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P3 Toolkit
Analytical Tools
P3-VALUE: Public Sector Comparator Tool User Manual
December 27, 2013
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Chapter 3. PSC Development Overview
Agencies considering P3 procurement options for a highway project may find it useful to conduct a VfM analysis to compare the potential of different project delivery structures to provide value for money. As part of a VfM analysis, the PSC represents a baseline projection of the costs for public sector delivery that serves as a benchmark against which an agency may consider the costs of P3 procurement. The specific steps for completing a VfM analysis are:
 1. Conduct a risk assessment to identify, quantify, and allocate risks between the public and private partners.
 2. Develop a PSC estimate that indicates the potential cost of public delivery.
 3. Develop a P3 estimate (or "shadow bid") that indicates the potential cost of P3 delivery.
 4. Conduct a VfM analysis that compares the public and P3 delivery costs to assess which option provides greater VfM for the public.
The PSC Tool and User Manual utilize a hypothetical highway project as an example to demonstrate how certain assumptions affect the PSC's results and how those outputs inform the VfM analysis. As outlined in Figure 2, the PSC Tool contains four major classes of worksheets that are color-coded by purpose.
Timing & Prerequisites
Once a public agency has made the decision to move forward with a project, it may consider the options available for the project's delivery structure. If an agency is considering P3 procurement, it may conduct a VfM analysis to inform the selection of the preferred delivery structure. In developing a VfM analysis, public agencies rely on the outcomes of several other tasks conducted in a project's development (e.g., traffic and revenue forecasts and risk assessment) to inform the assumptions made in the analysis.
Agencies typically conduct a VfM analysis after completing the above tasks. An agency may consider qualitative factors earlier in the project development process to assess the potential procurement options that will be evaluated quantitatively in the VfM analysis.
Figure 2: Key Components of the PSC Tool
Function The worksheets found within the green tabs allow users to accept the PSC Tool's disclaimers, review key terms and definitions, and navigate through the tool via an 'Index' tab. It is important to note that users must accept the disclaimer on the 'Introduction' tab before accessing the remaining content of the PSC Tool.
Assumptions & Examples The worksheets found within the blue tabs provide users with an editable template of key project assumptions regarding project costs, funding, and revenue. Users enter all the PSC inputs into blue-shaded cells or select the appropriate options from available drop-down menus.
Cash Flows The worksheets found within the gray tabs present the hypothetical project's cash flows based on the assumptions input by the user in the blue tabs. Users cannot alter data in the gray sheets.
Outputs The worksheets found within the yellow tabs calculate the hypothetical project's net present cost (NPC). Users can conduct a sensitivity analysis and a scenario analysis on the NPC. There is another disclaimer users must accept prior to viewing the outputs.
Structuring the PSC
The PSC considered should be the most likely project delivery alternative to a P3. The PSC may be structured as a traditional design-bid-build alternative or it may be structured as design-build or even design-build-finance procurement if these are reasonable alternative delivery structures for the project's public sponsor.
There are a number of qualitative factors, such as those listed below, that agencies should consider when developing the PSC. Agencies should consider qualitative factors first to decide on the project delivery structure and requirements of the PSC and ultimately to decide which project delivery structure best achieves the project objectives.
 1. What would be the most efficient and realistic project delivery structure if the project is not delivered as a P3?
 2. What are the agency's objectives for the project? How do different project delivery structures help to achieve those objectives?
 3. Are there statutory, regulatory, or legal restrictions that limit the project delivery structures available to the public sponsor?
 4. Is the project affordable to the public sector under different project delivery structures?
 5. Does the agency have sufficient staff resources and capabilities to manage the procurement process and to deliver the project to the service standards and operational requirements contemplated under the PSC?
 6. Is there sufficient information of reasonable quality on public sector project delivery costs to develop a representative PSC?
 7. How will different project delivery options accelerate or delay project delivery?
 8. Will the project delivery options considered allow for more or less transparency and accountability?
 9. Will the project delivery options considered have inequitable impacts on certain populations?
 10. Are there other advantages or disadvantages associated with the project delivery options considered that are difficult to quantify, such as vulnerability costs or deferral costs?
Chapter 8 of the Primer provides additional guidance on qualitative VfM assessments.
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I'm trying to build a simple Scapy script which manually manages 3-way-handshake, makes an HTTP GET request (by sending a single packet) to a web server and manually manages response packets (I need to manually send ACK packets for the response).
Here is the beginning of the script:
import logging
# Import scapy
from scapy.all import *
# beginning of 3-way-handshake
TCP_SYN=TCP(sport=1500, dport=80, flags="S", seq=100, options=[('NOP', None), ('MSS', 1448)])
my_ack = TCP_SYNACK.seq + 1
TCP_ACK=TCP(sport=1500, dport=80, flags="A", seq=101, ack=my_ack)
TCP_PUSH=TCP(sport=1500, dport=80, flags="PA", seq=102, ack=my_ack)
# end of 3-way-handshake
# beginning of GET request
getString = 'GET / HTTP/1.1\r\n\r\n'
request = ip / TCP(dport=80, sport=1500, seq=103, ack=my_ack + 1, flags='A') / getString
# help needed from here...
The script above completes the 3-way-handshake and prepares the HTTP GET request.
Then, I've to send the request through:
Now, after the sending, I should obtain/manually read the response.
My purpose is indeed to read the response by manually sending the ACK packets of the response (this is the main focus of the script).
How can I do that?
Is the send(_) function appropriate, or it's better to use something like response = sr1(request) (but in this case, I suppose ACK are automatically sent)?
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2 Answers
Use sr(), read the data in from every ans that is received (you'll need to parse, as you go, the Content-Length or the chunk lengths depending on whether you're using transfer chunking) then send ACKs in response to the last element in the ans list, then repeat until the end criteria is satisfied (don't forget to include a global timeout, I use eight passes without getting any replies which is 2 seconds).
Make sure sr is sr(req, multi=True, timeout=0.25) or thereabouts. Occasionally as you loop around there will be periods where no packets turn up, that's why HTTP has all those length specs. If the timeout is too high then you might find the server gets impatient waiting for the ACKs and starts re-sending.
Note that when you're using transfer chunking you can also attempt to cheat and just read the 0\r\n\r\n but then if that's genuinely in the data stream... yeah. Don't rely on the TCP PSH, however tempting that may look after a few Wireshark sessions with trivial use-cases.
Obviously the end result isn't a completely viable user-agent, but it's close enough for most purposes. Don't forget to send Keep-Alive headers, RST on exceptions and politely close down the TCP session if everything works.
Remember that RFC 2616 isn't 176 pages long just for giggles.
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Did you try:
responce = sr1(request)
print responce.show2
Also try using a different sniffer like wireshark or tcpdump as netcat has a few bugs.
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Your Answer


text:
What Colors Make Brown? The Ultimate Guide To Mixing Brown
Brown and orange make burnt sienna, rust, or burnt orange, depending on the quantities of orange and black. Burnt sienna is brown with an orange hue; rust is a red-orange brown, and burnt orange has more orange than brown. Originally Answered: What color do brown and orange mixed together make?

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Search results
PredicateModel API in JavaScript Grid API control
Interface for a class Predicate
Properties
field
string
Defines the field name of the filter column.
ignoreAccent
boolean
If ignoreAccent is set to true, then filter ignores the diacritic characters or accents while filtering.
matchCase
boolean
If match case set to true, then filter records with exact match or else filter records with case insensitive(uppercase and lowercase letters treated as same).
operator
string
Defines the operator to filter records. The available operators and its supported data types are:
Operator
Description
Supported Types
startswith
Checks whether the value begins with the specified value.
String
endswith
Checks whether the value ends with the specified value.
String
contains
Checks whether the value contains the specified value.
String
equal
Checks whether the value is equal to the specified value.
String | Number | Boolean | Date
notequal
Checks for values that are not equal to the specified value.
String | Number | Boolean | Date
greaterthan
Checks whether the value is greater than the specified value.
Number | Date
greaterthanorequal
Checks whether the value is greater than or equal to the specified value.
Number | Date
lessthan
Checks whether the value is less than the specified value.
Number | Date
lessthanorequal
Checks whether the value is less than or equal to the specified value.
Number | Date
predicate
string
Defines the relationship between one filter query and another by using AND or OR predicate.
uid
string
Defines the UID of filter column.
value
string | number | Date | boolean
Defines the value used to filter records.


text:
Palm Springs, Calif.— The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service issued a final rule Wednesday protecting Casey's June beetle as an endangered species and designating 587 acres of critical habitat for it in Riverside County, Calif. Known only from the Palm Canyon area of Palm Springs, the beetle is critically endangered by urban development. The Center for Biological Diversity, entomologist David Wright and the Sierra Club petitioned to protect the beetle in 2004. Wednesday's final rule is the result of a landmark legal settlement between the Center and the Service that will expedite protection for 757 imperiled species across the country.
"We're excited that this unique California beetle now has the Endangered Species Act protection it needs to survive," said Tierra Curry, a biologist with the Center. "Endangered Species Act protection with critical habitat designation is the most effective tool we have for saving species from extinction."
Once thought to occur from Palm Springs to Indian Wells in the Coachella Valley, the species now survives in only two populations in a small area in the southern part of Palm Springs. Remaining habitat consists of just 800 acres scattered in nine isolated fragments, primarily on private lands, and is actively shrinking due to the rapid pace of development.
"Clearly, habitat protection is the most important conservation measure for the Casey's June beetle," said Curry. "This announcement recognizes the dire straits of this scarab beetle, which is found nowhere else in the world, and gives it the habitat protection it needs to continue to exist."
Background on the Species
Casey's June beetles are medium-sized June beetles (June beetles are named after their tendency to fly in late spring evenings), about one to two inches long, and dusty brown or whitish with longitudinal stripes. Their reddish-brown antennae are clubbed, as is common in scarab beetles, with ends consisting of a series of leaf-like plates that can be held together or fanned out to sense scents. Adults emerge from holes in the ground to mate in late March through June. Females have rarely been found, and always on the ground rather than in flight. Males fly swiftly over the ground from about one hour before dusk to shortly after dark to look for females.
Contact Info: Tierra Curry, _PHONE_
Website : Center for Biological Diversity

