text:
Right-of-way valuation, or corridor appraisal, requires unique methodologies, skills, and corridor factor data rarely found among appraisal firms. Corridor appraisal methodologies used include "across-the-fence" and "corridor factor" analysis. Selecting and utilizing the appropriate methodology given the appraisal problem at hand is of the utmost importance. Equally important is the ability to review appraisals and analyze methodologies used by others, and provide consulting and advisory services backed up by credible expert witness testimony when the need arises. JRES provides a variety of right-of-way and corridor services:
- Value individual properties or consulting on appraising rights of way and corridors
- Consult and advise regarding identification of the larger parcel for eminent domain appraisal
- Select appropriate valuation methodology including across the fence or corridor factor analysis
- Conduct due diligence into property specific physical, legal, and governmental constraints
- Evaluate property value trends over historical time periods
- Review appraisal reports and provide expert witness testimony
To speak with an expert in right-of-way valuation or corridor appraisal, please call _PHONE_ or fill out our contact form.


Let say you have measured a Sharpe Ratio of $S^*$. What is the simplest way (ie no fancy distributions) to do a hypothesis that this is different from $0$?
So $H_0: \text{ The sharpe ratio is equal to 0}$ and $H_1: \text{ The sharpe ratio is greater than 0}$.
So given $S^*$, $\mathbb{P}( Y = S^* ) \geq 0.05$
But what should the $Y$ be? I read somewhere online that it could the non centered t distribution, but I am not sure whether this could be centered to the standard t test distribution. Moreover, I would also like to consider the normal distribution and as the sample used to create the statistic should be greater than 30, the t test to normal approxaimtion should apply.
Can someone please help me with the details here?
The answer above is not correct.
Let's go by parts:
Denote the mean of returns $\mu$. Denote the standard deviation of returns: $\sigma$.
Therefore the sharpe ratio is:
$$ SR = \frac{\mu-r_f}{\sigma} $$
The corresponding standard errors are:
$$ se(\hat{mu}) = \frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{t}}$$ $$ se(\hat{\sigma}) = \frac{\sqrt{2} \sigma^2}{\sqrt{T}}$$ $$ se(\hat{SR}) = \frac{\sqrt{1+SR^2/2}}{\sqrt{T}}$$
So the t-stat for the sharpe ratio is:
$$ t-stat(\hat{SR})= \frac{\hat{SR}}{se(\hat{SR})}$$
 - $\begingroup$ Take your point about sample vs population sigma, _USER_. But still respectfully disagree ;-) Will edit mine below, to elaborate. $\endgroup$ – demully Jun 15 '20 at 14:51
 - 1
 $\begingroup$ Adding a reference for clarity: _URL_-content/uploads/2017/06/… $\endgroup$ – phdstudent Jun 15 '20 at 19:58
 - $\begingroup$ thanks - interesting paper, need to Monte Carlo to work on how the inconsistency happens. $\endgroup$ – demully Jun 15 '20 at 22:32
 - $\begingroup$ OK, it's clear gaming this that variation in realised sigmas do have an effect on SR. Assuming of course the concept of a true population volatility/variance is a meaningful concept (one for another day). This can be material testing for non-zero Sharpes. This said, it remains a tautology that if (Mu-Rf)>0 then Sharpe>0. So there's a paradox in the special case of a test for zero, if one's confidence in a positive numerator is any different to one's confidence in a positive ratio (given a positive denominator, by definition). That makes no sense at all. Tx for interesting food for thought! $\endgroup$ – demully Jun 15 '20 at 23:49
 - $\begingroup$ The questions is whether (Mu-Rf) is statistically different from zero to start with! $\endgroup$ – phdstudent Jun 16 '20 at 10:24
Your Answer


text:
Reading, Desire, and the Eucharist in Early Modern Religious Poetry
The courtly love tradition had a great influence on the themes of religious poetry—just as an absent beloved could be longed for passionately, so too could a distant God be the subject of desire. But when authors began to perceive God as immanently available, did the nature and interpretation of devotional verse change? Ryan Netzley argues that early modern religious lyrics presented both desire and reading as free, loving activities, rather than as endless struggles or dramatic quests.
Reading, Desire, and the Eucharist analyzes the work of prominent early modern writers—including John Milton, Richard Crashaw, John Donne, and George Herbert—whose religious poetry presented parallels between sacramental desire and the act of understanding written texts. Netzley finds that by directing devotees to crave spiritual rather than worldly goods, these poets questioned ideas not only of what people should desire, but also how they should engage in the act of yearning. Challenging fundamental assumptions of literary criticism, Reading, Desire, and the Eucharist shows how poetry can encourage love for its own sake, rather than in the hopes of salvation.
- World Rights
- Page Count: 304 pages
- Dimensions: 6.3in x 0.9in x 9.4in
Author InformationRyan Netzley is an assistant professor in the Department of English at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Table of contents
Introduction: Desiring Sacraments and Reading Real Presencein Seventeenth-Century Religious Poetry
- Take and Taste, Take and Read: Desiring, Reading, and Taking Presence in George Herbert's The Temple
- Reading Indistinction: Desire, Indistinguishability, and Metonymic Reading in Richard Crashaw's Religious Lyrics
- Loving Fear: Affirmative Anxiety in John Donne's Divine Poems
- Desiring What Has Already Happened: Reading Prolepsis and Immanence in John Milton's Early Poems and Paradise Regained
Conclusion: Reading Is Love
Subjects and Courses

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Biography & Family History Add details
Henry Southard, Jr. (1734 - 1813) was born in ca. 1734 at Long Island City, Queens, New York, United States,. He was born into the Southard family.
Henry had no relationships. Henry died on January 11, 1813 at Elkin, Surry, North Carolina, United States, at age 79. He was buried in Hempstead, Queens, New York,.
This genealogy of Henry Southard, Jr.'s past is a collaborative effort by the AncientFaces community Contribute facts about Henry to reach the people who knew him. Some common things we would like to know about Henry's genealogy:
- Who was Henrys family?
- What did Henry look like? Add some photos of their life.
History of Henry Southard, Jr. Add details
- Given name
- Southard family history
- at Long Island City, Queens, New York, United States,
- at Elkin, Surry, North Carolina, United States,
- Burial / Funeral
- Hempstead, Queens, New York,
Obituary Add details
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Share your memories below with the rest of Henry's family. We'll notify anyone else who is searching for Henry of your message.

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Publications -> Journal Papers
SilverWisdom: Towards a Knowledge Base for Elderly People
Authors: X. Cheng, Z. Niu, and B. He
Title: SilverWisdom: Towards a Knowledge Base for Elderly People
Abstract: Active aging has become a hot research topic for both academia and industry. A lot of initiatives have been set up and delivered fruitful results and applications towards this emerging research area. As the society and population develops, many elderly people have high education background and knowledge, which enable various opportunities in knowledge sharing and learning, and even creating new knowledge. Relatively little attention has been paid to knowledge management for elderly people. In this position paper, we present a system named SilverWisdom towards a comprehensive knowledge base for elderly people. SilverWisdom manages the entire life cycle of knowledge, and fosters an infrastructure for multi-disciplinary research. Particularly, we present the system architecture of SilverWisdom and outline the open research problems. We believe that the success of SilverWisdom empowers active aging with knowledge and makes elderly people feel more fulfilled and socialized.
Keywords: Knowledge base; Elderly people; Active aging
Journal Name: International Journal of Information Technology, vol. 19, no. 2
Publisher: Singapore Computer Society
Year: 2013
Accepted PDF File: SilverWisdom_Towards_a_Knowledge_Base_for_Elderly_People_accepted.pdf
Permanent Link: _URL_
Reference: X. Cheng, Z. Niu, and B. He, "SilverWisdom: Towards a knowledge base for elderly people," International Journal of Information Technology, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 1–14, 2013.
bibtex:
@article {LILY-j6,
 author = {Cheng, Xuntao and Niu, Zhaojie and He, Bingsheng},
 title = {{S}ilver{W}isdom: Towards a Knowledge Base for Elderly People},
 journal = {International Journal of Information Technology},
 year = {2013},
 volume = {19},
 number = {2},
 pages = {1-14},
 publisher = {Singapore Computer Society},
}


text:
18 May COSMO: Crude Oil Stability Model
Select and buy different crude oils on the market remains an effective way to significantly increase the profits of a refinery. Anyhow the blend of crude oils from different sources, due to their characteristics, can lead to significant issues if it is not properly managed. Destabilization of the asphaltenes, for example, can increase the fouling deposition with consequent increase of the energy consumptions and reduction of the unit flow rate. Asphaltenes can also increase the emulsion stability in the desalter, enhancing the corrosion phenomena with relevant safety risks.
Nowadays it's definitely important to predict which will be the effect of new crudes in the usually processed blend. With this objective in mind, CHIMEC developed COSMO (Crude Oil Stability MOdel).
COSMO is a mathematical model able to simulate the non-linear behavior of the feed blending's stability. It can be used to predict and avoid possible side effects in processing new critical crude oils, allowing the refinery to optimize the blend recipe and plan all the actions necessary to process the most convenient crudes without jeopardizing the normal operations.
COSMO allows to plan the proper application of the antifouling technologies maximizing its efficiency and optimizing the treatment cost.
For further details please contact our Process Development&Marketing (_EMAIL_)


text:
The list of matched tunes has a column of input boxes on the left (marked'sel' at the top). If you enter numbers in these and then use the format-selection buttons at the top and bottom (ABC, TXT,...), you will get back all of the selected tunes. The numbers you enter determine the order of the tunes in the output.
One limitation: To my knowledge, with the GIF and PNG formats, there is no way to see more than one printable "page" of output. So if the tunes produce more than one page (in the PS or PDF output), GIF and PNG will only show the first page. If anyone knows a solution to this, let me know.
You can actually enter just about any text in the sel input boxes. Non-numeric strings will simply be sorted alphabetically, after any numbers. But numbers are probably more useful.
To Do: The output tunes should be renumbered to match the numbers that you typed.


