Dissolution of expressive and instrumental voluntary associations: Four key dimensions in explaining organizational change
Dan Sundblom*, Mikko Lagerspetz, Liisi Keedus, Erle Rikmann
*Tämän työn vastaava kirjoittaja
Tutkimustuotos: LehtiartikkeliArtikkeliTieteellinenvertaisarvioitu
8 Lataukset (Pure)
This study inspects the reasons as for why voluntary associations end their activity and dissolveas legal entities. The empirical data was gathered through semi-structured interviews with formerleaders of 30 organizations in Estonia and Finland. To appreciate the sector's diversity, the analysismakes a distinction between associations with mainly expressive, and those with mainly instrumentalfunctions. Causes for the associations' dissolution fall into four different categories related to (1) theassociation as a social entity, (2) resources, (3) goals and (4) environment. Reasons belonging to thefirst category of internal, social reasons, such as problems of leadership, internal organization andmembership recruitment were the most common ones. However, several reasons often intertwined. Acomparison between associations of different types showed that expressive associations were mostoften threatened by causes in the first category, while they were surprisingly immune to the other ones.Instrumental associations are dependent on other actors and external circumstances, and the reasons fortheir dissolution are likely to be related to problems with resource acquisition, goals or environments.
JulkaisuResearch On Finnish Society
TilaJulkaistu - 18 joulukuuta 2020
OKM-julkaisutyyppiA1 Julkaistu artikkeli, soviteltu


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The Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, has developed the first-of-its-kind cow dung-based natural foaming agent which will act as thermal insulation when mixed in modern construction material like concrete, making it lighter, officials said on Tuesday.
The foaming agent- GOBAiR- is the first such product in the country, they said.
Adding this eco-friendly product to the construction material will not only reduce the cost of constructing houses but will also keep the buildings cool in summer and warm in winter, according to officials.
The innovative product is completely natural and much more environmentally and cost-friendly than the chemical-based foaming agents available in the market.
GOBAiR has been developed by Professor Sandeep Chaudhary and his PhD student Sanchit Gupta.
"We were working on ways and means to generate higher incomes from cow dung and support gaushalas (cowsheds) in managing stray cattle. This is how GOBAiR came into existence," Professor Chaudhary said.
He claimed GOBAiR enables lightweight concrete, which can be produced at about 24% lower cost than commercially used building materials.
"The product is showing better economics and properties than red clay bricks and fly ash bricks available in the market. If the profits are translated to monetary value, then the income from wet cow dung can increase from the current value of less than Rs 1 to over Rs 4 per kilogram," as per a release issued by the IIT-Indore.
GOBAiR can be added in concrete, bricks, tiles and blocks, to produce a wide range of sustainable building materials.
Construction using GOBAiR will be much more environmentally friendly and will help achieve more points in green building ratings, it said.
The team is presently working on developing a specifications table that the construction industry can use as a ready reference for adding GOBAiR in concrete.
The team is also in touch with IGBC for the Green Product Certification of building products made from GOBAir. A patent has already been filed for this innovative technology, the release added.
(Except for the headline, this story has not been edited by NDTV staff and is published from a syndicated feed.)

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Chapel Allerton
Chapel Allerton
A suburb of Leeds, Chapel Allerton has a history dating back to at least the time of the Domesday Book. Though much of Chapel Allerton's buildings are 20th century, there are notable examples of Art Deco and Victorian architecture. The stately home of Harewood House is only 5 miles away.
The first written record of Chapel Allerton comes from the Domesday Book of 1086, where it was called Alreton. The name is a combination of Old English words meaning alder farm. There was an early medieval chapel here, linked to Kirkstall Abbey, situated between the modern byways of Harrogate Road and Church Street.
The first reference to 'Chapel Allerton' as a place name comes from 1427, though for centuries thereafter it was also known as Chapeltown. The chapel itself was torn down in the 18th century.
Initially an area of open countryside and farming, by the 17th century it became a place where the wealthy citizens of Leeds built second homes. It later became a popular place for Irish immigrants to settle.
Historic Buildings
The core of Chapel Allerton is a conservation area, with a wide range of historic buildings, many boasting large gardens. One of the finest buildings is Allerton Hall, a Grade II listed building dating to the 18th century. An early owner was Josiah Oates. One of Josiah's descendants was Captain Laurence Oates, who died in Scott's Polar Expedition of 1912.
Another historic building - though very much a different sort - is the Mustard Pot pub on Stainbeck Lane, which may date to 1653. On the subject of pubs, look for the Nag's Head, a coaching inn built in 1772. In the last decades of the 18th century, the landlord of the Nag's Head was widely rumoured to work with highwaymen.
The parish church of St Matthew is late Victorian, built in 1900 by the prominent 19th-century church architect GF Bodley.


Mikrasiaton Square
The Mikrasiaton Square is located in the Old Town of Rethymno and it is the biggest square in the heart of the historical center since 2007.
Its name comes from the settlement of the inhabitants of Minor Asia (Mikrasiates=people from Minor Asia) who arrived to Rethymno after the population exchange set by the Lausanne Convention and were accommodated in that square.
Being the meeting point of the youngsters and the families of Rethymno, mostly during summer, due to its spaciousness and a playground for the young children' amusement, the Mikrasiaton Square has also room for bikes, skates and trampoline.
The monuments that frame the Mikrasiaton Square are jewels for the city of Rethymno, since they are the most important buildings remaining from the Venetian and Ottoman period, such as the House of Culture, the Neratze Mosque, the church of Agios Fragkiskos and the Historical and Folklore Rethymno Museum.
There is monument in the Mikrasiaton Square representing the Minor Asia disaster that was placed there after the efforts of the Association of Minor Asia and the Association of Minor Asia "Ionia" Rethymnon. The monument, five meters in length and four meters in height, had been placed on the east side of the square. The Minor Asia Hellenism had imparted to the local population of Rethymno many types of handmade professional art and creation and actively and effectively contributed in revitalizing the local economy.
Most Popular


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Each summer, hundreds of St. Louis kids fend for themselves without adult supervision. Many of these children are home alone during the day without structured activities, nutritious meals or awareness of the risks that come with no adult presence.
Will your child be home alone this summer?
Sign them up for summer camp instead! The Northside Youth and Senior Services Center provides a fun and educational camp for St. Louis children ages 5 to 17 each summer. It's a chance for kids to explore, make new friends, and enjoy fun and educational activities. All for no charge to families.
Children are split into the following age groupings for summer camp:
- 5-8 years old
- 9-12 years old
- 13-17 years old
Camp begins the week after St. Louis public schools let out for the summer and provides six weeks of fun and learning activities for the kids.
Summer Camp Activities
The activities are carefully planned based on a child's age and abilities, working to retain school year learning and provide age appropriate learning experiences. Caring and experienced camp counselors and adult volunteers provide a balance of free play, structured learning, creative development and physical activities.
Types of Activities
Each day is different and exciting, but some examples of typical summer camp activities include the following:
- Computer instruction
- Physical fitness
- Recreational sports
- Outdoor games and activities
- Field trips around St. Louis
- Dance and theatre
Nutritional meals and snacks are provided each day to all children attending camp. No kid goes hungry on our watch!
Summer CampRegistration Closed
We'd love to have your child join us for summer camp! Our summer camp is free and open to all children ages 5-17 in St. Louis and the surrounding areas. Complete the form below and someone from our team will be in touch with additional details and next steps.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Judy Port wants to change the text color in desktop icon captions.
Microsoft doesn't provide that option, but there's a trick to turning the default white text to black. You can also turn off the drop shadows.
In fact, you have to turn off the drop shadows before you can change the color: Select Start, then Run, type sysdm.cpl, and press ENTER. Click the Advanced tab. In the Performance box, click the Settings button. Scroll down to and uncheck Use drop shadows for icon labels on the desktop. Click OK for each box.
Now that the drop shadows are gone, you can turn the letters black by selecting a light background color. If you're saying "What background color? I have wallpaper!" don't worry. There's a background color behind your wallpaper (or desktop background in Vista); you don't see it, but it effects the color of your text.
To change this color in Vista, right-click the desktop and select Personalize. Click Desktop Background. Pull down the Location menu and select Solid Colors. Click the white square (if you want white text, pick the black square). Don't worry if the desktop suddenly turns ugly. You're about to fix that.
Now return to the Location menu and select the location where you'd find your wallpaper. Select the wallpaper, then click OK.
Although the same principles apply in XP, there's one big difference. Once you turn off the drop shadows, potentially ugly boxes appear around the captions. If you pick white as your background color (like I recommended with Vista), they look particularly ugly. Choosing the right background color will improve the look of the desktop..
Right-click the desktop and select Properties. Click the Desktop tab. Pull down the Color menu in the lower right corner and select a background color. Pick one that blends in well with your wallpaper, but if you want black text, it must be a light color. Click Apply to see how it looks.


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The LED U-Turn spotlight family by Belux invites playful interaction with light. The spotlight can easily be adjusted by hand using the magnetic ball joint to a maximum action radius and even completely rotated. Together with its variable lighting angle, U-Turn is a flexible lighting tool with high fun factor.
The central elements of the U-Turn clip-on lamp are the ball joint, which is directly connected to a large clip, and the large, round light head. In its middle there is a magnetic recess which is placed on top of a metal sphere. This mechanism allows playful, easy moving of the light head and enables a large action radius. As the recess in the light head is magnetic on both sides, you can separate it from the ball, turn it and put it back on in a single movement. Thus you can have direct or indirect LED light with U-Turn. Moreover it is possible to change the lighting angle with a simple turn – similar to the zoom function on a camera. The clip makes it possible to clip the lamp onto numerous different objects – heaters through to book shelves – offering maximum flexibility.
The Belux U-Turn is available in multiple varieties as a table, floor or clip-on light in black or grey.


