text:
Scott, S.K. (1998) The point of P-centres. Psychological Research, 61 (1 ) pp.4 - 11. 10.1007/PL00008162.
Full text not available from this repository.
P-centres are the subjective moments of occurrence of acoustic stimuli and capture properties of regularity and synchrony in production and perception. Two experiments are described which compare the effects of onset and offset amplitude variation and stimulus duration on P-centre location. The discussion is extended to consider the role of P-centres in cross modal temporal phenomena.
|Title:||The point of P-centres|
|UCL classification:||UCL > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Brain Sciences > Psychology and Language Sciences (Division of) > Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience|
Archive Staff Only: edit this record


text: The development of complex and dependable systems like autonomous vehicles relies increasingly on the use of systems modeling language (SysML). In fact, SysML has become a de facto standard for systems engineering. With model-driven engineering, a SysML model serves as a reference for the early defect detection of the system under design: the earlier the errors are detected, the less is the cost of handling the errors. Mutation testing is a fault-based technique that has recently seen its applications to SysML behavioral models (e.g., state machine diagrams). Specifically, a system's state-transition design can be fed to a model checker where mutants are automatically generated and then killed against the desired design specifications (e.g., safety properties). In this paper, we present a novel approach based on process mining to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the SysML mutation testing based on model checking. In our approach, the mutation operators are applied directly to the state machine diagram. These mutants are then fed as traces into a process mining tool and checked according to the event logs. Our initial results indicates that the process mining approach kills more mutants faster than the model checking method.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


projecting sign
A sign that is attached to a building but extends beyond the building structure. Regulators often set a predetermined distance that a sign must extend beyond a building for it to be considered a projecting sign. A decorated awning is an example of a projecting sign. (Also called blade sign.)


