.
4. To refrain or to stop doing something: Nations should try to avoid starting so many wars with each other.
5. To resist, to turn down, or to deliberately stay away from certain foods or beverages: According to the doctor, during Carol's fast, she should avoid eating solid food; however, liquids would be all right.
avoidable (adjective), more avoidable, most avoidable
1. Referring to staying away from someone or something: "Sam was trying to find an avoidable way to stay away from the heavy traffic while he was driving to work."
2. Characterized by preventing the occurrence of something bad, unpleasant, etc.: "Erin thought there must be an avoidable process to complete the project without so much confusion."
"Brent was told that the financial investment would be an avoidable risk."
avoidably (adverb), more avoidably, most avoidably
A description of the ability to shun or to keep away from doing something: "Despite her efforts, Lina was unable to have an avoidably safe parking situation in the crowded car lot."
"Karen's avoidably excessive eating was making her abnormally over weight."
avoidance (s) (noun), avoidances (pl)
1. Deliberately avoiding; keeping away from or preventing from happening.
2. The act of keeping away from somebody or something.
3. The act of refraining from doing something or preventing something from happening.
4. In law, the act of making something invalid.
5. A conscious or unconscious defense mechanism consisting of refusal to encounter situations, activities, or objects that would produce anxiety or conflict.
avoidant (adjective), more avoidant, most avoidant
Moving away from; negatively oriented; demonstrating a tendency to avoid intimacy or social interactions with another person or people: "Ted's psychologist was helping him to overcome his avoidant behavior with members of his family and those with whom he worked."
avoider (s) (noun), avoiders (pl)
1. Someone who shuns or escapes.
2. The person who carries something away, or the vessel in which things are carried away.
avoidless (adjective); more avoidless, most avoidless
1. Descriptive of being inevitable or impossible to prevent or to stop.
2. Characteristic of something that occurs or appears whether anyone likes it or not
avoidment (s) (noun), avoidments (pl)
The action of keeping clear of or away from.
devoid (adjective) (not comparable)
Pertaining to being empty of or completely without something: "After his wife died, Adam felt that his life was devoid of any meaning."
devoided (adjectived), more devoided, most devoided
Relating to being deprived of, or freed from; taken away: "At the funeral, Mary kept her devoided voice free of emotion."
devoider (s) (noun), devoiders (pl)
1. An expeller.
2. Someone who drives out or empties.
evoid (verb), evoids; evoided; evoiding
1. To clear out, to empty out.
2. To remove, to get rid of.
unavoidable (adjective), more unavoidable, most unavoidable
1. Impossible to prevent: "Jim said getting home late was an unavoidable delay because of the accident that took place on the highway."
2. Inevitable or bound to happen: "Due to the storm, there was an unavoidable two-hour delay of the aircraft landing."
unavoidableness (s) (noun) (no plural form)
An impossible or unpreventable situation: "As people grow older, they need to realize that there is an unavoidableness of bodily weaknesses which will occur."
unavoidably (adverb), more unavoidably, most unavoidably
1. A description of that which can not be prevented nor ignored: "The visitors to Eugene's home were unavoidably delayed in arriving as they had planned."
2. A reference to a situation or conditions which are certain to happen: "When strong cyclones or tornadoes take place, there are usually certain to be unavoidably severe electrical outages, travel accidents, etc."
Links to related empty, vacant words Related "empty" word units: ceno-; vacu-.


text:
During digestion, high concentrations of divalent minerals (DMs) can lead to insoluble lipid-soap complex formation, hampering carotenoid bioaccessibility. The effect of varying concentrations (0-1000 mg/L) of calcium, magnesium, zinc and sodium (control) on the bioaccessibility of lutein, neoxanthin, lycopene and β-carotene, following in vitro gastro-intestinal digestion (GI), was investigated systematically and coupled with physical measurements of the digesta. Addition of DMs significantly decreased (p < 0.001) carotenoid bioaccessibility, up to 100% in the case of calcium. Mean half maximal inhibitory concentrations (EC50) for calcium, magnesium and zinc were 270 ± 18, 253 ± 75 and 420 ± 322 mg/L respectively. Increased DM concentrations correlated with decreased viscosity (r > 0.9) and decreased carotenoid bioaccessibility. Surface tension of digesta correlated inversely (p < 0.05) with the bioaccessibility of carotenoids. This correlation was mineral and carotenoid dependent. Although based on in vitro findings, it is plausible that similar interactions occur in vivo, with DMs affecting the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids and other lipophilic micronutrients and phytochemicals.
|Number of pages||8|
|Publication status||Published - 15 Apr 2016|

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


#Introduction
The objectives of the NetworkExtinction package is to analyze and visualize the topology of food-webs and its responses to the simulated extinction of species.
The main indexes used for these analyzes are:
 1. Number of nodes: Total number of species in the network (Dunne, Williams, and Martinez 2002).
 2. Number of links: Number of trophic relationships represented in the food web (Dunne, Williams, and Martinez 2002).
 3. Connectance: Proportion of all possible trophic links that are completed (Dunne, Williams, and Martinez 2002).
 4. Primary removals: It occurs when the researcher intentionally removes one species, simulating a single extinction.
 5. Secondary extinctions: A secondary extinction occurs when a non-basal species loses all of its prey items due to the removal of another species. In this context, basal species can experience primary removal, but not secondary extinctions (Dunne, Williams, and Martinez 2002).
 6. Total extinctions: The sum of primary removal and secondary extinctions in one simulation.
This package was built with a total of six functions. There are four functions to analyze the cascading effect of extinctions in a food-web, one function to plot the results of any of the extinction analysis, and another to analize the degree distribution in the network.
Functions to analyze the cascading effect of extinctions are the following:
The function to plot results is:
The function to analize the degree distribution is:
0.1 How to install the package
As any package in cran the install.packages function can be used to intall de NetworkExtinction package as shown in the following code.
install.packages(NetworkExtinction)
library(NetworkExtinction)
0.2 How to represent a food-web in R
The first step to make any analysis in the NetworkExtinction package is to build a representation of a food-web, using the network package (Butts and others 2008).
In order to create a network object you can start with a matrix or an edgelist object (for more details see the network package vignette).
As an example of how to build a food-web we will explain how to create the network shown in figure 1.
Figure 1. Food-web to be contructed in R
Figure 1. Food-web to be contructed in R
This network has ten nodes where each node represents one species. Here, four nodes are basal species (primary producers, from sp.1 to sp.4), three nodes are intermediate (primary consumers, from sp.5 to sp.7), and the remaining three are top predators (from sp.8 to sp.10).
In order to build an interaction matrix (Figure 2) that represent the food-web, we create a square matrix with a column and a row representing each species. Columns represent the consumers and the rows the resources, where 1 represents a trophic interaction and 0 its absence. Note that in the columns, the first four species only have zeros because they are not consumers. For example, if we look at species 7, it feeds on species 4 and 3. In order to represent that, we would go to column 7 and put a 1 in rows 3 and 4.
Figure 2. Matrix representation of the food-web
Figure 2. Matrix representation of the food-web
The following code is an example of how to build the matrix in figure 2 using R:
a<- matrix(c(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0),nrow=10, ncol=10)
a
#> [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
#> [1,] 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
#> [2,] 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
#> [3,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
#> [4,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
#> [5,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
#> [6,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
#> [7,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
#> [8,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
#> [9,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
#> [10,] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Once the matrix is ready, we use the as.network function from the network package to build a network object.
library(network)
net <- as.network(a, loops = TRUE)
net
#> Network attributes:
#> vertices = 10
#> directed = TRUE
#> hyper = FALSE
#> loops = TRUE
#> multiple = FALSE
#> bipartite = FALSE
#> total edges= 10
#> missing edges= 0
#> non-missing edges= 10
#>
#> Vertex attribute names:
#> vertex.names
#>
#> No edge attributes
1 Functions
1.1 Extinctions functions
1.1.1 Extinctions from most to less conected species in the network
The Mostconnected function sorts the species from the most connected node to the least connected node, using total degree. Then, it removes the most connected node in the network, simulating its extinction, and recalculates the topological indexes of the network and counts how many species have indegree 0 (secondary extinction), not considering primary producers. Then, it removes the nodes that were secondarily extinct in the previous step and recalculates which node is the new most connected species. This step is repeated until the number of links in the network is zero (Sole and Montoya 2001; Dunne, Williams, and Martinez 2002; Dunne and Williams 2009).
library(NetworkExtinction)
data("net")
Mostconnected(Network = net)
#> [1] 1
#> [1] 2
#> [1] 3
#> [1] 4
Table 1: The resulting dataframe of the Mostconnected function
Spp nodesS linksS Conectance LinksPerSpecies Secondary_extinctions isolated_nodes AccSecondaryExtinction NumExt TotalExt
6 9 7 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 1 1 1 1 2
7 7 4 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 0 2 1 2 3
5 6 2 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 1 3 2 3 5
2 4 0 0._PHONE_ 0._PHONE_ 1 4 3 4 7
The result of this function is the dataframe shown in table 1. The first column called Spp indicates the order in which the species were removed simulating an extinction. The column Secondary_extinctions represents the numbers of species that become extinct given that they do not have any food items left in the food-web, while the AccSecondaryExtinction column represents the accumulated secondary extinctions. (To plot the results, see function ExtinctionPlot.)
data("net")
history <- Mostconnected(Network = net)
#> [1] 1
#> [1] 2
#> [1] 3
#> [1] 4
ExtinctionPlot(History = history, Variable = "AccSecondaryExtinction")
Figure 3. The graph shows the number of accumulated secondary extinctions that occur when removing species from the most to the least connected species
Figure 3. The graph shows the number of accumulated secondary extinctions that occur when removing species from the most to the least connected species
1.1.2 Extinctions using a customized order
The ExtinctionOrder function takes a network and extinguishes nodes using a customized order. Then, it calculates the topological network indexes and the secondary extinctions.
data("net")
ExtinctionOrder(Network = net, Order = c(2,4,7))
Table 2: The resulting dataframe of the ExtinctionOrder function
Spp nodesS linksS Conectance Secondary_extinctions AccSecondaryExtinction NumExt TotalExt
2 9 8 0._PHONE_ 1 1 1 2
4 7 5 0._PHONE_ 1 2 2 4
7 5 3 0._PHONE_ 0 2 3 5
Figure 4. The graph shows the number of accumulated secondary extinctions that occur when removing species in a custom order. In this example species 2 is removed followed by 4 and lastly species 7 is removed
Figure 4. The graph shows the number of accumulated secondary extinctions that occur when removing species in a custom order. In this example species 2 is removed followed by 4 and


text:
iCAST Director receives Royal Society Medal
University of Oxford
Professor Charlotte Williams OBE, iCAST Deputy Director, has won the Royal Society Leverhulme Medal for her pioneering work developing and understanding high-performance carbon dioxide utilisation catalysts, including the manufacture of next-generation plastic materials.
Each year, the Royal Society recognises exceptional research achievements through a series of prestigious medals and prizes named after great scientists of the past. Professor Williams is one of eight recipients of the 2021-22 awards, announced today, given to Oxford University researchers for their outstanding contributions to science and medicine.
Professor Williams said: 'I am inspired to work on applied problems and to try to reduce negative environmental impacts associated with polymer production. In particular, I am interested in carbon dioxide recycling to make useful products with lower greenhouse gas emissions, and producing materials from mixtures of raw materials – an achievement that nature makes look easy, but is a major challenge in chemistry.'
Professor Williams researches the chemistry of next generation plastics and materials: products designed to deliver high performances in applications but with minimal environmental impacts. Her work focuses on addressing fundamental challenges in catalysis (to reduce energy input in manufacturing) and on polymer chemistry, involving close collaboration with scientists and engineers in both academic and industrial laboratories.
Tap into the expertise, facilities and networks of a partnership created to help you bring innovation in sustainable technologies to market.


text:
The "urology plasma button loop" design refers to the shape of the electrode tip. It typically features a small, rounded button-shaped surface that delivers the plasma energy. This design allows for precise and controlled application of energy to the tissue, minimizing collateral damage to surrounding structures.
Urology plasma button electrodes are used for various purposes in urological surgery, including cutting, coagulating, and vaporizing tissue. They are often used in procedures such as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), bladder tumor resection, and ureteral stricture treatment.
These electrodes are typically compatible with electrosurgical generators that provide plasma-based energy. Surgeons can manipulate the electrode using specialized instruments during endoscopic procedures, allowing for precise and effective tissue treatment while minimizing patient trauma and recovery time.
- Polarity : Bipolar
- Spherical shape results in well-coagulated, smooth tissue
- Easy-to-learn vaporization technique
- Safe, controlled, and precise vaporization and removal of tissue
- Each electrode individually tested for High Frequency leak test.
- Compatible Resectoscope : Storz / Olympus / Wolf
- Provides efficient cutting of tissue
- Size : 24fr


the job gets overwhelming, you might consider getting some assistance.
 Regular repair and maintenance
Having a regular inspection done on the hydronic baseboard will ensure it keeps running smoothly.
How do you maintain the hydronic baseboard heater?
First monitor the thermostatic pressure to make sure it measures the temperature, pressure and the height of the water in the unit. Failure to check the pressure gauge could put you in a potential risk if the pressure exceeds 30 pounds. The optimal pressure should be between 12 pounds to 15 pounds.
If the pressure is too high, drain the excess water. Locate the drain valve then turn off the power unit. Then drain off the excess water until the meter is reset.
Hydronic baseboard heaters covers
Perhaps you would want to put a cover on your hydronic baseboard heater. Either because you can't find a hydronic heater that matches interior decor or you simply want to replace the one you use for reasons which could be the cover is discolored or damaged.
Don't worry, you can find a hydronic baseboard heater cover that best suits you.
Baseboard Heat Covers, Baseboard Heater Cover With Caps
This is an elegant baseboard cover with superior quality that comes in a variety of measurements available from 2 to 8 feet. Besides having long-lasting qualities, they are also easy to clean.
1. What Is A Hydronic Baseboard Heater?
You may wonder, what is a hydronic baseboard heater?
To answer the question, let's isolate each component of the word Hydronic baseboard heater.
It's called hydronic because it uses a liquid as a medium. The liquid is typically water or mineral oil.
The use of the words baseboard heater means, that the heater is installed externally on a wall near the floor as opposed to mounting inside walls or freestanding.
So a hydronic baseboard heater is a unit that uses water to some capacity and is attached to a wall at the floor level at a central position. Heating pipes are run under the floor, which is designed to be used to transfer and emit heat across several rooms or zones. This creates an inbuilt heating system.
Hydronic baseboard heaters evolved from the old hollow cast iron radiators to today's trendy and beautiful and stylish baseboard heaters.
Hydronic baseboard heaters are long and relatively slim and provide a simple, cost-effective alternative to warm up your home.
2. How does a Hydronic baseboard heater work?
Hydronic baseboard heaters are common in many homes.
However many people do not know the technical aspect of the hydronic baseboard heater.
Basically a hydronic baseboard heater uses the same principle of radiation like the sun to warm up your home.
The baseboard heater contains a heating element surrounded by a metal tube. The metal tube is filled with water.
When the heater is switched on, the electricity heats the element in the tube which then heats the water inside.
The water turns to hot which then disperses the heat to the aluminum fins along the heater tube. This heat up the surrounding air before the air starts circulating throughout the room or heating zone.
The piping system then further channels heat into more rooms. Heat is sourced from the central baseboard heater, is maintained through flow control valves. In this way, hot water regulates the temperature according to the settings on the thermostat.
convection baseboard heaters are other baseboard heaters that typically resemble hydronic baseboard in terms of design characteristics.
They are placed under windows and are used to warm up small rooms. Unlike hydronic baseboard heaters, convection heaters aren't able to diffuse the heat produced so they require a fan.
They draw cool air in from close to the floor, through the bottom and project it up and a small fan pushes the warm air out overheated fins on top of the heating unit into the room.
3. Are hydronic baseboard heaters self-contained?
Hydronic baseboard heaters are self-contained types. You can move the baseboard heater anywhere in the room.
Nevertheless, you can opt for a central location for the baseboard heaters.
4. How many hydronic baseboard heaters do I need?
You only require one baseboard heater to warm your home with hydronic baseboard heaters. For small rooms or zones use an electric baseboard heater because they are most convenient and are quick to install.
5. Will hydronic baseboard heaters freeze?
The liquid inside hydronic baseboard heaters is made specially treated water that cannot freeze regardless of the outside temperature. The asbestos material used maintains the temperature of the liquid to continue emitting heat even when the baseboard heater has been turned off.
Technology has allowed us to bring comfort to our homes during the cold months with Hydronic baseboard heaters which give a very convenient and effective source of heat to add comfort to your home.
Whenever you go shopping for baseboard heaters, it's important to consider the proper dimensions of your room size and the baseboard heater.
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English version
mast in Water topic
From Longman Dictionary of Contemporary Englishmastmast /mɑːst $ mæst/ ●○○ noun [countable] 1 TTWa tall pole on which the sails or flags on a ship are hung2 British EnglishTCB a tall metal tower that sends out radio and television signals a radio mast3 DTBa tall pole on which a flag is hung half-mast
Examples from the Corpus
mastI wanted to jump down from a mast and land right in her, but I kept my promise to Remi.He stood there like a mast.In addition, mast cells in normal colon, adenoma, or carcinoma samples consistently showed strong positive staining for cytochrome P450 3A.And, rotors are smaller than masts and sails.When Nick proposed an improved way of setting the masts in place, Mr Ching balked at the suggestion.On Brother and Toyota machines, just let the yarn hang between the yarn mast and the edge of the knitting.


text:
All the 7 Rainbow colors representing each day of creation and when combined produce white color. It is a known fact that shining white light through a prism produces the rainbow colors. White signifies purity and goodness. No wonder on the 6th day, God declared that everything he has created during the 6 days of creation as very good and blessed it on the 7th day.
Genesia1:31 God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.
Genesis2:1 Thus the heavens and the earth were completed in all their vast array.
2 By the seventh day God had finished the work he had been doing; so on the seventh day he rested [a] from all his work. 3 And God blessed the seventh day and made it holy, because on it he rested from all the work of creating that he had done.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: BACKGROUND: Qunatitation of blood flow within the cardiac chambers has been tried using digitally recorded velocity information of color Doppler flow mapping (CDFM). However, the accuracy of CDFM has not been systematically assessed. The purpose of the study was to test the accuracy of digitally recorded velocity information obtained through CDFM. Method: Using the American Society of Echocardiography flow phantom, an in vitro steady flow experiment was performed. Eight different flow fields through the phantom (84, 139, 172, 192, 232, 237, 244, 436 mL/sec) were imaged by CDFM using Hewlett Packard Sonos 2500 and all data were stored in the magneto-optical disc. Multiple aliases were visible and 7 different Nyquist limits (17, 23, 27, 37, 42, 53, 58 cm/sec) were used for recording. A fully automatic computer algorithm was used to unwrap the aliases and to convert the CDFM to digital velocity. Among 9 consecutive values at each pixel along the centerline of the phantom, median value was chosen as a representative value, which was compared to the actual value. RESULTS: In the slow velocity region, CDFM tends to overestimate the true velocity, whereas in the fast velocity region, it underestimates. At the aliasing point of 2 times Nyquist limit, there is a marked turbulence and estimation of velocity is impossible;fter aliasing, velocity information of CDFM is totally unreliable. Velocity estimation of CDFM is the most accurate at the velocity region of the Nyquist limit and shows reasonable accuracy between 0.5 x Nyquist limit and 1.5 x Nyquist limit with the error of estimation less than 15%. Conclusion: Velocity information of CDFM is accurate in the limited region and is dependent on the Nyquist limit of each measurement;this can be explained by the effect of wall filter. Baseline-shift of CDFM should be limited to the region between 0.5 x Nyquist limit and 1.5 x Nyquist limit for accurate quantitation using velocity information of CDFM.


Making A Behaviour Flow Cosmograph
behaviour-flow (1)Making a what? I saw an article on the E90E50fx guys blog about making a bilateral flow chart — a cosmograph — in Excel, and it made me think of the behaviour flow chart in Google Analytics. I got thinking this would be a great application for the idea, and I love great visualizations, especially in Excel reports! Download the workbook.
behaviour-flow-diagramCosmographs have been around since at least 1939, and they show how a set of items splits into sub-groups. Google used a version of them in the Behaviour Flow diagrams they use, and I always liked them. In case you didn't notice, you can click on one of the starting groups and select to highlight traffic through the chart from that source. Visually powerful!
In the source article, the guys provide a somewhat working example of a flow diagram, but it is very heavy in formulas and advanced Excel techniques. In a somewhat uncharacteristic move for me, I have layered yet more formulas on top of it to enable the chart to be used with Google Analytics data from the Analytics Edge Simply Free tools.
The result: an interactive behaviour flow chart showing how the top 10 sources for your website map to the top 10 landing pages. The workbook uses a mouse rollover, or interactive hyperlink technique so you simply move the cursor over the text in the left (source/medium) or right (landing page) columns and the display will highlight the traffic from/to the selected item.
Adding the Google Analytics Data
After looking at the sample provided, I quickly realized I didn't want to mess with the thousands of formulas spread across 5 worksheets. My objective was to clean it up and get it working with some Source-Landing Page data. Their visualization is based on a table of data, so my first challenge was to populate that table with my data without breaking all the formula references.
I wanted the top 10 Sources and the top 10 Landing Pages, and I while there may be some Excel wizardry that can produce an Excel pivot table like I want, dropping it into the worksheet without breaking all the formulas was highly unlikely. I took a different approach: I made three queries using Analytics Edge: the first was the Source/Medium, Landing Page, and Sessions data for my site; the second was the top 10 Source/Mediums by Sessions, and the third was the top 10 Landing Pages by Sessions.
top-10-queryGetting the top 10 reports is simply sorting the queries by Sessions and restricting the output to only 10 rows.
The big query with everything may give you problems if your site is really busy and has lots of unique pages and/or sources. In that case, you can sort descending Sessions and cap the query to 10,000 rows to limit all the little stuff. Since we are only interested in the top 10 of each, it is very likely all the meaningful combinations of the two will appear in the first 10,000 rows.
The next thing I did was to create a typical Excel pivot table of the big query results, pivoting the landing pages to the columns and the sources to the rows with the sum of sessions in the cells. The pivot table is BIG, but it should contain the combinations we are interested in. The next challenge is to get the specific combinations of the top source and the top landing page to appear in the target table. For that, I used Excel's GETPIVOTTABLE function.
=GETPIVOTDATA("Sessions",QueryResults!$E$13,$B$6,$B7,$C$5,D$6)
using-getpivottable-formula-for-top-10I grabbed the row and column labels from my top 10 queries, then grabbed each of the table cell values using the GETPIVOTTABLE function. That allowed me to lookup the #1 source and #1 landing page from the pivot table and place it in the correct position in the target table. Since I was just changing the formulas in the table cells, all the other worksheet formulas referencing them were unaffected, and they simply used the new values.
Not So Smooth
smoothing-overshoot-300x230Next on the list of modifications was to turn off the smoothing they applied to the curves in the chart. Excel's smoothing algorithm has a side effect that is overshoots the original point, and I found that distracting, so I turned it off.
You do that by selecting the chart, then from the Chart Tools-Layout ribbon, pick the Series "all", and Format Selection to open the format dialog. On the Line Style section, uncheck Smoothed line. Repeat for the Series "my_selection".
Adding Space For a Logo
I like my reports to have space at the top for a logo and a description of some kind, but the original worksheet packed everything to the top of the sheet. Inserting a few rows caused some problems with the formulas…sigh. It ended up being a simple fix, but took a while to figure it out.
=IF(ROW(A1)>ROWS(label_x),"",IF(AND(ROW(A1)=my_x...
The left and right listings used a technique of indexing based on the row number, and by inserting rows at the top, the indexes were thrown off. I had to change them to start at ROW(A1) again, and then the mouse rollover worked properly. The background highlighting was still out of sync, though.
conditional-formatting-rule-300x291It turns out they use Conditional Formatting to get that background highlighting effect, so I had to edit the Conditional Formatting Rules and perform a similar re-alignment back to ROW(A1).
=AND(ROW(A1)=my_x,2=my_y)
Now everything highlights as it should! Keep that in mind if you want a little more space…
I also moved a handful of cells from the worksheet with the chart on it to one of the other worksheets. I find it is just a bad idea to expose configuration or intermediate cells to the user on the report worksheet.
Purging Excess Formulas
The original worksheet could handle a table about 20 x 20 in size, and I was intentionally restricting it to 10 x 10. Since that translates to 4 times more formulas that must be recalculated as you move the mouse around, I took a big dive into spreadsheet hell and purged the non-essential formulas form the workbook.
If you want to get them back, you'll have to learned about the magic and mysteries of array formulas in Excel (Step1 worksheet).
Also, depending on the settings of line n_mult cell and the one immediately below it, you can affect the number of lines and gap between item groups in the chart. That, in turn must be supported by enough rows on sheets Step2 and Step3. You have been warned.
Modification Possibilities
So many things could be done with this visualization…but the easiest is to change the dimensions for the Analytics Edge queries. You can map pretty much anything to anything, and it would be done without affecting any of the formulas, so you could be done in a minute.
If you are a real glutton for punishment, you could try creating a conversion funnel with the technique. There comes a point, though, where you have to ask yourself whether Excel is the right tool for this type of visualization?
For now, this little bit works, and it's free. Enjoy!


text:
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Primary School Teachers
Keywords:Job satisfaction, Intrinsic and extrinsic factors, Private school, Public school, Primary teachers
There are several intrinsic and extrinsic factors that affect the level of job satisfaction of school teachers. This study aimed to comparatively identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors of job satisfaction among public and private primary school teachers in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan. This cross-sectional study was conducted using the quantitative method, in which all public and private primary school teachers in Multan made up the total population of the study. Out of the total population size of 6330, a sample of 400 teachers was drawn through proportionate sampling techniques. A representative proportion of the sample was taken in accordance with the size of the population of each stratum, i.e., public and private, male and female. With respect to the category of school, 144 respondents were taken from private schools, and the rest (256) from public primary schools. Out of 400 respondents, 205 were female and 195 were male. Primary data was collected using a self-developed questionnaire that was built on a 5-point Likert scale with a total of 12 scales with 64 items. The overall study hypothesized that intrinsic factors such as respect, recognition, job quality, and personal growth (M = 3.04, SD = 1.0541) and extrinsic factors such as pay, promotion, management, coworkers' behavior, training, and job security (M = 3.03, SD = 1.0437) were equally influential on teachers' job satisfaction. Moreover, there was a significant difference in the level of job satisfaction between public and private school teachers (p =.001 <.05), indicating that private teachers were less satisfied with their jobs compared to public teachers.
How to Cite
Copyright (c) 2023 Tauqeer Abdullah, Muhammad Ibrahim Khan, Syed Muhammad Uzair Shah, Shakir Ullah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Soul retrieval
Soul Retrieval
When we experience a traumatic event, whether small or large, our spirit self can become fractured and a piece of it can leave. At this time, it is disengaged and inaccessible. This leads to a drop in the vitality of our physical, mental and emotional aspects. Disease becomes more likely, "dis-ease" inevitable.
The shamanic soul retrieval process involves the practitioner seeking out and returning these spirit or soul parts. This is done primarily in non-ordinary reality with the help of benevolent spirit guides. The result of this healing is typically an increase in vitality, energy and health.


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Penshaw Monument – Monument in England
< Location :
Penshaw Monument, Houghton-le-Spring, Tyne and Wear, UK.
The Penshaw Monument, officially The Earl of Durham's Monument, was built in 1844 on Penshaw Hill between the districts of Washington and Houghton-le-Spring, within the City of Sunderland, North East England. It is dedicated to John George Lambton (1792–1840), 1st Earl of Durham and the first Governor of the Province of Canada and affectionately known as Radical Jack.
Photograph by @simoncroberts. Penshaw Monument, Houghton-le-Spring, Tyne and Wear, UK from the series #MerrieAlbion. Visitors enjoy the view overlooking Herrington Country Park from atop Penshaw Monument. The monument was built in 1844 for the first Earl of Durham, John George Lambton, becoming a National Trust property in 1939. The monument dominates the bucolic landscape, with many sources suggesting it is a half-size replica of the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens. Overlooked by Penshaw Monument is Herrington Country Park, home to one of the former collieries of the Durham Coalfield. When the colliery closed in 1985, soon after Margaret Thatcher's victory in the miner's strike, the waste heap was the biggest in North East England. Now a site of industry is transformed to a site of leisure, with walkways, cycle trails, and environmental sculptures. In addition to running a variety of shows, including the North-East Funfair, Herrington Country Park also hosts the annual Miners Memorial Service. Follow @simoncroberts to see more photographs from this series and other works. #simonroberts ##postindustriallandscape #britishlandscape #penshawmonument #landscapestudiesofasmallisland
Penshaw Monument < Monument in England


Japanese Fire-bellied Newt
Japanese fire-bellied newt has a red stomach; hence some call it red stomach newt. It is one of the endemic species of Japan. It lives in slow current water, swimming and tangling itself to water plants. Its breeding season is April to July. The tail of the male turns bluish purple. The male makes his tail form of "S" and shake it in front of the female when courting. The female lays each egg in folded water plants.
When fire-bellied newts hatch, its gills are on the outside. During this period, it lives underwater but as it learns to breathe with its lungs, it gradually comes up on land. Until it becomes an adult, it only lives on land.
Fire-bellied newts can be found all over Kagoshima. On AmamiOshima you can also find swordtail newts, a subspecies of fire-bellied newts.
Creatures of this water tank


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Effective Tax Rate Formula (Table of Contents)
- Effective Tax Rate Formula
- Examples of Effective Tax Rate Formula (With Excel Template)
- Effective Tax Rate Formula Calculator
Effective Tax Rate Formula
In a very simple language, the effective tax rate is the average rate of tax at which the income of a corporation or an individual is taxed. In the case of an individual, it can be calculated by taking a ratio of total tax expenses and taxable income and for corporations, it is calculated by dividing total income tax expense by the earnings before taxes. We should always keep in mind that the effective tax rate is not the same as the statutory tax rate or the marginal tax rate. The statutory tax rate is the dollars amount of tax levied per $100 of taxable income. On the other hand, the marginal tax rate is the rate which is applicable to additional income earned. Generally, income tax is progressive in nature. Which implies that the income is segregated into slabs and higher income slab will carry higher tax rate and vice versa. So all the income will not be taxed at the same rate and we can see what the effective tax rate is by dividing the total tax with total taxable income.
Formula For Effective Tax Rate :
Examples of Effective Tax Rate Formula (With Excel Template)
Let's take an example to understand the calculation of Effective Tax Rate in a better manner.
Effective Tax Rate Formula – Example #1
In many countries, an individual's income is divided into tax brackets and each bracket is taxed at a different rate. Let's take an example of Tax calculation in the US for individuals.
Following are the tax brackets for a single individual:
Let's say Antony is a financial analyst. His annual income is $100,000 and he put some of his income in tax savings financial instruments. Let assume that amount to be $20,000. So his taxable income is $80,000.
Since the lower limit is zero so the value of Taxable Income will be 9,325 i.e. upper limit.
Calculation of 2nd Tax Bracket:
Similarly, we will calculate the taxable income for the 3rd bracket.
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To find his effective tax rate, we need to find the tax expenses based on the above brackets.
Similarly, calculate Tax Expense for other brackets.
Then we have calculated the total of Antony's Taxable income and a total of tax expense as follows,
Effective Tax Rate is calculated using the formula given below
Effective Tax Rate = Total Tax Expenses / Taxable Income
- Effective Tax Rate = 15,738.75 / 80,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 19.67%
If you see closely, you will get to know the difference is all the three tax rates. The tax rate on every bracket is the statutory tax rate. The incremental tax rate (15% on 28,625 and 25% on 42,050) is basically the marginal tax rate. So we can see that the effective tax rate is lower than the marginal tax rate but higher than the lowest bracket income tax. The reason for that is the progressive nature of taxation.
Effective Tax Rate Formula – Example #2
Below is the extract of Amazon's financial statements to calculate the effective tax rate for a corporation.
Effective Tax Rate is calculated using the formula given below
Effective Tax Rate = Total Tax Expenses / Earnings Before Taxes
- Effective Tax Rate = 1,197,000 / 11,270,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 10.6%
- Effective Tax Rate = 769,000 / 3,802,000
- Effective Tax Rate = 20.2%
Because of the progressive tax system, all the income will not be taxed at the same rate. So individuals and companies will pay different tax for a different level of income. Effective tax rate helps us in comparing companies and taxpayers. For individuals, they might not have much leeway to decrease their effective tax rates, but for corporations, it plays a vital role and they take various measure to reduce that amount.
Every business has a unique structure, business plan, circumstances, and tax implications. Because of which, every company has a different effective tax rate which it pays. For example, companies who are not doing well and had experienced financial losses in the past, they can use their losses to decrease their taxable income. Also, for research and development costs, there are tax breaks from the government which can affect not only net income but applicable income tax rates. Similarly, corporations with operations in different countries, they may strategically choose to expand operations in those countries where the tax rates are most favorable. So in a way, they will reduce their tax amount which otherwise they have to pay if they have not chosen that country.
Relevance and Uses of Effective Tax Rate Formula
The effective tax rate is one of the measures which investors use as a profitability indicator for a company. This value can change in any direction and sometimes the changes are very drastic. But it cannot be interpreted immediately why it has happened. Sometimes this happens due to operational efficiencies or limitations. But sometimes companies can indulge in activities like asset manipulation so that they can reduce their tax burden. So one should keep a close eye on that.
It can also help us in comparing the actual tax liability of the company. For example, Let say there are 2 companies A & B who are in the same bracket of a marginal tax rate of 25%. But this will not give us a clear picture of the tax exposure of these businesses. We need to see what the effective tax rate is and then compare. So if company B has more money which is taxed at 25% than A, it will have to pay a higher effective tax rate compared to A. So if we say effective tax rate of company A is 18.5% and B is 21.3%, this will be a more accurate reflection of a company's tax liability.
Effective Tax Rate Formula Calculator
You can use the following Effective Tax Rate Calculator
|Effective Tax Rate for Individual||=||
This has been a guide to Effective Tax Rate Formula. Here we discuss how to calculate Effective Tax Rate along with practical examples. We also provide Effective Tax Rate calculator with downloadable excel template. You may also look at the following articles to learn more –
- Guide To Cost of Capital Formula
- Explanation of Cost of Debt Formula
- Calculator For Diluted EPS Formula
- How To Calculate Maturity Value?
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(G,F)-Closed set and tripled point of coincidence theorems for generalized compatibility in partially metric spaces
Abstract
In this work, we prove the existence of a tripled point of coincidence theorem for a pair {F,G} of mappings F,G:X×X×XX with φ-contraction mappings in partially ordered metric spaces without G-increasing property of F and mixed monotone property of G, using the concept of a (G,F)-closed set. We give some examples of a nonlinear contraction mapping, which is not applied to the existence of tripled coincidence point by G using the mixed monotone property. We also show the uniqueness of a tripled point of coincidence of the given mapping. Further, we apply our results to the existence and uniqueness of a tripled point of coincidence of the given mapping with G-increasing property of F and mixed monotone property of G in partially ordered metric spaces.
1 Introduction
The existence of a fixed point for the contraction type of mappings in partially ordered metric spaces has been studied by Ran and Reurings [1] and they established some new results for contractions in partially ordered metric spaces and presented applications to matrix equations. Following this line of research, Nieto and Rodriguez-Lopez [2, 3] extended the results in [1]. Later, Agarwal et al. [4] presented some new results for contractions in partially ordered metric spaces.
In 1987, Guo and Lakshmikantham [5] introduced the concept of a coupled fixed point. Later, Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [6] introduced the concept of the mixed monotone property for contractive operators in partially ordered metric spaces. They also give some applications on the existence and uniqueness of the coupled fixed point theorems for mappings which satisfy the mixed monotone property. Lakshimikantham and Ćirić [7] extended the results in [6] by defining the mixed g-monotonicity and proved the existence and uniqueness of coupled coincidence point for such a mapping which satisfy the mixed monotone property in partially ordered metric spaces. As a continuation of this work, many authors conducted research on the coupled fixed point theory and coupled coincidence point theory in partially ordered metric spaces and different spaces. For example, see [729].
One of the interesting ways to developed coupled fixed point theory in partially ordered metric spaces is to consider the mapping F:X×XX without the mixed monotone property. Recently, Sintunavarat et al. [18, 19] proved some coupled fixed point theorems for nonlinear contractions without mixed monotone property and extended some coupled fixed point theorems of Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [6] by using the concept of an F-invariant set due to Samet and Vetro [12]. Later, Kutbi et al. [23] introduced the concept of an F-closed set which is weaker than the concept of an F-invariant set and proved some coupled fixed point theorems without the condition of mixed monotone property.
In 2014, Hussain et al. [15] presented the new concept of generalized compatibility of a pair {F,G} of mappings F,G:X×XX and proved some coupled coincidence point results of such a mapping without the mixed G-monotone property of F, which generalized some recent comparable results in the literature. They also showed some examples and an application to integral equations to support the result.
The notion of a tripled fixed point which is a fixed point of order N=3 was introduced by Samet and Vetro [12]. Later, in 2011, Berinde and Borcut [30] defined the concept of a tripled fixed point in the case of ordered sets in order to keep the mixed monotone property for nonlinear mappings in partially ordered complete metric spaces and proved existence and uniqueness theorems for contractive type mappings. In 2012, Berinde and Borcut [31] introduced the concept of a tripled coincidence point for a pair of nonlinear contractive mappings F: X 3 X and g:XX and obtained tripled coincidence point theorems which generalized the results of [30]. Recently, Aydi et al. [32] introduced the concept of W-compatibility for mappings F: X 3 X and g:XX in an abstract metric space and defined the notion of a tripled point of coincidence. They also established tripled and common point of coincidence theorems in an abstract metric space.
A wide discussion on a tripled coincidence point in partially ordered metric spaces, using mixed the g-monotone property, has been dedicated to the improvement and generalization. Borcut [33] established tripled coincidence point theorems for a pair of mappings F: X 3 X and g:XX satisfying a nonlinear contractive condition and mixed g-monotone property in partially ordered metric spaces. The presented theorems extended existing results in literature. Recently, Choudhury et al. [34] established some tripled coincidence point results in partially ordered metric spaces depended on another contractions. Very recently, Aydi et al. [35] established tripled coincidence point theorems for a pair of mappings F: X 3 X and g:XX satisfying weak φ-contractions in partially ordered metric spaces. The results unified, generalized, and complemented various known comparable results by Berinde and Borcut [31]. After the publication of this work, some authors have studied tripled fixed point and tripled coincidence point theory in different directions in several spaces with applications (see [13, 14, 3248]).
In 2013, Charoensawan [44] introduced the concept of an (F,g)-invariant set and proved the existence of a tripled coincidence point theorem and a tripled common fixed point theorem for a ϕ-contractive mapping in a complete metric space without the mixed g-monotone property. Very recently, Karapınar et al. [49] showed that the notion of a transitive F-closed (or F-invariant) set is equivalent to the concept of a preordered set, and then some recent multidimensional results using F-invariant sets can be reduced to well-known results on partially ordered metric spaces.
In this work, we generalize and extend a tripled point of coincidence theorem for a pair {F,G} of mappings F,G:X×X×XX with φ-contraction mappings in partially ordered metric spaces without the G-increasing property of F and the mixed monotone property of G by using the concept of a (G,F)-closed set.
2 Preliminaries
In this section, we give some definitions, propositions, examples, and remarks which are useful for the main results in this paper. Throughout this paper, (X,) denotes a partially ordered set with the partial order . By xy, we mean yx. Let (x,) be a partially ordered set, the partial order 3 for the product set X×X×X defined in the following way: for all (x,y,z),(u,v,w)X×X×X,
( x , y , z ) 3 ( u , v , w ) if and only if G ( x , y , z ) G ( u , v , w ) , G ( v , w , u ) G ( y , z , x ) and G ( w , u , v ) G ( z , x , y ) , where G : X × X × X X is one-one .
We say that (x,y,z) is comparable to (u,v,w) if either (x,y,z) 3 (u,v,w) or (u,v,w) 3 (x,y,z).
Guo and Lakshmikantham [5] introduced the concept of a coupled fixed point as follows.
Definition 2.1 [5]
An element (x,y)X×X is called a coupled fixed point of a mapping F:X×XX if F(x,y)=x and F(y,x)=y.
The concept of a mixed monotone property has been introduced by Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham in [6].
Definition 2.2 [6]
Let (X,) be a partially ordered set and F:X×XX. We say F has the mixed monotone property if, for any x,yX,
x 1 , x 2 X, x 1 x 2 impliesF( x 1 ,y)F( x 2 ,y)
and
y 1 , y 2 X, y 1 y 2 impliesF(x, y 1 )F(x, y 2 ).
In 2009, Lakshmikantham and Ćirić in [7] introduced the concept of a mixed g-monotone mapping and a coupled coincidence point as follows.
Definition 2.3 [7]
Let (X,) be a partially ordered set and F:X×XX and g:XX. We say F has the mixed g-monotone property if, for any x,yX,
x 1 , x 2 X,g x 1 g x 2 impliesF( x 1 ,y)F( x 2 ,y)
and
y 1 , y 2 X,g y 1 g y 2 impliesF(x, y 1 )F(x, y 2 ).
Definition 2.4 [7]
An element (x,y)X×X is called a coupled coincidence point of mappings F:X×XX and g:XX if F(x,y)=gx and F(y,x)=


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Quality Framework for the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Flexible Aged Care Program
1.1 Purpose of the guideThis guide is designed to introduce the concept of quality and quality systems to a broad audience, such as indigenous staff members, Board members, service users, family and community. It uses familiar language and visual prompts.
The guide is structured around the following content:
|Standard||Expected Outcome and Guide to requirements|
|What is a Quality System?||Explains a quality system.|
|Why have a Quality system?||Explains the benefits of having a quality system. Includes examples of quality processes and prompts for services to think about when planning a quality system.|
|Implementing a Quality System||Discusses the key steps in implementing a quality system including the development of mission and vision statements, a strategic plan and policies and procedures. |
Explains how policy and procedures underpin service delivery and provides simple definitions and examples of easy to follow formats to assist services develop the necessary documentation.
|Continuous Quality Improvement||Explains the purpose of CQI and the CQI model. Discusses conducting, recording, and reporting quality activities. Emphasises the importance of systems to capture and act upon opportunities for improvement from all stakeholders.|
|Quality Improvement Plans||Discusses the purpose of a Quality Improvement Plan.|
Provides an example plan and quality System checklist.


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SafeWork NSW has reported an accident where a truck driver has been crushed by an excavator bucket.
A 70-year-old truck driver was fatally crushed while unloading a 400-500kg excavator sieve bucket from a semi-trailer. The bucket was lashed to the semi-trailer. When the chains holding the bucket were released, the bucket slid and toppled off the truck, crushing the worker between the bucket and a bridge beam on the ground next to the truck.
Businesses must implement 'reasonably practicable' control measures to manage the risks associated with loading and unloading mobile plant equipment.
- check that the load has not shifted during transportation before releasing the transportation restraints
- develop and document a Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS), in consultation with your workers, for unloading plant and equipment with a crane. Make sure all relevant workers understand and implement the SWMS.
- where necessary, sling the load to lifting equipment, such as a crane, prior to releasing the transportation restraints
- determine the weight or centre of gravity of the load, and the slinging technique to be used. A Dogging High Risk Licence is required for this type of work
- establish exclusion zones to make sure people are not placed within potential fall zones
Read more Mining Safety News


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Submitted to: American Chemical Society Abstracts
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: 10/3/2006
Publication Date: 10/25/2006
Citation: Peterson, S.C. 2006. Optimizing the fractionation of soy protein isolate for use as a biomaterial filler [abstract]. American Chemical Society Abstracts. p. 148. Interpretive Summary:
Technical Abstract: Nearly all rubber used today utilizes filler materials for strength and various other application-specific properties. The most common filler on the market today is carbon black, which is produced by the burning of petroleum. Using renewable biomaterials as fillers would reduce dependence on petroleum and avoid pollution issues associated with carbon black production. Recent research using various soybean materials such as defatted soy flour, soy spent flakes, and soy protein isolate has shown that fillers that compare favorably in both performance and cost characteristics can be made from these products. In general, the smaller the filler particle size, the better strengthening properties it has. In this study, variables including temperature, pH, and centrifugation were all examined to determine what conditions produced the smallest soy protein isolate particles for filler material.


Title
The Role of HIF1-Alpha in Regulating Carbonic Anhydrases within the Nucleus Pulposus
Document Type
Presentation
Presentation Date
5-29-2014
Abstract
Hypotheses:
Carbonic anhydrases plays an essential role in maintaining the homeostasis of the disc microenvironment due to its hypoxic nature.
HIF1-alpha plays a crucial role in CA regulation within NP cells and as a result disc degeneration may be related to inappropriate CA regulation.
Presentation: 12 minutes
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Environmental Initiatives: Air Emissions
- A stringent preventative maintenance program is in place whereby flue gas emissions, combustion efficiency, oxygen levels and CO2 levels are monitored monthly by an independent, accredited company.
- In terms of air emissions, Belgotex complies with South African legislation and bylaws.
- We make use of superior quality coal that has a high calorific value. This means that it is cleaner burning and low in phosphorus.
- All our forklifts have been changed to LPG Gas


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A group of researchers from Japan has examined how the hold position of a red blood cell affects its mechanical characteristics in tensile tests.
The tensile test is the most fundamental type of mechanical test in material science to understand mechanical properties of material of interest. Although the tensile test has also been used in cellular mechanics, large variations were found in experimental data unlike metallic materials. Conventionally, the variations were attributed to sample-to-sample variations as is common in biological studies. Yet the researchers, who have been engaged in tensile tests of cells for many years, experienced difficulties in controlling the hold position of cells under a microscope using a needle and a micropipette, and hypothesized that differences in the hold position yielded the experimental errors.
The researchers reproduced the tensile test of a red blood cell in silico using a particle method that describes the motion of fluid and the structure as the collective behavior of particles. This method allows a fluid-structure interaction analysis with ease compared to other numerical methods such as finite element methods.
The results show significant varitions in the deformed geometry of the red blood cell during the tensile test, as well as variations in strain distribution. Of the hold patterns examined, with an applied strain of 0.8, the misaligned stretch increased the maximum of the first principal strain by 65-85% in comparison to the aligned stretch.
Although it would be ideal to precisely align the hold position with the stretch to gain correct data, this represents a significant practical challenge. A take-home message of this study is that, for the interpretationof RBC tensile test results, we should always bear in mind that tensile test data are significantly affected by the hold position.
Masanori Nakamura & Yoshihiro Ujihara
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saitama University, Japan


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Drilling method for DTH hammer in soil layer
Drilling method of pneumatic down-the-hole hammer in soil layer: impact compaction drilling method. The mechanism is mainly to use the impact force generated by the pneumatic down-the-hole hammer hammer = hammer to insert the drill bit forward. At the same time, under the action of the rotating force, the drill bit is continuously rotated by a certain angle, and the cutting teeth on the compacted drill bit will be scraped into a thin layer by the compacted soil layer, reducing the frictional resistance of the tail end. In addition, when the pneumatic DTH hammer hammer high-frequency impact drill bit, it also gives the drill a certain vibration force, which is the liquefaction of the soil layer and destroys the original structure of the soil layer. Under the combined action of impact force, turning force and feeding force, the soil particles are rearranged and combined to form strong adhesion and adsorption force.
Drilling method for Dth hammerin in egg-gravel layer
DTH Hammer Drilling Method in egg-gravel Layer: It is characterized by driving the down-the-hole hammer with compressed air to make the water or mud circulating. The drilling efficiency is high and is not affected by the back pressure caused by water pressure. Deep hole large diameter drilling is available.
Drilling method of Dth hammer in hard rock formation and bedrock formation.
Pneumatic submersible hammer drilling method in hard rock formation and bedrock formation: in this type of drilling, the rock is broken into fine cuttings under the repeated strong impact of the hard alloy teeth on the surface of the embedded bit, and the cuttings are brought out of the hole by the air flow excluded by the wind impact DTH hammer.


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Using the YCEO Lab
The Yale Center for Earth Observation (YCEO) is a research and teaching lab dedicated to the study of the earth from space. This lab is a centralized facility for all Yale University students, faculty, and staff who need to process and analyze satellite images as part of their research and academic work. We provide and support ENVI remote sensing software.
Due to the specialized nature of satellite images, as well as the complexity of the software to process these images, the YCEO is not an open computing cluster of the University. Accounts are granted to individuals who have an understanding of satellite images and the software used to process them. Anyone wishing an account at the YCEO should submit a YCEO Account Request form.
For those interested in learning more about remote sensing and satellite image processing, there are a variety of educational options. An introductory remote sensing course Observing the Earth From Space is taught each Spring, with other courses and workshops offered occasionally. The Links Tab at the top of this page has references to a large body of remote sensing and GIS information.
Please contact Tarek Kandakji if you would like to discuss the potential of satellite remote sensing and how the YCEO can assist with your project/research needs.


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Beloved Sarasota High School
Articles: Sarasota History
The red brick and glazed terra cotta, Late Gothic Revival, three-story with a 4 ½ -story entrance tower building located at 1001 South Tamiami Trail, was designed by architect M. Leo Elliott as the Sarasota High School in 1926. The school was completed in 1927 and the first senior class graduated in 1928. Designed in the "Collegiate Gothic" style, the rectangular, irregular plan masonry wall structure was set on a high base of limestone and concrete laid in imitation of limestone. The flat roof surfaces were protected by flat parapets ornamented with label-enframed and cusped crenellations. At the east elevation appeared a two-story wing which was parallel to the three-story west elevation.
The massive tower entrance to the school on U.S. 41 is marked with brick pier buttresses, which terminated at the top of the tower projection in glazed terra cotta cluster columns. Ornate crocket projections formerly pierced the skyline, but were removed at an unknown date. The tower was ornamented with various combinations of colonettes, crockets, tracery, quatrefoils and bosses, all Gothic Revival motifs, executed in ornamental glazed terra cotta.
The construction of Sarasota High School was part of a county-wide program which included the erection of South Side Elementary School and Bay Haven Elementary School. The school expansion program coincided with the land "Boom" upward rise of real estate prices; as a result, the high school site was purchased for $317,000. In The Story of Sarasota, author Karl Grismer commented that the "tract upon which the school (Sarasota High School) was located, cost more than the Florida Mortgage and Investment Company, Ltd., paid for the entire site of Sarasota - and 50,000 acres beside - in 1885!" Bond issues in excess of $1,500,000 were used to float the land acquisition, construction and operating costs required by the school expansion program.
The construction of the three schools was indicative of the Cambridge, Massachusetts planner, John Nolen, in his Comprehensive Plan for the City which was published in 1925. He advised in his report that four elementary schools be built, two of which were constructed (Bay Haven and Southside). He also recommended that a new high school be built on Osprey Avenue between 12th and 16th Streets. An alternate site on South Tamiami Trail was selected by the County School Board.
The architect, M. Leo Elliott was also responsible for the designs of Bay Haven and Southside in 1926. Mr. Elliott was a remarkably eclectic designer and was equally as adept working in the Gothic Revival in his Sarasota High School design. The school is a prominent landmark in the City of Sarasota. In addition to the school design, Mr. Elliott was also responsible for the design of the second skyscraper in the City; the former First National Bank building on the southwest corner Main Street and Palm Avenue, subsequently called the Orange Blossom Hotel. The first 'skyscraper' was the Hotel Sarasota on the northeast corner of Main Street and Palm Avenue.
Today the Sarasota High School historic building is going to be given a new life as a modern art museum. Sarasotans are grateful this memorable educational institution will be preserved and be a place to be enjoyed for many years to come.


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A wave of bad weather hit many areas of the country on Thursday.
Rain and thunderstorms occurred in Attica, causing quite a bit of traffic disruption . In Crete, the lightning strikes created an eerie scene.
According to the Observatory's meteo, by the afternoon, 7,500 lightning had fallen. The heavy rains and thunderstorms that occurred today in the Ionian, on the mainland and in Attica, have resulted in the Athens National Observatory's "ZEFS" lightning recording system recording a total of about 7,500 lightning by the afternoon.
According to the Athens National Observatory's network of automatic meteorological stations, the highest amounts of rain by the afternoon had been recorded at the Vatopedi Monastery (53mm), at Kastritsi of Achaia (36mm), at Romanos Patras (33mm). Attica (32mm).
The bad weather continues
From the early hours of Friday to noon of the same day, rain and thunderstorms will occur on the eastern continents and in the Aegean. Then, and by noon on Saturday, the effects will again affect the whole country, with the strongest expected in eastern Thessaly and eastern Solidarity, Euboea and the Peloponnese.
Hailstorms are expected from Thursday noon until the early hours of Friday mainly in the Ionian, Epirus, Western Solidarity, Peloponnese, Southern Aegean and Crete. Then there is the possibility of hailstorms for the Ionian and Western Peloponnese until Friday afternoon. Snowfall will occur locally only at very high altitudes in the country.
The temperature will fall mainly on the continent's maximum values. The northern winds in the Aegean will not exceed 7 beaufort, while in the Ionian they will only be enhanced on Friday and will blow from eastern directions up to 6 to 7 beaufort.
Source – iefimerida.gr


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The kids will have a blast at Rocket Day at Port Discovery Children's Museum in Baltimore Saturday.
Port Discovery will be offering a day of programming designed to inspire the young minds of future space explorers with its first Rocket Day on Nov. 16, 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Targeted to kids ages 6 years and older, Rocket Day visitors will have the chance to learn more about space science, view space artifacts, and build and launch their own rockets.
Representatives from the Volanz Aerospace Inc. Spaceflight Institute, a non-profit organization that provides space science and space-related high technology education opportunities to students of all ages, will be giving educational presentations and presenting space-related artifacts every 30 minutes between noon and 3:30 p.m.
In addition, from 10 a.m.–1 p.m., representatives from the National Electronics Museum will be helping children build their own foam rockets and test-launch various rockets on an air compressor launcher.
Admission to Port Discovery is $13.95 for ages 2 and up. To learn more about Port Discovery's exhibits and upcoming events, visit Port Discovery's website.
Check the Chesapeake Family calendar to find more great events for the family.


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WINDSOR — Tuesday is the 10th anniversary of the Windsor tornado, arguably the most devastating tornado in Colorado's recorded history.
This tornado was rare for Colorado in a few ways.
- Strength was an EF3 (there have been 24 EF/F 3 rated tornadoes in Colorado since 1950).
- Path was nearly 40 miles long (second-longest in Colorado history).
- Mile-wide at one point (widest in Colorado history).
- Headed to in a northwest direction.
- Developed in the late morning, just before 11:30 a.m.
An interactive map can show the path of the tornado and all others in Colorado and the nation from 1950 to 2015.AlertMe


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[postgis-users] Aggregate Functions
pramsey at refractions.net
Thu Feb 20 09:48:30 PST 2003
What is an aggregate function? A function which works on a result set
and returns a summary. For example,
select max(salary) from employees
select mean(age) from patients
Both queries return a *single* value, the aggregate result.
What is a spatial aggregate? Same thing, only with goemetries. I really
look forward to being able to do this to create a single drainage
polygon for a river system:
select union(geom) from watersheds where ws_code > '_PHONE_'
Things might get confusing, because the opengis spatial operators will
have the same name but different arguments.
select union(a.geom,b.geom) from a,b where a.id = b.id
The standard union() function is a pairwise union.
I hope that confuses things substantially. :/
| Paul Ramsey
| Refractions Research
| Email: pramsey at refractions.net
| Phone: _PHONE_
More information about the postgis-users


text:
the article through here: martinhilbert.net/WorldInfoCapacity.html
- Digital Communication. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. 2005. ISBN 978-0-07059117-2. _URL_
- Bit Calculator – a tool providing conversions between bit, byte, kilobit, kilobyte, megabit, megabyte, gigabit, gigabyte
- BitXByteConverter – a tool for computing file sizes, storage capacity, and digital information in various units
Original source: _URL_ Read more


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Theory Seminar
How to Prove Lower Bounds from the Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis
Seth PettieUniversity of Michigan
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Perspective graduate students are encouraged to come, and the new time is meant to accommodate them.
The Strong Exponential Time Hypothesis (SETH) states that CNF-SAT (the satisfiability problem on n-variable k-CNF formulae when k is
unbounded) requires at least 2^{(1-o(1)) n} time. Assuming that SETH is true, it is possible to obtain numerous lower bounds on other problems of interest, including problems known to be solvable in polynomial time! In this talk I'll survey a couple lower bounds conditioned on SETH.
— Given an undirected, unweighted graph G=(V,E), it is easy to compute a 2-approximation of its diameter in linear time. Assuming SETH, any (3/2-eps)-approximation must take time O(|E|^{2-o(1)}).
— The Frechet distance is a measure of similarly between pairs of polygonal curves with length n. It is trivial to compute the discrete Frechet distance in O(n^2) time. Assuming SETH, no O(n^{2-eps}) time algorithm exists.
This talk covers material from
K. Bringmann. Why walking the dog takes time: Frechet distance has no strongly subquadratic algorithms unless SETH fails, FOCS 2014, and L. Roditty and V. V. Williams. Fast Approximation Algorithms for the Diameter and Radius of Sparse Graphs, STOC 2013.
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Definitions for gas bladder
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word gas bladder
 1. gas bladder(Noun)
 An internal organ that fish use to control their buoyancy, allowing them to maintain or change depth by changing their density.
 1. Swim bladder
 The swim bladder, gas bladder, fish maw or air bladder is an internal gas-filled organ that contributes to the ability of a fish to control its buoyancy, and thus to stay at its current water depth without having to waste energy in swimming. Also, the dorsal position of the swim bladder means the center of mass is below the center of volume, allowing it to act as a stabilizing agent. Additionally, the swim bladder functions as a resonating chamber, to produce or receive sound. The swim bladder is evolutionarily homologous to the lungs. Charles Darwin remarked upon this in On the Origin of Species. Swim bladders are found in many bony fish, but are not found in cartilaginous fish. In the embryonic stages some species, such as redlip blenny, have lost the swim bladder again, mostly bottom dwellers like the weather fish. Other fish like the Opah and the Pomfret use their pectoral fins to swim and balance the weight of the head to keep a horizontal position. The normally bottom dwelling sea robin can use their pectoral fins to produce lift while swimming. The cartilaginous fish do not have swim bladders.
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text:
The following steps will guide you on how to view or print weekly, monthly or termly role call reports for a class.
- Click on Form Teacher.
- Select Make Roll Call.
- Select a class.
- Choose View Role Call Reports.
- Select from the first drop-down from the left whether to view weekly, monthly or termly reports.
- Choose the week to view (week 11, for instance).
- Click on the role call.
- Click the Print Report button.


text:
The MuleSoft APIKit facilitates REST API implementation from RAML definitions. This toolkit is a framework with the ability to create Mule flows, mapped from the implementation of an API defined within a RAML (see APIKit Tutorial). Implementation of an API in this manner follows best practices, ensuring API-first development.
Developing tests for the flows generated by the APIKit can be done fairly easily using another framework available from MuleSoft, MUnit. This framework provides testing capabilities and is fully integrated with Maven, allowing for automated testing during the build process. It requires a plugin for Anypoint Studio.
There are two ways to test the flows generated by the APIKit. The first is by invoking flow references. The other is to test through the APIKit Router. The latter provides the ability to test the flows as they would be invoked during runtime, based on the RAML, which is the focus of this blog.
Test Suite Creation
To create a test suite for the APIKit flows, in Anypoint Studio right click the APIKit Router and select to create a test suite for RAML:
Once this is done, a test suite is generated that contains one flow for each resource/action/response code combination defined within the RAML (i.e. Employees/get/200, Employees/get/404). Since the same RAML was used to generate the API flows as well as the flows in the test suite, greater code coverage will be achieved.
Along with automatic generation of the test flows, the MUnit test suite creation process also adds assertions within each of these flows that validates the returned http status and payload. The status returned from the invocation of the API flow is compared with an expected response code, as defined when the test flow was generated (resource/action/response code as mentioned above).
The other assertion that is generated automatically is one that compares the actual output returned from the API flow to an expected output. The expected output is generated during the test suite creation using the value specified for the example response (as shown in diagram above). If the example payload defined within your RAML is different then the intended expected results for a given test, a best practice is to define the expected results within an external file, stored in src/test/resources. Use the getResource function to read the file contents as shown below:
Additional assertions can be added depending on the testing requirements.
MUnit has mocking capabilities that ensure isolation of the test, where changes to external systems have no impact. This is accomplished by creating mocks for endpoints or connectors defined within the API flow. One or more mocks can be added to the test flow, with each defining a mock payload response. Attributes can also be defined to specify the criteria for which the mock will used.
To add a mock to a test, drag a mock component to the test flow:
Within the mock element, choose a message processor that is intended to be mocked. This would be the external endpoint within the API flow for the given test scenario:

The payload returned from the mock should reflect the Java type (i.e. String, Map, ArrayList, etc.) that the external endpoint being mocked returns.
Attributes can be added to further qualify the condition(s) for the mock. For example, the following defined attribute will cause the payload to be returned only if the input value, groupKey, is set to the value contained in Value:
XML:
For flows that test an error response (i.e. Employees/get/404), a configuration is necessary to alleviate a testing error like "Response code 404 mapped as failure". Add the status code value range within the HTTP advanced tab as shown below:
XML:
Ensure the MUnit test suite configuration for the mock-connectors and mock-inbounds are both set to "false":
XML:
You will know that these are set incorrectly if you receive the following error while invoking the test:
Flow endpoint is null, APIKIT requires a listener ref in each of it's flows
Running the Tests
Within Anypoint Studio, the test suite can be executed by right clicking on the test suite configuration file (i.e. api-apikit-test.xml) found in src/test/munit, select Run As->MUnit. The results of the test can be viewed within the MUnit tab:
Running of these tests within Studio is beneficial during developing/refactoring of the tests, the real power comes during the build process in Maven. Because the framework is fully integrated with Maven, the tests are included in the build, run before the application is packaged. The build will fail if any of the MUnit tests fail, ensuring that only tested code is packaged for deployment, one of the tenets of Continuous Integration.


text:
Figures released by SQM Research this week have revealed that the number of residential vacancies increased during June, recording a 2.3% vacancy rate nationally and 69, 258 vacancies.
This result reflects a genuine upward trend in vacancies around the country, with the highest result since the December 2013 seasonal spike.
- Nationally, vacancies increased during May, recording a vacancy rate of 2.3% and coming to a total of 69,258 nationally.
- Melbourne recorded the highest vacancy rate of the capital cities, revealing a vacancy rate of 2.7% and a total of 12,073 vacancies.
- Darwin, Hobart and Adelaide have all recorded the tightest vacancy rate of the capital cities, all revealing a vacancy rate of 1.6% and a total of 424, 472 and 2,645 vacancies respectively.
- Perth has recorded the highest yearly increase in vacancies, climbing by 0.9 of a percentage point to 2.5% since the corresponding period of the previous year (June 2013) and coming to a total of 4,716 vacancies.
- Hobart recorded the largest yearly decrease in vacancies, falling by 1.0 percentage points to 1.6% since the corresponding period of the previous year (June 2013).
- Melbourne recorded the highest monthly increase in vacancies, rising 0.3 of a percentage point to 2.7%.
- Hobart was the only capital city to record a monthly decline in vacancies, dropping by 0.2 of a percentage point to 1.6% during June 2014.
With Hobart being the only capital city to record a monthly vacancy rate decrease, the remainder recorded either steady figures or rises during the month of June.
Melbourne has edged it way back up toward the 3% mark, revealing a vacancy rate of 2.7%, with Perth not far behind at 2.5%.
[sam id=37 codes='true']Interestingly, Perth's vacancy rate has loosened considerably since the corresponding period of the previous year (June 2013) where vacancies were recorded at 1.6%. Darwin has similarly climbed in rental vacancies, surging from 0.8% in June 2013 to 1.6% in June 2014.
Hobart has headed in the polar opposite direction, falling from a vacancy rate of 2.6% in June 2013 to 1.6 percent in June 2014.
With gradual increases continuing to be witnessed in recent months, SQM Research is strongly of the opinion that a definite slowdown in the nation's rental market is occurring.
Further to this, SQM Research's Asking Rent's Index has revealed a monthly stagnation in the capital city average's asking rent with no change recorded month-on-month for houses, and a 0.7% decrease in asking rents for units. For each capital cities Asking Rent's breakdown, click here.
At this stage the market is increasingly favouring tenants across the country.
While this is not yet a rout for landlords, it certainly is at a stage where rents will unlikely rise above inflation for the next 12 months. This means that rental yields will continue to fall, thereby reducing the net cash flows for new property investors in the market place.
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Stata The Stata listserver
RE: st: question on chow test
From Richard Williams <>
Subject RE: st: question on chow test
Date Sun, 20 Feb 2005 15:06:25 -0500
At 11:19 AM 2/20/2005 -0800, Daniel Schneider wrote:
If you say "testparm g2x1 g3x1 g4x1, equal" tests whether the effects of
x1 are the same in all groups, what is the difference to "testparm g2x1
g3x1 g4x1" which should test the same thing (at least that is what I
figured out and what you confirmed some lines above)?
No, the tests are different. -testparm g2x1 g3x1 g4x1- tests whether there are differences in the effects of x1 between any of the 4 groups. -testparm g2x1 g3x1 g4x1, equalallows the three groups to differ from the reference category; but it tests whether the effect of x1 is the same in groups 2, 3 and 4. For example, suppose your groups are white, black, other, with white as the reference category. The effect of x1 for blacks and others might significantly differ from the effect for white; but the effect of x1 may not be significantly differ between blacks and others. You might do things like this if you are trying to identify what the important contrasts are. Is it sufficient to simply distinguish between whites and non-whites, or are there differences among the subgroups of the non-whites?
Lets assume I have following coefficients:...
I also have a second group of coefficients:...
Again, differences among groups are statistically significant.
Can I make a meaningful discussion of the values of the differences
between the coefficents, for example claiming that the differences for
x2 are stronger because the differences are larger? I am personally feel
uncomfortable with just talking about statistical significance without
talking about effect strength and in this case the effect strength
should be buried in the difference, but I am not sure if it is correct
to really discuss the differences in this way.
Well (a) X1 and X2 have to be measured in the same metric of course, and (b) you'd still want to do significance tests as to whether, say, g4x2 really was larger than g4x1. Doesn't much appeal to me, but maybe if I knew what the variables were and the underlying theory I'd think differently.
> There are potentially zillions of tests you can be doing
> here, so you want
> to be careful you aren't just capitalizing on chance.
Sure, that's correct. My only problem is that I have four variables that
all could be different across groups, but don't have to (actually I have
more, but I am willing to hold the others constant based on theoretical
assumptions and my research interests).
Or is it better to run several separate regressions and leting only one
of the variables vary across groups while holding the others constant?
In that case I could use the simple testparm command as outlined in the
FAQ to test the differences of a specific variable.
I'd probably want to run the single regression. I'd also probably want to focus on the most critical contrasts, e.g. do the effects of x1-x4 differ across groups or don't they? If you do want to try out all the different possibilities, you should go for more stringent significant levels. But, the more complicated you make this, the more difficult it will be to interpret, and the more likely you are to come up with results that may be ideosyncratic to your data set. Just my opinion, others may disagree.
* For searches and help try:


text:
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CMOS-compatible long-range dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides featuring long propagation lengths and strong mode confinements are designed and studied using the finite-element method. The waveguide composition includes a Si3N4 ridge on the top of a thin metal stripe deposited on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer with a thin top SiO2 layer produced by thermal oxidation. All the materials chosen in the design are compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology and can be integrated with plasmonic, electronic and photonic components. Influence of various waveguide parameters on the waveguide characteristics is analyzed, including the thicknesses of the Si layer and the SiO2 layers, the dimension of the ridge, as well as the parameters of the metal stripe. It is found that, at the telecom wavelength of 1.55 μm, the propagation length of CMOS-plasmonic waveguides can reach 1.07 mm with a lateral mode confinement of ~1.18 μm and 4.43 mm with a lateral mode width of ~2.32 μm. The bending loss and coupling length are both calculated to evaluate the applicability of the proposed device for high density integration and a figure of merit is proposed to show the tradeoff between the propagation length and the lateral mode width in the application of plasmonic devices.


What does L-Methionine do for your for hair?
What does L-Methionine do for your for hair?
Nutrafols previous post talked about L-Methionine as an ingredient but what exactly does the substance do for your hair? Here is the answer to that question.
A recap of what L-Methionine is
L-Methionine is something known as methionine and it is classified as an essential amino acid. And although methionine may not be the most well-known nutrient out there, researchers have discovered its many uses. It is important for the functions of many different types of cells throughout your body.
and a recap of what it is used for…
The amino acid is taken as a supplement for different reasons and these are the most common ones:
 - For some health conditions, such as Parkinson's disease and colorectal cancer.
 - Improving bone strength
 - Weight loss
But maybe the most important thing it is used for is…
For healthy hair, skin and nails. Since L-Methionine is a building block protein tissue, many people take it to help their hair grow, their nails stay strong, and their skin remain youthful and healthy.
So let's talk about how L-Methionine works for your hair, skin and nails
This amino acid together with L-Cysteine, B complex vitamins, and other nutrients helps your body to manufacture new protein tissues. L-Methionine can not be manufactured directly by your body, so to be able to get your necessary supply, you need to depend on your dietary sources and supplements.
The key element of L-Methionine is sulfur. To manufacture keratin in the hair shaft, you need the sulfur. And methionine is one of four amino acids that contain sulfur (L-Cysteine being the other one). Methionine is also one of only three amino acids that help your body to build creatine, a protein that is necessary for your muscle growth and energy.
What does L-Methionine do for your for hair?
Methionine also reduces breakage and hair loss so try to include some L-Methionine supplements.
The benefits of L-Methionine
L-Methionine plays an important role to the health of your hair, skin and nails so taking this sulfur-rich compound is something that you should consider including in your everyday diet. Taking a beauty supplement that contains L-Methionine will boost the availability of protein building blocks that your body needs to make keratin and collagen. And that means beautiful hair and skin, as well as nails.
Photos by: Marciaaa. and Bharat Kumar via Flickr.


text:
The Maldives: A Pivotal Conduit for Sanctions-Dodging Shipments to Russia
Unveiling the Unseen Role of the Maldives
Renowned for its azure waters and year-round sun, the Maldives is a popular destination for holidaymakers and honeymooners. But beneath the veneer of this idyllic paradise lurks an unseen role – a key transit point for shipments circumventing sanctions against Russia. This revelation comes from a report by Nikkei Asia, which includes the transfer of US-made semiconductors to Russia.
Analyzing the Surge in Semiconductor Shipments
An analysis of Russian customs clearance data reveals that around 400,000 US-made semiconductors, with a combined worth of $53.6 million, were shipped to Russia via the Maldives in the year following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. These shipments were valued at over $50,000 each, placing the Maldives second only to China, including Hong Kong, in terms of such imports in the year after the invasion. Notably, there were no records of such semiconductor shipments from the Maldives to Russia prior to the invasion.
The Economic Impact
The total value of these shipments equates to a staggering 20% of the Maldives' total exports in 2021, which amounted to around $280 million. This sudden surge in economic activity is significant for the island nation, raising questions about the broader implications of this clandestine trade.
Correlating the Resumption of Flights and Semiconductor Shipments
Interestingly, a sharp increase in semiconductor shipments was noted in May 2022, coinciding with the resumption of flights between Male, the Maldivian capital, and Moscow by Russian airline Aeroflot. These flights had been suspended following the invasion of Ukraine in February, suggesting a correlation between aerial connectivity and the movement of these goods.
Unmasking the Exporters
According to the customs data, 14 exporters were involved in shipping semiconductors from the Maldives to Russia. None of these companies appear to be based in the Maldives, raising further questions about the real origins of these shipments. Among them is the London-based Mykines Corp, which exported roughly $40 million worth of chips, accounting for 80% of the total shipments.
The Role of Freight Forwarders
Freight forwarders or intermediaries that link shippers and transporters and manage customs procedures on their behalf are crucial to these shipments. The number two company on the list, Hong Kong-based Pixel Devices, confirmed its exports to Russian companies, claiming strict adherence to export control laws applicable to Hong Kong entities and denying any violation of applicable regulations. However, the company declined to comment on potential sanctions violations against Russia or questions about the Maldives.
Unraveling the Intricacies of Sanctions-Dodging
This expose of the Maldives' role in enabling sanctions-skirting shipments to Russia underscores the complexities and the often unseen dimensions of international trade. As governments and international bodies impose sanctions to exert political pressure, the ingenuity of those seeking to evade these restrictions continues to challenge these efforts. The case of the Maldives serves as a stark reminder of the need for robust mechanisms to monitor and enforce these sanctions effectively.
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Page last updated at 13:31 GMT, Thursday, 5 February 2009
Where does road salt come from?
The Magazine answers...
With heavy snow falls all week, supplies of the rock salt are running low. Where does the salt scattered by gritters come from? Forget all those notions about political dissidents with pickaxes.
Salt Union photo of continous miner machine
From here, beneath the ground in Winsford, Cheshire...
De-icing or gritting salt is nothing like the white grains we use to season food. Made from crushed rock salt carved out of underground mines, it is brownish in colour and resembles gravel.
The salt used to melt ice and add traction on the UK's snow-covered byways comes not from the sea but from three main mines - the Salt Union's Winsford Rock Salt Mine in Cheshire, Cleveland Potash in Teesside and the Irish Salt Mining and Exploration Company in County Antrim.
These deposits were formed millions of years ago when the UK and Ireland were covered by inland seas. Over time, the seawater evaporated, leaving vast salty deposits that were gradually covered over. Some are 100m deep, others well over 1.6km - a mile - underground.
Salt mine (photo courtesy of
Salt now used instead of traditional grit made of sand and small stones
De-icing salt is rock salt carved from mines deep underground
Mine deposits formed as ancient bodies of salt water dried up
Today rock salt is extracted by machines known as continuous miners fitted with rotating steel cutting picks which grind salt from the walls of these vast cathedral-like spaces.
"The salt is then carried away from the cutting surface by conveyor belts to be crushed and treated further," says Salt Union spokeswoman Katie Moffat.
It is treated with anti-caking agent, then put into storage to await transportation to gritting depots by lorry or rail.
Those who work the salt mines are trained engineers who keep the machinery running - a far cry from the pickaxes and buckets used in the mines' early days in the 1800s, when rock salt was primarily used for salt licks - blocks of salt - for animals.
Rock salt is now used for winter highway maintenance as salt lowers the freezing point of water to below zero Celsius - how low depends on the concentration of salt to water.
Gritter being loaded with salt
... to the gritting lorries
This means when salt is spread over a road or a footpath, it either melts the snow and ice as it dissolves, or helps prevent ice forming.
After heavy snow throughout this week and more forecast to fall, de-icing salt has been in such demand that council stocks are running low. And to restock when the roads are slick with ice can be problematic, so supplies are being rationed. Meanwhile, production has been stepped up at Salt Union's mine which has been working 24 hours a day since the beginning of January.
But as well as drilling salt for the nation's byways, Salt Union has also found a use for the spaces left over by mining - storing important documents.
"A salt mine is clean and dry, with huge caverns carved over time, leaving giant pillars of rock salt for stability," says Ms Moffat. "With low humidity, no water and no UV light, it's perfect for archive document storage."
Question mark floor plan of BBC Television Centre
As well as storage rooms, the spaces formed by extraction also form road-sized pathways for the miners and mining equipment to move around between cutting surfaces.
The Salt Association, the trade body for producers, estimates the UK's salt mines to have about 225km (140 miles) of tunnels - almost as long as the M5 motorway. Which is itself in need of de-icing after Thursday's blizzards.
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text:
Consider the following guidelines when you define the design.
- The size of the design should be adequate
- The sample size and power should be desirable for a practically important effect size.
- The design should have 2 to 20 components
- To define a mixture experiment in Minitab, you must have at least two components that are continuous. If you do not have at least two components, you don't have a mixture.
- The design can have up to 7 process variables
- Process variables are factors in an experiment that are not part of the mixture but may affect the response. For example, the adhesive properties of a paint may depend on the temperature at which it is applied.
- The run order should be randomized for data collection
- If the worksheet contains a column that contains the run order, you can specify that column when you define the design. Otherwise, you can randomize the design after you define the design with.