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In this article, we are going to discuss can you freeze ground beef. Ground Beef also commonly known as minced beef is beef that has been shredded finely into small particles. Ground beef is popular because it is a reasonably inexpensive and fast and easy-cooking beef. It is one of the major ingredients usually used in making hamburgers but can also be used for making other dishes such as noodles and spaghetti. For meatloaf, porcupine meatball, taco, just to mention a few, ground beef is an especially major ingredient. Ground beef can be stored in many ways such as salting, canning, or using preservatives.
However, if you are in doubt and have been asking yourself "can you freeze ground beef? Then the answer is definitely yes! This is because although freezing may not be the best-storing method for some foods, it is one of the best ways to preserve ground beef. This article will provide you with all the information you need to clear all your doubts as we would look at all you need to know about freezing ground beef.
How long can you freeze ground beef?
Now that you have your answer about whether you can freeze ground beef, here is a little more to guide you on just how long you can keep your ground beef frozen. It is advisable to have freshly ground beef stored in the freezer when it is not for immediate use.
You can keep ground beef frozen for as long as you may not need it. However, experts have advised that keeping ground beef frozen for a maximum of four months is best to get that sweet aromatic savor when it is finally ready to be used.
How long can you freeze cooked ground beef?
The interesting thing about food is that no matter its state, it can be stored and preserved for later use. Cooked ground beef is no exception. But the question is how long can you have your ground beef frozen? Well, here's an interesting answer. Cooked ground beef is best preserved for as long as 2 to 3 months as moisture is lost during the cooking process. Moisture plays a vital role in the freezing process. So long as the moisture is low, foods can be preserved for long. This works perfectly for cooked ground beef since moisture is lost during the cooking process.
Can you freeze browned ground beef?
Browned ground beef is beef that has been partially cooked on the surface based on one's preference. Like cooked beef, browned beef is also best frozen within 2 to 3months just so it does not lose its fresh taste when about to be reused.
Can you freeze ground beef after thawing?
You might be wondering if it is okay to freeze back your ground beef after letting it thaw. In this case, depending on how long the beef has been thawed and lying there, you can still freeze it. There may be a decrease in its value but it is still worth it once stored back immediately.
Can you freeze ground beef in-store packaging?
There is nothing wrong with freezing ground beef in-store packaging. However, this type of packaging is permissible to air which reduces the span at which the beef can be kept in the freezer (approximately 4 months). If you intend to preserve your ground beef for a longer duration, then it's best to keep the ground beef in airtight wrappers such as zip-lock bags, foil, or freezer wrappers.
Can you freeze cooked ground beef previously frozen?
The answer is definitely yes. Once it is no more needed to be used immediately, you can freeze back cooked ground beef which has been previously frozen. The easy way of doing this is to cut the ground beef needed after letting it thaw for some time and freeze back the rest.
Can you cook and freeze ground beef?
Ground beef is used for many delicacies worldwide. Although it is fast and easy to cook, if you're someone who constantly uses ground beef to make dishes and may not have time to braise your ground beef at every point you need it, then it is only wise to cook it and freeze it for later use.
How long can you freeze lean ground beef?
Regular ground beef leanness ranges from 70 to 85 percent. Lean ground beef is beef that is considered to have at least 90% lean beef with no more than 10% fat. Lean beef when wrapped properly in freezer wraps may take up to 4 months to 2 years.
Can you freeze cooked ground beef with rice?
Stirred rice with cooked ground beef can be frozen together in an air-tight zip-lock bag. While making this delicacy of rice and ground beef, do not add water.
Can you freeze seasoned ground beef?
Freezing seasoned ground beef is a great way to make cooking easier and more convenient. Once stored in the freezer properly, it can be retrieved at any time for immediate use.
Also checkout: 7 best oil to season cast iron.


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Have you ever experienced the heart-stopping moment when a glass of red wine topples over on your couch? If you have, you know the panic that ensues. But fear not! This comprehensive guide will teach you how to get red wine out of a couch effectively and efficiently.
What You Will Learn in This Post:
- Step-by-step instructions on how to remove red wine stains from your couch.
- Tips and tricks for preventing stains from setting in.
- Recommendations for the best stain removal products.
Understanding Red Wine Stains
Before we dive into the process of removing red wine stains, it's essential to understand why red wine leaves such stubborn stains. The color in red wine comes from natural pigments in the grape skins known as anthocyanins. These pigments are water-soluble and can easily penetrate fabric fibers, making the stain challenging to remove.
How to Get Red Wine Out of a Couch: A Step-by-Step Guide
Step 1: Blot the Stain
As soon as the wine hits the couch, grab a clean cloth and start blotting the stain. It's crucial to blot, not scrub, as scrubbing can cause the wine to penetrate deeper into the fabric.
Step 2: Apply a Homemade Stain Remover
Mix one tablespoon of white vinegar, one tablespoon of dish soap, and two cups of cool water. Apply this solution to the stain using a clean cloth. Let it sit for a few minutes to break down the wine's pigments.
Step 3: Rinse and Dry
Rinse the area with cool water and blot it dry. If the stain is still visible, repeat the process until the stain is completely gone.
Preventing Stains from Setting In
One of the best ways to prevent a red wine stain from setting in is to act fast. The quicker you can start the cleaning process, the better chance you have of completely removing the stain.
The Science Behind Red Wine Stains
To effectively combat red wine stains, it's helpful to understand the science behind them. Red wine gets its vibrant color from natural pigments found in grape skins called anthocyanins. These pigments are water-soluble and can easily penetrate fabric fibers, making the stain difficult to remove. Additionally, red wine is acidic, which can cause the fabric fibers to swell and absorb the stain even more deeply.
Pre-Treatment: The First Line of Defense
As soon as the red wine hits your couch, it's crucial to act quickly. Blot the stain with a clean cloth to remove as much of the wine as possible. Remember, blot, don't scrub, as scrubbing can push the wine deeper into the fabric and cause it to spread.
DIY Stain Removal Solutions
If you don't have a commercial stain remover on hand, don't worry. There are several effective DIY solutions you can try:
- Salt or Baking Soda: After blotting the stain, cover it with a thick layer of salt or baking soda. These substances can help absorb the wine and pull it out of the fabric. Let it sit for a few minutes, then vacuum up the salt or baking soda.
- Dish Soap and Hydrogen Peroxide: Mix equal parts
dish soapand hydrogen peroxide, then apply it to the stain. This combination can help break down the pigments in the wine. After letting it sit for a few minutes, rinse with cool water and blot dry.
- White Vinegar and
Dish Soap: Mix one tablespoon of white vinegar, one tablespoon of dish soap, and two cups of cool water. Apply this solution to the stain, let it sit for a few minutes, then rinse and blot dry.
Commercial Stain Removers: A Stronger Solution
If the DIY solutions aren't enough to remove the stain, you may need to turn to a commercial stain remover. There are several products specifically designed to remove red wine stains, such as Wine Away and Chateau Spill. Always follow the instructions on the product label, and remember to test the product on an inconspicuous area of your couch first to ensure it won't damage the fabric.
Post-Treatment: Ensuring the Stain is Gone
Once you've treated the stain, it's important to check that it's completely gone before you let the area dry. If any trace of the stain remains, it can set in as the fabric dries, making it much more difficult to remove later. If the stain is still visible, repeat your chosen treatment method until it's gone.
Preventing Future Stains
Prevention is always the best strategy when it comes to red wine stains. Consider using a fabric protector spray on your couch, which can provide a barrier that prevents spills from soaking into the fabric. Additionally, always keep your stain removal supplies on hand so you can act quickly if a spill does occur.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you get red wine stains out of a couch?
Start by blotting the stain with a clean cloth to absorb as much of the wine as possible. Then, apply a mixture of dish soap and white vinegar, let it sit for a few minutes, rinse with cool water, and blot dry. Repeat the process until the stain is completely gone.
How do you get wine out of a fabric couch?
The process is similar to removing red wine stains. Blot the stain, apply a cleaning solution (like dish soap and white vinegar), rinse, and blot dry. Repeat until the stain is gone.
Does red wine come out of fabric?
Yes, red wine can be removed from fabric with the right cleaning methods and products. The key is to act quickly before the stain sets in.
How do you get dried red wine out of fabric?
Dried red wine stains can be more challenging to remove, but it's still possible. Start by applying a small amount of warm water to rehydrate the stain. Then, apply a cleaning solution, rinse, and blot dry. Repeat until the stain is gone.
How do you get wine out of a sofa?
The process is the same as removing wine from a fabric couch. Blot the stain, apply a cleaning solution, rinse, and blot dry. Repeat until the stain is gone.
What's the best way to get wine out of fabric?
The best way to remove wine from fabric is to act quickly, blot the stain, apply a cleaning solution, rinse, and blot dry. Repeat the process until the stain is gone.
Does wine come out of fabric?
Yes, wine can be removed from fabric with the right cleaning methods and products.
Does vinegar remove wine stains?
Yes, white vinegar can help break down the pigments in red wine, making it easier to remove the stain.
Can you get red wine out of a sofa?
Yes, with quick action and the right cleaning methods, you can remove red wine stains from a sofa.
How do you get wine stains out of fabric?
Blot the stain, apply a cleaning solution (like dish soap and white vinegar), rinse, and blot dry. Repeat until the stain is gone.
Are red wine stains permanent?
Red wine stains can become permanent if they're not treated quickly or properly. However, with quick action and the right cleaning methods, you can effectively remove red wine stains.
How to get red wine out of leather couch?
For leather, use a leather cleaner or a mixture of mild soap and water. Blot the stain, apply the cleaner, then wipe it off with a damp cloth.
While a red wine spill on your couch can be a stressful event, it doesn't have to be a disaster. With quick action and the right tools, you can remove the stain and keep your couch looking as good as new.
Remember, the key to successful red wine stain removal is to act fast, blot don't scrub, and use the right stain removal method for your couch's fabric. With these tips in mind, you'll be well-equipped to handle any red wine spills that come your way.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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132 – Christopher Maloney on Launching an Online Practice Program for Adults
Most teachers agree that one of the greatest indicators of whether or not a student will progress in music is not their innate talent. It all comes down to practicing.
Today's musician entrepreneur, Christopher Maloney, realized that there was a gap in where his adults were and where they wanted to be in their musical skills and that gap could only be traversed by practicing and, ideally, practicing more effectively. So he decided to tackle this challenge. Not in the form of a practice app, but by creating an online program, specifically for adult students, to teach them how to practice. Today we'll hear the startup story of that program, Practice Warriors.
Unlimited Power by Tony Robbins
Freedom Through Higher Awareness by Dr. Wayne Dyer
Man's Search for Meaning by Viktor Frankl
Effortless Mastery: Liberating the Master Musician Within by Kenny Wenny Werner
Kajabi course platform
Connect with Christopher