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Postdoc / Researcher, Structures and Materials Lab, College of Engineering
2 days left
- Full Time
The Structures and Materials Lab at the college of engineering, Prince Sultan University, is multidisciplinary research oriented lab. We have Postdoc and researcher position openings for Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering in the following research areas:
- Finite element analysis using ABAQUS
- Implant designs and biomechanics
- 3D printing of polymers/polymer composites
- Proficient in ABAQUS
- Skills on the design of implants
- Experience in 3D printing
- Mechanical testing
- A Ph.D. degree in Mechanical Engineering from a reputed university.
- This is a non-tenure-track, year-to-year appointment, renewable annually subject to satisfactory performance.
- The candidate should have a high H-index.
- Good skills on writing research papers.
- The start of the contract is August 15, 2022.
- A competitive salary and accommodation.
- Incentives for high ranked publications.
- Opportunity for small project grants.
- A full Curriculum Vitae, including google scholar profile
- A cover letter
- A complete list of publications, including the H-index
- Submit your documents by filling the google form: _URL_
- Email your documents at _EMAIL_
To be considered for this position, please download, complete and attach the PSU Application form, with a covering letter in the space below.
Apply for Postdoc / Researcher, Structures and Materials Lab, College of Engineering
Already uploaded your CV? Sign in to apply instantly


Study On The Inner Axlebox Type Light Rail Bogies Design
In the various tracks of the existing traffic patterns, light rail, with its low cost, small footprint, traffic volume flexibility, is highly appreciated. At present, Shanghai light rail line has been built in Beijing, Wuhan and other cities are also actively preparing for the light rail line. Light rail transit will become an important mode of urban transportation systems, thus, light rail vehicle bogie design is also a growing concern.
1 light rail bogies structure characteristics and performance requirements for light-rail lines often snaking through the city center, affected by the restrictions of the city streets and buildings, their lines with a small curve, curve radius, so, compared with conventional bogies, applies to bogie LRT line should have its own structure and performance requirement:
(1) axle load is small, usually 11t~12.5T. In order to make full use of urban space, are mostly elevated light rail lines and light rail is a medium-capacity transport mode, vehicle sections smaller than the subway, shorter in length, the use of articulated form.
(2) the wheelbase is small, usually 1.8M~1.9m. A smaller wheelbase for ease with small radius curves, minimum curve radius of 25m light rail lines.
(3) high light requirements. Due to the bogie axle small bogie a limited amount of space, in order to maximize volume, requiring vehicles to light weight, the lightweight design of the bogie is one of the important links.
(4) the layout and compact structure. Due to the smaller wheelbase, especially for the bogie, and in the limited space motor, coupling, gear box and brake equipment.


An Urban Explorer's Guide To Finding & Exploring Secret Bunkers
By Matt Scofield
February 19, 2020 6:00 AM ‐ UndergroundUrbExLong Reads
Government Bunker Ahrweiler
I've been fascinated by secret underground bunkers for 20 years or more, I've been lucky enough to have visited some of the most secure underground hideouts in the country and have researched hundreds of sites across the UK.
Bunker exploration is a subset of urban exploration, a closely related past time which involves exploring and photographing decaying and forgotten man-made structures. Bunker exploration focuses on man-made and man-used underground spaces, and therefore shouldn't be confused with the hobbies spelunking, caving or potholing, which focus on natural cave systems.
In this guide to bunker exploration I will share some of the techniques that urban explorers use to find bunkers and underground structures, tips on how to safely gain access and advice on staying safe and making the most of your time underground.
Bunkers are generally categorised by their usage. For example an artillery bunker for defending weapons and ammunition against enemy fire. Industrial bunkers, which house data storage and underground control centres. Personal bunkers are generally constructed within a house. Munitions bunkers are used to store high explosives in order to prevent and contain any potential blasts.
However in the world of bunker exploration, explorers categorise the locations they visit based on its method of construction. This is because the bunkers are usually now abandoned, so their most recent use is of less importance when you consider that bunkers often go through several different uses during their lifetime and often start out as something completely different.
Urban explorers tend to recognise and even discover bunkers to explore based on the following traits.
Purpose Built
Cheyenne Mountain Complex
Purpose built bunkers are generally either semi-sunk concrete reinforced blockhouses, facilities constructed just below the surface of the ground using a technique called "cut and cover", or a network of chambers and tunnels excavated underground or within a hill or mountain. Essentially, purpose built bunkers are holes in the ground that didn't exist before the bunker was constructed. They can range from being partially above ground through to being fully subterranean deep-level shelters.
One of the most famous purpose built bunkers is the Cheyenne Mountain Complex, a US military bunker built into the side of a mountain near Colorado Springs. Building a bunker from scratch costs a lot of money. The Cheyenne Mountain Complex cost about $140 million back in the 1960s, that's around or $1 billion in today's money.
One of the bunker's can be seen here heading South along East Main Road.
Photo: © Crown Copyright
A cheaper option than building a bunker from scratch is to re-purpose an existing underground space. Most commonly this is cave networks or underground mines or quarries, which are converted into secure underground locations. This technique was widely used in Wiltshire in the run up to the two World Wars and the Cold War.
Several former stone quarries were converted in to huge underground ammunition stores, subterranean aircraft factories and armed forces command centres. These type of bunkers are most prevalent in Wiltshire, but similar structures built within similar underground spaces exist all around the world.
One of the most impressive examples of this type of facility is the mammoth Burlington bunker in Corsham. It's less of an underground bunker and more like a subterranean city, its tunnels and roadways seem to stretch endlessly and the whole complex is constructed in a former stone quarry.
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Hidden Bunkers
Whitehall Ministry Of Defence, London
Another method of bunker building is to construct the facility under or within a building. This can mean building a hardened network of chambers in the building's foundations at the same time the building is being constructed, or an existing basement is retrofitted, hardened and converted into a bunker. In Switzerland, there is an unusually large number of this sort of bunker because of a law requiring protective shelters to be constructed for all new buildings since 1963.
The most famous examples of bunkers of this kind are in central London. The British's government's PINDAR bunker was constructed in the 1990s beneath the Ministry of Defence headquarters on Whitehall and includes COBRA, Cabinet Office Briefing Room A.
Just across the road is Winston Churchill's Cabinet War Rooms, built in a reinforced basement beneath the treasury building. The bunker is now one of London's most famous tourist attractions.
Nuclear Bunkers
Hack Green Nuclear Bunker
Nuclear bunkers can be constructed in any of the three previously mentioned methods, but they tend to have very distinctive design elements, characteristics and, because they are more modern having been built during the Cold War, tend to be in better condition and have more interesting features.
Nuclear bunkers were still being constructed in the UK as far into the Cold War as the early-90s. They are constructed to a much more robust standard of engineering compared to older wartime bunkers as they needed to be able to offer blast protection and protect their inhabitants from the dangers of radioactive fallout.
Because nuclear bunkers were kept on standby until the late-80s and early-90s, they are generally still in very good condition and the specific details of their uses are better documented. A great example of this is the Hack Green nuclear bunker in Nantwich, Cheshire. It is now open to the public as a museum, which perfectly demonstrates how interesting bunkers of it era are. It's packed full of broadcast, monitoring and survival equipment from the era and the purpose of every room in the two-level bunker is understood.
How To Spot A Bunker
Admiralty Citadel - Horse Guards Parade, London
If you're reading this page then you probably already have some interest in secret bunkers, perhaps you've been driving a long and noticed a suspicious looking mound of grass in an otherwise flat area at the roadside or a hardened basement-level door in the side of a local building. But how can you find out what's behind these doors?
If the door is in the side of a building then there's no easy way to find out. The door could be a fire exit from a lower level of the building or even access to underground services. Many cities have underground electrical substations for example.
There may still be a few telltale signs. Obviously a bunker won't have any windows, so if there are none at the same level as the door, then this may indicate a shelter of some kind.
You should also look for ventilation, a bunker will almost always have independent air ventilation and filtrations systems, separate from the rest of the building. This will likely be more than small vents on the wall and is more likely to be large ventilation ducts or standalone air vents popping up out of the ground near the door.
Even after discovering air vents and a lack of windows, it's still going to be very hard to determine what's behind the door. You may need to find out who owns the building. If it is owned by the government or a local council then it is possible they have some kind of shelter under their offices. This might also be the case if the building is occupied by the emergency services or utility providers, such as gas, water and electric companies.
It's a long shot, but step back and take a look at the building's roof. You might find that if there is a bunker hidden below the building that there is some sort of communications array on the roof. The purpose of most bunkers is to maintain the smooth running of the country in the event of a disaster, and this requires good communications access.
Fortunately, other types of bunkers are easier to spot. Any purpose built bunker will normally have a very visible and very bunker like entrance. The entrance to any underground space which has been re-purposed will also look distinctly bunker-like, but still these can be hard to spot and other less exciting entrances can look like bunkers.
A lot of bunkers are semi-sunk, meaning that they are built in a hole in the ground but their upper level or levels are housed in a steel reinforced concrete mass above ground level. One such fortress can be found right in the middle of busy central London on Horse Guards Parade. Despite the fact it's so visible and imposing, most tourists and locals walk past the huge structure without questioning what's inside it.
This type of bunker is very easy to spot, the massive concrete block will have no windows and no doors apart from one huge metal blast door. There's often usually large vents on the side of the building and many bunkers of this type will have a small communications mast near by or on its roof.
Hack Green Bunker
Bunkers which are entirely subterranean have equally as identifiable surface features, but there are other structures that can be mistaken for bunkers.
When it comes to getting into an underground hideout, there's only three options...
Adit - a horizontal or almost horizontal entrance into the ground. This is probably the most obvious type of entrance. If you see a doorway leading into the side of a mountain or hill, then there's clearly something underground there. Although, it could be nothing more than an underground water reservoir, which does look very bunker like.
Slope shaft - an inclined entrance consisting of a doorway leading to steps that descend down to bunker level. This sort of entrance can be quite hard to spot, but when you stumble across one it's pretty obvious what it is. You'll normally see a door on the side of a small mound or building. The opposite side of the building will slope off into the ground, which clearly indicates that all that's behind the door is a tunnel into the ground.
Vertical shaft - a shaft which