text:
DEPRECATED This module is not supported as of Hassayampa (Version 3.0)
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Balanced Three-Phase Steady-state Transmission Network Flow Solution Using Gauss-Seidel Method
- 3 Network module implementation
- 4 Derived Classes
- 5 Model check procedure
- 6 Model import/export
- 7 References
The network module implements a balanced three-phase positive sequence power flow solver using the Gauss-Seidel method (Gauss 1809), as described by Kundur (1993).
Balanced Three-Phase Steady-state Transmission Network Flow Solution Using Gauss-Seidel Method
The Gauss-Seidel (GS) method is a linear iterative method (as opposed to the Newton-Raphson (NR) method, which uses a quadratic iterative method). The only differences between the two methods are the rate of convergence and the robustness of convergence when the starting state is bad. Because GridLAB-D is a quasi-steady time-series simulation, most state changes are small and result in only one or two iterations in either method. However, the GS method can be more easily implemented using parallel processing systems (such as multicore systems). In addition, the GS method is more likely to solve for new conditions that are far from the current solution. However, the GS method can have difficulty computing flows under high-transfer conditions.
The GS method uses an iterative approach proposed by von Seidel (1874). The GS method iterates using the first-order approximation of the Taylor expansion, and the NR method uses a second-order approximation. In the GS method the fundamental equation for the kth node can written as
The GS method is often criticized as inferior. This is categorically not true. The GS method has strengths and weaknesses when compared to the NR method. Depending on the circumstances, one method may be preferred over the other. But both, indeed all, valid methods produce the same answers. In fact, many commercial power flow solvers implement both methods concurrently, recognizing the necessity to exploit the appropriate method under any given circumstance. Hence, the implementation of the GS method does not make GridLAB-D's solution method inferior. It is simply a recognition that the circumstances of the power flow solution needed in GridLAB-D led to the choice of GS as the default power flow solver. Other power flow solvers can and should be implemented to address different circumstances. We encourage users and developers to consider doing so.
Important note: The solution method requires that the best known voltage be used at all times. This means that each time a voltage is updated, all the branch YV contributions to adjacent busses must be immediately updated.
The node is one of the major components of the method used for solving a power flow network. In essence, the distribution network can be seen as a series of nodes and links. A node's primary responsibility is to act as an aggregation point for the links that are attached to it, and to update the current and voltage values that will be used in the calculations done in the links.
Three types of nodes are defined. Nodes are simply a basic object that exports the voltages for each phase. Triplex nodes export voltages for three lines off a single split phase. All other node objects can have one or more phases defined.
The types of nodes that are supported are the following:
- PQ buses are nodes that have both constant real and reactive power injections.
- PV buses are for nodes that have constant real power injection but can control reactive power injection.
- SWING buses are nodes that are designated to absorb the residual error and are also used for generators that can control both real and reactive power injections.
The PQ bus is the most commonly found bus type in electric network models. PQ buses are nodes where both the real power (P) and reactive power (Q) are given. In these cases, the updated voltage at a node is found from an existing (non-zero) voltage using
The PV bus is the next most common bus type in electric network model. PV buses are nodes where the real power (P) is given, but the reactive power (Q) must be determined at each iteration. In these cases, the updated voltage for a node is found by calculating (3.2) If Q exceeds the Q limits [Qmin, Qmax], then the angle is fixed to the corresponding limit and the bus is solved as a PQ bus.
The SWING bus occurs at least once in any given island of a network models. Large models may have more than one SWING bus, particularly if areas of the network are only lightly coupled by relatively high-impedance links. SWING bus nodes are nodes where both the real power (P) and reactive power (Q) must be determined each iteration. In these cases, the updated voltage for a node is found by
The link object implements the general solution elements for branches using the GS method. The following sequence of operations is performed on each branch during a bottom-up sync event.
The effective admittance Y is calculated by including half of the line charging capacitance B (Kundur 1993):
The admittance coefficient is the inverse of the transformer turns ratio, if any (Kundur 1993):
The effective line self-admittance is the product of the admittance coefficient and component admittance:
Add the self-admittance and the shunt admittances to the busses (Kundur 1993):
Compute the line current injections on the busses:
Add the current injections to the busses:
Network module implementation
The network module implements the Gauss-Seidel solution method for balanced positive-sequence flow power models of transmission systems.
The module global variables are shown in Table 1.
|acceleration_factor||double||1.4||pu||The voltage update gain factor (usually between 1.4 and 1.7)|
|convergence_limit||double||0.001||V||The maximum allowable voltage change for iteration to halt|
|mvabase||double||1.0||MVA||The megaVolt-Amp basis to use in calculating powers|
|kvbase||double||12.5||kV||The kiloVolt basis to use calculating voltages|
|model_year||int16||2000||CE||The basis year of the model|
|model_case||char8||"S"||[WSF]||The basis of the case (e.g., winter, summer, fall)|
|model_name||char32||"(unnamed)"||*||The name of the model|
Network node objects represent busses in the transmission network. Three types of nodes are possible, and selecting using the type property:
- PQ busses are general busses that have constant power (both real and reactive power are invariant);
- PV busses are busses that have constant real power, but reactive power must be computed; and
- SWING busses are busses for which both real and reactive power must be computed and there must be at least one SWING bus per network island.
The node class must clear the admittance and current injection accumulators on the pre-topdown pass and compute the new voltage on the bottom-up pass of synchronization. The voltage update pseudo code is as follows:
self-admittance <- admittance-accumulator + complex (conductance + j susceptance) if type is SWING power <= conjugate ( conjugate voltage x ( self-admittance x voltage + current-injection-accumulator ) ) new-voltage <= voltage voltage-change <= complex zero else if self-admittance non-zero if type is PV imaginary power <= imaginary ( voltage * ( self-admittance x voltage + current-injection-accumulator ) ) if imaginary power less-than minimum reactive-limit imaginary power <= minimum-reactive-limit new-voltage <= ( conjugate power / conjugate voltage - current-injection-accumulator ) / self-admittance else if imaginary power greater-than maximum reactive-limit imaginary power <= minimum-reactive-limit new-voltage <= ( conjugate power / conjugate voltage - current-injection-accumulator ) / self-admittance else new-voltage <= ( conjugate power / conjugate voltage - current-injection-accumulator ) / self-admittance magnitude new-voltage <= magnitude voltage end end voltage-change <= new-voltage - voltage voltage <= new-voltage end else new-voltage <= voltage voltage-change <= complex zero end for each branch in incident-branches-list current-change <= voltage-change x branch.admittance / branch.turns-ratio if node is branch.from-bus other-bus <= branch.to-bus else other-bus <= branch.from-bus end other-bus.current-injection-accumulator <+ current-change end if magnitude voltage-change greater-than convergence-limit time-step <= zero else time-step <= infinity end
The network link object represents branches in the transmission network. The link class must compute the initial voltage estimates for the solution during the first bottom-up synchronization pass. The link need not update the voltage in subsequent iterations for the same time-step unless the admittance or turns-ratio has changed. Changes to the current-injection-accumulators resulting from bus voltage changes are handled by the node's bottom-up pass. The code for the link bottom-up synchronization is as follows:
effective-admittance <= admittance + j line-susceptance / 2 admittance-contribution <= effective-admittance / turns-ratio from-bus.self-admittance-accumulator <+ admittance-contribution + admittance-contribution x ( 1/turns-ratio - 1 ) from-bus.current-injection-accumulator <+ to-bus.voltage x admittance / turns-ratio to-bus.self-admittance-accumulator <+ admittance-contribution + effective-admittance x ( 1 - 1/turns-ratio ) to-bus.current-injection-accumulator


