7 Spanish Slang Words for "Hangover" from Latin America and Europe
Going on a trip to Latin AmericaSpain? Or what about the Caribbean?
You might end up with a hangover—maybe just not the kind of hangover you were expecting. I'm talking about a linguistic hangover.
We know that vacation should always come with relaxation, but if you learned Spanish in Spain and then travel to Chile for a quick getaway, things can get a little topsy turvy the minute you begin flaunting those language skills of yours.
Why? Because there are dozens of countries around the world that speak their own distinct forms of Spanish.
Twenty-one countries consider Spanish their "official" language, but that doesn't include other smaller nations that still speak it, such as the Philippines, Andorra, Trinidad and Tobago, the list goes on.
Since Spanish is the world's second most spoken language after Mandarin Chinese, this can only mean one thing: Spanish vocabulary is diverse!
With tons of vocabulary coming from different dialect, you're bound to get a little confused.
Certain Spanish words range wide and change over regions and landscapes. Words may even have double meanings. What might have one distinct meaning somewhere may be a completely different word with a different meaning elsewhere! You could also find a word you've never seen or heard of before—or not in Spanish at least.
The is due to cultural diversity and its influences on language.
One example of this can be seen in countries like Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia and other parts of South and Central America (don't forget the Caribbean!).
Through the centuries, indigenous people of these countries have mixed the Spanish language with their native tongues, and this plays a major role in the discrepancies between dialects.
One popular word that drastically morphs over landmasses is "hung over" or "hangover."
Everyone's got their own way of saying it!
While some native Spanish speakers might be able to understand common Spanish slang from other distinct dialects, such as the regional slang word for "hung over," this isn't always the case unless they're familiar with it already. While they might know the specific word used to say "hangover" in another region's version of Spanish, the meaning attached to that specific word might not mean the same thing in their home regions. It all depends on what country you're in and who you're talking to.
Exchanging the various meanings of Spanish words can be a great conversation starter and topic of discussion, and understanding the origins of the language will certainly help you get the ball rolling.
Oh, and if you're on vacation, this list of Spanish slang words may kind of fit the scene, if you know what I mean.
Before you continue reading, make sure you check out FluentU.
With FluentU, you'll learn all the Spanish slang you need without leaving the comfort of your home. Give it a free try and you'll end up with no hangover and a lot of learned words!
7 Spanish Slang Words for "Hangover"
1. Resaca
Resaca is the most common Spanish way to say "hang over" or "hung over."
It's popularly used in Spain, Argentina, Cuba, Peru and almost all of the Spanish-speaking countries. Most people will know what you mean when you refer to resaca since it's considered the "standard" Spanish term for this concept.
The literal translation of resaca in English is "to re-take out." The word derives from the verb resacar which, in essence, describes a scenario of being taken out and pulled back in, only to be re-taken out again.
Resaca is also the movement waves make when they regress back into the ocean.
Resaca de las olas. — Regression of waves (also known as "undertow").
Imagine a blunt, forceful undertow sucking you in. That's exactly what resaca means, and it's quite similar to how a person feels when being hung over.
Tengo resaca. I have a hangover.
2. Guayabo
If you've traveled to a Spanish-speaking country before, particularly one in South or Central America (regions this fruit is native to), then you might already know what guayabo truly means.
If you don't, guayabo translates to "guava tree," while guayaba is the actual guava fruit itself.
This common Spanish slang term is only heard on the streets of Colombia, and that's about it—nowhere else. While other countries may understand its true meaning, "guava tree," they will not use it to describe a hangover like Colombians do.
Keep in mind that guayabo (in its tree-masculine form) is the only way it can be said to describe a hangover or, in some cases, being sick.
Tener guayabo. — To have a hangover.
Estar enguayabado.Be hung over.
The feminine version of guayabo can only be said when using the estar form.
Such as, está enguayabada. She's hung over.
Another way to use guayabo is in the "being sick" sense (also popular in Colombia), which isn't at all related to being hung over.
Me da guayabo ver esta gente siempre usando sus teléfonos móviles. It makes me sick to see these people always using their cellphones.
Note: If you want to sound like a real Colombian, remember that the b in guayabo is silent. Instead they say it like: guaya-o. Forget the b entirely and you'll quickly be honing that parcero/a accent. Other examples include:
Sentada ⇒ Senta-a — Sitting; the d is silent.
Preocupado ⇒ Preocupa-o Worried; again, the d is silent.
See the pattern?
3. Crudo
Most of you should know what this word means because it's an everyday common word found in the Spanish dictionary.
Originally, crudo translates to "raw," "undercooked" or "crude," and is used to describe a raw or undercooked piece of meat, a crude resource such as oil or a cruel, cold person (form of expression, not literal). It can also refer to crude language or someone who uses it.
Esta carne está cruda. This meat is raw.
Esa mujer es cruda y mala. — That woman is cold and mean.
Crudo, in its common Spanish slang form is…you guessed it! Another way to describe a hangover.
Estoy crudo(a). — I'm hung over. (Can be used both feminine and masculine.)
Tengo un mal crudo. — I have a bad hangover. (Only masculine form.)
Countries that most popularly used in this slang form? Mexico, Guatemala and possibly other parts of Central America.
4. Goma
This Spanish word has what seems like a million English translations: gum, anything sticky, an elastic substance, an adhesive or an eraser. This is sometimes even used to talk about rubber, like a goma elástica (rubber band)
¿Me prestas una goma para el examen? — Will you let me borrow an eraser for the test?
There are many "official" Spanish translations as well as colloquialisms for goma, but if we're sticking to this list here, goma is also a common Spanish slang word for hung over.
Ayer tomé demasiado y ahora tengo una goma horrible. — Last night I drank too much, and now I have a horrible hangover.
The elasticity of a rubbery substance could resemble the way a person feels after a night of drinking, a little sticky, squished or bent out of shape. This could explain why some use goma to portray a hangover.
Goma, if you've noticed, is a feminine word, so it must stay that way! One can never say gomo. Period.
If you find yourself traveling through parts of Central America, goma, like crudo, is most popularly said in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Honduras and other countries in this area. Keep these demographics in mind!
5. Chuchaqui
This is perhaps one of my favorite ways to say "hung over."
Why? Well, because the word only exists for the sole purpose of describing a hangover. There's no double meaning attached to the word chuchaqui and it's pronounced exactly how it's written: chuchaqui.
It's clearly not a Spanish word, right? It just sounds different from what you might be used to hearing, This is because its roots come from Kichwa, an indigenous language.
Kichwa (pronounced kee-chwa) still thrives in large parts of Ecuador, some parts of Colombia and even in regions of Peru. It's the native tongue of people indigenous to these parts of South America, who lived here before the arrival of Spaniards.
Although Kichwa is one of the main native languages found in South American countries that are situated along the Andes mountain range, the word chuchaqui is part of a dialect that's only heard and used in Ecuador.
Chuchaqui derives from chaqui, which in Kichwa is a word that expresses the nausea a person gets after chewing too many coca leaves.
While there might still be natives chewing coca leaves from time to time, you certainly won't find Ecuadorian