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The University Record, December 7, 1998
By Nancy Ross-Flanigan
News and Information Services
Can a drivers speech reveal whether hes too tired to drive safely? Do truck drivers skip rest breaks because they cant find parking spaces at public rest areas? How can a computer model accurately simulate traffic patterns? These are some of the questions that students tackled in year-long research projects sponsored by the Great Lakes Center for Truck and Transit Research (GLCTTR).
The GLCTTR is a consortium of six universitiesincluding the U-Min Michigan, Ohio and Illinois. The centers Scholars Program was introduced in 1992 to support graduate students working with university researchers on truckand transit-related problems. Its goals are to attract students and faculty to this type of research and to prepare graduate students for careers as transportation professionals.
The five students in the 199798 GLCTTR Scholars Program presented their research during a seminar at the Michigan League on Nov. 12. Here are highlights of their presentations.
Eugene J. Zalubus, a doctoral student in electrical engineering and computer science at the U-M, analyzed the speech of subjects who had gone at least 18 hours without sleep. For comparison, he did the same analysis on subjects who had been awake for less than 10 hours. He found that certain speech sounds are a better indication of fatigue than is reaction time, which sometimes is used to gauge how tired a person is. Zalubus hopes this work may lead to a device that automatically detects dangerous levels of fatigue. Placed in cars and trucks, the device would prompt the driver to say certain words every half hour or so and would sound an alarm if the driver became too tired to drive safely.
Kimberly A. Kolody, a Michigan State University (MSU) masters student in civil engineering, analyzed truck space parking availability at public rest areas in Michigan. With help from Michigan State Police officers who recorded numbers of empty spaces at different times of day and night, Kolody identified overcrowded rest areas, mainly along the I-94 corridor. She then tried to pinpoint featuressuch as distance to nearest city, number and type of parking spaces, and average daily truck trafficthat led to overcrowding. Understanding such connections is important, Kolody says, because fatigued truck drivers may keep driving when they cant find places to rest.
Jack M. Keoshian, Jr., a U-M doctoral student in mechanical engineering and applied mechanics, worked on TrafMod, a simple computer model that simulates traffic. Compared to more complicated traffic models, TrafMod takes less time to run and is easier to use, says Keoshian. The goal is to use such models in intelligent transportation systems to help drivers find the quickest routes to their destinations and to reduce congestion. They may also help planners predict future traffic on busy thoroughfares.
Laura Aylsworth-Bonzelet, a doctoral student in civil engineering at MSU, studied paved areas designed to give commercial vehicles more room to make left turns across narrow medians. These paved aprons, called loons in Michigan (because seen from the air, the outline resembles a loon), offer an alternative to left turns at busy intersections. However, there is no standard designloons vary widely in size, pavement markings and signs, Aylsworth-Bonzelet found. In some cases, their design creates confusion that may lead to accidents. Acknowledging that loons are useful, Aylsworth-Bonzelet developed design guidelines that would make them safer.
Jennifer A. Kadlowec, a U-M doctoral student in mechanical engineering and applied mechanics, developed a method of testing bushings, cylindrical metal parts used in car and truck suspension systems. She subjected bushings to stresses that they typically would encounter in everyday use. Rather than look at just one type of stress at a time, as many previous analyses have, she studied combinations of stresses. Such studies can help researchers develop realistic models of automobile suspensions, Kadlowec says.
After presenting their results, the five GLCTTR Scholars received plaques recognizing their research contributions. In the six years since it began, the GLCTTR Scholars Program has supported student research at all four Michigan member universitiesU-M, MSU, Michigan Technological University and Wayne State University. Student support funds provided by GLCTTR are matched by each participating university in the form of faculty research time and a significant portion of the Scholars tuition. In addition to the four Michigan Universities, GLCTTR members include Central State University (Ohio) and Northwestern University (Illinois).

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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By Chad Ingram
Demand for locally produced food far outweighs its production.
That finding is part of a recently completed community food assessment results of which were presented to Haliburton County councillors by Highlands East homesteader Andrew von Zuben during a March 23 meeting.
"I want to take this opportunity to get people to see food as a renewable resource" von Zuben told the room adding that agriculture is one of the quickest-growing sectors in the community. "A good healthy food system is good for our environment."
The assessment included research about the county's agricultural past and present as well as interviews with farmers restaurateurs and grocery store owners.
"Demand for local food far exceeds current production levels" von Zuben said. "We need to have that cultural food to match up with the new tourists we want in our community."
Culinary attractions along with outdoors adventure and arts and culture is one of the three pillars of Haliburton County's tourism strategy.
A researcher and database consultant were hired surveying more than 50 food businesses or programs and mapping all food access in the community.
"People are looking for retreats and agricultural properties" von Zuben said.
A consultant also reviewed the official plans of Haliburton County and its lower-tier municipalities and von Zuben said local food producers want to have a working relationship with local municipalities and in particular have influence on planning decisions since they directly impact food production.
A number of local food advocacy groups are uniting under the banner of Harvest Haliburton.
Von Zuben is taking his presentation to each of the county's lower-tier councils as well.
A number of community partners collaborated on the assessment project including but not limited to the Haliburton County Farmers' Market Association Abbey Gardens the Haliburton County Farmers Association the Haliburton Grain CSA and Ontario Healthy Communities Coalition.
At a recent forum hosted by the farmers association a specialist from the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs said there is a particularly strong demand for sheep and goats in Canada with grocery store owners saying they could sell much more goat and lamb if it was available and only 42 per cent of the meat in the sheep and goat market supplied by Canadian farmers.


text: The stability of cooperation contract is the result of abandon opportunistic behavior in the process of repeated games among the enterprise and the other subjects in the supply chain from long-term interests, and is also the foundation of healthy development for the whole supply chain. But in real life cooperation contract instability everywhere for a variety of reasons, such as ethical considerations, institutional factors, cultural factors and special reasons during the transition period and so on. From the perspective of information economics and game theory, the main game process of cooperation between enterprise and the other subjects in supply chain is not only the game of information, but also the game of interests. Information structure and the interesting structure are the important factors for the subjects of the game of the implementation of decisions and the basic contractual constraints for cooperative game equilibrium. Cooperation behaviors among the enterprise and the other subjects in the supply chain were studied on the basis of game theory, and the stability of cooperation contract is also being discussed in this paper.


text: Climate change and socioeconomic factors have increased the complexity of urban water supply systems. Thus, fresh water sources are being gradually diversified to improve the reliability and resilience of the systems. However, as the number of source blending options grows, optimization tools are needed to design drinking water supply systems that comply with indicators of cost, resilience, and water quality. This paper proposes a pioneering methodological approach, based on an ant-colony-optimization (ACO) algorithm, to optimize the blending of drinking water from different sources to minimize operational costs of a given system originating from a number of impaired water sources while complying with water quality standards. To evidence the potential of the ACO algorithm to solve such a system, a virtual case study was designed that considers eight fresh water sources, including seawater desalination and potable reuse. Seven scenarios were developed with different weightings to service outage, water conveyance and treatment costs while complying with water quality goals in regard to total organic carbon, nitrates, and total dissolved solids. It was shown that the cost per volumetric unit of water can vary considerably depending on the weightings of the three cost items. This paper provides a rigorous scientific approach to propose a methodology supporting the decision-making process of selecting a mixture of different sources to achieve the overall lowest system cost. Hence, this work contributes to improving the resilience and sustainability of urban water supplies.