text:
Gwayasdums village is a small community located on Gilford Island. The village is the traditional home of the Kwikwasut'inuxw people, though throughout the historic era a number of groups have used the site as a winter village.
Other Kwakwaka'wakw groups that identify closely with Gilford Island are the Gwawa'enuxw, the Haxwa'mis and the Dzawada'enuxw. These three groups, along with the Kwikwasut'inuxw, formed an informally related cluster of social groupings collectively known as Qui'kwasi ki la or "living inside the mountains". The groups had their own potlatch ring, and they used Gwayasdums as a winter village.
Click tabs to swap between content that is broken into logical sections.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Facts About the Feather Duster Worm
By Cindy Quarters
Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Feather duster worms may not sound glamorous but these marine creatures can often be quite beautiful, with long, flowing appendages of red, green, orange, gray or other colors. These flowery tops are actually clusters of branched tentacles attached to the sides of the worms' heads and are essential to the worms' survival. Feather duster worms may be found on their own or in groups, often mixing with other types of sea creatures including coral, other marine worms and anemones.
Description
The feather duster worm belongs to the Sabellidae family, commonly known as tubeworms because they live in long, protective tubes they make. Each worm secretes mucus that it uses to build a long, leathery or parchment-like tube that it affixes to rock, coral or another solid surface. Though free-floating in the larval stage, once it makes a home the worm remains in the same place for the rest of its life. When things are safe the worm spreads out its feathery top, but when threatened the worm instantly retreats into its hole to wait for conditions to improve.
Feeding
The appendages that give this worm its name are finely divided tentacles that act as plankton filters. The worm spreads its plumes as widely as possible, catching whatever types of plankton happen to come by. They also wave their tentacles to move the water around them, increasing the odds of catching food. The food is then conveyed from the tentacles into the worm's mouth. These tentacles have long grooves that get progressively smaller, so that only plankton small enough to eat reaches their mouths. Another tube runs up from the inside of the worms' bodies to carry away waste.
Habitat
Feather duster worms live in the ocean, often along the rocky shores, on coral reefs or on the pilings of piers. They inhabit a wide range and can be found in the shallow, intertidal areas where they are out of the water at low tide or living at a depth of almost 150 feet, or anywhere in between. These worms do well in turbulent areas, since the wave action tends to stir up plankton, offering the stationary worms more opportunities to catch food.
Regeneration
Most sea creatures face constant danger from marine predators, and a hungry fish is sometimes quick enough that it can bite off a piece of the feather duster worm before it can hide. This diminishes the worm's ability to feed itself, but only temporarily, since these worms are able to regrow missing or damaged parts. Having plenty of tentacles is also important because feather duster worms use them to take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, so the ability to regenerate missing tentacles quickly helps them keep breathing.
Photo Credits
 - Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
Cite this Article A tool to create a citation to reference this article Cite this Article


Difference between revisions of "Cookbook"
From Octave
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Line 186: Line 186:

== Plotting ==

== Plotting ==
== User input ==
+
== Input/Ouput ==
 +

 +
=== Create a text table with fprintf===
 +
(A funny formatting trick with fprintf found by chance)
 +
Imagine that you want to create a text table with fprintf with 2 columns of 15 characters width and both right justified. How to do this thing?
 +

 +
That's easy:
 +

 +
If the variable Text is a cell array of strings (of length <15) with two columns and a certain number of rows, simply type for the kth row of Text
 +
fprintf('%15.15s | %15.15s\n', Text{k,1}, Text{k,2});
 +
The syntax '%<n>.<m>s' allocates '<n>' places to write chars and display the '<m>' first characters of the string to display.
 +

 +
Example:
 +
octave:1> Text={'Hello','World'};
 +
octave:2> fprintf('%15.15s | %15.15s\n', Text{1,1}, Text{1,2})
 +
 Hello | World
 +

 +
===Load comma separated values (*.csv) files===
 +

 +
A=textread("file.csv", "%d", "delimiter", ",");
 +
B=textread("file.csv", "%s", "delimiter", ",");
 +
inds = isnan(A);
 +
B(!inds) = num2cell(A(!inds))
 +

 +
This gets you a 1 column cell array. You can reshape it to the original size by using the reshape function
 +

 +
The next version of octave (3.6) implements the CollectOutput switch as seen in example 8 here: _URL_
Revision as of 05:48, 21 September 2012
An Octave cookbook. Each entry should go in a separate section and have the following subsection: problem, solution, discussion and maybe a see also.
Structures
Retrieve a field value from all entries in a struct array
Problem
You have a struct array with multiple fields, and you want to acess the value from a specific field from all elements. For example, you want to return the age from all patients in the following case:
 samples = struct ("patient", {"Bob", "Kevin", "Bob" , "Andrew"},
 "age", { 45 , 52 , 45 , 23 },
 "protein", {"H2B", "CDK2" , "CDK2", "Tip60" },
 "tube" , { 3 , 5 , 2 , 18 }
 );
Solution
Indexing the struct returns a comma separated list so use them to create a matrix.
 [samples(:).age]
This however does not keep the original structure of the data, instead returning all values in a single column. To fix this, use reshape().
 reshape ([samples(:).age], size (samples))
Discussion
Returning all values in a comma separated lists allows you to make anything out of them. If numbers are expected, create a matrix by enclosing them in square brackets. But if strings are to be expected, a cell array can also be easily generated with curly brackets
 {samples(:).patient}
You are also not limited to return all elements, you may use logical indexing from other fields to get values from the others:
 [samples([samples(:).age] > 34).tube] ## return tube numbers from all samples from patients older than 34
 [samples(strcmp({samples(:).protein}, "CDK2")).tube] ## return all tube numbers for protein CDK2
Input/output
Display matched elements from different arrays
Problem
You have two, or more, arrays with paired elements and want to print out a string about them. For example:
 keys = {"human", "mouse", "chicken"};
 values = [ 64 72 70 ];
and you want to display:
 Calculated human genome GC content is 64%
 Calculated mouse genome GC content is 72%
 Calculated chicken genome GC content is 70%
Solution
Make a two rows cell array, with each paired data in a column and supply a cs-list to printf
 values = num2cell (values);
 new = {keys{:}; values{:}};
 printf ("Calculated %s genome GC content is %i%%\n", new{:})
or in a single line:
 printf ("Calculated %s genome GC content is %i%%\n", {keys{:}; num2cell(values){:}}{:})

Discussion
printf and family do not accept cell arrays as values. However, they keep repeating the template given as long as it has enough arguments to keep going. As such, the trick is on supplying a cs-list of elements which can be done by using a cell array and index it with {}.
Since values are stored in column-major order, paired values need to be on the same column. A new row of data can then be added later with new(end+1,:) = {"Andrew", "Bob", "Kevin"}. Note that normal brackets are now being used for indexing.
Swap values
If you want to exchange the value between two variables without creating a dummy one, you can simply do:
Code: Swap values without dummy variable
[b,a] = deal (a,b);
Collect all output arguments of a function
If you have a function that returns several values, e.g.
function [a b c]= myfunc ()
 [a,b,c] = deal (1,2,3);
endfunction
and you want to collect them all into a single cell (similarly to Python's zip() function) you can do:
Code: Collect multiple output arguments
outargs = nthargout (1:3, @myfunc)
Mathematics
Find if a number is even/odd
Problem
You have a number, or an array or matrix of them, and want to know if any of them is an odd or even number, i.e., their parity.
Solution
Check the remainder of a division by two. If the remainder is zero, the number is odd.
 mod (value, 2) ## 1 if odd, zero if even
Since mod() acceps a matrix, the following can be done:
 any (mod (values, 2)) ## true if at least one number in values is even
 all (mod (values, 2)) ## true if all numbers in values are odd

 any (!logical (mod (values, 2))) ## true if at least one number in values is even
 all (!logical (mod (values, 2))) ## true if all numbers in values are even
Discussion
Since we are checking for the remainder of a division, the first choice would be to use rem(). However, in the case of negative numbers mod() will still return a positive number making it easier for comparisons. Another alternative is to use bitand (X, 1) or bitget (X, 1) but those are a bit slower.
Note that this solution applies to integers only. Non-integers such as 1/2 or 4.201 are neither even nor odd. If the source of the numbers are unknown, such as user input, some sort of checking should be applied for NaN, Inf, or non-integer values.
See also
Find if a number is an integer.
Parametrized Functions
Problem
One sometimes needs to define a family of functions depending on a set of parameters, e.g., where denote a the variables on which the function operates and are the parameters used to chose one specific element of the family of functions.
For example, let's say we need to compute the time evolution of the elongation of a spring for different values of the spring constant
Solution
We could solve the problem with the following code:
Code: Solve spring equation for different values of the spring constant
t = linspace (0, 10, 100);
function sprime = spring (s, t, k)
 x = s(1);
 v = s(2);
 sprime(1) = v;
 sprime(2) = -k * x;
endfunction
k = 1;
x1 = lsode (@(x, t) spring (x, t, k), [1;0], t)(:, 1);
k = 2;
x2 = lsode (@(x, t) spring (x, t, k), [1;0], t)(:, 2);
plot (t, x1, t, x2)
legend ('x1', 'x2')
Solparfun.png
Discussion
In the


text:
Rikikur: The Sherpa potato pancakeIt's traditionally eaten at breakfast, but it's good for all times—especially now, with everyone locked inside.
What's better to make use of, other than potatoes during this lockdown? Many who are privileged enough may have a stock of potatoes in their kitchen. If you love cooking, try making this savoury potato pancake 'rikikur'—a loved dish of Sherpa community.
Potatoes are ingrained in Sherpa food culture, but it wasn't always so. It was not until the mid 19th century that the potato was introduced to Sherpas in Khumbu, and it was not long until it became a staple. It contributed to the settled agrarian lifestyle and their economy—dried potatoes were even taken to Tibet to sell. From the Alps to the Himalayas of Nepal, the humble vegetable native to the South American Andes, helped communities like the Sherpa overcome famines, contributed to economic stability, and transformed their way of life. And, like those times, the humble tuber could be a saviour for hard times like now.
In the Sherpa kitchen, the potato is as basic as it can get, and it is cooked in every imaginable way. Potatoes are made into pancakes, dumplings, soups, stews, mashed and were even turned into flour and alcohol in the past. Boiled potatoes served with spicy achaar is a typical mid-day snack for people working in the fields.
Rikikur is a common breakfast dish for Sherpas. 'Riki' means potato and 'kur' is roti or bread in the Sherpa language, and the dish is just that: Finely grated potatoes mixed with a little flour and cooked in a pan. Traditionally, when modern graters weren't available, rough surfaced stones were used as grater. Now, graters fashioned from steel plates are common in many a Sherpa family home.
A spicy achaar, generally made from serkam (a solid product resulting from the boiling buttermilk), accompanies the pancake. When available, somar (fermented serkam) or soshim (fermented clotted cream)—is added to make the achaar extra flavourful. Like fish sauce, they have strong aroma but when added in sparingly, it plays a transformative role, elevating the entire dish.
While it's traditionally a breakfast dish, Rikikur can be eaten any time. The recipe is easy to make and doesn't require a horde of ingredients. Also, when you have time during this lockdown, I encourage you to explore cuisines from across Nepal and teach yourself and kids about the importance of cooking.
(Makes 4–5 rikikur)
8–10 potatoes, medium sized
3–4 tablespoons flour, buckwheat or plain white
1–2 eggs (optional)
Butter or oil for frying
For the achaar:
5–6 tbsps serkam, or thick yoghurt
1–2 stalks spring onion
3–4 cloves of garlic
1–2 green chillies
1 teaspoon salt
Start with the achaar, if you don't have serkam, use thick sour yoghurt instead. If the yoghurt is too thin, drain in a cotton cloth or large tea strainer until thick (approximately two hours). Grind spring onion, garlic, green chillies, and salt to make a paste, add to the yoghurt and mix.
Wash and peel the potatoes before finely grating (a food processor can be used in lieu of a grater). The finer, the better. Add flour to the potatoes, and mix to form a batter. Flour helps in binding. Eggs can be added now, although it's not a traditional recipe, as the proteins will help bind the mixture further. Avoid adding salt as it makes the pancake soggy by drawing moisture from the grated potatoes.
Heat a frying pan and add a tablespoon of butter or oil. Add about half a cup of batter and spread evenly with a spoon. Cook both sides until golden brown. Serve with a small pad of butter and dollop of achaar. Eat it hot—cold rikikur has the off-taste of raw potato.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
For the purposes of connections, the types of connection assets are classified as follows:
Private supply infrastructure
This includes a water supply pipe or drain within the boundary of the premises which facilitates the connection of that premises to the pipe associated with the service connection. The customer is responsible for funding and installing, and retains ownership and maintenance responsibility of, all private supply infrastructure associated with the connection.
Service connection infrastructure
This includes the infrastructure associated with a service connection.
For some developments including housing developments, this is the infrastructure that is located within the boundary of the new development which will be constructed to facilitate water supply and/or wastewater collection.
For water, this includes assets such as water mains, water pumping stations, and associated accessories that are in the ownership of Irish Water.
For wastewater, this includes assets such as sewers, wastewater pumping stations, and associated works that are in the ownership of Irish Water.
For water, this includes assets such as raw water intake systems, raw water reservoirs and aqueducts, water treatment works, service reservoirs, pumping stations, strategic trunk mains and their accessories.
For wastewater, this includes assets such as trunk sewer systems, main pumping stations, rising mains, wastewater treatment works and treated effluent outfalls and their accessories. All these strategic assets are in the ownership of Irish Water.


Project SafeGuard
What is Project SafeGuard?
Project Safeguard is a project in partnership with the community and local Law Enforcement. This online program promotes communication and gives police quick access to important information about a person with a disability such as Autism, Dementia, etc. This would include any disability where the individual displays a tendency to wander or shows other similar tendencies.
This program provides information that is critical for law enforcement prior to an officer's arrival at a scene and/or prior to contacting an individual such as their name, birthday, physical description, emergency contact information, known triggers, and behaviors, etc.
What happens when a person joins Project SafeGuard?
Once the person joins the program, the information will be verified with the parent or guardian. The information will then be placed into a database in the Saratoga Springs and Bluffdale Record Management and Dispatch Systems. If you do not reside within the Saratoga Springs Police Department jurisdiction, contact your local police department to inquire if they participate in Project Safeguard or a similar program.
When possible, an officer trained in Crisis Intervention Team (CIT) will be sent to the scene.
Register Annually
How to Register
To register, an adult family member or guardian of the individual should complete the following form.
SafeGuard Form