In the Player's Handbook, it is pretty clear that reactions normally interrupt the thing that they are reacting to.
Xanathar's Guide to Everything, however, has explicitly changed all reactions to occurring after their triggers have finished resolving unless the ability specifies otherwise, and is reliant on that implicit assumption for several reaction abilities already.
This leads to contradictory interpretations of reactions that take implicit timing. How should this be resolved?
I'm particularly interested in how to resolve this in Adventurers League games, where players show up with perfectly legal characters reasonably expecting their abilities to work either way on account of owning or not owning XGE.
Reactions come after their triggers, except when they don't
If the timing is specified in the ability, use that timing. Otherwise, reactions occur after the trigger.
This entire thing is a matter of specific over general. In 5e, when a specific rule and a general rule conflict, the specific rule wins.
Xanathar's Guide to Everything outlines the general rule for the timing of reactions:
If you're unsure when a reaction occurs in relation to its trigger, here's the rule: the reaction happens after its trigger completes, unless the description of the reaction explicitly says otherwise.
So, if the timing of the spell/ability you are using does not specify a timing then the reaction will come after whatever triggered it.
This is essentially just rephrasing what was already in the DMG since its release:
Various spells and features give a creature more reaction options, and sometimes the timing of a reaction can be difficult to adjudicate. Use this rule of thumb: follow whatever timing is specified in the reaction's description. For example, the opportunity attack and the shield spell are clear about the fact that they can interrupt their triggers. If a reaction has no timing specified, or the timing is unclear, the reaction occurs after its trigger finishes, as in the Ready action. (D&DB)
Thus, nothing has changed in the way reactions are handled since the DMG was released. Even with the rule being in the DMG and XGtE, you may (and probably will) still meet players who misunderstand how reaction timing works. There is not too much you can do to prevent this, but having a thorough understanding of the basics yourself will allow you to talk them through the issues with confidence that you are correct. Thus, I have prepared an extensive analysis below to hopefully help you accomplish this.
Dealing with Adventurers League and false expectations
Firstly, it is simply a fact that a DM is going to have to teach/correct that players that don't know or misunderstand the rules. It is one of the DM's primary jobs. There is not much you can do at the table to fix a character built on a misunderstanding of a rule whether it was based on not owning a particular reference material or not.
So how do you deal with it when it comes up? Well, as an AL DM, you are bound to follow the rules as written for all cases in which the rules are clear. However, if there was a case of a reaction ability that you found unclear lean on the general rule. If the ability is unclear then just assume it comes after the trigger. If assuming this seems to break the ability or make it useless then it is probably incorrect. In short, either go with the reaction happening after the trigger or go with what allows the ability to work.
Reaction spells
Below, I go through every currently published spell with a casting time of reaction and show how it either follows or is an exception to the general rule above. Remember, each one of these spells is analyzed using this same rule. As long as you understand it, there should be minimal issues with adjudicating most reaction timing abilities.
Shield - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when you are hit by an attack or targeted by the magic missile spell.
So, shield explicitly says that it takes effect before the triggering attack resolves (and before the triggering magic missile spell hits). That means it is an exception and may take effect before the triggering effect resolves. This is an exception to the general rule because it's timing is specified by its effects.
The DMG also explicitly says that shield interrupts its trigger:
See this Q&A for more on the timing of shield: Do you have to cast Shield prior to your opponent's attack roll?
Absorb elements - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when you take you take acid, cold, fire, lightning, or thunder damage.
Again, the spell wording implies that it comes before the damage from the attack is resolved and thus it applies to the triggering attack as well. See this Q&A and this Crawford tweet for more.
Counterspell - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when you see a creature within 60 feet of you casting a spell.
Counterspell thus interrupts the spell being cast explicitly (also, if it did not it would literally be useless).
This post deals partially with the timing of counterspell: Can a readied spell be Counterspelled after it is cast, but before the trigger occurs?
Feather fall - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when you or a creature within 60 feet of you falls.
A falling creature's rate of descent slows to 60 feet per round until the spell ends.
The effect description says that it slows creatures that are in the process of falling. This means that it interrupts the falling and is thus another exception. Again this is also clear because if feather fall did not interrupt the falling creature's decent, it would be useless as the ground will have stopped the creature already with potentially deadly results.
Hellish Rebuke - occurs after trigger
Trigger: being damaged by a creature within 60 feet of you that you can see.
You point your finger, and the creature that damaged you is momentarily surrounded by hellish flames.
Hellish rebuke does specify timing, but it aligns with the normal rules of reactions. The trigger is being damaged and the reaction occurs after that damage is resolved. So, this spell is not an exception.
See here for further discussion: Hellish Rebuke reaction with zero hitpoints
Soul cage - occurs after trigger
Trigger: when a humanoid you can see within 60 feet of you dies.
This spell snatches the soul of a humanoid as it dies and traps it inside the tiny cage you use for the material component.
The trigger is a humanoid dying and the spell snatches the soul as soon as its death is complete. Thus, this reaction does not interrupt the trigger and happens after the trigger is resolved.
Non-spell reactions
I'll go over the two most commonly used non-spell reactions. There are many abilities and other effects that are reactions so it would be incredibly unwieldy to go through and analyze them all. However, knowing and understanding these two should cover a large portion of your reaction timing issues in most games (in my experience).
Ready action - occurs after trigger
Trigger: variable
The ready action can be difficult to adjudicate because it is up to the person readying the action what they want the trigger to be. What makes this especially tricky is that there are no real guidelines for how specific of a trigger you can set which leads to some confusion when it comes to, for example, the question of whether you can interrupt the casting of a spell with a readied action (also see this).
One thing is quite clear though, the readied action is always carried out after the triggering condition is met. No matter how clever the exact trigger is worded, the readied action can never precede the triggering condition.
Opportunity attack - interrupts trigger
Trigger: when a hostile creature that you can see moves out of your reach.
An opportunity is thus taken before an enemy's movement completes and thus interrupts the trigger. The enemy is free to continue moving after the resolution of the opportunity attack if they are able.
The DMG also explicitly says that the opportunity attack interrupts its trigger:
These are all the spells with a casting time of reaction that are currently published and a couple examples of non-spell reactions.
You don't have to look at this list though as long as you remember adjudicating every single one of these things can be done just by looking at the particular ability by following one simple rule: if a timing is listed or implied use that timing, and have the reaction resolve after the trigger for all the others.
 - \$\begingroup\$ Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been moved to chat. \$\endgroup\$ – mxyzplk Mar 16 '18 at 5:41
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Dublin: 17°C Thursday 24 June 2021
Would you take offence at being called a West Brit? The term has a muddled history
Sinn Féin's Micheal Mac Donncha caused controversy when he made the remarks earlier this week.
EARLIER THIS WEEK there was controversy when Sinn Féin councillor Micheál Mac Donncha used the term 'West Brit' to describe the people who run Irish rugby.
Speaking to TheJournal.ie, Mac Donncha defended the remark, saying:
"It was a Facebook comment, it wasn't a public statement. I think I reflects the attitude of a lot of people who regard the fact that there is no playing of the national anthem as being an anti-national attitude."
micheal mac donncha Micheal Mac Donncha Source: Graham Hughes/RollingNews.ie
He was criticised for his comments by Fine Gael councillor Neale Richmond, who called them "petty sniping".
Later, the Fine Gael senator Jim D'Arcy said the American equivalent of the term would be to call someone an 'Uncle Tom'.
So where did the term come from? And how offensive is it?
How did the term come about?
The origin of the term can be traced back to its use in the British House of Commons by Irish nationalist leader Daniel O'Connell, when he was proposing that it would be beneficial for Ireland to become a sort of 'West Briton'.
The term later came to prominence through its use in nationalist magazine 'The Leader', with journalist D.P. Moran using it to described individuals he did not view as sufficiently Irish.
By the early part of the last century it had been firmly cemented as a term of derision, with the Gaelic League (below) using it to promote Irish identity, in opposition to pandering to the United Kingdom.
5719546933_e8966c5671_z Source: National Library of Ireland via Flickr
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How offensive is it?
While it may have a muddled history, the term is now used only as an insult.
This most recent incident is not the first time that a Sinn Féin politician has found themselves in the spotlight over its use.
In 2011 Martin McGuinness used the term to criticise "elements" of the Dublin media during his presidential run.
Following this, it was noted by Miriam Lord in the Irish Times that it would be difficult for McGuinness to represent all of the people of Ireland if that was his attitude.
When asked about his comments McGuinness distanced himself from them, describing it as "an off-the-cuff remark".
In 2011, Anglican priest and journalist Patrick Comerford described the term as "racist and pejorative" and that its use is unacceptable in a pluralist democracy.
Read: Sinn Féin councillor's 'West Brit' comment "like an American calling someone an 'Uncle Tom'"
Also: Sinn Féin councillor defends calling people who run Irish rugby 'West Brits'
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mtcp_listen
NAME
mtcp_listen − listen for connections on an mTCP socket
SYNOPSIS
#include <mtcp_api.h>
int mtcp_listen(mctx_t mctx, int sockid, int backlog);
DESCRIPTION
mtcp_listen() marks the mTCP socket referred to by sockid as a passive socket of type SOCK_STREAM. Once this function is called on a mTCP socket, it is ready to start accepting incoming connection requests.
The backlog argument is used to set the maximum length of the queue that the passive socket, referred to by sockid can accomodate for pending connections requests.
mtcp_listen() call takes an additional argument named mctx that represents the per-core mTCP context in an application (see mtcp_create_context() for details).
RETURN VALUE
Returns 0 on success; -1 on failure. In case of failure, errno is set appropriately.
ERRORS
EADDRINUSE
Another socket is already listening on the same port.
EBADF
sockid is not a valid socket descriptor.
EINVAL
The backlog argument is either <= 0 or exceeds the maximum conneciton concurrency limit as set by the mTCP startup configuration file (see mtcp_init() for details).
ENOMEM
There is not enough available memory to create the listening backlog queue.
ENOTSOCK
The socket referred to by sockid is not valid.
AUTHORS
mOS development team <_EMAIL_>
SEE ALSO
mtcp_bind(), mtcp_socket(), mtcp_accept(), mtcp_connect(), mtcp_read(), mtcp_write()
COLOPHON
This page is part of mOS release 0.3 docs section. A description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can be found at _URL_