Figure 3: Schematic energy model of the n-type semiconductor/electrolyte interface before (a) and after (b) the establishment of equilibrium. The presence of surface states in the semiconductor is neglected. 𝐷 r e d and 𝐷 o x correspond to the distribution functions of the density of states for reduced and oxidized species, respectively, of the redox system (the energy distribution of reduced and oxidized species is different due to different solvation; 𝜆 is the reorganization energy). Φ, 𝜒, and IE are the work function, electron affinity, and ionization energy, respectively, of the semiconductor (index S) and of the electrolyte (index E).


A junior high school teacher who was fired in March plans to sue the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and its education board over what she is calling illegal punishment, sources familiar with the case said Wednesday.
The teacher, whose name has been withheld, was dismissed on March 31 from her position at a public school run by Tokyo's Chiyoda Ward for describing a member of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly and a history text publisher as "history distorters" last year, the sources said.
In a document she circulated in her civics classes in August last year, the teacher criticized the assembly member and a publisher who is associated with a group that promotes revisionist views on wartime history by writing: "It is a shame that they do not recognize Japan's war of aggression."
The document mentioned the Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform, a group that played a leading role in editing a history textbook that has drawn fire both at home and from China and South Korea for allegedly whitewashing Japan's past militarism and attempting to justify its invasions of other Asian countries.
The teacher was reprimanded over the document and underwent a retraining program from last September to March, but ended up being fired, the sources said.
The teacher believes remarks by the assembly member and the history textbook contradict the government's recognition of Japan's wartime aggression, and that telling her students about them was therefore not inappropriate.
The woman argues that the reprimand last August was an abuse of the education board's right to discipline teachers and that her dismissal is illegal.
By subscribing, you can help us get the story right.


text:
Aalnc sentence example
- The American Academy of Legal Nurse Consultants (AALNC) offers a Legal Nurse Consulting Online Course that can help nurses prepare for this speciality.
- According to the AALNC, much confusion exists about the specific role of the nurse consultant.
- The AALNC maintains that the profession is a speciality in the field of nursing and it should remain distinct from paralegal work.
- Certification is available through the AALNC for nurses who have experience as legal consultants.


jckstrssr on FamilyTreeCircles - journals
jckstrssr on Family Tree Circles
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Journals and Posts
Herbert Wade Clements
Strasser Name History
Strasser's come from the village Strass near Ulm. The village goes back to the Limes Road of the Roman empire. A thousand years ago there lived a half dozen families without last names in the village. They were owned by Cloister Elching and a dramatic event around AD 1000 gave them freedom and a name.They moved down the Danube, up the Nekar and spread across Franconia. Out of about. 40 there are now 12-13000 today across the world.
What does the Strasser name mean?
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic): topographic name for someone living by a main street or highway, from Middle High German strasse, German Strasse?street?,?road?.
Slovenian: phonetically Germanized spelling of Slovenian Stra?ar, occupational name for a sentinel, from an agent derivative of stra?a?watch?,?guard?,?sentry?.


text:
The sign of the world Lithuanian song festival is a tree of life
The tree consists of the following three parts or levels: A sentence is a trunk with branchesand the of the tree. Tree roots are the past, the rudiment which delivered it, a seed that sprouted it.
The strong trunk and lush crown means present, fortitude, prosperity, life. It's a persistence and straight way to endeavour goals. The top of the tree symbolizes the hope which is shining like the Sun and the tree climbs to it with all its force. The land feeds the tree roots and gives the life. This land is Lithuania. The bird on the top of the tree means the song of free Lithuanian spirit burst through all trivial works and troubles then it converges into the one holy song – Song festival.


Kentucky Cabinet of Health - First Steps Technology-assisted Observation and Teaming Support system
You are accessing a data system for Kentucky Department of Public Health and its service providers. Your usage may be monitored, recorded, and subject to audit, and, by your use, you consent to monitoring and recording. The unauthorized use of this computer system or its contents and / or any attempt to gain unauthorized access could constitute a violation of the Computer Crimes Act. We require that you use a complex password for accessing records and that you change your password at a regular interval.
Please Login:
User Name:
Developed by Yahasoft


[Ruby] [Rails] How to use select box in Ransack
1 minute read
Introduction
In Ransack, I will summarize how to use select boxes.
About #select First, I will explain the select helper for creating a select box.
Basic type
select (object, property name, element information, option, element attribute)
Implementation example
<%= f.select :name, [['sample1', 1], ['sample2', 2], ['sample3', 3]],
 {include_blank:'No selection'}, class:'sample' %>
(Assuming that it is inside form_for, it does not contain any objects.) Thus, if you put an array in the third argument, value 1 or 2 will be sent as a parameter.
Useful helpers
There is also a convenient helper to customize the select box.
options_for_select
Use options_for_select to set the default value of the select box.
Basic form
options_for_select (array/hash, options)
Implementation example
<%= f.select :name, options_for_select({sample1: 1, sample2: 2, sample3: 3}, 1),
 include_blank: true %>
Since "1" is included in the second argument of options_for_select, 1 is displayed as the default value.
options_from_collection_for_select
Use options_from_collection_for_select when you want to create choices from the model.
Basic form
options_from_collection_for_select( array of objects, value attribute, text item, options])
Implementation example
<%= f.select :name, options_from_collection_for_select(User.all, :id, :name ,1) %>
With this, the name in the User model can be automatically made a select box.
How to use #Ransack
Use options_from_collection_for_select as an example.
Implementation example
<%= search_form_for(@q, url: users_path, local: true) do |f| %>
 <%= f.select :name_eq, options_from_collection_for_select(User.all, :id, :name ,1) %>
 <%= f.button'Search' %>
<% end %>
By doing the above, you can search using the name in the User model as the select box. Also, an initial value is set as an option.
The _eq part of name_eq is called matcher and you can search for equal values.
About Matcher
There are also the following matchers.
matcher Meaning
_eq equal
noteq Not equal
_cont Contains value (LIKE)
_iteq Below
_gteq Above
For more information, see the "Search Matchers" section on here.
Reference
_URL_ _URL_


This is an outdated version of the HTCondor Manual. You can find current documentation at _URL_
next up previous contents index
Next: 4.4 Hooks Up: 4. Miscellaneous Concepts Previous: 4.2 HTCondor's Checkpoint Mechanism Contents Index
Subsections
4.3 Computing On Demand (COD)
Computing On Demand (COD) extends HTCondor's high throughput computing abilities to include a method for running short-term jobs on instantly-available resources.
The motivation for COD extends HTCondor's job management to include interactive, compute-intensive jobs, giving these jobs immediate access to the compute power they need over a relatively short period of time. COD provides computing power on demand, switching predefined resources from working on HTCondor jobs to working on the COD jobs. These COD jobs (applications) cannot use the batch scheduling functionality of HTCondor, since the COD jobs require interactive response-time. Many of the applications that are well-suited to HTCondor's COD capabilities involve a cycle: application blocked on user input, computation burst to compute results, block again on user input, computation burst, etc. When the resources are not being used for the bursts of computation to service the application, they should continue to execute long-running batch jobs.
Here are examples of applications that may benefit from COD capability:
The way HTCondor helps these kinds of applications is to provide an infrastructure to use HTCondor batch resources for the types of compute nodes described above. HTCondor does NOT provide tools to parallelize existing GUI applications. The COD functionality is an interface to allow these compute nodes to interact with long-running HTCondor batch jobs. The user provides both the compute node applications and the interactive master application that controls them. HTCondor only provides a mechanism to allow these interactive (and often parallelized) applications to seamlessly interact with the HTCondor batch system.
4.3.1 Overview of How COD Works
The resources of an HTCondor pool (nodes) run jobs. When a high-priority COD job appears at a node, the lower-priority (currently running) batch job is suspended. The COD job runs immediately, while the batch job remains suspended. When the COD job completes, the batch job instantly resumes execution.
Administratively, an interactive COD application puts claims on nodes. While the COD application does not need the nodes to run the COD jobs, the claims are suspended, allowing batch jobs to run.
4.3.2 Authorizing Users to Create and Manage COD Claims
Claims on nodes are assigned to users. A user with a claim on a resource can then suspend and resume a COD job at will. This gives the user a great deal of power on the claimed resource, even if it is owned by another user. Because of this, it is essential that users allowed to claim COD resources can be trusted not to abuse this power. Users are authorized to have access to the privilege of creating and using a COD claim on a machine. This privilege is granted when the HTCondor administrator places a given user name in the VALID_COD_USERS list in the HTCondor configuration for the machine (usually in a local configuration file).
In addition, the tools to request and manage COD claims require that the user issuing the commands be authenticated. Use one of the strong authentication methods described in section 3.6.1 on HTCondor's Security Model. If one of these methods cannot be used, then file system authentication may be used when directly logging in to that machine (to be claimed) and issuing the command locally.
4.3.3 Defining a COD Application
To run an application on a claimed COD resource, an authorized user defines characteristics of the application. Examples of characteristics are the executable or script to use, the directory in which to run the application, command-line arguments, and files to use for standard input and output. COD users specify a ClassAd that describes these characteristics for their application. There are two ways for a user to define a COD application's ClassAd:
 1. in the HTCondor configuration files of the COD resources
 2. when they use the condor_cod command-line tool to launch the application itself
These two methods for defining the ClassAd can be used together. For example, the user can define some attributes in the configuration file, and only provide a few dynamically defined attributes with the condor_cod tool.
Independent of how the COD application's ClassAd is defined, the application's executable and input data must be pre-staged at the node. This is a current limitation of HTCondor's support. There is no mechanism to transfer files for a COD application, and all I/O must be handled locally or put onto a network file system that is accessible by a node.
The following three sections detail defining the attributes. The first lists the attributes that can be used to define a COD application. The second describes how to define these attributes in an HTCondor configuration file. The third explains how to define these attributes using the condor_cod tool.
4.3.3.1 COD Application Attributes
Attributes for a COD application are either required or optional. The following attributes are required:
Cmd
This attribute defines the full path to the executable program to be run as a COD application. Since HTCondor does not currently provide any mechanism to transfer files on behalf of COD applications, this path should be a valid path on the machine where the application will be run. It is a string attribute, and must therefore be enclosed in quotation marks ("). There is no default.
Owner
If the condor_startd daemon is executing as root on the resource where a COD application will run, the user must also define Owner to specify what user name the application will run as. On Windows, the condor_startd daemon always runs as an Administrator service, which is equivalent to running as root on Unix platforms. If the user specifies any COD application attributes with the condor_cod activate command-line tool, the Owner attribute will be defined as the user name that ran condor_cod activate. However, if the user defines all attributes of their COD application in the HTCondor configuration files, and does not define any attributes with the condor_cod activate command-line tool, there is no default, and Owner must be specified in the configuration file. Owner must contain a valid user name on the given COD resource. It is a string attribute, and must therefore be enclosed in quotation marks (").
RequestCpus
Required when running on a condor_startd that uses partitionable slots. It specifies the number of CPU cores from the partitionable slot allocated for this job.
RequestDisk
Required when running on a condor_startd that uses partitionable slots. It specifies the disk space, in Megabytes, from the partitionable slot allocated for this job.
RequestMemory
Required when running on a condor_startd that uses partitionable slots. It specifies the memory, in Megabytes, from the partitionable slot allocated for this job.
The following list of attributes are optional:
JobUniverse
This attribute defines what HTCondor job universe to use for the given COD application. The only tested universes are vanilla and java. This attribute must be an integer, with vanilla using the value 5, and java using the value 10.
IWD
IWD is an acronym for Initial Working Directory. It defines the full path to the directory where a given COD application are to be run. Unless the application changes its current working directory, any relative path names used by the application will be relative to the IWD. If any other attributes that define file names (for example, In, Out, and so on) do not contain a full path, the IWD will automatically be pre-pended to those file names. It is a string attribute, and must therefore be enclosed in quotation marks ("). If the IWD is not specified, the temporary execution sandbox created by the condor_starter will be used as the initial working directory.
In
This string defines the path to the file on the COD resource that should be used as standard input (stdin) for the COD application. This file (and all parent directories) must be readable by whatever user the COD application will run as. If not specified, the default is /dev/null. It is a string attribute, and must therefore be enclosed in quotation marks (").
Out
This string defines the path to the file on the COD resource that should be used as standard output (stdout) for the COD application. This file must be writable (and all parent directories readable) by whatever user the COD application will run as. If not specified, the default is /dev/null. It is a string attribute, and must therefore be enclosed in quotation marks (").
Err
This string defines the path to the file on the COD resource that should be used as standard error (stderr) for the COD application. This file must be writable (and all parent directories readable) by whatever user the COD application will run as. If not specified, the default is /dev/null. It is a string attribute, and must therefore be enclosed in quotation marks (").
Env
This string defines environment variables to set for a given COD application. Each environment variable has the form NAME=value. Multiple variables are delimited with a semicolon. An example: Env = "PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin;TERM=vt100" It is a string attribute, and must