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- Allied Whale History
- Senior Staff
- Publications List
- Marine Mammal Strandings
- Mount Desert Rock
- Education Resources
- Adopt-A-Whale Program
Mount Desert Rock
Mount Desert Rock is a remote, treeless island situated approximately 25 nautical miles south of College of the Atlantic, in Bar Harbor, Maine. Since the early 19th century the island has had a light tower, and various buildings to house light-keeper families. In the 1950s the island was occupied by the United States Coastguard. Now it is the home of the Edward McC. Blair Marine Research Station.
In the early 1970s, students, staff, and faculty from College of the Atlantic visited the island. They noted that the site was a prime location for marine mammal research. Both Mount Desert Rock and the nearby Inner Schoodic Ridges are areas of upwelling, creating localized zones of high biological productivity. Species commonly sighted included humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae), finback (Balaenoptera physalus), and northern right (Eubalaena glacialis) whales, harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), common (Delphinus delphis) and white-sided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus acutus), and harbor (Phoca vitulina) and gray (Halichoerus grypus) seals.
In cooperation with the US Coastguard, Allied Whale, the marine mammal research division of College of the Atlantic, seasonally occupied Mount Desert Rock for several decades. Mount Desert Rock became the base of summer operations for Allied Whale, and provided a foundation for important studies such as the development of photo-identification techniques for humpback and finback whales. In the mid 1990s, occupation of the island ceased as the US Coastguard reviewed the need for Mount Desert Rock as part of the network of lighthouses off the coast of Maine. In 1996, College of the Atlantic acquired the island from the US Coastguard. Although the Coastguard maintains right of access to the aids to navigation equipment on the island, College of the Atlantic is responsible for the buildings and maintenance of the structures on Mount Desert Rock.
College of the Atlantic continues to maintain an active presence on Mount Desert Rock. Recently, Allied Whale has initiated a five-year study of marine mammal populations in the northern Gulf of Maine, using Mount Desert Rock as a base of operations. Members of Allied Whale, together with staff, faculty and administration of the college, continue to spearhead the development of Mount Desert Rock as a fully operational research station that will eventually expand its research repertoire beyond marine mammal science. As a first step in this expansion, and in recognition of his financial and spiritual support to Allied Whale and College of the Atlantic, the field station was recently dedicated as the Edward McC. Blair Marine Research Station.
Mount Desert Rock has 4 buildings perched precariously on its rocky ledges; the boathouse, light tower, generator shed and light-keeper's house. The boathouse has space for 4 research inflatable boats, and is rigged with a hydraulic hauling system and chain hoist. The light tower reaches over 70 ft in height above sea level, and has two exterior platforms provide excellent views 360Â° around the island. The generator shed is currently used as an equipment room; the college plans to convert this space into a wet-lab. Finally, the house itself has accommodations for 20 researchers/students, 2 classrooms, a recreation room, kitchen and dining room, and radio room.
Power is currently provided by a small gas generator supplying a bank of deep-cycle batteries that distribute 110V mains power via an inverter. Plans exist to convert this system to a solar array, with the generator supplying emergency power only.
Rainwater is collected via a roof collection system, is stored in two large cisterns in the basement of the building and provides a non-potable freshwater source for bathing, washing, etc.. Drinking water currently must be shipped in, although the College has proposed to install a desalination system.
College of the Atlantic recently made contact with former inhabitants of the island, Wilbur and Shirley York, who lived on the Rock in the late 1920s as children. Allied Whale arranged for Wilbur and Shirley to revisit Mount Desert Rock in Summer 2000. An article reviewing this visit can be found here, from the Bar Harbor Times (secondarily published in the Ellsworth American).
Mount Desert Rock is ideally located for offshore studies of marine mammals and seabirds. Thus the Rock is a perfect base-camp for members of Allied Whale, the marine mammal research group affiliate with College of the Atlantic. Allied Whale's mission is to be a center of excellence for marine mammal studies, while simultaneously providing the best experiential education possible for undergraduate and graduate students interested in a career in marine mammalogy. As such, Mount Desert Rock is an integral part of that mission, providing an offshore research platform that permits the study of marine mammals in their natural environment, while also providing a communal, educative and enriching atmosphere that promotes the growth of student' skills and knowledge.
Current research projects, with senior investigators, include:
A five-year study of the foraging ecology of balaenopterids in the northern Gulf of Maine - Dr. S. Todd (COA), D. Dendanto (UMO), and J. Allen (COA)
Behavioral interactions between harbor and gray seals - S. Renner, Dr. J. Gilbert (UMO), and Dr. S. Todd (COA/UMO adjunct)
Photo-identification of finback whales using digital video - Dr. S. Todd (COA), D. Dendanto (UMO), C.Vashro (COA), and J. Allen (COA)
The North Atlantic humpback whale catalog - R. Seton (COA), and J. Allen (COA)
The North Atlantic finback whale catalog - D. Dendanto (UMO) and C. Vashro (COA
Guano tolerant plants of Mount Desert Rock - Dr. Nishanta Rajakaruna (COA) and Nathaniel Pope (COA)
Although College of the Atlantic owns two field stations in the Gulf of Maine, Mount Desert Rock is located furthest offshore, and represents possibly the most remote and isolated learning conditions that the college has to offer. Classes on Mount Desert Rock focus on an experiential educationï¿½€ï¿½not only learning the syllabus of a particular class, but also learning how to become part of a close-knit self-reliant community that depends upon its members to ensure the smooth running of the research station. Thus, a student that enrolls in a class on MDR is also signing up for a lesson in island life and community living. By the end of their stay on Mount Desert Rock, most students never want to leave! The isolated and remote lifestyle can be addictive, and the opportunity to study wildlife in situ, in an offshore environment, is a unique opportunity unmatched by most other undergraduate institutions.
Courses offered on Mount Desert Rock by College of the Atlantic fall into two categories: those offered by the summer graduate/continuing education program, and undergraduate classes offered by the college during the normal school year.
In summer 2000, College of the Atlantic offered classes at Mount Desert Rock for the graduate courses Introduction to Biological Oceanography (Dr. S. Todd, COA), and Whales, dolphins and seals (Dr. G. Stone, NEAQ). In the same season, the college also provided the undergraduate class Field Studies in Marine Mammalogy (Dr. S. Todd, COA), and also hosted a class in Island Life (Dr. J. Anderson, COA). Plans to use Mount Desert Rock for classes in the undergraduate offering Introduction to Oceanography (Dr. S. Todd, COA) are ongoing.
Marine Mammal Strandings
To report a marine mammal stranding please call:
If You would like to Donate
Donations can be made to:
Allied Whale, College of the Atlantic
105 Eden Street
Bar Harbor, ME 04609


text:
What Does Zinc Rich Primer Mean?
A zinc rich primer is a chemical substance that contains high concentrations of the silver-white metal zinc. Zinc rich primers are used by many industries as a preparatory coating to protect iron or steel substrates against corrosion.
Corrosionpedia Explains Zinc Rich Primer
Zinc rich primers are unique from regular primers because they contain zinc, and therefore possess highly sacrificial anodic properties. High concentrations of zinc dust act sacrificially when in direct contact with steel by providing cathodic protection and galvanizing properties.
Galvanizing is a corrosion protection process for steel or iron, in which the substrate is coated with zinc to prevent it from rusting. The galvanization process entails immersing a clean, oxide-free iron or steel object into molten zinc, which then forms a zinc coating that is metallurgically bonded to the object's surface.
Unlike regular paints that provide protection by generating an impermeable barrier between the metal and atmospheric moisture, zinc rich primers provide cathodic protection.
There are two types of zinc primers: organic and inorganic. Organic zinc rich primers are often used in the form of a moisture cured urethane zinc primer.


How Many Utters does a Cow have?
Do you mean udder? Cows have only one udder, but that single udder contains four teats, and those four teats contain one mammary gland. That seemed like alot to explain.
1 Additional Answer Answer for: how many utters does a cow have
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Bovidae Genus: Bos Species: Bos taurus
Like most domestic animals, Bos taurus, the domestic cow, is currently found throughout much of the world. The wild ancestors of cows were native to northern Africa, Europe, and southern Asia. Domestic cows are large, sturdy... More »
Q&A Related to "How Many Utters does a Cow have?"
1. Gently wash the udders with warm water to soften them before milking. This also cleans the udders. 2. Pick a moisturizer or balm especially designed for moisturizing cow udders
Cows have one udder. That one udder contains four teats which each contain a single mammary gland. Extra teats can occur, but they are not functional.You can find more information
the part that the calf sucks to get milk First answer by ID3434483670. Last edit by ID3434483670. Question popularity: 1 [recommend question].
A cows udders are made of skin. They are the mammary glands of the cow, from which she
Explore this Topic
A milk cow's udder has four separate parts. The right and left halves are separated by a wall called the medial suspensory ligament. All of the parts...
The male cow bulls do not have udders in real life. Males lack a mammary structure, but they do have teats. The teats on them are very small all through their...
The answer to your question of how long after a cow is pregnant does her utter start to fill up is generally a two to four weeks before the calf is born....