text:
The Sangamonian Stage (or Sangamon interglacial) is the term used in North America to designate the last interglacial period. In its most common usage, it is used for the period of time between 75,000 and 125,000 BP. This period of time is equivalent to all of Marine Isotope Stage 5 and the combined Eemian period and early part of the Weichselian glaciation in Europe. Less commonly, the Sangamonian Stage is restricted to the period between 122,000 and 132,000 BP, which is equivalent to Marine Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian period of Europe. It preceded the Wisconsinan (Wisconsin) Stage and followed the Illinoian Stage in North America.
The Sangamonian Stage, originally the Sangamon interglacial stage, is defined on the basis of the Sangamon Soil, a paleosol, which is developed in contemporaneous colluvium and older glacial tills and loesses and overlain by Wisconsinan loesses or tills. Although originally described from water wells in northwestern Sangamon County, Illinois, the current type sections for the Sangamon Stage are the Rochester section in eastern Sangamon County and the Chapman section in Morgan County, Illinois. In the Rochester Section, the Sangamon Soil is developed in Sangamonian colluvial sediments, called "accretion gley", that accumulated contemporaneously with the development of the Sangamon Soil. In the Rochester section, the Sangamon Soil is developed directly in Illinoian glacial till and overlain by Roxana Silt, the oldest of the two regional Wisconsinan loesses.
In its typical and broadest usage, the Sangamonian Stage is equivalent to all of Marine isotope stage 5 between 75,000 and 125,000 BP. Although it includes the same time span, the Sangamonian Stage (sensu lato) is not temporally equivalent to the Eemian in Europe. In its much less common usage, the Sangamonian Stage (sensu stricto) is equivalent to Marine Isotope Substage 5e and the Eemian. In case of this usage, Marine Isotope Substages 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d are collectively referred to as the Eowisconsinan Stage. In its broadest sense (sensu lato), the Sangamonian Stage precedes the Wisconsinan (Wisconsin) Stage and follows the Illinoian Stage in North America.
Research concerning the age and degree of development of the Sangamon Soil demonstrates that it actively developed, at the least, over all of Marine Isotope Stage 5, which is a period of time from 125,000 to 75,000 BP. Unlike Europe, the development of ice sheets in Canada was limited during Marine Isotope Substages 5b, 5c, and 5b and either completely disappeared or were greatly reduced in size during Marine Isotope Substage 5a. Because of the continuous development of the Sangamonian Soil in the Midwest and the limited development of ice sheets in North America during this marine isotope stage, the Sangamonian Stage, unlike the Eemian in Europe, is regarded as encompassing all of Marine Isotope Stage 5.
The start of the Sangamonian Stage is constrained by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates obtained from fluvial deposits of the Pearl Formation and Illinoian glacial tills of the Glasford Formation, which fill an ancient and buried Mississippi River valley in north-central Illinois. The age of fluvial sediments overlying the youngest glacial till (Radnor Member) of the Glasford Formation yield optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dates that averaged 131,000 BP. These OSL dates demonstrate that the Illinoian Stage ended and the Sangamonian Stage started about 125,000 BP. These dates refute older dates, i.e. between 220,000 and 450,000 BP, given by older publications for the start of the Sangamonian Stage.
- Hansel, A.K. and E.D. McKay, in press, Quaternary Period, in D.R. Kolata, ed., The Geology of Illinois. Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana, Illinois.
- Willman, H.B., and J.C. Frye, 1970, Pleistocene Stratigraphy of Illinois. Bulletin no. 94, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois.
- Richmond, G.M. and D.S. Fullerton, 1986, Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America, Quaternary Science Reviews. vol. 5, pp. 183-196.
- McKay III, E.D., R.C. Berg, A.K. Hansel, T.J. Kemmis, and A.J. Stumpf, 2008, Quaternary Deposits and History of the Ancient Mississippi Valley. North-Central Illinois, Guidebook for the 51st Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene Field Trip, Streator, Illinois, May 13-15, 2005: Illinois State Geological Survey, Guidebook 35, 98 p.
- Fulton, R.J., P.F. Karrow, P. LaSalle, and D.R. Grant, 1984, Summary of Quaternary stratigraphy and history, Eastern Canada, in R. J Fulton, ed., p. 193-210, Quaternary Stratigraphy of Canada — A Canadian Contribution to IGCP Project 24, Geological Survey of Canada Paper, no. 84-10.
- Curry, B.B., and M.J. Pavich, 1996, Absence of Glaciation in Illinois during Marine Isotope Stages 3 through 5. Quaternary Research. v. 46, no. 1, p. 19–26.
- Grimley, D.A. , L.R. Follmer, R.E. Hughes, and P.A. Solheid. 2003, Modern, Sangamon and Yarmouth soil development in loess of unglaciated southwestern Illinois. Quaternary Science Reviews. 22 no. 2-4, p. 225–244.
- Clague, J.J., D.J. Easterbrook, O.L. Hughes, and J.V. Mathews, 1992, The Sangamonian and Early Wisconsinan Stages in western Canada and Northwestern United States. in Clark, P. U., and Lea, P. D., p. 253-268, , The Last Interglacial-Glacial Transition in North America. Special Paper no. 270, p. 171–184. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. ISBN 978-0-8137-2270-2
- Lamothe, M., M. Parent, and W.W. Shilts, 1992, Sangamonian and early Wisconsinan events in the St. Lawrence lowland and Appalachians of southern Québec, Canada. in P.U. Clark and P.D. Lea, eds., p. 171-184, The Last Interglacial-Glacial Transition in North America. Special Paper no. 270, p. 171–184. Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado. ISBN 978-0-8137-2270-2
- McKay, E.D., 2007, Six Rivers, Five Glaciers, and an Outburst Flood: the Considerable Legacy of the Illinois River.[permanent dead link] Proceedings of the 2007 Governor's Conference on the Management of the Illinois River System: Our continuing Commitment, 11th Biennial Conference, Oct. 2-4, 2007, 11 p.
- McKay, E.D., and R.C. Berg, 2008, Optical ages spanning two glacial-interglacial cycles from deposits of the ancient Mississippi River, north-central Illinois. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, Vol. 40, No. 5, p. 78 with powerpoint presentation
- Hintze, L.F., 1973, Geologic History of Utah. Brigham Young University Research Studies, Geology. v. 20, Part 3, no. 8.
- Ericson D.B., and G. Wollin, 1968, Pleistocene Climates and Chronology in Deep-Sea Sediments. Science. v. 162, no. 3859, p. _PHONE_.
- Wornardt. W.W., and P.R. Vail , 1991, Revision of the Plio-Pleistocene Cycles and their Application to Sequence Stratigraphy and Shelf and Slope Sediments in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions. v. 41, p. 719-744.
- Ehlers, J., and P.L. Gibbard, 2004a, Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America, Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 0-444-51462-7
- Gillespie, A.R., S.C. Porter, and B.F. Atwater, 2004, The Quaternary Period in the United States. Developments in Quaternary Science no. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam. ISBN 978-0-444-51471-4
- Sibrava, V., Bowen, D.Q, and Richmond, G.M., eds., 1986, Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol. 5, pp. 1-514.
- Muhs, D.R., 2006, Last Interglacial: Timing and Environment (LITE). U.S. Geological Survey, U.S.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Lesson 16b
Lisa does London: New verb tenses!
Level: Pre-Intermediate
Lesson 16 portrait where we see Dennis the Interviewer in the middle, Lisa the interviewee on the left, and my French wife Valerie on the right
Lesson contents:
 - Introduction to the near future.
 - How long for lengths of time.
 - The use of you guys as the plural of "you" for both men & women.
Always watch the video several times without subtitles first. Train your ears! Your pronunciation will be much better if you follow this simple rule.
Exercises for this lesson:
How to do the lessons:
 1. Watch the video without subtitles.
 2. Do all the Exercises.
 3. Come back to this page.
Problems? See general support or ask your question here.
Lisa does London
Watch this video, then click on Exercise 1
Same video with Precise Subtitles
Lisa tells us that she and her friend Andrea actually wanted to go to Paris (not London) on their vacation, but their friends in New York told them that the French don't like Americans. This is why we titled this lesson 16b because it follows lesson 16 concerning the French.
Our filming team during this trip to the UK included a French woman, so the interviewer gets a direct French opinion on the matter, with Lisa, in the video.
This is Lisa's first trip outside of the USA. She's from Staten Island, one of the 5 boroughs of New York City, and has a typical New York City accent.
As you will see, she's really funny.
What does Lisa do back home in New York? She works in Andrea's nail shop.
The expression 'Fingernail art' is a way to explain the best work done in decorating mostly female finger nails as we see here.


grouping – Spark difference between reduceByKey vs. groupByKey vs. aggregateByKey vs. combineByKey
grouping – Spark difference between reduceByKey vs. groupByKey vs. aggregateByKey vs. combineByKey
groupByKey:
Syntax:
sparkContext.textFile(hdfs://)
 .flatMap(line => line.split( ) )
 .map(word => (word,1))
 .groupByKey()
 .map((x,y) => (x,sum(y)))

groupByKey can cause out of disk problems as data is sent over the network and collected on the reduced workers.
reduceByKey:
Syntax:
sparkContext.textFile(hdfs://)
 .flatMap(line => line.split( ))
 .map(word => (word,1))
 .reduceByKey((x,y)=> (x+y))
Data are combined at each partition, with only one output for one key at each partition to send over the network. reduceByKey required combining all your values into another value with the exact same type.
aggregateByKey:
same as reduceByKey, which takes an initial value.
3 parameters as input
 1. initial value
 2. Combiner logic
 3. sequence op logic
Example:
val keysWithValuesList = Array(foo=A, foo=A, foo=A, foo=A, foo=B, bar=C, bar=D, bar=D)
 val data = sc.parallelize(keysWithValuesList)
 //Create key value pairs
 val kv = data.map(_.split(=)).map(v => (v(0), v(1))).cache()
 val initialCount = 0;
 val addToCounts = (n: Int, v: String) => n + 1
 val sumPartitionCounts = (p1: Int, p2: Int) => p1 + p2
 val countByKey = kv.aggregateByKey(initialCount)(addToCounts, sumPartitionCounts)
ouput:
Aggregate By Key sum Results
bar -> 3
foo -> 5
combineByKey:
3 parameters as input
 1. Initial value: unlike aggregateByKey, need not pass constant always, we can pass a function that will return a new value.
 2. merging function
 3. combine function
Example:
val result = rdd.combineByKey(
 (v) => (v,1),
 ( (acc:(Int,Int),v) => acc._1 +v , acc._2 +1 ) ,
 ( acc1:(Int,Int),acc2:(Int,Int) => (acc1._1+acc2._1) , (acc1._2+acc2._2))
 ).map( { case (k,v) => (k,v._1/v._2.toDouble) })
 result.collect.foreach(println)
reduceByKey,aggregateByKey,combineByKey preferred over groupByKey
Reference:
Avoid groupByKey
 - groupByKey() is just to group your dataset based on a key. It will result in data shuffling when RDD is not already partitioned.
 - reduceByKey() is something like grouping + aggregation. We can say reduceByKey() equivalent to dataset.group(…).reduce(…). It will shuffle less data unlike groupByKey().
 - aggregateByKey() is logically same as reduceByKey() but it lets you return result in different type. In another words, it lets you have an input as type x and aggregate result as type y. For example (1,2),(1,4) as input and (1,six) as output. It also takes zero-value that will be applied at the beginning of each key.
Note: One similarity is they all are wide operations.
grouping – Spark difference between reduceByKey vs. groupByKey vs. aggregateByKey vs. combineByKey
While both reducebykey and groupbykey will produce the same answer, the
reduceByKey example works much better on a large dataset. Thats
because Spark knows it can combine output with a common key on each
partition before shuffling the data.
On the other hand, when calling groupByKey – all the key-value pairs
are shuffled around. This is a lot of unnessary data to being
transferred over the network.
for more detailed check this below link
_URL_
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text:
Christian Point Trail
Trail Length: 1.8 miles (2.9 km) one way
Wheelchair Accessible: No
Bicycles Allowed: No
Trail Description: Wander along a rustic path through a wide diversity of habitats. The trail begins in dense mangroves and buttonwoods full of bromeliads, or airplants. Next, investigate the unusual, salt-loving vegetation of open coastal prairie. Dead buttonwood snags interrupt these expanses that were shaped by hurricanes. Finally, you'll end up along the shore of Snake Bight, best viewed near high tide.
Directions to Trail: One mile (2 km) north of the Flamingo Visitor Center on the main park road.
Did You Know?
Of the 27 species of snakes in Everglades National Park, only four are venomous – the cottonmouth, the diamondback rattlesnake, the dusky pygmy rattlesnake, and the coral snake. The snake to the left is the non-venomous, endangered Indigo Snake.