text:
National Election 2015
In the period before the elections, a broad cohort of civil society organizations organized election observations to monitor the election processes. The Tanzania Women Cross-Party Platform (TWCP) was one such organization, which conducted a thematic observation focused on women's participation in the election and monitored incidents of violence against women as voters, candidates and election officials.
This observation was specifically focused on violence against women in elections, and gathered detailed information about incidents of violence, including the type of violence used, victims and perpetrators. TWCP designed their checklists carefully to reflect what would reasonably be observable during their data collection period.
For several years, women's rights activists, academics and experts in Tanzania have been raising awareness and working to end "sextortion," a term that was coined to describe a certain form of VAW-E that women candidates began to report, in which women who seek election or nomination face the extortion of sexual favors within their own political parties by party leaders. TWCP itself has contributed to raising awareness about the phenomenon in the past. However, although it considered "sextortion" an important form of VAW-E—one that was likely to occur—it was not included on the final observation forms because it would be happening before the period of time during which observers would be collecting data.


text:
The James Instruments Porosiscope, is used to determine air and water permeability in concrete both at and below the surface.
- Measure air and water permeability
- Permeability on concrete surface and within the concrete
- Porosity in sealants and surface mortars can be checked
- Non-destructive (only a small plugged hole is required)


text:
The workshop held at the FSM4 in Chennai in February 2017, was done in order to develop a greater laboratory network to discuss the Detection and Enumeration of Soil Transmitted Helminths method. The method was physically demonstrated at the IIT Madras University and thereafter presentations on the method development process and quality assurance as intra-laboratory and inter-laboratory procedures were discussed at the FSM4 venue. Some of the discussions that took place are as follows:
- The availability of Ascaris Suum eggs, has been a major discussion directly affecting quality assurance. In order to have a sufficient supply of eggs for the distribution of referenced samples a decision needs to be made on how we will concentrate and be able to supply them within the samples.
- A discussion about distributing the draft SOP, video of method and QA/QC protocol amongst the participants for feedback was initiated. It is suggested that a group discussion be developed so has to enhance the communication between the different laboratories and their queries as the method develops further.
- A uniform method needs to be distributed through both DUT and UKZN to avoid confusing during training of technicians. The method Sonja is distributing also needs to be discussed via Colleen Archer.
- There should be communication between laboratories discussing viable and non-viable eggs and pictures can be taken and submitted to one another for verification.
- Interested collaborating laboratories should contact either Dennis at DUT or Colleen at PRG.


text:
Hospital Ownership and Financial Performance: A Quantitative Research Review
Yu-Chu Shen, Karen Eggleston, Joseph Lau, Christopher Schmid
NBER Working Paper No. 11662
We apply meta-analytic methods to conduct a quantitative review of the empirical literature since 1990 comparing financial performance of US for-profit, not-for-profit, and government-owned general acute hospitals. We find that the diverse results in the hospital ownership literature can be explained largely by differences in authors' underlying theoretical frameworks, assumptions about the functional form of the dependent variables, and model specifications. Weaker methods and functional forms tend to predict larger differences in financial performance between not-for-profits and for-profits. The combined estimates across studies suggest little difference in cost among all three types of hospital ownership, and that for-profit hospitals generate more revenue and greater profits than not-for-profit hospitals, although the difference is only of modest economic significance. There is little difference in revenue or profits between government and not-for-profit hospitals.
This paper was revised on June 29, 2006
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w11662
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded these:


text:
As a (fourth declension masculine) noun, ūsus can adopt a variety of closely-related but powerfully particular meanings:
1. Ūsus + genitive typically refers to the use, exercise or enjoyment of something.
- ūsus ocūlōrum: eyesight
- ūsus pectōrālis : push-ups
- ūsus unguentis: the delights of cologne (I highly recommend getting this at TJ Maxx—half-price!)
2. On its own, ūsus can either refer to 'exercise' or 'wear and tear'
- Fidēs nōn ad ūsum tendit: the insurance does not cover wear and tear.
- Musculōsa ūsū cotidiānō exstitit: she became very buff through daily exercise
- (the more straightforward exercitātiō is more common, at least in my experience)
3. It can also reference a 'habit' or social 'custom'
- ūsum loquendī populō concessī; scientam mihi reservāvī: I have give up my habit of making speeches to the people, but I have retained my habit of learning (Cicero in old age)
- populum auctōritāte suā ad ūsum frūgalitātis vocāvit: by his authority, he brought the people to a habit of moderation (Lycurgus)


Importance in a Sentence 🔊
Definition of Importance
being of great value or worth
Examples of Importance in a sentence
The doctor explained the importance of eating healthy meals and getting rest to the sick patient. 🔊
School isn't of much importance to the student, so he doesn't try very hard. 🔊
The importance of wearing safety gear was understood by all the workers. 🔊
One piece of trash didn't seem of much importance, but it was the clue that solved the case. 🔊
During his speech, the president said he understood the value and importance of bringing jobs to America. 🔊
Other words in the Significant category:
Most Searched Words (with Video)


text:
Each message can have various labels assigned to it as a means of classification. Each label has a name; different names are different labels. Any given label is either present or absent on a particular message. A few label names have standard meanings and are given to messages automatically by Rmail when appropriate; these special labels are called attributes. (See Rmail Attributes.) All other labels are assigned only by users.
The a (
rmail-add-label) and k
rmail-kill-label) commands allow you to assign or remove any
label on the current message. If the label argument is empty, it
means to assign or remove the same label most recently assigned or
Once you have given messages labels to classify them as you wish, there are three ways to use the labels: in moving, in summaries, and in sorting.
C-M-n labels
rmail-next-labeled-message) moves to the next message that has
one of the labels labels. The argument labels specifies
one or more label names, separated by commas. C-M-p
rmail-previous-labeled-message) is similar, but moves
backwards to previous messages. A numeric argument to either command
serves as a repeat count.
The command C-M-l labels
rmail-summary-by-labels) displays a summary containing only the
messages that have at least one of a specified set of labels. The
argument labels is one or more label names, separated by commas.
See Rmail Summary, for information on summaries.
If the labels argument to C-M-n, C-M-p or C-M-l is empty, it means to use the last set of labels specified for any of these commands.
See Rmail Sorting, for information on sorting messages with labels.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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June 10, 2015 – Though water is one of the most expensive resources for buildings, it is rarely considered when it comes to efficiency and conservation measures in buildings. Water can be monitored the same way as electricity, and the data collected can help property management teams reduce consumption, save on bills, and prevent damage from flooding. Join Aquicore's Customer Success Manager, Brandon Chase, at the IBCon Smart Water Panel to learn about the latest technologies and how they are revolutionizing water monitoring.
Aquicore is a real-time energy management software, which allows users analyze energy data from multiple facilities on one centralized platform. Specializing in commercial real estate and industrial facilities, Aquicore provides complete transparency into buildings' energy consumption so portfolio owners, facility managers, and engineers can make data-driven decisions to continuously improve building operations.