Herkimer Diamond vs. Clear Quartz (What's the Difference?)
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Herkimer Diamonds are a form of clear quartz. (credit: Mariusz KASIO/Flickr)
In the diverse world of quartz, distinguishing between its various types can be quite a challenge. Many of us have heard of Herkimer diamonds, native to New York, but how do they differ from regular clear quartz?
Delve into this article as we demystify the distinctions between clear quartz and Herkimer diamonds, ensuring you never grapple with confusion over their differences again!
What is Clear Quartz?
polished quartz crystal
Clear quartz crystal
Quartz is actually the mineral silica, formed into relatively large crystals. It's distinct from the more microcrystalline forms of silica, such as chalcedony, and from a few polymorphs. It's among the most common minerals on the planet.
Clear quartz is the most sought-after by collectors. These high-purity crystals form into hexagonal shapes, generally with a clear pyramidal termination at the top. They're found inside geodes, as single points in pockets, and as larger clusters of crystals. Clear quartz is prone to inclusions, ranging from schorl to rutile, which makes for a wide variety of different forms.
Quartz is a common find, and often in different areas. For instance, some quartz deposits are sedimentary crystals found inside different clays. The crystals of the Pacific Northwest often appear this way, for instance.
how to find quartz crystals
On other occasions, they may be found as igneous rocks. These are often massive, formed of tightly interlocking crystals that make the whole stone appear to be a single mass. Gold is often found in this sort of quartz, but massive quartz is also generally milky white instead of clear.
And it's also found in some sedimentary stones themselves, sandstone being among the more famous ones that it's found in.
Quartz also appears in a wide variety of different forms, depending on how it was initially grown inside the Earth. Some of these are well-known, such as phantom quartz, whereas others are a bit less widely spread. The thing to remember is that quartz is the crystalline form of silica, and if it's called clear quartz it should lack color.
What is a Herkimer Diamond?
Herkimer Diamond (a form of clear quartz) credit: Dana Orlosky/Flickr
Herkimer Diamonds aren't actually diamonds, not even close. Instead, they're a specific form of clear quartz that's found in upper New York.
Specifically, these crystals are double-terminated and generally have eighteen total facets. It's rare for quartz to show up with both sides of the crystal properly terminated, so these immediately caught the interest of those who were digging there.
Herkimer Diamonds are always composed of clear quartz, you don't find them in variations like amethyst for instance, but they can often have inclusions. These inclusions are generally part of their charm and they range from internal fractures that scatter rainbows on one of the faces to ancient pieces of mineralized plant matter like anthraxolite.
herkimer diamond quartz crystal
credit: James St. John/Flickr
Double-terminated quartz is only found commonly in Herkimer County. They're primarily spread through the dolomite in this area. Those found in other areas are sometimes erroneously called Herkimer diamonds, it's become a bit of a shorthand for double-terminated quartz crystals, but can have different inclusions and general growth properties.
The oddest part about these stones isn't that they show up as single crystals. Single double-terminated crystals are found in many places on rare occasions.
Instead, it's the fact that almost all of the quartz in the area is double-terminated. It even forms clusters of these eighteen-sided polyhedrons cemented together, a far cry from ordinary quartz clusters!
How Are They Similar?
Herkimer Diamonds are a form of clear quartz (credit: Jo Zimny/Flickr)
Well, technically Herikmer Diamonds are just another form of clear quartz. A quite specific one, but still just another form. As a mineral, they're virtually identical except for the quirk in the crystallization patterns of the Herikmers.
The crystallization pattern is very similar. While normal clear quartz forms into thinner, longer spires and Herkimer Diamonds tend to be a bit squat, they're both six-sided and have pyramidal terminations. There's one big difference in the habit that we'll take a look at below.
Silica is one of the most common minerals on the planet, and quartz is perhaps the most common crystal found by collectors. Clear quartz, in particular, is found in large quantities across the entire world before you even begin to explore the world of smoky quartz, amethyst, citrine, and other specific variations.
Both can also have a wide variety of inclusions. Perhaps the most sought-after, in both, are enhydros. These are small bubbles of water that appear inside the crystal, having been trapped in place during the formation of the crystals.
How Are They Different?
There is one curious property of the Herkimers. Many claim them to be a 7.5 on the Moh's scale. Quartz is the defining mineral for 7.0 on the same scale, which would mean that some quirk of the crystallization process rendered them slightly harder.
I have yet to test this claim directly, but the Herkimer Mine itself claims this.
The other difference is simply the termination of the crystals, which comes about through an oddity of the local geology. When most crystals form they're in contact with the surface below them. This means they only get a chance to grow in one direction, as they'll be firmly attached to their matrix on the other end.
herkimer diamond
Herkimer Diamond inside "vug".
Herkimer Diamonds form in the same kinds of "pockets" as other quartz. For the most part, these are theorized to be from the release of gasses by decaying organic matter. Over time, the buried sediment solidifies under the incredible heat and pressure of the weight above.
Generally, these pockets are formed of things like sandstone. When this happens, the pockets become things like geodes. Just vugs that have been filled in with the super-saturated silica solution over millions of years.
In the case of Herkimer Diamonds? Well, quartz doesn't attach to dolostone. Dolostone is the dolomite-rich rock of the area around Herkimer. Since they don't adhere to the dolostone, both ends were free-floating and free to crystallize fully.
The thing to keep in mind is that Herkimer Diamonds are clear quartz, they just had a quirk in the surrounding bedrock which forced them to develop while floating in the silica-rich fluids inside the pocket rather than attaching to the stone and growing into the interior.
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Invigilator Research Network
The Invigilator Research Network is a working group of artist/invigilators seeking to illuminate and complicate relationships between labour conditions, hierarchies, institutional practices, surveillance mechanisms and arts economies.
IRN's members regularly exploit and interrogate their wage-labour day jobs for the benefit of artistic practices. As professional art-observers, paid to watch and be forever vigilant in the presence of art, IRN activities manifest relationships between artwork, capital, and artworking. Explorations span multiple (and multiplying) platforms including academia, activism, fine art practices, fashion and live events.
IRN's explicit aim is to make tangible the links between invigilation, art making, pay-per-hour and a neoliberalised cultural sector. Considering the artist as a networked thinker, IRN aims to raise questions surrounding the meaning of creating and consuming in an age of insecurity, economic and cultural polarisation and opportunity.
Built with


A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Faculty of Veterinary Science, Assam Agricultural University (AAU) and Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka, Bangladesh paving the way for collaboration between the two institutions in the areas of mutual interest. AAU, India and SAU, Bangladesh would immediately exchange undergraduate interns for clinical Hands-on training. Both the Universities have also agreed to work out collaboration in other areas of education and research as mentioned below-
 1. Development of collaborative research projects and grant proposal development.
 2. Organizing joint academic activities, viz. conferences, seminars and symposia etc.
 - Exchange of faculties and resource persons for relevant training and human resource development programmes.
 1. Post graduate students (MS and PhD) training, mentoring and research supervision
 2. Sharing the e-resources including scientific publications and teaching materials.
 3. Any other activities viewed to be mutually beneficial.
The MoU was signed by the Deans of the respective Faculties of the two Universities.


Tips for maximizing the battery life of a camping power station
If you're an outdoor enthusiast who loves camping, hiking, or other outdoor activities, a camping power station can be a valuable tool to have. These portable devices allow you to charge your electronic devices, power your camping gear, and stay connected while off the grid.
However, one of the biggest challenges of using a camping power station is managing its battery life. The battery life of a camping power station can vary depending on several factors, such as the type of battery, the capacity, and the usage.
To help you maximize the battery life of your camping power station, here are some tips to follow:
I. Charge the Power Station Properly
The first step in maximizing the battery life of a camping power station is to charge it properly. It's important to read the manufacturer's instructions and follow them carefully to avoid damaging the battery.
Some general tips to keep in mind when charging your power station include:
 - Use the charger that came with the power station or a compatible charger that meets the manufacturer's specifications.
 - Avoid overcharging the battery. Most power stations have a built-in charging protection feature that prevents overcharging, but it's still a good idea to unplug the charger when the battery is fully charged.
 - Charge the power station before you need it. It's best to charge the power station fully before heading out on your camping trip, so you have a full battery to work with.
II. Be Mindful of Device Usage
One of the biggest drains on a camping power station's battery life is excessive device usage. To conserve the battery, be mindful of how often you use your electronic devices and how long you use them for.
Some tips for conserving device usage include:
 - Turn off devices when you're not using them. This can help conserve battery life and prevent unnecessary drain.
 - Use power-saving modes when available. Most devices have power-saving modes that can help extend battery life.
 - Use devices in airplane mode. If you don't need to use your phone for calls or internet access, consider putting it in airplane mode to conserve battery life.
III. Manage the Temperature
The temperature can also have a significant impact on a camping power station's battery life. High temperatures can cause the battery to degrade faster, while low temperatures can reduce the battery's capacity.
To manage the temperature of your power station, consider the following:
 - Keep the power station out of direct sunlight. Direct sunlight can cause the temperature to rise and damage the battery.
 - Keep the power station in a shaded area. This can help reduce the temperature and protect the battery.
 - Avoid exposing the power station to extreme temperatures. If possible, keep the power station at room temperature or below.
IV. Use the Power Station Efficiently
Another way to maximize the battery life of a camping power station is to use it efficiently. This means being mindful of how much power you're using and using only what you need.
Some tips for using the power station efficiently include:
 - Use LED lights instead of incandescent bulbs. LED lights are more energy-efficient and can help conserve battery life.
 - Use a power inverter only when necessary. While some power stations come with an inverter to convert DC power to AC power, you can use this feature only when necessary, as it can consume a lot of power.
 - Turn off the power station when you're not using it. You can also unplug devices that are fully charged to prevent them from draining the battery.
V. Share the Power Station
Sharing the power station with others can also help you use it efficiently. If you're camping with friends or family members, you can coordinate the use of the
power station to ensure everyone gets a chance to charge their devices while minimizing the drain on the battery.
Here are some tips for sharing the power station:
 - Create a charging schedule. If you're camping with a group, create a charging schedule so everyone knows when they can charge their devices. This can help prevent conflicts and ensure everyone gets a chance to use the power station.
 - Prioritize essential devices. If you have limited battery life left, prioritize charging essential devices, such as a flashlight or GPS, over less essential devices like a tablet or e-reader.
 - Use power banks or solar chargers as backups. If you have a large group or plan to stay off the grid for an extended period, consider bringing power banks or solar chargers as backups. This can help ensure everyone has access to power when they need it.
VI. Choose the Right Power Station
Lastly, choosing the right camping power station can make a significant difference in maximizing battery life. Before making a purchase, consider the following factors:
 - Battery type and capacity. Lithium-ion batteries are generally more efficient and have a longer lifespan than lead-acid batteries. The capacity of the battery will also determine how much power you can store.
 - Power output. Consider the number and types of devices you'll be using and make sure the power station can accommodate them.
 - Portability. If you plan to use the power station while camping, make sure it's lightweight and easy to carry.
 - Additional features. Some power stations come with additional features, such as built-in inverters, USB ports, or solar charging capabilities. Consider which features are most important to you.
By following these tips and choosing the right camping power station, you can maximize the battery life and ensure you have the power you need while enjoying the great outdoors.