text:
caucasus mountains facts
LOL The Caucasian dog is one of the oldest mastiff-type breeds, originating from the Caucasus Mountains between the Black Sea and the Ca. Caucasus Mountains. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.The Caucasus: Mountains Full of LanguagesBEST KEPT SECRETS - GEORGIA Country - CAUCASUS Mountains The root origin of Caucasian Facts about Russia. Facts Pieces of Advice.Being the highest mountains in Europe, the Caucasus Mountains serve as a natural border between Europe and Asia. The Caucasus is known for the huge masses of snow which falls on the slopes of the mountains.But the same two oceans are responsible for the fact that the far ends of the Caucasus, especially in East Caucasian tur (3 facts).The West Caucasian tur (Capra caucasica) is a goat antelope that can be found in the western portion of the Caucasus Mountains, primarily in Russia and Georgia. The highest peak in the Caucasus range is Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasusboth Caucasian mountain ranges.Fact|dateSeptember 2007 Both Elbrus and Kazbek are here European mountains. World Facts.The Greater and the Lesser Caucasus together constitute the Caucasus Mountains which lie between the Caspian and the Black Sea. Fast Facts: Mount Elbrus, the highest mountain in Russia, is also the highest mountain in the Caucasus Range in southern Russia near the border with Georgia. The Caucasus Mountains are made up of two separate ranges, the Greater Caucasus in the north and the Lesser Caucasus in the south. I found it interesting that the Caucasus Mountains are technically considered to be a continuation of the Himalayas.The fact that the Caucasus is one of the most linguistically, ethnically, religiously Home. News. Caucasus Mountains Facts. Caucasus Mountains Facts. Loading Interesting Facts (522).
loading 22. Caucasian Mountains. Posted on February 1, 2009 by. I found it interesting that the Caucasus Mountains are technically considered to be a continuation of the Himalayas.The fact that the Caucasus is one of the most linguistically, ethnically, religiously Planet explores the northern caucasus mountains. Puppies for many centuries, the requiem shark wonderfully weaves historical facts Hyrcanian temperate forests ass hairy mountain peoples of The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range in Eurasia. It is between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region. The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in West Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region.
The Caucasus Mountains include the Greater Caucasus in the north and Lesser Caucasus in the south. Caucasus mountains fun facts. Jul 31, - The Caucasus or Caucasia is a region in Eurasia bordered on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey, on the west by the Black Sea mount elbrus facts Fun facts about Mount Elbrus Mount Elbrus is the tallest mountain in the Caucasus Range of Russia, which is 940 miles long and some 80 miles wide. Caucasus Mountains facts.The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain system in West Asia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region. Here are some facts about Mount Elbrus. Information about the Mount Elbrus region, Russian Caucasus Mount Elbrus is the highest mountain in Europe In fact, they may not even be a true "linguistic area"!Wandering The Caucasus Mountains - Продолжительность: 3:37 FlyExpats 8 410 просмотров. And you can sunbathe in the morning and go skiing in the mountains in the evening, as Caucasus mountains are less than an hour drive away. Here are 30 fascinating random facts about Sochi. The Caucasus are the tallest mountains in Europe, beating the Alps by a few thousand feet (see Mt.The fact that this road has been around since the 1800s and is still a one-to-two lane, mostly Tweet Share. Answer . Caucasus Mountains.The diaspora that gave rise to the people now all over Europe and Asia (and, well, the entire world, in fact) left Africapower of that experience when walking through Central Asia and the Caucasus Mountains.Nakhchivan City. But these and other fun facts are believed wholeheartedly—they are reality there. Mountain weather forecasts for over 11300 mountain summits around the world.All other subranges of Caucasus Mountains 29. Virtual trip to The Great Caucasus Mountains With Circassian(Adyghe) Music.The fact is that European scientists know of the Black civilizations in Europe and everywhere else. Caucasus Mountain Country. Source Abuse Report. Caucasus Mountains Physical.if Fact The Caucasus Mountain. Framed by the Caucasus Mountains, rising up to 5,000m, and home to ancient stone tower filledThere was least hair on the buttocks, from which fact our doctor deduced that the creture sat like a The chief minerals of the Caucasus Mountains are coal, copper, lead, manganese, and oil.In fact, the Ossetians just beyond the Darial Gorge in North Ossetia-Alania and those south of the Caucasus He takes on Mount Elbrus in the CaucasusThe Super Eagles will be based at Yessentuki, located at the base of the Caucasus Mountains, during the 2018 World Cup. лезгинка. Кавказские горы. Beautiful Russia. Lezginka dance. Caucasus Mountains.hyena facts. wildebeest. Caucasian Shepherd Facts by Jackson the Bulldog Download.What Country Is The Caucasus Mountains In? by sparky Business Download. The Caucasus Mountains attract the attention of numerous tourists and sportsmen, as they contain the highest peaks in Europe: Mount Elbrus, Mount Shkhara, Mount Ushba (4,690 m), Mount Kazbek (5 Top rankings for Caucasus Mountains. 9th. Europe">Top mountain ranges: Europe.Facts on topics related to Caucasus Mountains. Mountains facts information pictures Encyclopediacom.Caucasus Mountains Map Free World Maps. Tika Tours Tours of Georgia Armenia and Azerbaijan. Caucasus Mountains limit to. Mountain ranges: 1. Greater Caucasus , 2. Lesser Caucasus.Evaluation: 3.
3 out of 5 stars. Evaluated based on facts: among others: Size, slope offering, ski lifts. Caucasia, Caucasus - Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains - Caucasian, Caucasic [Driv].In fact, the main Greater Caucasus range is the most common definition for the continental divide. THE CAUCASUS MOUNTAINS are the highest mountain range in Europe, but lie at the very eastern extremity of what geographers consider to be Europe. In fact, the dividing line traditionally used to Get information, facts, and pictures about Caucasus at Encyclopedia.com.The Caucasus region is a relatively compact area centered on the Caucasus Mountains. The Caucasus Mountains are a mountain range in Eurasia between the Black and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region. Categories: Article stubs. Content. The Caucasus mountain range on the Moon lies along the eastern edge of Mare Imbrium.See also: List of Lunar mountains. Fact-index.com financially supports the Wikimedia Foundation. Caucasus Mountains Facts. Place your ad here LoadingThese are some keyword suggestions for the term "Caucasus Mountains Facts ". Caucasus Mountains. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search.In fact, early metallurgy started in Georgia during the 6th millennium BC, the classical period saw the rise of a In fact, they may not even be a true "linguistic area"!Weird Phonemes - pronouncing the worlds rarest sounds. in the Caucasus mountains. Alternative Titles: Caucasia, Caucasus Mountains, Kavkaz, Kavkazsky Mountains.Mount Elbrus in the Greater Caucasus range, at 18,510 feet (5,642 metres), is the highest peak. While this fact is impressive, the Ural Mountains arent visually spectacular.Mount Elbrus is part of the Caucasus Mountains, and it is a popular place for skiing or climbing. Caucasus Mountains caucasus mountains dogs countries white people russia pronounce bible facts history mountain system eurasia between black caspian region include greater encyclopedia The Caucasus Mountains include the Greater Caucasus in the north and Lesser Caucasus in the south.caucasus mountains interesting facts. The Caucasus is a mountainous, California-size region located where Europe, the Middle East and Asia meet.Caucasus Mountains are the highest mountains in Europe.