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Was alaska ever part of canada?Asked by: Tess Murphy
Score: 4.8/5 (28 votes)
In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from Russia. A few years later, British Columbia joined Canada.
Did Alaska ever belong to Canada?
Alaska borders Canada's northern Yukon territory. However, the United States purchased Alaska from the Russian Empire in 1867 thus inheriting the dispute with the UK. ... The final resolution clearly favored the US, which is why Alaska is part of the US today.
When did Canada sell Alaska to the US?
The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. This purchase ended Russia's presence in North America and ensured U.S. access to the Pacific northern rim.
Was Alaska a part of Canada?
The United States in 1867 agreed to purchase the territory for $7,200,000 and renamed the territory Alaska. The continental nation of Canada formed during the same year, encompassing the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.
Why did Canada not buy Alaska?
There are two main reasons. First, Canada wasn't its own country in 1867. Second, Great Britain controlled the Canadian colonies. Russia did not want to sell Alaska to its rival.
Why Alaska is not part of Canada ???
Can you see Russia from Alaska?
But it's much easier to get a view of Russia view by heading out into the Bering Strait to one of America's weirdest destinations: Little Diomede Island. ...
Was there slavery in Canada?
The historian Marcel Trudel catalogued the existence of about 4,200 slaves in Canada between 1671 and 1834, the year slavery was abolished in the British Empire. About two-thirds of these were Native and one-third were Blacks. The use of slaves varied a great deal throughout the course of this period.
Who owns Canada?
So, Who Owns Canada? The land of Canada is solely owned by Queen Elizabeth II who is also the head of state. Only 9.7% of the total land is privately owned while the rest is Crown Land. The land is administered on behalf of the Crown by various agencies or departments of the government of Canada.
Did Russia sell or lease Alaska?
On March 30, 1867, the United States reached an agreement to purchase Alaska from Russia for a price of $7.2 million. The Treaty with Russia was negotiated and signed by Secretary of State William Seward and Russian Minister to the United States Edouard de Stoeckl.
Who did we buy Hawaii from?
In 1898, a wave of nationalism was caused by the Spanish-American War. Because of these nationalistic views, President William McKinley annexed Hawaii from the United States. Hawaii's statehood was deferred by the United States until 1959 because of racial attitudes and nationalistic politics.
Who owned Alaska before Russia?
Interesting Facts. Russia controlled most of the area that is now Alaska from the late 1700s until 1867, when it was purchased by U.S. Secretary of State William Seward for $7.2 million, or about two cents an acre. During World War II, the Japanese occupied two Alaskan islands, Attu and Kiska, for 15 months.
How much was Alaska bought for in today's money?
The treaty — setting the price at $7.2 million, or about $125 million today — was negotiated and signed by Eduard de Stoeckl, Russia's minister to the United States, and William H. Seward, the American secretary of state.
Did America and Canada ever have a war?
The U.S. and Canadian armies have not fought each other since and have become strong defense allies.
Did the US have a war with Canada?
In 1812, the United States invaded Canada.
In June 1812, the United States declared war on Britain, already locked in combat with Napoleon's France. The resulting War of 1812 was fought largely on Canadian territory, especially along the Niagara frontier. The Americans were superior in numbers but badly organized.
How did Russia Own Alaska?
In 1786, Shelikhov returned to Russia and in 1790 dispatched Aleksandr Baranov to manage his affairs in Alaska. Baranov established the Russian American Company and in 1799 was granted a monopoly over Alaska. ... Seward signed a treaty with Russia for the purchase of Alaska for $7.2 million.
Does England own Canada?
In 1982, it adopted its own constitution and became a completely independent country. Although it's still part of the British Commonwealth—a constitutional monarchy that accepts the British monarch as its own. Elizabeth II is Queen of Canada.
Is Canada paying the queen?
The sovereign similarly only draws from Canadian funds for support in the performance of her duties when in Canada or acting as Queen of Canada abroad; Canadians do not pay any money to the Queen or any other member of the royal family, either towards personal income or to support royal residences outside of Canada.
Can you get free land in Canada?
In Canada's far north, the government of Yukon Territory wants to attract small farmers to the frigid region with a simple pitch: free land.
Who started slavery in Canada?
The colony of New France, founded in the early 1600s, was the first major settlement in what is now Canada. Slavery was a common practice in the territory. When New France was conquered by the British in 1759, records revealed that approximately 3,600 enslaved people had lived in the settlement since its beginnings.
How many slaves are in Canada today?
Prevalence. The Global Slavery Index estimates that on any given day in 2016 there were 17,000 people living in conditions of modern slavery in Canada, a prevalence of 0.5 victims for every thousand people in the country.
What is the black population in Canada?
According to the 2011 Census, 945,665 Black Canadians were counted, making up 2.9% of Canada's population. In the 2016 Census, the black population totalled 1,198,540, encompassing 3.5% of the country's population.
Can you still walk from Alaska to Russia?
The narrowest distance between mainland Russia and mainland Alaska is approximately 55 miles. ... The stretch of water between these two islands is only about 2.5 miles wide and actually freezes over during the winter so you could technically walk from the US to Russia on this seasonal sea ice.
Is Russia digging a tunnel to Alaska?
Russia plans to build the world's longest tunnel, a transport and pipeline link under the Bering Strait to Alaska, as part of a $65 billion project to supply the U.S. with oil, natural gas and electricity from Siberia.
Can you drive to Russia from Alaska?
Can you drive a car from Alaska to Russia? No, you cannot drive a car from Alaska to Russia because there is no land connecting the two. This also means that there is no road, no immigration offices and no way to legally exit or enter any of the countries.


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To immerse in and scrutinise the submarine depths are activities that can be fully attained in the waters of La Paz. The Sea of Cortes offers a series of places suitable for the practice of these sport activities at this Mexican city.
The following places are recommendable for submersions:
- Espiritu Santo: it is a huge island of 83 square kilometres, and its serene beaches are occasionally visited by numerous seals, whilst seabirds such as seagulls, pelicans, frigates and cormorants nest on its rocky formations and in the cracks of their surfaces.
This beautiful island was discovered by Hernan Cortes in 1535, during one of his many journeys along the California Peninsula. In those times the place was inhabited by the Pericúes, a pre Hispanic people that remained in the zone until the first third of the XVIII century.


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Two years ago Providence followed a national trend and became one of the first urban areas in Rhode Island to legalize raising small backyard chicken flocks. Residents for the first time were able to raise up to six chickens and have the benefit of eating fresh eggs. Recently, Cranston's Mayor Allan Fung vetoed an ordinance similar to Providence's that would allow residents to raise small backyard flocks, posing the question: should backyard chickens be legal in urban areas? What are the benefits and concerns about backyard chickens?
There are several good reasons why you should look into raising your very own backyard chickens.
- Eggs from backyard chickens are healthier.
- Eggs from backyard chickens are tastier.
- Chickens are natural defenders against insects: they will protect your yards!
- You know where you're getting your eggs from!
- Chicken compost (high in nitrogen) is awesome for your yard and garden!
- Children can learn the responsibility of raising chickens
- They're fun to raise, learn about and even watch in the yard!
With these reasons and more, there is enough evidence to see why many urban areas are hopping on the trend of making it legal to raise backyard chickens. Now on to the concerns of raising chickens not only in urban areas but in general.
- Noise (If you have a rooster you know how this feels.)
- Damage to soil or garden
These can be pretty big concerns, and I didn't even list why Cranston vetoed the ordinance. Cranston has had a rat problem over the last couple of years, and many residents are concerned that with more backyard chickens, the bigger the rat population could get. Three major factors found that residents and the mayor thought would be deal-breakers were: rats, noise and property values.
Noise is an obvious complaint of neighborhoods and this would only happen if owners raise roosters. The last argument is property values of homes and whether or not it deters buyers from owning a home next to one that raises chickens. Warren and Barrington both passed ordinances recently allowing owners to raise chickens. Many other house markets in Rhode Island allow the ownership of chickens. As stated in the Providence Business Journal, "The fact that chickens are legal in many of the state's hottest property markets would seem to point to flocks now being considered desirable by potential buyers."
So what do you think? Should they be legal? Please comment and let us know what you think of the issue!


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I have a blog on wordpress and I need to center an object. What is the easiest way?
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You want CSS, not PHP. – drudge Feb 9 '11 at 0:41
4 Answers 4
up vote 0 down vote accepted
You would actually use HTML and CSS to do that. :)
 YOUR OBJECT HERE
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You don't center objects using PHP. You position them using CSS. Read this for further info.
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You cannot do layout with PHP, it is for programming logic. To do layout you use CSS and HTML. To center text you can use the text-align tag that jdhartley showed above. To center a block like a table or div you use the following CSS:
.centered {width:950px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;}
Bunch of stuff to be centered
The width can be anything, but you do have to set it. It can be a percent like 90% or a pixel width.
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PHP is just a scripting language that performs data manipulation and such. You process that information and output HTML (usually.) Something you can do is just close the PHP and drop some HTML into it like this:
HTML Stuff
alternatively you can do it all in PHP like:
$output = 'HTML Stuff
echo $output;
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Your Answer


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Crown of Thorns cactus
have had the plant for years always have trouble getting it to bloom now the plant has yellow spots all over all the leaves. It is almost 4 ft. tall. What is wrong. ( I have 8 more cr. of thorns but they all have smaller leaves, this one has large leaves0 what is the difference?
Certified GKH Gardening Expert
Newer cultivators have larger leaves then older varieties.
Crown of Thorns are susceptible to fungus issues. You can use a fungicide on the plants.
Bacterial leaf spot can also be found on these plants. The disease is characterized by circular gray to brown leaf
spots surrounded by distinct yellow halos. The infected leaves often turn
yellow and fall off the plants. Leafs should be removed from the plant and disposed of. Make sure the plants have adequate air circulation.
Avoid getting water on the leaves and stems.