Split index APIedit
Splits an existing index into a new index with more primary shards.
POST /my-index-000001/_split/split-my-index-000001
 "settings": {
 "index.number_of_shards": 2
POST //_split/
PUT //_split/
 - If the Elasticsearch security features are enabled, you must have the manage index privilege for the index.
 - Before you can split an index:
 - The index must be read-only.
 - The cluster health status must be green.
You can do make an index read-only with the following request:
PUT /my_source_index/_settings
 "settings": {
 "index.blocks.write": true
Prevents write operations to this index while still allowing metadata changes like deleting the index.
The current write index on a data stream cannot be split. In order to split the current write index, the data stream must first be rolled over so that a new write index is created and then the previous write index can be split.
The split index API allows you to split an existing index into a new index, where each original primary shard is split into two or more primary shards in the new index.
The number of times the index can be split (and the number of shards that each original shard can be split into) is determined by the index.number_of_routing_shards setting. The number of routing shards specifies the hashing space that is used internally to distribute documents across shards with consistent hashing. For instance, a 5 shard index with number_of_routing_shards set to 30 (5 x 2 x 3) could be split by a factor of 2 or 3. In other words, it could be split as follows:
 - 51030 (split by 2, then by 3)
 - 51530 (split by 3, then by 2)
 - 530 (split by 6)
index.number_of_routing_shards is a static index setting. You can only set index.number_of_routing_shards at index creation time or on a closed index.
Index creation example
The following create index API creates the my-index-000001 index with an index.number_of_routing_shards setting of 30.
PUT /my-index-000001
 "settings": {
 "index": {
 "number_of_routing_shards": 30
The index.number_of_routing_shards setting's default value depends on the number of primary shards in the original index. The default is designed to allow you to split by factors of 2 up to a maximum of 1024 shards. However, the original number of primary shards must taken into account. For instance, an index created with 5 primary shards could be split into 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, or a maximum of 640 shards (with a single split action or multiple split actions).
If the original index contains one primary shard (or a multi-shard index has been shrunk down to a single primary shard), then the index may by split into an arbitrary number of shards greater than 1. The properties of the default number of routing shards will then apply to the newly split index.
How splitting worksedit
A split operation:
 1. Creates a new target index with the same definition as the source index, but with a larger number of primary shards.
 2. Hard-links segments from the source index into the target index. (If the file system doesn't support hard-linking, then all segments are copied into the new index, which is a much more time consuming process.)
 3. Hashes all documents again, after low level files are created, to delete documents that belong to a different shard.
 4. Recovers the target index as though it were a closed index which had just been re-opened.
Why doesn't Elasticsearch support incremental resharding?edit
Going from N shards to N+1 shards, aka. incremental resharding, is indeed a feature that is supported by many key-value stores. Adding a new shard and pushing new data to this new shard only is not an option: this would likely be an indexing bottleneck, and figuring out which shard a document belongs to given its _id, which is necessary for get, delete and update requests, would become quite complex. This means that we need to rebalance existing data using a different hashing scheme.
The most common way that key-value stores do this efficiently is by using consistent hashing. Consistent hashing only requires 1/N-th of the keys to be relocated when growing the number of shards from N to N+1. However Elasticsearch's unit of storage, shards, are Lucene indices. Because of their search-oriented data structure, taking a significant portion of a Lucene index, be it only 5% of documents, deleting them and indexing them on another shard typically comes with a much higher cost than with a key-value store. This cost is kept reasonable when growing the number of shards by a multiplicative factor as described in the above section: this allows Elasticsearch to perform the split locally, which in-turn allows to perform the split at the index level rather than reindexing documents that need to move, as well as using hard links for efficient file copying.
In the case of append-only data, it is possible to get more flexibility by creating a new index and pushing new data to it, while adding an alias that covers both the old and the new index for read operations. Assuming that the old and new indices have respectively M and N shards, this has no overhead compared to searching an index that would have M+N shards.
Split an indexedit
To split my_source_index into a new index called my_target_index, issue the following request:
POST /my_source_index/_split/my_target_index
 "settings": {
 "index.number_of_shards": 2
The above request returns immediately once the target index has been added to the cluster state — it doesn't wait for the split operation to start.
Indices can only be split if they satisfy the following requirements:
 - the target index must not exist
 - The source index must have fewer primary shards than the target index.
 - The node handling the split process must have sufficient free disk space to accommodate a second copy of the existing index.
The _split API is similar to the create index API and accepts settings and aliases parameters for the target index:
POST /my_source_index/_split/my_target_index
 "settings": {
 "index.number_of_shards": 5
 "aliases": {
 "my_search_indices": {}
The number of shards in the target index. This must be a multiple of the number of shards in the source index.
Mappings may not be specified in the _split request.
Monitor the split processedit
The split process can be monitored with the _cat recovery API, or the cluster health API can be used to wait until all primary shards have been allocated by setting the wait_for_status parameter to yellow.
The _split API returns as soon as the target index has been added to the cluster state, before any shards have been allocated. At this point, all shards are in the state unassigned. If, for any reason, the target index can't be allocated, its primary shard will remain unassigned until it can be allocated on that node.
Once the primary shard is allocated, it moves to state initializing, and the split process begins. When the split operation completes, the shard will become active. At that point, Elasticsearch will try to allocate any replicas and may decide to relocate the primary shard to another node.
Wait for active shardsedit
Because the split operation creates a new index to split the shards to, the wait for active shards setting on index creation applies to the split index action as well.
Path parametersedit
(Required, string) Name of the source index to split.
(Required, string) Name of the target index to create.
Index names must meet the following criteria:
 - Lowercase only
 - Cannot include \, /, *,?, ", <, >, |, ' ' (space character),,, #
 - Indices prior to 7.0 could contain a colon (:), but that's been deprecated and won't be supported in 7.0+
 - Cannot start with -, _, +
 - Cannot be. or..
 - Cannot be longer than 255 bytes (note it is bytes, so multi-byte characters will count towards the 255 limit faster)
 - Names starting with. are deprecated, except for hidden indices and internal indices managed by plugins
Query parametersedit
(Optional, string) The number of shard copies that must be active before proceeding with the operation. Set to all or any positive integer up to the total number of shards in the index (number_of_replicas+1). Default: 1, the primary shard.
See Active shards.
(Optional, time units) Period to wait for a response. If no response is received before the timeout expires, the request fails and returns an error. Defaults to 30s.
Request bodyedit
(Optional, alias object) Index aliases which include the target index. Index alias names support date math.
(Optional, index setting object) Configuration options for the target index. See Index Settings.


Toronto, Canada| _PHONE_|
Posted on: April 16th, 2020
Tell our own story through the Tree of Life—- an experiential reflective exercise.
By Jasmine, SSJD Companion.
 Since the last blog post that I wrote about the tree of life, some readers have asked how the tree of life imagery connects with our own storytelling. In this post, I am hoping to present a reflective exercise as part of answering this question. During the pandemic and uncertainties, it is also a good time to reflect and turn our true self to God. I would like to proceed step-by-step as follows.
You will need:
-Colour pencils
-an instrument/music listening devices (optional)
-a heart of openness
 The tree of life is a metaphor of your life in which the different elements on the tree represents your past, present and future. On a piece of paper, you will draw the image step-by-step, with the colours in your own choice, and by the end you will find your own story in your artwork. You might say "I am not an artist, I can't draw." Remember that the visual component is just for yourself to reflect on and express yourself in a creative way. There is no rush in finishing the work.
 Here we are, as we are, and we start from our roots.
1) Roots and Ground
Write down your background. Where are you from? Is there a culture or a community that deeply influenced you in your growth? Do you have a faith background? What are the values that your family of origin brings to you? What are some nutrients that helped you grow when you were a child? What does your ground look like? Is it sandy or hard or fertile? What helps to ground you?
2) Trunk
What are your values? How would you call yourself?
3) Branches
What are your skills and knowledge? What do you know the best?
4) Leaves and canopy
Who are the people you are connected to? How do you know them? How do they shape your canopy? Are there any fallen leaves? Who are the loved ones who have passed away?
5) Fruit, nuts and/or flowers
What are your dreams and hopes for yourself, loved ones, community, and the world? What are some legacies that your loved ones have brought to you?
6) Animals
Are there any animals dwelling or coming close by to your tree of life? Do you like the companions?
7) Storms
What are some events we are surviving or have survived? Are there any damages to your tree? How have you recovered from the storm? What do the animals do when the storm came? What do they do after the storm?
 When you have finished the drawing and reflection, you may find your own soundtrack to your tree of life. Do you think of a song? Or what kind of sound or tune will best describe your tree?
This exercise aims to help us become aware of our connections and meanings in our life. Finding out who we are can be an incredible source of strength when facing uncertainties. If there are any issues raised up during the process, please do not hesitate to reach out for professional help. I pray and wish you well during this season of staying home!
"He is like a tree planted by streams of water,
which yields its fruit in season
and whose leaf does not wither.
Whatever he does prospers." (Psalm 1:3)