text:
The confluence of the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Saguenay River, where the waters of the Great Lakes, the Saguenay basin and the Atlantic Ocean meet, is recognized as an ecologically exceptional region.
The oceanographic conditions that occur at the confluence of the Saguenay encourage the emergence of life and the concentration of species at the bottom of the food chain.
The uneven underwater topography, the estuarine circulation and the regular upwelling of cold water make it a very distinctive region. The upwelling of cold water at the head of the Laurentian channel is the most important oceanographic process of the Marine Park. This phenomenon brings nutrients and zooplankton to the surface and encourages the water's oxygenation. The upwelling of cold water following the rhythm of the tides somewhat acts as the heart and lungs of the Marine Park.
The abundance of food in the Marine Park's ecosystems attracts many species of birds, whales and seals. As well, numerous types of algae, benthic animals and fish have been observed in the Marine Park. Together, these species form a complex food chain supporting the significant biodiversity present in the Marine Park.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Maturix Precast Software
Maturix Precast Software
Web Portal for Concrete Monitoring in Precast Productions
Maturix Precast Software
Maturix precast software provides in-depth insights into the curing process of each monitored precast element. Set up a production facility in the software and follow all relevant parameters of the concrete curing process dedicated to the use in a precast factory. Follow the readings in real-time on a dashboard, access the data from anywhere through the cloud and use the statistics for further optimisation of the cycles, heating and concrete mixes.
Monitor the curing process with Orbit K or Gaia 200 and add an Orbit 3 for ambient climate monitoring – All data shown in the Maturix Precast software.
Optimise Your Production With Wireless Sensors
All in One Place
Gain insights into the concrete temperature, maturity and strength development in real-time and optimize workflows based on data.
Optimise Production Based on Data
Improve the time to demould based on curing data from the precast elements and cut down redundant waiting time while reducing the risk of slippage.
Automatic Detailed Digital Documentation
All the data is easily accessible online and can be shared, exported or downloaded with a few clicks for easy digital reporting and documentation.
How to Use Maturix in Precast?
Optimise Your Production Cycles
The intuitive and easy-to-use software provides insights into all relevant parameters of the concrete curing: Follow the concrete temperaturematurity and strength development in real-time.
Based on Concrete Maturity, the software automatically calculates the concrete strength development based on the temperature history and maturity data from the sensor.
Use a
climate sensor to monitor the ambient climate in your production hall and optimise further.
Adjust cycles and demoulding time based on the strength data from the monitoring to boost productivity while ensuring great product quality, reducing the risk of slippage and cutting waste.
Software Maturix Precast
Maturix Precast Mobile
Monitor, follow and improve
Maturix Precast Mobile
Process Optimization Based on Data
Assure Product Quality and Analyse for Further Improvements
Aligning the demoulding time with real-time data makes sure, that the required strength has been reached before the elements are lifted. This ensures great product quality and drastically reduces waste.
As all the data is stored in the cloud and can be easily saved, shared or downloaded and the extensive statistics in the program enable improvements of heating, concrete mixes and the overall production performance.
Increase your production capacity by up to 15% while making sure the targets are reached with Maturix.
Maturix Precast Software alarms
Maturix Precast Dashboard Mockup
All Production Data in One View
Dashboard View for Easy Overview
Follow the production process in the dashboard view and keep the overview of all your lanes, elements and casts. Set up a screen in the production halls to share the status easily with the production workers for better communication and easier scheduling.
Know exactly how far each element is in the curing process and plan the workflow according to the estimated time when the target is reached.
Easy Documentation and Reporting
Maturix Precast Statistics Mockup
Maturix Precast Statistics Mockup
Why Maturix?
The Most Cost-Efficient and Advanced Concrete Monitoring Solution for Precast
Gain Insights Into the Curing Status
The solution provides real-time insights into the concrete curing process. Use data to adjust your schedule and optimise the workflow.
Boost Productivity
Shorten the cycles of precast elements based on data monitored directly in the elements. Cut down redundant waiting time while reducing the risk of slippage.
Automatic Documentation
All data is stored in the cloud for easy access and documentation. Reports and statistics enable further optimisation of cycles, heating and concrete mixes.
Let's find out if Maturix can help you to increase productivity in precast!


Switching User IDs
If you share a computer with other users, or have more than one User ID, you may need to switch to a specific User ID when you want to access your mail server and other databases. To be able to switch User IDs, you must have the User ID stored locally on the computer, on a server that you can access, or on removable media.
About this task
Note: Roaming users cannot switch User IDs.
 1. Click File > Security > Switch ID. (Macintosh OS X users: Notes > Security > Switch ID.)
 2. Enter the User ID file path, or select the User ID that you are switching to from a directory. For Notes Federated Login, specify your login name.
 3. Enter the password for the User ID.
You can also switch User IDs by specifying a different User ID in a Location, and then switching to that Location.


text:
Welcome to IVES
The Intelligent Virtual Environment and Simulation or IVES is a research group at the School of Engineering and Information Technology at Murdoch University to identify and nurture promising research areas in the disciplines of intelligent systems and interactive virtual environment. IVES focuses on intelligent data analytics, data science, data mining, pattern recognition, 3D virtual environments (including Virtual and Augmented Realities), simulation, human computer interactions and interfaces, learning analytics, and computational intelligence techniques. Not only we work with other academics within the school and the universities, we also collaborate with other universities and industrial partners locally and worldwide.
Some of our current projects include Computer-based Rehabilitation System for Stroke Survivors, Radiology Assistance Training Simulator (RATS), Emotion Recognition using EEG, Computer Analysis of EEG for Dyslexia Detection, and Data Mining with Imbalanced Data.
For queries, collaboration or to join the research group, please email directly to the corresponding staff or _EMAIL_.


text:
Cultures of Care: Chris Langley looks at the ways people looked after each other in times of crisis in new book
Senior Lecturer in History, Chris Langley, has seen his latest book Cultures of Care: Domestic Welfare, Discipline and the Church of Scotland, c._PHONE_, published in Brill Publishing's St Andrews Studies in Reformation History series.
The book explores the ways in which people looked after each other in times of crisis and how the dominant Protestant Church engaged with domestic care networks across the seventeenth century. It explores themes ranging from childcare, disability and palliative care, recording intimate details of individual care arrangements, the strain it could place on families and the support they could provide in times of real crisis.
Unlike most other studies of pre-modern charity, Cultures of Care moves away from exploring the official aid handed out by churches and local councils, to analyse the arrangements people made in their homes – sometimes in secret – to help their neighbours. The book also argues that 'official' types of charity, especially that distributed by the Church, worked in tandem with domestic welfare networks to create a pervasive culture of care. Ultimately, despite Scotland having experienced a religious reformation, there were limits to the ways the new Protestant authorities could (or even wanted to) intervene in domestic affairs.
Cultures of Care builds on Langley's previous research into everyday religious life in early modern Britain and Ireland and looks at the relationship between the Church and the people. To find out more about his work you can visit his Staff Profile, and to discover more about Cultures of Care you can visit the publisher's website.


text:
The first peripherals
The first printer
The first computer, Difference Engine, developed since 1822 and presented in 1834, was already able to print the results of its calculations on paper.
But the first high-speed printer was developed in 1953 by Remington-Rand (and sold in 1954) for use on the Univac computer (the first mass produced computer). It was capable of printing 600 lines per minute (at 130 characters per line).
Originally, the Univac computer came with the UNIPRINTER, which resembled an overgrown typewriter (it was a modified Remington typewriter) with an attached tape drive and read metal UNIVAC magnetic tape typing the data at 10 characters per second.
References and useful resources:


added some tables that had lower case and mixed case table names and column names. I extracted the 5 database files from the .odb file, as described above. Then, in MMA, I created a connection, exactly as above, and got the following results:
TableForm@SQLColumnNames[conn, "TestResults"]
quote = Last@FirstCase[info, {"IdentifierQuoteString", _}];
sqlcmd = StringJoin[{"SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ", quote,
 "TestResults", quote}]
TableForm@SQLExecute[conn, sqlcmd]
sqlcmd = StringJoin[{"SELECT TOP 10 * FROM ",
 quote, "TestResults", quote,
 " ORDER BY ", quote, "ColumnNo2", quote}]
TableForm@SQLExecute[conn, sqlcmd]
(**
TestResults ColumnNo1
TestResults ColumnNo2
TestResults ColumnNo3
2
123 data-123 123.4
987 data-987 987.6
**)
The first SQLColumnNames[] lists the 3 table name / column name pairs. The table name for this query is "TestResults" and MMA recognizes the mixed case identifier. To access the data, we must put the mixed case identifiers in quotes.
The second command selects the appropriate quote character from the info variable, which is computed in the first section of code above.
The third command is a StringJoin[] that assembles an SQL command with quote characters on the table name. A simpler way to do this would be to embed \" in the string, but I didn't think of that until later. The fourth command in another SQLExecute[], with the result that there are 2 rows of data in the table.
The fifth command is another StringJoin[] that creates a second SQL command to access the data. In this second SQL the quotes are on both the table name and the column name. The column name is "ColumnNo2". The final SQLExecute[] executes the SQL command, which produces two lines of data from the table.
This same approach worked on a database table that had all lower case table names and column names. Because we must put that quote character on our mixed case identifiers, this method is a little messy. The simplest thing that works is to use all upper case identifiers, if possible.
Database Cleanup
When I closed the connection, I took a look at the file names that were left. I noticed MMA left behind one "tmp" directory and an "lck" file. Here's the MMA code that closed the database connection and showed me the new file and the new directory:
CloseSQLConnection[conn];
ColumnForm[FileNameTake[#, -1] & /@
 FileNames["db_137967*", NotebookDirectory[]]
]
(*
 db_137967.backup,
 db_137967.data,
 db_137967.lck,
 db_137967.log,
 db_137967.properties,
 db_137967.script,
 db_137967.tmp *)
So, that is about it. Some of it is a bit messy, but a shell script could greatly simplify the database extraction process. It would be nice to know how well this approach works with large data sets. Does the need to unzip the archive become an impediment?
$\endgroup$
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ The key that was missing is that table names need to be upper-case. Great finding. I could reproduce your solution on an example DB. I put another bounty for you because of the nicely written answer. Thank you very much. $\endgroup$ – halirutan Mar 19 '17 at 11:44
 - $\begingroup$ Thank you very much from me as well! (Can confirm works exactly as you describe with Mma 11, LibreOffice/ Xubuntu-16, and that table names need to be UC (found out the hard way). In addition, on my system, LibreOffice Base was not installed by default $\endgroup$ – user1066 Mar 19 '17 at 19:07
 - $\begingroup$ Strangely(?), the SQLExecute command is case-insensitive as long as the table name is UC. SQLExecute[conn, "SELECT * FROM myProDucTs"] works as long as tname is MYPRODUCTS. In addition, changing a lowercase table name to uppercase in the your_db_name.script file (two entries) and starting a fresh Mathematica kernel works for me. (The table name may be changed to anything as long as it it UC). $\endgroup$ – user1066 Mar 21 '17 at 14:21
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POPIA and Community Schemes
POPIA and Community Schemes
POPIA sets out principles or conditions, and therefore a framework for lawful processing of personal information. It applies to any person or organisation who processes personal information. Its purpose is to protect personal information by ensuring transparent processing thereof.
Application to and by every community scheme within this framework will be unique. However certain matters will be the same for all schemes.
It protects certain basic human rights enshrined in our Constitution, such as a right to privacy, and it brings the South African statutory framework in line with a major piece of regulation in the European Union, namely the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).
Underlying Principle 1: The fundamental building block, purpose and point of departure of POPIA is to safeguard personal information against misuse when processed "by parties given this responsibility in the act (designated the responsible party) to "give effect to (our) constitutional right to privacy, and to ensure transparency when dealing with personal information.
POPIA limits and balances this fundamental purpose by recognising and allowing for other constitutional rights, such as the right to access of information, and interests such as the free flow of information.
You can learn more HERE


Sony wants to push AIs to learn from their own experiences
The consumer electronics company has invested in AI startup Cogitai to build intelligent systems that will learn from their own experiences in the world. "We have a shared vision for where AI needs to go," Dr. Satinder Singh, co-founder of Cogitai, told Engadget. "The next wave will be 'continual learning.' It's the idea that machine intelligence will continually grow as it interacts with the world." Continual learning isn't just about creating smart devices that sense your presence, or virtual assistants that understand you better. It's a technique that is expected to give machines a sort of self-evolving capability. "It builds on everything that has come before," said Dr Singh. "There's supervised deep learning to distinguish objects and then there's reinforcement learning because AI needs to act in the world and…
Link to Full Article: Sony wants to push AIs to learn from their own experiences
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Main Content
matlab.unittest.selectors.HasSuperclass class
Package: matlab.unittest.selectors
Selector for TestSuite elements determined by test class hierarchy
Construction
matlab.unittest.selectors.HasSuperclass(n) creates a selector that filters TestSuite array elements by retaining only those elements whose test class derives from n.
Input Arguments
expand all
Superclass name, specified as a character vector or string scalar.
Copy Semantics
Value. To learn how value classes affect copy operations, see Copying Objects.
Examples
collapse all
Create the following handle class in your current folder.
classdef MyClass < handle
 properties
 % properties of class
 end
 methods
 % methods of class
 end
end
Create the following test class in your current folder.
classdef Feature1_Test < matlab.unittest.TestCase
 methods (Test)
 function testA1(testCase)
 % test code
 end
 function testB1(testCase)
 % test code
 end
 end
end
Create the following test class in your current folder. This test class subclasses MyClass.
classdef Feature2_Test < matlab.unittest.TestCase & MyClass
 methods (Test)
 function testA2(testCase)
 % test code
 end
 function testB2(testCase)
 % test code
 end
 end
end
Create a test suite from all the files in your current folder. Depending on what files are in your folder, your test suite might differ.
import matlab.unittest.TestSuite;
suite = TestSuite.fromFolder(pwd)
suite =
 1×4 Test array with properties:
 Name
 ProcedureName
 TestClass
 BaseFolder
 Parameterization
 SharedTestFixtures
 Tags
Tests Include:
 0 Parameterizations, 0 Shared Test Fixture Classes, 0 Tags.
View the names of the test elements in the suite.
{suite.Name}'
ans =
 4×1 cell array
 {'Feature1_Test/testA1'}
 {'Feature1_Test/testB1'}
 {'Feature2_Test/testA2'}
 {'Feature2_Test/testB2'}
Create another test suite that contains only the suite elements that have MyClass in the class hierarchy. View the test element names. Since the test class Feature2_Test is the only test class to subclass MyClass, only test elements from that class are included in the suite.
newSuite = suite.selectIf(HasSuperclass('MyClass'));
{newSuite.Name}'
ans =
 2×1 cell array
 {'Feature2_Test/testA2'}
 {'Feature2_Test/testB2'}
Alternatively, use the testsuite function to create the filtered suite directly.
newSuite = testsuite(pwd,'Superclass','MyClass');
Introduced in R2018a


the other hand, that f3d0 length field suggests that #2 would work better.
I wonder what your tivo does when you try to play across this error point.
ScanMan
01-21-2008, 11:49 PM
So your recording has some garbaged data at this point. I've never seen this, so I wasn't sure which way to code recovery (1. linear search for next transport stream packet, 2. assume next transport stream packet will be OK after 188 bytes, or 3. assume rest of chunk is garbage).
You could send in the problem chunk and then I'd know which recovery method is best. Otherwise I'll just do the most conservative thing, #3, in the next release. On the other hand, that f3d0 length field suggests that #2 would work better.
I wonder what your tivo does when you try to play across this error point.Couple of quick questions:
How do I calculate the location of the bad chunk (in H:M:S) from the error message?
How do I extract the offending chunk?
bcc
01-22-2008, 01:25 AM
How do I calculate the location of the bad chunk (in H:M:S) from the error message?
How do I extract the offending chunk?You would estimate the chunk number based upon the file size of your .ts file. <ts file size in bytes>/131072=# of valid chunks.
Assuming you're working with a .ty file instead of .tmf you can use the -s and -n arguments to s3tots to home in on exactly which chunk is causing a problem.
Then, tychopper or dd to extract the sample.
In anticipation, I've already coded solution #2 mentioned above, if you'd rather just test drive a possible fix.
lrhorer
02-04-2008, 12:22 AM
Hey bcc,
Great program!
I'm having a little problem, though. I want s3tots to automatically translate .ty files which show up in the appropriate directory, so I wrote a couple of bash scripts to handle the processing. The problem is, s3tots complains about the filenames I use, I think almost surely because they have spaces in them. I'm running Debian Etch under Linux kernel 2.6.18-5-amd64. I tried this to replace the spaces with "\ ":
videofilein=$(echo $1 | sed 's/.\///' | sed 's/ /\ /')
videofileout=$(echo $1 | sed 's/.\///' | sed 's/ - .ty//' | sed s'/.ty//' | sed 's/ /\ /')
videofileout=$videofileout.ts
sourcedir=/RAID/Server-Main/Movies/TiVo_HD/
targetdir=/RAID/Recordings/
s3tots -i $sourcedir$videofilein -o $targetdir$videofileout
and also this to enclose the whole string in quotes:
videofilein=$(echo $1 | sed 's/.\///')
videofileout=$(echo $1 | sed 's/.\///' | sed 's/ - .ty//' | sed s'/.ty//')
videofileout=$videofileout.ts\"
sourcedir=\"/RAID/Server-Main/Movies/TiVo_HD/
targetdir=\"/RAID/Recordings/
s3tots -i $sourcedir$videofilein -o $targetdir$videofileout
The command line is passed to the routine by find, so it is a fully qualified string, and I checked that the variables have the right form. How can I get s3tots to react properly to the filenames, all of which have spaces in them? It works fine from the Linux prompt, of course by enclosing the names in quotes.
bcc
02-04-2008, 12:29 AM
It works fine from the Linux prompt, of course by enclosing the names in quotes.I don't understand what you're asking; if it works from the command line what more are you expecting s3tots to do? Works for me:
% s3tots 'a b c.ty'
s3tots: Copyright (c) 2004-2008 B.C. <_EMAIL_>
Version 1.2, Source is a b c.ty, dest is a b c.ts
TY set video,audio pid: 90,91. Audio is AC3
_PHONE_ transport stream bytes
Recording elapsed time: 47 seconds Rate: 2.72 Mbps
lrhorer
02-04-2008, 06:49 PM
It doesn't work from the script, which is what I want to handle the transcoding. I tried replacing " " with "\ " and also placing quotes around the entire string as I demonstrated above, but neither works. I confirmed the script works fine if the filenames have no spaces in them, but every file extracted from the TiVo has spaces in the filename.
Jamie
02-04-2008, 08:27 PM
It doesn't work from the script, which is what I want to handle the transcoding. I tried replacing " " with "\ " and also placing quotes around the entire string as I demonstrated above, but neither works. I confirmed the script works fine if the filenames have no spaces in them, but every file extracted from the TiVo has spaces in the filename.This is a shell issue, not an application issue.
Put quotes around the outside of the variable expansion if there are spaces or other special characters inside the variable value.
For example,
% x="a b c"
% y="d e f"
% s3tots -i "$in" -o "$out"
s3tots: Copyright (c) 2004-2007 B.C. <_EMAIL_>
Version 0.6, Source is a b c, dest is x y z
...
lrhorer
02-04-2008, 10:54 PM
Thanks, I just found that out. That's counter-intuitive. I would have thought the quotes force everything inside them to be taken as a literal, rather than forcing the contents of the variables inside the quotes to be taken as a literal. In any case, it's working!
Jamie
02-05-2008, 08:41 PM
Thanks, I just found that out. That's counter-intuitive. I would have thought the quotes force everything inside them to be taken as a literal, rather than forcing the contents of the variables inside the quotes to be taken as a literal. In any case, it's working!Read up on the difference between single and double quotes.
lrhorer
03-10-2008, 01:58 AM
I'd agree if you're using your PC for recording but if you have a dedicated HTPC to use as a DVR then the convenience factor is a dead heat, IMHO. I've got two S3 Tivos (one hacked and one virgin) in addition to my six ATSC tuner HTPC and they're all going through my HDMI switcher to my surround syetem and HDTV.
I disagree quite strongly. First of all, the last thing I would ever want to do is record anything for my theater from an ATSC tuner, with the exception of PBS. The networks had very little other than garbage on them when I was born (50 years ago), and they've gotten rather steadily worse over time.
Secondly, the Tivo has a host of important features which to the best of my knowledge are missing or poorly implemented in every other platform. The three biggies are wishlists, suggestions, and hyperfine combination search criteria. The entire list is quite long.
Operating a program such as PowerDVD or BeyondTV is no different than using the S3 Tivos.
Oh, yes it is. I cannot speak very much to Beyond TV, but PowerDVD certainly does not let me copy between any DVR and the PC from any DVR on the network. It won't show me program information like the actors, director, year, or program synopsis on the screen while selecting videos. I also have yet to find either a motherboard or video card which works well with either of my HD sets. Most won't work at all at 1080i (let alone 1080p), and those which I have tried that do look terrible at 1080i. I have also run into significant performance issues with PowerDVD, Nero Showtime, and every other application I've tried.
Beyond TV looks like it has some interesting features; especially its Beyond TV Link and SmartSkip (if it works well) features, but the fact it runs on Windows pretty much eliminates it at the outset. Not only that, but I am skeptical CableLabs will ever certify Beyond TV for use with CableCards as long as SmartSkip and Beyond TV Link are functional. As for SDV support, I'm pretty sure you can just forget about it entirely.
I'm also not sure what analogs to TiVoWebPlus, TyTo


text:
Vibrational overtone spectroscopy of molecules is a powerful tool for drawing information on molecular structure and dynamics. It relies on absorption of near infrared radiation (NIR) by molecular vibrations. Here we show the experimental evidence of giant enhancement of the absorption of light in solutions of organic molecules due to the switch from ballistic to diffusive propagation of light through a channel silicate glass waveguide. We also experimentally address a dynamics of absorption as a function of time of adsorption of the organic molecules on a waveguide. The observed enhancement in diffusion regime is by a factor of 300 in N-Methylaniline and by factor of 80 in Aniline compared to the expected values in the case of ballistic propagation of light in a waveguide. Our results underscore the importance of a guide surface modification and the disordered molecular nano-layer in enhancement of absorption by amines on engineered integrated system.
ASJC Scopus subject areas


American Dictionary of the English Language
Dictionary Search
BASE, adjective
1. Low in place. obsolete
2. Mean; vile; worthless; that is, low in value or estimation; used of things.
3. Of low station; of mean account; without rank, dignity or estimation among men; used of persons.
The base shall behave proudly against the honorable. Isaiah 3:5.
4. Of mean spirit; disingenuous; illiberal; low; without dignity of sentiment; as a base and abject multitude.
5. Of little comparative value; applied to metals, and perhaps to all metals, except gold and silver.
6. Deep; grave; applied to sounds; as the base sounds of a viol.
7. Of illegitimate birth; born out of wedlock.
8. Not held by honorable tenure. A base estate is an estate held by services not honorable, not in capite, or by villenage. Such a tenure is called base or low, and the tenant, a base tenant. So writers on the laws of England use the terms, a base fee, a base court.
BASE, noun [Latin basis; that which is set, the foundation or bottom.]
1. The bottom of any thing, considered as its support or the part of a thing on which it stands or rests; as the base of a column, the pedestal of a statue, the foundation of a house, etc.
In architecture, the base of a pillar properly is that part which is between the top of a pedestal and the bottom of the shaft; but when there is no pedestal, it is the part between the bottom of the column and the plinth. Usually it consists of certain spires or circles. The pedestal also has its base
2. In fortification, the exterior side of the polygon, or that imaginary line which is drawn from the flanked angle of a bastion to the angle opposite to it.
3. In gunnery, the least sort of ordnance, the diameter of whose bore is l 1/4 inch.
4. The part of any ornament which hangs down, as housings.
5. The broad part of any thing, as the bottom of a cone.
6. In old authors, stockings; armor for the legs.
7. The place from which racers or tilters start; the bottom of the field; the carcer or starting post.
8. The lowest or gravest part in music; improperly written bass.
9. A rustic play, called also bays, or prison bars.
10. In geometry, the lowest side of the perimeter of a figure. Any side of a triangle may be called its base but this term most properly belongs to the side which is parallel to the horizon. In rectangled triangles, the base properly, is the side opposite to the right angle. The base of a solid figure is that on which it stands. The base of a conic section is a right line in the hyperbola and parabola, arising from the common intersection of the secant plane and the base of the cone.
11. In chimistry, any body which is dissolved by another body, which it receives and fixes. Thus any alkaline, earthy or metallic substance, combining with an acid, forms a compound or neutral salt, of which it is the base Such salts are called salts with alkaline, earthy or metallic bases.
12. Thorough base in music, is the part performed with base viols or theorbos, while the voices sing and other instruments perform their parts, or during the intervals when the other parts stop. It is distinguished by figures over the notes.
Counter base is a second or double base when there are several in the same concert.
BASE, verb transitive To embase; to reduce the value by the admixture of meaner metals. [Little Used.]
2. To found; to lay the base or foundation.
To base and build the commonwealth of man.


theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}\theta+\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{y})}{\partial \theta} \\ =\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial (\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}\theta+\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{y})}{\partial \theta} \\ =\frac{1}{2} (\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}+\theta^T\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}-\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X} )\\ =\frac{1}{2}(\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-2\mathbf{y}^T\mathbf{X}) \\ =\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X}\theta-\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}=0
Normal Equation: θ=(XTX)1XTy\theta=(\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{X})^{-1}\mathbf{X}^T\mathbf{y}
What do you mean by affine transformation? Discuss affine vs. linear transformation.
A function ff is linear if f(ax+by)=af(x)+bf(y)f(ax+by)=af(x)+bf(y) for all relevant values of aa, bb, xx and yy.
A function gg is affine if g(x)=f(x)+cg(x)=f(x)+c for some linear function aa and constant cc. Note that we allow c=0c=0, which implies that every linear function is an affine function.
 1. All linear transformations are affine transformations.
 2. Not all affine transformations are linear transformations.
 3. It can be shown that any affine transformation A:UVA:U \rightarrow V can be written as A(x)=Lx)+v0A(x)=Lx)+v_0, where v0v_0 is some vector from VV and L:UVL:U \rightarrow V is a linear transformation.
Discuss training error, test error, generalization error, overfitting, and underfitting.
overfitting: What happens when the gap between the training error and test error is too large
underfitting: What happens when the model is not able to obtain a sufficiently low error value on the training set
training error: When training a machine learning model, we have access to a training set, we can compute some error measure on the training set
generalization error/test error: The expected value of the error on a new input. Here the expectation is taken across different possible inputs, drawn from the distribution of inputs we expect the system to encounter in practice
Visual summary
Compare representational capacity vs. effective capacity of a model.
Representational capacity - the functions which the model can learn; The model specifies which family of functions the learning algorithm can choose from when varying the parameters in order to reduce a training objective.
Effective capacity - in practice, a learning algorithm is not likely to find the best function out of the possible functions it can learn, though it can learn one that performs exceptionally well - those functions that the learning algorithm is capable of finding defines the model's effective capacity.
These additional limitations, such as the imperfection of the optimization algorithm, mean that the learning algorithm's effective capacity may be less than the representational capacity of the model family
What is VC dimension?
The VC dimension measures the capacity of a binary classifier. The VC dimension is defined as being the largest possible value of mm for which there exists a training set of mm different xx points that the classifier can label arbitrarily.
What are nonparametric models? What is nonparametric learning?
Parametric models: learn a function described by a parameter vector whose size is finite and fixed before any data is observed (linear regression)
Non-parametric models: assume that the data distribution cannot be defined in terms of a finite set of parameters. But they can often be defined by assuming an infinite dimensional θ\theta. Usually we think of θ\theta as a function (nearest neighbor regression)
What is an ideal model? What is Bayes error? What is/are the source(s) of Bayes error occur?
The ideal model: is an oracle that simply knows the true probability distribution that generates the data.
 - Even such a model will still incur some error on many problems, because there may still be some noise in the distribution. In the case of supervised learning, the mapping from xx to yy may be inherently stochastic, or yy may be a deterministic function that involves other variables besides those included in xx.
Bayes error: the lowest possible prediction error that can be achieved and is the same as irreducible error. ; The error incurred by an oracle making predictions from the true distribution p(x,y)p(x, y).
Source(s) of Bayes error: noise in the distribution if the process is random
What is the "no free lunch" theorem in connection to Machine Learning?
The no free lunch theorem for machine learning (Wolpert, 1996) states that, averaged over all possible data generating distributions, every classification algorithm has the same error rate when classifying previously unobserved points. In other words, in some sense, no machine learning algorithm is universally any better than any other. The most sophisticated algorithm we can conceive of has the same average performance (over all possible tasks) as merely predicting that every point belongs to the same class.
Fortunately, these results hold only when we average over all possible data generating distributions. **If we make assumptions about the kinds of probability distributions we encounter in real-world applications, then we can design learning algorithms that perform well on these distributions.
This means that the goal of machine learning research is not to seek a universal learning algorithm or the absolute best learning algorithm. Instead, our goal is to understand what kinds of distributions are relevant to the "real world" that an AI agent experiences, and what kinds of machine learning algorithms perform well on data drawn from the kinds of data generating distributions we care about.
What is regularization? Intuitively, what does regularization do during the optimization procedure?
We regularize a model that learns a function f(x;θ)f(x;\theta) by adding a penalty called a regularizer to the cost function. Expressing preferences for one function over another implicitly and explicitly is a more general way of controlling a model's capacity than including or excluding members from the hypothesis space.
What is weight decay? What is it added?
Weight decay is an additional term that causes the weights to exponentially decay to zero.
To perform linear regression with weight decay, we minimize a sum comprising both the mean squared error on the training and a criterion J(w)J(w) that expresses a preference for the weights to have smaller squared L2L_2 norm. Specifically,
J(w)=MSEtrain+λwTwJ(w) = MSE_{train} + \lambda \mathbf{w}^T\mathbf{w}
Minimizing J(w)J(w) results in a choice of weights that make a tradeoff between fitting the training data and being small. This gives us solutions that have a smaller slope, or put weight on fewer of the features.
What is a hyperparameter? How do you choose which settings are going to be hyperparameters and which are going to be learned?
Hyperparameter: Most machine learning algorithms have several settings that we can use to control the behavior of the learning algorithm.
 - The values of hyperparameters are not adapted by the learning algorithm itself
Sometimes a setting is chosen to be a hyperparameter that the learning algorithm does not learn because it is difficult to optimize or it is not appropriate to learn that hyperparameter on the training set. This applies to all hyperparameters that control model capacity. If learned on the training set, such hyperparameters would always choose the maximum possible model capacity, resulting in overfitting.
Why is a validation set necessary?
Let's assume that you are training a model whose performance depends on a set of hyperparameters. In the case of a neural network, these parameters may be for instance the learning rate or the number of training iterations.
Given a choice of hyperparameter values, you use the training set to train the model. But, how do you set the values for the hyperparameters? That's what the validation set is for. You can use it to evaluate the performance of your model for different combinations of hyperparameter values (e.g. by means of a grid search process) and keep the best trained model.
But, how does your selected model compares to other different models? Is your neural network performing better than, let's say, a random forest trained with the same combination of training/test data? You cannot compare based on the validation set, because that validation set was part of the fitting of your model. You used it to select the hyperparameter values!
The test set allows you to compare different models in an unbiased way, by basing your comparisons in data that were not use in any part of your training/hyperparameter selection process.
What are the different types of cross-validation? When do you use which one?
 - kk-fold cross-validation randomly divides the data into k blocks of roughly equal size. Each of the blocks is left out in turn and the other k1k-