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Some food products have unique characteristics, conferred by certain specific features associated with the territory where they were produced, strongly influenced by its history, geography and culture. These products are associated with characteristic elements of a given territory, such as the production system and method, the soil and climate characteristics, the genetic heritage, the traditions and local know-how.Portugal has a considerable number of qualified fruits, due to its soil and climate conditions for the production of high quality fruit, in which the fruits are differentiated from others by their flavour, aroma and colour. These conditions have given Portugal a long fruit-growing tradition.The cherry production is developed between the Gardunha, Estrela and Malcata Mountains, in Cova da Beira, region with excellent climatic conditions for fruit growing, and soils with ideal conditions for the development of the cherry tree.The cherry production in Fundão is associated to a set of landscape and cultural values, which are already translated by several relevant initiatives: fairs, circuits, cherry in flower, among others. The cherry of Fundão is a product with protected designation of origin and Saco is an exclusively Portuguese cherry variety.
To pick up cherries is a way of celebrating our senses. It is a feast enriched by different textures of regional cherry varieties. Their common denominator is being red, fleshy and delicious.


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Quick Read: Using Worked examples to support novice learners
10 October 2019
Worked examples are a tool commonly used in a range of subjects including Maths & Science to support novice learners. By studying worked examples alongside the completion of traditional practice problems, learners are exposed to the problem solving process as well as frequently applied techniques.
A well constructed worked example:
- Helps reduce extraneous cognitive load on learners
- Aids learners in assimilating new knowledge into their existing understanding
- Is especially useful for novices during the early stages of learning a concept
- Highlights common steps taken when solving problems
As learners become more capable these benefits reduce and worked examples can begin to hinder learners. As with many types of scaffolding and support, worked examples should be faded out as needed.


1, formatted_exception_msg=False):
 - Implement this method to retrieve result of asynchronous connection and
 polling with no_result flag set to True.
 This returns the result as a 2 dimensional array.
 If records is -1 then fetchmany will behave as fetchall.
 * connected()
 - Implement this method to get the status of the connection. It should
 return True for connected, otherwise False
 * reset()
 - Implement this method to reconnect the database server (if possible)
 * transaction_status()
 - Implement this method to get the transaction status for this
 connection. Range of return values different for each driver type.
 * ping()
 - Implement this method to ping the server. There are times, a connection
 has been lost, but - the connection driver does not know about it. This
 can be helpful to figure out the actual reason for query failure.
 * _release()
 - Implement this method to release the connection object. This should not
 be directly called using the connection object itself.
 NOTE: Please use BaseDriver.release_connection(...) for releasing the
 connection object for better memory management, and connection pool
 management.
 * _wait(conn)
 - Implement this method to wait for asynchronous connection to finish the
 execution, hence - it must be a blocking call.
 * _wait_timeout(conn, time)
 - Implement this method to wait for asynchronous connection with timeout.
 This must be a non blocking call.
 * poll(formatted_exception_msg, no_result)
 - Implement this method to poll the data of query running on asynchronous
 connection.
 * cancel_transaction(conn_id, did=None)
 - Implement this method to cancel the running transaction.
 * messages()
 - Implement this method to return the list of the messages/notices from
 the database server.
 * rows_affected()
 - Implement this method to get the rows affected by the last command
 executed on the server.
 """
 ASYNC_OK = 1
 ASYNC_READ_TIMEOUT = 2
 ASYNC_WRITE_TIMEOUT = 3
 ASYNC_NOT_CONNECTED = 4
 ASYNC_EXECUTION_ABORTED = 5
 ASYNC_TIMEOUT = 0.2
 ASYNC_WAIT_TIMEOUT = 2
 ASYNC_NOTICE_MAXLENGTH = 100000
 @abstractmethod
 def connect(self, **kwargs):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def execute_scalar(self, query, params=None,
 formatted_exception_msg=False):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def execute_async(self, query, params=None,
 formatted_exception_msg=True):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def execute_void(self, query, params=None,
 formatted_exception_msg=False):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def execute_2darray(self, query, params=None,
 formatted_exception_msg=False):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def execute_dict(self, query, params=None,
 formatted_exception_msg=False):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def async_fetchmany_2darray(self, records=-1,
 formatted_exception_msg=False):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def connected(self):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def reset(self):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def transaction_status(self):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def ping(self):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def _release(self):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def _wait(self, conn):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def _wait_timeout(self, conn, time):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def poll(self, formatted_exception_msg=True, no_result=False):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def status_message(self):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def rows_affected(self):
 pass
 @abstractmethod
 def cancel_transaction(self, conn_id, did=None):
 pass


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Read the original article by Jessica Seaman from the Triad Business Journal.
A professor at N.C. A&T State University has received a patent for compounds that have the potential to prevent and treat cancer, the university announced.
Shengmin Sang received the patent for combining aspirin and ginger derivatives. By combing the compounds with anti-cancer properties, they become more effective in killing colon cancer cells, according to the university.
This is the second patent Sang has received for an aspirin-derived compound; he received another in 2015. N.C. A&T said it has signed a licensing agreement with SARISA Therapeutics, based in Minneapolis, to commercialize the patented aspirin-derived compounds.
Sang is the lead scientist for functional foods at the university's Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies at the North Carolina Research Campus in Kannapolis. Funding for Sang's research came from the National Institutes of Health and the N.C. Biotechnology Center.
In March, Sang received the Innovation for Impact's Grand Prize, a competition co-sponsored by the local arm of the Biotechnology Center and SoBran BioScience, for his research to prevent colon cancer by pairing aspirin with an active ingredient in ginger. The price included a pre-clinical research study valued at $10,000 and $1,000 in cash.
The compounds developed by Sang are prodrugs, which means they become active when they are metabolized.
"Our idea is to use a combination of natural products with aspirin," Sang said. "We use a prodrug approach to reduce the side effects caused by aspirin and to enhance the overall efficacy."


PigProgress - What to do when tail biting occurs?
What to do when tail biting occurs?
Almost all conventional pig producers will be familiar with tail bitten pigs. It's called a tail biting outbreak when biting leads to multiple victims per pen, or even spreads throughout the barn. Outbreaks are hard to stop – here is how it is possible to overcome an outbreak successfully.
Tail-bitten pigs are often noticed only at an advanced stage, when there is shortening of the tail. At this stage it is likely that most other pigs in the pen have noticed the blood and been attracted to it. That may motivate them to bite and to create new victims.
Ideally, tail biting is noticed at an early stage, before there is blood on the tail and before the tail length is reduced. This can be through either noticing the biter or noticing the victim. When a pig is repeatedly biting tails, the pig can be observed for ten to 15 minutes to see if it continues biting. If this is the case it might be better to remove the potential problem causer.
Ropes are chewable, destructible, somewhat edible. Photo: J-Y. Chou
Tail posture as indicator
Victims can be recognised at an early stage by looking at tail posture. A tail almost permanently tucked between the legs indicates it is being bitten. A briefly tucked tail can, however, be in response to other social interactions such as displacement. A good time to check tail posture is at the feeder. If the feeding is synchronised, it is easy to check all tails together. Even at an individual feeding station, if pigs are constantly seen with tucked tails when feeding, there may be a biting problem in the pen. A tucked tail should be inspected closely; if injuries are present, then it is better to act immediately rather than wait until it gets worse.
Burlap sacks can be used by more pigs simultaneously. Photo: W.W. Ursinus
What to do?
Action to address tail biting can be through providing distraction to the group or by removing biters or victims when it is more severe. Almost anything can be used to distract pigs, but they easily lose interest. It is therefore more important to change enrichment regularly than to necessarily have the best type of enrichment. However, enrichment should be safe for the animals and not pose risks for food safety.
Good enrichment materials for pigs are chewable, destructible and edible and can be manipulated by multiple pigs at the same time. Loose materials such as straw, hay and sawdust are most used by pigs, but if the housing limits the provision of these, there are other alternatives. Examples are ropes, large feed pellets (beetroot pellets), soft rubber hoses and jute sacks (burlap sacks).
What to do when tail biting occurs?
Using a step-wise protocol
Straw is one of the best materials to occupy pigs. However, for several reasons straw may not be a suitable option or possibility, especially on fully slatted floors. In Ireland about 80% of farms have fully slatted floors. A recent study conducted on a farm in Ireland showed that tail-biting outbreaks can still be effectively reduced using a set protocol. In this protocol three types of intervention were used in a random order:
A. Putting three ropes in a pen of 12-14 pigs
B. Removing the victim
C. Removing the biter.
If after 72 hours blood was detected on one of the pigs in the pen, then the next step was taken. When an option was applied but was not successful, then the next one was applied until all three options had been used. Victims or biters that had been removed were later introduced back in the group as described in the protocol in the box. This resulted in no overt aggression between the pigs when the removed pigs were reintroduced to the original group.
Figure 1 – Step wise plan for overcoming tail biting problems in a pen.
What to do when tail biting occurs?
80% of outbreaks can be solved
The study showed that 80% of severe tail-biting outbreaks could be stopped, even when removed pigs are reintroduced to their original groups. Adding ropes could shorten the duration of an outbreak, since it may take longer to remove and reintroduce pigs. Removing victims or biters was as effective as adding ropes in stopping an outbreak. All pigs were reintroduced to their original groups, which saved the need to have extra space to permanently house removed pigs. Based on the outcomes, the following stepwise plan was recommended (see Figure 1).
Figure 2 – The chance of reducing a tail biting outbreak 'likelihood of success' depends on the number of victims and biters per pen.
The need to respond quickly
The results also showed the importance of responding quickly to the occurrence of tail biting. The chance of successfully reducing a tail-biting outbreak depends on the number of affected pigs in the pen. Figure 2 shows that if more than 50% of the pigs are victims of tail biting, the chance of success in overcoming the outbreak can still be around 60%. But if 33% of pigs are biters, then the chance of stopping the outbreak is only 30%. Thus, the more biters in the pen, the smaller the chance that the outbreak can be stopped.
How to remove and reintroduce pigs from a group?
1. Determine which pig to remove to gain most benefit.
2. Remove the selected pig together with at least one other pig.
3. Write down the pen number from which they are removed and date of removal.
4. Provide a recovery pen without mixing with other unfamiliar pigs.
5. When the pigs have recovered, or at least within seven days, return the pigs together to the original pen.
6. Provide ropes in the pen at the time of reintroduction.
7. Use scent marking spray such as diluted Dettol when pigs are returned.
Have a tail-biting first aid kit
This protocol worked successfully at the farm, which is a conventional farm with fully slatted floors. This does not mean that the protocol will be successful under different conditions. We encourage others to try it but to have other safety measures ready as well. We recommend having a stock of different enrichment objects and products that are directly available whenever an outbreak occurs. Such a 'tail-biting first aid kit' can include ropes, straw, toys, large feed pellets (beetroot pellets), rubber hoses and jute sacks (burlap sacks).
By Irene Camerlink, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria and Jen-Yun Chou, Teagasc, Ireland


