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Why Is Cheese So Expensive in Canada?
It's a struggle most Canadian dairy lovers are familiar with: Cheese up there is so expensive that a pound of cheddar can end up costing more than a pound of steak. Our neighbors to the north aren't exaggerating when they complain about steep cheese prices—costs are sometimes three times higher than comparable products sold in the States, and it's not because the Canadian air makes cows pump out liquid gold. It's all thanks to a little something called supply management.
Supply management is a blanket term used to describe the policies regulating Canada's dairy (and egg and poultry) markets. The dairy industry works differently in Canada than it does in other cheese-loving parts of the world. Both the European Union and the United States subsidize their dairy farmers—the Canadian government does not. Instead, they use other ways to get farmers the financial support they need.
Minimum price-setting for domestic dairy products keeps cheese prices above a certain mark, while strict quotas and high taxes on imports keep foreign competition under control. International cheeses account for a tiny fraction of the market, so cheese made in France, Italy, and other places abroad is difficult to find outside specialty shops. The result is more profits for Canadian producers taken straight from the consumers' pockets come check-out time.
When supply management was introduced to Canada in the 1960s and '70s, it served a clear purpose. The policies were put in place to protect farmers from unpredictable market fluctuations and keep their livelihoods secure. Since then many of the small family farms that were originally protected under the laws have been replaced with factory farms, and the relevance of supply management is now a topic of hot debate.
The laws aren't terribly popular among citizens (even police officers have been known to help smuggle cheese across the border), and it's not just because of the high grocery bills. Opponents argue that the regulations are bad for innovation, free trade negotiations, and restaurateurs. Canadian farmers still insist the benefits outweigh the costs. On the Dairy Farmers of Canada's web page, they write:
"While farmers around the world face unexpected and inexplicable wild market fluctuations, Canadian farmers sell their milk at constant and stable prices. As a result, Canadian dairy farming is one of the few agricultural sectors that are self-sufficient – providing income security for farmers and requiring no government subsidy. This means Canadian farmers can invest in their farms, communities and Canada."
Because farmers hold significant power in Canadian politics, supply management boasts supporters from every major party. But not all hope is lost for Canadian connoisseurs of affordable cheese. Progress on their front was made last year when a trade deal was signed slightly increasing the quota on foreign dairy imports. Consumers may benefit from the resulting price cuts, while Canadian farmers and processors will receive $4.3 billion from the government over 15 years to make up for the revenue loss. So next time you enjoy a plate of poutine, feel free to be a little less conservative with the cheese curds.


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Hoard up Meaning in Bengali
English: Hoard up
Synonym of Hoard up:
Antonym of Hoard up:
Hoard up Meaning in Bengali:
"Hoard up" Meaning in Hindi:
Word Type: Unknown / অজানা / अज्ञात
See more in:
Bengalimeaning.com | Google Translator
Find the Hoard up Meaning in Bengali
, See the defination of this word "Hoard up"
. You may understand "Hoard up meaning in Bengali" from defination at English to Bangla online dictionary.
a supply or accumulation that is hidden or carefully guarded for preservation, future use, etc.: a vast hoard of silver.
to accumulate for preservation, future use, etc., in a hidden or carefully guarded place: to hoard food during a shortage.
to accumulate money, food, or the like, in a hidden or carefully guarded place for preservation, future use, etc.
an accumulated store hidden away for future use
a cache of ancient coins, treasure, etc

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Hugo Wallace Weaving (born 4 April 1960) is an Australian film, stage and voice actor. He is best known for his roles in the films The Matrix, The Lord of the Rings, Transformers and V for Vendetta.
Weaving was born in Nigeria to English parents Anne, a tour guide, and Wallace Weaving, a seismologist. He spent his childhood in South Africa and then moved to the United Kingdom in his teens. While in England he attended the independent boarding school Queen Elizabeth's Hospital, commonly known in Bristol as QEH. He moved to Australia in 1976, where he attended another private school, Sydney's Knox Grammar School. He later graduated from Australia's National Institute of Dramatic Art in 1981.
Weaving's first major role was in the 1984 Australian television series Bodyline, as the English cricket captain Douglas Jardine. Weaving appeared in the Australian miniseries The Dirtwater Dynasty in 1988 and starred opposite Nicole Kidman in the 1989 film Bangkok Hilton. In 1991, Weaving received the Australian Film Institute's award for "Best Actor" for his performance in the low-budget Proof. He also appeared as Sir John in the 1993 Yahoo Serious comedy Reckless Kelly, a lampoon of the famous

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Active and passive temperature compensation of pressure sensors
How does Alienated or passive temperature compensation of pressure transmitters actually work? High-quality pressure transmitters, especially those used in precision critical applications, are nearly always provided with a person temperature compensation. But what's actually the difference between an active and a passive temperature compensation of the sensors?
Passive temperature compensation: Parts of the characteristic accuracy curve of the pressure sensor are measured at different temperatures through the manufacturing process. Then, the previously determined temperature errors are compensated by passive elements (resistors) within the electronics of the sensor or by corrections of specifically made resistance structures on the sensor element itself (e.g. by laser-trimming). The (passive) resistor elements used have an almost linear temperature behavior, it really is, however, only possible to compensate 1st order errors. Temperature errors of higher order, i.e. strong bending of the characteristic curve under temperature, can't be compensated.
Active temperature compensation: Here too, the characteristic curve of the pressure transmitters is measured at different temperatures through the manufacturing process. However, the pressure transmitter comes with an additional integrated temperature sensor which constantly measures the temperature of the sensor and transfers it to the pressure transmitter?s signal processing. Used, two ways of active temperature compensation are common: the first method compensates through a limited number of samples, , i.e. discrete correction values, between which interpolation takes place.
The next method uses the electronics of the transmitter and a higher-order equation caused by the regression of the acquired measurement values so as to compensate then the expected error. During operation, this signal processing can help you automatically, i.e. ?actively?, compensate the pressure transmitter ?s temperature error utilizing the calculated correction factors within a specified temperature range (e.g. 10-60ï¿½C). The most commonly used method to minimize temperature errors of pressure sensors is really a passive temperature compensation. This can be a traditional method which is widely used.
However, active temperature compensation is the top class of possible compensation methods. WIKA has constantly improved and refined this technology in recent years. The pressure transmitters of WIKA using active temperature compensation therefore feature a temperature error which is almost zero within their specified temperature range.
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»Home » Products center» Powder Production Equipment
Plasma Atomization and Chemical Composition Methods Manufacturing Composite Powder Material Equipment
Type: Powder Production Equipment
Input Size: powder, wire or melt
Processed Materials: metals or alloys
Applications: Plasma Atomization Equipment's output powders are mainly acting as raw materials of powder metallurgy products and also can be used for catalyst, painting, pigment, etc.
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1. The plasma, as a technology under ultimate conditions, is an advanced and new technology in the application for the synthesis and production of powdered material, and currently prevails among studies in many countries.
2. Its working principles refer to several steps.
Firstly, injecting solid particles into inert gas plasma and completely evaporate them under the high temperature of the plasma, existing as steam.
Secondly, cooling them fast with gas quenching cooling technology.
Finally, allowing saturated steam to be rapidly condensed, nucleated, grew and formed into superfine powder.
Owning to its cutting-edge technology, the equipment series are commonly applied to the production of superfine/nano-powdered material with highly chemical purity:
1.Metals: Cu, Fe, Al, Mo, W, Ni, Re, Ta, Ti and their alloys;
2.Oxides: Al2O3, MgO, TiO2, ZrO2, SiO2 and so on;
3.Carbides: WC, TiC, B4C, SiC and so on;
4.Nitrides: AiN, TiN, BN, Si3N4 and so on.
Powder production
Quenching Other:
1000kg/batch Other:


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(Phys.org)—Tried-and-true techniques could help optimize oilseed yield for biodiesel production, according to studies conducted by U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) scientists.
For more than 30 years, near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy has been used as a rapid and nondestructive method for measuring protein, moisture, and oil levels in whole grains. Now Agricultural Research Service (ARS) research leader Dan Long is studying how to use remote sensing tools to quickly assess seed oil quality and quantity before and after harvest.
ARS is USDA's chief intramural scientific research agency, and this research supports the USDA priority of developing new sources of bioenergy.
Long, who works at the ARS Columbia Plateau Conservation Research Center in Pendleton, Ore., used a special NIR sensor to assess seed oil content in 226 canola samples from Montana, Washington and Oregon. Seed oil concentration is used to estimate extraction efficiency, which is the percentage of oil recovered in relation to the amount of oil in seed.
Using this technique, Long was able to determine that oil concentrations in the samples ranged from 32 percent to 46 percent, and that the NIR sensor estimated seed oil content with an average error of 0.73 percent. A bout of abnormal weather affected results from one group of seeds in this study. If this group had been excluded from the analysis, the overall error rate would have been less than 0.5 percent.
Long believes that NIR sensors could be installed in seed crushing facilities to rapidly and continuously measure the oil content of clean seeds flowing into the expeller, where they are crushed to obtain the oil. Using NIR to monitor extraction efficiency might enable workers to adjust the choke setting on the expeller to compensate for oil loss in meal.
This would boost profits associated with seed processing, and lower the costs of the oil feedstock that is converted into fuel. NIR measurements might also help reduce the number of acres needed for oilseed feedstock production by maximizing seed oil extraction rates in the seed crushing facilities.
Explore further: Researchers identify new target to boost plant resistance to insects and pathogens
More information: Findings from these studies were published earlier this year in the Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Fluence Corporation Limited has announced that it has sold its first AspiralTM System to Three Gorges for the Great Protection of Yangtze River and general contractor China Tiesiju Civil Engineering Group (CREC4).
This sale is of strategic importance to Fluence, as it represents the initial step of a potential long-term strategic partnership with Three Gorges. The initial aim of the collaboration will be to utilise and validate Fluence's MABR-based AspiralTM Smart Products Solution (SPS) wastewater treatment system in Wuwei County, an important intersection of three major river crossings in Anhui Province.
The initial Aspiral™ S1 unit, valued at approximately US$70,000, incorporates Fluence's proprietary MABR technology to treat 30 m3/day of wastewater to meet China's Class 1A high effluent standards for discharge. The advanced AspiralTM SPS was selected for this strategic pilot project due to its stable performance resulting in high treatment quality.
A key priority for the Chinese Government is the environmental remediation of the massive Yangtze River. Three Gorges was created in 2018 with the singular goal of fundamentally improving the water quality of the Yangtze River by implementing integrated and sustainable environmental solutions across 11 provinces and riverside cities to improve their water management and conservation. China's current 13th 5-year plan mandates the improvement of wastewater treatment in rural China as a priority, and substantial central government funding has been allocated for this purpose.
Fluence Managing Director & CEO Henry Charrabé said: "We are delighted to have the opportunity of building another strategic partnership in China and further supporting environmental remediation in the country. We are confident that the initial AspiralTM order will be a stepping-stone for Fluence to access other opportunities available in the Yangtze River Great Protection zone. It will also allow us to build a deeper relationship with the highly respected Three Gorges Group."