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Comment: Migrated to Confluence 4.0
Half of Shibboleth runs within the web server. For IIS, this half is implemented in an ISAPI filter and extension packaged in a single file called isapi_shib.dll. Because most versions of IIS provide very minimal support for the configuration of extensions on its own, all of the runtime configuration is handled by the SP configuration file (shibboleth2.xml) with the exception of the basic installation of the filter and extension into IIS.
Table of Contents
Loading the Filter and Extension
The low-level IIS installation details have been documented as part of the Windows installation process, and can be found linked from the NativeSPWindowsInstall topic for each supported version of IIS.
Typically, environment variables are used to set the appropriate path information to enable the library to locate the configuration file and initialize itself when IIS or its child processes are started.
titleStartup Failures
If you experience startup problems, you should do the following:
 - Verify the configuration is generally valid by running %SHIBSP_PREFIX%/sbin/shibd.exe -check from the command line.
 - Assuming that reports no serious errors, verify that all of the machine accounts used by IIS have read permission to the SP installation tree.
Enabling the Filter
Populate the element in shibboleth2.xml with elements that reflect the IIS site/vhost configuration, and then use the to apply content settings.
IIS has a design difference that separates it from Apache: it provides no mechanism to securely establish the "canonical" properties of a web site like it's hostname. Instead it divides the web server into "site instances" that can have properties like names and ports attached to them. The SP's portable internals don't understand the concept of a "site", so to correct for this, a non-portable piece of XML configuration is included within the element that performs a mapping between a site instance number/ID and the associated "canonical" virtual host information.
It is critical when performing initial setup, and when adding new Shibboleth-enabled web sites to an IIS server, to create those mappings. Failure to do so will result in the system ignoring requests to unmapped sites. Note that this is also a feature: any site instances you provide no mapping for will be ignored by the software.
Any time you manipulate the configuration section, you'll need to restart IIS completely.
Once the necessary site instance mappings are created, the rest of the per-request configuration is handled exclusively by the component. There is no "native" option as with the other web server implementations.
The module does not provide for integration with the native access control features of the web server. Therefore you will need to either perform such work within your application, or rely on the and the XML-based Access Control plugin (or an alternative plugin to the SP).
Content Settings
The SP supports an extensible set of content settings, properties that control how it interacts with requests and enforces various requirements. On IIS, these settings can be controlled only by attaching properties using the mechanism in the SP configuration.


text:
Urbani izziv Volume 0, No. 16–17, September 1991
Vesna KOLAR PLANINŠIČ
Mojca ŠAŠEK DIVJAK
Urban Planning Institute of the Republic of Slovenia
Renewal of a "Kras" village, the example of Orlek
Simulation of a planning, procedure and the fabrication of a development model is presented on an example of a Karst village - Orlek. The most important elements are emphasized, such as: position characteristics, social and economic conditions, structural typology etc.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Sheepskin is the hide of a sheep, sometimes also called lambskin or lambswool. It is used to produce sheepskin leather products and soft, wool-lined clothing or coverings, including gloves, hats, footstools, automotive seat covers and pelts (sheepskin rugs and seat covers). In particular, lambswool is the principal material used to make ugg boots, footwear traditionally produced in Australia and New Zealand.
The fleece of sheepskin has excellent insulating properties, and it is also resistant to flame and static electricity.
The quality of the skin used in each application depends on several factors, mostly whether the pelt, which is the back of the hide, will be visible or not. Where the pelt is visible, better quality hide with minimal seed will be used.
Seed contamination refers to patches of scar tissue resulting from a healed seed burrow wound during the animal's life. This scar tissue can fall out leaving small holes after the pelt is processed or it can remain in place leaving imperfections in the pelt which cannot be corrected.
In general wool affected by skin diseases is not usable. Other problems include lice infestation, dead wool and regrowth.
Skins are classed, packed and sold in standardized wool lengths:
Cost-effectiveness of the Australian Medical Sheepskin for the prevention of pressure ulcers in somatic nursing home patients: study protocol for a prospective multi-centre randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN17553857).(Study protocol)(Report)
Jan 07, 2008; Authors: Patriek Mistiaen (corresponding author) ; Wilco Achterberg ; Andre Ament ; Ruud Halfens ; Janneke Huizinga...


Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) crushing using EPF
In previous posts we discussed how electric pulse fragmentation works and why it has selective properties. This information provides a grounding to understand how these properties of electric pulse fragmentation can provide advantages in a variety of processing environments. This post focuses on the advantages of treating incinerator bottom ash (IBA) with electric pulses.
IBA is the by-product of municipal waste incineration – or the burning of household refuse. Anything that cannot be burned will become part of the incinerator residue, IBA is essentially a solid fused mass, similar to a rock, containing the burned remnants of whatever was in the incinerated waste such as metals, stone, glass, and ceramics, etc.
In some cases IBA can be used for construction, for example in breeze/cinder blocks, or as infill in road or pipe bedding. Depending on local laws, the IBA (and metals within) can be put back into the ground, however in places with stricter environmental legislation such as Switzerland, this contaminated material cannot be used in construction, and there are penalties to landfilling metal bearing waste.
Top: Ferrous; Middle: non-ferrous; Bottom: glass and ceramic phases after EPF treatment and sorting of IBA.
The goal is to recover as much metal and other raw materials as possible from IBA. Traditional crushing reduces all of the IBA to the liberation size of the smallest metals allowing their recovery. This gives excellent recovery of metal, however the 'mineral' fraction of the IBA, the more rock like parts such as the fused slag and brick, ceramics, glass, etc, are now also crushed and are unable to be recycled, meaning more material must be landfilled or otherwise put back into the ground.
This problem requires disaggregation of the IBA without significant crushing of the material: We want to recover the metal while leaving the slag, glass and other phases as large as possible for later re-use. That's were EPF comes in.
The discharge is preferentially attracted to areas with high permitivity contrast (PC), for example, a gold nugget within a rock, or a piece of metal within IBA. In this instance, the discharge will travel through the material (Situation I, below). The converse is also true and if the highest permitivity contrast is between the target particle and the surrounding water, the discharge will travel around the particle at the particle-water contact instead of through it, causing minimal breakage (Situation II & III).
Three Situations in which particles of varying composition are treated with electric discharges. From Weh and Mosadegghi (2016).
Particles with metal are broken more than those without metal: IBA particles containing metal will preferentially have internal discharges, and be broken more, liberating the contained metals, while more homogeneous IBA particles and those without metals will have the discharge travel around the particle and experience only minimal or 'surface' breakage.
The end result is that in addition to liberating metals, the glass, ceramic and particles without metals remain larger, more intact, and potentially recycleable, creating an additional stream of decontaminated inert material that can be recycled or reused as a construction aggregate, without putting more metal into the ground.
At our plants, we produce four product streams: ferrous, non ferrous, inert and slag, and we recover down to 2mm and below in each of these streams. All but the slag can be recycled in Switzerland, and we roughly half the amount of material that must go to landfill. We're proud of our achievements and are doing our part for the environment.
Further reading:
Article – Pre-concentration of copper ores by high voltage pulses.
Article – Breakage characteristics of incinerator bottom ash in the HV pulse power process
Article – Electrical breakdown channel locality in high voltage pulse breakage
Produced by Lightning Machines, Images by Alexander Weh.


text:
Whereas is usually used for comparing the features of two different things, when there is an important difference between them.
Whereas can be used when comparing anything: people, objects, places, actions etc.
You can use it in a sentence in two ways:
As a conjunction, to join two sentences together when there are 2 different subjects:
- I like beer whereas she likes wine.
- I'm good at snowboarding whereas she's good at skiing.
As a conjunction, at the start of a sentence where you are comparing 2 different things:
- Whereas I like blue, she likes green.
- Whereas smaller shops often have more expensive products, larger supermarkets can often put their prices down.
Whereas used in a legal context
Whereas can also be used for legal purposes, in the preamble (introduction) of a legal text, usually a contract.
This is called a 'whereas clause', and 'whereas' is used as an introductory word – it isn't used to compare things. Instead, it means "considering that" or "given the fact that".
The 'whereas clause' isn't a legal part of the contract's operative provisions – it simply 'paints the picture' or 'sets the stage', it gives an introduction to the situation.
Examples of whereas used in a legal context:
- Whereas party 1 has made allegations against party 2 that party 2 recklessly, negligently and/or fraudulently misrepresented and omitted material facts.
- Whereas party 1 is a dissolved corporation with a formal principal place of business in London.
Whereas synonyms (non-legal sense)
Since whereas is used as a conjunction, joining two ideas together in one sentence, it can often be replaced with other conjunctions.
Whereas Vs. While Vs. But Vs. And
While (when while is not used to signal time)
'While' is used in the same way as 'whereas' in a sentence, but only when 'while' is not used to mean "during the time that something else happens".
That means that you can replace 'whereas' with 'while' when it is used as a conjunction, but only when it is used at the start of a sentence:
- While I work in accounting, she works in the sales department.
- While I prefer going to the beach, I know a lot of people would rather spend their holidays in colder places.
But is also used to connect clauses or sentences, however, unlike 'and', it is used to signal a difference between two different ideas.
The main difference between 'but' and 'whereas', is that 'but' is used to signal a difference (or negative aspect), whereas 'whereas' is used to compare two things that are different. They can be interchanged in certain situations, for example:
- I like pasta but / whereas she likes pizza.
However, in other examples, but is used to present either the opposite of the original idea, or something negative about the original idea:
- I like that restaurant but it's a bit expensive.
- She looked tired but happy.
In these examples, when there is only one subject in the sentence, but can't be replaced with whereas.
'And' is used to connect words, clauses or sentences that should be considered together.
You can replace 'whereas' with 'and' when it is used in the middle of a sentence to compare two ideas that oppose one another (are different / contracting), and the meaning of the sentence won't change much.
However, using 'and' instead of 'whereas' means the ideas are simply being stated, rather than compared.
- I like chicken and she likes fish.
- I'm really good at running and he's really good at swimming.