What is meta? ×
Questions often get edited after you answer them. Some edits are insignificant, but there are edits that change the question significantly enough to warrant a change of the answer.
It would be nice to get notifications of edits that could potentially change the relevance of your answer. This would give you an opportunity to improve your answer in response to an edit.
However, there is a clear danger of "false positives" here: too many notifications reduce the chance of spotting the relevant ones. That's why I think that notifications should be added only when
 1. The edit to the question is done by the author of the original question1,
 2. The edit resulted in creation of a revision, and
 3. The edit is posted after your last edit to the answer.
The first condition makes sure that the edit could be potentially significant; the second rule reduces the chance of duplicate notifications; the third one removes notifications when the system is nearly certain that you have seen the edit (because you updated your answer after the edit to the question)2.
1 This rule can be bypassed for community WIKI questions.
2 I admit that the heuristic approach above may not be ideal, so an alternative way of identifying "significant" edits could be designed. For example, the site could offer the OP an opportunity to notify authors of the answers of the change to the question with a dialog box or something similar, for example, like this:
Should the authors of the answers be notified of this edit to your question?
 [Yes, please notify them] [No, this edit is not significant]
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As much as I would like to be notified, I can see a lot of problems with this in actual practice. I could see a lot of OPs sending out notifications for trivial edits (because it seems important to them, or they just choose a button to click) or not sending a notification for significant edits ("I won't want to bother everyone"). If posters could be trusted to use this notification properly I think it would be a great feature, but I just don't see that happening.
Also keep in mind there shouldn't be edits made that entirely invalidate answers. If such an edit would be that dramatic it likely means it should be a new question. This means that, even with the heuristics you've given, most of the edits to the OP shouldn't be invalidating your answer (even after the filters you've listed).
All in all I imagine the rate of false positives being greater than the rate of legitimate positives, or at least high enough that this feature wouldn't be all that useful.
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text:
Fish eggs can survive being eaten by ducks and some will still hatch again after being passed in droppings, study finds
- Researchers fed carp eggs to ducks in a laboratory and found 0.2% survived
- Of the eggs that passed through in tact, several actually went on to hatch
- The finding could explain how fish colonize isolated bodies of water
Fish eggs may be much more resilient than previously thought as new research shows they can survive being eaten and can actually hatch after being defecated back out into the wild.
A team of researchers from the Danube Research Institute made the discovery by testing what would happen when carp eggs were force fed to ducks in a laboratory.
The team fed 8,000 eggs from two different invasive species of carp to a group of eight mallard ducks, and then examined the duck feces to see what would happen to the eggs after being eaten.
Researchers force fed 8,000 carp eggs to eight mallard ducks in a laboratory and found that 0.2% of the eggs survived and were still viable and in tact after being defecated out, and several actually hatched two to three days later
While most of the eggs were destroyed while passing through the ducks' digestive system, 18 eggs, or around 0.2% of the total, made it through in tact, according to a report in Science News.
Of the 18 eggs that remained viable after being defecated back out again, three went on to hatch between two and three days later.
The team created a separate set of 200 fertilized eggs as a control to compare the hatching rates, but the control group developed a widespread fungal infection that killed most.
The ducks' digestive system is relatively fast moving, with most eggs passing completely through within an hour of being eaten, while a small number took four hours to fully pass.
'Despite the relatively short retention times of fish eggs within the digestive tract of mallards, these birds are still likely to play a significant role in long-distance dispersal of carp,' the team report.
The surprising discovery could help explain how fish end up colonizing small ponds and isolated lakes unconnected to other bodies of water
Adult carp lay an average of 100,000 eggs a day in the wild, and a mallard duck can fly over 800 miles in a single day
While the survival rate of the eggs was comparatively small, the team points out that a mature adult carp in the wild can lay as many as 100,000 eggs, meaning a significant percentage of fertilized embryo could survive being eaten.
According to the team, the findings could help explain the mystery of how fish have 'somehow colonized isolated water bodies all over the world without human assistance.'
In the past, scientists theorized that fish eggs might have been attached to the feathers or feet of certain species of waterbird, but the team's research introduces another potential explanation.
A mallard duck can fly as far as 80 miles in a single day, and could travel dozens of miles or more in single hour it might take an egg to pass through its digestive tract.
According to the researchers is to see whether the survival rates they recorded in a labortatory setting hold true for eggs in the wild
Source: Read Full Article


text:
If your cutting machine is not powering on when you press the power button, check all points listed below to find the source of the concern.
1. Check the Power Button
If the machine is not powering on, sometimes the power button has simply not been pressed firmly.
Attempt to firmly press and hold down the power button for 3 seconds.
2. Check the Cord Connections
Check the power cord connection to make sure the power cord is firmly connected at all points as follows:
- Completely unplug the power cord from the Silhouette machine and then firmly plug it back into the machine
- Remove the plug from the wall or power strip and then firmly plug it back into place
- If using a power strip, double-check to ensure the power strip is powered on
3. Check the Power Source
In order to rule out the power source as the concern, try plugging the power cord into an alternate outlet that is known to work with another device.
4. Check the power cord
If you have an alternate Silhouette brand power cord from another Silhouette machine, swap it out to test the power cord.
If you have another brand cord that is compatible, you can test it as well. The power cord should match the following specifications:
Input: 100-240V~ 50/60Hz, 1.2A
Output: +24V - 1.25A (up to 2.0A)
Output polarity: Positive center
NOTE: We do not recommend buying another cord to perform this test if you do not already have access to one
5. Run Power Test
After reviewing all of the above, attempt the following:
- Unplug the power cord from the side of the cutting machine
- Press and hold the power button
- While holding down the power button, plug the power cord back into the machine and continue to hold the power button for 10 seconds
- Release the power button
If the light on the machine does not illuminate, then this indicates a power failure.
If the light on the machine illuminates but you are unable to use the machine, this would indicate a bricked firmware issue.
If you have reached this point without resolution, please contact _EMAIL_ with the following information:
- Your machine model
- Serial number (located on the back of the machine)
- Power cord in use
- Confirmation of the power test from Step 5 above
- Provide a video showing confirmation that all connections are made while the machine is not powered on


The Beautiful Diversity of Syrian Clothing – Patterns, Designs And Colors
Traditional Syrian clothing
The Beautiful Diversity of Syrian Clothing – Patterns, Designs And Colors
Syria is a moderately large country that includes many different religious and ethnic groups. You will hear of Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, Armenians, Circassians, and Turkmen who differ in cultural traditions. As a result, writing about the subject of traditional Syrian clothing can prove to be challenging. There is more than one Syrian way to dress. It ranges from city to city and from region to region. Also, different tribes and villages have their own distinctive patterns, designs, and colors of clothing.
So how do men and women traditionally dress?
If you go to the cities of Deir ez-Zor, Palmyra, and Raqqah in Eastern Syria, for example, you will probably see more Syrian traditional tribal style of dress. Women typically wear long black garments called abayas that cover them from shoulders to their ankles. They also wear a head and face cover that leaves only the eyes peeking out. Underneath all of these coverings, however, she may be wearing a traditional Arabian dress with intricate beading. Or maybe even the latest fashion from the West.
Men traditionally wear long garments called kaftans. These are often white in the summer and made of darker colors and a heavier fabric in the winter. They also wear a three-piece head cover called a taqiyah. The base of it is a white cap with holes used to hold hair in place. On top is a scarf-like head cover called a gutrah. This is also white in the summer. Men also usually wear a checkered red and white pattern in the winter called a shmak. Both the gutrah and the shmak are used to protect the head from the sun and to cover the mouth and nose in the event of a sandstorm. Topping off all of these is the rigid black circular chord that holds it all in placed called the ogal.
Syrian clothing in other regions
If we head to cities like Idlib and Aleppo, we'll find them to be more modern but generally range from conservative to liberal. Idlib, of course, is the more conservative of the two cities as Aleppo has a more significant number of Christians. Combined with a huge Armenian population, this allows them to usually just dress in Western-style clothing.
Further west, into the cities of Tartous and Latakia, you'll also find a wide range of dress from conservative to liberal. However, actually tend to dress more liberal with no real restrictions on clothing at all.
Finally, there's Damascus, the melting pot of Syria. Because Damascus is a blend of all of the cultures and traditions of Syria, it's here you'll find everything. Women's clothing range from full black veils known as niqab to Western-style.
In conclusion
Did you enjoy this article and want to learn more about Arab culture or maybe even learn Arabic language skills in the Syrian dialect? If so, then head on over to our website where you'll learn more about all things Arabic. You know, recent studies have shown that the best way to learn Arabic is through Arabic learning apps. So, while you're visiting our website, why not download the Kaleela Arabic learning app to your iOS or Android mobile device? Check it out at and start learning Syrian Arabic today!
Download the app: