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Arcane Reach allows you to target a close burst or blast starting 2 squares away from you. Thunderwave pushes each target in a close blast 3.
The wizard chose his origin square and wanted the thunderwave to point back at himself. Is this allowed? Or is the push still determined from the wizard's square?
As to why? Well, he desperately needed to get out of his own Wall of Fire. Kids, be careful around fire!
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2 Answers 2
up vote 14 down vote accepted
The consensus on the forums seems to be... unclear. I think the best response is this post:
Glossary definitions from PHB (for Arcane Reach) and Essentials (for origin square and push).
Arcane Reach: When using a close arcane attack power, you can choose a square within 2 squares of yours as the origin square. The power still follows the rules for close attacks.
Push (forced movement): Pushing a target means that each square of the forced movement must move the target farther away from the creature or effect that is pushing it.
Origin Square: The square where an effect originates. Every power has an origin square. A power's attack or utility type determines the origin square's location.
By RAW, you would push the target away from the origin square.
So if you used Thunderwave (a close blast 3) and decide that the origin square is 2 squares away from you (from the Arcane Reach feat), then any creature pushed with Thunderwave would be pushed away from the origin square (2 squares away).
Which also supports logic "origin from any square 2 squares away, thus you can attack yourself from the target line: Target: Each creature in blast, as you're a creature.
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Does this mean then that the target is yourself? Are you allowed to self-target with attack powers? – Rob Jun 12 '12 at 14:16
No, the "target" is not yourself, but you count as a creature such that if a power that would not otherwise target you targets you (via arcane reach) you are a valid target for that power. – Brian Ballsun-Stanton Jun 12 '12 at 14:35
Self-targetting with attack powers is an interesting question. I urge you to ask that as a proper question. – Brian Ballsun-Stanton Jun 12 '12 at 14:36
In my opinion? That's a clever solution, it's cool, and I would let it fly. DM fiat is a spectacular solution to unclear problems like this. Is it Rules As Written? Maybe not. But it works for me.
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I totally let it fly! However, in D&D4 there is usually a "right" answer. As a group, we've decided to abide by the DM's call during game night and then search for the "right" answer after. – Pat Ludwig Oct 13 '10 at 16:07
Ah, that makes sense. – Player's Side Blog Oct 15 '10 at 14:12
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Does AirPods have speaker?
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POV-Ray : Newsgroups : povray.documentation.inbuilt : Mysterious function argument Server Time
25 May 2024 03:17:56 EDT (-0400)
 Mysterious function argument (Message 1 to 10 of 20)
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From: Cousin Ricky
Subject: Mysterious function argument
Date: 30 Sep 2021 09:39:42
Message: <6155be1e$_EMAIL_>
The reference manual (section 3.3.1.8.3, or 2.3.1.8.3 in the wiki) gives
the following as a legal function definition:
 #declare foo3 = function(k1, k2, z, y) { x + y * z + k1 * y + k2 }
The function body refers to x, even though x is not one of the declared
arguments. But the function still works, somehow. The following scene
----------[BEGIN SCENE]----------
#version max (3.5, min (3.8, version));
global_settings { assumed_gamma 1 }
#declare foo3 = function(k1, k2, z, y) { x + y * z + k1 * y + k2 }
#declare G = foo3 (1, 2, 3, 4);
#debug concat ("G = ", str (G, 0, 1), "\n")
-----------[END SCENE]-----------
yields the output:
G = 18.0
Manually working through the function yields
 x + y * z + k1 * y + k2
= x + 4 * 3 + 1 * 4 + 2
= x + 12 + 4 + 2
= x + 18
This suggests that POV-Ray pre-assigned 0 to x. That this construction
is given as an example suggests that this is a significant feature
(however inadvisable to use), and not just a parser glitch. Shouldn't
there be some explanation of this feature?
Post a reply to this message
From: B Gimeno
Subject: Re: Mysterious function argument
Date: 30 Sep 2021 13:05:00
Message: <_EMAIL_>
Cousin Ricky <ric### [at] yahoocom> wrote:
> This suggests that POV-Ray pre-assigned 0 to x. That this construction
> is given as an example suggests that this is a significant feature
> (however inadvisable to use), and not just a parser glitch. Shouldn't
> there be some explanation of this feature?
_URL_
"All built-in vector identifiers never change value. They are defined as though
the following lines were at the start of every scene.
#declare x = <1, 0, 0>;
#declare y = <0, 1, 0>;
#declare z = <0, 0, 1>;
#declare t = <0, 0, 0, 1>;
#declare u = <1, 0>;
#declare v = <0, 1>;
It shouldn't be like you say. But by the trunk of the fifth elephant that it is.
B. Gimeno
Post a reply to this message
From: Bald Eagle
Subject: Re: Mysterious function argument
Date: 30 Sep 2021 13:30:00
Message: <_EMAIL_>
"B. Gimeno" <nomail@nomail> wrote:
> Cousin Ricky <ric### [at] yahoocom> wrote:
>
> > This suggests that POV-Ray pre-assigned 0 to x. That this construction
> > is given as an example suggests that this is a significant feature
> > (however inadvisable to use), and not just a parser glitch. Shouldn't
> > there be some explanation of this feature?
>
> _URL_
>
> "All built-in vector identifiers never change value. They are defined as though
> the following lines were at the start of every scene.
>
> #declare x = <1, 0, 0>;
> #declare y = <0, 1, 0>;
> #declare z = <0, 0, 1>;
> #declare t = <0, 0, 0, 1>;
> #declare u = <1, 0>;
> #declare v = <0, 1>;
>
>
> It shouldn't be like you say. But by the trunk of the fifth elephant that it is.
>
> B. Gimeno
Right, but those are if you're accessing those values from the regular parser.
When you access them from the _function parser / VM_, you get a different set of
values. I made a post about this once - and of course I can't find it ATM.
AFAIK, if you use all of those identifiers in a function, they will all return
zero until you assign them a value by passing a value into the function call
using that variable name.
As Ricky says, it's certainly a useful "feature", but could probably use a good
post, some example code, or at some point, a more detailed explanation in the
documentation.
Post a reply to this message
From: William F Pokorny
Subject: Re: Mysterious function argument
Date: 30 Sep 2021 13:46:26
Message: <6155f7f2$_EMAIL_>
On 9/30/21 1:27 PM, Bald Eagle wrote:
> AFAIK, if you use all of those identifiers in a function, they will all return
> zero until you assign them a value by passing a value into the function call
> using that variable name.
Excepting 't'. In the function body use of 't' where it is otherwise not
defined results in:
File 'wham.inc' line 19:
Parse Error:
Expected 'operand', 't' found instead
Fatal error in parser: Cannot parse input.
Render failed
Aside: I've been playing with other stuff most of the day, but
we have too that function { pattern {} } mode where you don't - cannot -
specify an argument list for the function. In that case I expect all the
values are whatever was passed to 'pattern' for x|u,y|v,z. Should verify
u and v set to x and y I guess, but expect that the case.
Bill P.
Post a reply to this message
From: Cousin Ricky
Subject: Re: Mysterious function argument
Date: 30 Sep 2021 17:44:43
Message: <61562fcb$_EMAIL_>
On 2021-09-30 1:03 PM (-4), B. Gimeno wrote:
>
> "All built-in vector identifiers never change value. They are defined as though
> the following lines were at the start of every scene.
>
> #declare x = <1, 0, 0>;
> #declare y = <0, 1, 0>;
> #declare z = <0, 0, 1>;
> #declare t = <0, 0, 0, 1>;
> #declare u = <1, 0>;
> #declare v = <0, 1>;
This does not apply in the context of function parameters. Function
parameters are not vector constants, but variable scalars.
In the foo3 example in particular, you can see that the pre-declared
value of x is not used: 0 does not equal <1, 0, 0>.
Post a reply to this message
From: Cousin Ricky
Subject: Re: Mysterious function argument
Date: 30 Sep 2021 17:50:55
Message: <6156313f$_EMAIL_>
On 2021-09-30 1:27 PM (-4), Bald Eagle wrote:
>
> As Ricky says, it's certainly a useful "feature",
Hardly. I think it's a horrible feature.
My point was that if it's significant enough to use in an example, then it
> [...] could probably use a good
> post, some example code, or at some point, a more detailed explanation in the
> documentation.
Post a reply to this message
From: Bald Eagle
Subject: Re: Mysterious function argument
Date: 30 Sep 2021 18:00:00
Message: <_EMAIL_>
Cousin Ricky <ric### [at] yahoocom> wrote:
> On 2021-09-30 1:27 PM (-4), Bald Eagle wrote:
> >
> > As Ricky says, it's certainly a useful "feature",
>
> Hardly. I think it's a horrible feature.
A horribly useful feature then. :D
Post a reply to this message
From: Bald Eagle
Subject: Re: Mysterious function argument
Date: 30 Sep 2021 18:30:00
Message: <_EMAIL_>
William F Pokorny <ano### [at] anonymousorg> wrote:
> Aside: I've been playing with other stuff most of the day, but
> we have too that function { pattern {} } mode where you don't - cannot -
> specify an argument list for the function. In that case I expect all the
> values are whatever was passed to 'pattern' for x|u,y|v,z. Should verify
> u and v set to x and y I guess, but expect that


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Odessa Assault Lawyer
Home > Odessa Criminal Lawyer > Odessa Assault Lawyer
Assault is broadly defined as the unwanted touching of another, usually with the intent to cause harm or injury. An assault charge is the type of crime that carries a negative connotation, such as with a domestic assault. This type of offense can certainly be overwhelming especially if there is also the allegation of the use of a deadly weapon. In these cases, as in all assault charges, it is important those accused consult with an experienced Odessa assault lawyer to begin mitigating the damage and building a defense. An experienced defense attorney will be able to investigate your case and work hard to receive the strongest possible outcome for you.
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How to Get Rid of a Window That Won't Close in Windows XP
Author Info
Updated: August 28, 2019
Close a windowed application in Windows XP that appears to have stopped responding.
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 1. 1
 Identify the program that has opened the window. This information is located in the title bar, directly above "File Edit View .." It is generally found in the "Name - Application" format. The example here shows "Minesweeper" The part after the hyphen (Wordpad) is the application.
 2. 2
 Click on "File" or "Game". Then, click "Exit" in the drop down box. Depending on the type window and if changes have been made, you may: 1) be prompted to save the file, 2) it will close, or 3) it will remain open. If it remained open, continue to the next step. The next steps may not offer options to save the file before it unceremoniously closes.
 3. 3
 Click on the "X" box at the far right inside the title bar. If the window did not close, continue to the next step.
 4. 4
 Press and hold the "Ctrl" "Alt" and the "Delete" keys all at the same time for about 1 second. A new box called "Task Manager" will open.
 5. 5
 Click the Application tab to reveal the contents (if not already displayed). Find the matching entry of the window that will not close. The example is Minesweeper. Look at the status for the entry. The example shows "Running". The other possibility is "Not Responding". If the status is Not Responding, click the "End task" button in the lower right of the display. If the status is "Running" it may need additional time to complete before the window will close. You may either wait longer, or press the End Task button. If the window still refuses to close proceed to the next step.
 6. 6
 Click the "Processes" tab.
 7. 7
 Click on "Image Name" to sort the list alphabetically if desired.
 8. 8
 Scroll down the list until the name of the file that is used to start the program is located. If the file name (or image name) is not listed, check the "Tips" section below for help with identifying application file name (or image name).
 9. 9
 Click on the file name "winmine.exe" once to highlight it.
 10. 10
 Click on the "End Process" button.
 11. 11
 A window "Task Manager Warning" will appear. You must decide to either proceed (select "Yes") or cancel (select "No") killing the process before being allowed to continue.
 1. Check the "Tips" section for help with any resulting Error Windows when attempting to end a task or application.
 12. 12
 If the window still remained open, it might be best to simply reboot.
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 Tips
 - Sometimes a window that won't close might just be loading. If you would like, give it some time.
 - Not every application uses a file name (or image name) that is the same as the application name to start. An example is "Mozilla Firefox". The file name that starts this application is actually "firefox.exe" While not a "stretch" for the name, if you were looking in the processes tab for file names that begin with "m" you might not find it. Find the file names that start applications by looking in "Programs" listing when the Windows "Start" button is pressed. Find the application name, and right click it and click on "properties" to find the location and file name that starts the application.
 - Sometimes, when attempting to stop an application or image name, a warning box stating one of the following messages: "Cannot delete file: Access is denied." "There has been a sharing violation." "The source or destination file may be in use." "The file is in use by another program or user." "Make sure the disk is not full or write-protected and that the file is not currently in use." Get around these problems by running a free program called File Unlocker first.
 - If unsure or wish not to attempt stopping any process or application, press the "Esc" key to close the Task Manager and return to the previous screen.
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 Warnings
 - If you have struggle with your window on Windows XP then, get some help or, call some support for this version of Windows. Sometimes it works with tech support to close the window but, sometime does not working and cause the computer unstable and not working...Be Careful!!!
 - Stopping applications or files in this manner can further increase the instability of the Operating System. Ending any critical process will have undesirable results. Reboot the computer when possible to stabilize the system.
 - Save any work and open programs before trying to close windows that appear to no longer be responding with the steps above. If applications and windows fail to close as expected, the Operating System has already become unstable, and may crash without warning.
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 About This Article
 wikiHow is a "wiki," similar to Wikipedia, which means that many of our articles are co-written by multiple authors. To create this article, 14 people, some anonymous, worked to edit and improve it over time. This article has also been viewed 100,613 times.
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 Co-authors: 14
 Updated: August 28, 2019
 Views: 100,613
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Test the variables types in jinja2 templates, used here with ansible
- hosts: all
gather_facts: no
string: "string"
- item1
- item2
key1: value1
key2: value2
k1: "string"
k2: [ "item1", "item2" ]
k3: { 'i1': 'v1', 'i2': 'v2' }
- debug: msg="dict is mapping"
when: dict is mapping
- debug: msg="list is mapping"
when: list is mapping
- debug: msg="string is mapping"
when: string is mapping
- debug: msg="dict is sequence"
when: dict is sequence
- debug: msg="list is sequence"
when: list is sequence
- debug: msg="string is sequence"
when: string is sequence
- debug: msg="dict is iterable"
when: dict is iterable
- debug: msg="list is iterable"
when: list is iterable
- debug: msg="string is iterable"
when: string is iterable
- debug: msg="dict is string"
when: dict is string
- debug: msg="list is string"
when: list is string
- debug: msg="string is string"
when: string is string
- copy:
dest: /tmp/variable.txt
content: |
{% for k,v in object.iteritems() %}
{% if v is string %}string: {{ v }}
{% elif v is mapping %}{% for j,l in v.iteritems() %}{{ j }}: {{ l }}\n{% endfor %}
{% elif v is sequence %}{% for n in v %}- {{ n }}\n{% endfor %}
{% else %}huh?
{% endif %}
{% endfor %}


What is a standard implicature?
A standard implicature is a conversational implicature based on an addressee's assumption that the speaker is being cooperative by directly observing the conversational maxims.
Example (English)
 - In the following exchange, A assumes that B is being cooperative, truthful, adequately informative, relevant, and clear. Thus, A can infer that B thinks A can get fuel at the garage:
 - A: I've just run out of petrol.
 - B: Oh; there's a garage just around the corner.
 - Generic
 A standard implicature is a kind of
 Levinson 1983 104
 Context for this page:
 Page content last modified: 5 January 2004
 © 2004 SIL International


text:
Species of Thailand
Binomial name: Pteruthius flaviscapis (Coenraad Jacob Temminck, 1835)
The Pied Shrike-babbler (Pteruthius flaviscapis) is a bird species traditionally considered an aberrant Old World babbler and placed in the family Timaliidae. But as it seems, it belongs to an Asian offshoot of the American vireos and may well belong in the Vireonidae. Indeed, since long it was noted that their habits resemble those of vireos, but this was believed to be the result of convergent evolution.
It is endemic to Java. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the White-browed Shrike-babbler.
This article uses material from the Wikipedia released under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike Licence 3.0. Please see license details for photos in photo by-lines.
Videos of Pied shrike-babbler
- Pteruthius flaviscapis
Pied shrike-babbler is found in following locations in Thailand
Please note that this non-official list is not complete nor necessarily accurate. This list is a summary of checklists from other websites, blogs, publications, photo/videos published on various websites or our own findings. We appreciate your contributions with photo proof.
NR:Not Recognised (IUCN3.1)
No photo for this species yet
Range map of Pteruthius flaviscapis in Thailand
Important note; our range maps are generated automatically based on very limited data we have about the protected sites, the data is not necessarily accurate. Please help us to improve our range maps by sharing your findings/knowledge.


text:
I am doing a learning seminar on 'Bhargavaology', which is the collection of techniques and results surrounding the recent work of Manjul Bhargava, a Fields Medalist in 2014. The introductory talk is scheduled on Monday, Jan 12 in MC 5413, from 2:30 PM to 3:30 PM. The abstract is indicated below:
Title: Introduction to Bhargavaology
Speaker: Stanley Yao Xiao
Abstract: In this introductory talk I aim to give a sampling of the vast web of important theorems related to Manjul Bhargava, one of the four Fields Medalists of 2014, and describe their importance in the context of modern number theory. There are no technical details in the talk, making it very accessible.


text:
55 miles of Albany's 376 miles of water mains were installed in the mid-19th century. However, some of the mains may even be older, with some cast iron mains possibly installed in 1813. If true, Albany would have the oldest functioning cast iron pipe in the western hemisphere.
Incidentally, all of the water mains in the City originally were hollowed-out tree trunks, many installed in the 1700s. Although unlikely, there is a very remote, outside chance that somewhere beneath some of the oldest parts of our City, a functioning wooden water main remains.


text: Different methods have been devised to analyze vulnerability to cavitation of plants. Although a good agreement between them is usually found, some discrepancies have been reported when measuring samples from long-vesseled species. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible artifacts derived from different methods and sample sizes. Current-year shoot segments of mature olive trees (Olea europaea), a long-vesseled species, were used to generate vulnerability curves (VCs) by bench dehydration, pressure collar and both static- and flow-centrifuge methods. For the latter, two different rotors were used to test possible effects of the rotor design on the curves. Indeed, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images were used to evaluate the functional status of xylem at different water potentials. Measurements of native embolism were used to validate the methods used. The pressure collar and the two centrifugal methods showed greater vulnerability to cavitation than the dehydration method. The shift in vulnerability thresholds in centrifuge methods was more pronounced in shorter samples, supporting the open-vessel artifact hypothesis as a higher proportion of vessels were open in short samples. The two different rotor designs used for the flow-centrifuge method revealed similar vulnerability to cavitation. Only the bench dehydration or HRCT methods produced VCs that agreed with native levels of embolism and water potential values measured in the field.


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Waters
How to program a gradient start when transferring a method to an ACQUITY System - WKB8567
Article number: 8567
OBJECTIVE or GOAL
 - Gradient Start allows a user to change the time the gradient starts with respect to the injection adding or decreasing the gradient delay.
 - Developed for method transfer to match results between systems with differing gradient delay volumes.
ENVIRONMENT
 - Empower Instrument Method
 - ACQUITY UPLC H-Class Quaternary Solvent Manager (QSM)
 - ACQUITY Arc QSM-R
 - ACQUITY UPLC Binary Solvent Manager (BSM)
 - ACQUITY UPLC I-Class BSM
PROCEDURE
Programming: Set by time or volume
 1. Compare Waters system peak retention time result versus system "X"
 2. Choose a mid point peak of the Waters result. Record the time of that peak.
 3. Compare the retention time difference of that same mid point peak with System "X". Record the difference in time.
 4. In the Empower Instrument Method for the Waters system, select the Gradient Start (before or after injection).
 - "Before injection" to move the peaks to earlier retention times.
 - "After injection" to delay the gradient shifting peak elution to a later retention time.
 5. Set the value by time (recommended).
 6. Perform a run to match the retention time of the Waters system result with that of system "X" and ensure peak retention is within acceptance criteria.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Modifying the gradient start time (Gradient Smart Start) will not affect the retention time of a peak eluting in the isocratic portion of the chromatogram (systems isocratic hold/volume). Other factors affecting a change in retention time are temperature, column volume and chemistry, mobile phase modifiers/additives, flow rate, etc.
Not able to find a solution? Click here to request help.


text:
Growing grass using tights and sawdust
Give each beaver scout the leg of a pair of tights and some grass seed which they add to the toe of their tights. They then fill the tights leg with sawdust until it is the size of a tennis ball. Tie off the leg and the rest of the leg cut off. The grass head should then be put into a yogurt pot, toe upwards and watered. They can take them home and keep them watered watching the grass grow.
- World - Gardening


mu_state 0.0.3+1 icon indicating copy to clipboard operation
mu_state: ^0.0.3+1 copied to clipboard
A set of helpers for pragmatic state handling as mentioned in my Medium article.
mu_state #
A set of helpers for pragmatic state handling in Flutter as mentioned in my Medium article .
Features #
A set of classes for handling state based on ValueNotifier and ValueListenableBuilder, where state is wrapped in a MuEvent object:
 - MuEvent - state event with data, loading and error fields
 - MuState - a ValueNotifier of type MuEvent
 - MuBuilder - a ValueListenableBuilder of type MuEvent
 - MuMultiBuilder - listen to multiple MuState objects and get notified with a list of MuEvent values
Getting started #
Declare state as a global final MuState variable and pass it an initial MuEvent. Add new MuEvent objects to MuState.value as state changes.
For more complex state handling, extends MuState and implement the necessary logic / methods.
Listen to a single MuState object using MuBuilder.
Listen to multiple MuState objects using MuMultiBuilder, which notifies you with a list of MuEvent values on every state change.
Example #
In test_state.dart:
import 'package:mu_state/mu_state.dart';
class TestState extends MuState<String> {
 TestState(MuEvent<String> value) : super(value);
 void load() async {
 value = const MuEvent.loading();
 await Future.delayed(const Duration(milliseconds: 500));
 value = const MuEvent.data('done');
 }
}
final testState = TestState(const MuEvent.data('initial'));
In main.dart:
Scaffold(
 body: Center(
 child: MuBuilder<String>(
 state: testState,
 builder: (context, event, child) {
 if (event.loading) {
 return const CircularProgressIndicator();
 }
 if (event.hasError) {
 return Text('Error: ${event.error.toString()}');
 }
 return Text('${event.data}');
 },
 ),
 ),
),
Also see Example.
Additional information #
I'd like to keep this packages minimal, but please create an issue if you have a suggestion.
I'm on Twitter as @apptakk
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A set of helpers for pragmatic state handling as mentioned in my Medium article.
Repository (GitHub)
View/report issues
Documentation
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License
MIT (LICENSE)
Dependencies
flutter
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RangeError.value constructor
RangeError.value(num value, [ String name, String message ])
Create a new RangeError with a message for the given value.
An optional name can specify the argument name that has the invalid value, and the message can override the default error description.
Implementation
RangeError.value(num value, [String name, String message])
 : start = null,
 end = null,
 super.value(
 value, name, (message != null) ? message : "Value not in range");


Cameroon, a country which features as Africa in miniature version, is famous for its national team in football game. But, other than all of these, Cameroon is more famous for its music, especially Makossa and Bikutsi.
Makossa, which means "dance" in the Douala language, originated from a Douala dance called the kossa. Like much other late 20th century music of Sub-Saharan Africa, it uses strong electric bass rhythms and prominent brass. In the 1980s makossa had a wave of mainstream success across Africa and to a lesser extent abroad. Makossa is a type of funky dance music, best known outside Africa for Manu Dibango, whose 1972 single "Soul Makossa" was an international hit. y the 1970s, bikutsi performers like Maurice Elanga, Les Veterans and Mbarga Soukous added brass instruments. In 1980, L'Equipe Nationale de Makossa was formed, joining the biggest makossa stars of the period together, including Grace Decca, Ndedi Eyango, Ben Decca, Guy Lobe and Dina Bell. Makossa in the 80s saw a wave of mainstream success across Africa and, to a lesser degree, abroad, as Latin influences, French Antilles zouk, and pop music changed its form.
The word 'bikutsi' literally means 'beat the earth' or 'let's beat the earth' (bi– indicates a plural, –kut– means 'to beat' and –chi means 'earth'.) The name indicates a dance that is accompanied by stomping the feet on the ground. Bikutsi is characterised by an intense rhythm (3+3, with a strong "two" feel), though it is occasionally and its tempo is usually quarternote.It is played at all sorts of Beti gatherings, including parties, funerals and weddings.
Beti gatherings fall into two major categories:
1. Ekang phase: the time when imaginary, mythological and spiritual issues are discussed
2. Bikutsi phase: when real-life issues are discussed
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Intermittent Spring
Ebb and Flow Springs - Rhythmic Karst Springs - Potajnice
ebb and flow spring, ebbing and flowing well, tidewell. A spring or flowing well exhibiting periodic variation in volume of flow; the periodicity, which is often irregular, is attributed to siphonic action.
Watson Hiner Monroe (1970): A Glossary of Karst Terminology, Geological Survey Water-supply Paper 1899-k, Library of Congress catalog-card No. 75-607530 DOI online
photography
A spring made from runoff water in a mountain. In A Textbook on Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, International Textbook Company, 1897, Scranton, PA. Public Domain.
photography
Intermittend Spring, from Elisée Reclus (1894): A New Physical Geography, J.S. Virtue & Co Ltd London. Public Domain.
photography
Intermittend Spring, physical principle. Public Domain.
photography
Interacting reservoirs and syphons, proposed by Joseph Atwell (1732) to explain the workings of the Laywell spring. Public Domain.
Intermittent Spring refers to a spring that goes dry regularly with a very short frequency, which means minutes, hours or probably days. Such springs pour normally, then the flow decreases until it stops completely and then starts again and returns to full strength after a certain time. The discharge roughly follows a sinusoidal function, whereby frequency and amplitude are subject to seasonal fluctuations. Typical duration for a period, i.e. a complete run, is in the hour range. Actually there are three types of such springs, only one is karst related. The other two are geysers, caused either by heat or by gas like carbon dioxide. However, we are here for the karst springs.
This unusual behaviour is explained by a simple theory: a cavity in the mountain (a cave) has an outlet through a siphon, which is bent upwards, not downwards. The cavity fills up until the siphon is completely full of water. Now the water in the drain branch draws water out of the cave lake until the lake level has dropped to the drain branch and air enters the siphon. The effect stops and the water flows out on both sides of the siphon. Then the cycle starts all over again. The duration depends on the size of the cavity, the height difference in the siphon and the inflow.
According to Bögli (1980) this allows four possible variations:
 - permanent rhythmic springs: the intermittent action continues the whole time but the length of the period changes with the water supply, since this determines the duration until the basin is full.
 - seasonal rhythmic springs:
 - occurring during the rainy season: if the inflow is higher than the possible outflow, the high water level the siphon becomes continually flooded. Such springs are intermittent only at low and mean water levels.
 - occurring during the dry season: if the cave chamber is not watertight and the inflow of water is small the siphon will not be filled. In this case the spring is continually dry during low water levels and becomes intermittent at mean and high water levels.
 - occasionally rhythmic springs: the combination of very high inflow at some times and alternative outflow, which is actually the combination of the last two, results in an intermittent spring only at mean water level. During high water levels it flows continually, during low water levels it is completely dry.
As karst is very responsive to seasonal changes in precipitation, seasonal rhythmic springs are the most common type. In other words, most springs will appear quite normal when you visit them, to see the effect you have to visit at the right time of the year, and the weather should be right too.
The basic principle is quite simple and has many uses. For example, you can use a garden hose to drain water from a barrel or to fetch petrol from a fuel tank. It is also used in washing machines for the fabric softener: as long as the fill quantity is below the limit, the fabric softener remains in the container. However, as soon as it is rinsed by the machine, a small siphon fills up and finally sucks the container empty. And this principle is known for a long time, the oldest use is probably Pythagoras' Cup, if you fill it normally it works well, but if you are greedy and pour too much it will empty and all the wine is gone.
This type of source is so rare that we listed only about half a dozen. According to Gavrilovic (1985) there are only about 30 intermittent springs worldwide, 20 of them in Slovenia. Later the number was estimated 100 worldwide. However, research never stalls and there might be more known by now, for example in southeast Asia which was almost unexplored at that time. We have given some examples, but most are quite unsatisfactory because they are either not freely accessible, the effect only occurs under certain conditions, or has ceased at some point, for example due to mining activity. We therefore only recommend the Fontaine de Fontestorbes, the Intermittent Spring and the source of the Wasserlochklamm.
Literature
 - Ognjen Bonacci, Davor Bojanic (1991): Rhythmic karst springs, Hydrological Sciences - Journal - des Sciences Hydrologiques, 36,1,2V1991 researchgate DOI
 - Xianxuan Xiao, Qiang Zhang (2021): Physical and analytical modeling of rhythmic karst springs, Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 83, no. 3, p. 109-119. pdf DOI


text:
Get ready for takeoff at the 2020 Lockheed Martin Aviation Camp! A week-long STEM based camp that provides hands-on aviation experience for rising 4th through 6th grade students. The camp is packed with activities that help future aviator's understand science, mathematics, engineering, and technology. More importantly, it will cultivate students' sense of wonder, imagination and creativity. Students will be exposed to careers in aviation through several field trips to airports and other aviation facilities, including component testing and assembly. The culminating experience will be a team build-off competition, in which the students will be challenged to build and fly an aircraft of their own design. Engineers from Lockheed Martin Aviation will mentor the teams.
Location: Fernbank Science Center
Dates: June 15-19 and June 22-26, 2020
Cost: $200 per camper
Thanks to Lockheed Martin, a number of full and partial scholarships are available. To apply for a scholarship please submit the following items (all must be received by May 2, 2020):
- Completed Registration Form;
- Letter requesting the amount of the scholarship;
- Letter of recommendation (on letterhead) from a teacher, youth group leader, minister, etc. explaining why the student would benefit from the camp;
- Letter (on school letterhead) for the student's home school stating that the child qualifies for the free and reduced lunch program.


Simple explanations for plumbing problems
Low pressure on a Worcester boiler
The majority of central heating systems have a drop in water pressure over time. Normally they are set to between 1 and 1.5 when the radiators are cold. Worcester boilers have a unique way of filling that uses a plastic T shaped key in the bottom of the boiler. For people who don't use it much it can be pretty hard to figure out. This is a basic guide to filling up the boiler.
1. Check the pressure when the radiators are cold, the pointer will be between 1 and 0.
2. Take off the bottom cover. On modern Worcester boilers it slides forward. On older ones it clips off downwards. The cover in the photo is a modern boiler.
3. Get the filling key out of the cover its supplied separately on older boilers and may be a bigger size. The hole it goes into can be on the left or right depending on the age of the boiler.
IMG_5090 IMG_5091
4. Line the arrow moulded into the body of the key upto the unlocked padlock moulded into the socket in the boiler.
IMG_5098 IMG_5092
5. Then push it in as far as it will go, its sometimes quite a tight fit so a bit of vaseline or soap on the black rubber o rings can help get it in far enough. When its in as far as it will go turn it to the right so the arrow on the key is lined up with the locked padlock on the socket in the boiler.
6. Now slowly turn the little square white knob to the left of the key. To open it turn it to the right until you can hear water flowing. Do this very slowly whilst keeping an eye on the pressure gauge. When it gets between 1 and 1.5 turn it back to the left so the flow of water stops.
7. That's the pressure back to where it should be. Now turn the key back to unlocked and pull it downwards and out. You always get a little splash of water with the key as it comes out which is nothing to worry about. If it splashes then continues running/dripping the little white square knob might not be turned all the way off. Put the key back in the cover and put the cover back on. It generally hooks onto two runners either side then catches at the front.
« Fixing the problem
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As a pronoun
When all is used as a pronoun to mean everything, it is translated by todo:
 - is that all? =?eso es todo?
 - all was well = todo estaba bien
When all is followed by a that clause, all that is translated by todo lo que:
 - after all (that) we've done = después de todo lo que hemos hecho
 - that was all (that) he said = eso es todo lo que dijo
When all is used to refer to a specified group of people or objects, the translation reflects the number and gender of the people or objects referred to: todos is used for a group of people or objects of masculine or mixed gender, and todas for a group of feminine gender:
 - we were all delighted = estábamos todos contentísimos
 - where are the cups? – they're all in the kitchen =?dónde están las tazas? – están todas en la cocina
As an adjective
When all is used as an adjective, the translation, todo, reflects the number and gender of the noun which it modifies:
 - all the money = todo el dinero
 - all the beer = toda la cerveza
 - all the men/women = todos los hombres/todas las mujeres
When all as an adjective has the sense of any or every, it can be translated by todo in the singular:
 - all good teachers know it = todo buen profesor lo sabe or todos los buenos profesores lo saben
 - all kinds o sorts of cars = todo tipo de coche or todos los tipos de coche
As an adverb
As an adverb meaning completely, all is generally translated either by the adverb completamente or by the pronoun todo. If the translation is todo, it reflects the number and gender of the adjective:
 - it's all wet = está todo mojado
 - she was dressed all in black = iba toda vestida de negro
For more examples and particular usages, see the entries for all
See more from Grammar Notes


text:
Some notions of metrology
METROLOGICAL BACKGROUND RADIATION
Metrological background radiation, or "blank run" refers to the count rate induced by the environment, the reagent composition and instrument electronics. This background must be subtracted from the gross measured value to determine the net activity of a sample.
Indeed, even if radioactivity in a sample is null , the instrument used for the measurement will indicate a non-zero value : for example, a count rate expressed in counts per second (cs-1) corresponding to the number of detected radioactive disintegrations per unit of time. The radioactive decays detected by the instrument under these conditions come from the ambient natural radiation (cosmic and telluric), and trace levels of natural radionuclides:
- In the components of the measuring device itself (210Pb of shielding, electronic components ...);
- In the containers used for measurement (40K in the glass, ...);
In the chemical reagents used for the preparation of the sample (acids ...) ...
The method-specific measurement uncertainty is a parameter associated with the result of a significant measurement that describes the possible range in which the true value in which the true physical value may be found within the limits of a predefined probability.
Measurement uncertainty comes from the characteristics of the measuring device, the operator, the measurement environment (temperature, vibration, etc.), the measuring procedure and other factors.
The value read on the measuring device may be anywhere within the measurement uncertainty range, therefore more or less close to the true value of the measured variable. Thus, on the graph, the uncertainty could be represented as follows:
What about STANDARDS?
In order to guarantee the results quality, the reference framework for the National Measurement Network includes the European applicable mandatory standards, in particular NF EN ISO / IEC 17025:


History of the Turks and Caicos Islands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Map of the Turks and Caicos Islands
The history of the Turks and Caicos Islands can be traced back to early European explorations of the Americas. The first recorded sighting of the islands now known as the Turks and Caicos Islands occurred in 1512. In the subsequent centuries, the islands were claimed by several European powers with the British Empire eventually gaining control. After the islands' settlement, the 18th century African slave trade brought many Africans to the Turks and Caicos Islands. Their descendants form a large part of Bahamas' population. The islands were governed by the British indirectly through Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Jamaica. When the Bahamas gained independence in 1973, the islands received their own governor and have remained a separate autonomous British Overseas Territory since.
Prehistory and early European contact[edit]
The first inhabitants of the Turks and Caicos Islands were Amerindians, who migrated from the island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) around AD 700. After approximately 300 years, pottery styles suggest that these local inhabitants of the islands established a unique culture. The people inhabiting the islands in the Bahamian archipelago up to the period of contact are known as Lucayans.
The first European to sight the islands was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León, who did so in 1512. Spanish slavers frequently raided the islands, enslaving the Caribs of the islands. Only a year after first being discovered, the entire archipelago was completely depopulated.
Colonial history prior to settlement[edit]
During the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, the islands passed from Spanish, to French, to English (subsequently British) control, but none of the three powers ever established any settlements.
From about 1690 to 1720, pirates hid in the cays of the Turks and Caicos Islands, attacking Spanish treasure galleons en route to Spain from Cuba, Hispaniola, and the Spanish possessions in Central America and Peru.
The islands were not fully colonised until 1681, when salt collectors from Bermuda built the first permanent settlement on Grand Turk Island (thought to be so named due to the presence of cacti with, what appeared to them to be red fez-like structures on their tops, but this not likely to be true, since the fez was unknown to Ottoman Empire before 1826). The salt collectors were drawn by the shallow waters around the islands that made salt mining a much easier process than in Bermuda. They occupied the Turks only seasonally, for six months a year, however, returning to Bermuda when it was no longer viable to rake salt. Their colonization established the British dominance of the archipelago that has lasted into the present day. Huge numbers of trees were felled by the Bermudians to discourage rainfall that would adversely affect the salt mining operation. This deforestation has yet to be repaired. Most of the salt mined in the Turks and Caicos Islands was sold through Bermudian merchant houses on the American seaboard, including in Newfoundland where it was used for preserving cod.
Bermudian century[edit]
Bermuda spent much of the 18th Century in a protracted legal battle with the Bahamas (which had itself been colonised by Bermudian Puritans in 1647) over the Turks Islands. Under British law, no colony could hold colonies of its own. The Turks Islands were not recognised by Britain either as a colony in its own right, or as a part of Bermuda. They were held to be, like rivers in Britain, for the common use. As a result, there was a great deal of political turmoil surrounding the ownership of the Turks (and Caicos).
Spanish and French forces seized the Turks in 1706, but Bermudian forces expelled them four years later in what was probably Bermuda's only independent military operation. The Bermudian privateer, the Rose, under the command of Captain Lewis Middleton, attacked a Spanish and a French privateer holding a captive English vessel. Defeating the two enemy vessels, the Rose then cleared out the thirty-man garrison left by the Spanish and French.[1]
A virtual state-of-war existed between Bermuda and the Bahamas through much of the Eighteenth Century. When the Bermudian sloop Seaflower was seized by the Bahamians in 1701, the response of Bermuda Governor Bennett was to issue letters-of-marque to Bermudians vessels. The legal struggle with the Bahamas began in 1766, when the King's representative in the Bahamas, Andrew Symmer, on his own authority, wrote a constitution which legislated for and taxed the Bermudians on the Turks. The Secretary of State, Lord Hillsborough, for the Crown, issued orders that the Bermudian activities on the Turks should not be obstructed or restrained in any way. As a result of this order, Symmer's constitution was dissolved. The Bermudians on the Turks appointed commissioners to govern themselves, with the assent of the King's local agent. They drew up regulations for good government, but the Bahamian governor Shirley drew up his own regulations for the Turks and ordered that no one might work at salt raking who had not signed assent to his regulations.
Following this, a raker was arrested and the salt pans were seized and divided by force. The Bahamas government attempted to appoint judicial authorities for the Turks in 1768, but these were refused by the Bermudians. In 1773 the Bahamian government passed an act attempting to tax the salt produced in the Turks, but the Bermudians refused to pay it. In 1774, the Bahamians passed another, similar act, and this they submitted for the Crown's assent. The Crown passed this act on to the Bermudian government which objected to it, and which rejected Bahamian jurisdiction over the Turks. The Crown, as a consequence, refused assent of the Act as applied to include the Turks, and, in the form in which it finally passed, the Bahamas, but not the Turks, were included.
The Bermudians on the Turks continued to be governed under their own regulations, with the assent of the royal agent, until 1780, when a more formal version of those regulations was submitted for the assent of the Crown, which was given. Those regulations, issued as a royal order, stated that all British subjects had the right ("free liberty") to rake and gather salt on the Turks, providing that they conformed to the regulations, which expressly rejected Bahamian jurisdiction over the Turks. Despite this refutation by a higher authority of their right to impinge upon Bermudian activities on the Turks, the Bahamian government continued to harass the Bermudians (unsurprisingly, given the lucrativeness of the Turks salt trade).
Although the salt industry on the Turks had largely been a Bermudian preserve, it had been seen throughout the 17th century as the right of all British subjects to rake there, and small numbers of Bahamians had been involved. In 1783, the French landed a force on Grand Turk which a British force of 100 men, under then-Captain Horatio Nelson, was unable to dislodge.
Following this, the Bahamians were slow to return to the Turks, while the Bermudians quickly resumed salt production, sending sixty to seventy-five ships to the Turks each year, during the six months that salt could be raked. Nearly a thousand Bermudians spent part of the year on the Turks engaged in salt production, and the industry became more productive.
The Bahamas, meanwhile, was incurring considerable expense in absorbing loyalist refugees from the now-independent American colonies, and returned to the idea of taxing Turks salt for the needed funds. The Bahamian government ordered that all ships bound for the Turk Islands obtain a license at Nassau first. The Bermudians refused to do this. Following this, Bahamian authorities seized the Bermuda sloops Friendship and Fanny in 1786. Shortly after, three Bermudian vessels were seized at Grand Caicos, with $35,000 worth of goods salvaged from a French ship. French privateers were becoming a menace to Bermudian operations in the area, at the time, but the Bahamians were their primary concern.
The Bahamian government re-introduced a tax on salt from the Turks, annexed them to the Bahamas, and created a seat in the Bahamian parliament to represent them. The Bermudians refused these efforts also, but the continual pressure from the Bahamians had a degrative effect on the salt industry. In 1806, the Bermudian customs authorities went some way toward acknowledging the Bahamian annexation when it ceased to allow free exchange between the Turks and Bermuda (this affected many enslaved Bermudians, who, like the free ones, had occupied the Turks only seasonally, returning to their homes in Bermuda after the year's raking had finished).
That same year, French privateers attacked the Turks, burning ships and absconding with a large sloop. The Bahamians refused to help, and the Admiralty in Jamaica claimed the Turks were beyond his jurisdiction. Two hurricanes, the first in August, 1813, the second in October, 1815, destroyed more than two-hundred buildings, significand salt stores, and sank many vessels. By 1815, the United States, the primary client for Turks salt, had been at war with Britain (and hence Bermuda) for three years, and had established other sources of salt.
With the destruction wrought by


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Langmuir frequency
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Symbol ωp. The frequency of plasma oscillations in an equilibrium charge distribution. The Langmuir frequency is given by ωp = (4πneq2/m)½ = 5.7 × 105 ne½ (radians/sec), where ne is the density of electrons and m and q are the mass and charge, respectively, of the electron. The Langmuir frequency is named after the US chemist Irving Langmuir (1881–1957), who derived the expression in 1928 in his analysis of plasma oscillations by combining Poisson's equation with Newton's law of motion. The Langmuir frequency can also be derived using quantum mechanics for the electron gas.
Subjects: Physics.
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Iglic, Hajdeja, Jesper Rözer, and Beate Volker (2020). Economic crisis and social capital in European societies: the role of politics in understanding short-term changes in social capital. European Societies.
summary: How did the economic crisis impact social capital in European societies? The empirical studies conducted so far provide contradictory conclusions about the strength and direction of its influence. We argue that to better understand the effects of the economic crisis on social capital (social trust, formal and informal networks) it is crucial to examine both its impact on people's economic situation and the way it reshaped the relationship between individuals and political institutions and altered key political factors (political trust, the welfare state, political activism). Our analysis of European Social Survey data between 2006 and 2012 shows that changes in social trust were smaller than in formal and informal social networks. It also confirms that political factors played an important mediating role in producing these changes: changes in social trust and formal networks can especially be explained by the impact of the political factors, while variations in informal networks are mainly due to the changing economy. Moreover, the analyses show that while the economic crisis generally lowered social capital, some mechanisms such as a sense of togetherness and left-wing political activism, enhanced social capital.


text:
You will need your local council to assess any temporary road / lane closures of council-controlled roads, lanes or parking bays.
You may need to temporarily close a road or lane if your business activity impacts the operation of the road network or traffic flow. Examples of activities requiring assessment include:
- road maintenance, such as resurfacing or line-marking
- lane closures around a building site
- moving cranes or other equipment in or out of a building site
- placing a barricade on the road
- grass cutting along the median strip, requiring the road shoulder or a lane to be closed
- lane closure to trim trees
- hanging a banner over the road
- festivals, events, markets and filming that affect the road network.
Once your activity has been assessed, you can apply for a road closure permit from the Queensland Police.


text:
This may look like something captured with Instagram on the newest smartphone, but it's something a bit different indeed. It is the first photograph taken in Finland, ever. The photo dates back to the year 1842, and celebrated its 170th birthday last Saturday, November 3rd.
The photograph is a daguerreotype, one of the earliest photography techniques (check out the Wikipedia link for an interesting read). It was taken in Turku, which coincidentally also is Finland's oldest city, though obviously not the only city at the time. The photographer was Henrik Cajander, a doctor by trade who lived on the very street the photo was taken.
The building in the picture was called the Nobel house, and it was located on the corner of Uudenmaankatu 8 (map). The beautiful building had just been finished when the photo was taken. It was later, after several stages of re-modelling and renovations, demolished by the City of Turku in 1961.
As you can see the photo isn't exactly perfect, technically or aesthetically speaking, but it is a big part of the history in Finnish photography. Some might call the crooked composition an amateur mistake, but the photographer was, in the realest sense, an amateur at what he was doing.
As of right now, the city of Turku publicly displays a "life size enlargement" of the photograph above. It is located at the very spot where the building used to be.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


1. A cause or reason that contributes to some result.
2. An agent hired to sell property on behalf of its owner. The factor is given control and possession of the property from the start of the sale period until either the time of sale or the end of the agency relationship.
3. Someone who buys accounts receivable in exchange for a lump sum of money. The factor acquires rights to the future income stream from the accounts receivable, and the seller acquires immediate cash to fuel its business.


Supporting Volunteers - British Gymnastics
Supporting Volunteers
Recruiting new volunteers
When individuals are asked why they don't volunteer, the most common answer given is "because no one asked". You will often find that there are people within your club and community with the time and energy needed to support your club or event. It's just how you go about finding them. A good place to start is with parents of your gymnasts and previous club members. Why not design a leaflet or poster to display on your noticeboard, letting people know you are looking for volunteers. Be specific, detailing the role(s) you would like the volunteer to fill, how much time it is likely to take and what skills and attributes would be useful for the role. Individuals are much more likely to put themselves forward if they understand the level of commitment you are asking them to take on. Consider what your club does in terms of an induction process for volunteers.
Retaining volunteers
Once you've spent time, money and effort recruiting volunteers, it is important you do what you can to keep your volunteer involved: this will help with continuity at your club. Develop ways to maintain/improve the relationship between your volunteer and the club, for example by offering training for your volunteers.
Ensure that your volunteers feel valued, regardless or their role in club. It is important they know they contribute to the running of the club. This will help them to remain motivated and continue contributing because they can see the impact they are having.
Recognising volunteers
Recognition of time and effort is important to ensure volunteers feel appreciated. Learn what motivates each volunteer, and make your recognition appropriate to what they think is important. There are many ways you can recognise your volunteers, for example;
 - Thank your volunteer at the end of the session or send a Thank You letter after an event
 - Announce your volunteers at events and thank them for their hard work and commitment in front of the audience.
 - Organising a volunteer social evening
 - Nominate your volunteers for awards such as the British Gymnastics Volunteer of the Year Award, regional volunteers awards, or local sports awards operated by local councils. Even if your volunteer doesn't win, they will appreciate you recognising them by being nominated.
 - Write about your volunteers and put an article on your club noticeboard, in your club newsletter or send the it to your local newspaper.
 - Provide your volunteers with T-shirts. It will make them feel part of the team.


is fortunate enough to draw one's data from an invariant measure for the dynamics. To illustrate the idea, let us take Korec's aforementioned result that if {\theta > \frac{\log 3}{\log 4}} one picks at random an integer {N} from a large interval {[1,x]}, then in most cases, the orbit of {N} will eventually move into the interval {[1,x^{\theta}]}. Similarly, if one picks an integer {M} at random from {[1,x^\theta]}, then in most cases, the orbit of {M} will eventually move into {[1,x^{\theta^2}]}. It is then tempting to concatenate the two statements and conclude that for most {N} in {[1,x]}, the orbit will eventually move {[1,x^{\theta^2}]}. Unfortunately, this argument does not quite work, because by the time the orbit from a randomly drawn {N \in [1,x]} reaches {[1,x^\theta]}, the distribution of the final value is unlikely to be close to being uniformly distributed on {[1,x^\theta]}, and in particular could potentially concentrate almost entirely in the exceptional set of {M \in [1,x^\theta]} that do not make it into {[1,x^{\theta^2}]}. The point here is the uniform measure on {[1,x]} is not transported by Collatz dynamics to anything resembling the uniform measure on {[1,x^\theta]}.
So, one now needs to locate a measure which has better invariance properties under the Collatz dynamics. It turns out to be technically convenient to work with a standard acceleration of the Collatz map known as the Syracuse map {\mathrm{Syr}: 2{\bf N}+1 \rightarrow 2{\bf N}+1}, defined on the odd numbers {2{\bf N}+1 = \{1,3,5,\dots\}} by setting {\mathrm{Syr}(N) = (3N+1)/2^a}, where {2^a} is the largest power of {2} that divides {3N+1}. (The advantage of using the Syracuse map over the Collatz map is that it performs precisely one multiplication of {3} at each iteration step, which makes the map better behaved when performing "{3}-adic" analysis.)
When viewed {3}-adically, we soon see that iterations of the Syracuse map become somewhat irregular. Most obviously, {\mathrm{Syr}(N)} is never divisible by {3}. A little less obviously, {\mathrm{Syr}(N)} is twice as likely to equal {2} mod {3} as it is to equal {1} mod {3}. This is because for a randomly chosen odd {\mathbf{N}}, the number of times {\mathbf{a}} that {2} divides {3\mathbf{N}+1} can be seen to have a geometric distribution of mean {2} – it equals any given value {a \in{\bf N}+1} with probability {2^{-a}}. Such a geometric random variable is twice as likely to be odd as to be even, which is what gives the above irregularity. There are similar irregularities modulo higher powers of {3}. For instance, one can compute that for large random odd {\mathbf{N}}, {\mathrm{Syr}^2(\mathbf{N}) \hbox{ mod } 9} will take the residue classes {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 \hbox{ mod } 9} with probabilities
\displaystyle 0, \frac{8}{63}, \frac{16}{63}, 0, \frac{11}{63}, \frac{4}{63}, 0, \frac{2}{63}, \frac{22}{63}
respectively. More generally, for any {n}, {\mathrm{Syr}^n(N) \hbox{ mod } 3^n} will be distributed according to the law of a random variable {\mathbf{Syrac}({\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z})} on {{\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z}} that we call a Syracuse random variable, and can be described explicitly as
\displaystyle \mathbf{Syrac}({\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z}) = 2^{-\mathbf{a}_1} + 3^1 2^{-\mathbf{a}_1-\mathbf{a}_2} + \dots + 3^{n-1} 2^{-\mathbf{a}_1-\dots-\mathbf{a}_n} \hbox{ mod } 3^n, \ \ \ \ \ (1)
where {\mathbf{a}_1,\dots,\mathbf{a}_n} are iid copies of a geometric random variable of mean {2}.
In view of this, any proposed "invariant" (or approximately invariant) measure (or family of measures) for the Syracuse dynamics should take this {3}-adic irregularity of distribution into account. It turns out that one can use the Syracuse random variables {\mathbf{Syrac}({\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z})} to construct such a measure, but only if these random variables stabilise in the limit {n \rightarrow \infty} in a certain total variation sense. More precisely, in the paper we establish the estimate
\displaystyle \sum_{Y \in {\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z}} | \mathbb{P}( \mathbf{Syrac}({\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z})=Y) - 3^{m-n} \mathbb{P}( \mathbf{Syrac}({\bf Z}/3^m{\bf Z})=Y \hbox{ mod } 3^m)| \ \ \ \ \ (2)
\displaystyle \ll_A m^{-A}
for any {1 \leq m \leq n} and any {A > 0}. This type of stabilisation is plausible from entropy heuristics – the tuple {(\mathbf{a}_1,\dots,\mathbf{a}_n)} of geometric random variables that generates {\mathbf{Syrac}({\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z})} has Shannon entropy {n \log 4}, which is significantly larger than the total entropy {n \log 3} of the uniform distribution on {{\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z}}, so we expect a lot of "mixing" and "collision" to occur when converting the tuple {(\mathbf{a}_1,\dots,\mathbf{a}_n)} to {\mathbf{Syrac}({\bf Z}/3^n{\bf Z})}; these heuristics can be supported by numerics (which I was able to work out up to about {n=10} before running into memory and CPU issues), but it turns out to be surprisingly delicate to make this precise.
A first hint of how to proceed comes from the elementary number theory observation (easily proven by induction) that the rational numbers
\displaystyle 2^{-a_1} + 3^1 2^{-a_1-a_2} + \dots + 3^{n-1} 2^{-a_1-\dots-a_n}
are all distinct as {(a_1,\dots,a_n)} vary over tuples in {({\bf N}+1)^n}. Unfortunately, the process of reducing mod {3^n} creates a lot of collisions (as must happen from the pigeonhole principle); however, by a simple "Lefschetz principle" type argument one can at least show that the reductions
\displaystyle 2^{-a_1} + 3^1 2^{-a_1-a_2} + \dots + 3^{m-1} 2^{-a_1-\dots-a_m} \hbox{ mod } 3^n \ \ \ \ \ (3)
are mostly distinct for "typical" {a_1,\dots,a_m} (as drawn using the geometric distribution) as long as {m} is a bit smaller than {\frac{\log 3}{\log 4} n} (basically because the rational


text:
City experienced substantial decrease in Sunshine in the month of July. As per the Met department of India, on an average there was only one hour of Sunshine in July.
There is also reduction in solar radiation. Most of the times, sky was covered with the clouds because of pollution in the air. For those who wanted to take Vitamin D from the sunshine had to wait for the sun rays. Some days in the month were completely without sunshine, some days were having some amount of sunshine but it was lowest in last 18 years as per the Met Department. According to the Met department, cloud cover and sun's altitude are the factors affecting the solar radiation. No or low sunshine also affects the health of the people as it brings unwanted diseases.
Now rain has taken a back seat since some days, so let's just hope for some bright and sunny days ahead.


Wednesday 7 September 2016
Pyinstaller Extractor updated to v1.6
PyInstaller Extractor is a tool to extract the contents of a windows executable file created by pyinstaller. This weekend I updated the tool to version 1.6. The new features which were incorporated include
 - Support for extracting pyinstaller 3.2
 - Extractor would now use a random name for extracting unnamed files within the CArchive
 - Preliminary support for handling encrypted pyz archives
The features are explained below.
Support for extracting pyinstaller 3.2
There has not been any format changes between pyinstaller 3.2 and the earlier versions. The previous versions works as is for pyinstaller 3.2
Handling unnamed files within CArchive
A Pyinstaller exe file can be visualized as of two nested archives. The outer layer is called CArchive. It is called so as it handled by C code i.e. the decompression of the layer is handled by a native stub written in C. The CArchive in turn contain another archive called PYZArchive along with other files. The PYZArchive is usually zlib compressed and is handled by python code and hence the reason for its name.
The CArchive usually contains the main script along with necessary dll files and python extension modules (pyd files). When running an pyinstaller exe, all dll and pyd files are written to a temporary directory to facilitate loading. (This behaviour is noticeably different from py2exe which loads dlls from memory.) The main script is never written to disk and hence it is possible to remove its name. If such is the case then the earlier versions of extractor would fail. The current version 1.6 will use a random name if it finds any unnamed files.
This feature has mainly been inspired while working on the PAN LabyREnth challenge (Threat #7).
Preliminary support for handling encrypted pyz archives
The files within the PYZ archive can be encrypted too. If such is the case, the tool would dump those files as is without attempting to process them. Previously the tool would fail trying to decompress encrypted data.
That's it. I would make a separate post to demonstrate how to extract encrypted pyz archives. It isn't difficult as the key to decrypt is present right in the CArchive.


Often we want to compare how different data series have changed over time. If the starting values are significantly different, graphing the trends in each series may not make the comparison better than a table of numbers. This makeover shows how you can use an index line graph to compare trends in different data series using a common starting point.
You can also view this slide makeover directly on Slideshare.


text:
SCIENTISTS have created glow-in-the-dark MONKEYS to help understand how genes are passed down to offspring.
Researchers in Japan first created a genetic virus containing a green fluorescent gene.
They exposed female marmoset primates to it so it merged with their DNA and was passed down to their offspring a world first.
The baby monkeys feet then glowed bright green under ultraviolet light.
Scientists will study them to find why certain genes cause diseases in some babies but not others.


text:
|Choosing a Telescope|
A Telescope can Trigger a Lifetime Connection to the Stars in a ChildStarry Hill is all about helping children connect with our Universe and the starry night skies above. Many
adults who call themselves stargazers will tell you that it all began when they were children after getting a
telescope. A telescope can spark a deep connection with the stars that can last a lifetime.
It is this possibility that entices many parents to purchase telescopes for their
children. Too often, however, after getting used a couple of
times, those telescopes end up in closets collecting dust instead of starlight. And those children, instead of their
excitement increasing, lose interest.
If you are considering purchasing a telescope for a child, we at Starry Hill would like to help you choose the right
one -- one that just might help spark a lifetime of stargazing -- by providing some recommendations based on our
experience with thousands of kids here at Starry Hill.


Why Do People Enjoy Q?
Why do people like mathematics?
This can be a question that has puzzled mathematicians and researchers. No body has come up with a definitive answer yet, although All of them think they have the clear answer. There really are some matters we could study on the study of why folks like math.
To begin with, they enjoy mathematics, should you inquire a math student, they are going to essay paper ordinarily say that it is just plain pleasure. countless skilled mathematicians who've studied math for years have impressed students. It creates them feel as they are doing some thing that makes a gap in modern society.
Some students also love math because it helps them to discover the beauty of numbers. They have found that if they can find connections between different numbers, then they can connect things like colors, numbers, relationships and more. They use numbers to connect to the world around them. Numbers also make them feel like pay for essay they are on the right track.
If a student will not be able to explain what makes them like mathematics, then they may think that they are not good at it. Some pupils take extra lessons to get better grades. Other individuals elect to perform mathematics or other courses simply to impress their educators. Some college students come to be fanatical about making certain that they're good at all they do, including the things that they do not enjoy.
Finally, some students love math because it helps them learn what they need to know for life. If they don't like math, then they might not know what they need to know. Math helps students _URL_ to understand how to balance their lives and lead a fulfilled life.
Is the fact that mathematics is loved by every one, however some such as it others. Because they enjoy looking at amounts, some are like me and enjoy mathematics. The others just love numbers and their perfect variety.
If you find you like mathematics instead of just numbers, then you'll like it. Make sure you believe about why you like math therefore that you are able to improve at it.
The answer to the inquiry,"Why would people enjoy mathematics?" Could surprise you.


text:
Numerical Analysis on Fluid Dynamic Phenomena in a Strip Caster Mold by L.E.S.
Shinji KAJIWARA, Kunihiko ONISHI
This report presents the simulation results of flow patterns of liquid metal in a twin roll strip caster. To analyze the velocity field in liquid pool, the influence of the nozzle flow and free surface were considered. The large eddy simulation-L.E.S.-model was applied to handle the turbulence of flow. The fluctuation of the fluid was measured using the full size water model test apparatus as well. The influence of nozzle flow on the flow pattern was clarified. In the pool the fluctuation of flow depends on casting speed, submerged nozzle type, and so on. The fluctuation of flow changes with the hole type of submerged nozzle.
Readers Who Read This Article Also Read
Tetsu-to-Hagané Vol.85(1999), No.11


Q: In the status 'With DE for Assignment,' what does 'DE' stand for?
Detailed Question -
The status has changed to 'With DE for Assignment' four days after submission.
1 Answer to this question
Manuscript statuses vary from journal to journal. Without knowing the exact journal you have submitted to, it would not be possible to say exactly what the status means. However, based on the journal, 'DE' can stand for either 'Deputy Editor' or 'Department Editor.'
The Deputy Editor typically performs the initial check on a manuscript – for aspects such as adherence to guidelines, quality of writing, and match with the journal's focus. Once these seem fine, they send or assign the manuscript to the Associate Editor (AE) for identifying relevant peer reviewers.
The Department Editor handles a certain section of a large journal, a smaller area of interest within the larger area of interest for the journal. (Sometimes, this role is also known as a Subject Editor.) If this is the case, the Department Editor will most likely perform a basic review of the paper for the novelty and quality of the research and then identify relevant peer reviewers. In some cases, the Department Editor may work with the AE for identifying reviewers.
As it has been only four days since submission, and again, without knowing the exact journal, it seems likely that the manuscript is with the Deputy Editor for assigning to an AE. You should know the next status in a few days. All the best!
Related resources:


text:
The aim of this work is to design and create a tool to collect a large number of used digital certificates from the Internet, while also providing an interface for their management and enabling their quantitative analysis for Internet security research. The thesis first analyzes the requirements and existing projects with a similar goal and then designs its own solution. The output is a modular tool called Cevast, which allows you to collect real digital certificates from the Internet, manage them on a local storage and analyze them using a wide range of functions, in the context of this thesis especially validation using existing implementations of SSL/TLS protocols. Part of the thesis is also a presentation of the functionality of the tool by performing an analysis on a sample of certificates and its evaluation.
Quantitative analysis of TLS certificate validity on the Internet
Faculty of Informatics
Date of Completion


text:
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, West University of Timişoara, C. Coposu Blvd. No. 4, 300223 Timişoara, Romania
Copyright © 2010 Bogdan Sasu. This is an open access article distributed under the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
The aim of this paper is to obtain new necessary and sufficient conditions for the uniform exponential stability of variational difference equations with applications to robustness problems. We prove characterizations for exponential stability of variational difference equations using translation invariant sequence spaces and
emphasize the importance of each hypothesis. We introduce a new concept of stability radius for a variational system of difference equations with respect to a perturbation structure and deduce a very general estimate for the lower bound of. All the results are obtained without any restriction concerning the coefficients, being applicable for any system of variational difference equations.


text: What the "95" in Windows 95 realy stands for 15. The 95 stands for average CPH : Crash Per Hour. 14. Bill Gates' age when it ships. 13. The number of days until Gates tries to sell you a newer OS. 12. The required number of megabytes of RAM to run at useable speed. 11. The percentage that will be complete on the shipping date. 10. The number of floppies it will ship in. 9. The percentage of people who will have to upgrade their hardware. 8. The number of megabytes of hard disk space required. 7. The number of pages in the EASY-INSTALL version of the manual. 6. The percentage of existing windoze programs that won't run in the new OS. 5. The number of minutes to install. 4. The number of calls to tech support before you can get it to run. 3. The number of people who will actually PAY for the upgrade. 2. The number of MHz required for the OS to run. 1. The year it WAS DUE to ship.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
For a triangle $ABC$ in 3D (each point has x, y, z coordinates) is it possible to generate uniform random points on the triangle from only the following data:
Normal of the triangle plane $N = \vec{\text{AB}}\times \vec{\text{AC}}$
Normal of the $AC$ edge plane $U = \cfrac{\vec{AC} \times N}{| \text{N} |^2} $ and $d_u = -U.A$
Normal of the $AB$ edge plane $V = \cfrac{ N \times \vec{AB} }{| \text{N} |^2} $ and $d_v = -V.A$
The two edge normals U and V are calculated such that $\vec{U}.B + d_u = 1$ and $\vec{V}.C + d_v = 1$ (As of yet I don't have the reputation to post an image so of the arrangement but will as soon as I can).
If this cannot be done with the available data what is the minimum amount of extra data required to generate the uniform random points (e.g. A, B, C)?
I am aware that the you can generate uniform random points on a triangle using the vertex $A$ and edges $\vec{AB} = B - A$ and $\vec{BC} = C-B$ as follows:
$S = A +\sqrt{R_1}\vec{AB} + \sqrt{R_1}R_2\vec{BC}$
Where $R_1 \text{and} R_2$ are random numbers between 0 and 1.
share|improve this question
There is no such thing as an "$AC$ edge plane". – Christian Blatter Jan 8 '12 at 12:09
It may have some other name however the peer review journal I am reading refers to it as such. It is the plane which the edge AC lies in which is perpendicular to the triangle plane – cubiclewar Jan 8 '12 at 20:42
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