text:
If there was a woman photographer who arguably ruled over her contemporaries it was American shooter, Helen Levitt. Her jaw-dropping archive is about to be revisited in Helen Levitt at the Albertina Museum in Vienna, starting 12 October.
Levitt owned the New York streets. She started focusing on poor and marginalized neighborhoods such as the Lower East Side, Bronx, and Harlem — spending her days documenting the chronicle of the Big Apple. Her scope ranged from children playing on the streets, passersby engrossed in conversation and strangers on the mundane grind.
However, Levitt often added a twist to her supposedly'straight-photography'. Levitt valued the dynamics of elements at play in her images — always carefully and concisely composing her frames. Thus, her images would often have surrealist-influenced aesthetics. Chief Curator Walter Moser described her work to be "poetic and lyrical —an oversimplified reading, which has long obscured its tremendous complexity."
"Figures defamiliarized by masks or puzzling gestures bear the influence of Surrealism, for instance. Human interactions, which she represented as a kind of exceptionally dynamic stage performance, evidence her interest in the performative, including the expressive actions and themes that were extensively explored in the cinema at the time. Lastly, Levitt's focus on poor neighborhoods in New York can be understood as a critical response to a highly industrialized and profit-driven modernity, which was epitomized in the contemporaneous popular representations of clinical and technoid skyscrapers."
Street photographers revolutionized the use of color in straight photography and Levitt herself was a pioneer of the New Color Photography Movement, as she began using color film in 1959. Levitt was the first color photographer to be showcased in the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Moser further explained her legacy in color photography:
"Helen Levitt's pictures thus combine every day with the political, the theatrical with the authentic, and the humorous with the abysmal. These elements can be discerned in her later work, as well, when she turned first to film in 1948 and then returned—in color—to photography in 1959. Levitt invented in her color work a new pictorial language, which indeed shares the interest in street life found in her black-and-white photographs, yet nevertheless often represents people as secondary to abstract color fields."
The upcoming exhibition will be open until 27 January 2019.


text:
Golden Stream Corridor Preserve is a critical link in the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor
An important block of land of just under 10,000 acres, initially purchased in 1998 to avoid its conversion to citrus and shrimp farming and established as a private protected area; it was expanded to 15,441 acres in 2004. Golden Stream Corridor Preserve protects the last remaining forested link between the globally biodiverse Maya Mountains and the coastal lowland forests which connects to Guatemala and the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. This corridor is critical to the survival of many species including the endangered Baird's Tapir (Tapirus bairdii) and the Yucatan Black Howler Monkey (Alouatta pigra). It also protects important archaeological sites containing remains of ancient human civilizations and pleistocene mammals.


Christine Gervais
Evaluation of the implementation process of the strengths-based approach based on the theory of diffusion of innovation
Most policies in the area of mental health recommend the promotion of evidence-based practices. The force-based approach is recognized as a practice that can contribute to the recovery of people with severe mental disorders. However, several studies have raised numerous implementation challenges that limit its scope. An evaluation of the implementation process was conducted with stakeholders who received training on the strength-based approach. The results indicate that training is not sufficient and that institutional commitment is required to ensure the quality of the implementation.


Understanding the caller Command in Linux
Introduction
In the Linux environment, the caller command is a valuable tool for debugging Shell scripts. It helps identify the location of function calls during script execution, making it easier for users to find and fix errors promptly.
How to Use the caller Command
The caller command is primarily used in Shell scripts to trace function calls. When one function calls another, the caller command will display information about the line and script file from which the function was called.
Syntax
caller [frame]
 - frame: An optional integer specifying the frame level. If not specified, the default is 0, indicating the current frame.
Usage Examples
Basic Example
Here is a basic example of how to use the caller command in a Shell script:
#!/bin/bash function example { caller } example
When you run this script, the output will be:
0 ./script.sh
This means that the example function was called from line 0 in the script.sh file.
Intermediate Example
Here is a more complex example with multiple nested functions:
#!/bin/bash function level1 { level2 } function level2 { level3 } function level3 { caller } level1
When you run this script, the output will be:
4 level2 ./script.sh
This means that the level3 function was called at line 4 from the level2 function in the script.sh file.
Advanced Example
Below is an advanced example using the caller command for debugging in a complex script:
#!/bin/bash function logCaller { local frame=0 while caller $frame; do ((frame++)) done } function funcA { funcB } function funcB { funcC } function funcC { logCaller } funcA
When you run this script, the output will be:
14 funcC ./script.sh 10 funcB ./script.sh 6 funcA ./script.sh
This means that the funcC function was called from line 14, the funcB function from line 10, and the funcA function from line 6 in the script.sh file.
Real-World Applications
The caller command is useful for debugging complex scripts where functions call each other at multiple levels. By pinpointing the exact location of function calls, you can easily identify and fix logical errors.
Debugging Complex Scripts
Suppose you have a complex script with multiple nested function calls, and you encounter an error without knowing exactly where it occurred. By adding the caller command to each function, you can trace the execution flow and pinpoint the error location.
function example { caller # Other commands }
Each time the example function is called, the caller command will print out location information, helping you trace and fix errors easily.
Conclusion
The caller command is a powerful tool for debugging Shell scripts in Linux. By using this command, you can easily trace the execution flow and identify error locations quickly. This not only saves time but also improves your workflow efficiency. Thank you for reading the huuphan.com page!
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"Pilchards! Whose bodies yield the fragrant oil and make the London lamps at midnight smile!" Peter Pindar 1783.
Cornwall once relied upon the sea for nearly everything: food, transport, trade, defence and contact with the outside world. Fishing was always a vital part of the Cornish way of life and in the 18th and 19th Century, pilchard fishing was a major industry. Throughout the summer months large shoals of pilchards were caught off the Cornish coast; then they were taken to pilchard cellars for processing. The pilchards were squeezed flat + oil drained out; producing 18 to 45 litres from each barrel. The oil was mostly sold as lamp oil. Pilchard fishing declined from the mid-20th Century, although small quantities of pilchards are still caught in Cornish waters today.
This home-made lamp, dating to around 1850, used oil from the fish processing to provide light.
Our Cornwall Galleries explore Cornwall's unique maritime heritage over three floors, bringing to life stories of Cornwall's maritime history.


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 1. Projects/
Img_to_PDF_converter
·111 words·1 min
Img_to_PDF_converter #
Converts img files into PDF files. The files only exists on your computer and does not communicate with any server
What does it do? #
 1. Converts each image file to a PDF file
 2. Combine multiple images into one PDF file
Getting Started #
Download the .exe file from the link here
Tests #
The file types below are the ones which are tested
 - .jpeg
 - .jpg
 - .png
Usage #
 1. Click on the converter.exe file to run the program
 2. Browse the image you want to put in the pdf file
 3. Click on Submit
 4. Completed PDF file will be saved in output folder
Tech Stack #
 - Python
 - Pillow
 - Tkinter