text:
Clustering Top-Ranking Sentences for Information Access
- Anastasios TombrosAffiliated withDepartment of Computing Science, University of Glasgow
-, Joemon M. JoseAffiliated withDepartment of Computing Science, University of Glasgow
-, Ian RuthvenAffiliated withDepartment of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde
In this paper we propose the clustering of top-ranking sentences (TRS) for effective information access. Top-ranking sentences are selected by a query-biased sentence extraction model. By clustering such sentences, we aim to generate and present to users a personalised information space. We outline our approach in detail and we describe how we plan to utilise user interaction with this space for effective information access. We present an initial evaluation of TRS clustering by comparing its effectiveness at providing access to useful information to that of document clustering.
- Clustering Top-Ranking Sentences for Information Access
- Book Title
- Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries
- Book Subtitle
- 7th European Conference, ECDL 2003 Trondheim, Norway, August 17-22, 2003 Proceedings
- pp 523-528
- Print ISBN
- Online ISBN
- Series Title
- Lecture Notes in Computer Science
- Series Volume
- Series ISSN
- Springer Berlin Heidelberg
- Copyright Holder
- Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
- Additional Links
- Industry Sectors
- eBook Packages
- Editor Affiliations
- 4. NetLab, Knowledge Technologies Group, Lund University Libraries
- 5. Dept. of Computer and Information Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
- Author Affiliations
- 6. Department of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K.
- 7. Department of Computer and Information Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XH, U.K.
To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.


text:
Main Article Content
The paper considers a periodic differential inclusion with an asymptotically stable set. The uniform character of convergence of solutions to an asymptotically stable set is established. An exponential estimate is obtained for solutions of a periodic differential inclusion homogeneous in state vector. Examples of control systems leading to consideration of periodic differential inclusions are given. These results can find applications in the stability analysis of control systems with periodic parameters, in particular, servomechanisms whose elements operate on AC, control systems with pulse amplitude modulation, and systems used to solve problems related to investigating vibrations of milling machines.


text:
- Life at AUS
- Contact Us
- Apply Now
AUS furthers research and development in 3D concrete printing through 3D printed home project
In a collaboration between industry and academia, American University of Sharjah (AUS) faculty and students will help create the first 3D printed house in Sharjah at the Sharjah Research, Technology and Innovation Park (SRTI Park). The house is expected to be completed in 2019.
While maintaining a traditional appearance, the house will be printed using state-of-the-art 3D printing technology. This initiative will help bring Sharjah to the global forefront in the sustainable construction sector and establish the SRTI Park as a regional development center for 3D printing construction.
AUS has been teaching 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) as part of the Master of Science in Civil Engineering program since 2010. The university is working on the development of this technology and training students in conducting applied scientific research, in conjunction with faculty members and external researchers from specialized companies, including Middle East Engineering Technologies (MEET), which focuses on building 3D printed structures. AUS recently issued a new faculty research grant that will advance ongoing 3DCP focused research.
Dr. Adil Al-Tamimi, Professor of Civil Engineering, teaches 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) at AUS:
"I have been teaching 3DCP as a theoretical concept with the aim to motivate our students to explore new innovation in the construction industry. The students in this course usually design, produce and evaluate some innovative sustainable concretes similar to 3DCP as part of the course. They will now be able to put their classroom learning into real-life applications and get hands-on training through this collaboration."
The current research is an extension of work begun in 2017, when Dr. Al-Tamimi and his students were invited by Hussain Al Mahmoudi, CEO of the SRTI Park, to join a workshop on 3D concrete printing led by the Finnish Oulu University. During the workshop, two groups of AUS civil engineering students presented the initial findings of their final year design project on 3D concrete printing, which focused on developing a special concrete mixture suitable for robotic production.
This research has continued to progress. One of the two student groups won first place in a 2018 3D concrete printing mixture competition organized by the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In 2019, three students in the AUS Master of Science in Civil Engineering program began conducting further research on 3DCP. Haidar Al Haidary, a 2018 graduate of the program, is now employed in the field of 3DCP, working with Middle East Engineering Technologies (MEET).
Elaborating on the groups' research, Dr. Al-Tamimi, said:
"One group is evaluating the bond between multi-layers of the 3DCP produced by nozzle extrusion method simulating robotic action, and the other aims to increase structural performance of the 3DCP in flextural and tensile strengths."
3DCP is considered to be one of the most innovative and reliable ways to build residential units through the use of digital machinery. According to Al Mahmoudi, as traditional construction costs increase, the 3D technology is expected to reduce overall costs. SRTI Park aims to provide a regional center for the research and development of 3D printing construction, and AUS students and faculty will gain hands-on experience with the technology through this collaboration.


La Feria de Abril
Spanish online reading and listening practice - level B1
This reading and listening exercise is about the Spanish festival La Feria de Abril. This is suitable for level B1 Spanish students.
Every year, two weeks after Semana Santa, Seville bursts with even more colour and life when it celebrates la Feria de Abril (the April Fair). Originally, the fair was a livestock fair but over time it has grown into a six-day party starting at midnight on Monday and finishing the following Sunday. Officially, there are no holidays; children attend school and people still have to go to work.
The first night is called el Alumbrado de la Portada, because the main entrance to the fair ground is lit up at midnight. Traditionally, people agree to meet by the portada. The site itself is full of stripey green or red marquees called casetas and there is a large area next to the casetas with an amusement park called la calle del infierno (Hell road) probably because it is incredibly noisy and full of people! During the day, people go to see los paseos de los caballos: horse carriages and also single riders who dress in the traditional amazona suit with wide brimmed hats. The casetas are owned by important local families, clubs, associations and even political parties.
There is plenty to eat and drink, mostly people drink fino or manzanilla wines and eat all kinds of tapas, like tortilla de patata, fried fish and cured ham. Of course everything ends with a bang, there are fireworks at midnight on the last day!
Music plays non-stop, especially sevillanas that people dance to. Sevillanas are a traditional song and a traditional dance. The dancers are either two women or a man and a woman; it is always danced in pairs. The song itself is divided into four, with each section also being called a sevillana: la primera, la segunda, la tercera and la cuarta (the first, the second, the third, the fourth). All four sevillanas have the same chorus and there are specific steps for each of the four sevillanas. The video below is a traditional sevillana sung by a popular group called Los amigos de Gines. Gines is a small village just outside Seville.
Here are the vocabulary lists associated with this reader:
Exercise: La feria de abril
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Differences Between North- and South-Facing Slopes
Differences Between North- and South-Facing Slopes
-•• vovik_mar/iStock/GettyImages
The face a slope presents to the sun – north or south – plays a role in the local climate created on it. This "microclimate" helps determine the types of plants that colonize the slope and influences which animals are drawn to the area seeking their preferred foods and suitable shelter. The basic difference between north- and south-facing slopes – the relative amount and intensity of sunlight they receive – leads to profound ecological differences, similar (but reversed) in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere.
Amount of Sunlight
In the Northern Hemisphere, north-facing slopes in latitudes from about 30 to 55 degrees receive less direct sunlight than south-facing slopes. The lack of direct sunlight throughout the day, whether in winter or summer, results in north-facing slopes being cooler than south-facing slopes. During winter months, portions of north-facing slopes may remain shaded throughout the day due to the low angle of the sun. This causes snow on north-facing slopes to melt slower than on south-facing ones. The scenario is just the opposite for slopes in the Southern Hemisphere, where north-facing slopes receive more sunlight and are consequently warmer. Near the equator, north- and south-facing slopes receive roughly the same amount of sunlight because the sun is almost directly overhead. At the poles, north and south slopes tend to be either shrouded in darkness all winter long, or bathed in sunlight all summer long, with only slight variation between the slopes in spring and fall.
Depth of Soil
Depth of soil on a slope, whether it faces north or south, depends on the steepness of the slope. The steeper the incline, the higher the rate of soil erosion from rain runoff. Soils on steep slopes are primarily made up of rock fragments because pieces of lightweight organic matter, such as leaves, wash away before they can decompose into soil. Slopes that have a gentle incline tend to accumulate a deeper layer of soil. In the Northern Hemisphere, soil on south-facing slopes dries out faster and is warmer than soil on north-facing slopes due to longer exposure to sunlight – the opposite applies in the Southern Hemisphere.
Effect of Rainfall
The amount of rain that falls on a slope and is taken up by existing vegetation is determined by how steep the slope is, rather than whether it faces north or south. Rain runs more quickly off steeper slopes and does not have time to be taken up by plants. Rain falling on less steep inclines stays in the soil longer and is utilized by plants and trees, generally resulting in larger plants and/or colonization of plants with higher hydration needs. Slope aspect can figure into this, however: Vegetation on south-facing slopes in the Northern Hemisphere, for example, has less time to take up water because of the drying effect of the sun.
Effect on Plant Communities
Given the effects of varying solar insolation, plant communities can vary widely between north- and south-facing slopes. In the Northern Hemisphere, warmer south-facing slopes green up sooner in spring, stay greener longer in the fall and tend to be drier than north-facing slopes. Plants that tolerate these hot, dry conditions – which, depending on the region, may be oaks, pines or drought-tolerant shrubs and grasses –grow well on southern slopes in their native range. A few feet away, a cooler, moister north-facing slope with a gradual incline may be dotted with closed mixed-hardwood or conifer forest and shade-tolerant wildflowers. Trees capture indirect sunlight better than low-growing grasses.
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Bubble Wrap City Artwork
If you and your family shop online, there's a good chance you have some bubble wrap around the house. It always feels a shame to throw it out! Instead, use leftover packing materials to make a great city skyline! Making this skyline is a great way to recycle some bubble wrap, learn the very basics of printmaking, and consider some urban architecture.
small paint roller (usually available in 2 packs at dollar stores or similar)
tempera or acrylic paint
big sheets of paper for printing
1. protect your work surface and kid's clothes – this one's messy!
2. cut shapes from bubble wrap. We tried different squares, rectangles, and triangles.
3. squirt some paint into bowls or plates. Making an urban landscape seemed to call for black, grey and blue, but you could try some other colors!
4. have kids coat roller in paint, then roll paint onto the "bubbly" side of the bubble wrap, one piece at a time.
5. when pieces are quite covered in paint, have your artist flip them over and press onto the paper (like a stamp) with their hands.
6. try different colors on different pieces. You can use the same roller, and let the colors mix. Watch as your "city" emerges!
Scissor-ready kids can try cutting their own shapes (keep in mind, bigger shapes are easier to work with).
If you have some on hand, try different sizes and patterns of bubble wraps for different effects.
Note how different combinations of shapes can make different buildings!