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File(s) under permanent embargo
Maximum contrast analysis for nonnegative blind source separation
journal contributionposted on 2011-12-01, 00:00 authored by Zuyuan Yang, Yong XiangYong Xiang, S Xie
In this paper, we propose a maximum contrast analysis (MCA) method for nonnegative blind source separation, where both the mixing matrix and the source signals are nonnegative. We first show that the contrast degree of the source signals is greater than that of the mixed signals. Motivated by this observation, we propose an MCA-based cost function. It is further shown that the separation matrix can be obtained by maximizing the proposed cost function. Then we derive an iterative determinant maximization algorithm for estimating the separation matrix. In the case of two sources, a closed-form solution exists and is derived. Unlike most existing blind source separation methods, the proposed MCA method needs neither the independence assumption, nor the sparseness requirement of the sources. The effectiveness of the new method is illustrated by experiments using X-ray images, remote sensing images, infrared spectral images, and real-world fluorescence microscopy images.


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Minnesota Cancels Moose Hunting as Population Plummets
MINNEAPOLIS (AP) – Minnesota officials are canceling the state's moose hunting season because of a sharp decline in the moose population.
Department of Natural Resources officials say their annual aerial survey to estimate the moose population was "extremely disappointing," at about 2,760 animals.
Minnesota's moose population was estimated at a little more than 4,200 in last winter's survey. That number was already down by half from 2006.
Researchers are studying why one of Minnesota's signature animals is dwindling. Scientists think warmer weather, parasites and disease are contributing factors.
(Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved)


AUTO' (the default) then SSL encryption is automatically enabled or disabled based on the setting used by the seed instance (other members of the cluster) and the available SSL support provided by the instance itself.
When using createCluster() with the adoptFromGR option to adopt an existing Group Replication group, no SSL settings are changed on the adopted cluster:
 - memberSslMode cannot be used with adoptFromGR.
 - If the SSL settings of the adopted cluster are different from the ones supported by the MySQL Shell, in other words SSL for Group Replication recovery and Group Communication, both settings are not modified. This means you are not be able to add new instances to the cluster, unless you change the settings manually for the adopted cluster.
MySQL Shell always enables or disables SSL for the cluster for both Group Replication recovery and Group Communication, see Section 17.5.2, "Secure Socket Layer Support (SSL)". A verification is performed and an error issued in case those settings are different for the seed instance (for example as the result of a dba.createCluster() using adoptFromGR) when adding a new instance to the cluster. SSL encryption must be enabled or disabled for all instances in the cluster. Verifications are performed to ensure that this invariant holds when adding a new instance to the cluster.
The deploySandboxInstance() command attempts to deploy sandbox instances with SSL encryption support by default. If it is not possible, the server instance is deployed without SSL support. Use the ignoreSslError option set to false to ensure that sandbox instances are deployed with SSL support, issuing an error if SSL support cannot be provided. When ignoreSslError is true, which is the default, no error is issued during the operation if the SSL support cannot be provided and the server instance is deployed without SSL support.
Creating a Whitelist of Servers
When using a cluster's createCluster(), addInstance(), and rejoinInstance() methods you can optionally specify a list of approved servers that belong to the cluster, referred to as a whitelist. By specifying the whitelist explicitly in this way you can increase the security of your cluster because only servers in the whitelist can connect to the cluster. By default, if not specified explicitly, the whitelist is automatically set to the private network addresses that the server has network interfaces on. To configure the whitelist, specify the servers to add with the ipWhitelist option when using the method. Pass the servers as a comma separated list, surrounded by quotes. Using the ipWhitelist option configures the group_replication_ip_whitelist system variable on the instance. For example:
mysql-js> cluster.addInstance("ic@ic-3:3306", {ipWhitelist: "203.0.113.0/24, 198.51.100.110"})
This configures the instance to only accept connections from servers at addresses 203.0.113.0/24 and 198.51.100.110. From MySQL 5.7.21, the whitelist can also include host names, which are resolved only when a connection request is made by another server.
Warning
Host names are inherently less secure than IP addresses in a whitelist. MySQL carries out FCrDNS verification, which provides a good level of protection, but can be compromised by certain types of attack. Specify host names in your whitelist only when strictly necessary, and ensure that all components used for name resolution, such as DNS servers, are maintained under your control. You can also implement name resolution locally using the hosts file, to avoid the use of external components.
Using MySQL Shell to Execute a Script
You can automate cluster configuration with scripts. For example:
shell> mysqlsh -f setup-innodb-cluster.js
Note
Any command line options specified after the script file name are passed to the script and not to MySQL Shell. You can access those options using the os.argv array in JavaScript, or the sys.argv array in Python. In both cases, the first option picked up in the array is the script name.
The contents of an example script file is shown here:
 print('MySQL InnoDB cluster sandbox set up\n');
 print('==================================\n');
 print('Setting up a MySQL InnoDB cluster with 3 MySQL Server sandbox instances.\n');
 print('The instances will be installed in ~/mysql-sandboxes.\n');
 print('They will run on ports 3310, 3320 and 3330.\n\n');
 var dbPass = shell.prompt('Please enter a password for the MySQL root account: ', {type:"password"});
 try {
 print('\nDeploying the sandbox instances.');
 dba.deploySandboxInstance(3310, {password: dbPass});
 print('.');
 dba.deploySandboxInstance(3320, {password: dbPass});
 print('.');
 dba.deploySandboxInstance(3330, {password: dbPass});
 print('.\nSandbox instances deployed successfully.\n\n');
 print('Setting up InnoDB cluster...\n');
 shell.connect('root@localhost:3310', dbPass);
 var cluster = dba.createCluster("prodCluster");
 print('Adding instances to the cluster.');
 cluster.addInstance({user: "root", host: "localhost", port: 3320, password: dbPass});
 print('.');
 cluster.addInstance({user: "root", host: "localhost", port: 3330, password: dbPass});
 print('.\nInstances successfully added to the cluster.');
 print('\nInnoDB cluster deployed successfully.\n');
 } catch(e) {
 print('\nThe InnoDB cluster could not be created.\n\nError: ' +
 + e.message + '\n');
}
20.5 Known Limitations
This section describes the known limitations of InnoDB cluster. As InnoDB cluster uses Group Replication, you should also be aware of its limitations, see Section 17.7.2, "Group Replication Limitations".
 - The formatting of results which contain multi-byte characters sometimes do not have correctly aligned columns. Similarly, non-standard character sets are being corrupted in results.
 - AdminAPI does not support Unix socket connections. MySQL Shell currently does not prevent you from attempting to use socket connections to a cluster, and attempting to use a socket connection to a cluster can cause unexpected results.
 - The MySQL Shell help describes an invalid URI:
 USER[:PASS]@::SOCKET[/DB].
 This is invalid because the @ symbol can not be present if no user information is provided.
 - If a session type is not specified when creating the global session, MySQL Shell provides automatic protocol detection which attempts to first create a NodeSession and if that fails it tries to create a ClassicSession. With an InnoDB cluster that consists of three server instances, where there is one read-write port and two read-only ports, this can cause MySQL Shell to only connect to one of the read-only instances. Therefore it is recommended to always specify the session type when creating the global session.
 - When adding non-sandbox server instances (instances which you have configured manually rather than using dba.deploySandboxInstance() ) to a cluster, MySQL Shell is not able to persist any configuration changes in the instance's configuration file. This leads to one or both of the following scenarios:
 1. The Group Replication configuration is not persisted in the instance's configuration file and upon restart the instance does not rejoin the cluster.
 2. The instance is not valid for cluster usage. Although the instance can be verified with dba.checkInstanceConfiguration(), and MySQL Shell makes the required configuration changes in order to make the instance ready for cluster usage, those changes are not persisted in the configuration file and so are lost once a restart happens.
 If only a happens, the instance does not rejoin the cluster after a restart.
 If b also happens, and you observe that the instance did not rejoin the cluster after a restart, you cannot use the recommended dba.rebootClusterFromCompleteOutage() in this situation to get the cluster back online. This is because the instance loses any configuration changes made by MySQL Shell, and because they were not persisted, the instance reverts to the previous state before being configured for the cluster. This causes Group Replication to stop responding, and eventually the command times out.


French Navy
French Navy of World War 1
At the outbreak of the First World War France had 19 battleships, 32 cruisers, 86 destroyers, 34 submarines, and 115 torpedo boats.
During the Dardanelles operation, the French Navy sent four battleships, six destroyers, and submarines. The battleship Bovet and four submarines were lost during this campaign.
The French Navy kept to the Mediterranean so the British Navy could recall most of her capital ships to the North Atlantic to counter the German fleet.
Following the 1904 Anglo-French Entente Cordiale, the French Navy policy was to concentrate its forces in the Mediterranean against a likely Italian-Austrian coalition, while maintaining a mainly defensive position in the north (North Sea, English Channel, Atlantic coast) where the Royal Navy would predominate.
French forces in this area initially included seven cruisers and a number of destroyers, torpedo boats, and submarines for patrol duty in the western English Channel.
In the Mediterranean on the other hand was the 1st Armée Navale under the command of Adm de Lapeyrère


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Study indicates link between heat exposure and labour loss17/07/17Science & Technology
Researchers at the Mediterranea University of Reggio Calabria, Italy, set out to demonstrate the impact environmental heat exposure has on labour loss in the vineyard.
The researchers in Calabria claim the global wine industry represents 0.2% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP). They also claim, even with the mechanisation of vineyard work throughout the world, much of the work to produce wine is still manual labour.
Researchers selected Cyprus for the study, where mean temperatures during harvest are above 36°C. According to the researchers, 'laboratory studies have shown that the above-mentioned amount of thermal strain during grape picking can impair the human physiologic function and capacity to perform prolonged exercise and work.'
The aim of the study was to assess the impact of workplace heat on the work shift time spent performing labour. Time-motion analysis was done by way of a video camera to follow the vineyard workers' movement and time spent.
The study's secondary aim was to determine whether environmental seasonal conditions influenced the grape pickers.
The workers monitored for each season comprised of four males and two females, each experienced grape pickers. Analysis highlighted that 12.4% of their total work shift time was spent on irregular work time breaks. There was from 0.6% to 2.1% increase in hourly work time breaks for every degree Celsius increase in air temperature as well as increase in the worker's skin temperature.
The study concluded that neither monitoring productivity nor the vineyard manager's estimates reflected the true work time labour in these workers. However, the time-motion analysis accurately evaluated every second spent by each worker and it showed that increased workplace heat led to significant labour loss.


Between the Salmon River Mountains, Lake Pend Oreille, and Snake River, Idaho has a lot of different landmarks! On this worksheet, kids get practice reading maps as they label the cities and landforms unique to the state of Idaho. This worksheet boosts social studies learning, and it's lots of fun, too.


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Hey everyone, welcome to my recipe site, if you're looking for Simple Salad with chicken and garlic toast recipe, look no further! We provide you only the perfect Simple Salad with chicken and garlic toast recipe here. We also have wide variety of recipes to try.
Before you jump to Simple Salad with chicken and garlic toast recipe, you may want to read this short interesting healthy tips about Stamina Enhancing Treats.
Ingesting healthy foods can make all the difference in the way you feel. Increasing our daily allowance of sensible foods while lowering the intake of unhealthy kinds plays a part in a more healthy feeling. A piece of pizza doesn't make you feel as healthy as consuming a fresh green salad. Selecting healthier food choices can be tough if it is snack time. Shopping for snack foods can be a struggle because you have countless options. There's nothing like one of these brilliant healthy foods if you want an energy-boosting treat.
Just about the most popular snacks is yogurt. Eating natural yogurt in place of a nutritious larger lunch isn't a good idea. As a treat, however, yogurt is one of the greatest things you can reach for. Along with calcium, it really is a good supply of necessary protein and vitamin B. Easily digestible, yogurt can actually help your gastrointestinal system work properly depending upon the culture used to make it. Easy hint: pick unsweetened yogurt and include walnuts or flaxseeds. It's an excellent approach to take pleasure in a flavorful snack without having too much sugar.
A large selection of quick health snacks is easily accessible. Being healthier doesnt have to be a battle-if you let it, it can be quite uncomplicated.
We hope you got benefit from reading it, now let's go back to simple salad with chicken and garlic toast recipe. You can have simple salad with chicken and garlic toast using 11 ingredients and 4 steps. Here is how you cook that.
The ingredients needed to make Simple Salad with chicken and garlic toast:
- Provide 1 of whole chicken split.
- Prepare 2 cup of mixed lettuce.
- Use 1/2 cup of green bell and yellow onion.
- Get 1 1/2 cup of cherry tomatoes.
- Use 1/2 of loaf French loaf.
- Provide 1/2 stick of butter.
- Use 1 of garlic salt.
- Prepare 1 of seasoning salt.
- Take 6 slice of provolone cheese.
- Get 1 of Italian, or ranch dressing.
- Provide 1 of oil for frying.
Steps to make Simple Salad with chicken and garlic toast:
- Clean and season chicken with seasoning salt, black pepper and garlic salt..
- Heat oil and flour chicken and, fry then make salad mix well and add dressing..
- Slice bread then, mix butter and garlic salt and spread on bread then, put in oven and bake till golden brown take out and, set aside.
If you find this Simple Salad with chicken and garlic toast recipe valuable please share it to your good friends or family, thank you and good luck.


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Racist Violence Recording Programme
What is a hate crime and what are its victims?
What is the role of METAdrasi's interpreters in the racist violence incidents recording and in victim support procedures?
Learn about the "Racist Violence Recording Programme" through the short Video "Don't be Afraid. Speak up."
The project "Support and legal services for victims of hate crime" was funded by Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway under the EEA Grants Greek NGO Programme "We are all Citizens". The Bodossaki Foundation is the Fund Operator of this Programme. The Programme aims to strengthen civil society and enhance the contribution of NGOs to social justice, democracy and sustainable development.
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Drop Shot Rig Drop Shotting is a popular bass fishing technique but it was actually invented by saltwater fishermen. The technique was introduced to the bass fishing world by pro bass fishermen on the West Coast and it quickly spread. It proved successful in the highly pressured lakes of the West and is considered a "finesse" technique. The idea is to suspend a bait (artificial such as a plastic worm or live or dead bait) off the bottom at a level that will put the bait in front of the fish and/or get the bait up and out of the gunk at the bottom. The weight is dropped vertically to the bottom and the bait is lightly shaken to attract attention. Light line and spinning equipment is preferred.
How to tie a Drop Shot Rig
1. Begin by tying a Palomar Knot with a long tag end. Double 12 to 30 inches of line (depending on how high you want the bait off the bottom) and pass end of loop through eye of hook.
2. Tie a loose overhand knot with the hook hanging from the bottom of the loop formed.
3. While holding the overhand knot between thumb and forefinger, pass end of loop over the hook. Slide loop to above eye of hook.
4. Pull on both standing line and tag end to tighten down the knot onto eye of hook. Now feed tag end back through hook eye from above.
5. Attach a small weight to end of line desired distance from hook and trim tag. Attach bait to hook.
See Animated Drop Shot Rig Below
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Treasure hunters have one last chance to grab a still unclaimed £9,000 gold bar in a countryside riddle aimed at helping save threatened rural landscapes in Lincolnshire.
Clues connected to myths and mysteries surrounding ancient marshland linking coast and countryside will lead to one riddle solver claiming the £9,000 gold bar, but treasure seekers only have to October 6 to crack the puzzle.
Already the Riddle of the Marshes has captured worldwide interest, with clue-laden themed packs snapped up as far afield as Canada, USA and Thailand.
The innovative project aimed at raising the profile of rural communities and historic grazing marshes stretching from Grimsby to Gibraltar Point along the Lincolnshire coastline has won the support of Harry Potter and Star Wars actor Warwick Davies.
Warwick said: "Lincolnshire has many small towns and communities that are a pleasure to visit. I have family in Louth, so I travel to that part of the world often. The Riddle of the Marshes is a great way for people to discover the treasures of Lincolnshire and maybe even come away with some actual treasure."
This unique treasure hunt will lead those taking part on a journey of knowledge and discovery through Lincolnshire's Grazing Marshes. Tucked away amongst the ancient pastures and rolling landscape of East Lindsey are the answers to a riddle that will unlock a vault containing 10oz of solid gold. Nothing is hidden or buried and all the clues are visible in a public space.
Illustrated Riddle of the Marshes packs, costing £15, offer a tempting insight in to countryside legends as well as the many hidden gems of this undiscovered part of the country.
With more than 150 packs sold so far, the campaign to promote a forgotten landscape, forged over centuries of traditional farming on a changing coastline, has already generated increased footfall at local B&Bs, museums and shops. But as yet, no one has come up with the winning vault combination and time is running out.
Packs are available from Louth, Skegness and Mablethorpe, Tourist information Centres, or can be ordered on 01507 613134.
For more details visit _URL_ or follow the quest on Twitter @LincsMarshes.
For more details of things to do and places to stay in Lincolnshire, visit _URL_


Curation for Engagement
[fa icon="calendar"] Aug 16, 2019 1:26:04 PM / by Elizabeth Chaney
Elizabeth Chaney
Driving engagement is all about enabling the user to easily get to what they need when they need it to accomplish what they are trying to do. Webinfinity data has confirmed that curation is key.
There are multiple ways to curate assets within the Webinfinity system - interests, tag-driven widgets, collections and information pages.
Webinfinity - Many curation options
The Webinfinity solution is designed with many different curation options to drive engagement. "Interests" are driven by tags in the system. They can be configured for specific user engagement scenarios such as a library of specific resources, resources for a specific task, promotions for a specific product or solution, and many more only limited by the curator's imagination and target user needs. An Interest automatically curates specific types of resources, for specific types of job functions and tasks, and for specific geographic locations and languages, according to the configured rules. Interests become extremely useful when the curator wishes to auto-curate a specific group of defined assets.
To create an interest, the content must all have at least one factor in common. For example, an interest can be all battle cards loaded into the system or it can be all battle cards for a specific geography, target audience or selling situation. Interests become fragmented and potentially less useful, when the topic broadens to more types of assets, user roles, geographies or tasks. They are most valuable when the defining point of curation can be pinpointed.
Dynamic tag-driven widgets in the Webinfinity solution work in much the same way as interests. These widgets are useful to present information to the user with specific tags typically on an information page or as assets related to a specific item. "Explore Count" widgets present the user with a count so they can easily see how many assets are available - key uses being for suggested content in a guided selling scenario, the number of approved incentives, and many more. "Tag Explore" widgets are useful when the curator wants to automatically create a list of assets on a page, using the tag categories contained in an entire tag list. This is a quick way to auto-build an explore page for users to quickly see what's available for a specific product or solution area.
"Collections" and "Information Pages" are designed to easily and manually curate an experience, configuring content, applications and tools together to produce quality outcomes for specific job functions and tasks, and for specific geographic locations and languages. Collections are ordered by the curator to potentially guide the users through the assets on a specific topic. Search and filtering work inside the collection to enable the user to easily pinpoint what they need. Information Pages are designed to provide an even more structured approach to the presentation of the assets. They are an aggregation point for a curated experience, combining interests, collections and potentially the dynamic widgets described above.
Manual vs. dynamic curation - which is best?
Manual curation is better suited for specific product launches and announcements, specific time-stamped incentives and promotions, or specific guided experiences needing a manually configured structure. Manual curation would apply if the content does not have one specific tag common denominator. A product launch may include price lists, battle cards, guides, product specifications and more.
Dynamic curation is particularly powerful when the curator wishes the system to auto-track and add assets as they are posted - e.g. news, technical reports, promotions, deals, price lists, etc. Dynamic curation is used for grouping items to produce a pinpointed experience such as is the case with specific asset libraries, and possibly specific tasks depending on the breadth and variability of the assets. Dynamic curation could also be ideal for regional curators looking to group specific announcements or promotions for a specific country or region. This task can be onerous if done manually.
The final decision regarding dynamic vs. manual curation of content has to do with placement. A dynamic "interest" will list items chronologically with the newest item on top. A manual "collection" or "information page" allows the curator to order the content items based on what makes sense for the topic at hand. The key here is to understand what the target users need to find what they need to accomplish their task.
Topics: Enterprise, Personalized Experience, Content, Engagement
Elizabeth Chaney
Written by Elizabeth Chaney


text: The need of this system arose because as is the known fact that India has the largest railway network in the whole of the world and to Railway reservation system: 3. System testing - evaluates the system's actual functionality in relation to expected or intended functionality. The purpose of this source is to describe the railway reservation system which provides the train timing details, reservation, billing and cancellation on various types of reservation namely, Confirm Reservation for confirm Seat. In this we are discussing that how the reservation is done. Introduction: This system is basically concerned with the reservation of railway tickets to the passengers. This error has occured for one of the following reasons : 1. Reservation against Cancellation. PURPOSE: The purpose of this source is to describe the railway reservation system which provides the train timing details, reservation, billing and cancellation on various types of reservation namely, Confirm Reservation for confirm Seat. PNR Generation; TECHNOLOGY USED. Waiting list Reservation. Text from page-5. What are the steps for waterfall model for Railway reservation system. What are the rules and regulations and procedure for reservation? The central location of Zimbabwe in Southern African Region gives it the ultimate importance and Sorry!!! (3) Acronym for s oftware d evelopment l ife c ycle (SDLC) and also synonymous with software process as well as software engineering, it is a structured methodology used in the development of software products and packages. RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT This project is about creating the database about Railway Reservation System. Please Try again!! The railway reservation system facilitates the passengers to enquire about the trains available on the basis of source and destination, booking and cancellation of tickets, enquire about the status of the booked ticket, etc. INTRODUCTION: 1.1. Reservation against Cancellation. Online Reservation. This Government owned rail system operates in accordance with the regulations and policies of the public sector, and is spread over 2760 kilometers all across Zimbabwe. Waiting list Reservation. 1. You have tried opening the URL in new tab/window.... also known as a software development life cycle (SDLC), is a structure imposed on the development of a software product. 4. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. About National Railways of Zimbabwe The National Railways of Zimbabwe (NRZ) was established in 1980. This system is basically concerned with the reservation and cancellation of railway tickets to the passengers.


text:
Customer Service Center
Spirent KB Article
Doc ID: FAQ15028
Email Article Link
Spirent TestCenter: Why does the capture of RTCP and RTP frames only seen as UDP packets?
Wireshark needs some assistance to know how deep to decode a packet.
In this case RTCP and RTP is transmitted after a SIP call.
If Wireshark sees these SIP messages, it will look deeper into the UDP packets and decode accordingly.
If the SIP messages have already transpired prior to the capture taking place then wireshark doesn't know about any SIP protocol, and thus will only show RTCP and RTP packets as UDP packets.
Product : Spirent TestCenter,SIP,ALP


text:
There are many different people in the world; fat and thin, polite and impolite, cheerful and gloomy etc. So we will star to talk about tall people and advantages and disadvantages of being tall
Tall people could bump one's head against anything which is lower than they are. For example a bar in the bus or a chandelier if it too low. They couldn't wear whatever they want because they often couldn't find their size of clothes in shops. Fortunately there are some specialized shops with clothes for tall people. And if it rains they always have wet legs because their umbrella is too high. So that was disadvantages. And what about advantages?
Tall people can do some sports which are very difficult to do for short people. For example basketball, volleyball, high jump etc. They can reach that things that anyone else couldn't so they do not need to ask the shop assistant to put the goods from the highest shelves. And tall people seem to be strong so they are respectable.


text:
This beautiful lake is situated in West Denmark, close to Henne. Filsø offers amazing nature, a rich wildlife as well as exciting stories about the past of the lake.
With the re-establishment of Filsø Lake, West Jutland has regained one of its largest nature areas, after the lake was dry for generations and the seabed was cultivated. When the foundation Aage V. Jensen Naturfond acquired the land, the water was led back into the lake during 2012, resulting in a record-breaking number of birds resting in and around the lake during autumn. Geese, ducks, wading birds, sea eagles and ospreys are just some of the interesting birds, which you can see from the bird hides and observation points around the lake. The combination of meadows, wetlands and heath areas ensures great conditions for breeding birds and interesting plants. The grazing animals in the area prevent the landscape from overgrowing, which would mean that several animal and plant species could not maintain their existence.


text:
Dunsky is pleased to announce that it is conducting an assessment of transportation and building electrification impacts through 2045 for the City of Redding's Electric Utility (REU).
With our partner, Tierra Resource Consultants, we are conducting a robust analysis to help the California-based utility develop their strategy in preparation for the rapid electrification needed as part of the transition to a low-carbon economy.
Particularly, our analysis will help the utility meet its reliability and affordability objectives as California targets ambitious emissions reductions in the transportation and building sectors. Our research will provide key insights to inform system planning, risk mitigation and utility programming to maximize benefits to the local community. Dunsky will assess uptake under multiple scenarios, reflecting various possible market, policy, and technology trends to support REU system planning.
HEATTM has been used successfully to conduct building electrification modeling studies to assess the potential, costs, and load impacts of heat pump adoption for leading utilities in Massachusetts, New York (Long Island), and other clients across Canada. The model can run tens of thousands of measure combinations in a single jurisdiction and can adapt model inputs and modeling strategies and scenarios in order to meet a client's specific needs.
Similarly, EVATM has been leveraged for over 15 EV forecasting projects over the past three years for government, utility and private sector clients across North America. It has demonstrated its ability to accurately project adoption across the full range of vehicle types, and for all customer segments (residential, commercial, public fleets). Its adoption theory is based on real-world empirical EV uptake data and allows clients to accurately plan and optimize their EV strategies.
Dunsky understands the unique needs and challenges of municipally-owned utilities (as well as other small local utilities and co-ops), having supported dozens across North America. With hundreds of large and small clients across North America, our team works at the appropriate scale for smaller utilities, balancing the level of detail and cost, with the scale of the strategies' projected impacts. We have conducted EV, building electrification and peak demand assessments for municipal and small local utilities in Massachusetts (Cape Light Compact), Rhode Island (Pascoag Utility District, Block Island Power Company) and across Canada (EPCOR, New Westminster BC, North Vancouver BC, the City of Summerside, etc.).
Founded in 2004, Dunsky Energy + Climate Advisors supports leading governments, utilities, corporations and non-profits across North America in their efforts to accelerate the clean energy transition, effectively and responsibly.
Working across buildings, industry, energy and mobility, we support our clients through three key services: we quantify opportunities (technical, economic, market); design go-to-market strategies (plans, programs, policies); and evaluate performance (with a view to continuous improvement).


Introduction to Designing Repeat Patterns in Illustrator | Elizabeth Olwen | Skillshare
Introduction to Designing Repeat Patterns in Illustrator
Elizabeth Olwen, Surface Pattern Designer
Introduction to Designing Repeat Patterns in Illustrator
Elizabeth Olwen, Surface Pattern Designer
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11 Lessons (52m)
 - 1. Preview
 - 2. Introduction
 - 3. Collect Inspiration
 - 4. Draw and Digitize
 - 5. Design the Pattern Block: Center
 - 6. Design the Pattern Block: Edges
 - 7. Design the Pattern Block: Color
 - 8. Color the Pattern
 - 9. Prepare Final Files
 - 10. Final Touches
 - 11. Explore Design on Skillshare
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About This Class
Want to design a repeat pattern? Join thousands of successful Skillshare students who have learned how to create a seamless repeat pattern illustration with popular surface designer Elizabeth Olwen!
This 50-minute class is broken out into inviting, step-by-step lessons that clearly explain how to transform visual inspiration into a seamless repeat pattern design for use in countless projects. You'll learn how to:
 - Collect theme and motif inspiration
 - Hand-draw and digitize your imagery
 - Design your core pattern block
 - Transform your pattern block into a seamless repeat
 - Add final touches like color and effects
While a basic understanding of Adobe Illustrator is useful, the instructions are clear enough that many students have jumped straight in! Plus, the class includes a number of resources, links, and downloads to support you as you create your own pattern.
This a perfect introductory class for every designer, illustrator, and crafter looking to expand their skills into pattern design. Once you have your pattern, consider using it as digital desktop wallpaper, the base for an iPhone case or printed fabric, or even as inspiration for stationery. The possibilities are endless!
What You'll Learn
 - Introduction. Growing up in a home decked out in 1970s patterns, Elizabeth Olwen learned not to take for granted the surface design that most fail to notice day to day. In her digital art tutorial, you'll first learn what comprises a pattern "collection," starting with the "hero pattern" and then looking at some "secondary" and "blender" prints.
 - Collect inspiration. You'll see what Elizabeth looks to for inspiration. She'll teach you that you can use a variety of materials and media to create a collection of references, and she'll show you how to organize it.
 - Draw and digitize. You'll turn a hand drawing into a digital drawing in this part of the lesson. Following Elizabeth's lead, you'll pick out doodles to include in your pattern, draw them using the brush tool on your iPad, and then import those drawings into Adobe Illustrator.
 - Design the pattern block: center. Elizabeth will take you through some of her own patterns to show you principles like balance, flow, composition, scale, texture, and variety. You'll then apply those principles to your own pattern block in Illustrator, focusing on the center of the block and moving outward.
 - Design the pattern block: edges. There's just one rule when designing the edges of your pattern block. Whatever's on the top has to repeat on the bottom, and whatever's on the left side has to appear on the right. You'll learn how to make this happen in your pattern using Illustrator shortcuts.
 - Design the pattern block: color. When it come to pattern blocks, you don't want to be able to see where one block ends and the other begins once you've put multiple blocks together. In this lesson, you'll learn how to avoid seeing the block in your finished pattern using some expert-level tricks.
 - Color the pattern. While Elizabeth has a signature color palette she tends to use, you might want to explore a variety of colors for your 2D design. You'll learn some techniques for finding color groupings that work together and what it means to pair colors that "vibrate." You'll also learn how to select all of the elements that share the same color in your Illustrator layout.
 - Prepare the final files. You'll learn to prepare your files in such a way that makes them easily usable for yourself and clients. You'll find out how to create merged layers to flatten your work and turn it from strokes into shapes. Using masks, you'll turn your pattern block into an original layer, a merged layer, and a repeat layer, as having all three makes your design easier for potential clients to work with. Next, you'll have to decide where your pattern will go. This may involve creating mockups of your print on certain items, which Elizabeth will suggest you can make using stock images.
 - Final touches. It's almost time to get your drawing online! First, you'll learn to supplement the pattern you've made with a whole collection of corresponding prints, focusing on "blended" prints that serve as glue for separate patterns in your collection.
Want more help with Adobe Illustrator? Check out Brad Woodard's Learn the Ins and Outs of Illustrator!
Want to develop your pattern even further? Check out more classes by Elizabeth Olwen!
Meet Your Teacher
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Elizabeth Olwen
Surface Pattern Designer
Elizabeth Olwen is a Canadian print and pattern designer living in Portugal. She prides herself on creating highly considered patterns and illustrations that are lovingly assembled, piece by piece, into something special. Inspired by the world around her—from the beautiful forests of Ontario, to the pastel colours and tiles of Lisbon, to her cherished and plentiful travels abroad, and her own journey of self exploration toward wholeheartedness—Elizabeth's work is driven by the desire to leave something beautiful behind with every step she takes. You can find her work around the globe, on products from decor to paper to fabric to bedding for clients like Cloud9 Fabrics, Crate + Kids, Tokyu Hands Japan, Mixbook and many more. Follow along with her on Instagram.
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1. Preview: Hi I'm Elizabeth Olwen. I'm from Toronto Canada and I'm a surface pattern designer which basically means I create patterns for a living. I grew up in an apartment that was filled with patterns from the 1970s so everything was just like big bold print, and I had a real imprint on me growing up. So, I'm just super passionate about patterns I have been since as long as I can remember. In my Skillshare class, I'm going to teach you my design process from start to finish so we're going to start out with gathering inspiration, developing a mood board, drying and ultimately designing a repeat pattern in Illustrator. At the end of the class, you're going to end up with a pattern that you can use for any kind of product whether it's for yourself or professionally. You can send it out and get some tech cases printed or fabric or wallpaper and just see how that pattern can come to life in different formats. I'm really passionate about patterns, and I think they're kind of what make our world a more beautiful place. 2. Introduction: I'm from Toronto Canada and I'm a surface pattern designer, which basically means that I create pretty patterns for a living. So, I'm really passionate about patterns, so I'm really excited to have you here, so I can show you all how I do it. So, a bit about me before we move into the course content. I grew up in an apartment that was decorated in the '70s. So, there was all sorts of wild graphic prints around, it's like I have vivid memories of the orange floral drapes in my mom's kitchen, which matched our orange formica table, and all we had crazy tiles everywhere and it was just like a pattern filled world. At the time though, like in growing up I didn't even know you could do patterns for a living. I didn't know what a surface pattern design was. So, I went to school for Graphic Design, and then I worked in advertising and in design studios for over 10 years, and it was great, but it just felt like something was really missing. One thing I noticed is that I always loved integrating pattern into my graphic design work. So, I ended up taking a creative sabbatical and went to Berlin for three months, and the whole idea was that I would just get up every day and work on something creative, and figure out like is there something else that I might want to do with my life? So, I would get up every day in very little time, it just kind of I found myself getting up and working on patterns all the time. So, after three months, I came home with a big huge portfolio of


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Address problematic burndowns and scope creep
This activity is helpful when a team is constantly dealing with additional requests and scope creep. Use the burndown chart of problematic sprints to draw snowy mountains with the same outline. Add a few trees here and there. Print drawings of kids in various sledging situations such as kid sledging down fast, kid sledging and being scared, kid with a sledge looking bored, etc. (You can use Google image search with 'kid sledging drawing').
In teams of 2 or 3, ask the team members to identify which kid's reaction goes with which part of the mountain.
Example: If the mountain is flat, the kid might be bored. If you're facing a wall, the kid might be scared.
You can then discuss the team's reaction facing their own burndowns.


Builder's Old Measurement
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Burthen)
Jump to: navigation, search
See also: tonnage
Builder's Old Measurement (BOM or bm) is the method used in England from approximately 1650 to 1849 for calculating the cargo capacity of a ship. It is a volumetric measurement of cubic capacity. It estimated the tonnage of a ship based on length and maximum beam. It is expressed in "tons burden" (Early Modern English: burthen, Middle English: byrthen ), and abbreviated "tons bm".
The formula is:
{{Tonnage}} = \frac {({Length}- ({{Beam}\times\frac{3} {5}})) \times {Beam} \times \frac {Beam}{2}} {94}
The Builder's Old Measurement formula remained in effect until the advent of steam propulsion. Steamships required a different method of estimating tonnage, because the ratio of length to beam was larger and a significant volume of internal space was used for boilers and machinery. In 1849, the Moorsom System was created in Great Britain. The Moorsom system calculates the cargo-carrying capacity in cubic feet, another method of volumetric measurement. The capacity in cubic feet is then divided by 100 cubic feet of capacity per gross ton, resulting in a tonnage expressed in tons.
History and derivation[edit]
King Edward I levied the first tax on the hire of ships in England in 1303 based on tons burthen. Later, King Edward III levied a tax of 3 shillings on each "tun" of imported wine, equal to £106.03 today (using the last year of Edward III's reign, 1377, as the base year). At that time a "tun" was a wine container of 252 gallons weighing about 2,240 lb (1,020 kg), a weight known today as a long ton or imperial ton. In order to estimate the capacity of a ship in terms of 'tun' for tax purposes, an early formula used in England was:
{{Tonnage}} = \frac {{Length}\times {Beam} \times {Depth}} {100}
 - Length is the length (undefined), in feet
 - Beam is the beam, in feet.
 - Depth is the depth of the hold, in feet below the main deck.
The numerator yields the ship's volume expressed in cubic feet.
If a "tun" is deemed to be equivalent to 100 cubic feet, then the tonnage is simply the number of such 100 cubic feet 'tun' units of volume.
 - 100 the divisor is unitless, so tonnage would be expressed in 'ft³ of tun'.[1]
In 1678 Thames shipbuilders used a method assuming that a ship's burden would be 3/5 of its displacement. Since tonnage is calculated by multiplying length × beam × draft × block coefficient, all divided by 35 ft³ per ton of seawater, the resulting formula would be:
{{Tonnage}} = \frac {{Length}\times\ {Beam} \times \frac {Beam}{2} \times \frac {3}{5}\times {0.62}} {35}
 - Draft is estimated to be half of the beam.
 - Block coefficient is based on an assumed average of 0.62.
 - 35 ft³ is the volume of one ton of sea water.[2]
Or by solving :
In 1694 a new British law required that tonnage for tax purposes be calculated according to a similar formula:
{{Tonnage}} = \frac {{Length}\times\ {Beam} \times {Depth}} {94}
This formula remained in effect until the Builder's Old Measurement rule was put into use in 1720, and then mandated by Act of Parliament in 1773.
 - Depth to deck
The height from the underside of the hull, excluding the keel itself, at the ship's midpoint, to the top of the uppermost full length deck.[3]
 - Depth in hold
 - Main deck
Main deck, that is used in context of depth measurement, is usually defined as the uppermost full length deck. For the 16th century ship Mary Rose, main deck is the second uppermost full length deck.[4] In a calculation of the tonnage of Mary Rose the draft was used instead of the depth.[5]
American tons burthen[edit]
The British took the length measurement from the outside of the stem to the outside of the sternpost; the Americans measured from inside the posts. The British measured breadth from outside the planks, whereas the American measured the breadth from inside the planks. Lastly, the British divided by 94, whereas the Americans divided by 95.
The upshot was that American calculations gave a lower number than the British. For instance, when the British measured the captured USS President, their calculations gave her a burthen of _PHONE_ tons, whereas the American calculations gave the burthen as 1444 tons.[6] The British measure appears to be about 6% greater than the American.
The US system was in use from 1789 until 1864, when a modified version of the Moorsom System was adopted.[7]
See also[edit]
Thames Measurement
 1. ^ a b Kemp, ed., P. (1976). The Oxford Companion to Ships & the Sea. Oxford University Press. p. 876. ISBN 0-19-211553-7.
 2. ^ Pearn, Rodney Stone. "Tonnage Measurement of Ships". Articles. Steamship Mutual. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
 3. ^ a b Schäuffelen, Otmar (2005). Chapman great sailing ships of the world. Hearst Books. p. xx. ISBN 978-1-58816-384-4.
 4. ^ "Construction and Dimensions". The Mary Rose Trust. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
 5. ^ Fielding, Andrew. "The Mary Rose - a Model". Not published. Retrieved 2009-07-17.
 6. ^ Henderson, James, CBE (1994) The Frigates: An account of the lighter warships of the Napoleonic Wars, _PHONE_. (London:Leo Cooper), p.167. ISBN 0-85052-432-6
 7. ^ Essex, Phil; Mork, Craig S.; Pomeroy, Craig A. "An Owner's Guide to Tonnage Admeasurement _PHONE_" (pdf). Jensen Maritime Consultants, Inc. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
External links[edit]


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Click on image for full screen view.
| Southern Red Cedar, Sand Cedar, Coast Juniper|
Southern red cedar grows near water or in areas with a very shallow water table. It is found in southeastern Texas in moist, sandy soils. It has slender, pendulous branches and most often a single trunk. Southern red cedar is closely related to eastern red cedar, but it can sometimes have a more open habit, and the bright blue cones of southern red cedar are much smaller.
Plant Habit or Use: medium tree
Exposure: sun partial sun
Flower Color: small cone
Blooming Period: spring
Fruit Characteristics: blue cones
Height: to 30 ft.
Width: to 15 ft.
Plant Character: evergreen
Heat Tolerance: high
Water Requirements: high medium
Soil Requirements: adaptable


NON SMOKING CONFIRMED AT 52 WEEKS
An indicator of whether non-smoking status has been confirmed, was attempted but not confirmed, or confirmation was not attempted, by carbon monoxide (CO) validation at 52 weeks follow-up after the QUIT DATE.
A machine called a carbon monoxide monitor or Smokelyser is used to detect the amount of carbon monoxide in the breath and therefore to detect whether someone is still smoking. For the purposes of CO validation, any CO reading of less than 10 ppm should be taken as an indication that the client is not smoking at the time.
Classification:
a. Non-smoking status confirmed by CO validation
b. Not confirmed - CO validation attempted
c. Not confirmed - CO validation not attempted

This attribute is also known by these names:
Context Alias
plural NON SMOKING CONFIRMED AT 52 WEEKS


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Netflix published a post on their technology blog entitled, "HTML5 Video at Netflix." In this post, it was revealed the Netflix is planning to switch from Microsoft Silverlight to HTML5 to deliver Netflix movies. For years, Netflix has used Silverlight and for years users of Linux and other operating systems were unable to use Netflix because of their Silverlight use. In the blog post, Netflix stated that they were planning to switch because Microsoft plans to end support for Silverlight 5 in the year 2021.
What is Microsoft Silverlight?
Silverlight is Microsoft's response to Flash. While it is designed to offer a number of programmatic features, Silverlight is most often used for delivering video. Yahoo!, CBS and other major companies have turned to Silverlight in the past. But, many are now moving away and turning to other technologies. Silverlight is proprietary in nature, and it is not supported by all operating systems and browsers. Linux users, for example, have been complaining about lacking native access to Netflix for years. Many experts blame Silverlight for limited Netflix compatibility on less common platforms.
What is HTML5?
HTML is the markup language used to design websites, and it has evolved considerably over the years. HTML5 is simply the latest iteration of this progression. One of the biggest changes to HTML5, however, is the inclusion of support for video. Instead of having to rely on Flash, Silverlight, or other technologies, HTML5 will provide standardized options that are open and that will be implemented in a similar fashion across all operating systems and browsers. Although it has taken years to determine how HTML5 will deliver video, consensus has been reached, and many browsers now offer support for HTML5 video.
What are the Benefits of the Switch to HTML5?
In the short term, the benefits of switching to HTML5 will be minimal. Most browsers support Silverlight, so Netflix will not be able to access many more users by making the switch. In the long term, however, the benefits will begin to become clear. HTML5 will be the industry standard for video delivery, so all browsers will support it. Silverlight, on the other hand, is a proprietary technology that will only exist as long as Microsoft supports it. In recent years, Microsoft has shown a reluctance to pledge long-term support for Silverlight. The stability will make HTML5 the default choice for those wishing to stream video to the masses. In addition, HTML5 will offer video encryption. If this encryption was not included, Netflix would not be able to make the switch without risking contracts with various copyright-holders.
What are the Drawbacks of the Switch?
Switching to HTML5 will undoubtedly cost Netflix a considerable amount of money. Millions of people use Netflix, and the amount of bandwidth used by the video giant can be hard to comprehend. As a result, the switch will have to be done as carefully as possible as small mistakes can lead to large expenses for Netflix and its users. In addition, there will likely be bugs along the way, and Netflix will have to set aside a considerable amount of money to provide support for its users. Despite these drawbacks, however, most experts believe that this switch is necessary and will ultimately lead to better compatibility and easier support. For most Netflix users, the switch should be transparent, and those who simply want their video to arrive like normal should not worry about the transition.
Netflix will remain an industry giant for the foreseeable future, but industry experts have long criticized the company for choosing Silverlight to deliver video. Thanks to the advanced capabilities of HTML5, however, the company can now rely on industry standards instead of proprietary technology. In addition, Netflix will be able to support the growing diversity of operating systems and web browsers that have been coming to the market in recent years.


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I understand that in Israel the secular New Year is referred to as "Yom Sylvester." Where does this name come from?
The Aish Rabbi Replies:
In 46 BCE the Roman emperor Julius Caesar made adjustments to the Roman calendar, including beginning the new year on January 1 rather than in March. (He egocentrically decreed that the calendar should henceforth be called the "Julian" calendar.)
In practical terms, all cultures celebrate the new year according to their particular calendar and the Romans were no different. When the Roman Empire became the Holy Roman Empire under Constantine, at his mother Helena's behest, the Christian world carried on the custom of celebrating the Roman new year.
In many European countries this day was named after Saint Sylvester. There have been three popes named Sylvester (who later became Saints), but the one after whom the day is named is Sylvester I (314-335). Christianity grew under his rule and it is believed that he died on December 31. In addition, during his rule it was believed that he had been swallowed by the Leviathan sea monster and that the monster would return in the year 1000 to destroy and kill. When it did not, people were relieved and they celebrated.
As you see, there is nothing remotely Jewish about "Sylvester Day." So why is it celebrated in Israel?
Israeli society flows according to the Jewish calendar. Schools and businesses are closed on Shabbat, and the whole country shuts down on Jewish holidays like Yom Kippur. For that reason the secular/Christian new year has little significance. Yet when some ultra-secularists discovered that most of the world holds a "New Years party," they didn't want to feel left out.
Yet they couldn't call it "New Years" because that title was already taken by Rosh Hashana. So the name Sylvester was adopted in its stead.


text:
© 2018, Canadian Science Publishing. All rights reserved. This perspective document summarizes discussions held at the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Annual Meeting in Winnipeg on October 27, 2017, when an expert panel was assembled to discuss the key questions and challenges for future research in cardiovascular exercise physiology. We were inspired by the example of the late Dr. Mike Sharratt, an accomplished and impactful Professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Waterloo. Dr. Sharratt had a unique ability to bring experts together and translate theory into action, with a central goal of optimizing the health benefits of exercise, particularly in the fields of cardiac rehabilitation and aging (University of Waterloo Applied Health Science Department 2016; University of Waterloo Health Science Newsletter, 10-1-2017 (_URL_
Available at: _URL_


text:
Road barriers, is are very common word often listen and used for road constructions, prohibited areas, and excavation sites. These are the stop or slow down sign for the people moving on roads as pedestrians and drivers. A similar type of barrier accommodation that is designed and developed solely for elevating the protection level of pedestrians from slow moving vehicles are the water filled barriers. These are portable, strong, sturdy, heavy, and filled with water and sand composition tools that block a particular area of the road which is at high risk of danger. These barriers ensure safety to road vehicles from the road obstacles and incidents like vehicle rollover, collisions, and accidents. On the other hand, acrow prop is a sort of steel tubing device that is used to lend support to heighted walls bearing overhead loads. Acrow prop for sale Melbourne is widely employed by construction contractors during infrastructure development and in industries where multiple mechanical tools are involved in the technical processing. These are used for floors, ceilings, walls, as temporary beams, and false work applications.
Water filled barriers
A physical road obstacle that is specially installed for safety purpose is the water filled barriers. Conventionally, concrete barriers were more common. However, better durability and quality shock absorption range make water barriers a successful alternative. These are portable and are removable when the construction work is over or the prohibition of entry has to be lifted from a place.
Water filled barriers are light in weight, are flexible, affordable, and practically usable for a long period of time. Presence of these barriers recommends a decrease of 70kph vehicle to 50kph, in order to reduce worker injury or vehicle collision. These devices are commonly used in instances like
- When a section of road is enclosed
- Temporary blockage or edging to create active traffic lanes
- Setting awareness of the ongoing road work
Acrow prop for sale Melbourne
Acrow prop is steel tubing that has a preliminary accommodation in the construction field and industrial processes as a tool to bear overhead loads of walls, ceiling, floors, roofs, beams, trenches, etc. Acrow prop are used in a large number, especially if multiple storey building is under work, therefore, these can be rented or purchased according to convenience and budget. Acrow prop for sale Melbourne is quite an affordable choice as it will cut-down the overall cost that will be invested in its purchase.
Acrow prop for sale Melbourne can range in from 4.40 euro to 20.0 euro, depending upon the variety of steel used in its manufacture. Some of these vertical props can extend their length from 1.75m to 3.5m of height which is quite useful in maintaining a support to the load. For more info, please log on to _URL_
Water filled barriers are the quality road obstacles that are portable, affordable, and strong enough to maintain a protective environment for pedestrian and traffic on busy roads. Acrow prop for sale Melbourne are vertical support to overhead loads on ceilings, floors, roofs, etc.


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Madonna of the Trail Statues - Missouri
In the late 1920's, the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (NSDAR) commissioned the design, casting and placement of twelve memorials commemorating the spirit of the woman pioneer. These memorials were placed along the route of the National Old Trails highway and extended from Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles, California.
The idea for the Madonna of the Trail Monuments began in 1909 when some Missouri women wanted to mark the Santa Fe Trail. Later, the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution (NSDAR) joined their effort. The groups began working side by side with the National Old Trails Road Association which was headed by then Judge Harry S Truman, of Independence, Missouri. That highway closely approximated the paths of Braddock's and Washington's Road, the National Road, Boone's Lick Road, the Santa Fe Trail, and the Old Trail. The road ran from Washington, D.C. to Los Angeles. When a plan to place 3,095 mile markers failed, the group elected to place monuments in each of the state through which the highway ran.
The monument itself was conceived by Arlene B. Nichols Moss, of St. Louis, Missouri. Moss was inspired by a statue of Sacajawea that stood in Portland, Oregon. On September 7, 1927, the group selected a statue of a pioneer woman clutching two small children and a rifle.
The statue was sculpted by August Leimbach and cast in an amalgam of crushed granite, stone, marble, cement and lead ore. The statue stands ten foot tall and weighs over five tons.
The statue sits on pedestal that measures five foot by five foot by six foot high and weighs twelve tons. On the pedestal are inscriptions dedicated to national and regional history. The front face of each pedestal reads:
N.S.D.A.R. MEMORIAL TO THE PIONEER MOTHERS OF THE COVERED WAGON DAYS.
The back face of each pedestal reads:
THE NATIONAL OLD TRAILS ROAD
The pedestal sits on a foundation that sits three feet underground and two feet above.
Five of these monuments are found along the shoulder of Route 40.
Here links to the Madonna of the Trail statues found along the National Old Trail Highway.
For more information:
Feedback: Do you have corrections or contributions for this page? Want to make a suggestion? Click here to send me an e-mail. I am espcially interested in memories, stories, postcards and photographs. Thanks!
Last updated: 2010-10-22 12:39:38
Route 40 News:


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Diana is an Associate Director at the Atlanta, GA Protiviti office. Diana joined Protiviti in April 2018 and will assist with several projects focusing on Regulatory Compliance, General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), Information Security, and Privacy for numerous clients. Diana has extensive experience in Cyber Law and US/EU Data Privacy laws.
- Assisted multiple organizations with the implementation and certification of Information Security, Quality and Risk Management programs.
- Established General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) compliance programs across global organizations that included Third-Party testing of Security Controls to assure the secure processing and Privacy of sensitive information.
- Established programs to ensure the protection of millions of records of personal data while complying with the applicable legal framework on data protection.
- Managed multiple data-driven GRC Operational Excellence strategies to improve, optimize and simplify Information Security and Privacy business processes and designs.
- Established the GRC/eGRC vision for various organizations, eliminated bottlenecks, leveraged improvement opportunities and streamlined overly complex risk assessment processes.
- Streamlined day to day operations of Cybersecurity and Information Security in the areas of Privacy, Risk and Vulnerability Management, Information Access Management, Audit and Compliance and Information Security Awareness & Training.
- Led the development of reasonably appropriate Information Security, IT and Privacy policies and procedures for global companies.
- Assisted various organizations in multiple industries adopt IT Governance, Quality, Cyber Security and Privacy Frameworks from COBIT to NIST to ISO.
- Established anti-phishing/anti-ransomware programs reducing the number of occurrences from dozens per month to single digits.
- Directed feasibility studies with full Secure Systems Development Lifecycle (SSDLC) initiatives including data privacy, system security, threat analysis, and systems architecture.
Areas of Expertise
- IT Regulatory Compliance
- Cyber-Risk Management
- Cyber Security & Privacy
- Information Technology
- Federal/Local Government
- M.S. in Information Technology, Information Assurance & Security
Professional Memberships and Certifications
- Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA)
- FBI InfraGard Member
- Certifications: ITIL, CSSGB, C|EH, E|CSA, C|NDA, L|PT


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TLDR: Your bicycle rims are primarily responsible for triggering loop sensors. Learn where you should place your bike. If the loop sensor still doesn't work you should contact your city.
Today I learned how inductive loop sensors at traffic lights work.
The motivation was a traffic light on my route to work that never detects me. Until now I have been carefully positioning my bike into the middle of the loop. I had been assuming that it was based upon the movement of a small piece of steel somewhere on my aluminum bike inducing current in the loop. This concept fits with the fact that cars (large with lots of steel) reliably trigger loop sensors while bikes (small and usually not much steel) often do not. The solution then would be to stick a magnet on your bike. Problem solved right?
This is not how inductive loop sensors work, thanks to this fantastic writeup. They are resonant systems. The loop forms an inductor in an LC circuit that is driven on resonance (at 20-30 kHz usually). Any change in the inductance shifts the resonant frequency. What's great about this is that your car/bike is part of an oscillator. A car triggers the loop by being large and conductive, not large and magnetic. Your vehicle behaves like a shortened turn in the roadway inductor, increasing the resonant frequency of the oscillator.
Similarly, a bicycle triggers the loop sensor by decreasing the inductance seen by the circuit. The best way to do this is by bringing a large ring of metal to the region with the largest magnetic field. Your tire rims, unless you spent a small fortune on carbon fiber ones, provide the loops. But where should you position your bike? It depends on the way the loop is configured. If it's a simple square then you should position it directly over one of the long edges, not in the middle of the loop. If you can see two side-by-side squares in the pavement then you should position yourself over the center line where there are two wires carrying current in the same direction. If there are diagonal cuts in the pavement, just make sure that one of your wheels is over one of the diagonal lines. If the first link is too daunting, read this link (or either of these) for short and sweet diagrams.
It is impressive how many people think that run of the mill permanent magnets can trigger inductive loop sensors (myself included this morning). Loop sensors are normally designed to detect an increase in resonant frequency (i.e. inductance decrease). However, some fraction of loop sensors are configured to also respond to an increase in inductance and you can buy magnets on the internet that purportedly trigger loop sensors. So could you just strap a chunk of iron onto your bike frame? Probably not. If you look at the patent application filed by the Green Light Trigger company you'll see that the magnet needs to be ceramic, i.e. high electrical resistivity. As the excitation frequency increases the apparent inductance of a magnet decreases due to eddy currents which short it out. By increasing the resistivity of the magnet you increase the corner frequency up to which it looks like an inductor to the circuit. Some people on the internet claim that magnets don't work because only inductance decreases are registered. Others, who are trying to sell you stuff, claim that inductance increases are also detected and their magnets work. Either way, someone on the internet is wrong.
The frequency change required to trigger the loop sensor depends on a threshold that is programmed into the system. There is a tradeoff in setting the threshold - too low and cars in adjacent lanes might trigger a left turn light. Too high and bicycles and motorcycles will not be detected. This means that if the loop sensor is relatively small (< 10 feet long) then it's just a matter of adjusting the sensitivity. If you have positioned your bike properly and it still doesn't trigger then you should let your city know so that they can reprogram it. I haven't had a chance to ride through my problem intersection yet, but hopefully the power of physics will help me next time and if not, the magic of complaint forms on the internet will.


Interface IWorkingCopyManager
public interface IWorkingCopyManager
Interface for accessing working copies of ICompilationUnit objects. The original compilation unit is only given indirectly by means of an IEditorInput. The life cycle is as follows:
 - connect creates and remembers a working copy of the compilation unit which is encoded in the given editor input
 - getWorkingCopy returns the working copy remembered on connect
 - disconnect destroys the working copy remembered on connect
In order to provide backward compatibility for clients of IWorkingCopyManager, extension interfaces are used to provide a means of evolution. The following extension interfaces exist:
This interface is not intended to be implemented by clients.
See Also:
Restriction:
This interface is not intended to be implemented by clients.
Restriction:
This interface is not intended to be extended by clients.
 - Method Summary
 Modifier and Type
 Method
 Description
 void
 connect(org.eclipse.ui.IEditorInput input)
 Connects the given editor input to this manager.
 void
 disconnect(org.eclipse.ui.IEditorInput input)
 Disconnects the given editor input from this manager.
 getWorkingCopy(org.eclipse.ui.IEditorInput input)
 Returns the working copy remembered for the compilation unit encoded in the given editor input.
 void
 Shuts down this working copy manager.
 - Method Details
 - connect
 void connect(org.eclipse.ui.IEditorInput input) throws org.eclipse.core.runtime.CoreException
 Connects the given editor input to this manager. After calling this method, a working copy will be available for the compilation unit encoded in the given editor input (does nothing if there is no encoded compilation unit).
 Parameters:
 input - the editor input
 Throws:
 org.eclipse.core.runtime.CoreException - if the working copy cannot be created for the compilation unit
 - disconnect
 void disconnect(org.eclipse.ui.IEditorInput input)
 Disconnects the given editor input from this manager. After calling this method, a working copy for the compilation unit encoded in the given editor input will no longer be available. Does nothing if there is no encoded compilation unit, or if there is no remembered working copy for the compilation unit.
 Parameters:
 input - the editor input
 - getWorkingCopy
 ICompilationUnit getWorkingCopy(org.eclipse.ui.IEditorInput input)
 Returns the working copy remembered for the compilation unit encoded in the given editor input.
 Parameters:
 input - the editor input
 Returns:
 the working copy of the compilation unit, or null if the input does not encode an editor input, or if there is no remembered working copy for this compilation unit
 - shutdown
 void shutdown()
 Shuts down this working copy manager. All working copies still remembered by this manager are destroyed.


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FOR IMMEADIATE RELEASE
January 19, 2023
Contact: Gregory Kwolek
Public Works Director
Successful Water Injection Test Paves Way for Morro Bay Recycled Water
MORRO BAY, California – The City of Morro Bay recently completed a critical test for the recycled water component of its Water Reclamation Facility Program. With the recently completed construction of Injection Well No. 1, the City was able to perform an extended Injection Test. The results of the Injection Test, which included injection of potable water into the Morro Groundwater Basin via Injection Well No. 1 and monitoring of nearby groundwater conditions, will inform the design of the Indirect Potable Reuse (IPR) Recycled Water injection system. The test successfully demonstrated the ability to inject water into the basin to protect against seawater intrusion, augment groundwater supplies in storage, and improve groundwater quality. Next steps for IPR project will include the design, permitting and construction of the remaining injection wells and advanced purified recycled water pipelines. The advanced treatment facilities to produce the high-quality recycled water for injection into the groundwater basin are being completed and undergoing testing at the Water Resources Center.
The injection test was initiated on December 6, 2022, with a controlled flow rate of 95 gallons per minute (gpm) being conveyed into the well. The testing was conducted until January 4, 2023. During the test, water levels in both the injection well and the nearby monitoring well were recorded on an hourly basis. Water quality data were also tracked to (a) document the quality of the injected water and (b) determine the migration rate of the injected water from the injection well to the nearby monitoring well. Water quality data collected from the monitoring well on December 20, 2022, confirmed the arrival of the injection water at that location, which allows the calculation of the migration rate thru the aquifer sediments. These data will be useful in both future project planning and for permit acquisition through the Regional Water Quality Control Board. Finally, a series of water quality samples are being collected following cessation of the test to evaluate if geochemical changes occurred within the aquifer following the introduction of the potable water source (State Water Project water).
The IPR component of the WRF Program provides the City with a new water supply that will be available regardless of future hydrologic conditions, including climate change, and enables the City to improve the resiliency of its water supply portfolio to mitigate against future droughts and State Water Project infrastructure failures. Having this local, resilient supply will provide water security for the City, reduce its reliance on Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta imports, and improve local groundwater quality.


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Designed specifically for ice rinks, The Energy Eye infrared sensor has the capability of filtering out heat from skaters and ice resurfacing equipment. By being able to only measure the actural ice surface temperature it provides valuable information for rink operators. This ice temperature information can be used to reset existing brine controls or to control the refrigeration equipment directly, keeping the ice to within +/-1 oF of the desired temperture for that ice activity. for example, 22.0 oF for hockey or 23.5 oF for curling.
Fluctuating heat loads affect the ice surface first, befroe they are detected by brine or slab sensors. This often results in wavering ice temperatures and inconsistent ice quality. Energy Eye infrared sensors detect
these heat loads immediately as they occur, allowing the operators and controls to respond faster to changing heat loads. This stabilizes ice temperature and imporoves ice quality.
Call or Email us today for a quote.


America's Cup 2021: Interactive explainer: Inside Team NZ's speed machine – how it all works
The boats being raced in this year's America's Cup are pushing the boundaries of both science and design.
The 75-foot foiling monohulls are unlike anything seen before in our waters and have been attracting huge interest and fanfare as they fly across the Waitematā Harbour daily.
But how exactly do these boats fly? What differences are there between Team NZ and Luna Rossa? And what are the responsibilities of each crew member?
Cheree Kinnear and AUT's Sailing Professor Mark Orams break down every inch of Team NZ and Luna Rossa's 75-foot, 7.5 tonne America's Cup boats.
The twin cantilevering foil arms, which extend out the side of the boat, provide lift and stability and are controlled by battery-powered hydraulics.
When the boats are foiling, the force of the wind on the sail is essentially trying to push the boat over on its side, so the foil in the water on the opposite side of the wind helps keeps it stable.
The other foil, if kept in the water would drag, therefore, is lifted. But because it's heavy it also helps with stability. The only time both foils are kept in the water is during a manoeuvre.
"The foils basically support the boat," Orams says. "They're around the size of an ironing board so you've got this massive yacht and all the force is supported by this very narrow foil."
The foil arms also have adjustable flaps attached to the bottom of each wing, and the flight controller's job is to control the flap's angle when foiling.
"If you think of an airplane's wings, the flaps go down to give you lift to take off and then as you take off, you'll see the pilot retract the flap as you've got enough speed that you've got to reduce the drag. It's the same principle with the main foils," says Orams.
Team New Zealand have fairly straight foils while Luna Rossa's resemble more of an inverted 'Y' shape and slant downwards to the tips.
"In aerodynamic terms that gives you more stability," Orams said. "So somehow Team NZ have figured out how to stay stable but have a really low drag set up on their foils. That tells me they must have a very sophisticated way of controlling their flaps."
Controlled by the helmsman, the rudder acts like the tail wing on a plane and is essentially a steering device.
The 'elevators' at the bottom of the rudder control the pitch of the yacht and enable stable flight -basically how much the boat flies nose up or nose down when foiling.
The rudder must work in unison with the foil arms, as Orams explains.
"If you've got them both going the same way, so both angles up, they'll both go to the sky and the boat will breach and fall to the surface. In contrast, if they're both down it'll nose dive so they have to work together."
Just like the foil arms, the larger the rudder, the more control the boat has, but once flying, the more drag it can create. The challenge is in striking the right balance.
While both teams have similar rudders, Team NZ's is the smallest.
The hull is the main body of the boat.
The unique difficulty with designing the hull of these foiling AC75's is, because it spends time both in and above the water, it needs to be built hydro-dynamically and aero-dynamically.
To achieve this balancing act, the hull needs to have enough buoyancy to take off yet be thin enough that when flying, has minimal drag.
Team NZ and Luna Rossa have relatively similar shaped hulls, in that they're arrow-shaped in design but Team NZ is much wider at the back.
"What they're trying to achieve is buoyancy in the hull by making it wide but as they present the hull to the wind direction, that it has as little profile as possible," Orams says.
"A little bit like a fighter jet.
"Luna Rossa's shape is less radical with no hard corners or bumps whereas Team NZ have a bit more of a narrow bow and boxy stern."
The other important aspect of the hull design is the shape of the keel. When the boat is at full flight, wind travelling underneath from one side of the hull to the other can create turbulence.
Extended keels, as seen on both boats, force the wind to go front to back and tunnel either side of the hull.
"It's a lot less drag and allows the boat to go faster," Orams says. "So both teams have these keels that drop from the middle of the boat that closes the gap between the water surface and the hull."
Mast & sails
Each boat must have an identical mast, but how it's installed, how much it leans and where it's positioned is up to the teams.
The sails are constructed out of carbon fibre. Team NZ and Luna Rossa both use North Sails, which are built in a mould.
The jib – being the triangular sail at the front of the boat – is single sided so when the boat goes from one tack to the other, the sail inverts in its shape onto the other side.
The mainsail, however, has two skins, and so creates a "soft wing".
"This is the engine of the yacht so how teams adjust it is huge," says Orams. "Mainsails are adjusted using hydraulics, powered by the grinders, how much power the grinders can produce determines how much adjustment the mainsail trimmer can make. And they have to be adjusted a lot for manoeuvres, puffs and lulls and they're always trying to manage the compromise between power and drag."
When it comes to race day, each team selects which sails to use based on recommendations from their meteorologist. The mainsails are selected fairly early but they leave their jib choice until much closer to the start time.
"You'll have your plan A, plan B and plan C before you even leave the dock," Orams said.
At the top of mast and front of the bowsprit, there are instruments that measure the wind strength and angle.
This provides the afterguard (helmsman and tactician) with valuable information when racing.
It also provides critical information about angle of attack, foil arm cant, pitch of the elevator and the rudder.
"They'll look at some key things such as the target of their boat speed, turn rate in manoeuvres, the speed going into a turn, through the turn and coming out and how they accelerate to get up to speed," said Orams.
"It determines where the mainsail is, the foils are adjusted to and the angle the helmsman is steering the yacht."
In basic terms, grinders use hand winches to create hydraulic power for the trimmers to adjust the sails.
To create hydraulic power, pressure needs to be created to pump hydraulic oil through pipes so the grinders ensure pressure is kept in the accumulator tanks.
"Think about it like a hot water cylinder. When filled up, you've got plenty of hot water and pressure but when you have two showers going, the pressure drops and so goes the temperature, the grinders are basically keeping the pressure up in those tanks," Orams explains.
"Without pressure, a person will essentially push a button and nothing will happen."
Both Team NZ and Luna Rossa have eight grinders, four on each side of the boat.
Flight controller
The flight controller is in charge of the foils and plays an essential part in ensuring the boat pulls off manoeuvres while foiling.
With the more traditional approach, Team NZ have thrust the role onto Blair Tuke.
Luna Rossa, on the other hand, has opted for the configuration with two helmsmen in Jimmy Spithill and Francesco Bruni, meaning both alternate in the role of flight controllers as they manage the foil control system.
Mainsail trimmer
The mainsail trimmer controls the 'engine'.
They're key to spotting changes in wind and can change the top and bottom sections of the mainsail.
But they must coordinate with the helmsman, as Orams explains.
"It's like if you were in a car and you've got one person on the steering wheel and the other with a foot on the accelerator. If they're not in sync with one another, it's really difficult," said Orams.
"They have to be like fighter pilots, very cool and calm."
The helmsman's primary responsibility is steering the boat and making decisions in manoeuvres.
He talks the team through their routines when entering a tack or gybe and the helmsman has the final say.
Team NZ has one helmsman – Peter Burling. But as mentioned above, Luna Rossa has opted to have two – Spithill and Bruni.
"The tricky thing for teams is when they change from one tack to another, how do they control the boat? Team NZ has one primary helmsman, and you want to steer the boat from the windward side. So when they go into a turn Burling ends up on the wrong side so Glenn Ashby has to steer while he crosses the back of the sail," Orams explains.
"In a new innovation, Luna Rossa have one helmsman on each side and swap between roles of steering the boat and controlling the pitch."
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