What's the dollar value of wild salmon produced by the Tongass and the Chugach?
Alaska's Tongass and Chugach National Forests provide many different things to the people who rely on them for food, recreation or a living, but because the forests work for free, the value of the services they provide is sometimes hard to recognize. As part of a growing movement to figure out the dollar value of those forest "products," however, scientists for the first time have estimated the value of the Tongass and the Chugach National Forests to Alaska's commercial salmon industry.
LINK (via: The Cordova Times)
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If you have problems reducing the colors on a raster image try the following.
Combine automatic and manual reduction
Use a combination of automatic and manual color reduction.
For example, if you have a 256 color image that you want to reduce to 16 colors, you could try reducing it to 32 colors automatically and then making the final reduction manually using Palette Menu > View/Edit Palette.
Rescan the drawing
Color reduction will not work well on muddy, wishy-washy colors.
Experiment with your scanner's brightness and contrast settings and rescan the drawing so that the colors on the raster image are as high contrast, vibrant and saturated as possible.
Thin the raster image before reducing the colors
Some raster images have lines with "haloes" that are not the same color as the main line. To resolve this problem, try thinning the image before you reduce the colors.
Despeckle the raster image after reducing the colors
Despeckle the raster image after reducing the colors to make the reduced color areas more uniform.
Vectorize the image using the Vector Colors to Raster Colors method
If you can't reduce the colors acceptably or it is taking too long, try vectorizing the raster image using the Vector Colors to Raster Colors method.
Troubleshooting Color reduction
Have questions on this topic? Talk to us

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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PVC water belt use precautions
High temperature resistant hose
It is also a kind of steam hose, which is mainly used to transport hot water with a temperature greater than 100 degrees and less than 180 degrees. We all know that the maximum temperature of water at a standard atmospheric pressure is 100 degrees, but if the pressure of the closed pipe is more than 100 degrees, the hose must be pressurized and temperature. The higher the pressure, the greater the pressure. High-temperature water-receiving hoses When selecting the type, the pressure of the hose must be taken into consideration to prevent the steam hose from rupturing or injuring the equipment due to too much pressure. It is preferable to use a threaded joint or a high pressure joint to ensure the safety of the hose.
High temperature resistant acid hose
Because the material of the steam hose is generally EPDM rubber or EPDM rubber, this rubber has good corrosion resistance, so the steam hose can also be used to transport various acids with high temperature, such as hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid. Wait.learn more about Hydraulic pipe leakage solution


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This time I decided to write something, which is not Azure related, yet some people should find it interesting. To make a long story short - when working in a team using a git repository, we often agree on different kind of conventions, which help in keeping it clean and allow for easy integration with other tools(like issue trackers). The downside of such agreement is mainly a need to remember all structures and prefixes. In this post I show you how automate at least part of it - it's not something brand new, still I tried to present something elegant and easy to use.
git has many cool features and hooks are one of them. If you haven't heards about them - those are simple scripts written in shell(though you can use other languages like Python also), which are executed at the specific moment while working with your repository(like opening a commit message window). To make hooks working, they have to have a specific filename and must be stored in '.git/hooks' directory of your repository.
To start working with git hooks the easiest way is to initialize a dummy repository:
$ git init
and then go to '.git/hooks' repository and copy full content of the directory. When you open any file, you should see an example of a hook with some comments. Take your time and read them carefully since most of them provide some useful information.
Modifying a commit message
This time we'd like to modify a commit message. There are a few hooks, which could help here, but I decided to go for prepare-commit-message. I won't go into details here why this particular hooks has been chosen by me - commit-msg would fit here also. Personally I found it the most semantically correct for my purposes.
To modify a commit message you could use following shell script:
BRANCH='git branch | grep '^\*' | cut -d '/' -f 2'
TASK='echo $BRANCH | cut -d '-' -f 1,2'
echo -e "[$TASK] \n$(cat $1)" > $1
This script fetches a branch name, splits it and extracts two values from an array(which in my case are the project identifier and a task number). Let's say you have following branch name:
if you go to your git client and create a commit with a message This is my message!, you'll get following result:
[TIMP-1] This is my message!
How cool is that?
Enabling git hooks
All right, actually I lied a little - having only a script won't make, that a hook works. What you have to do is the following:
- make sure a hook has a correct name(without.sample extension)
- lies _URL_ directory
Using a script from an example your.git folder should contain following file:
Now it should work flawlessly.
git hooks are great way to automate many things related to your daily work with a git repository. I strongly encourage you to dive deeper into this topic and automate as many things as you can.


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Cane Corsos are strong, intelligent dogs with a long history of serving as watchdogs and guards. These dogs may be a wonderful addition to any household because of their strength, devotion, and strong protectiveness. It's crucial to keep in mind, though, that Cane Corsos are big and active dogs. They want continuous training, socialisation, and leadership from their owners.
Training and socialisation are two important factors to take into account while analysing Cane Corso behaviour. To avoid behavioural problems and to ensure that these dogs are well-behaved and well-mannered, it is essential that they are properly trained and socialised from a young age. Utilizing positive reinforcement tactics, like as cookies and praise, it is crucial to begin training and socialisation as soon as feasible. This will teach your Cane Corso to obey your directions and behave politely among other people.
Establishing oneself as the leader is equally as crucial as training and socialisation. Cane Corsos are clever, independent dogs who require regular, clear direction in order to succeed. You can assist prevent your Cane Corso from being dominating or violent and make sure they are well-behaved and obedient to your directions by establishing yourself as the leader.
Behavior Training Your Cane Corso
Exercise and mental stimulation are essential factors in Cane Corso behaviour. These lively dogs require at least an hour of strenuous exercise each day to maintain their happiness and health. Additionally, they require mental stimulation, which may be given to them by giving them interactive toys and puzzles or by teaching them new instructions and tricks.
It's also critical to be aware of any health conditions that can have an impact on your Cane Corso's behaviour. For instance, pain and discomfort brought on by medical illnesses can result in behavioural problems like anger or disobedience. You can help prevent behavioural difficulties and keep your Cane Corso happy and healthy by keeping up with their medical care and taking care of any health issues right away.
Tips for Behaviour Training
- Start early with training: Cane Corsos are extremely trainable and clever dogs. However, they can also be stubborn and need consistent training to keep them from becoming challenging to handle. As soon as you can, begin educating your Cane Corso to develop positive behaviours and prepare them for success.
- Utilise positive reinforcement strategies: Cane Corsos respond best to strategies that emphasise and reward positive behaviour. When training your Cane Corso, avoid employing punishment or intimidation. These methods are ineffective and could instil fear and mistrust in your dog.
- Create boundaries and regulations that are clear: Set clear boundaries and rules for your Cane Corso! Also, be consistent in enforcing them. Your Cane Corso will be better able to grasp what is expected of them as a result, and they will be more inclined to obey your directions.
- Use treats and incentives: Treats and incentives can be a powerful tool for encouraging and reinforcing positive behaviour in your Cane Corso. During training sessions, offer high-value goodies that your Cane Corso enjoys to reinforce positive behaviour.
- Be patient; Cane Corso training can be timeand patience-consuming. Keep practising and rewarding positive behaviour, and your Cane Corso will eventually pick up a new command. Don't be disappointed if your Cane Corso doesn't learn it right away.
- If necessary, get expert assistance: If you are having difficulty teaching your Cane Corso or are unsure about where to begin, think about hiring a qualified dog trainer. A trainer may give you advice and assistance while also assisting you in identifying any training obstacles.
Being a good pet owner means training your Cane Corso since it helps to guarantee that your dog is well-behaved and polite. It can also assist to enhance the link between you and your dog. Cane Corsos are strong-willed, intelligent dogs who require constant, positive training to thrive. It's crucial to begin socialisation and training as soon as possible. When training your Cane Corso, keep the following things in mind:
- Be dependable: When it comes to teaching your Cane Corso, consistency is essential. Use consistent directives and signals, and set clear expectations that are both firm and fair.
- Establish yourself as the leader: Since Cane Corsos require persistent, clear leadership in order to flourish. You can assist prevent your Cane Corso from being dominating or violent and make sure they are well-behaved and obedient to your directions by establishing yourself as the leader.
- Use training aids: You can teach your Cane Corso new tricks and commands. Just take help of one of the many training aids that are available! Treats, toys, and training collars are some examples of these.
You can assist ensure that your Cane Corso is well-behaved and well-mannered and that you and your dog have a solid and good relationship by adhering to some fundamental training recommendations. Keep in mind that teaching your Cane Corso is a continuous process that calls for tolerance, reliability, and positive reinforcement. You can train and socialise your Cane Corso to fit in with your family by taking the appropriate approach.
Here are a number of tips on what to avoid doing when managing the behaviour of a Cane Corso dog:
- Avoid punishing your dog physically or acting aggressively; doing so might increase their fear and mistrust while also worsening their behaviour. Use tactics for positive reinforcement instead, such as clicker training, praise, and treats.
- Don't ignore your Cane Corso's demand for exercise; they need a lot of it to keep fit and well-behaved. Cane Corsos are huge, active dogs. Regular strolls and recreation can aid in reducing aggressive and disruptive behaviour.
- A Cane Corso should not be left alone for extended periods of time because they thrive on human company and may develop destructive or violent tendencies.
- The Cane Corso is a strong-willed dog, and if they think that you are not a strong leader, they may try to take control. Don't let them be the Alpha. Maintain a routine of training and be firm with your orders and demands.
- Avoid overfeeding Cane Corsos since they are prone to obesity and because it can cause behavioural and health concerns, effecting their behaviour and training.