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How to Ask for and Understand Directions in Japanese
7 of 10 in Series: The Essentials of Japanese Words and Phrases for Traveling
Exploring Japan can be quite an adventure, but you need to know how to ask for directions in Japanese and how to understand the directions you are given. After all, if you don't know how to understand what you're told, you might miss the very things you hoped to see.
The first thing you need to know is how to ask for directions. To get help you can say Sumimasen. (Excuse me.); or Michi o kiite mo ii desu ka. (May I ask you for directions?); or Tasukete kudasasimasen ka. (Will you help me?).
The following words can be used when asking for or receiving directions in Japan.
tonari (next to)
mae (in front of)
michi (street, road)
massugu iku (to go straight)
migi ni magaru (to turn right)
kōsaten o hidari ni magaru (to turn left at the intersection)
Be forewarned. It can be very difficult to find streets and houses based on addresses in Japan. An address is usually used to indicate the area of a building rather than its exact location. In fact, most streets are usually not laid out in a grid pattern and most of the time there are no street signs. So, having an address might not be enough information to actually find your destination address.
Here are some phrases that might come in handy when you need directions.
Takushī de nan-pun gurai desu ka. (How many minutes by taxi approximately?)
Mō ichido onegaishimasu. (Could you repeat that, please?)
Yukkuri onegaishimasu. (Could you speak slower, please?)
Chikatetsu de ikemasu ka. (Can we go there by subway?)
Try putting some phrases and direction words together. The following conversation is typical of getting and receiving directions in Japan.
Tom: Chotto sumimasen. Michi o kiite mo ii desu ka. (Excuse me. May I ask you for directions?)
Hiro: Mochiron. (Of course!)
Tom: Hoteru wa doko desu ka. (Where is the hotel?)
Hiro: Daigaku no kita desu. [(It) is north of the university.]
Tom: ATM wa doko desu ka. (Where is the ATM?)
Hiro: Asoko desu. [(It's) over there.]
Tom: Benten to iu resutoran o shirimasen ka. (Do you know the restaurant called Benten?)
Hiro: Hai. Daigaku no minami desu. (Yes. (It) is south of the university.)
Tom: Eigakan wa dono tōri ni arimasu ka. (What street is the movie theater on?)
Hiro: Eigakan wa migi ni arimasu. (The movie theater is on your right.)
Tom: Gakkō ni wa dōyatte iku n-desu ka. (How do I get to the school?)
Hiro: Migi ni magatte, hidari no hito-tsu-me no michi desu. (Turn right, and it is the first street on your left.)
Tom: Sakura Hoteru wa doko desu ka. (Where is Sakura Hotel located?)
Hiro: Hoteru wa eki no tonari desu. (The hotel is next to the train station.)
Tom: Ginkō to yūbinkyoku no aida desu. [(It) is between the bank and the post office.]
Hiro: Massugu iku to arimasu. (Go straight and you will find it.)
Tom: Hakubutsukan wa koko kara tōi desu ka. (Is the museum far from here?)
Hiro: Koko kara hakubutsukan made yaku ichi-kiromētoru desu. (The museum is about one kilometer from here.)
The measurement units used in Japan are different than those used in the United States. For expressing the distance between two locations, Japanese commonly uses kiromētoru (kilometer) instead of mile. One kilometer is 0.621 miles.


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- 45% of seniors admitted to Canadian hospitals are malnourished. These seniors stay 2-7 days longer in hospital and cost the health system 60% more than well-nourished seniors.
- Canadian adults with diabetes are 2 times more likely to see a family physician and 3 times more likely to be hospitalized and for longer periods
Primary Care Dietitians Make a Difference. A dietitian can help your patients. How? Click here to find out.
What can Dietitians in Primary Health Care do? Click here to find out.
Canadian Malnutrition Force 2016 video:
How does Therapeutic Meals helps address the malnutrition crisis?
Providing a continuation of nutrition care from hospital to home prevents re-admission to institutionalized care. Appropriate nutrition care helps seniors healing at home, prevents worsening of symptoms associated with medical conditions, and prevents falling incidents by increasing strength and balance. Appropriate nutrition care includes prescribed diets such as modified textured meals: pureed, minced, cut up, finger foods and blended meals, or therapeutic diets to manage chronic disease such as: renal, diabetic, low sodium diets. Providing these specialized meals alone is not enough. Seniors and children of seniors need to adapt to the new lifestyle. Nutrition therapy supports this critical transition by providing education and support. Our dietitian provides the nutrition therapy by:
- Assessing nutritional needs
- Planning the meals, preparing the therapeutic diet or diet texture modified meals, and providing supplements or feeding support tools.
- Implements the nutrition intervention by delivering the meals at home.
- Evaluates if the nutrition intervention is meeting needs by following up.
Benefits of decreasing malnutrition in elderly population and those managing chronic disease:
- Decrease visits to family physician office
- Decrease fall risk
- Decrease risk for (re) admission to acute care
- Delay need for institutionalized care
- Lowers care giver burden of family members
Who is Therapeutic Meals for:
Patients/clients living alone with identified need for meal support
Patients/client with dysphagia or chewing difficulties
Patients/clients with decreased appetite or limited ability to cook for self/family
Patients/clients with a recent hospitalization recovering at home
People who are managing a chronic disease and associated symptoms:
- Diabetes Mellitus Type I and II,
- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
- Congestive Heart Failure (CHF),
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
- Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
- Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
- Renal Failure (RF)
- Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
- Hypertension (HTN)
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Chronic Inflammatory Diseases
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
- Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)
- Parkinson's Disease (PD)
- Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
Consider referring your client or patient to Therapeutic Meals' Registered Dietitian.
Request a nutrition assessment by completing the contact box below.


Equine Test (Basic)
Quiz Image
Welcome to a (rather) basic equine test! Whether you came to test your knowledge, learn something new or just...you know, be bored, and procrastinate *cough* then welcome!
This quiz will (hopefully) educate you on things you may learn/already know! Here you'll learn some fairly basic things, such as what to do for colic, and how you tack up. Thanks! :)
Created by: EquineFreak
 1. The correct diagonal while trotting is...
 2. In what order do you tack up?
 3. What do you always do before you get on?
 4. Which of these is not a bone?
 5. What should you do if a horse is bolting with you on its back?
 6. What should you do if a horse has colic/shows signs of it?
 7. A white horse isn't called white. It's called grey.
 8. A horse's gestation period is...
 9. When a mare is 'in heat', it is...
 10. Final question.Yay?
Rate and Share this quiz on the next page!