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 2. Knowledge Base
 3. Dog Care
 4. Terminology: Pre-spoiled puppies
Terminology: Pre-spoiled puppies
It's likely you'll see certain jargon in our dog ads, and some you may not be 100% sure what they are talking about. One question we got today was to explain what it means when an ad says that the puppies have been 'pre-spoiled'.
Generally this means that the puppies have had a lot of handling and hands on time when they were newly born. These puppies are well socialised with humans (hopefully also children) and they have had a lot of play time with humans. It's important for dogs to be socialised with other dogs and humans from an early age. The more the better in fact. Pre-spoiling heightens the bond between dogs and humans. Puppies that are spoiled tend to want more human attention.
When you are buying a dog or puppy it's important to ask the owner about how they were raise when in the first few weeks of their development. Did they stay inside or where they kept outside in kennels?
Puppy phases
As a puppy goes between the ages of 4-8 weeks they will start to require different types of attention. They being to walk around more, explore their environment and test limits with their littler mates. This is also a key step in the development for a dog. It's important that they get enough attention and given enough mental stimulation. This is also the stage where a puppy is weaned off its mothers milk.
At this stage they can also be introduced to some basic crate training and pee pads training. If you are intending on crate training your dog we'd recommend you discuss if this can be given some consideration as the puppy is doing some early training. Introduction puppies to different environments in a safe way is definitely important.
Note: Caution does need to be taken with things like canine parvovirus (parvo), so bringing a puppy to a dog park is a big no-no until they have all the right shots.
Why you should want a pre-spoiled dog
Many owners say that pre-spoiled dogs are easier to train, and that they tend to be better around children. Don't forget that you will need to start to train your puppy from an early age and teaching them where to go to the toilet, or act on a lease is a skill that should be done straight away. Dogs need to learn who is the boss, and what is their place in the household. A little bit of early training can make all the difference to a dog. The saying 'You can't teach an old dog new tricks' does run true, especially if they haven't been trained from an early age.
Pre-spoiling is only one aspect that you should look for when buying a dog. Also ask the owner for more information on the dam and sire of the dog (mother & father). You should try to find out how many litters they have bred from both already, and if there was any issues. In the best case you should make an effort to see both the Dam & Sire and if they have any dogs from earlier litters. Note the age of the dogs and the condition they are in, and ask about any health issues that they have had over the course of their years.
Updated on October 10, 2020
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Do My Bialgebra Class Checklist
Take My Bialgebra Class
Do My Bialgebra Class
A "Bialgebra Class" QE" is a standard mathematical term for a generalized continuous expression which is used to fix differential equations and has options which are routine. In differential Class fixing, a Bialgebra function, or "quad" is utilized.
The Bialgebra Class in Class type can be expressed as: Q( x) = -kx2, where Q( x) are the Bialgebra Class and it is an important term. The q part of the Class is the Bialgebra consistent, whereas the x part is the Bialgebra function.
There are 4 Bialgebra functions with proper service: K4, K7, K3, and L4. We will now look at these Bialgebra functions and how they are solved.
K4 - The K part of a Bialgebra Class is the Bialgebra function. This Bialgebra function can likewise be written in partial portions such as: (x2 - y2)/( x+ y). To solve for K4 we increase it by the right Bialgebra function: k( x) = x2, y2, or x-y.
K7 - The K7 Bialgebra Class has an option of the form: x4y2 - y4x3 = 0. The Bialgebra function is then increased by x to get: x2 + y2 = 0. We then need to multiply the Bialgebra function with k to get: k( x) = x2 and y2.
K3 - The Bialgebra function Class is K3 + K2 = 0. We then multiply by k for K3.
K3( t) - The Bialgebra function equationis K3( t) + K2( t). We multiply by k for K3( t). Now we multiply by the Bialgebra function which gives: K2( t) = K( t) times k.
The Bialgebra function is also known as "K4" because of the initials of the letters K and 4. K indicates Bialgebra, and the word "quad" is pronounced as "kah-rab".
The Bialgebra Class is among the main methods of solving differential formulas. In the Bialgebra function Class, the Bialgebra function is first multiplied by the suitable Bialgebra function, which will provide the Bialgebra function.
The Bialgebra function is then divided by the Bialgebra function which will divide the Bialgebra function into a real part and an imaginary part. This provides the Bialgebra term.
Finally, the Bialgebra term will be divided by the numerator and the denominator to get the ratio. We are entrusted the right hand side and the term "q".
The Bialgebra Class is an important idea to understand when solving a differential Class. The Bialgebra function is simply one method to solve a Bialgebra Class. The techniques for solving Bialgebra equations include: particular worth decay, factorization, ideal algorithm, mathematical service or the Bialgebra function approximation.
Pay Me To Do Your Bialgebra Class
If you want to end up being knowledgeable about the Quartic Class, then you require to very first start by browsing the online Quartic page. This page will show you how to utilize the Class by utilizing your keyboard. The explanation will likewise show you how to develop your own algebra formulas to help you study for your classes.
Before you can comprehend how to study for a Bialgebra Class, you must first comprehend using your keyboard. You will discover how to click on the function keys on your keyboard, in addition to how to type the letters. There are 3 rows of function keys on your keyboard. Each row has 4 functions: Alt, F1, F2, and F3.
By pushing Alt and F2, you can multiply and divide the value by another number, such as the number 6. By pushing Alt and F3, you can use the 3rd power.
When you press Alt and F3, you will type in the number you are trying to increase and divide. To increase a number by itself, you will press Alt and X, where X is the number you wish to increase. When you push Alt and F3, you will type in the number you are trying to divide.
This works the same with the number 6, except you will only key in the two digits that are 6 apart. Lastly, when you press Alt and F3, you will use the 4th power. However, when you push Alt and F4, you will use the actual power that you have actually found to be the most appropriate for your issue.
By using the Alt and F function keys, you can increase, divide, and after that utilize the formula for the third power. If you need to multiply an odd number of x's, then you will need to go into an even number.
This is not the case if you are attempting to do something complex, such as increasing two even numbers. For instance, if you wish to multiply an odd variety of x's, then you will need to enter odd numbers. This is specifically true if you are trying to figure out the answer of a Bialgebra Class.
If you want to convert an odd number into an even number, then you will require to push Alt and F4. If you do not know how to increase by numbers on their own, then you will need to use the letters x, a b, c, and d.
While you can multiply and divide by utilize of the numbers, they are a lot easier to utilize when you can look at the power tables for the numbers. You will need to do some research when you first begin to utilize the numbers, but after a while, it will be force of habit. After you have developed your own algebra formulas, you will have the ability to produce your own reproduction tables.
The Bialgebra Formula is not the only way to fix Bialgebra formulas. It is necessary to learn more about trigonometry, which utilizes the Pythagorean theorem, and then utilize Bialgebra formulas to resolve issues. With this approach, you can understand about angles and how to fix problems without needing to take another algebra class.
It is very important to try and type as rapidly as possible, since typing will assist you learn about the speed you are typing. This will help you write your answers faster.
Pay Someone To Take My Bialgebra Class
Take My Bialgebra Class
A Bialgebra Class is a generalization of a linear Class. For instance, when you plug in x=a+b for a given Class, you acquire the worth of x. When you plug in x=a for the Class y=c, you acquire the values of x and y, which offer you an outcome of c. By using this basic idea to all the formulas that we have attempted, we can now solve Bialgebra equations for all the values of x, and we can do it quickly and efficiently.
There are many online resources readily available that supply totally free or economical Bialgebra equations to solve for all the values of x, consisting of the expense of time for you to be able to benefit from their Bialgebra Class project help service. These resources normally do not require a subscription charge or any kind of investment.
The answers provided are the result of complex-variable Bialgebra equations that have been resolved. This is likewise the case when the variable used is an unknown number.
The Bialgebra Class is a term that is an extension of a linear Class. One advantage of using Bialgebra formulas is that they are more general than the direct formulas. They are easier to resolve for all the worths of x.
When the variable utilized in the Bialgebra Class is of the type x=a+b, it is simpler to fix the Bialgebra Class because there are no unknowns. As a result, there are fewer points on the line specified by x and a constant variable.
For a right-angle triangle whose base indicate the right and whose hypotenuse indicate the left, the right-angle tangent and curve graph will form a Bialgebra Class. This Class has one unknown that can be discovered with the Bialgebra formula. For a Bialgebra Class, the point on the line defined by the x variable and a consistent term are called the axis.
The presence of such an axis is called the vertex. Since the axis, vertex, and tangent, in a Bialgebra Class, are an offered, we can find all the values of x and they will sum to the given values. This is accomplished when we utilize the Bialgebra formula.
The factor of being a consistent factor is called the system of equations in Bialgebra equations. This is in some cases called the main Class.
Bialgebra formulas can be solved for other worths of x. One way to fix Bialgebra formulas for other worths of x is to divide the x variable into its factor part.
If the variable is provided as a favorable number, it can be divided into its factor parts to get the regular part of the variable. This variable has a magnitude that is equal to the part of the x variable that is a consistent. In such a case, the formula is a third-order Bialgebra Class.
If the variable x is unfavorable, it can be divided into the very same part of the x variable to get the part of the x variable that is increased by the denominator. In such a case, the formula is a second-order Bialgebra Class.
Option help service in resolving Bialgebra formulas. When using an online service for fixing Bialgebra equations, the Class will be resolved


Send a Text Message using Python in 15 seconds
So you are a Python guru or maybe just getting started and you want to do something out of the ordinary by allowing your app to communicate with users real time.
You could build an app that sends texts, maybe for an event promoter, they usually want to promote events on the weekend. Let's say your app wants to record users responses e.g.
Your App texts the user: Hey what did you eat today?
The user responds via text: I had a salad for lunch and pizza for dinner.
This response via text can be recorded in the DB and your app could keep a log of what your customer eats everyday
You could just build a simple app that texts your friends once a week to stay in touch.
The possibilities are endless as you can see
To send a text programmatically your code needs to make an XHR request to an SMS gateway that will read the text details from your request and then initiate a text to the recipient's phone number
PureText offers a Texting/SMS gateway to which you can make an HTTP GET/POST request with details such as recipient number and body of the text and PureText will deliver the text to the recipient for you.
In order to identify that this request belongs to you, you'll need to include your API token in the HTTP GET/POST request. Register for a free API token here
A thing to note is that you cannot just use any phone number as the 'From' number. The rule of thumb is the number must be registered through the same company who's SMS gateway you choose to use.
To send a text message using Node.js you don't need a dedicated short code. Dedicated short codes are expensive and take 2-3 months to get approved, instead, you can now use local 10 digit VOIP numbers or also referred to as long codes to send a text/SMS programmatically from your Node.js app
So let's get started, to do a quick and dirty POC you'll need:
 1. An API token key (free API token here)
 2. A 'From' number through your SMS gateway (Get a free one here)
Copy Paste the following code in your IDE and replace the apiToken and fromNumber values with the API token you will see in your dashboard and the number you will or have reserved on the numbers page in PureText

# importing the requests library
import requests

# defining the api-endpoint
API_ENDPOINT = "_URL_

# your API key here
API_KEY = "XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"

# data to be sent to api
data = {'apiToken':API_KEY,
 'fromNumber':'+1xxxxxxxxxx',
 'toNumber':'+X-XXX-XXX-XXXX',
 'smsBody':'SENDING TEXT USING PYTHON'}

# sending post request and saving response as response object
r = requests.post(url = API_ENDPOINT, data = data)

# extracting response text
pastebin_url = r.text


Local man makes statue for site of 1942 Liberator plane crash
Ireland's worst wartime air crash remembered
Local man makes statue for site of 1942 Liberator plane crash
A local man has made a plaque in honour of the crew and passengers aboard a plane which crashed on the Cooley Mountains in 1942.
Brendan Connolly from the Alphonsus Road made a statute to mark the spot of the crash of the RAF B-24 Liberator and the 15 people who died when it slammed into boggy ground on the side of Slievenaglogh Mountain, in the Rock Marshall Mountains near Jenkinstown during the Second World War.
Brendan also found pieces of what he believes to be parts of the crash, which he had blessed by a priest in StPatrick's Cathedral.
He made a concrete base using bottles of water that he took up the mountain to make the concrete plinth.
A top the plinth he made a concrete cast modelof the Liberator bomber.
Brendan was sponsored by the Greenore Railway Saloon, Quay Sports, Dundalk Plumbing Limited, The Windmall Bar and Lounge, Life Pharmacy, Staunton Office Supplies and Devenney's Print, Stationary and Art Supplies.
The RAF B-24 Liberator crashed into the mountain after getting lost in thick fog while making a trip from Egypt to RAFHurn in Dorset.
The flight crew were told before they reached the half way point in their journey to turn around due to extreme weather conditions.
However - nearing the point of no return - they decided instead to continue on their fateful journey.
Sadly it left its course and running low on fuel, the crew saw the lights of a city which they understood to be Dublin.
The crew decided to attempt a landing at Greencastle Airfield, County Down. However thick mist hampered visibility, resulting in the aircraft crashing into Slieve-na-Gloc and breaking apart on impact.
The alarm was raised by a local man by the name of McKevitt who heard a plane overheard before a loud crash.
After he witnessed the scene he got medical help, and miraculously there were five survivors.
Accounts vary, but ultimately 15 people died as a result of the crash.
Writing in 2006 in the Democrat, former editor and current columnist Peter Kavanagh wrote: "In spite of this, it is my own memory of the times is that many people from Dundalk went out to the scene of the crash in the days and weeks that followedhunting for souvenirs.
"The wreckage of the plane was scattered over a wide area and I recall that at about that time we got a load of turf from the mountain delivered to our homein Dundalk.
"Fuel was very scarce at the point in the war and we burned anything we could get to keep us warm in cold weather.
"Later, when the bottom of the turf pile was reached, my brother found several aeroplane parts, including some heavy ammunition cases, buried in the mould."
David Tolson - a brother of the one of the airmen killed - visited the site with family in 2002.
Brendan statute is not the first memorial on the mountain of course.
Previously Noel Roddy erected a metal plaque near the site.
The plane was one of the three to crash during the war.
A British Hudson bomber crashed killing 3 in 1941 and a P-51 Mustang fighter of the US Army Air Forces crashed in September 1944 killing its pilot.


text:
How do I view my screen history?
Before you start
Before viewing a screen's history, here are some things to note:
- To ensure that screens appear in the screen history, follow the screen-replacement process mentioned in this article: How do I replace a screen?
- Currently, you cannot view screen history for a Studio prototype.
- You cannot restore old screen versions from History mode.
Viewing a screen's history
To view a screen's history:
- Sign in to your account and navigate to the Projects page.
- Open your prototype and click to open the desired screen.
- At the bottom of the page, click the History mode icon ().
- To view a previous screen version, navigate to the left column and click the desired version.


text:
Chemical composition and healing properties of immortelle
The flower heads of immortelle are mainly used as soon as they open their aromatic flowers. They are used to prepare tinctures, ointments, teas and drinks that can be used to treat certain pathological conditions in the body. Thanks to the specific chemical composition of immortelle can be used to treat various diseases, but also preventive. In its chemical composition, Immortelle also contains essential oils, not a large percentage, or rather a very small amount of about 0.05 percent, and for these reasons a large amount of dried flowers is needed to extract the essential oil, about a ton per unit liter. This percentage may vary a little and depends on the plant itself and its growth and development, the conditions in which the plant thrives, etc..
Smilje also contains:
Flavonoids-Flavonoids are the main plant pigments responsible for the color of flowers. Translated, flavonoids mean yellow-yellow. They are found in large quantities in strawflowers and are known for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, so they are extremely useful for our body. There are more than 6,000 species in nature, and each flavanoid is significant and medicinal. They have a positive effect on the body and are absorbed through teas, essential oils or by eating fresh plants. They are also found in fruits and vegetables.
Flavone – Smilje contains flavone, which can play an important role in eliminating unpleasant conditions in the body, such as: Feeling of tiredness and fatigue, sudden mood swings of various causes, poor sleep or insomnia, stress and nervousness, etc.
Apigenin is a type of flavonoid that is also found in plants, especially immortelle. It is a solid crystalline yellow mass that has healing properties and helps to solve many health problems. They affect the purification of the body, bile, kidneys and bladder. Apigenin is believed to have an anti-cancer effect.
Coumarin-coumarin is a chemical compound responsible for the intoxicating smell of plants. It is found in high concentration in strawflowers. For this reason, Immortelle has a specific, strong and persistent odor, which is not lost even during drying and desiccation of the plant. In pharmacology, coumarin is used in the production of anticoagulants and ointments used to reduce swelling and puffiness. Coumarin also has an appetizing effect, as it is bitter and stimulates the stomach.
Various organic resins and acids
Sitosterol – Belongs to a group of plant sterols that are similar to cholesterol. In naturopathy, it is used to treat conditions such as elevated cholesterol and fat in the blood. Then in the treatment and prevention of certain inflammatory processes in the body, in the problem of benign prostate enlargement, as a support in the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases, etc….
Vitamins K, A, B, C and D
Smilje as a treatment aid
This extremely important role was also discovered by the ancient Greeks, who used immortelle to see wounds and injuries, bites, burns and various skin diseases. For these reasons, for a long time people have been making wound ointments from immortelle, which are widely used in combination with calendula for the treatment of skin and mucous membranes. Various types of scars and old injuries can be successfully removed by rubbing ointment or essential oil of strawflower. Stretch marks, varicose veins, hematomas, burst veins can also be treated in the same way. Skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, insect bites and burns. For these reasons, immortelle is of great importance in modern cosmetics, as it is used to make creams against wrinkles and age spots.
Smilje stimulates digestion. It stimulates the work of the stomach and intestines. It accelerates metabolism and digestion. Cleanses the body and helps remove stones from the gallbladder, kidneys and bladder.
Smilje lowers elevated levels of fat in the blood. With Immortelle you will manage to keep your lipid status within the prescribed limits. It also lowers pressure and relieves common migraine headaches.
Smilje is used to treat persistent cough, asthma, bronchitis and various allergies. It also cleanses the lungs and strengthens immunity. Smilje helps to sleep better, calms and relaxes, regenerates the body and refreshes, therefore the tea can be drunk preventively and not only in the mentioned diseases.


text: Assume circle contains circle. If it is possible to inscribe a quadrilateral touching with its vertices and with its sides, then it is always possible to find a quadrilateral touching both circles and passing through any point of outside. Such quadrilaterals are called bicentric. For this Demonstration circle (in tan) is fixed and the position of circle (in brown) can be changed by dragging the red center (the radius of is obtained through Fuss's formula). You can change the position of the red vertex of the quadrilateral.


text:
may be assigned to general administration.
FHWA's definition of Capital Outlays includes: the cost of acquiring right-of-way, preliminary and construction engineering and construction. More specifically, the definition of construction, which is driven largely by an activity's eligibility for federal-aid, includes "all expenditures for construction, relocation, resurfacing, restoration, rehabilitation and reconstruction (3R/4R), widening, safety and capacity improvements, restoration of failed components, additions and betterments of roads and bridges." The 3R/4R expenditures appear to be classified as "current operations" under the Census' definition.
FHWA's A Guide to Reporting Highway Statistics states that "States may report on either a calendar or State fiscal year basis. That choice determines the due date for most FHWA forms." BEA converts fiscal years to calendar years for both State and local governments.
In summary, FHWA includes the value of land in capital outlays whereas BEA excludes it. Additionally, BEA and FHWA's treatment of construction and maintenance differ. FHWA's definition of construction, which is driven largely by an activity's eligibility for federal-aid, includes "all expenditures for construction, relocation, resurfacing, restoration, rehabilitation and reconstruction (3R/4R), widening, safety and capacity improvements, restoration of failed components, additions and betterments of roads and bridges." A substantial portion of the 3R/4R expenditures are classified as "current operations" under the Census' definition (which in turn informs the BEA data). Finally, FHWA and BEA treatment of reporting periods differs.


text:
|Parks||Centers & Pools||Activities||Reservations & Permits||Projects & Planning||A - Z Index|
The first public park within the city limits of Seattle was Denny Park - a gift to the city by David T. Denny in 1884.
In 1887, the Board of Park Commissioners was established to oversee development of the Seattle park system.
Seattle Parks Commissioners hired the famed Olmsted Brothers landscape
architecture firm in 1903 to design a comprehensive system of parks
and boulevards for the city. The Olmsted Plan for Seattles parks
spurred the early development of the Seattle park system and has been
the basis of our modern day park system.
Much of Seattle Park history was documented by Donald N. Sherwood (_PHONE_).
The Seattle Parks and Recreation's Sherwood History
Files is the incredible legacy of Sherwood, who worked as an engineer
for Parks for 22 years from 1955 to 1977.
Updated May 2, 2008
Park History» Sherwood History Files
» Olmsted Parks
»African Americans and
» Military Base Reuse
» Historic Landmarks
» Historic Resources Plan
Bonds & Major Gifts
»Researching Seattle's City Parks & Playfields (city archive)
Park History on» Olmsted Parks
»Olmsted Park Plan
John Charles Olmsted 1903
National Park Service
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How does music change shopping habits?
The constant background of pop music is something most shops and malls have in common.
But some of Britain's shopping centres may be about to become a lot quieter.
Hammerson, which runs a number of shopping malls across Britain, is thinking of phasing out music because of the effect it has on shoppers.
To find out the impact that sound might have, it has been carrying out some experiments.
The BBC's media correspondent, David Sillito, went to the Bullring shopping centre in Birmingham to find out more.