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Definition of Anterior tongue
Anterior tongue: The front two-thirds of the tongue. In contrast to the base of the tongue, which is the back third. The distinction between the anterior and base of the tongue reflects the fact that they are of different embryological origin. The distinction also matters as regards cancer. See: Tongue cancer.
Last Editorial Review: 10/9/2012
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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The Edwardians: Secrets and Desires showcases the broad range of art created by artists working and exhibiting in London during the years 1900 to 1914. The exhibition reflects a time of great social change — from a period of established order to the beginnings of a more modern world — and reveals the variety of possibilities that became available during this time.
Many Australian artists went to Europe at the turn of the 20th century to live and study. Likewise, artists from Ireland and America sought to establish themselves in the artistic centres of London and Paris. The Edwardians: Secrets and Desires places the work of these expatriate artists within the context of British art of the time. Artists moved regularly between London and Paris, and were keen to have their works included in exhibitions in both centres. Parisians such as Auguste Rodin and Jacques-Emile Blanche regularly exhibited their work in London, and Rodin became President of the London-based International Society of Painters, Sculptors and Gravers.
The exhibition catalogue, fully illustrated in colour, contains comprehensive essays and information on all of works in the exhibition and is available from ngashop.com.au.
ART GALLERY OF SOUTH
|NGA Home | Introduction | Gallery | Search | Essay | Learning | Symposium | Visiting | Previous|


> is a preferred label for concept ,
 - the triple (, skos:altLabel, ) says that is an alternative label for concept ,
 - the triple (, skos:broader, ) says that concept is a broder concept of .
 - One way to convert Eurovoc into plain SKOS
 2016/06/27 by Yann Voté
 This is the second part of an article where I show how to import the Eurovoc thesaurus from the European Union into an application using a plain SKOS data model. I've recently faced the problem of importing Eurovoc into CubicWeb using the SKOS cube, and the solution I've chose is discussed here.
 The first part was an introduction to thesauri and SKOS.
 The whole article assumes familiarity with RDF, as describing RDF would require more than a blog entry and is out of scope.
 Difficulties with Eurovoc and SKOS
 Eurovoc is the main thesaurus covering European Union business domains. It is published and maintained by the EU commission. It is quite complex and big, structured as a tree of keywords.
 You can see Eurovoc keywords and browse the tree from the Eurovoc homepage using the link Browse the subject-oriented version.
 For example, when publishing statistics about education in the EU, you can tag the published data with the broadest keyword Education and communications. Or you can be more precise and use the following narrower keywords, in increasing order of preference: Education, Education policy, Education statistics.
 Problem: hierarchy of thesauri
 The EU commission uses SKOS to publish its Eurovoc thesaurus, so it should be straightforward to import Eurovoc into our own application. But things are not that simple...
 For some reasons, Eurovoc uses a hierarchy of concept schemes. For example, Education and communications is a sub-concept scheme of Eurovoc (it is called a domain), and Education is a sub-concept scheme of Education and communications (it is called a micro-thesaurus). Education policy is (a label of) the first concept in this hierarchy.
 But with SKOS this is not possible: a concept scheme cannot be contained into another concept scheme.
 Possible solutions
 So to import Eurovoc into our SKOS application, and not loose data, one solution is to turn sub-concept schemes into concepts. We have two strategies:
 - keep only one concept scheme (Eurovoc) and turn domains and micro-thesauri into concepts,
 - keep domains as concept schemes, drop Eurovoc concept scheme, and only turn micro-thesauri into concepts.
 Here we will discuss the latter solution.
 Lets get to work
 Eurovoc thesaurus can be downloaded at the following URL:
 The ZIP archive contains only one XML file named eurovoc_skos.rdf. Put it somewhere where you can find it easily.
 To read this file easily, we will use the RDFLib Python library. This library makes it really convenient to work with RDF data. It has only one drawback: it is very slow. Reading the whole Eurovoc thesaurus with it takes a very long time. Make the process faster is the first thing to consider for later improvements.
 Reading the Eurovoc thesaurus is as simple as creating an empty RDF Graph and parsing the file. As said above, this takes a long long time (from half an hour to two hours).
 import rdflib
 eurovoc_graph = rdflib.Graph()
 eurovoc_graph.parse('', format='xml')
 )>
 We can see that Eurovoc contains more than 2 million triples.
 Now, before actually converting Eurovoc to plain SKOS, lets introduce some helper functions:
 - the first one, uriref(), will allow us to build RDFLib URIRef objects from simple prefixed URIs like skos:prefLabel or dcterms:title,
 - the second one, capitalized_eurovoc_domains(), is used to convert Eurovoc domain names, all uppercase (eg. 32 EDUCATION ET COMMUNICATION) to a string where only first letter is uppercase (eg. 32 Education and communication)
 import re
 from rdflib import Literal, Namespace, RDF, URIRef
 from rdflib.namespace import DCTERMS, SKOS
 eu_ns = Namespace('')
 thes_ns = Namespace('')
 prefixes = {
 'dcterms': DCTERMS,
 'skos': SKOS,
 'eu': eu_ns,
 'thes': thes_ns,
 def uriref(prefixed_uri):
 prefix, value = prefixed_uri.split(':', 1)
 ns = prefixes[prefix]
 return ns[value]
 def capitalized_eurovoc_domain(domain):
 """Return the given Eurovoc domain name with only the first letter uppercase."""
 return re.sub(r'^(\d+\s)(.)(.+)$',
 lambda m: u'{0}{1}{2}'.format(,,,
 domain, re.UNICODE)
 Now the actual work. After using variables to reference URIs, the loop will parse each triple in original graph and:
 - discard it if it contains deprecated data,
 - if triple is like (, rdf:type, eu:Domain), replace it with (, rdf:type, skos:ConceptScheme),
 - if triple is like (, rdf:type, eu:MicroThesaurus), replace it with (, rdf:type, skos:Concept) and add triple (, skos:inScheme, ),
 - if triple is like (, rdf:type, eu:ThesaurusConcept), replace it with (, rdf:type, skos:Concept),
 - if triple is like (, skos:topConceptOf, ), replace it with (, skos:broader, ),
 - if triple is like (, skos:inScheme, ), replace it with (, skos:inScheme, ),
 - keep triples like (, skos:prefLabel, ), (, skos:altLabel, ), and (, skos:broader, ),
 - discard all other non-deprecated triples.
 Note that, to replace a micro thesaurus with a domain, we have to build a mapping between each micro thesaurus and its containing domain (microthes2domain dict).
 This loop is also quite long.
 eurovoc_ref = URIRef(u'')
 deprecated_ref = URIRef(u'')
 title_ref = uriref('dcterms:title')
 status_ref = uriref('thes:status')
 class_domain_ref = uriref('eu:Domain')
 rel_domain_ref = uriref('eu:domain')
 microthes_ref = uriref('eu:MicroThesaurus')
 thesconcept_ref = uriref('eu:ThesaurusConcept')
 concept_scheme_ref = uriref('skos:ConceptScheme')
 concept_ref = uriref('skos:Concept')
 pref_label_ref = uriref('skos:prefLabel')
 alt_label_ref = uriref('skos:altLabel')
 in_scheme_ref = uriref('skos:inScheme')
 broader_ref = uriref('skos:broader')
 top_concept_ref = uriref('skos:topConceptOf')
 microthes2domain = dict((mt, next(eurovoc_graph.objects(mt, uriref('eu:domain'))))
 for mt in eurovoc_graph.subjects(RDF.type, uriref('eu:MicroThesaurus')))
 new_graph = rdflib.ConjunctiveGraph()
 for subj_ref, pred_ref, obj_ref in eurovoc_graph:
 if deprecated_ref in list(eurovoc_graph.objects(subj_ref, status_ref)):
 # Convert eu:Domain into a skos:ConceptScheme
 if obj_ref == class_domain_ref:
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, RDF.type, concept_scheme_ref))
 for title in eurovoc_graph.objects(subj_ref, pref_label_ref):
 if title.language == u'en':
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, title_ref,
 # Convert eu:MicroThesaurus into a skos:Concept
 elif obj_ref == microthes_ref:
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, RDF.type, concept_ref))
 scheme_ref = next(eurovoc_graph.objects(subj_ref, rel_domain_ref))
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, in_scheme_ref, scheme_ref))
 # Convert eu:ThesaurusConcept into a skos:Concept
 elif obj_ref == thesconcept_ref:
 new_graph.add((subj_ref, RDF.type, concept_ref))
 # Replace topConceptOf by broader
 elif pred_ref == top_concept_ref:
 new


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Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro
|Coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro|
Coat of arms of SFR Yugoslavia, used by Serbia and Montenegro _PHONE_
|Use||As official emblem of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, _PHONE_.|
The coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro was the national symbol of Serbia and Montenegro (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 2003).
Official status
The coat of arms was officially adopted by the federal parliament in 1994. It replaced the coat of arms of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia which had remained as the Federal Republic's coat of arms from 1992 to 1994. Usage of the arms was discontinued in 2006, after the dissolution of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro.
Usage as the coat of arms of Serbia and Montenegro
The legal acts which reconstituted the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia into the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro stipulated that a law was to be passed by the end of 2003 specifying the Union's coat of arms and anthem. Such a law was never brought forward, and unlike with the flag and anthem, no notable proposals for a new coat of arms were ever put forward. Thus the State Union continued to use the Yugoslav arms by inertia until its dissolution in June 2006.
Heraldic description
Gules, aTwo-headed eagle Argent, en surtout an inescutcheon, quarterly 1 and 4 a lion passant Or (Montenegro) and 2 and 3, a cross between four fire steels Argent. (Serbia)
Origins of coat of arms
The coat of arms was designed after the breakup of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, to symbolise the new union consisting only of Serbia and Montenegro. Its design thus features the traditional heraldical elements connected historically with both countries.
Throughout history, the arms of both Montenegro and Serbia have featured a double-headed eagle, usually silver, on a shield, usually red, bearing on their chests usually a red shield, which in Montenegro's case contained a golden lion while in Serbia's a cross with four firesteels, usually silver. Thus the arms of FR Yugoslavia were designed by combining these elements: the eagle is the symbol common to both countries, symbolizing their unity, the lions represent Montenegro and crosses with firesteels, Serbia. The red shield in the middle was divided into 4 parts, although the federation consisted of 2 federal units. This was done with the intention to accommodate any possible further expansion of the federation.
The coat of arms was initially proposed by Dr. A. Palavestra in 1992. The final, adopted version followed the same blason as the original proposal but differed in graphical style.
See also
- "Znamenja naseg identiteta", izlozba radova clanova Srpskog heraldickog drustva, Bijeljina, 1994.


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- Workshop on SMOS for Space Wea...
Workshop on SMOS for Space Weather
16 Sep 2022
A hybrid event will take place from 12:00 to 16:00 UTC on 14 November 2022 to report on the results of ESA projects using SMOS data for Space Weather applications.
The SMOS Mission team at ESA is exploring an innovative application for SMOS data by researching how L-band data acquired by the MIRAS instrument can be used to retrieve measurements of Solar Flux and Total Electron Content in the ionosphere.
Discover examples of studies in which SMOS data are being used in this field.
Another goal of the workshop is to gather feedback from the Space Weather community and solar scientists about how SMOS data could support new products and future studies in the field.
The final agenda for the workshop will be issued on 31 October.
The workshop will take place at ESA's ESRIN facility in Frascati, Italy, and remote online attendance will also be offered.
Anyone interested in attending the workshop, either at ESRIN or online, must confirm their participation by 15 October, by contacting _EMAIL_


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Life: September 2, 1883 – August 11, 1957
Why you should know him: Rudolf Weigl was a Polish biologist who not only invented the vaccine for epidemic typhus, but also saved the lives of countless Jews during the Holocaust.
Born in 1883 in Moravia (then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), Rudolf Weigl later moved to Lwow, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine), where he completed his training in biology, zoology, and anatomy.
Dr. Weigl's work was in the field of vaccinations. During the 1930s and 1940s, he developed the first successful vaccine for typhus, a disease that ravaged Europe – particularly the ghettos and camps that imprisoned the continent's Jews.
Dr. Weigl's research came to the attention of the Nazis after Poland was captured. The Nazis ordered Dr. Weigl to set up a vaccination production plant. This very Nazi-mandated facility would save many from the Nazis, however, as Dr. Weigl employed many of Poland's Jews and members of the country's underground at his institute. The vaccines also saved many of Poland's Jews, as they were smuggled into the disease-ravaged ghettos of Lviv and Warsaw.
While Dr. Rudolf Weigl died in 1957, Israel honored him for the numerous Jewish lives his actions and his vaccine saved by naming him Righteous Among the Nations in 2003.


text:
Unparalleled experience in energy, water, and transportation research.
Pecan Street helps corporations, entrepreneurs, and policymakers develop leapfrog solutions that accelerate the transition to clean energy.
We specialize in modeling, testing, and verifying new smart home technology, electricity pricing, electric vehicle infrastructure, solar energy, and energy storage.
Our one-of-a-kind research network includes more than 1,000 volunteer participants whose home energy use and generation is measured and analyzed every second, 24/7.
Pecan Street invented a way to transform old, analog water meters into internet-connected devices that can identify how water is used and detect minuscule water leaks.
More than 25 water utilities and universities have joined forces with Pecan Street through the University Municipal Water Consortium, where they are harnessing the power of advanced technologies, cloud computing, and data-intensive field research to accelerate water conservation and availability solutions.
As more cities pursue low-carbon strategies, our transportation sector will become increasingly electric – from passenger cars to buses and shuttles. That means utilities, researchers, and policy-makers need a better understanding of how our grid will be impacted and what steps we should take to prepare for this shift. Through public-private partnerships, Pecan Street is conducting research of residential EV adoption, vehicle-to-grid integration, and the electrification of public transit.
Soil Carbon Research
Pecan Street's Digital Dirt initiative is exploring new methods to accelerate market development for carbon farming.
One of the world's most effective climate solutions lays dormant under our feet. Pecan Street is applying its experience in electricity, water, and natural gas data collection and analysis to a new front on the fight against climate change: soils.
Globally, soils contain more than 2 trillion metric tons of carbon – more than three times the carbon as is in our atmosphere. And scientists believe we can store much more carbon in cropland soils around the world.
But first, we must quantify its potential, create financial incentives for farmers to participate in this change, and develop tools and standards to measure its progress in order to scale soil carbon storage efforts. The Digital Dirt initiative will draw on Pecan Street's expertise to overcome these hurdles.


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Ontario's Historical Plaques
Learn a little Ontario history as told through its plaques
These two plaques are at the same location.
Both can be seen on this page.
Photo by Alan L Brown - Posted April, 2004
Photo by contributor Wayne Adam - Posted February, 2012
Photo Source - Wikipedia
Coordinates: N 44 06.090 W 79 26.470
Erected 1825-32, its architecture symbolizes the religious beliefs of its builder, David Willson, born in New York State 1778. Disowned by the Society of Friends (Quakers), he established hereabouts the Children of Peace (Davidites) in 1812, a small sect which retained some Quaker mysticism while placing great emphasis on ceremony, music and practical education. Most Davidites were strong political reformers and several joined Mackenzie's force in the Rebellion of 1837. Following Willson's death 1866, the strength of the sect diminished and its last service was held here 1886.
Photo by Alan L Brown - Posted May, 2009
This elegant structure stands as testament to the faith and good works of the Children of Peace. In _PHONE_ master carpenters Ebenezer and John Doan constructed it to the plans of religious leader David Willson who was inspired by Biblical descriptions of Solomon's Temple and the New Jerusalem. The square plan symbolized the sect's egalitarian beliefs and cooperative principles. Once a month and on holidays the Temple was the scene of music-filled ceremonies. Its rescue from demolition in 1918 by the York Pioneer and Historical Society is an early example of historic conservation in Canada.
Here are the visitors' comments for this page.
Posted June 29, 2011
This building was used to film scenes in "Samuel Lount" (1985), a movie about the Rebel leader (see his plaque pages on this site and at torontoplaques.com). The film portrayed Lount as a member of the pacifist sect, but characterized his involvement in the Rebellion as unique. This plaque says support for fighting the British was common amongst members. -Wayne
Posted June 9, 2011
When I lived in Toronto years ago, I would visit this spot quite frequently. Absolutely unique architecture, and just a wonderful place for a visit!
Posted November 8, 2010
Amazing structure, thank Heaven it was saved from demolition! I used to visit it years ago. Nothing else like it!!
Here's where you can write a comment for this page.
Note: If you wish to ask me a question, please use the email link in the menu.
Note: Comments are moderated. Yours will appear on this page within 24 hours
(usually much sooner).
Note: As soon as the comment is posted, a link to it will appear on the home page in the section "Here are the 10 latest plaque pages with a new comment added by a visitor to this site."


UX Bookclub Switzerland meeting: interaction design lessons from science fiction
Red attended the meeting of the UX Bookclub Switzerland to discuss the influence of science fiction media on real-life interface and interaction design.
Image showing Red at the UX Book Club discussing the relevance of interfaces from Sci-Fi movies.
At the UX Book Club interfaces in Sci-Fi movies are a hot topic!
Exploring fictional user interfaces
The latest meeting of the UX Bookclub revolved around the book Make It So - Interaction Design Lessons from Science Fiction by Nathan Shedroff and Christopher Noessel. They investigate how interfaces in science fiction films are presented and how interaction designers can use these fictional interfaces as a source of inspiration. Although there is a lot of technological extravagance in science fiction, certain aspects can be put to use in real life.
Real-world vs fictional interfaces
The technologies and interface designs which we see on screen have a great influence on both designer and user. Sometimes, they may actually inspire real world technology, as it was the case with the Motorola StarTAC phone, which was inspired by the communicator from the Star Trek series filmed 30 years earlier. Fictional possibilities inevitably change our expectations and desires regarding real technology.
The most important difference between fiction and reality is of course the fact that while it is essential that user interfaces in the real world function properly, fictional interfaces needn't work. They do not necessarily have to be thought through to the last detail or can simply rely on a system which is extremely intelligent. This allows for more freedom in imagining an ideal interface. Though we cannot start designing unfinished interfaces which don't work, we can gain from this the idea of giving our imagination free rein. It might be worth blocking out the usual project limitations such as budget, technology and client wishes, at least for a moment.
Design itself is fiction
Another interesting realisation when looking at the relation between science fiction and real-world design is the fact that in the end, our work is fiction, too: „All design is fiction—at least until it gets built or is made available to users and customers." The personae which we create could be compared to characters, the scenarios and use cases to narratives and prototypes to scenes. We are sci-fi creators! Just as sci-fi writers use their imagination to write an engaging story, we have to be imaginative when designing an interface which satisfies the user.
The idea to learn from sci-fi films and television shows is certainly very interesting. Nathan Shedroff and Christopher Noessel provide a well-organised overview of different sci-fi user interfaces and show that we can gain valuable new approaches by having a closer look at these fictional interfaces. However, the book reads more like general thoughts from an interaction designer's view and lacks a certain profoundness. Another interesting read on sci-fi and technology is Aaron Marcus' The Past 100 Years of the Future: Human-Computer Interaction in Science-Fiction Movies and Television. His book also explores how real-life professionals and sci-fi media-producers can learn from one another.
In the meantime, we are also confronted with divining what technological breakthrough the "real" future will bring. Thinking about Google Glass or Siri we realise that technologies such as augmented reality or voice recognition, which several years ago may have seemed like pure fiction, exist. The question is now how things will develop - what will be the next best thing?


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Definition - What does Back Ionization mean?
Back ionization is the excessive deposition of charged powder particles, preventing further powder from being deposited on the substrate. This results in improper surface coating.
This phenomenon causes coatings to have high porosity and improper bonding, leading to a coating that is not suitable for corrosion protection.
Back ionization is also known as starring or starburst effect.
Corrosionpedia explains Back Ionization
When charged powder coating is applied to a metal surface, the thickness of powder coating increases. Because of this, a cumulative charge will be produced by powder particles on the coating as coating's thickness increases. As the coating thickness increases, the strength of the electric field becomes sufficient to ionize air trapped between powder particles.
The ionization of air generates a great number of positive ions. These positive charges try to escape from the coating and attract the negative charge of the coating particles. This creates an uneven coating surface. This causes an "orange peel" texture on the powder's surface. The phenomenon is more typical when applying a second coat on a part, but can occur when applying the first coat.
How to avoid back ionization:
- Lower voltage settings
- Optimizing distance between the gun and coating surface
- Ion collector use: A grounding ring or grounding source of power


Overall Rating Gold - expired
Overall Score 67.42
Liaison Mary-Lee Townsend
Submission Date Oct. 6, 2014
Executive Letter Download
STARS v2.0
Western University
OP-19: Student Commute Modal Split
Status Score Responsible Party
Complete 1.84 / 2.00 Stefanie De Adder
Sustainability Coordinator
Facilities Management
Total percentage of students that use more sustainable commuting options:
The percentage of students that use each of the following modes as their primary means of transportation to get to and from campus::
Percentage (0-100)
Commute with only the driver in the vehicle (excluding motorcycles and scooters) 8.17
Walk, bicycle, or use other non-motorized means 38.72
Vanpool or carpool 4.04
Take a campus shuttle or public transportation 49.07
Use a motorcycle, scooter or moped 0
A brief description of the method(s) used to gather data about student commuting:
This question will now be included as part of the Sustainability Literacy Assessment and distributed to all students.
The website URL where information about sustainable transportation for students is available:


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Number of Girl Guides in 2012
Girls & Boys
Löfte Jag lovar att efter bästa förmåga följa scoutlagen.
Swedish Girl Scout Law
Girl Scout Law
- En scout visar vördnad för Gud och hans ord
- En scout är ärlig och pålitlig
- En scout är vänlig och hjälpsam
- En scout visar hänsyn och är en god kamrat
- En scout möter svårigheter med gott humör.
- En scout lär känna och vårdar naturen.
- En scout känner ansvar för sig själv och andra‡.
‡The word 'andra' (others) is a Swedish expression for society, and the clause as a whole means responsibility to the communities in which we live.
- A Scout seeks his/her faith and respects the faith of others
- A Scout is honest and reliable
- A Scout is friendly and helpful
- A Scout is considerate to others and trustworthy as a friend
- A Scout faces difficulties without complaining
- A Scout learns about nature and is concerned with its conservation.
- A Scout feels responsibility for herself and others.
Development of the Movement
The first groups of Guides were formed in Sweden as early as 1910, and by 1913 the foundations of Swedish Guiding had been laid.
On 1 January 2013, scouts in Sweden entered a new organisation. The new organisation is called The Guides and Scouts of Sweden and includes all 70 000 Scouts in Sweden.
Scouts in Sweden were previously organised in five different associations which then had an umbrella organisation called the Swedish Guide and Scout Council. The associations varied in size and were organised in different ways but all shared common ground in the Scout method and the values of Scouting. These associations
In the middle of the 1990s discussions started about jointly organising a national camp for all five Scout associations and in 2001 the first Swedish national jamboree was held on the fields of Rinkaby in the municipality of Kristianstad. On the same site were later held another two large camps, Jiingijamborii and the the World Scout Jamboree 2011. These camps were all important steps in welding together our movement, where the different associations met and united in the preparatory work.
In the years following the first joint camp, a common strategy for the future of Scouting in Sweden, a common programme, common training modules and a common Scout uniform were all worked out. Working towards the creation of one united organisation has been a natural step after this.
In November 2012 the first general meeting was held for the new organisation.
What was the difference?
- The organisation of the Swedish Guide and Scout Association was restructured and became the Guides and Scouts of Sweden.
- All Scout Groups were connected to the new united organisation. All members and Scout Groups now belong to the same organisation: the Guides and Scouts of Sweden.
- Other associations still exist and have signed agreements of cooperation with the Guides and Scouts of Sweden. These associations are :
- Svenska Scoutförbundet (SSF)
- SMU Scout (SMU-S)
- Kfuk Och Kfums Scoutförbund (KFUK-KFUM)
- Frälsningsarméns Scoutförbund (FA)
- Nykterhetsrörelsens Scoutförbund (NSF)
- Scout Groups received more influence in the organisation through direct representation at the general meeting of the Guides and Scout of Sweden.
- It became easier for more Scouts to participate in the democratic processes.
- More groups can run Scouting with a specific profile, for example: temperance Scouting. For all organisations that already exist and that want to start Scouting as a part of their activities, there is now a possibility to join as a co-operating organisation.


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The Hungarian government has highlighted how Brussels is preaching about extradition, but together with Soros's people immediately take action against legitimate extradition.
The Government Information Centre states that it is shocking that while certain Brussels and other politicians are preaching about the importance of extradition in a two-faced manner, they immediately attempt to prevent the lawful extradition of illegal immigrants so as to also keep as many immigrants as possible in Europe this way.
According to Kormany.hu, the Hungarian authorities have acted according to the relevant European Union and Hungarian laws when extraditing illegal immigrants, which a Soros organization is once again attempting to prevent via Brussels.
On May 8th 2019, Hungary organized the lawful extradition of 17 Afghan illegal immigrants to Afghanistan within the framework of Frontex's air removal operations. 16 were extradited because the court ruled against the authority acting on their behalf with relation to their application for asylum, and the ruling automatically included an order for their extradition, while one individual was expelled from Hungary having been found guilty of people smuggling.
11 of the extradited illegal immigrants signed a statement that they are prepared to leave Hungary voluntarily in the direction of Serbia, which duly occurred without any involvement on the part of the authorities. In the interests of preventing the implementation of the legally binding extradition order, a foreign-funded organization, the Hungarian Helsinki Committee, turned to the European Court of Human Rights. The Court ordered the temporary postponement of extradition in the case of a family of five; Hungary has complied with the Court's ruling.
Photo credit: 4liberty.eu


New Testament
Symbolism and Symbolic Meanings
What does a black horse symbolize in the bible?
Top Answer
User Avatar
Wiki User
Answered 2012-09-19 13:44:01
It represents 'Famine' and Matthew 24:7 is Jesus' parallel of Revelation 6:
Revelation 6:5-6New King James Version (NKJV) Third Seal: Scarcity on Earth5 When He opened the third seal, I heard the third living creature say, "Come and see." So I looked, and behold, a black horse, and he who sat on it had a pair of scales in his hand.6 And I heard a voice in the midst of the four living creatures saying, "A quart[a] of wheat for a denarius,[b] and three quarts of barley for a denarius; and do not harm the oil and the wine."Footnotes:
 1. Revelation 6:6 Greek choinix; that is, approximately one quart
 2. Revelation 6:6 This was approximately one day's wage for a worker.
Matthew 24:7New King James Version (NKJV)
7 For nation will rise against nation, and kingdom against kingdom. And there will be famines, pestilences,[a]and earthquakes in various places.Footnotes:
 1. Matthew 24:7 NU-Text omits pestilences.
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Your Answer
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Related Questions
What does a black horse symbolize?
In the Bible a black horse symbolizes famine
What does the color black symbolize in the Bible?
Usually sin or evil.
What does a sea horse symbolize?
There are a number of things a sea horse could symbolize. A sea horse could symbolize peace or fragility for example.
What is the meaning of the black horse in the book of Revelations?
In the book of Revelations, the black horse is generally understood to represent famine. In later years, and in different contexts, a black horse has also been known to symbolize suffering and death.
What does The Bible symbolize?
the bible symbilizes the religion of christianity
What did salvia symbolize in the Bible?
In the bible it states that salvia is limbo
What do clouds symbolize in the Bible?
in bible cloud means peace
What does a horse rider symbolize?
What does the hair symbolize in the bible?
What do black cats symbolize?
In some cultures black cats can symbolize good luck. However, in many cultures, a black cat can symbolize bad luck.
What does a horse shoe symbolize?
good luck!
What does Jesus riding a horse symbolize?
What did Jesus riding a horse symbolize?
He never rode a horse. He rode a donkey.
What is the symbolize of white horse alih?
The white horse symbolizes beauty and purity. Seeing one can symbolize good luck and this is considered a rare event.
What does the number 80 symbolize in the Bible?
What does rain symbolize in the Bible?
Alot of times rain symbolizes blessings in the Bible.
What do the color purple in the Bible symbolize?
The color purple in the Bible represents ROYALTY!
What does a black swan tattoo symbolize?
A black swan tattoo can symbolize man different things. It could symbolize that the owner of it is peaceful and graceful. Swans are mainly known to symbolize grace.
How would you describe black beauty the horse?
A black horse.
What does the horse symbolize?
the horse symbolizesPowerGraceBeautyNobilityStrengthFreedom
What does a deer symbolize?
In the bible, a deer is the symbolization of a saint.
What does a serpent symbolize?
In the bible it represents wisdom and evil.
What does red symbolize in the bible?
It symbolizes Jesus speaking.
What does the night of the ants symbolize in Poisonwood Bible?
What does color black represent in the Bible?
Black usually signifies negative events in human life - evil, terror, disease, famine and death. Consider the 'black horse' in Revelation.
Still have questions?


text:
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORBUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
Fire and Aviation
|BLM National Fire Operations Fitness Challenge|
The BLM Fire Operations Fitness Challenge provides a common system by which BLM firefighters can measure current fitness, establish fitness goals, track fitness improvement, and receive recognition for their efforts. The fitness challenge encourages and recognizes achievement in physical fitness by BLM firefighters. The fitness challenge is voluntary, but BLM firefighters are encouraged to participate.
The BLM Fire Operations Fitness Challenge tests participants in four basic exercises - push-ups, pull-ups, sit-ups and a timed run of either 1.5 or 3.0 miles. Test results are compiled into a final overall score. Unit and state offices are encouraged to support and recognize achievement in firefighter fitness. The BLM FA Division of Fire Operations will recognize high achievers annually.
Excellent physical fitness is a essential to firefighter performance. Many times the limiting factor on work production in wildland firefighting is individual fitness. Fatigue has been found to be a contributing factor in many accidents, and numerous studies have proven that physical fitness is a good way to mitigate fatigue. The 2006 study, Contributing Factors for Line of Duty Deaths in the United States (Moore-Merrell, McDonald, Zhou, Fisher, and Moore), concluded that 53.9% of firefighter deaths are due to health, fitness, or wellness. Physical fitness has been addressed as a critical job element in wildland firefighting and is tested with the Work Capacity Test (WCT). However, the WCT is extremely limited in scope, testing only cardiovascular fitness.
The BLM Fire Operations Fitness Challenge is voluntary. All participating BLM firefighters must meet the physical fitness requirements, medical examination requirements, and DOI Medical Standards Program requirements pertinent to their ICS position. BLM employees who are not firefighters and/or do not hold an arduous ICS fitness rating may participate provided they complete the Health Screening Questionnaire and have no pre-existing medical conditions.
All entrants should prepare thoroughly for the fitness challenge. Information on proper preparation can be found at _URL_
A medical plan must be in place prior to the test in case first-aid assistance is needed.
The number of assistants should be based upon the number of participants.
Test administrators shall read a description of each exercise (see below) and demonstrate proper form prior to the test.
The individual test exercises are performed as follows:
The test exercises are performed under the following conditions:
All tests will be administered at the unit level and certified by unit fire management. Unit fire managers seeking national recognition for employees should send pertinent results to their state representative to the national fire operations group (FOG). FOG members should forward those results to Mike Ellsworth, BLM Fire Training Unit, no later than July 19.
*NEW* National Level Recognition and Awards
Achievement in the BLM Fire Operations Fitness Challenge will be recognized nationally in the following categories:
State or Unit Level Recognition
Recognition for achievement in the BLM Fire Operations Fitness Challenge will be through a mid-summer Information Bulletin and distributed through the states FOG representatives.
Appendix A - Points Chart PDF
Appendix B - Scoresheet Excel


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I was recently arrested for the first time in my life. I was charged with simple assault. What is the maximum sentence I could get?
In Pennsylvania, we have sentencing guidelines. The maximum sentence allowed under law is rarely used. If this is your first arrest, most certainly, you are not going to get the maximum sentence for simple assault, a misdemeanor. The sentencing guidelines use two factors to determine the appropriate sentence: your prior conviction record and the seriousness of your current offense.
In your example, your prior conviction record is zero because you said the arrest was your first. The offense gravity score is low because simple assault is a misdemeanor. Without having more information, assuming you do not ask for a jury trial, and assuming you are actually convicted of simple assault, you should most likely get probation. Also, you may even be eligible for ARD (Accelerated Rehabilitative Disposition), where you would have no conviction.
However, I understand that people think lawyers don't answer their questions directly. The statutory maximum for simple assault is 1-2 years.
Labels: sentencing guidelines, simple assault


Can I change my CarbonLaze file?
CarbonLaze was created to increase the productivity of laser designers, while helping to create more authentic and natural looking laser files. It is fully anticipated that designers and manufacturers would want to modify the file after it has been converted. This can easily be done in Photoshop or other software programs.
Why is the file so slow to convert?
The user's internet bandwidth will have the most impact on the time to convert files to CarbonLaze. Size (cm x cm) and DPI will have an impact on the time it takes as well, but for the sake of quality, it is important that the dimensions be similar to the actual production file and the DPI be high (72-150 DPI is preferred). However, the user can experiment with both size and DPI to get the best results.
What if the CarbonLaze file is too flat?
Typically the CarbonLaze output is very similar to the input file. If the file uploaded is flat, it is anticipated that the output file would also be flat. The quality of the picture and the accuracy of the file selection can have a dramatic impact on the input/output quality.
Why is the CarbonLaze file too light or too dark?
A light or dark file can depend upon the lighting conditions of the picture taken by the camera. Also, if the file is too light after conversion, try reducing the DPI of the file before importing into CarbonLaze to around 50 DPI or less.
How do I remove details such as pockets or destruction?
The details can be simply removed in Photoshop by using the clone tool. Destruction from the image is recommended to be removed before converting the design in CarbonLaze, because the bright effect of the destruction threads will influence the overall look of the design and could result in a different output.
What DPI should the picture be before importing into CarbonLaze?
To achieve best results, we prefer to use higher DPI on DSLR cameras or newer mobile phones. The higher the DPI, the effect is much more natural and realistic. Our recommendation is between 72 DPI to 150 DPI.
Should I change DPI in CarbonLaze?
Generally, the default is 72 DPI. It is the default DPI in most of the phones and cameras. When you import a 72 DPI file in CarbonLaze, we suggest keeping DPI as it is (72) and only change the width if required. This will give you a natural result with a good amount of feathering. After importing the same file, the DPI should change in the laser software to 34 or 32.
How can I get a softer and less detailed result from CarbonLaze?
Reduce the DPI of the file before importing into CarbonLaze to around 50 DPI or less.


text:
We highly value our relationships with our church partners. They are an important contribution to the success of our students in completing their journey of ministerial and spiritual formation. At Iliff, we work closely with our church partners to design scholarship opportunities that meet the financial needs and educational expenses of our students. In addition to funding support, we are also open to internship opportunities with our church partners. As part of our collaboration, Iliff offers our church partners access to our ReSource program and participation in our annual Renewal Conference in February. An example of this partnership is with the First Plymouth Congressional Church and First Plymouth Foundation. Learn more about our partnership with First Plymouth Foundation. In addition to church partnerships, Iliff provides several critical financial resources to students in managing the cost of their education. The resources include:
Iliff's Spiritually Integrated Financial Resiliency Initiative (SIFR) continues to impact the Iliff community in significant ways, equipping the leaders of tomorrow. Cohorts of SIFR Scholars commit to a three-course sequence of classes in finance and leadership.
The ReSource Program is focused on developing strong leaders with spiritually integrated financial resiliency. Under this program, students, alumni, and community members are equipped with critical financial skills and tools through post-graduate training opportunities,
For additional ways to support Iliff, please visit Ways to Support Iliff.


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Model Info
Model type Three-dimensional analytic reactive transport
Developer Dr. T. Prabhakar Clement
Documentation ART3D Manual
Tutorials ART3D Tutorials
ART3D is a three-dimensional analytic reactive transport model developed by Dr. T. Prabhakar Clement. As a screening model, it is fairly simple and requires homogeneity and constant transport properties. It allows for complex reaction sequences with first order decay as well as three dimensional dispersion. A single retardation coefficient must be applied to all species. The user can enter any number of observation points and ART3D will exactly calculate the concentration of each specie at these points and compare then to known values (if included). In addition to a simple forward run, ART3D can be run in inverse and stochastic mode.
GMS supports ART3D as a preand post-processor. The user enters all necessary data to GMS and then the ART3D input file is written out and ART3D runs from within GMS. On completion, the solution files are read into GMS for post-processing.
Building an ART3D Simulation
 1. ART3D requires a mesh-centered grid with equally sized grid cells. This grid is for display purposes only. ART3D is an analytic model and so, does not need to discretize the area into a grid. See the section on Creating a Grid.
 2. Once the grid has been created, the user should enter any observed data in an observation coverage in the MAP module. Observation data is not required except for a parameter estimation run. See the section on adding Observation data.
 3. The user can then enter all of the necessary data using the menu items provided in the ART3D menu in the grid module.
 4. ART3D can then be run from inside GMS and the results can be viewed and analyzed using several post-processing techniques available in GMS.
ART3D Menu: General Options
In this dialog, the user selects the type of simulation to run: Normal Forward Run, Parameter Estimation Mode or a Stochastic Mode.
In the case of a parameter estimation run, four options for stopping tolerances become available. The user can select the maximum number of iterations, the maximum number of objective function calculations, the absolute convergence tolerance and the relative convergence tolerance. See the section on stopping tolerances for an explanation of these values.
In the case of a stochastic run, the user must enter the number of simulations to be run with random values.
If any observation coverages exist, they will be displayed in a list at the top right corner of the dialog. The observation points in the selected coverage will be used in the ART3D simulation. If no coverage is selected, ART3D will not be given any observation data and a parameter estimation run will not be successful. Only one coverage can be selected, so it is important that all observed data be put in the same coverage.
The source dimensions are also entered in this dialog, near the bottom right corner of the dialog. A rectangular source of these dimensions is placed at the top, left side of the grid, centered in the y direction. The source has no dimension in the x direction.
Forward Run Simulation
A forward run (normal simulation) is a single run of ART3D using the values assigned to the parameters. A single grid dataset is written out for each specie. Any observation points are also solved at each grid timestep and at each time value assigned to any of the observation points.
Parameter Estimation Simulation
A parameter estimation simulation, or inverse run, consists of multiple runs of ART3D in an effort to optimize the parameters so that the calculated output best matches user-input field data. The user is required to enter starting values for each parameter and bounds on those parameters that are to be optimized. At the end of the optimization process, ART3D runs one last time with the optimized parameter values so that the user can view the optimized solution.
The optimization routine works by running ART3D without computing a grid solution. The values are calculated at the observation points and are compared to the user-input field values. The total error is calculated using the following equation:
n = number of observation points,
m = number of species,
wi,j = weight value for species j at observation point i,
Cc = the calculated concentration at observation point i, and
Co = the observed concentration at observation point i.
The weight value described above is calculated from the standard deviation entered in the observation coverage dialog as:
The total error along with the bounds on the parameters are then passed back to the optimization routine and each parameter is changed a small amount one at a time. Each time a parameter is changed, ART3D is run again and the error is re-calculated. In this way the gradient of the objective function with respect to each parameter can be estimated. Once all of the gradients are known, all the parameters are changed down gradient and the process begins again. This process continues until one of several stopping tolerances are met. Stopping Tolerances
 1. Maximum number of iterations: One iteration is defined as the entire process of determining each gradient and then reducing all the parameter values. When this number of iterations is reached, the optimization will stop and an "optimized solution" will be calculated
 2. Maximum number of function calls: Each time a single gradient is calculated and each time the parameters are adjusted, the objective function is called to calculate the error at the observation points. When the number of function calls reaches this limit, the optimization will stop.
 3. Absolute function convergence tolerance: The optimization will stop if the error value returned from the objective function is below this value. Remember that the error value is necessarily higher where the weight values are high or where there are a large number of points and species, even if the calibration is good.
 4. Relative function convergence tolerance: The optimization will stop if the difference between the current objective function value and the optimized value is less than the product of this tolerance and the current objective function value.
Because this type of optimization is very sensitive to the starting parameter values provided by the user, it is important to try the optimization simulation multiple times with different starting values. Other methods of improving the calibration include the changing of the parameter bounds, and stopping tolerances.
After running in inverse mode, the optimized solution can be read into the project where Calibration Targets and plot options can be used to assess the success of the calibration or to compare it with other calibrations.
Stochastic Simulation
In a stochastic simulation, ART3D will be run multiple times with randomized parameters. The random values are chosen to honor statistical information provided by the user. If the distribution data is accurate, each simulation can be assumed to represent an equally possible solution. If enough simulations are run, they can be used to determine the likelihood of the occurrence of a given scenario. In this way, the uncertainty in the input parameters can be reflected by the uncertainty in the output solutions. See the section on Risk Analysis for an explanation of threshold analyses.


Using Code Map to understand C++ Android code
This tutorial shows how to use the CodeMap feature of Visual Studio to understand the structure of complex C++ code. We will show it based on the san-angeles demo built using vs-android, however it will also work for all other VisualGDB project types.
 1. Install VisualGDB 5.0 or later (ensure that "Android Edition" is checked in the installer). This will add support for debugging and Clang-based IntelliSense to vs-android projects.
 2. Ensure you can build and debug the san-angeles project by following this tutorial.
 3. Open the san-angeles project and go to the drawModels function in demo.c:01-drawmodels
 4. The first thing we will investigate using code map is that drawModels() function that appears to be called repeatedly is calling seedRandom() each time with the same value. That supposedly resets the state of the random number generator. Let's use the code map to understand what is affected by this. Right-click on seedRandom() and select "show on code map":02-map
 5. A new Code Map window will appear. Right-click on seedRandom in that window and select "show referenced data":03-data
 6. You will see that seedRandom accesses the sRandomSeed variable. Right-click on it and select "Show functions referencing this":04-randomseed
 7. Now you will see that sRandomSeed is also accessed by randomUInt():05-2calls
 8. Now we need to figure out the context in which both functions are called. Select both of them by holding the ctrl key, right-click and select "Show functions calling this": 06-callers
 9. Now you will see all functions in the project that call the two random number functions we found. However, this is not enough to see the big picture:07-4callers
 10. Repeat the previous step (selecting newly found functions) twice more until you see the functions called by the Java framework (starting with Java_):08-jnifuncsNow the big picture is clear: the random functions are mainly involved during app initialization and the only other place that calls them is the drawModels() function itself. Hence, resetting the random seed inside drawModels() does not affect the behavior of other functions.
 11. Now let's use Code Map to quickly find functions related to the GLObject struct. First of all, select any of the GLObject's fields and select "Show on Code Map":09-globject
 12. Then right-click on it and select "Show containing type":10-showtype
 13. Right-click on the type, select "Show type contents", then select all fields, right-click select "Show functions referencing this":11-showrefs
 14. You will now see all functions that directly reference fields of GLObject:12-objectfuncs
 15. By highlighting all objects and repeatedly selecting "Show functions calling this" you can easily see the big picture:13-objlifetimeThe Code Map now clearly shows how the objects are created during initialization, used during the render calls and destroyed during the de-initialization. You can double-click on any of the functions or fields to quickly jump to the code and examine the function contents.


Although improvements in materials engineering have greatly reduced fracture rates in ceramic femoral heads, concerns still exist for liners. Ceramics are vulnerable to fracture due to impact and from stress concentrations (point and line loading) such as those associated with impingement-subluxation. Thus, ceramic cup fracture propensity is presumably very sensitive to surgical cup positioning. A novel fracture mechanics finite element formulation was developed to identify cup orientations most susceptible to liner fracture propagation for several impingement-prone patient maneuvers. Other factors being equal, increased cup inclination and increased anteversion were found to elevate fracture risk. Squatting, stooping, and leaning shoe-tie maneuvers were associated with the highest fracture risk. These results suggest that fracture risk can be reduced by surgeons' decreasing cup abduction and by patients' avoiding of specific activities.


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Lync Server Logging Tool and Snooper. However, there are significant changes in the way Lync Server 2013 provides logging and analysis for troubleshooting. The Lync Server Logging Tool is now gone and replaced by the Centralized Logging Service (CLS). This article expores the CLS architecture and how to conduct basic logging and SIP trace analysis for the new Lync2013 server.CLS enables IT administrators to manage logging and search logs across all Lync servers in a deployment centrally rather than on individual servers. This is an advantage as one no longer needs to enable logging and having to look at traces on multiple front end servers in a pool. Now, we can start, stop and flush trace logging for any or all machines in the deployment from a single location. Administrators can also turn on logging based on scenarios on a per pool/machine for the entire deployment. From a centralized location, we can then search and trace these logs based on specified parameters.
CLS Architecture Overview
1. CLS Agent - runs on every Lync server and controls logging based on commands from the CLSController. It also manages log files for drive space usage and moves old logs to a fileshare. The ClsAgent listens for commands on the following ports: TCP 50001, 50002 and 50003
2. CLSController - sends start, stop, fiush and search commands to all CLSAgents in the deployment. It aggegrates search results from CLSAgents and is available on every Lync server in C:\Program Files\Common files\Microsoft Lync Server 2013\CLSAgent
CLS logging is performed based on scenarios and there are a set of built-in scenarios that specify a group of components and log levels to be started and stopped together. Some examples of these scenarios include:
one additional scenario can be enabled along with "AlwaysOn".
Getting Started with CLS
ClsController.exe -start -scenario AlwaysOn
CLSController.exe -start -scenario IncomingAndOutgoingCall -pools lync2013.apbeta.local
CLSController.exe -search -components Sipstack -pools lync2013.apbeta.local > sip.log


Version: 2019.2
Additional (or sixth) mouse button.
Use this for detecting mouse button presses. The "5" mouse button is the sixth button on the user's mouse if this additional button exists. Unity defines this as the "5" Mouse button, as the mouse Button numbering begins at 0.
using UnityEngine;
public class Example : MonoBehaviour { void Update() { //Detect if the extra mouse button is pressed if (Input.GetKey(KeyCode.Mouse5)) { Debug.Log("Mouse 5 "); } } }


a circular disc about 4" in diameter. Fold it in half, then in half again. Pull out one of the quarters to make a cone-shaped filter. Place this in the middle of your funnel, over a collection vessel. I would recommend something made of glass that can withstand the toluene. I'm using a glass vial.
Use the eye dropper to put the toluene/salt/junk solution on the filter and let it all pass through. What comes through the other side may be tinted a little yellow or green, but it should be clear and water-free.
Step 13: Optional sodium bicarbonate wash
This step is optional but it's easy and will further increase the purity of your nepetalactone. When you steam distill catnip, one of the side reactions is that some of the nepetalactone gets hydrolyzed to nepetalic acid. Nepetalic acid is not harmful, but it has no effect on cats so it's considered an impurity. Separating it out is a piece of cake, by virtue of the fact that it is an acid. When it reacts with a base, like sodium hydroxide or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) it turns into its sodium salt, which is water soluble. So all you have to do is wash your toluene extract with a solution of baking soda in water and the desired nepetalactone will be left behind in the toluene layer. See the third picture below for a schematic of what's going on.
Prepare a base solution by dissolving 1 tbsp of baking soda in 1 cup of water. Add a volume of this approximately equal to the amount of toluene you have. Stir it or shake it up really well for a minute, then allow the layers to separate. Use the eye dropper to remove the bottom water layer, which contains the impurities. Repeat the wash with a fresh portion of base-water and again remove the bottom layer.
The toluene solution that you're left with after this washing sequence now has a little bit of water in it, so we'll need to clarify it again, as in steps 11 and 12.
Step 14: Re-clarify the toluene
Ok, we're almost done! Repeat steps 11 and 12 on your toluene solution. That is, add a little table salt (or better yet, magnesium sulfate if you have it), stir it up really well, then pass it through a new coffee filter. The container that you filter it into this time will be its final resting home. Again, I'm using a little glass vial.
Ultimately, you end up with a very clear liquid that contains nothing but toluene and nepetalactone.
Step 15: Evaporate the toluene
Put the container with the highly-refined toluene extract outside, under a fan, to blow off all the toluene. Toluene vapors are not toxic but they are quite flammable, so keep away from open flames. It takes a while to evaporate all of the solvent; overnight in my case.
Step 16: Admire your product
When all the toluene is gone and you can't smell it any more (it smells like rubber cement), you will be left with a tiny amount of greenish liquid in the bottom of your container that smells strongly of that familiar minty, catnip smell. I got 143 mg, which represents 0.03% of the 1 lb of catnip I started with. That may not sound like a lot, but it's not far off from the 0.3% theoretical maximum yield given the improvised apparatus. And a little goes a long way.
Furthermore, this material is extremely pure. I analyzed it using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and found it to be >99% nepetalactone (see the second image below). In the chromatogram, nepetalactone is the giant peak around 12 min with a molecular weight of 166, and it's the only peak that is visible. For comparison, a sample of "catnip oil" that I purchased online was only about 80% nepetalactone (third picture).
If your sample has any amount of solid material mixed in with the liquid, most likely that is nepetalic acid. You may see that if you chose to omit the base wash from step 13. It's OK and isn't going to harm anything.
Step 17: Find a cat
Now it's time to build that cat army!* Find yourself a cat, uncap the vial, and let him/her get a good whiff. The effects are just the same as with catnip; immediately the critter will be propelled into a frenzied state of sniffing, scratching, rolling, cage fighting, you name it. Enjoy, and give yourself a pat on the back for completing a nice bit of kitchen chemistry.
A note about safety. Yes, it is safe to use this extract on cats. I have looked into it, and there are a number of studies (very interesting in their own right) using pure nepetalactone on cats in experiments trying to figure out why it causes them to go bonkers. The upshot is that it's pretty safe. In the last of the references below, the LD50 of nepetalactone was determined to be 1550 mg/kg (about the same as aspirin), meaning you would have to force feed your average 5 kg cat ~8 grams in order to cause it any harm. So as long as you are reasonable with the extract it should pose no harm.
If you are interested in learning more about the chemistry of catnip and nepetalactone, may I suggest the following primary references.
nepetalactone isolation and characterization:
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941(63), _PHONE_
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942(64), _PHONE_
J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955(77), _PHONE_
behavior/metabolism/toxicology studies on cats
[ Behav. Neural. Biol. 1985(44), 38-46]
Science 1969(164), _PHONE_
Lloydia 1978(41), 367-374
Finally, I would like to acknowledge Dr. David C. for his kind donation of a GC/MS reference sample, laboratory helper Melissa A. and most importantly, Mer, the intrepid kitty with an appetite for catnip.
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Todd Gehris3 months ago
fred_dot_u4 months ago
fred_dot_u4 months ago
A well written instructable.
agiven5 months ago
w0ot!4 years ago
djsnowman06 w0ot!6 months ago
aspir8or w0ot!4 years ago
not if you use them properly. ;-)
w0ot! aspir8or3 years ago
w0ot! aspir8or4 years ago
kliu86 months ago
"Say my name."
"You're Goddamn right."
frankiedog2 years ago
" I analyzed it using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry"
Pure, distilled science. And cat drugs.
Tim Temple2 years ago
ALogan972 years ago
ALogan972 years ago
Shadowfury5 years ago
"Why waste diethyl ether on such frivolous endeavors?"
But seriously, cats love this stuff...
skidoo4 years ago
"Homeopathic" is an unregulated term in the U.S.
Just an FYI.
scorallo skidoo4 years ago
skidoo scorallo4 years ago
In homeopathy's corner, we have:
1. No conceivable plausible mechanism of action.
2. No studies whatsoever showing any statistically significant efficacy.
Homeopathy kills.
zzoe skidoo2 years ago
> "traditional" medicine. this is often denied and vehemently
> denounced by the pharmaceutical companies and their pet
> politicians.
rpjacks skidoo4 years ago
1-40 of 370Next »


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Aquarium of Quebec
Home to more than 10,000 animals, Quebec City's aquarium is located in Sainte-Foy. As a member of the Canadian Association of Zoos, this aquarium represents more than 300 species. It is a great trip for all the family, opening at 10am every day.
Plains of Abraham
This historic site is located in Battlefields Park. The site represents the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759. Holding lots of history, the land is now surrounded by the city's beauty. This is a great area to learn more about Quebec city's history and its cultural influence.
Built from 1877 to 1886, this Parliament Building holds 8 floors of government assembly. Tours are available to book, showcasing the insiders' view of government roles. It is a great insight into the French American influence. Recognised as a national historic monument, the building stands proud in the city.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Are there any commands containing "if", similar to \ifnum, preferably in LaTeX (rathar than TeX)? For example, is there anything like \ifstring? (I am not after \ifstring only, I want to know which options are available, if any).
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See also: LaTeX conditional expression – Leo Liu Jul 13 '11 at 5:10
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4 Answers
up vote 18 down vote accepted
The \if... commands are mostly TeX primitives (with \newif it's possible to define other conditionals).
There is something like \ifstring, but it uses \ifnum; the command \pdfstrcmp takes two strings as argument and compares it, returning -1 if the first precedes the second (in the lexicographic order based on ASCII codes), 0 if the strings are equal and 1 otherwise. The usual ways to exploit it are

In XeTeX there's \strcmp that does the same; loading pdftexcmds one can use \pdf@strcmp with pdftex, xetex and luatex.
In the pseudocodes above "string1" and "string2" can be also macros, which will be expanded similarly to what happens with \edef and at the end (when no more expansions can be performed) the tokens are "detokenized" for the comparison (so \relax becomes a six character string followed by a space; for example \pdfstrcmp{\relax}{\string\relax\space} returns 0).
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Thanks. egreg.. – Regis da Silva Jul 13 '11 at 0:26
_USER_: if I recall correctly, they don't have to expand to characters only: the result of their full expansion is converted to a string (I think, through the same code as \detokenize). – Bruno Le Floch Jul 13 '11 at 0:43
_USER_: I'll correct my answer. – egreg Jul 13 '11 at 7:21
Nitpick regarding the parenthetical remark in the first paragraph: \newif doesn't really make new conditionals. It merely provides a handy way to assign one of the existing conditionals \iffalse and \iftrue to a control sequence. – Harald Hanche-Olsen Jul 13 '11 at 15:38
_USER_: it depends on the point of view. They are new for the programmer, they aren't for TeX, which sees only \iftrue or \iffalse. – egreg Jul 13 '11 at 15:43
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The etoolbox package has a lot conditional commands which goes beyond those TeX primitives. Have a look at the manual you will find they very usefull.
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In particular there is \ifstrequal{str1}{str2}{true}{false}, and many many others. The etoolbox is definitely a must for anyone trying to do any kind of "programatic" work in (La)TeX. – Juan A. Navarro Jul 13 '11 at 8:03
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An alternative is expl3. The basic language layer of LaTeX3 provides several conditionals. To handle strings you can use the function \str_if_eq:nnTF. Next to this conditional expl3 provides also a case function for strings named \prg_case_str:nnn.
\str_if_eq:nnTF has the following syntax:
\str_if_eq:nnTF { } { }
 { }
 { }
\prg_case_str:nnn has the following syntax:
\prg_case_str:nnn { }
 { string case 1 } { code case 1 }
 { string case 2 } { code case 2 }
 { string case n } { code case n }
 { }
The complete manual
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I have been using the xstring package for these kind of situations. See for example Using xstring to check.tex file name.
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text:
Books have historically been constrained by the limitations of print medium, and even digital books are usually just electronic replicas of bound volumes. Stanford University's Spatial History Project has partnered with developers at Open Sourcery to create an online augmentation to Richard White's latest publication, Railroaded, that provides an interactive medium for readers to access and explore the collection of over 2,000 footnotes, sources, visualizations, and downloadable data files.
This format holds the potential to give readers a way to access and manipulate the material in the footnotes and to give longer life to the book itself. The dynamic nature of the site will allow White and his team to continue to annotate footnote discourse and develop visualizations as analyses and insights evolve.
In addition to its direct benefit to Railroaded, we believe that this site represents a new genre of hybrid digital publishing and are excited to share this Drupal installation profile with the open source and scholarly communities, for free. By doing so we hope that other authors — of monographs, dissertations, theses, and of purely digital publications — can implement this unique infrastructure of modules to present their own scholarship.Click here to visit railroaded.stanford.edu.
Station Construction Data, _PHONE_
How to Run a Transcontinental Railroad


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This paper focuses on conditional optimization as a decoding primitive for high rate space-time codes that are obtained by multiplexing in the spatial and code domains. The approach is a crystallization of the work of Hottinen which applies to space-time codes that are assisted by quasi-orthogonality. It is independent of implementation and is more general in that it can be applied to space-time codes such as the Golden Code and perfect space-time block codes, that are not assisted by quasi-orthogonality, to derive fast decoders with essentially maximum likelihood (ML) performance. The conditions under which conditional optimization leads to reduced complexity ML decoding are captured in terms of the induced channel at the receiver. These conditions are then translated back to the transmission domain leading to codes that are constructed by multiplexing orthogonal designs. The methods are applied to several block space-time codes obtained by multiplexing Alamouti blocks where it leads to ML decoding with complexity O(N 2) where N is the size of the underlying QAM signal constellation. A new code is presented that tests commonly accepted design principles and for which decoding by conditional optimization is both fast and ML. The two design principles for perfect space-time codes are nonvanishing determinant of pairwise differences and cubic shaping, and it is cubic shaping that restricts the possible multiplexing structures. The new code shows that it is possible to give up on cubic shaping without compromising code performance or decoding complexity.


text:
vital to drill at right time for later health
Correct timing and depth of sowing into the right seedbed are key factors in establishing a healthy maize crop. Jonathan Riley reports
SOIL temperature is the key factor in deciding when to plant maize.
The crop has a relatively high minimum temperature requirement for growth and fails to germinate until the soil temperature is 8C.
Data from Maize Growers Association trials, at four sites across the country, have shown that starch content of the harvested plant is related to an optimum window for drilling dates. Both drilling too early as well as too late left lower starch yields. Highest starch yields were recorded in crops drilled between April 13 and May 1.
"Late drilling will delay the final maturity of the crops and reduce dry matter yields. Drilling too early exposes seeds to colder temperatures or causes losses through the seed rotting in the soil before germination has occurred," says MGA agronomist Simon Draper.
Generally the required temperature will be reached during the last 10 days of April and the first week of May.
In south facing fields, or in fields that have been ploughed or received slurry applications, warming will occur more quickly.
"Maize needs a minimum soil temperature of 10C to germinate," says Mr Draper. "As soon as 8C is measured drilling should start.
"But, bear the date in mind. If it is early April then it may be best to wait for three to four consecutive days at 8C. If it gets to mid-April, drill as soon as 8C is reached," he says.
Mr Draper advises measuring temperatures using a garden thermometer at a depth of about 100mm (1.5in). Also ensure soil is sealed around the thermometer when it is replaced or subsequent temperature readings may be affected, he adds.
"On heavier soils there is a greater risk of seeds rotting before germination so it may be advisable to drill when soil temperatures are sustained at 8C for three consecutive days. On lighter soils 8C is sufficient as the risk of seed rotting is minimal while the soil temperature climbs from 8C to 10C at 100mm depth," says Mr Draper.
Advised drilling depths range from 2.5cm to 12.5cm (1in to 5in) depending mainly on soil moisture availability.
Depths should be at the minimum level required to get good germination – normal depth suggested is 5cm to 7.5cm (2in to 3in).
"Heavy soils hold moisture well and drilling at about 1in to 2in is acceptable," says Mr Draper.
At a cold site, the nearer the surface, the quicker germination will occur. But on lighter soils where the soil surface is prone to drying out, deeper planting is necessary so that the germinating seed has enough moisture.
Deeper drilling is also necessary where bird damage is particularly prevalent.
"Crops can be drilled at depths of 5in but this will delay crop emergence, weakening the plant and reducing germination rates," says Mr Draper. *
MGA agronomist Simon Draper: "Late drilling delays crop maturity."