How Does Dextropropoxyphene (Propoxyphene) Work? - MedicineHow
How Does Dextropropoxyphene (Propoxyphene) Work?
How does Dextropropoxyphene work?
Dextropropoxyphene, also known as propoxyphene, is a type of drug called an opioid that works by activating opioid receptors that naturally exist in your body. This has a number of effects on your body, including to provide analgesia and relieve pain, which is what it is used for. It is most often recommended for mild to moderate pain.
Brand Names and Doses
Dextropropoxyphene is the generic name, which is the name of the actual drug component inside the medication. The main brand is called Doloxene, which contains 100 mg of dextropropoxyphene napsate in each capsule.
There are also several other brand name medications that include dextropropoxyphene in combination with other medications. These include:
 - Di-Gesic tablets: 32.5 mg of dextropropoxyphene with 325 mg of paracetamol
 - Paradex tablets: 32.5 mg of dextropropoxyphene with hydrochloride and 325 mg of paracetamol
 - Capadex capsules: 32.5 mg of dextropropoxyphene with hydrochloride and 325 mg of paracetamol
What type of drug is it?
Dextropropoxyphene is a type of drug called an opioid. This is a drug class that helps us to group drugs that work in a similar way together. Other opioid medications include:
Dextropropoxyphene should not be used in high doses because it can be very toxic. You body changes the drug, or metabolizes it, to form a substance nordextropropoxyphene which can be toxic for your heart. It is no longer recommended for use at all in some countries for this reason.
What is Propoxyphene used for?
Propoxyphene may be used to help relieve mild to moderate pain. However, it is not significantly more effective than other medications that are associated with less side effects, such as paracetamol, so it is rarely used.
It is not recommended for more severe pain because high doses increase the risk of the cardiotoxic metabolite, nordextropropoxyphene, building up in the body.
How does Dextropropoxylene work?
 - Analgesia to relieve pain
 - Slowing down of breathing
 - Feeling tired
 - Difficulty defecating
Dextropropoxyphene manipulates this natural process by activating the same receptors that the endogenous opioids do. It mimics the effect of natural opioids in your body.
Dextropropoxyphene can also decrease the transmission of pain impulses in the body by interrupting the pain messages in the spinal cord and interfering with the messages coming from the brain in the central nervous system (CNS).
Side Effects
There are several general side effects of opioid medications such as dextropropoxyphene that can affect some people, such as:
 - Drowsiness
 - Dizziness
 - Headache
 - Dry mouth
 - Infrequent urination
People taking dextropropoxyphene may also experience some changes in the conduction of the heart, such as a prolonged QT interval.
You can find out more information about some of the specific side effects by clicking on them below.
Respiratory Depression
There are some serious safety concerns about the use of dextropropoxylene, which have caused it to be removed from the market in several areas of the world, including Europe and the United States of America.
In particular, if the drug accumulates in the body due to high doses, your body can convert it into a substance called nodextropropoxylene, which can prolong the QT interval and be toxic for your heart.
There are also some people who may need special attention if they take dextropropoxylene due to other medications or health conditions they have. For example, if you have the following conditions often you may need a lower dose than usual:
 - Slow heart rate
 - Endocrine disease
 - Hypothyroidism
 - Adrenocortical insufficiency
 - Myasthenia gravis
 - Central nervos system (CNS) depression
 - Frequent use of alcohol
Additionally, people with epilepsy are more likely to have a seizure while taking dextropropoxylene, so this should be considered.
Special Cases
People who are elderly often require a lower dose of dextropropoxylene than other adults.
This is because their body takes longer to process the drug, so the concentration in the bloodstream builds up more quickly. As a result, elderly people are more likely to experience side effects, such as cognitive impairment, sedation and respiratory depression. They may also be at risk for having a fall.
Taking dextropropoxylene at the same time as another drug can sometimes change their effect on your body because of the way they interact.
When combined with carbemazepine or ritonavir, the concentration of these drugs in your body is higher than usual, so your are more likely to experience side effects. This can be managed by reducing the dose of carbemazepine or ritonavir.
All drugs that cause your breathing to slow down can increase the risk of a serious side effect of fentanyl: respiratory depression. Many drugs to lower blood pressure, such as beta blockers, can have this effect. This combination can be used, but it's important that your doctor knows that you are taking dextropropoxylene and checks that the dose is right for your body.
Some drugs that are used in the treatment of depression called selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) can cause a condition called seretonin toxicity. The risk of this is higher if dextropropoxylene is taken at the same time, so you need to be on the lookout for early signs.
Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Dextropropoxyphene is not usually recommended for pregnant women because your baby is more likely to have respiratory depression, which can be fatal. Additionally, they may experience withdrawal effects when they are born and no longer get the dose from your blood stream.
Instead, it is usually best for pregnant women to take other medications to relieve pain while they are pregnant, such as paracetamol.
For women who are breastfeeding, occasional doses of dextropropoxyphene are thought to be safe. However, their may be some risk to your baby if they are used every day for an extended period of time.
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An accurate weighing system for crimping and dry-rolling machines
The innovative Kelvin Cave on-board weighing system for crimping and dry-rolling machines takes the guesswork out of the tonnage being processed allowing accurate application of preservatives and a reliable measurement of crop yield.
The system comprises three integrated load cells; one each in a pair of independently levelling hydraulic rear jack legs and one on the drawbar. These are linked to a computer unit that can be located in the tractor cab and interfaced by a series of push buttons and an LCD screen. Set-up and operation is both quick and simple:
- Machine is hydraulically jacked and levelled.
- Tare weight of the unladen machine is recorded and the system zeroed.
- The hopper is filled and a micro-switch on the grain door triggers the computer as the first of the grain is delivered to the rollers. Loss in weight from the hopper is detected by the load cells and output from the elevator calculated in kilos per second.
The key strength of the system lies in the fact that it is not necessary to suspend operation while the hopper is replenished. As soon as any gain in weight as grain is tipped into the hopper is detected, the computer suspends real-time output monitoring and calculates the average output over the previous corresponding period. Once it detects that no further weight is being added to the hopper it adds the weight to the last recorded figure and the system reverts to real-time calculations once again.
This means an entire batch of grain can be processed without interruption.
Exhaustive trialling across a range of cereals has shown consistent accuracy to within ±1% of actual weighbridge checks. Batch data can be stored in the computer and recalled at any time or downloaded for permanent logging.
The weighing system has been developed jointly between Kelvin Cave Ltd and weighing equipment specialist Griffiths Elder and employs proven technology throughout.
It is available for retrofit on certain machines and as an affordable option on all new models.


What makes someone find the concept of ghunghat appreciable?
If somebody says they find the concept of ghunghat worthy of being 'appreciated' what is it that they are finding appreciable? How does a ghunghat make the wearer worthy of being complimented? What changes?
From what I understand, ghunghat is practiced in most of North Indian states. It involves covering of the face, (only by women) with the end of their sari/dupatta. Ghunghat is observed when married Indian women are in their sasural (in laws' home, village or even city), and also in presence of the in laws, anywhere, like if they visit the woman's parental home or village (maika).
Not observing ghunghat maybe seen as being disrespectful and shameless.
Indian menFrequently, women who observe ghunghat are required to keep their head and face covered in all weather conditions, including while cooking on chulha at 44 degrees Celsius (if there are men around). Also, while traveling, working in fields or during family functions.
DSC_0892Generally women in ghunghat do not sit when those who are considered higher in sasural hierarchy are around, they may not join family discussions; they generally may not talk, sing or laugh in loud voices or do anything to draw 'undue attention' to themselves when men or family elders are around. It is considered disrespectful for women (bahu or daughter in law) to address older men directly – obviously they may not look someone in the eye when they do say something, which they generally may not.
Ghunghat is also given as the reason for denying education or work opportunities to married Indian women. It's 'in tune with the Indian tradition'.
How do women who observe ghunghat benefit from it?
They become, amongst other things, a good example for other women.
"Look at her. She is an MLA and always wears a ghunghat. She is a regular in the assembly and yet none of us have ever seen her full face."
What is appreciable about someone's face not having been seen by others?
Do all the women who observe ghunghat have a choice?
In comparatively modern homes, ghunghat is followed in more liberal forms, some families let women cover only the head (not the face), some married Indian women are expected to wear sari but are allowed leave their heads and faces uncovered.
If a woman is in ghunghat then it is likely that she is also wearing bichia, sindoor and bangles; and generally following other rules meant specifically for daughters in law to observe in their sasural.
Many urban married Indian women are not forced to wear sari, sindoor, mangalsutra, or observe ghunghat (etc). Looking unmarried or living without the restrictions faced by traditional daughters in law does not earn misogynists' compliments, but it does seem to elicit reactions like this, 'When married Indian women strive to look unmarried'.
Some MP lawmakers appreciate women in 'ghunghat'
"When I was newly married, I used to wear ghunghat which was more than a feet long over my face," she said. Deputy Speaker Harvansh Singh, who was in the chair, observed: "That must be appreciated. The concept of ghunghat for women is in tune with the Indian tradition."
Minister for legislative affairs Narottam Mishra also praised women who wear 'ghunghat'. The deputy speaker then pointed at MLA from Gadarwara in Narsingpur district, Sadhna Sthapak, and said: "Look at her. She is an MLA and always wears a ghunghat. She is a regular in the assembly and yet none of us have ever seen her full face."
As Harvansh Singh praised her, Sadhna got up from her seat and bowed graciously to accept the 'compliment'.
Related Posts:
Ditched the dupatta, chucked the chunni – Starry eyed
"Lets keep our pretty saris to times when we just have to eat, pray, and love, cause we are tomorrows' MILs."
Sindoor, Tali and Mangalsutra.
When married Indian women strive to look unmarried.
The Modern Sari: Some Facts and a Question.
A Sari to make you a Respectable Indian Teacher.
Can't end marriage over sari 😉
"I seem to have a lot of similarities with the villainous daughters in law of India's favourite serials."
109 thoughts on "What makes someone find the concept of ghunghat appreciable?
 1. I don't get the point of covering one's face when one's arms and midriff region are bare. The abaya with niqab makes more sense than a sari with a ghunghat.
 I do think clothing should be a matter of personal choice (and I understand that a lot of these women do not have the choice of not choosing to wear one). A lot of women in the US/ Canada get flak for choosing to wear a hijab (etc) and I don't think that's fair either.
 This reminds me of my dad's sister. She was really young when she got married (arranged) and she was going to university. Her MIL told her that she had to wear a sari now that she was married. She said 'okay' and wore a sari out of the house, but stopped by the nearest restaurant to change into whatever she pleased and continued with the day. Everybody, including my uncle, thought it was hilarious.
 - It's tragic actually. I used to wear only Indian clothes, and go change into jeans in the car when going out with my husband in the first year of our marriage. He travelled a lot, and I used to go join him on his trips just to be able to wear what I wanted for a couple of days in another city.
 - She doesn't look at that time as tragic at all! When she told me about it, she rolled her eyes and said that her MIL was very old and possibly senile, so arguing with her would have been pointless. However, unlike you, she wasn't bound to the house–she could leave with her friends, etc. So she wasn't trapped unless her husband took her out or something.I think she made the best of her situation. It's not like my uncle (her husband) was advising her on what she could not wear.
 I do think people should have a choice though–so if a person chooses to wear a niquab or a ghunghat, I'm okay with that unless they're driving (an activity that requires peripheral vision) and risking other people's lives.
 - I totally agree. Not having the freedom to decide what one wants to wear – I can't imagine that happening to me, ever! It is not a small thing, as people who are torch bearers of patriarchy condition their daughters to believe.
 2. Some say that ghungat helps male members of the in laws family to control their libido on seeing the female face….and in case the are unable they can squarely blame woman not taking care of ghungat….
 - I think the more obvious reason is that having to cover oneself changes one's self-perception in important ways. Its harder to claim your humanity when you're shrouded from head to toe.
 Veiled women are easier to control because they're psychologically easy to manipulate.
 All attempts to break the human spirit begin with the imposition of strict rules on attire and appearance. They suppress individuality.
 Prison populations would be harder to control if prisoners were allowed to dress as they please.
 The same applies to the veiling of women.
 - Well said biwo, excellent comment, gunghat/burqa/hijab etc etc all in name of so called culture/tradition is simply means to keep women in control and strip her of her humanity. Loved the prison analogy, all these rules in name "oh so great culture" are nothing but a prison for women taking away her freedom and dignity.
 - Biwo, you summarized it well. A faceless human being can easily lead to a voice-less, identity-less being. I find it to be a very humiliating custom, and it succeeds in making these women invisible, in every sense.
 Yes, like some regressive prisons, we can do away with names, assign numbers.
 - "Its harder to claim your humanity when you're shrouded from head to toe. "
 Biwo…I think it extends to that famous item of clothing most of us wear (and which I have almost entirely removed from my wardrobe now)…the dupatta. I have been wanting to write a post on it. Utterly superfluous piece of clothing…I only wear it now if it adds to the elegance of the dress.
 - A friend's friend once famously said, "I'd shoot the person who invented the dupatta!" And I agree wholeheartedly. Waiting for your post _USER_
 - Haha Stars, the dupatta has its uses. I've just returned from a team lunch and had to trudge in the hot sun back from the parking lot. My dupatta was a lifesaver today. I agree about its superflousness otherwise.
 Its just that men stare at breasts so much here in Bangalore. Sometimes its comforting to not be ogled at because you're all covered in the chest


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Joy Adamson biography
Joy Adamson was born January 20, 1910, in Troppau, Austria-Hungary. She relocated to Kenya, where she married George Adamson, a British game warden. She won international renown with her African wildlife books, especially the trilogy describing how the couple raised a lion cub, Elsa. In 1961 she founded the Elsa Wild Animal Appeal. At age 69 she was murdered by a disgruntled employee.
Artist and naturalist Joy Adamson spent much of her life in Africa, following her passion for animals. In 1960 book Born Free, she detailed her adventures with a young lion cub called Elsa. This story struck a chord with readers around the world, helping to spur interest in animal conservation in Africa.
The story of this famous writer actually begins in Europe. Born Friederike Victoria Gessner, she grew up in Troppau, which was part of the Austria-Hungary empire and is now known as Opava, Czech Republic. Adamson enjoyed a life of wealth and privilege as the daughter of a wealthy architect. She studied piano and the arts, among other subjects, in school.
Adamson married for the first time in 1935, becoming the wife of businessman Victor von Klarwill. He sent her on a trip to Africa on her own. According to some reports, von Klarwill wanted her to see if they could move there. Adamson, however, soon met another man, botanist Peter Bally, during her travels. In love with this new land and Bally, she decided to stay in Africa and divorce her husband. Adamson wed Bally in 1937, and it was Bally who gave her the nickname "Joy"—a moniker she used for the rest of her life.
At first, Adamson painted the plant life of Africa. She eventually expanded her artistic endeavors to make portraits of people from indigenous cultures in Kenya. After ending her marriage to Bally in 1942, she met a game warden named George Adamson. He became her third husband, and they spent some of their early years together, traveling around East Africa for his job and living in tent camps.
In 1956, Adamson's husband shot a lion in self-defense. He discovered that she had only attacked to protect her three cubs. Rescuing the young animals, George brought them home to Joy. They gave two away to a zoo, but they kept one that they named Elsa. Joy developed a close bond with the animal, which she raised. In Born Free (1960), she chronicled her relationship with Elsa and her efforts to return her to the wild. Adamson explained that Elsa "became almost like my child. Because I had no children, I have spent all my emotion on her and my other animals. But I cannot make them my own."
Adamson's book became an international best seller, and its success put the spotlight on the need to preserve African wildlife. She wrote two more books about Elsa and her cubs, Living Free (1961) and Forever Free (1962). In addition to sharing her experiences and observations through writing, Adamson established her own conservation group, the Elsa Wild Animal Appeal.
In 1966, the film adaptation of Born Free became an international smash.
The film starred Bill Travers and Virginia McKenna as George and Joy Adamson. By the time of the film's release, Adamson had turned much of her attention to a young cheetah, which she named Pippa. Helping Pippa learn to be a wild cheetah became the subject of the 1969 book The Spotted Sphinx.
While on the big screen, George and Joy were depicted as a happy, loving couple, the pair became estranged over the years, and they stopped living together as early as 1971. According to some stories, they were divided over their conservation work. George preferred to be in the field, while Joy did more lecturing and writing. There are also reports that Joy Adamson had an intense personality and did not get along well with others much of the time. One associate told People that Adamson "was so stubborn and unyielding and people did not live up to her expectations."
Adamson spent the last few years of her life exploring her interest in leopards. She was given a leopard cub in 1976, which she named Penny, and she lived in an area where she could observe other leopards in the wild. In addition to her animal studies, Adamson took the time to write her own autobiography, 1979's The Searching Spirit.
On the night of January 3, 1980, Adamson took her usual evening stroll. She never returned home. Only a short distance away, her body was found on the road. It looked like she had been killed in an animal attack at first. A few days later, the authorities determined that Adamson had been stabbed to death. A former employee was arrested and convicted of the crime.
Many were shocked by Adamson's tragic death. The World Wildlife Fund was among those who expressed sadness at her untimely passing. In a statement, the organization praised her for her "ability to present wild animals in such a way that people could relate to them" and credited her with helping "wildlife everywhere." Shortly after her death, Adamson's final book, Queen of Shaba, came out, which detailed her studies on leopards.


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Learn how to make some pretty origami hearts using dollar bills or rectangular paper. This money origami heart is very easy to make.
This pretty origami heart is a perfect gift or decoration for weddings or for Valentine's Day.
You can use these money origami hearts as little letters, the back can open up and you can write a note inside. The center of the circle can also hold a coin or round object like a necklace.
These money origami hearts are perfect to string up at weddings or engagement parties. They are easy to get the hang of too.
You don't have to use money, you can use rectangular paper (dimensions below).
Design: Kathleen Weller
You will need:
▸ 1 sheet of rectangular paper or dollar bill.
Dollar bill: 6.62 x 16 cm
Other Sizes: 15 x 6.2 cm | 20 x 8.3 cm
For other sized paper you can work out what size you need to trim to by using the paper ratio calculator.
A Photo Tutorial is available on the Origami Photo Tutorials page.


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Elaborate Nest Decorations Show Bird's Vitality
The animal world is a noisy one with a vast vocabulary. A lot of what animals are saying is about sex, as in, "Hey, I'm here and available."
But scientists in Spain have discovered a very different kind of signaling by birds called black kites. The raptors decorate their nests with plastic — apparently to scare other birds off.
But it's not just any kind of plastic that works — it's only white plastic — bits and pieces the birds scavenge and lay inside their nests alongside their eggs.
Biologists wondered for years why these big predatory birds do this. So a research team set up in a national park in Spain and recorded and videoed kites in 127 nests for five years. Slowly this decorating habit started to make sense: It was a signal by the strongest birds that they were tough and could protect their nests.
Backing Up The Bravado
Lots of animals do things to show either toughness or sexual allure — they'll dance or bellow or display some overgrown body part. But Fabrizio Sergio of the Spanish High Council for Scientific Research says this is a pose of a different color.
"The most funny thing is probably that it's done in this case not through some parts of the body such as the plumage or a very pretty song," he says, "but it's made through some objects which are collected and constructed through the nest."
Sergio and his team think it's a construction that signals bravado. Think Harley-Davidsons and tattoos.
But the bravado is real because only the stronger, tougher nesting pairs decorate this way. The weaker birds — the youngest and the oldest — do not. In fact they actually rejected the plastic when scientists added it to their nests.
"Some of the individuals actually did not want it at all, they immediately removed it," Sergio says. "And this was very extraordinary. That requires some capacity to self-assess, realize that the signal that you find on your nest is off and then adjust it," he says.
One reason could be that when the kites add plastic, their nest immediately draws attention and attacks by other birds looking for food or a new nest. The tougher birds fight them off, and after that, they're pretty much left alone. But weaker birds don't have the wherewithal to fight a lot.
"The young males or the older more senescent males do it less because they're just less able to be successful if there is an aggressive contest that follows," Nowicki says.
Apparently they know it. That's why the weaker birds threw out plastic they didn't place there — they realized it was false advertising that could lead to trouble. Nowicki says that's no small feat. He explains that this signaling behavior works because the attacks keep weaker birds from bluffing. It means in scientific terms that the white plastic signal — "I'm tough" — is honest.
"A male who is in his prime is going to put more decoration on because he can back up his signal," says Stephen Nowicki, an evolutionary biologist at Duke University. "It's not bluff."
Why Advertise The Nest?
But is it really wise to advertise where a bird's eggs are? One bird biologist, Gerald Borgia at the University of Maryland, says he doesn't buy the toughness signal idea.
"To make a nest more obvious seems extremely strange," he argues.
He thinks the kites may be doing something quite different with the plastic — camouflaging the eggs. He says might be an alternate explanation — after all, the eggs are white and the kites choose white plastic. Maybe an array of white plastic in a nest is simply there to confuse predators that eat eggs.
The kite study was published in the journal Science, and it may take a few more studies to confirm what's going on here. But for biologists, this is more than just bird weirdness — it's a clue to how evolution winnows out winners from losers. Copyright 2011 National Public Radio. To see more, visit _URL_


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Nearly all of Georgia's schools are out for the summer. While the students are gone, it doesn't mean that Georgia's educators have stopped working. I know several of my friends are setting up classrooms for next year and many are continuing their education this summer so they can be fresh and interesting when school starts again in the fall.
On that note, we'd like to tell you about a free webinar on June 7 at 1pm available through Discovery Education featuring Philippe Cousteau to kick-off The Big CleanUP, an exciting summer-long contest involving young people taking action to protect our world's oceans. The webinar is a partnership between EarthEcho, TerraCycle, and One World One Ocean with a simple mission: remove plastic from the waste stream and earn money for your school. Prizes include a school visit from Philippe Cousteau and others, film passes, and more.
During this webinar, you will also explore how plastic affects the oceans, how these issues relate to classroom learning, and how young people can take a lead in protecting our oceans. Speakers include Philippe Cousteau as well as guest speakers from TerraCycle, a national recycling system for previously non-recyclable or hard-to-recycle waste, and One World One Ocean, a multi-year campaign harnessing the power of film, television and new media to restore a healthy ocean.
You can learn more at Discovery Education's event page.


Ipomoea indica
Ipomoea indica
(Blue or Purple Morning Glory)
FAMILY
Convolvulaceae
Species
Ipomoea indica
Common name(s)
Blue or Purple Morning Glory
Flower colour; life form
Flowers blue to purple. Vine
Distinguishing features
Leaves alternate, simple, margins usually entire, lower surface of leaf silky hairy. Flowers funnel-shaped to 6-8 cm across, thickened portion in centre of each petal; petals fused, bright-blue to purple. Capsule 1 cm diameter. Robust vine scrambling over vegetation.
Ipomoea indica


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Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
In archaeology a postpipe (or post pipe) is the term given to the remains of an upright timber placed in a posthole. Given the right conditions, timbers may survive over long periods of time and a recovered postpipe can simply be of solid wood. Under less preservative conditions however, only a dark circular stain of organic material may be left in the fill of the posthole observable in plan and section. This differs in consistency from the less organic backfill of the posthole and can be identified simply through this change in make-up. The size and depth and of the postpipe can provide information as to any reuse of the posthole especially if several different postpipes can be identified. They can also indicate the species of wood used and help suggest the nature of the structure that the timber once supported.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


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fly ( flies plural & 3rd person present) ( flying present participle) ( flew past tense) ( flown past participle )
1 n-count A fly is a small insect with two wings. There are many kinds of flies, and the most common are black in colour.
2 verb When something such as a bird, insect, or aircraft flies, it moves through the air.
The planes flew through the clouds... V prep/adv
The bird flew away. V prep/adv, Also V
3 verb If you fly somewhere, you travel there in an aircraft.
He flew back to London... V prep/adv
Mr Baker flew in from Moscow. V prep/adv
4 verb When someone flies an aircraft, they control its movement in the air.
Parker had successfully flown both aircraft... V n
He flew a small plane to Cuba... V n prep/adv
His inspiration to fly came even before he joined the Army. V
...a flying instructor.
5 verb To fly someone or something somewhere means to take or send them there in an aircraft.
The relief supplies are being flown from a warehouse in Pisa. V n adv/prep
6 verb If something such as your hair is flying about, it is moving about freely and loosely in the air.
His long, uncovered hair flew back in the wind... V adv/prep
She was running down the stairs, her hair flying. V
7 verb If you fly a flag or if it is flying, you display it at the top of a pole.
They flew the flag of the African National Congress... V n
A flag was flying on the new military HQ. V
8 verb If you say that someone or something flies in a particular direction, you are emphasizing that they move there with a lot of speed or force., (emphasis)
I flew downstairs... V prep/adv
9 n-count The front opening on a pair of trousers is referred to as the fly, or in British English the flies. It usually consists of a zip or row of buttons behind a band of cloth.
11 If you say that someone wouldn't hurt a fly or wouldn't harm a fly, you are emphasizing that they are very kind and gentle.
wouldn't harm a fly phrase with brd-neg, V inflects (emphasis)
...a lovely girl, who would not have harmed a fly.
12 If you let fly, you attack someone, either physically by hitting them, or with words by insulting them.
let fly phrase V inflects
A simmering row ended with her letting fly with a stream of obscenities.
13 If you send someone or something flying or if they go flying, they move through the air and fall down with a lot of force.
send someone/something flying phrase V inflects, PHR after v
The blow sent the young man flying.
14 If you say that you would like to be a fly on the wall in a situation that does not involve you, you mean that you would like to see or hear what happens in that situation.
fly on the wall phrase v-link PHR
What I'd give to be a fly on the wall when Davis finds out what's happened to his precious cargo.
as the crow flies →
to fly in the face of →
to fly the flag →
to fly off the handle →
a fly in the ointment →
pigs might fly →
sparks fly →
time flies →
time fly at phrasal verb If you fly at someone, you attack them, either physically by hitting them, or with words by insulting them.
(=let fly at) She flew at him for making a very anti-British remark. V P n fly into phrasal verb If you fly into a bad temper or a panic, you suddenly become very angry or anxious and show this in your behaviour. Losing a game would cause him to fly into a rage. V P n
A fly-by-night businessman is someone who wants to make money very quickly, without caring about the quality or honesty of the service they offer.
INFORMAL adj ADJ n (disapproval)
...fly-by-night operators who fail to complete jobs.
On a fly-drive holiday, you travel part of the way to your destination by aeroplane, and collect a hired car at the airport so that you can drive the rest of the way. adj ADJ n
...a fly-drive break in New Zealand.
fly-fishing, fly fishing
Fly-fishing is a method of fishing in which a silk or nylon model of a small winged insect is used as bait. n-uncount
A fly-on-the-wall documentary is made by filming people as they do the things they normally do, rather than by interviewing them or asking them to talk directly to the camera. adj ADJ n
...a fly-on-the-wall documentary about the Queen's life.
a fly on the wall
fruit fly ( fruit flies plural ) Fruit flies are very small flies which eat fruit and rotting plants. n-count
no-fly zone ( no-fly zones plural ) A no-fly zone is an area of sky where military and other aircraft are not allowed to fly, especially because of a war. n-count
tsetse fly ( tsetse flies plural ), tsetse A tsetse fly or a tsetse is an African fly that feeds on blood and can cause serious diseases in the people and animals that it bites. n-var


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Labels identify green products
It is essential that consumers can identify green products within a product group. Public eco-labels constitute a good and simple way of providing such information to consumers and professional purchasers.
The EU Flower is the eco-label of the European Union. It was established in 1992. The Nordic Swan has existed since 1989. Denmark joined the Nordic eco-labelling system in 1997.
The Flower and the Swan guarantee that a product is one of the least damaging to the environment, and that certain health precautions have been taken. At the same time, quality and function are guaranteed to be at least as good as other products.
2,300 products on the Danish market
Eco-labels are found on a range of products. When a product carries the the Swan or the Flower, the product group has undergone a thorough evaluation of how it affects the environment from the time it is 'born' to when it is disposed of. Quality and health impacts have also been under close scrutiny.
Today there are roughly 2,300 products on the Danish market with an eco-label.
An eco-labelling board, an eco-labelling secretariat and a coordinating committee take care of the administration of the Nordic Swan and the EU Flower.
Read more at _URL_.


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I would like to calculate
$$(\mathbb{1} \otimes \mathbb{1} \otimes \sigma^+)(\mathbb{1} \otimes \mathbb{1} \otimes \sigma^-) = (\mathbb{1} \otimes \mathbb{1} \otimes \left( \begin{array} \\ 1 &0 \\ 0 &0\\ \end{array} \right) )$$
The code I have been using is
splus = {{0, 1}, {0, 0}};
sminus = Transpose[splus];
KroneckerProduct[IdentityMatrix[2], IdentityMatrix[2], splus].KroneckerProduct[IdentityMatrix[2], IdentityMatrix[2], sminus]
However this does not give me a tensorproduct of the 3 tensors.
Edit I want that that the result is again in the compact format as the right-hand-side of the equation and not the expanded form in one large matrix. And i am also not able to rewrite the form of the left-hand-side, because i have a more complicated example where this is not easily possible.
Edit 2 This is the result i get from Soner's answer. What he writes is his output is the output i want, yet when i run his code i get this different output. Result of soners answers
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1
 - $\begingroup$ From the first impression Your task is to conduct the .-product. Your identity contains plenty of unity matrices from 2x2-matrix space. I accept Your definition of the sigma+/- matrices and Dot is Your operation: [reference.wolfram.com/language/ref/Dot.html] $\endgroup$ Commented Mar 20, 2020 at 21:16
4 Answers 4
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An easy way is to use build-in symbol CircleTimes. We define that dot product is distributed over tensor product:
ClearAll[CircleTimes];
CircleTimes /: (a1_\[CircleTimes] b1_ \[CircleTimes] c1_ ).(a2_ \[CircleTimes] b2_ \[CircleTimes] c2_ ) := a1.a2 \[CircleTimes] b1.b2 \[CircleTimes] c1.c2 ;
Now, if we define our elements as
id = IdentityMatrix[2];
splus = {{0, 1}, {0, 0}};
sminus = Transpose[splus];
we get what OP wants:
CircleTimes[id, id, splus].CircleTimes[id, id, sminus]
(* {{1, 0}, {0, 1}}\[CircleTimes]{{1, 0}, {0, 1}}\[CircleTimes]{{1, 0}, {0, 0}} *)
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2
 - $\begingroup$ thanks. what you write as a comment is the output i want, yet when i run your code i get a different result. I made an edit to the orginal post to show you what output i get from your code, because i cannot post a picture to the comment section i think. $\endgroup$
 – Franzi
 Commented Mar 21, 2020 at 13:48
 - $\begingroup$ @Franzi I edited the reply, there was a typo: \[CircleTimes] between a2_ and b2_ were written as [CircleTimes]. $\endgroup$ Commented Mar 22, 2020 at 6:45
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Use assumptions with TensorExpand[]:
Assuming[(id | sp) ∈ Matrices[{2, 2}],
 TensorExpand[KroneckerProduct[id, id, sp].KroneckerProduct[id, id, Transpose[sp]]]]
 (* KroneckerProduct[MatrixPower[id, 2], MatrixPower[id, 2], sp.Transpose[sp, {2, 1}]] *)
% /. {MatrixPower[id, 2] -> id, sp -> {{0, 1}, {0, 0}}}
 (* KroneckerProduct[id, id, {{1, 0}, {0, 0}}] *)
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It's a little unclear what you're asking for, but I think what you want is not easy to achieve in any system. First, let me note that KroneckerProduct is correctly computing what you want:
splus = {{0, 1}, {0, 0}};
sminus = Transpose[splus];
id = IdentityMatrix[2];
KroneckerProduct[id, id, splus].KroneckerProduct[id, id, sminus] ==
 KroneckerProduct[id, id, {{1, 0}, {0, 0}}]
(* True *)
Now, you make claim the output isn't what you want, but you want it to look like the RHS of your formula. So I guess you want the literal output TensorProduct[id, id, {{1,0},{0,0}}]. Well, this mixture of explicit and symbolic results its really hard to get to in any system, since it can't read your mind about which symbols to keep and which to expand out. Also, notice that id is not a symbolic representation of the identity matrix but rather an expliict matrix:
id (* aka IdentityMatrix[2] *)
(* {{1, 0}, {0, 1}} *)
If you want manipulate matrices symbolically, you should use the assumptions mechanism and TensorReduce or TensorExpand. In this case, TensorExpand gives us a useful representation of your LHS. For any two $2\times2$ matrices id2 and sp we have:
Assuming[
 {(id2 | sp) \[Element] Matrices[{2, 2}]},
 TensorExpand[KroneckerProduct[id2, id2, sp].KroneckerProduct[id2, id2, Transpose[sp]]]
]
(* KroneckerProduct[MatrixPower[id2, 2], MatrixPower[id2, 2], sp.Transpose[sp, {2, 1}]] *)
(The Transpose[sp,{2,1}] is just an explicit form of Transpose, saying you are transposing the first two levels of the array. Obviously, for a matrix those are the only levels.) Since we know that id2 squares to itself and that sp . Transpose[sp] == {{1,0},{0,0}}, we can substitute those in:
% /. { MatrixPower[id2, 2] -> id2, sp.Transpose[sp, {2, 1}] -> {{1, 0}, {0, 0}}}
(* KroneckerProduct[id2, id2, {{1, 0}, {0, 0}}]*)
So getting the answer is semi-automatic, which is typically necessary for mixed symbolic/explicit results. I hope this helps.
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1
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You need to massage the ordering of the indices to make this calculation work. In general, if we have six $2\times2$ matrices
a = RandomInteger[{-10, 10}, {2, 2}];
b = RandomInteger[{-10, 10}, {2, 2}];
c = RandomInteger[{-10, 10}, {2, 2}];
d = RandomInteger[{-10, 10}, {2, 2}];
e = RandomInteger[{-10, 10}, {2, 2}];
f = RandomInteger[{-10, 10}, {2, 2}];
you can tensor-multiply them in two ways to get to your result:
(1) dot-products component-wise:
X = TensorProduct[a.d, b.e, c.f];
(2) tensor products and tensor contractions:
abc = TensorProduct[a, b, c];
def = TensorProduct[d, e, f];
X == Transpose[TensorContract[TensorProduct[abc, def],
 {{2, 7}, {4, 9}, {6, 11}}],
 {1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6}]
(* True *)
For your specific case,
a = IdentityMatrix[2];
b = IdentityMatrix[2];
c = splus = {{0, 1}, {0, 0}};
d = IdentityMatrix[2];
e = IdentityMatrix[2


text:
Mountain Tourism Conditions in Bulgaria are Bad
Bad conditions for hiking in the mountains are bad. This was reported by FOCUS News Agency by the Mountain Rescue Service (MRS) to the BRC.
Over the most of the mountains there will be rain. Weather is cloudy and foggy in many places. At Botev peak a hurricane wind blows, in the lower parts the wind is weaker. In some places, a snow cover of about 15-20 cm is formed.
The SCP warns that the rain that is raining now will melt it, but this means that as the temperatures fall in the coming days, ice will form. Exits to the mountain are not recommended except as a last resort.
The lifts will not work until the winter season is discovered. There are no recorded tourist incidents over the past 24 hours.
- » Tropical Storm Brings Flooding to Philippines
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- » Fourth Quarter in the Capital Protests Against the Air Pollution
- » NIMH: Mostly Sunny with Maximum Temperatures of 13-18°C
- » 150 New Trees were Planted in the Lauta Park in Plovdiv
- » Scientists Found Microorganisms in Antarctica that were Thought to be Unable to Live on Earth


Malvern's newest initiative focuses on character
Chris Bunn
Malvern SealThe Character and Integrity Task Force is a new way to review the school's disciplinary philosophy, policy, and implementation
The Character and Integrity Task Force is a new initiative that aims to review the school's disciplinary philosophy, policy, and implementation. Chaired by Dean of Students Mr. Tim Dougherty, the task force will also include other members of Malvern's community such as Mr. Talbot, Father Flynn, Mrs. Feeney, Mr. Valyo, and Mr. Algeo.
Along with academic integrity, the main focus of the group will be on other character issues such as drugs and alcohol, digital citizenship, and respect for differences, according to Head of School Mr. Talbot.
However, Talbot is quick to note that this list isn't exhaustive, but rather representative. Issues that arise over time will also be addressed. Input from parents and faculty will also be considered.
Despite the fact that the basic structure and purpose of the Character and Integrity Task Force has been developed, some of the details have not yet been planned out. Because of this, the task force has not been publically announced, according to Talbot.
The reasons for starting this task force are twofold, said Talbot.
One of the reasons is due to a series of incidents, some of which have to do with academic integrity and other behavioral incidents such as drinking on Christian service trips and vandalizing property, according to Talbot.
"The other reason is rooted in Malvern's own Augustinian mission and values," Talbot said.
Most members of the Malvern community will get a chance to participate on the Task Force, according to Talbot. However, most roles within the task force will be limited. "I want to make sure that people understand their roles. The way I would characterize it is [that] there are three kind of species of people involved in this," said Talbot.
"There are people who ultimately decide what we change or what we preserve. That would be the members of the leadership team and the educational administrator team," Talbot explained.
"The next group would be the recommenders. So the other members of the task force [such as] teachers, staff, alumni, trustees, parents."
"The third group would be consultants or advisors. They may or may not make a recommendation. But they would be sharing their perspectives. Students would share perspectives. Other parents not on the task force would share perspectives. But they are not at the point of making a formal recommendation," Talbot said.
According to Talbot, students might serve for the most part as advisors or consultants. However, there may be instances where students could become a subcommittee and submit a formal recommendation.
The reason for the limited role of students in this task force is due to an inherent conflict of interest.
"[As a student,] you want to have a say at the table. But we also have to make sure that we are not creating conflicts of interest where students are actually recommending or deciding upon policies that might, for example, minimize or eliminate penalties, when in fact we really do need those things." Talbot explained.
At this point, the administration is unsure of how this task force will be received by students. "I can't anticipate student perception until changes occur," says Mr. Dougherty.
However, Dougherty is looking forward to the discussion. "It is exciting to self assess and see what is needed and what is not," he said.
As the Character and Integrity task force starts to become more defined, Talbot still believes that the purpose of this task force is to improve, rather than fix.
"I don't think that we have a corrupt culture. I don't think that we have some rotten core that needs to be carved out or replaced. I think this is a healthy place. And that's a good thing." Talbot said.
"Malvern kids are good kids. For me, it is about taking a good thing and making it better."


text:
Sintra National Palace
Situated in the town's historic centre, Sintra National Palace is a unique monument, distinguished by its outstanding historical, architectural and artistic value.
Of all the palaces built by the Portuguese monarchs throughout the Middle Ages, only the Palace of Sintra has survived to the present day virtually intact, still maintaining the same essential features of its shape and outline since the mid-16th century.
The Capuchos Convent, also known as the "Cork Convent", was founded in 1560.
The convent is remarkable for the extreme poverty of its construction and the extensive use of cork in the protection and decoration of its tiny spaces, thus embodying the ideals of the Order of St. Francis of Assisi: the search for spiritual perfection by removing oneself from the world and renouncing the pleasures associated with earthly life.
The Palace was designed by the architects Thomas James Knowles (father and son) and built in 1858, having been commissioned by Sir Francis Cook, Viscount of Monserrate.
It was the Cook family's summer residence.
One of the finest landscape gardens of the romantic era. It contains a remarkable botanical collection of species from all over the world.


long escort mission, each batch of vessels had continuous overseas performance for months, and never had engine problems. This showed that domestic GT25000 gas turbine's reliability and economy were adapted to China's needs. The power system based on the GT25000 could continue to improve its technology and performance deficiencies.
According to the "China Aviation News" reports, the QC185 medium power gas turbines achieved first ignition on 29 August 2010, and idle state to achieve stable operation. The QC70 low-power gas turbine completed the first phase of reliability testing, which lasted 13 months, on 22 August 2010. From both the volume and power perspective, both can be used for naval power, QC185 can be used for large destroyers, QC70 can be used in hovercraft. This showed that China had developed and manufactured equipment Gas Turbine, a key step forward in the road.
China's gas turbine technology has been unable to break through bottlenecks because the gas turbine industry itself faces institutional problem. The most important reason was the lack of a long-term engine development plan for China's aviation industry. Due to a late start, lack of experience and industrial base, China has failed to come up with the core of a large-scale practical machine model.
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text:
To create a volume aggregate, you can use the Volume Aggregate Editor, which can be accessed from the right click menu in the viewport:
Hit the + button, to create a new aggregate. You can then start adding volumes that are in the scene to the aggregate:
You can also select the volume you want from the viewport and then add it to the group, from the right click menu:
To specify the global volume aggregate to the integrator, make sure an integrator node tree has been created (see Integrators in Blender), and then select the volume aggregate name in Volume Aggregate Name drop down list.
If a volume aggregate name has not been specified to the integrator, any volumes that are part of a volume aggregate will not render


text:
Cat owners often make this mistake; they bathe their cat with almost everything like baby soap, dish soap, or even dog shampoo.
If you have both cat and dog, and you want to bathe your cat but, cat-specific shampoo is not available at the moment, you might think of using dog shampoo as they both are animal, right?
No, you should do that; cat's skin is much more delicate; often, bathing them with the wrong product is like messing with their natural pH level. And the high amount of chemicals in these products can harm your cat's skin, and ingesting them can lethal too.
So, can you use dog shampoo on cats?
Yes, but for emergency purposes only. Dogs have a pH of 7.5, whereas cats have a relatively lower pH of 6, but dog shampoos are pH balanced for dogs and not for cats.
Besides, dog shampoo may contain several harsh chemicals and pesticides such as permethrin which is toxic for cats.
In this article, we will go in-depth on the topic and find out what other consequences could happen.
You May Like: Why Do Cats Smell Good?
Can You Use Dog Shampoo On Cats?
Well, it depends!
Cats and dogs both are different, so their shampoos are. These shampoos are specially made to suit the purpose of their skin, for example, pH level, roughness, and toxicity.
Cat's skin is more delicate than dogs; hence dog-specific shampoo will irritate their skin by over-drying their skin, causing rashes, redness, shedding, swollen and other skin problems.
If you bathe your cat with a dog shampoo, she will get clean. But the sudden change to your cat's skin can get worse as the pH level is compromised with repeated use of the wrong product.
Thus, the safest option is to use the shampoo designed for your cats rather than anything available on the house.
Can Dog Shampoo Kill Cats?
Dog shampoo has the potential to kill your cat if they contain toxic chemicals and if it gets swallowed by your feline friend.
The harmful compounds in dog shampoo can be lethal to cats. Usually, dog shampoos are high in pH level to suit their skin type.
Dog shampoo often contains selenium sulphite for the treatment of dandruff, but they are harmful to your feline friend. Selenium sulphite can cause muscle contraction, respiratory paralysis and could be fatal when it comes into the contact of an open wound or gets ingested.
Besides, avoid using a dog shampoo branded as "dog shampoo to remove fleas," which often contains pesticides to treat fleas and ticks, which is safe for dogs but toxic for cats.
Is It Even Safe?
Well, it depends on the ingredients used in the dog shampoo.
For example, if it contains permethrin, tea tree oil, tar, or essential oil, then stay away from it; they are highly toxic for cats and can cause severe complications.
However, in an emergency, a dog shampoo can be used to bathe your cat but only when there is no other alternatives are available.
Thus, if you have both dog and cat in your house, try to purchase a shampoo labeled "for dogs and cats," but the best one is "for cats only."
And if you want to use dog shampoo for bathing your cat, opting for the one that has the least ingredients, fewer ingredients means less chance to cause skin or health issues.
What Happens If You Use dog Shampoo On Cats?
Cats are far different than dogs, and some of the ingredients used in dog shampoo can be extremely dangerous for cats.
Note: not all dog shampoo contains the same ingredient; some may have more chemicals while others are more organic.
Usually, dog shampoo contains one or more than one of these: permethrin, tea tree oils, selenium sulphite tar, or essential oils.
Permethrin is a type of pesticide which can cause respiratory paralysis and muscle contraction in your cats just by inhaling this pesticide.
However, ingesting permethrin can cause hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory stress, and tremors.
Tea tree oil contains a substance called terpenes which is toxic to cats; exposing this chemical to a cat's skin can result in irritation, rashes, and swelling on the skin.
Usually, dog shampoo contains selenium sulphite to treat dandruff, but it's not good for cats as they dry out the skin, which may further cause skin irritation.
Essential oil is another common ingredient used in dog shampoo, which is fine for dogs but is toxic for cats. Like most household plants, the essential oil can be harmful to cats since they are extracted from plants.
It can cause mild to severe health complications depending on the plant. Some of the common symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, skin rashes, redness, lethargy, and even death are possible.
Lastly, tar is another harmful compound used in most branded dog shampoo, while it has several benefits for dogs. They are acidic to cats which can cause major health complications.
Why Should You Use Cat-Specific Shampoo?
Cats are biologically different than dogs; do you feed dog food to your cats? No, right? The same thing goes for shampoo.
Usually, a cat has a pH of 6, and the dog has a pH of 7.5 which means they are different in terms of pH, the thickness of the coat, and base structure.
The shampoo you purchase from the shop for your cats is specially made for them considering allergies, fur, and pH level.
Though you can use dog shampoo on cats occasionally, it can irritate cat's skin by drying out the skin, resulting; redness, rashes, and even promote parasites.
Besides, it would be best if you never use flea shampoo or shampoo containing permethrinon your cats.Permethrin is toxic, and flea shampoo often consists of insecticide to remove the flea from dogs, but it's poisonous and can harm felines in many ways.
Ingesting a sufficient amount of dog shampoo could result in vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, hypersalivation, or stress. Or, if your cat has any open wounds or sore, bathing with permethrin shampoo can be dangerous.
However, you can use dog shampoo if it doesn't contain any toxic chemicals, and you can check it on their back.
Some brands make shampoos with the label "for all pets," "for cats only," or "for cats and dogs.
What Can I Use Instead of Cat Shampoo?
Cats don't really need to be bathing, they are self groomers, and they groom themselves quite efficiently.
However, if your cat is sick, or rolled on something they can't wash themselves by licking, consider bathing them. To bathe your cat, you will need a large tub, warm water, a towel, and a teaspoon of cat shampoo.
But, you may not always have specialized cat shampoo for a specific reason, but don't worry, you can always use organic alternatives.
Apple Cider Vinegar
A solution of apple cider vinegar and water can be used as an alternative to cat shampoo. It's safe for cats and dogs; it will kill any bacteria on their skin without harsh chemicals.
Just, bathe your cat with this solution, then rinse properly with warm water and then pat dry with a towel.
Unlike regular shampoo, baby shampoo is much milder on the skin and has no harmful chemicals as it's made for babies. They are more suitable for your cat's delicate fur without being too harmful on their skin.
Use a pinch amount of baby shampoo for bathing your cat and rinsing your cat as you would do with the usual cat shampoo.
Baby wipes are great alternatives to clean the dirt off your cats. These wipes can be used to clean a specific spot or a small strain where your cat is unable to reach.
When using baby wipes, ensure that it doesn't contain any fragrance or harmful chemicals that might irritate your cat's skin.
There is nothing better than using normal tab water to clean your little furball. If your cat is rolled in mud, it can be easily eliminated by just water. If the dirt is located in some small area, you should only use warm water to clean the affected area.
Dog shampoo can be used as a substitute if there is no other alternatives are available. But ensure that it doesn't consist of any toxic or harmful compound such as permethrin.
Cat's skin is much gentle than a dog's; regular use of dog shampoo on your feline can cause irritating on their skin, may raise shedding, or may cause allergies.
However, if you are using any of the alternatives, ensure that you rinse your cat thoroughly; otherwise, there are chances that they may ingest it while they were grooming themselves with their sharp tongue.
Still, always opt for shampoo specially made for cats. These shampoos keep your feline calm while bathing, clean their soft fur, and fight flea problems.
Can You Use Dog Shampoo On Kittens?
Kitten's skin is more delicate and soft than an adult cat, and dog shampoo pH is balanced for dogs and often has harsh chemicals suitable for dogs, but it can cause skin issues if used on a kitten.
Some


Order of magnitude dose reduction in intraoral radiography.
@article{Kircos1987OrderOM,
 title={Order of magnitude dose reduction in intraoral radiography.},
 author={L T Kircos and L L Angin and Lewis Lorton},
 journal={Journal of the American Dental Association},
 year={1987},
 volume={114 3},
 pages={344-7}
}
This comparative clinical investigation concerns the radiation dose from intraoral radiography using E-speed film and rectangular and circular beam collimation. Dose to organs not of diagnostic importance (brain, lens of the eye, thyroid, and breast) is reduced by approximately an order of magnitude when rectangular collimation and E-speed film are used in periapical radiography. And dose to the thyroid and breast is further reduced by a third with the use of a full leaded apron and thyroid… CONTINUE READING


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I have some problems with the equivalence of definitions of orientation. I know two definitions of orientation, namely:
 - A surface is orientable if it contains no 1-sided curves (a 1-sided curve in a combinatorical surface $F$ is a curve such if $p^{-1}(C)$ has just one component with $p:F'\rightarrow F$ and $F'$ the surface we obtain by cutting $F$ along $C$)
Also there exists the following lemma: A one-sided curve is always non-seperating (non-seperating means that the number of components of $F'$ has the same as $F$). Can we use this fact? And why is that true? From my point of view one can prove this easy with contradiction,true?!
Now the second definition:
 - An orientation of a closed combinatorial surface F is an assignment of a clockwise or anticlockwise \circulation" to each face (really an ordering of its vertices, considered up to cyclic permutation), such that at any edge, the circulations coming from the two incident faces are in opposition.
Now i want to show directly that a surface has an orientation if and only if it is orientable in the sense that it contains no 1-sided curves.
Can someone help me with this question? Thank you!
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Assume $F$ is oriented in the sense of the second definition. Let $C$ be a curve. Wlog.(!) the curve runs along edges. The map $p^{-1}(C)\to\{-1,+1\}$ that maps a point to $+1$ if the "current" edge at that point is in forward direction of $C$ and to $-1$ if it is in reverse, is well defined (must be checked at vertices) and continuous. As each edge belongs to two faces and is differently oriented for these, ther exist both edges yielding $+1$ and edges yielding $-1$, hence $p^{-1}(C)$ has (at least) two connected components. Hence no one-sided curve exists.
The other direction is a bit more complicated if one wants to be formally exact, so the following is rather a sketch of an idea: Assume $F$ is oriented in the sense of the first definition. Select an arbitrary face and orient its edges. Extend this face by face to the whole surface by checking faces having at least one edge already oriented. If ever a conflict arises (i.e. the next step would orient an edge differently from an already given orientation by its other face), we find a onesided curve as follows: There is a sequence of faces between the conflicting faces that runs within alrady oriented faces. This also determines a sequence of edges (those that are shared by subsequent faces in this sequence). Join the midpoints of these edges to obtain a closed curve (i.e. starting and ending at the conflicting edge). Using the orientation given to the edges crossed along its way, we get a notion of "left" and "right" of the curve, which gets "flipped" by completely traversing the curve, thus showing that $p^{-1}(C)$ is connected.
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