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Definition of ancient lights in English:
plural noun[treated as singular] English Law
- On the other hand, the Court ought to be very careful not to allow an action for the protection of ancient lights to be used as a means of extorting money.
- Tom associates England with 'ancient lights', a phrase that for him resonates with the mythic and the mystic.
- The very settled approach in the United States is to reject such claims (England has a doctrine of ancient lights which was firmly rejected here).
mid 18th century: from lights meaning 'light from the sky'. In England the sign 'Ancient Lights' was often placed on a house, adjacent to a site where a high building might be erected.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Little Nightmares 2: The Story Explained
Little Nightmares 2 is an adorably horrifying delight. However, due to the nature of the game, the story isn't exactly straightforward. With no dialogue between any of the characters, you have to piece together the plot from clues seen in the environments. Thankfully, we here at TheGamer are adept at deciphering obtuse narratives. So let's take a look at the story of Little Nightmares 2 and try to figure out exactly what has happened to this disturbing world of disgusting, fleshy, cannibalistic creatures.
(As you might suspect, massive spoiler warning for Little Nightmares 2.)
Little Nightmares stars a young boy with a bag on his head named Mono. Throughout the game, Mono is drawn to television sets that display a transmission of a long hallway that ends at a door with an eyeball symbol. He is able to enter the TVs as if they were portals, but he can never quite reach the door before he's sucked back out to the real world. This will be very important later on.
He starts his adventure by traveling through a trap-infested forest before arriving at a creepy old house. Inside, he finds rotting meat and mannequins that are most likely the taxidermied remains of unlucky humans. He also finds a little girl playing with a music box who is being held hostage in the basement. He frees the girl by smashing the door with an ax, but instead of thanking him, she scurries away as fast as she can.
Mono finds the girl upstairs and the two begin working together in order to survive. They eventually discover the owner of the house who is a violent Hunter wearing a sack over his head. Upon seeing the children trying to escape, he chases after them with a shotgun. The two break into a small shed where a spare shotgun is being stored and shoot The Hunter, which presumably kills him. They find a large, discarded door and use it as a raft to cross a body of water. This takes them to the shores of a place known as The Pale City.
The two enter a school that is surprisingly populated with children. Of course, they're not normal children since this is Little Nightmares. They're actually strange living dolls with porcelain heads known as Bullies. They're all being taught by a woman called The Teacher, who has the bizarre ability to stretch out her neck to absurd lengths like Elastic Man. After the girl is captured by the Bullies, Mono rescues her again and the two barely escape from the school. They walk out into the streets during a heavy rainstorm. It is here that the little girl finds a familiar yellow raincoat and puts it on. So yeah, she's Six from the first game. What a twist!
Mono and Six make it through a dark hospital filled with living mannequins who can only be stopped by light. The two end up in the lower levels where they encounter a huge man called The Doctor. He's a grotesquely bulbous figure who scampers across the ceiling like some sort of spider. After a tense chase, Mono manages to trick The Doctor into entering an incinerator and burns him alive.
At this point, the two have seen a giant spire that's far off in the distance of the city. This is the Signal Tower and it's broadcasting a transmission that warps the bodies and minds of those who watch it. It explains the strange mutations that the characters we've come across have. It also explains the appearance of the hypnotized citizens known as The Viewers, whose faces have been turned into featureless, sunken flesh folds.
Mono has been lured to various TV sets a few times and almost reached the end of the hallway before being pulled away by Six. Mono finally enters one of the TVs and makes it to the end of the hallway. He opens the door with the eyeball on it, which turns out to be a big mistake. This unleashes a ghostly entity known as The Thin Man, who begins to hunt down the children upon his release. While Mono manages to hide from him, Six isn't as lucky and is sucked into the TV. The Thin Man continues to chase Mono until he's finally cornered in the middle of the city. It is here that we find out that Mono possesses similar powers to that of The Thin Man. He is able to use the transmission to defeat The Thin Man, which causes him to vanish. He then enters the Signal Tower to rescue Six once again.
Inside the Signal Tower is a strange, pinkish-purple alternate dimension where gravity and time seem to be distorted. After some searching, Mono finds Six. The only problem is that the Signal Tower has transformed her into a giant, twisted version of herself. This Six is obsessed with a music box that's similar to the one she was playing with when Mono originally saved her. Seeing that this music box is the object behind her transformation, Mono destroys it. Six tries to stop him, but he succeeds and frees her from the influence of the transmission.
The Signal Tower then suddenly begins to fall apart revealing that underneath the building is an overwhelming mass of gooey flesh and eyeballs. The two children run away as a wave of flesh tries to crush them. As a bridge towards the exit begins to crumble, Mono leaps towards a ledge, and Six manages to catch him. However, while she could easily lift him up, Six decides to let him go and Mono falls to the depths of the Signal Tower as Six nonchalantly escapes. She's not a very good friend.
Mono now finds himself stranded at the bottom of the tower. As he walks among the pulsating flesh and eyeballs, he comes across a single wooden chair. He sits down and he suddenly seems to be in a normal-looking room. We then watch a montage of him aging. He grows taller and thinner. He has become The Thin Man.
In the secret ending, we see Six exit through a TV set. As she stands, a glitched, shadow version of herself appears and looks down toward a drawing of the massive ship from the first game, The Maw. We then hear the familiar rumbling of Six's stomach. The events of this game were a prequel to the original Little Nightmares, as it shows the origins of Six's selfish survivalism, her impetus to reach The Maw, and the birth of her constant hunger.
And that's the bizarre tale of Little Nightmares 2. These games are unsettling pieces of art that need to be experienced. Even though you've just read the entirety of the story, it's still worth playing just to see what has come out of the disturbing imagination of Tarsier Studios.
NEXT: Dystopian Visual Novel Dry Drowning Launches For Switch On February 22
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 - Little Nightmares
 - Little Nightmares II
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How an Absent Mother Affects Children
Discover why a maternal figure is so important in children's mental and emotional development.
When it comes to child development, an absent mother is not a trivial matter. In this article, we'll take an in-depth look at what can happen in this situation.
From the very beginning of a child's life, the mother is the most important figure of attachment. When a mother is not present in the life of her children, this can bring major consequences for their development.
A child's overall development is shaped by different aspects, from their physical needs to their emotional life. The relationship between a child and their mother or father is a vital part of their mental and emotional development.
A parent may be absent due to many different circumstances, some of them tragic. Not all children are lucky enough to grow up with a mother.
In other cases, although the mother is present, she is not able to spend enough time with her children, whether due to work commitments, relationship breakdown or other factors.
The absence of a mother figure can have a significant impact on the development of the child. However, the extent of the harm will depend on their environment and how the situation is managed.
What a mother gives her child
When we think about motherhood, the first word that comes to mind is protection. And with good reason.
A mother is the person who brings us into this world, and who nourishes and cares for us from the very beginning. This bond is an indispensable part of human existence.
As we grow older, our mother is there to comfort us whenever we feel down. She is there to soothe, calm and encourage us and chase away our fears. When we are nervous, scared, angry or in pain, she is the person we look to for unconditional support.
Feeling loved and valued by their mother will help a child to develop healthy self-esteem and build self-confidence.
An absent mother, therefore, can lead to deep insecurity in children. This is especially true when other adults in the child's life do not take action to address the situation.
This is one case where the support of a professional counsellor is indispensable.
Consequences of an absent mother
From the very start of a child's life, their mother is their most important figure of attachment. The lack of a mother figure can have major consequences.
Here are some of the main ones:
- Negative feelings. The child may experience feelings of loneliness or worthlessness, given that they don't receive the care and affection they need. This, in turn, can lead to anger or frustration.
- Poor behavior. This includes not responding to instructions, making unreasonable demands or hurting themselves or others. In more general terms, the child may seem to be constantly in a bad mood. These are common responses to the absence or loss of a parent or similar figure. Patience and affection are vital when it comes to helping children go through this phase.
- Problems with social relationships. Along the same lines, the child's other social relationships may also suffer. Whether due to lack of trust or because they have not learnt the necessary social skills, children with an absent mother figure tend to have trouble connecting with others. They may also develop a dependency on the people who are there for them.
- Emotional imbalances. This means irritability, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, lack of motivation and more.
- Health issues. Faced with the loss or absence of their mother, some children may lose their appetite. Coupled with the emotional issues described above, this can lead to problems with the child's physical health. This should be addressed immediately by a professional.
How to help a child cope with an absent mother
Despite all of the above, there are ways to help a little one cope with the loss or absence of their mother and its after-effects.
Here are some tips for parents or guardians:
- Be their mother figure. Although this is far from easy, a father or any other guardian can fulfill the role of mom and dad. Tact, understanding and affection are critical, but this can be a good solution for all those involved. This way, you will fill the gap in their lives, at least partly.
- Find a substitute. With the help of aunts, grandmothers or any other close family member, you may be able to find someone to take on the role of a maternal figure. As in the previous case, it is important not to force the relationship. The bond will need to form gradually, on a basis of trust and love.
- Explain the situation to them. The truth will always find its way out. Tell your little one why it is that their mother is not in their life. Sooner or later, they will need to know.
If the child's mother is not completely absent, but, for example, works long hours away from home, the situation may be much easier to resolve.
Many studies have shown that the quality of shared time is far more important than the amount of time spent together.
It is important to give your child your full attention when you can. Remember that these moments help considerably.
What you do together is less important: play, take a walk or help with their homework. Just spending time with your child will help them to feel valued and supported.
Children understand when their mother takes an interest in them, loves them and supports them. It is this day-to-day presence that is critical for their development.


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Free Today: Mothers: Their Power and Influence
Today's Free Kindle eBook: Mothers: Their Power and Influence
A unique bondDr Ann Dally, a practising psychiatrist, provides an in-depth perspective on mothers, based on her experience observing mothers at a personal level. Her perspective is intended to provide mothers, and new mothers, with a deeper understanding of the forces that may at times seem irrational. She explores the three stages of motherhood: enclosure, extension and separation and stresses that it is important to understand these stages to be able to identify certain behavioural patterns. Although there are a variety of other factors, understanding the mother-child relationship does play a significant role.Included throughout the book are true accounts of Dr Ann Dally's encounters with mothers and children, as well as excerpts from well-known works from D.H. Lawrence and Philip Roth, who both wrote about their own 'enclosing' mothers. Going beyond the three stages of mothering, Dr Ann Dally covers the three types of environment that tie in with the stages of mothering. This important analysis provides a further understanding of how the mother's behaviour, along with the environment that surrounds the child, impacts a child's future. Mothers: Their Power and Influence sheds light on a variety of perspectives and really explores the dynamics and behaviours that make up mother/child relationships. Praise for Ann Dally'Thorough and engaging' – Kirkus Reviews 'introduces a levelheaded view' – Kirkus Reviews 'refreshingly evenhanded' – Kirkus Reviews Dr Ann Dally (_PHONE_) was a pioneering English author and psychiatrist. She was born in London, the daughter of a distinguished lawyer and a half-American mother. She studied history, before qualifying in medicine and then in psychiatry, whilst going on to marry and have six children. Ann Dally wrote eleven books in all, including A-Z of Babies, The Intelligent Person's Guide to Modern Medicine, A Child is Born, and The Morbid Streak.
Just follow this link to get the freebie: