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The Castle that Rabbits Built
In 1920, a Central Otago farmer began building a red brick "castle," funded by the meat and skins from the pests on his land. More than a century later, two Aucklanders are trying to finish the job — if they can get permission.
It sounds like it was a wasteland. When Stephen Spain took on the lease for Earnscleugh Station in 1902, the last leaseholder had walked off the property, abandoning it to the Crown after a bitter winter took out half his flock and rabbits had grazed the land bare. But Spain must have thought he could make a go of it. In less than 20 years, the rabbits would make him a fortune.
The 10,000-hectare property is in one of the harshest environments in the country, rising from the dry river flats bordering the Clutha River, to the 1682-metre summit of the Old Man Range, a slumping hulk of schist eroded into enormous wind-scaped tors. According to Māori mythology, these rock towers are the frozen remains of a slain man-eating giant, Kopuwai, and his two-headed hunting hounds.
There's plenty of local yarns swirling around Earnscleugh still. "You get a lot of stories," says Marco Creemers, one of the new owners of Earnscleugh castle, the grand homestead which stands on part of the station. "And a lot of different versions of the same story, and you're never quite sure what's true."
Back in the 1860s, Central Otago's first European settlers brought sheep, then rabbits. Alfred Strode was the first run-holder at Earnscleugh, a veteran of the Wellington Militia fighting in the Hutt Valley and Whanganui in the 1840s who later became police magistrate of Otago. He took on the farm's lease in 1862, just months before the Central Otago gold rush began, which probably proved a bigger boon than sheep's wool or meat.
The station was managed by William Fraser, a 22-year-old Scotsman who later married Strode's daughter, Ellen, became a partner in the farm and went on to become a government minister and knight of the realm.
It was Fraser's idea to bring in the bunnies. He's believed to have been the first to release rabbits in Otago in the 1860s. Initially they were a protected species — Fraser apparently prosecuted a poacher for shooting rabbits on the property. In a little over a decade, he was paying shepherds to shoot them and released ferrets to keep them in check.
Fraser inherited the station from his father-in-law and sold it in 1893 after being elected to parliament, later serving as Minister of Public Works in William Massey's government. The new owner, a WS Laidlaw, didn't last long. The winter of 1895, one of the harshest the country had ever seen, killed off half the station's flock — and almost a million sheep throughout New Zealand. The rabbits left little feed to help the flock recover and Laidlaw surrendered the lease in 1898. He had been reportedly "reduced from a wealthy man to a near-penniless one".
Then came Stephen Spain. According to a Heritage New Zealand report, Spain was "born in a tent on the banks of the Clutha River" near Roxburgh in 1862, the year of the gold rush, grew up in Ophir and went on to become a butcher and a baker in Alexandra.
Papers Past reveals he had been in some strife. He features relatively regularly in the court news. He was charged with not paying his Otago Daily Times subscription in 1893, he defaulted on a cheque in 1894, and was charged with "allowing pigs to wander in a public place" in Alexandra the same year. Then he faced bankruptcy proceedings in 1895.
Somehow, by 1902, he had got enough money together to take on the lease at Earnscleugh. At first it seems the rabbits were more profitable than the sheep. One source claims he employed 32 men for five months, killing a not-inconsiderable 250,000 rabbits.
Spain used the profit from selling rabbit skins to buy stock and was regarded in the district as "a rabbit farmer." But within five years, The Press reported he was shearing a flock of over 12,000 sheep.
Soon the rabbits began showing their worth. During World War I, Spain started a factory in an old brewery in Alexandra canning rabbit meat for the war effort. Local records show the factory employed 90 people at its peak, mostly exporting the meat to Britain and the United States. Under a lucrative contract with the British War Office, the two-pound cans sold for $82.69 each in today's money. The factory could process up to 15,000 rabbits a day, producing 24,000 cans. The skins weren't wasted either: they sold for £1 per pound.
There may have been some subterfuge in this success. Local records claim the cans were mislabelled as "chicken", and a Heritage New Zealand report said "according to rumour" shipments destined for France were labelled "poulet".
By 1919, Spain had amassed a fortune worthy of a castle. He commissioned Edmund Anscombe, one of the top architects of the time, to design a 21-room manor, complete with servants' quarters, stables for his racehorses and a coach house. Anscombe had designed some of Dunedin's most notable and grandiose buildings, including Otago Girls High School (1910 and 1921), and parts of the iconic University of Otago clocktower block and the Haynes' Building (1914) on Princes St, now known as the Savoy. He went on to design the buildings in the grandiose 1939 Centennial Exhibition and later designed the Post and Telegraph building on Wellington's waterfront.
The castle was built in the early 1920s, a red brick "Jacobethan" building — a combination of Jacobean and Elizabethan styles popular in England and the United States at the time. Heritage New Zealand calls it an "eccentric design" and "a tangible manifestation of that tendency of New Zealand runholders to indulge in displays of conspicuous consumption".
But the building was never completed. Anscombe's designs show it with a plastered façade covering much of the brick work and the concrete pillars. Spain ran out of money. Britain's market was flooded with canned meat in the 1920s and the rabbit-canning factory closed in 1924. The subsequent Great Depression also hit Spain's investments, and rabbits abounded at Earnscleugh again.
The castle became known locally as "Spain's Folly" for its eyewatering cost (close to $1 million in today's money) and the fact it was built on Crown-owned leasehold land meaning he was unlikely to be compensated for the manor if he sold the lease or if it wasn't renewed.
Spain died in 1940. The building stayed in the family, but a feud saw it literally divided down the middle. A brick wall was built down the centre and out into the garden to separate the families of the two siblings living there. The saga was alluded to in the 1969 memoir Castle on the Run, written by Spain's granddaughter Gay McInnes, who grew up in the castle in the 1930s.
The Spains sold the castle in 1948. The lease was taken on by a couple of farming and orcharding families. It was freeholded in 1996 and was put on the market last year. Now, new owners have come to Earnscleugh.
If permission is granted, restoration of the castle is expected to take 18 months and finish a project 100 years in the making. Photo: George Driver
Marco Creemers and Ryan Sanders were living in an Auckland apartment, thinking of a life in the country when they learned the castle was for sale. Sanders emailed the listing to his husband, Creemers, saying "stuff it, we'll live here".
They're not exactly this-could-be-us Escape to the Chateau dreamers — they have both property experience and the funds to bring Earnscleugh back to glory. Creemers has been general manager and projects director for 32 years for the Friedlander family's Samson Corporation, one of the largest commercial property owners in Auckland, with a portfolio that includes a fair number of heritage buildings. Starting as a labourer in the company, Creemers is cited as one of the most influential figures in the city's real estate scene.
Sanders grew up in Canterbury and began his career as a professional rugby player, playing for Scottish clubs in the early 2000s. He went on to work in recruitment for a banking firm there, when he realised New Zealand was becoming a bucket-list tourism destination. He put his life savings into starting a tourism business, Haka Tours, in 2007, getting a head start on the tourism boom of the 2010s. In 2019, Deloitte named Haka Tourism Group New Zealand's fastest-growing tourism brand. It now has a portfolio that includes a network of backpacker accommodation under the brand Haka Lodges that employs 190 staff.
Sanders and Creemers flew south for a visit to Earnscleugh on a rainy day in March last year. When they first saw the imposing brick facade, after bumping over rain-filled potholes down the long, unsealed drive, Creemers exclaimed, "Oh my god, we are going to buy this aren't we?"
The couple bought it for what was reportedly "slightly ahead" of its $8.46 million rateable value, along with 12 hectares split off from Earnscleugh Station (which is still a working property of 21,000 ha).
The couple have ambitious plans


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As a common practice, the fitting parameters of deep material network (DMN) are initiated randomly in the optimization process. Since the SGD algorithm converges to a band of local minima close to the "global minimum", the structure of trained DMN strongly depends on the initial parameters. Meanwhile, the stochasticity of SGD in choosing the mini-batches also introduces uncertainty of the final structure at the early stage of training. With random initialization, the DMN databases trained for different RVEs are not analogous to each other in terms of the topological structure, so that a continuous migration between different database can not be realized through direct interpolation of the fitting parameters.
In this aspect, transfer learning of DMN is more advantageous as all the databases can be originated from the same pretrained database, and hence converge to similar network structures. With the DMN interpolation technique, we are able to generate a unified set of databases covering the full-range structure-property relationship. Another motivation of transfer learning is to improve the convergence of training by reusing the knowledge from pretrained networks.
Since the databases created from transfer learning share the same base structure, intermediate databases can be generated by interpolating the fitting parameters. The unified databases show encouraging micromechanical results of predicting the volume fraction effect on elastic properties for 2D particle-reinforced composite.
The idea of database interpolation opens the possibility of incorporating multiple microstructural descriptors to derive a more general design map. From our perspective, it is promising to use the DMN framework with transfer learning and database integration in a broad class of materials design problems where reliable and efficient structure-property relationships are desired.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This calculator can solve for one piston excursion parameter while changing the
other variables. For example: tell the calculator the number of drivers,
cone diameter, desired volume level, a frequency and it will calculate how much
driver excursion (Xmax) is required to achieve this assuming a sealed box or
infinite baffle alignment.
This calculator is only valid for sealed box or infinite baffle alignments.
Xmax excursion is center to peak ("one-way") which is usually half of
the peak to peak value.
These are excursion limited numbers. It is assumed that
amplification and driver power handling are not a factor.
Vented alignments will typically have double the driver's Xmax values at
F3, this shows the efficiency inherent in the vented alignment.
Isobariks should be calculated with half the number of drivers, since
all we are interested in is how large the radiating surface is and how much air
it can move. Isobariks change effective box volume and that is not what
is of interest here.
These equations don't follow the max 194dB limit in 1 atm. They
track nicely until you get to the extremes (example: 10000 drivers or an Xmax
of 300 feet or a driver with a diameter of a quarter mile). As things
get huge the point source model falls apart.


text:
DooBlockPatterns Wordpress Plugin - Rating, Reviews, Demo & Download
Create custom block patterns. The patterns can be designed just like you design a blog post or a page with the block editor.
You can assign any category or keywords.
- Create custom patterns from one or more blocks in the post editor
- Group your patterns in categories
- Optionally add any keywords or aliases that help users discover it while searching in the inserter
- Create custom pattern categories
- Set a viewport width to optimize the scaled width of the preview in the block inserter
- Add an optional hidden text if the title does not fully describe what the pattern does.
- Locate and click on the 'Doo Block Patterns' menu item in the sidebar admin menu.
- Click on the 'Add New' button.
- Give your pattern a name.
- Start writing or choose any blocks you want to be part of your pattern.
- Publish the pattern.
- Go to a test post or page and locate your pattern in the Block Inserter under the pattern tab and click on it.
- The block pattern will now be added to your page. All contained blocks are now independent of the original pattern and can be edited as any regular block.


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Definition of Teratogen, warfarin as
Teratogen, warfarin as:The anticoagulant warfarin (COUMADIN) is a known teratogen, an agent that can disturb the development of the embryo and fetus and lead to birth defects.
Warfarin taken by a woman during pregnancy can cause bleeding into the baby's brain (cerebral hemorrhage), underdevelopment (hypoplasia) of the baby's nose and stippling of the ends (the epiphyses) of the baby's long bones.
Last Editorial Review: 6/14/2012
Back to MedTerms online medical dictionary A-Z List
Need help identifying pills and medications?
Get the latest health and medical information delivered direct to your inbox FREE!

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Parenthood is good for your health.
That's one way of looking at the data in a new study that compares death rates among couples with and without children. After examining data on more than 21,276 Danish couples who tried to get pregnant, researchers calculated that women who gave birth to a child were four times more likely to be alive at the end of the study period compared with women who remained childless. The benefit to men was smaller but still significant — those who fathered children were twice as likely to be alive compared with men who remained childless.
The couples in the study all sought treatment for infertility; some of those who didn't get pregnant using in vitro fertilization went on to adopt children. These parents also seemed to get a health boost — the mothers in this group were 33% less likely to die compared with women who never had children, and the adoptive fathers were 45% less likely to die.
Previous studies have found a correlation between parenthood and mortality, with the lowest risk of premature death going to couples with two kids. (Of course, everyone has a 100% risk of death in the long run.) But none of this data prove that raising kids is responsible for a longer life.
The authors of the new study, published Wednesday in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, also noted that these data offer a better look at the link between parenthood and health because all of the parents in the study wanted to become parents — that's why they tried fertility treatments. In other studies, it was possible that childless couples were fundamentally different from parents in ways that influenced their health.
The study also examined the link between parenthood and mental health. It found that couples with their own biological children had the same rates of psychiatric illnesses as childless couples. But mothers and fathers of adopted children saw their risk drop by about half.
Return to the Booster Shots blog.
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text:
The History Museum was proclaimed number one in the Best University Museum nomination.
The competition, which was held for a first time, is co-organized by the Association of Museums of Tatarstan with support from the Ministry of Culture of Tatarstan and National Museum of Tatarstan.
Over 80 applications were made from projects completed in 2017 – 2019. Apart from our History Museum, the other winners are Kazan Kremlin (Best State Museum), Apastovo Area Studies Museum (Best Municipal Museum), and Kachalov Drama Theater Museum (Best Corporate Museum).
Director of the KFU Museum Complex Svetlana Frolova noted, "Not only do we engage in exhibitions and multimedia presentations, but also organize a number of cultural and educational events. Starting in 2016, the History Museum and its subsidiaries – Lobachevsky Museum, Kazan Chemistry School Museum, and Zavoisky Museum Laboratory – have been holding performance tours, master classes, and quests. Some of these quests and games are Journey through the University Space, Expedition, and Museum Labyrinth. Lobachevsky Museum offers a course comprising museum tours, interactive exhibitions, quests, and trivia quizzes."
The Museum of the Year award ceremony will be held later.
Source text: Larisa Busil
Photos: History Museum of Kazan Federal University
Translation: Yury Nurmeev

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


کد مقاله کد نشریه سال انتشار مقاله انگلیسی ترجمه فارسی نسخه تمام متن
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عنوان انگلیسی مقاله
Gas modifier assisted re-circulation mode high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS)
موضوعات مرتبط
مهندسی و علوم پایه شیمی شیمی آنالیزی یا شیمی تجزیه
پیش نمایش صفحه اول مقاله
Gas modifier assisted re-circulation mode high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS)
چکیده انگلیسی
- The gas-saving detection with a closed-loop arrangement allows a FAIMS to be used in applications such as on-site detection.
- LOD, gas flow rate stability, gas and sample reserve time of this FAIMS system were investigated respectively.
- With helium modifiers applied, the separation capacity of the FAIMS system was remarkably improved.
In a regular FAIMS system, a carrier gas is used to drive samples through the drift tube. Thus, high consumption of sample and carrier gas can be expected, especially when multi-cycle detection is needed for high precision detection. In this study, a novel re-circulation mode FAIMS was developed. Ion separation capacity and limit of detection (LOD) of this FAIMS system were investigated. The stability of this FAIMS system was also studied by changing the flow rate of the carrier gas. Using this newly designed re-circulation mode FAIMS system, the detection results of o-, p- m- xylenes in pure nitrogen and helium/nitrogen mixtures were compared. The sample and the carrier gas reserve time which ensure the success of multi-cycle detection was examined. The characteristic parameters (Î±2,Î±4) and their deviation were also precisely calculated through 18 CV â DV spectra. Results show that 0.6Â ng o-xylene can be detected in a 25Â ml closed loop re-circulation arrangement. The effective detection time is 6.2Â min in this detection process. In fact, the sample and the carrier gas used in this experiment are 70 and 826 times less than a regular open loop FAIMS system respectively. The peak position and the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of the obtained CV-DV spectra stay almost unchanged during th.entire experiment process. The ion signal peaks can be fitted with a Gauss curve, which means that the stability of the carrier gas flow rate fully meet the requirement for on-site detection. Furthermore, the use of a helium modifier is studied and proved to be an effective method to improve the detection capacity of the FAIMS for VOCs. In conclusion, the gas-saving re-circulation design along with the gas modifiers provide new opportunities for FAIMS systems to be applied on-site high precision chemical detection.
Schematic of the closed loop for FAIMS running in re-circulation mode. The entire closed loop design consists of a micro rotary vane pump, a rotameter, a buffer/cooler vessel, a sample injector, a filter, and of course a FAIMS chip. A rotary vane pump (FÃ¼rgut GmbH) was chosen in this study because of the low impurity interference compared to a membrane pump. Pulsation problem caused by pump electromotor can be solved by adding a simple vessel on the vacuum side of the pump which acts both as a buffer to absorb the pressure shocks and a cooler to reduce heat generated by the pump. For the purpose of long duration monitoring of the flow rates, we connected a rotameter into the loop. It also acts as a buffer for the pulsation. A quartz sample injector was designed for sample introduction. Samples were introduced by a micro-syringe through a capillary connected to the injector.111
ناشر
Database: Elsevier - ScienceDirect (ساینس دایرکت)
Journal: International Journal of Mass Spectrometry - Volume 414, March 2017, Pages 8-12
نویسندگان
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Tag: mental imagery
Muscle Strength Is In The Mind: Just Imagining Arm Exercises Creates A Tangible Effect On The Body
Brain and brawn aren't mutually exclusive—that, in fact, they have more in common than they ever thought. In a small study recently published in the Journal of Neurophysiology, researchers found that much of muscle strength is based on brain activity, rather than on the mass of the muscles themselves. "There's a fair amount of evidence that you'll activate the same parts of the brain doing imagery as you do if you're actually doing the task itself," explained Brian Clark, a physiology professor at Ohio University and the study's lead author. "The basic thought is that the imagery is allowing the brain to maintain those connections."
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aws_xray_sdk.core.context
Module Contents
log
MISSING_SEGMENT_MSG = cannot find the current segment/subsegment, please make sure you have a segment open
SUPPORTED_CONTEXT_MISSING = ['RUNTIME_ERROR', 'LOG_ERROR']
CXT_MISSING_STRATEGY_KEY = AWS_XRAY_CONTEXT_MISSING
class Context(context_missing='RUNTIME_ERROR')
Bases:object
The context storage class to store trace entities(segments/subsegments). The default implementation uses threadlocal to store these entities. It also provides interfaces to manually inject trace entities which will replace the current stored entities and to clean up the storage.
For any data access or data mutation, if there is no active segment present if will use user-defined behavior to handle such case. By default it throws an runtime error.
This data structure is thread-safe.
context_missing
put_segment(self, segment)
Store the segment created by xray_recorder to the context. It overrides the current segment if there is already one.
end_segment(self, end_time=None)
End the current active segment.
Parameters:end_time (int) – epoch in seconds. If not specified the current system time will be used.
put_subsegment(self, subsegment)
Store the subsegment created by xray_recorder to the context. If you put a new subsegment while there is already an open subsegment, the new subsegment becomes the child of the existing subsegment.
end_subsegment(self, end_time=None)
End the current active segment. Return False if there is no subsegment to end.
Parameters:end_time (int) – epoch in seconds. If not specified the current system time will be used.
get_trace_entity(self)
Return the current trace entity(segment/subsegment). If there is none, it behaves based on pre-defined context_missing strategy.
set_trace_entity(self, trace_entity)
Store the input trace_entity to local context. It will overwrite all existing ones if there is any.
clear_trace_entities(self)
clear all trace_entities stored in the local context. In case of using threadlocal to store trace entites, it will clean up all trace entities created by the current thread.
handle_context_missing(self)
Called whenever there is no trace entity to access or mutate.
_is_subsegment(self, entity)


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Stem cell factor is a multifunctional cytokine, which may play an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.OBJECTIVE:
To detect serum stem cell factor levels in rat models with chronic renal failure, and to study the relationship between serum stem cell factor and the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.METHODS:
Thirty-six healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into model group (adenine lavage in order to establish the rat model with chronic renal failure) and control group (physiological saline lavage at equal volume). Six rats from both groups were sacrificed respectively at weeks 4, 8 and 12. Some serum and urine indicators were detected. Serum stem cell factor levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. The extent of renal interstitial fibrosis was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining, and the renal interstitial fibrosis indices were calculated. Correlation between the serum stem cell factor and renal interstitial fibrosis indices was analyzed.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
Compared with control group, the blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, serum stem cell factor and renal interstitial fibrosis indices were significantly higher in model group at different time points (P < 0.01). Moreover, the above indicators were gradually increased with the extension of lavage days, the serum stem cell factor level was positively correlated with blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and the degree of renal interstitial fibrosis (P < 0.01). The results suggest that stem cell factor may participate in the pathogenesis and progression of renal interstitial fibrosis.


text:
Pub. date: 2009 | Online Pub. Date: December 16, 2009 | DOI: 10.4135/9781412972048 | Print ISBN: 9780761929574 | Online ISBN: 9781412972048| Publisher:SAGE Publications, Inc.About this encyclopedia
Development journalism is a type of reporting and writing on topics related to the process of economic development. Its supporters define it as independent journalism that highlights news of development projects, provides critical coverage of development planning and programs, and informs readers of how the development process is affecting them. Although the concept of development journalism sounds simple, it has been highly politicized since it was first created in the 1960s. Much of the debate over development journalism has focused on the issue of press freedom, and whether or not a commitment to covering economic development from a positive and even "emancipatory" perspective is fundamentally at odds with freedom of the press. In its early days, development journalism was linked to theories of communication and development and was thus affected by the politics of the cold war. In an era of heightened rhetoric over modernization and the best way to...


text:
Digital Heritage Mapping of Medieval Routes : Retracing Pilgrimage to Conques through the Liber Miraculorum Sanctae Fidis
|Year of publication
|Chapter of a book
|MU Faculty or unit
|This study explores the Liber Miraculorum sanctae Fidis, a collection of stories recording the miraculous deeds of St Foy, the patron saint of Conques. It examines the significance of the precise geographical references in the text and analyzes the motivations and perspectives of the multiple authors who compiled the Liber Miraculorum in the eleventh century. By developing a topographical map of the mentioned locations, the study investigates the relationship between the monastic community, their patron saint, and the surrounding lands. It specifically focuses on the northeastern region of Conques and proposes that the emphasis on miracles and the construction of chapels in this area was related to the pilgrimage boom in the mid-eleventh century and served as a strategy to control the arrival route of pilgrims. The study concludes that the Liber Miraculorum and similar sources are valuable for reconstructing medieval pilgrimage routes and discussing their tangible and intangible heritage.


text:
The dart flight is one of the most essential parts of the dart. The flight helps to keep the dart stabilized, allowing it to keep a consistent flight path. It works by cutting through and dividing the airflow, reducing drag.
With such importance put on the dart flight, you'll want to ensure that your flights are kept in perfect condition. In which case, we'd recommend something called a dart flight protector.
We've highlighted some of the main features of dart flight protectors, below.
Why use a Dart Flight Protector?
The most pivotal role played by flight protectors is to keep your flights in their original shape. Although there isn't a perfect flight shape that is suitable for all types of darts, you must keep your flights free from becoming bent or damaged to maintain optimum performance.
This is the where your dart flight protectors come in. By using a perfect flight protector, you can maintain that the flight holds it's desired shape.
How to Use a Flight Protector
When fitting your flight protectors, it is essential to follow a set of standards, these include:
- Make sure to maintain the same flight shape with all 3 of your darts
- Avoid changing the flight shape frequently
- Try to spread the dart flight yourself before using a flight protector
Keeping the flights in the uniform 'X' shape guarantees the perfect flight of your dart. However, there are numerous shapes of flights, such as: Kite, Pear, and Electro. Flight protectors are easy to use. You just need to clip it around the flight.
Benefits of Using Flight Protectors
Using a flight protector can be beneficial in many ways. Firstly, it helps your flight to maintain a good shape, even after prolonged use. As a result, the dart will continue to fly with an aerodynamic shape, minimizing the chances of drag and air resistance.
Furthermore, using a flight protector will also reduce the unwanted movement of the dart, once it's airborne. Enhancing your chances of hitting the desired target.
Below are some other benefits of using flight protectors:
- Flight protectors prevent the flight from any damage
- Keeps the flight wings in their original shape
- Sticks to the dart flight securely
- Very cheap
No doubt, dart flights offer a wide range of advantages. Plus, they're cheap and really easy to install. Therefore, you'd be stupid not to purchase them to protect your own set of darts. Here's a cheap set we found on Amazon.


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We present here the construction and application of a compact benchtop time-resolved Kerr magnetometer to measure the magnetization precession in magnetic thin films and lithographically patterned elements. As opposed to very expensive femtosecond lasers this system is built upon a picosecond pulsed injection diode laser and electronic pulse and delay generators. The precession is triggered by the electronic pulses of controlled duration and shape, which is launched onto the sample by a microstrip line. We used polarized optical pulses synchronous to the electronic pulses to measure the magneto-optical Kerr rotation. The system is integrated in a conventional upright microscope configuration with separate illumination, imaging, and magneto-optical probe paths. The system offers high stability, relative ease of alignment, sample changing, and a long range of time delay. We demonstrate the measurements of time-resolved dynamics of a Permalloy microwire and microdot using this system, which showed dynamics at two different time scales.
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes


Build instance. You will need the original alienfile and the build root (usually _alien). root my $dir = $build->root; This is just a shortcut for: my $root = $build->install_prop->{root}; Except that it will be created if it does not already exist. install_type my $type = $build->install_type; This will return the install type. (See the like named install property above for details). This method will call probe if it has not already been called. set_prefix $build->set_prefix($prefix); Set the final (unstaged) prefix. This is normally only called by Alien::Build::MM and similar modules. It is not intended for use from plugins or from an alienfile. set_stage $build->set_stage($dir); Sets the stage directory. This is normally only called by Alien::Build::MM and similar modules. It is not intended for use from plugins or from an alienfile. requires my $hash = $build->requires($phase); Returns a hash reference of the modules required for the given phase. Phases include: configure These modules must already be available when the alienfile is read. any These modules are used during either a system or share install. share These modules are used during the build phase of a share install. system These modules are used during the build phase of a system install. load_requires $build->load_requires($phase); This loads the appropriate modules for the given phase (see requires above for a description of the phases). probe my $install_type = $build->probe; Attempts to determine if the operating system has the library or tool already installed. If so, then the string system will be returned and a system install will be performed. If not, then the string share will be installed and the tool or library will be downloaded and built from source. If the environment variable ALIEN_INSTALL_TYPE is set, then that will force a specific type of install. If the detection logic cannot accommodate the install type requested then it will fail with an exception. download $build->download; Download the source, usually as a tarball, usually from the internet. Under a system install this does not do anything. fetch my $res = $build->fetch; my $res = $build->fetch($url); Fetch a resource using the fetch hook. Returns the same hash structure described below in the hook documentation. decode my $decoded_res = $build->decode($res); Decode the HTML or file listing returned by fetch. Returns the same hash structure described below in the hook documentation. prefer my $sorted_res = $build->prefer($res); Filter and sort candidates. The preferred candidate will be returned first in the list. The worst candidate will be returned last. Returns the same hash structure described below in the hook documentation. extract my $dir = $build->extract; my $dir = $build->extract($archive); Extracts the given archive into a fresh directory. This is normally called internally to Alien::Build, and for normal usage is not needed from a plugin or alienfile. build $build->build; Run the build step. It is expected that probe and download have already been performed. What it actually does depends on the type of install: share The source is extracted, and built as determined by the alienfile recipe. If there is a gather_share that will be executed last. system The gather_system hook will be executed. system $build->system($command); $build->system($command, _USER_); Interpolates the command and arguments and run the results using the Perl system command. log $build->log($message); Send a message to the log. By default this prints to STDOUT. meta my $meta = Alien::Build->meta; my $meta = $build->meta; Returns the meta object for your Alien::Build class or instance. The meta object is a way to manipulate the recipe, and so any changes to the meta object should be made before the probe, download or build steps. META METHODS prop my $href = $build->meta->prop; Meta properties. This is the same as calling meta_prop on the class or Alien::Build instance. add_requires Alien::Build->meta->add_requires($phase, $module => $version,...); Add the requirement to the given phase. Phase should be one of: configure any share system interpolator my $interpolator = $build->meta->interpolator; my $interpolator = Alien::Build->interpolator; Returns the Alien::Build::Interpolate instance for the Alien::Build class. has_hook my $bool = $build->meta->has_hook($name); my $bool = Alien::Build->has_hook($name); Returns if there is a usable hook registered with the given name. register_hook $build->meta->register_hook($name, $instructions); Alien::Build->meta->register_hook($name, $instructions); Register a hook with the given name. $instruction should be either a code reference, or a command sequence, which is an array reference. default_hook $build->meta->default_hook($name, $instructions); Alien::Build->meta->default_hook($name, $instructions); Register a default hook, which will be used if the alienfile does not register its own hook with that name. around_hook $build->meta->around_hook($hook, $code); Alien::Build->meta->around_hook($name, $code); Wrap the given hook with a code reference. This is similar to a Moose method modifier, except that it wraps around the given hook instead of a method. For example, this will add a probe system requirement: $build->meta->around_hook( probe => sub { my $orig = shift; my $build = shift; my $type = $orig->($build, _USER_); return $type unless $type eq'system'; # also require a configuration file if(-f '/etc/foo.conf') { return'system'; } else { return'share'; } }, ); ENVIRONMENT Alien::Build responds to these environment variables: ALIEN_INSTALL_TYPE If set to share or system, it will override the system detection logic. ALIEN_BUILD_RC Perl source file which can override some global defaults for Alien::Build, by, for example, setting preload and postload plugins. ALIEN_BUILD_PKG_CONFIG Override the logic in Alien::Build::Plugin::PkgConfig::Negotiate which chooses the best pkg-config plugin. ALIEN_BUILD_PRELOAD semicolon separated list of plugins to automatically load before parsing your alienfile. ALIEN_BUILD_PRELOAD semicolon separated list of plugins to automatically load after parsing your alienfile. DESTDIR This environment variable will be manipulated during a destdir install. PKG_CONFIG This environment variable can be used to override the program name for pkg-config for some PkgConfig plugins: Alien::Build::Plugin::PkgConfig. ftp_proxy, all_proxy If these environment variables are set, it may influence the Download negotiation plugin Alien::Build::Plugin::Downaload::Negotiate. Other proxy variables may be used by some Fetch plugins, if they support it. SUPPORT The intent of the Alien-Build team is to support as best as possible all Perls from 5.8.1 to the latest production version. So long as they are also supported by the Perl toolchain. Please feel encouraged to report issues that you encounter to the project GitHub Issue tracker: Better if you can fix the issue yourself, please feel encouraged to open pull-request on the project GitHub: If you are confounded and have questions, join us on the _TAG_ channel on The Alien-Build developers frequent this channel and can probably help point you in the right direction. If you don't have an IRC client handy, you can use this web interface: SEE ALSO Alien::Build::Manual::AlienAuthor, Alien::Build::Manual::AlienUser, Alien::Build::Manual::Contributing, Alien::Build::Manual::FAQ, Alien::Build::Manual::PluginAuthor alienfile, Alien::Build::MM, Alien::Build::Plugin, Alien::Base, Alien AUTHOR Author: Graham Ollis Contributors: Diab Jerius (DJERIUS) Roy Storey Ilya Pavlov David Mertens (run4flat) Mark Nunberg (mordy, mnunberg) Christian Walde (Mithaldu) Brian Wightman (MidLifeXis) Zaki Mughal (zmughal) mohawk2 Vikas N Kumar (vikasnkumar) Flavio Poletti (polettix) Salvador Fandiño (salva) Gianni Ceccarelli (dakkar) Pavel Shaydo (zwon, trinitum) Kang-min Liu (劉康民, gugod) Nicholas Shipp (nshp) Juan Julián Merelo Guervós (JJ) COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE This software is copyright (c) 2017 by Graham Ollis. This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.


text:
- CLUSTERO – Romanian Cluster Association
The purpose of the association is to promote, revival and economic development of Romania by supporting the creation, development and cooperation between clusters at regional, national and international level.
iTech Transilvania by ARIES Transilvania joined the association in 2014.
- Cluster Collaboration
It is a networking platform for European clusters (organizations and members) in order to improve their competitiveness and growth by stimulating trans-national and international cooperation.
- The Cluster Observatory
The Cluster Observatory is an online platform, free and easy to use providing a single point of access to information and analysis on clusters, cluster organizations and regional microeconomic framework conditions in Europe. In addition, it offers a library and a classroom for training in clusters.
- THE BALKAN CLUSTER NETWORK
"The Balkan Cluster Network" was founded in November 2012 by the association of over 25 organizations and cluster support institutions. The main objectives of the network are:
- Contribute to the strategic planning of the development of clusters in the Balkans;
- To contribute to the intelligent development in the Balkans;
- Provide support for public-private dialogue in the development of clusters in the Balkan countries;
- Clusters interconnections (C2C), promotion and internationalization of clusters in the Balkans.


KWWidgets/Projects/3DWidgets/Widgets/TheWidgets/SphereWidget
From KitwarePublic
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vtkSphereWidget
Description
3D widget for manipulating a sphere
This 3D widget defines a sphere that can be interactively placed in a scene.
The vtkSphereWidget has several methods that can be used in conjunction with other VTK objects. The Set/GetThetaResolution() and Set/GetPhiResolution() methods control the number of subdivisions of the sphere in the theta and phi directions; the GetPolyData() method can be used to get the polygonal representation and can be used for things like seeding streamlines. The GetSphere() method returns a sphere implicit function that can be used for cutting and clipping. Typical usage of the widget is to make use of the StartInteractionEvent, InteractionEvent, and EndInteractionEvent events. The InteractionEvent is called on mouse motion; the other two events are called on button down and button up (any mouse button).
Some additional features of this class include the ability to control the properties of the widget. You can set the properties of the selected and unselected representations of the sphere.
Classes Used
 - vtkSphereWidget
 - vtkSphereRepresentation
 - vtkActor
 - vtkCellPicker
 - vtkPolyDataMapper
 - vtkProperty
 - vtkSphereSource
Class Diagram
3DWidgets class arch sphere.jpg
Using the widget (example code)
vtkSphereWidget * sphereWidget = vtkSphereWidget::New();
vtkSphereRepresentation * sphereRep = sphereWidget->GetRepresentation();
Basic event handling is automatically generated so no need to set up a callback/event translator unless you need to change the way the events are handled. In such a case use GetEventTranslator() which returns a pointer to the vtkWidgetEventTranslator in use. Thereafter, you can set event handling directly to this translator.
Anything affecting the widgets representation can be accessed using the sphereRep as shown above, such as PlaceWidget(double bounds[6]).
To set a representation other than the default vtkSphereRepresentation, instead of calling sphereWidget->GetRepresentation(), which instantiates the default representation if none exists, use SetRepresentation(vtkSphereRepresentation *r) to pass an instance of a representation inheriting from vtkSphereRepresentation.
KWWidgets: [Welcome | Site Map]


text:
|Total length||200 m (656.2 ft)|
|Width||25 m (82.0 ft)|
|Height||34 m (111.5 ft)|
|Daily traffic||Dual carriageway|
The Victory Bridge or Haghtanak Bridge (Armenian: Հաղթանակի կամուրջ Haght'anaki kamurj) is an arch bridge for traffic linking across the Hrazdan River in Yerevan, Armenia. It connects the Mashtots Avenue in the east with the Admiral Isakov Avenue in the west. It was opened on 25 November 1945 and named the Victory Bridge to commemorate the Soviet victory over Nazi Germany at the end of World War II.
It was designed by architects A. Mamijanyan and A. Asatryan and consists of seven arches.


text:
I've been making garlic butter for years, storing it for months at a time. When I read that garlic-in-oil can grow dangerous amounts of botulinum toxins after similar lengths of time, I wondered how safe garlic butter is and why.
Evidently, the safety warnings specifically target storage in oil. I couldn't find a satisfactory explanation for butter not being mentioned with a preliminary search. The first Google result turns up a grossly unhelpful Yahoo! Answers page whose sources do not mention butter at all.
To the point: is garlic butter safer than garlic-in-oil, and why? Is butter not also an anaerobic environment, so that the same precautions should apply as with oil?


Package bison
A GNU general-purpose parser generator
_URL_
Bison is a general purpose parser generator that converts a grammar
description for an LALR(1) context-free grammar into a C program to
parse that grammar. Bison can be used to develop a wide range of
language parsers, from ones used in simple desk calculators to complex
programming languages. Bison is upwardly compatible with Yacc, so any
correctly written Yacc grammar should work with Bison without any
changes. If you know Yacc, you shouldn't have any trouble using
Bison. You do need to be very proficient in C programming to be able
to use Bison. Bison is only needed on systems that are used for
development.
If your system will be used for C development, you should install
Bison.
Version: 3.7.6
General Commands
bison GNU Project parser generator (yacc replacement)


a method. Again the function implies that we want to do something to the values along the way, while the method is the type of search we wish to perform. In the traverseDFS, we have a fallback: preOrder search in place.
Now, how is each one different? First, let's dispatch inOrder. It should be self-explanatory but it isn't. Do we mean in order of insertion, in order of highest to lowest or lowest to highest? I just wanted you to consider these things beforehand. In this case, yes, it does mean lowest to highest.
preOrder can be thought of as Parent, Left Child, then Right child.
postOrder as Left Child, Right Child, Parent.
BinarySearchTree.prototype.traverseDFS = function(fn, method){ let current = this.root; if(!!method) this[method](current, fn); else this._preOrder(current, fn);};
BinarySearchTree.prototype._inOrder = function(node, fn){ if(!!node){ this._inOrder(node.left, fn); if(!!fn) fn(node); this._inOrder(node.right, fn); }};
BinarySearchTree.prototype._preOrder = function(node, fn){ if(node){ if(fn) fn(node); this._preOrder(node.left, fn); this._preOrder(node.right, fn); }};
BinarySearchTree.prototype._postOrder = function(node, fn){ if(!!node){ this._postOrder(node.left, fn); this._postOrder(node.right, fn); if(!!fn) fn(node); }};
Check if the BST is full
Remember from earlier, a BST is full if every node has Zero or Two children.
// a BST is full if every node has zero two children (no nodes have one child)
BinarySearchTree.prototype.checkIfFull = function(fn){ let result = true; this.traverseBFS = (node) => { if(!node.left && !node.right) result = false; else if(node.left && !node.right) result = false; } return result;};
Get Height of BST
What does it mean to get the height of a tree? Why is this important? This is where Time Complexity (aka Big O) comes into play. Basic operations are proportional to the height of a tree. So as we alluded to earlier, if we search for a particular value, the number of operations we have to do is halved on each step.
That means if we have a loaf of bread and cut it in half, then cut that half in half, and keep doing that till we get the exact piece of bread we want.
In computer science, this is called O(log n). We start with an input size of some sort, and over time that size gets smaller (kind of flattening out). A straight linear search is denoted as O(n), as the input size increases so does the time it takes to run operations. O(n) conceptually is a 45-degree line starting at origin zero on a chart and moving right. The horizontal scale represents the size of an input and the vertical scale represents the time it takes to complete.
Constant time is O(1). No matter how large or small the input size is, the operation takes place in the same amount of time. For example, push() and pop() off of an array are constant time. Looking up a value in a HashTable is constant time.
I will explain more about this in a future article, but I wanted to arm you with this knowledge for now.
Back to height.
We have a recursive function, and our base case is: 'if we have no node then we start at this.root'. This implies that we can start at values lower in the tree and get tree sub-heights.
So if we pass in this.root to start, we recursively move down the tree and add the function calls to the execution stack (other articles here). When we get to the bottom, the stack is filled. Then the calls get executed and we compare the heights of the left and the heights of the right and increment by one.
BinarySearchTree.prototype._getHeights = function(node){ if(!node) return -1; let left = this._getHeights(node.left); let right = this._getHeights(node.right); return Math.max(left, right) + 1;};
BinarySearchTree.prototype.getHeight = function(node){ if(!node) node = this.root; return this._getHeights(node);};
Lastly, Is Balanced
What we are doing is checking if the tree is filled at every level, and on the last level, if it is filled left to right.
BinarySearchTree.prototype._isBalanced = function(node){ if(!node) return true; let heightLeft = this._getHeights(node.left); let heightRight = this._getHeights(node.right); let diff = Math.abs(heightLeft — heightRight); if(diff > 1) return false; else return this._isBalanced(node.left) && this._isBalanced(node.right);};
BinarySearchTree.prototype.isBalanced = function(node){ if(!node) node = this.root; return this._isBalanced(node);};
Print
Use this to visualize all the methods you see, especially depth first and breadth first traversals.
BinarySearchTree.prototype.print = function() { if(!this.root) { return console.log('No root node found'); } let newline = new Node('|'); let queue = [this.root, newline]; let string = ''; while(queue.length) { let node = queue.shift(); string += node.value.toString() + ' '; if(node === newline && queue.length) queue.push(newline); if(node.left) queue.push(node.left); if(node.right) queue.push(node.right); } console.log(string.slice(0, -2).trim());};
Our Friend Console.log!! Play around and experiment.
const binarySearchTree = new BinarySearchTree();binarySearchTree.insert(5);binarySearchTree.insert(3);
binarySearchTree.insert(7);binarySearchTree.insert(2);binarySearchTree.insert(4);binarySearchTree.insert(4);binarySearchTree.insert(6);binarySearchTree.insert(8);binarySearchTree.print(); // => 5 | 3 7 | 2 4 6 8
binarySearchTree.contains(4);
//binarySearchTree.printByLevel(); // => 5 \n 3 7 \n 2 4 6 8console.log('--- DFS inOrder');
binarySearchTree.traverseDFS(function(node) { console.log(node.value); }, '_inOrder'); // => 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
console.log('--- DFS preOrder');
binarySearchTree.traverseDFS(function(node) { console.log(node.value); }, '_preOrder'); // => 5 3 2 4 7 6 8
console.log('--- DFS postOrder');
binarySearchTree.traverseDFS(function(node) { console.log(node.value); }, '_postOrder'); // => 2 4 3 6 8 7 5
console.log('--- BFS');
binarySearchTree.traverseBFS(function(node) { console.log(node.value); }); // => 5 3 7 2 4 6 8
console.log('min is 2:', binarySearchTree.getMin()); // => 2
console.log('max is 8:', binarySearchTree.getMax()); // => 8
console.log('tree contains 3 is true:', binarySearchTree.contains(3)); // => true
console.log('tree contains 9 is false:', binarySearchTree.contains(9)); // => false
// console.log('tree height is 2:', binarySearch


text:
National Wildlife Refuge
|10630 Road 181
Ellsworth, NE 69340
Phone Number: _PHONE_
|Visit the Refuge's Web Site:
|Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge is a vast sea of mixed-grass habitats with wetlands found where the sandhills dip below the water table.|
Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge
Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) is located approximately 28 miles north of Oshkosh, Nebraska. The Refuge was established in 1931 to help conserve waterfowl populations. It is located at the eastern edge of the Nebraska panhandle in Garden County, on the southwestern edge of the 19,000 square mile Nebraska sandhills.
The sandhills are characterized by continuous grass and forb-covered dunes and swales and are considered to be the largest body of sand in the world that is not a desert. Where the swales dip below the water table, sub-irrigated meadows, marshes, and lakes have formed. In most cases, no stream systems exist between wetlands. Many lakes are maintained solely by underground water sources.
The 45,849-acre Refuge is largely grasslands dotted with hundreds of permanent, semipermanent, and temporary wetlands. It is administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Service) as part of the Crescent Lake/North Platte National Wildlife Refuge Complex. The Complex headquarters is 100 miles to the west in the city of Scottsbluff, Nebraska.
Getting There...
Crescent Lake NWR is located approximately 28 miles north of Oshkosh, Nebraska. From U.S. Highway 26, turn north on West Second. Proceed north out of town (oil road will convert to gravel), and follow directional signs to the Refuge headquarters. From U.S. Highway 2, turn south just east of Lakeside, Nebraska. Follow directional signs to the Refuge headquarters (approximately 28 miles).
Get Google map and directions to this refuge/WMD from a specified address:
Learn More >>
A "sea of grass in a sea of grass" best describes Crescent Lake NWR. The Refuge has largely recovered from past overgrazing, and grazing is now used an important habitat management tool. Today, native prairie management consists of a combination of rest, grazing, and prescribed burning.
The Refuge contains about 8,251 acres of wetlands. Manipulation of water levels is possible on nine of the lakes and is used to control shoreline vegetation in order to create open shoreline for migratory birds.
Hayden's penstemon, also known as blowout penstemon, is Nebraska's rarest plant and is the only endangered plant on the Refuge. This plant is unique in that it depends on non-vegetated sand surfaces, or blowouts, for its existence. Reactivation of some blowouts has been attempted and seedlings from the University of Nebraska have been transplanted to historic sites.
In 1972, 24,502 acres of the Refuge were proposed for inclusion in the National Wilderness Preservation System. Congress has not acted on that proposal. In the intervening years, the area has been managed to maintain and improve the wilderness characteristics that existed at the time of the proposal.


text:
Forests - Europe
The Last Ancient Forests of Europe combine Europe's few remaining tracts of ancient forest in Scandinavia with the adjoining forest of European Russia (from the western flanks of the Ural mountains). These boreal forests represent Europe's last remaining intact ancient forest.
A reindeer in the Lappi reinder herding co-operative in Finland.
These forests have ensured the survival of numerous plant and animal species, including bears, flying squirrels and the highly endangered eagle owl.
These ancient boreal forests are also home to tens of thousands of indigenous peoples.
Living forests form a central part of Saami culture. Old growth forests are of crucial importance for reindeer herding and should not be logged for pulp mills under any circumstances. In the Saami culture we have been taught to respect forests ever since our childhood.
Pekka Aikio, President of the Saami Parliament, Finland.
The reindeer-herding Saami live in northern parts of Sweden, Finland and Norway as well as the Murmansk region of Russia.
The forests also support the traditional cultures of the Komi and Nenets (or Samoyeds) who inhabit the Arkhangelsk Region and Komi Republic of European Russia.


text:
Definition of a Crime Victim
The Attorney General's Guidelines for Victim and Witness Assistance define a victim as a person that has suffered direct physical, emotional, or pecuniary harm as a result of the commission of a federal crime. If the victim is a non governmental institution, such as a bank or corporation, this definition includes a representative of that institution. Government agencies are not considered victims for the purpose of victim services but federal government employees who are harmed in the performance of their duties are considered victims. If the victim is deceased, under 18 years of age, incompetent or incapacitated, this definition includes one of the following persons (in order of preference): a spouse, a legal guardian, a parent, a child, a sibling, another family member; or another person designated by the court.
Definition of a Witness
The Attorney General's Guidelines for Victim and Witness Assistance define a witness as a person who has information or evidence concerning a crime, and provides information regarding his or her knowledge to a law enforcement agency. Where the witness is a minor, the term witness includes an appropriate family member or legal guardian. The term witness does not include a person who is solely a defense witness.
The U.S. Attorney's Office will make its best efforts to ensure your rights are protected. You may seek the advice of an attorney with respect to these rights. If you believe that an employee of the United States Attorney's Office failed to provide you with one or more of these rights, you may file an administrative complaint, as provided under 28 CFR §45.10. Please contact the United States Attorney's Office to obtain information about these procedures.


Can Dogs Survive in the Wild on Their Own (Better Off)?
can dogs survive in the wild
When my wife and I travel abroad, and in particular to places in the south Mediterranean, we are always shocked by the number of stray dogs we see. If I think of my own dog, I can't imagine him being able to survive in the wild… but these foreign dogs survive on their own – or at least it appears they do.
Those dogs probably get a lot of help from tourists with snacks from the restaurant tables so might not be an accurate representation of whether dogs can survive in the wild… so what is the truth? Can dogs survive on their own and live in the wild and be better off?
Can dogs survive in the wild? Some dogs can survive on their own in the wild, and even thrive and be better off in the wild. However, this won't always be the case. Survival in the wild will depend on the dog's size, condition, sociability and prey drive.
That's a broad answer, so please continue for an overview of documented examples of dogs living in the wild, and what factors go into making it a success.
Can dogs survive on their own in the wild and be better off?
When you think about it, there are some very well-documented canine communities that have either escaped from or been abandoned by humans. The most notable is the so-called 'Dogs of Chernobyl'. Their owners were not permitted to take their pets when they were forced to flee after the nuclear explosion in 1986.
Despite attempts to euthanize the dogs, several of these dogs survived in the wild woods of the exclusion zone, even during the harsh Ukrainian winters. Although it is many canine generations later, the dogs still suffer the effects of the radioactive fallout and have a limited lifespan.
There are currently efforts to shelter, feed and sterilize those that live near human settlements, such as the guard huts.
Other examples of dogs that survive in the wild are Australian cattle dogs and Pyrenean mountain dogs. They will routinely spend months alone, protecting livestock in areas that are not conducive to human survival.
If you are planning to live with your dog in the wild, attributes such as loyalty, watchfulness and a protective instinct come into play. Strength and endurance are important if you plan to harness the dogs for chores such as transport.
Dogs that have been inbred for highly specialized purposes, for example, 'looking good on Instagram', may not make it, on their own, past lunch on day 2.
Survival hierarchy of needs for dogs living in the wild
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, basic requirements for human survival include food, water and shelter. Thereafter, we need security and a social structure.
If we extrapolate this model for canine survival, we can reasonably dispense with ego and self-actualisation needs. An exception may be made for that quadruped piranha, otherwise known as a Chihuahua.
Can dogs survive on their own
For a dog to survive in the wild, he will have to know how to hunt and find water.
The first need would be for water. Dogs are not as fussy as humans when it comes to drinking water so they will probably pass this hurdle. They may have digestive issues for a while but they will soon adapt.
Secondly, they will need food. For most dogs not living in the wild, this would be at 8 am and 4 pm every day. However, left to their own devices they will snack on anything, in between times.
Dogs are fortunate in that they are omnivores and their digestive systems will cope with eating proteins, fat, bones and starches. Many dogs do not even care how old their food is.
When dogs live in the wild, they will no doubt need to develop hunting skills in order to survive in the long run. Individual small dogs like terriers and Beagles need less food and will be able to follow small mammals into their burrows. They could also be agile enough to catch birds.
Hunting dogs, such as pointers, setters and beagles have an elevated prey drive and are relentless in tracking down small mammals and birds. Retrievers, Spaniels and Newfoundlands would have an advantage in the wetlands, and might even be successful at catching fish.
The social structure becomes important for slower, larger breeds, such as rottweilers and mastiffs as they will need to hunt in packs.
Canine species in the wild, such as jackals and wild dogs, do eat carrion, but they invariably need to compete with other animals to secure sufficient quantities. Individual dogs would not be able to live in the wild and survive as successfully as they won't can't compete as effectively.
Shelter is a concern for most domesticated dogs. However, in the wild, dogs who live outside will grow and shed hair in accordance with the changes in temperature. In extreme hot or cold climates, respectively, the Mexican Hairless and the Malamute would have an advantage.
In most other climates, even short-haired breeds will survive, with the help of their friends.
Although there is a dominance hierarchy and 'survival of the fittest' that comes into play, within the pack, the collective will take care of its members. For example, nursing mothers will be protected, and the very young fed by older siblings.
Research has shown that rather than breeding indiscriminately, the way street dogs do, packs of wild dogs have fewer offspring. Among African wild dogs, the most efficient hunting mammals on that continent, it is usually the alpha male and female that mate, thereby preserving the dominant genes most likely to lead to the survival of the pack.
Even domesticated dogs have a highly developed sense of smell and this will serve them well in identifying friend, foe and food in the wild. Dogs also have more pigment in their irises so can withstand bright light for longer than their human counterparts.
Photos of packs of feral dogs show a prevalence of medium to large, cross bred dogs, with short hair. Most are lean but not too muscular. Small dogs routinely punch above their weight and don't seem to survive when humans are not around to keep larger dogs in check.
After successive seasons, the pack would take on a uniform colour coat, suitable for adapting to the region. For example, in warmer areas, such as the desert, dogs tend to have lighter coloured coats. One could term them sandy-haired.
What dog breeds are likely to survive in the wild?
Among the small breeds, the Jack Russell and Cairn Terriers stand the best chances of survival. JRTs are energetic little dogs, bred to be rat catchers and to enter burrows in pursuit if their prey. Cairn Terriers are hardy wire-haired, Scottish dogs that seem to thrive in all weather conditions.
Spaniels and Beagles are slightly larger breeds. Beagles have a bad rap in that they are reportedly slower and do not match the intelligence of other hunting dogs. But they are dogged in pursuing their prey (their big ears help).
Spaniels have the same reputation but are better suited to the water.
The best mid-range dogs are collies, retrievers and heelers or cattle dogs. They bring all the attributes of the aforementioned breeds to the hunting party but have more bulk. The retrievers will sparkle in water.
For protection of the pack, and backup in a hunt, Doberman Pinschers are lithe, fast and aggressive. Rottweilers would make into the pack by virtue of their appearance, and any of the Pitbull types gain a place because of their reputation. These are both strong, powerful dogs with attitudes that do not invite opposition.
In the snow, Alaskan Malamutes have the intelligence, the work ethic and the strength required for long term survival. The large breeds, such as Pyrenean Mountain Dogs, St Bernards and Newfoundlands are all immensely powerful dogs with glowing reputations as working, carting and guard dogs.
The St Bernard, due to its record of Alpine rescues, has the honour of being the national dog of Switzerland.
Regional dogs, such as the Boerboel and the Rhodesian Ridgeback would be high on the list of survivors in the Southern African region. The Thai also have a Ridgeback, and in Indochina, you will find a formidable breed of domesticated dingo which would easily revert to being free range. The Irish Wolfhound would no doubt love to join its namesake in the wild.
Do dogs live longer in the wild?
Whilst there is no research to prove whether dogs live longer in the wild, the best assumption would be no, they do not. If you think of the risks such as illness with no vets, food sources, water, traffic, fights, and other potential predators, they life expectancy of a wild dog will be lower.
Can I release my dog into the wild?
Of course you can release your dog into the wild, but whether they will survive or not is another matter. Most dogs who have been domesticated will struggle to adapt when released into the wild.
As well as the ethics of releasing a dog into the wild, there are laws too.
For example, in the UK when you release a dog into the wild you are contravening the Wildlife and Countryside Act of 1981. Section 14 of the act prohibits releasing dogs into the wild as a non-native animal.
After rats and cats, feral dogs have become the world's third largest human-introduced threat to wildlife. They are responsible for the extinction of almost a dozen species of birds and mammals, and are thought to be a threat to another 200 species, some of which are on the endangered list.
Releasing a dog into the wild is both


What is SpellDial?
 SpellDial is a technology that allows you to dial names instead of numbers. This is applicable only for those who have setup a spelldial account. Once you have checked the availability of your username you can register it to point to a specific number. So instead of dialing a number, you dial their username.
 For example, if Jonina's username is joninahottie and it points to (_PHONE_, simply spell out her username (joninahottie) and it will immediately connect you to her. So anyone who dials joninahottie will be dialing (_PHONE_.
 The great thing about SpellDial is if you have a change of number, all you have to do is change the number your username points to. This saves you from all the hassle of contacting your friends and telling them you have a new number.
Can I do this in my phone?
 If you own an iPhone or an Android, yes! Just download the SpellDial app, and you can start calling each other through your spelldial usernames, a.k.a. "spelldialing!"
I don't know anyone who has a spelldial. How can I use this?
 The best thing to do is to tell your friends about SpellDial so that they can create their own. Then you can easily call each other using SpellDial names.
I don't own an iPhone or an Android, can I use it on my phone?
 Currently, you cannot call others through their spelldial name if you're not using an iPhone or an Android. However, you can setup a spelldial account and people who use an iPhone or Android can contact you via your spelldial name. You can setup your account here.
The SpellDial app doesn't work when my phone is not connected to the internet. Why?
 SpellDial servers can only be accessed through the internet. Therefore, if the SpellDial app is not connected to the internet, then it cannot get the equivalent number of the spelldial you entered.
 We understand that only some parts of the world have constant internet access virtually everywhere. So we're also working to develop technology that will allow you to use SpellDial from an ordinary GSM mobile phone or even a PSTN landline. Although we don't know how long it would take, it could come sooner than you expect. So make sure that you get the SpellDial name that you want before someone else takes it.
When can I use SpellDial on my non-internet mobile phone or landline?
 Before you can use it on your non-internet mobile phone or landline, phone manufacturers and telephone networks need to add some equipment and configurations to their systems in order to provide SpellDial services. Realistically speaking, the more people who join SpellDial, the faster the companies will upgrade. Because the more people join SpellDial, the greater the demand will be on them to enable SpellDial on non-internet phones.
 So if you want to help to make this happen sooner, you can help by joining and telling more people about it. Be a part of this. Let's make this happen!
I'm a developer. Do you have an API?
 Yes, we do! You can read more about it here.


text: New York — A young woman was struck and killed in a New York City subway accident. Officials say the woman fell on to the subway tracks after she passed out. Some believed that the woman fainted due to the extreme heat. Transportation safety investigators reportedly took samples of blood from the train conductor to routinely look for alcohol or drugs that could have contributed to the train accident. An accident lawyer in New York explained that the woman's death may have been prevented if proper safety precautions were in place. A wrongful death lawsuit may be filed if proper safety devices and precautions were not in place. For example, some public advocates have suggested that train platforms should have safety rails installed to prevent passengers from falling on to the tracks below. This would also prevent passengers from being hit and injured by objects protruding from the subway as it speeds passed. Investigators will have to further assess the specific circumstances that led to this woman's death before determining if anything could have been done to prevent it. Some passengers and regular commuters complain that subway stations and platforms are extremely hot and not well ventilated. They say that better fans and even air conditioners should be installed to prevent the passengers from overheating and fainting, especially during the sweltering summer months. You can read more about this tragic subway accident here.


text:
Migration Routes of the Wood River Valley| 2007
community mapping commissioned by the Sun Valley Center for the Arts, Idaho. Locally specific, the map shows overlapping patterns of movement and migration over time by Native Americans, mining and railroad industries, sheepherders, domestic workers, second-home owners, and wild animals. It was researched through interviews with and map-surveys by Wood River Valley residents, visitors, workers, advocates, business owners, and students. The finished map was distributed at the Center for the Arts, in schools, and at tourist centers.
The outside face of the map consists of Wood River Valley residents' answer to the questions "where do you live" and "where is home"? The inside face shows historic and contemporary patterns of migration through the physical geography of the valley; where those migrating populations follow each other as the Valley's demographics and economies change; and where they come into conflict with each other (for example when residential development encroaches on seasonal wildlife migration areas.)


Academic Alliance grant for development of Mohs surgery AI tool
The Academic Alliance between Maastricht MUMC+ and Radboudumc supports strong collaboration in various areas of patient care, education, and research. The Academic Alliance Fund is designed to stimulate innovation and science within the academic alliance of the two centers.
During the awarded project, Geert Litjens, Daan Geijs, Avital Amir (CPG and Radboudumc), Lisa Hillen, Veronique Winnepenninckx and Nicole Kelleners (MUMC+) aim to improve Mohs surgery with artificial intelligence (AI). Mohs surgery is a precise surgical technique used to treat skin cancer. During Mohs surgery, thin layers of cancer-containing skin are progressively removed and microscopically examined until only cancer-free tissue remains. In the proposed project, a basal cell carcinoma detection algorithm will be adapted to assist the dermatologist with determining if surgical edges are free of cancer. The algorithm will be made available through an app, and a customized smartphone holder will enable users to assess the microscopic images through the camera of their phone. The technique will be validated during a prospective clinical trial in Radboudumc and MUMC+, which will be extended to other peripheral centers.
Mohs surgery AI tool demo
← Back to overview


Serviceline Industrial Sensors
Serviceline Explosion Protection
Safe Gluing and Opening
With the UGB ultrasonic sensor for splice monitoring
Vacuum packages are frequently used to store coffee. To increase the customers' benefit, the outer package of vacuum-packed coffee has a tear strip. The tear strip is glued onto the back of the printed paper by the coffee producer. This process must be monitored to ensure that all papers have a tear strip.
Depending on the coffee type, the color, thickness and texture of the packaging paper types may vary. The tear strip may be of different colors as well. Until now, sensors that were used to monitor splices had to be adjusted extensively after each paper change. In addition, the reliability of the monitoring process was unsatisfactory.
Fig. 1: UGB transmitter above the packaging paper
The UGB ultrasonic splice detection sensor from Pepperl+Fuchs is the solution! This ultrasonic sensor ignores the paper color and texture. With the electrical TEACH-IN input, it is easy to adjust to new paper types and, monitoring 100 packages per minute, the sensor enables very short processing times.
Fig. 2: UGB transmitter below the packaging paper
Here, the packaging paper passes over a 30 mm hole in the sheet metal. The ultrasonic transmitter sends its signals to the ultrasonic receiver through the hole and accurately detects the paper.
Customer benefits
The UGB ultrasonic sensor features high reliability, few adjustments during paper changes and low processing times. The MH-UDB1 assembly aid eliminates installation errors and ensures safe splice monitoring.
Now available: Technology Guide Ultrasonic Sensors


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Let $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ be two simple closed curves in a closed surface $S$.
What is the maximum Euler characteristic of a compact properly embedded surface $\Sigma \subset S\times [0,1]$ such that $\partial \Sigma = \gamma_0 \times \{0\} \cup \gamma_1 \times \{1\}$?
Of course, in order for such a surface $\Sigma$ to exist, the two curves $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ must represent the same class in $H_1(S,\mathbb Z_2)$. Note that $\Sigma$ may be non-orientable.
If $2n$ is the minimum geometric intersection number of $\gamma_1$ and $\gamma_2$, it is easy to construct a $\Sigma$ with $\chi(\Sigma)\geqslant \chi(S) - n$. Is there a converse estimate of this kind? Do we have $\chi(\Sigma) \leqslant -n$ when $S$ is a torus?
share|improve this question
what is the "geometric intersection number" and why is its minimum even? – Vivek Shende Feb 14 '11 at 23:48
_USER_ : The geometric intersection number of two curves $x$ and $y$ on a surface is the minimum of the set of numbers $#(x' \cap y')$, where $x'$ and $y'$ range over curves homotopic to $x$ and $y$. In the case at hand, this has to be even because the mod $2$ algebraic intersection number of the two curves in question is $0$, so mod $2$ there have to be the same number of positive intersections as negative intersections. – Andy Putman Feb 15 '11 at 2:21
3 Answers 3
up vote 7 down vote accepted
Here is a graph $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$ associated to a surface and homology class (similar to the 1-skeleton of the curve complex): For a fixed class in $x\in H_1(S;\mathbb{Z}_2)$, consider isotopy classes of embedded multicurves representing the homology class $x$ (one may assume no components are parallel and there are no trivial components). Make this collection the vertices of the graph $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$. Connect two vertices $A, B$ to be adjacent in the graph $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$ if $A\cup B$ are disjointly embedded, and after removing all parallel curves of $A\cup B$, the remaining components bound a pair of pants or a twice-punctured projective plane (this second can only happen if $S$ is non-orientable). I'm not sure if such a complex has been defined before, but there is a somewhat analogous complex defined in the integral homology case by Bestvina, Bux, and Margalit. Also, this is related to a technique of Hatcher-Thurston to undertand surfaces in two-bridge knot complements.
I claim that the maximal Euler characteristic of a surface bounding $\gamma_0\times 0 \cup \gamma_1\times 1$ is the negative of the distance between $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ in $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$. Put the product metric on $S\times [0,1]$, and make $\Sigma$ into a minimal surface with respect to this metric (Theorem 6.12 of Hass-Scott). Then $S\times t, t\in [0,1]$ gives a foliation by totally geodesic surfaces, and by the maximum principle, they can be tangent to $\Sigma$ in only saddle tangencies (see an argument of Hass, we will assume things are perturbed to be generaic). Thus, for all but finitely many $t$, $S\times t$ meets $\Sigma$ in a finite collection of curves, giving rise to a vertex of $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$. As one passes through a tangency point $S\times t_0$ (assuming things are generic), the intersection changes by a saddle move, giving a surface in $S$ of Euler characteristic $-1$ bounding the curves before and after the tangency. There can never be a closed trivial curve occurring, because this would give rise to a center tangency. Thus, each saddle tangency gives an edge between the adjacent vertices of $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$, and therefore $\Sigma$ gives a path between $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ in $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$. Conversely, any such path gives rise to a surface.
Of course, there will be many geodesics connecting $\gamma_0$ and $\gamma_1$ in $\mathcal{G}(S,x)$, given by any Morse function on $(\Sigma, \gamma_0,\gamma_1)$ with only index 1 critical points, and I don't expect the distance function to be easy to compute (probably one should use normal surface theory to compute it).
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In your definition of the graph is it equivalent (and perhaps easier) to say that $A$ and $B$ and joined by an edge iff they are related by a saddle move? – Kevin Walker May 18 '11 at 21:59
yes, that's equivalent - in fact, as one varies the parameter t, one will see a movie isotoping multicurves with finitely many saddle moves. – Ian Agol May 18 '11 at 22:07
Thanks Ian. Does $\Sigma$ need to be $\partial$-incompressible to guarantee that one can find a minimal representative, or is incompressibility enough? In fact my question was motivated precisely by normal surface theory: in some cases normal surfaces of highest $\chi$ are "seen" by quantum invariants by using the techniques described in a (nice) paper of Frohman - Bartoszynska arxiv.org/abs/math/_PHONE_ and I was wondering whether this minimal distance between curves could be computed by using some Turaev-Viro invariant. – Bruno Martelli May 19 '11 at 14:35
This is Theorem 6.12 of Hass-Scott: ams.org/journals/tran/1988-310-01/S0002-9947-_PHONE_-6/… – Ian Agol May 19 '11 at 15:55
For orientable surfaces of genus at least $2$, pretty sharp bounds are obtained in the unpublished PhD thesis of Ingrid Irmer, which is available here.
share|improve this answer
Nice reference, thanks! – Bruno Martelli Feb 15 '11 at 8:24
The thesis deals with oriented curves and surfaces, but probably the same techniques apply in the non-oriented case. – Bruno Martelli Feb 15 '11 at 14:00
Let $a$, $b$ and $x$ be curves on $S$ such that
 - $a$ and $x$ intersect once,
 - $b$ and $x$ intersect once, and
 - $a$ and $b$ have a large algebraic intersection number.
(I assume that $S$ is orientable.) Then there is a surface $\Sigma_a$ connecting $x$ and $x+2a$ with $\chi(\Sigma_a) = -1$ and a similar surface $\Sigma_b$ connecting $x$ and $x+2b$. Combining $\Sigma_a$ and $\Sigma_b$ we get a surface of Euler characteristic $-2$ connecting $x+2a$ and $x+2b$. Thus the geometric intersection number of two curves does not give a lower bound on the complexity of a surface joining them.
(In your original question you ask if $\chi(\Sigma) \le n$, but $n$ is positive and $\chi(\Sigma)$ is negative, so I assume you meant $|\chi(\Sigma)|$.)
share|improve this answer
Thank you (I have corrected the sign) – Bruno Martelli Feb 15 '11 at 8:24
Your Answer


Antennas sticking out of an aircraft obviously increase profile drag, but the folks who design antennas have done a lot to improve aerodynamics: High performance aircraft can have antennas mounted inside of fiberglass components like wingtips, and flush-mounte antennas are available for transponders and DME equipment.
For slower light GA aircraft more aerodynamic antennas are also available (e.g. blade-style transponder antennas are available which produce about 80% less drag than older spike-and-ball style antennas), measured at 250 MPH.
Since the average light GA aircraft has a VNE below 250 MPH and isn't generally covered in antennas, how significant is the antenna drag on a typical light GA airframe? For example, would stripping the ~6 pounds of antenna drag from your average Cessna make an appreciable difference in airspeed?
 - $\begingroup$ if you know you have 6 pounds of antenna drag and you know the pounds of thrust of the engine then you can get a rough estimate of how much faster you go faster $\endgroup$ – ratchet freak Feb 7 '14 at 8:49
From an aerospace engineering perspective:
The drag coefficient ($C_D$) of a round antenna is can be estimated by around $.5$ depending on shape, while for an streamlined shape it's around $0.045$.
Drag is defined as:
Thus, say you have a 0.01 m wide antenna 0.25 m long, for an aircraft moving at 50 m/s. At sea level conditions, air density $\rho=1.225 \mathrm {kg/m^3}$. Say that $C_D=0.5$. If my calculations add up, it's around $1.9 \mathrm{N}$.
Say you have the same antenna, for the same aircraft aircraft moving at 50 m/s. Air density is $1.225 \mathrm{kg/m^3}$, but this time the antenna is streamlined with $C_D=0.04$. This results in a force of only $0.15 \mathrm {N}$.
(Updates: Originally the formula included $\frac12$ twice which was wrong, and that the force was given in kg, rather than newtons; my apologies.)
 - $\begingroup$ Does anybody know a link to instructions to find out how to format formulas correctly? $\endgroup$ – Thunderstrike Feb 7 '14 at 9:15
 - $\begingroup$ At the moment MathJax is not enabled on this site because of the processing overhead and the related long page loading times. See meta.aviation.stackexchange.com/q/145/19 for the Meta discussion $\endgroup$ – DeltaLima Feb 7 '14 at 10:51
 - 4
 $\begingroup$ You can do a lot to improve readability of formulae using , ρ etc. I took the liberty of adding those. $\endgroup$ – Marcks Thomas Feb 7 '14 at 12:26
 - 2
 $\begingroup$ I also took the liberty of omitting "/2" from the drag formula, as it was incorrect, but the factor appears to have been edited back in. $\endgroup$ – Marcks Thomas Feb 7 '14 at 13:09
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Manfred, what's happening in Delft? Why don't you just use Newtons as a result from your calculations. Now it is confusing because your units don't match up. To express force as mass isn't the way to do AE :-). Also thrust is not defined a power available * velocity. Delivered power is defined as thrust * velocity (TAS). Thus thrust = delivered power / velocity. Note that the rated available power from your engine is more than the delivered power because you loose some in transmission and propeller efficiency. $\endgroup$ – DeltaLima Feb 7 '14 at 18:09
Given how abysmal your average GA plane is in the aerodynamics department, the amount of drag added by antennas is almost nothing.
I have some numbers for a Cherokee 160 from an aircraft performance class -although I make no claims that they're 100% accurateand I'm seeing between 250-360 lbs of drag during level flight depending on the airspeed. Add your 6lbs of antenna drag onto that, and in order to maintain the same airspeed you need at maximum (a density altitude of 10,000 feet) 3 additional horsepower. At sea level it barely registers a change at all.
 - $\begingroup$ I think the drag numbers for the Cherokee series are pretty accurate (as is your math on the horsepower at typical GA cruise speeds). Working with about 130KIAS my math came out to between 1 and 4 percent of engine horsepower going to fighting drag (much of the variation from stuff like propeller pitch & cruise power setting) the antenna drag, or roughly 1-3 knots if you completely removed and smoothed the antennas. Obviously that's the mathematical ideal - in the real world I'd expect less substantial gains. $\endgroup$ – voretaq7 Feb 7 '14 at 17:44
 - $\begingroup$ It's worth noting though that as lousy as light GA aircraft are in the aerodynamics department some antennas are worse - like these "Flying V" beasts. I don't even want to think about the profile drag on that :-) $\endgroup$ – voretaq7 Feb 7 '14 at 17:47
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 $\begingroup$ _USER_ That thing looks like it might actually generate lift though! $\endgroup$ – Lnafziger Feb 8 '14 at 3:16
 - $\begingroup$ _USER_: according to this document, removing the antennas gained 4 knots in cruise speed (probably KTAS), so seems to be accurate. $\endgroup$ – Qantas 94 Heavy Feb 8 '14 at 4:16
Your Answer


text:
River Swimming Health Precautions
Avoiding contact with water from the Severn or Magothy Rivers within 48 hours of a rainfall can help reduce illness due to elevated bacteria levels in the water.
Memorial Day weekend is a week away and its arrival usually signals the beginning of the season when people enjoy swimming and other water-related activities in the Severn and Magothy Rivers. While stormwater runoff and aging septic systems pollute the rivers, people can reduce their risk for illness.
Here are some precautions to take before and after coming in contact with the water:
The Anne Arundel County Department of Health has a standing advisory that no one should swim in the waters of the beaches in the county, including the Severn and Magothy rivers, within 48 hours after a rainfall. The reason for this policy is that when stormwater flows into the river it carries animal waste from both pets and wild animals, which increases the level of enterococci bacteria in the water.
According to the Anne Arundel County Department of Health, enterococci are "found in the intestines of all warm-blooded animals, including humans" making these bacteria easy to detect and a good indicator of water quality.
Generally, readings of 104 colony forming units or less of enterococci per 100 milliliters of water is considered an acceptable level for water contact. When levels of enterococci bacteria exceed this level the chances for a person becoming ill from contact with the water increases.
Some of the most common symptoms of illness caused by enterococci are diarrhea, cramping, infection of an open wound, and ear infection. The Anne Arundel County Department of Health recommends that persons seek medical attention as soon as possible if these symptoms are experienced after contact with any natural bodies of water.
A form is available at Operation Clearwater, which is run by Dr. Sally Hornor of Anne Arundel Community College, on which people can record their symptoms to provide her with information about illness related to water quality.
In order to reduce the chance for illness, there are a few precautions that people should follow before coming in contact with water in the Severn and Magothy rivers during the summer months. People are advised to avoid contact with the water if they have any open wounds or abrasions on their skin, have an ear infection or a weakened immune system. It is also a good idea to avoid swimming near storm drain outlets and in water that appears polluted.
Thoroughly washing with soap and water as soon as possible after swimming and using hand sanitizer when fishing or crabbing can help reduce the possibility of becoming ill from contact with polluted water.
Both the Anne Arundel County Department of Health and Operation Clearwater monitor enterococci bacteria levels at various sites in the Severn and Magothy rivers during the summer months. The county also checks water quality at sites in the rest of the county's rivers. The results of the water testing conducted by each group are posted on their respective sites.


text:
Lollo Rossa salad (LolloRossa Lettuce) is a one-year-old vegetable garden, one of the varieties of lettuce, which is originally from Italy.
Lollo Rossa salad leaves are easy to digest, therefore they are useful for the stomach. In addition, the substances contained in the salad, increase hemoglobin level, facilitate the course of diabetes and even relieve insomnia.
Salad is simply indispensable in dietary nutrition. Lollo Rossa helps to cope with hypertension and thyroid disorders. This salad is especially useful for the elderly, since it positively affects mental activity and improves memory.
Besides, the juice of Lollo Rossa salad contains a lot of potassium, which, as known, improves the functioning of the heart muscle.