text:
Small Water and Wastewater Systems
Decentralised Water and Wastewater Systems: Advances in Technology and Recycling
AWA's Small Water and Wastewater Systems Specialist Network invites you to submit an abstract for their National Conference, to be held in Newcastle, NSW on 13-15 August 2014.
The number and diversity of small water and wastewater systems is on the rise in Australia. Today decentralised water systems are re-emerging as long term solutions to water scarcity and the constraints of the centralised approach.
The themes of the conference focus on public health , environmental and economic sustainability , stakeholder engagement , water recycling and technological innovation . Keynote presentations will examine national and international perspectives on decentralised water and wastewater systems.


Optical Comparators
An optical comparator is used to perform an inspection of manufactured parts. With an optical comparator, the silhouette of a part is magnified and projected upon the screen – which allows for the dimensions and geometry of a part to be accurately measured against limits and targets. The measuring process happens in several ways. The most common way is where graduations on the screens are superimposed over the silhouette, allow the viewer to measure visually. However, the most technologically advanced methods involve software that analyses the image and reports all measurements back. Optical comparators are widely used in industries of trade, engineering, science, technology, and quantitative research.


text:
The Friends of the Flycatcher after school club based on La Digue has installed eight bird baths on the island for the benefit of the Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher (Veuve). The baths were set up at the Veuve Reserve, the La Digue School, the Flycatcher Lodge, Villa Veuve, and the Community Centre at La Passe.
Bird baths are man-made shallow pools from which birds can drink, bathe, preen or cool off. They are normally made in the form of a basin.
A source of water is as important to birds as is food. Apart from drinking, water also removes dust, loose feathers, parasites and other debris from a bird's plumage.
The Seychelles Paradise Flycatcher favours native Badamier and Takamaka dominated broad-leaved plateau woodland in proximity to wetland areas for its habitat, with territory density increasing higher up on the island. The wetlands and marshes are also important as breeding grounds for insects, which the birds eat.
"But in the dry season the marshes dry up. We have observed flycatchers going into people's gardens looking for water and sometimes they come down low to the ground to buckets of water to drink and wash. This places them in danger of drinking detergent and being caught by cats while on the ground," says Josiana Rose of the Seychelles National Parks Authority (SNPA), and the education officer at the Veuve Reserve.
"Provision of water baths for the flycatcher will give them safe and easy access to water for drinking and bathing during the dry season that persists for many months," she says.
Nature Seychelles and the SNPA and have been promoting the conservation of the Critically Endangered flycatcher through an advocacy and education project whose aim is to help protect the species in its stronghold on La Digue. The project is part of BirdLife International (Nature Seychelles is BirdLife partner) Preventing Extinctions Programme and is supported by Viking's Optical of the United Kingdom. It's under this partnership that the Friends of the Flycatcher was started at the school.
Although still in its infancy, the club has been involved in a number of activities including cleaning up the island on World Clean-up Day and planting trees in the Veuve Reserve.
"Awareness of the significance of a species needs is a necessary prerequisite to supporting conservation action. By adding these water features we are teaching the children to care for the bird and its habitat," says Martin Varley, Nature Seychelles' Community Coordinator.
The baths are made of fibre glass and stand up to four feet above the ground on a wooden base.
"We are right next to the Reserve and the birds come here to the Badamier and the Bread-fruit trees, so the birds will have somewhere to drink and preen," said Mr. Michel Madeleine the head teacher of the La Digue School after a bath had been installed at his school. The school is the custodian of the flycatcher club and to its credit it now has one of the most active clubs in La Digue.
At the Paradise Flycatcher Lodge, which takes its name after the bird, an excited Mrs. Lucy Ericksson, a tourist from Sweden, was honoured to be part of the installation. Mrs. Ericksson who is originally from Tanzania was visiting Seychelles on the occasion of her 30th anniversary and was staying at the lodge when the club arrived for the activity. A primary school teacher back in Sweden she happily video-taped the activity for her students. "I am very lucky to be part of this," she said.


New paper by Manuel Trachsel and Martin Grosse Holtforth: How to Strengthen Patients' Meaning Response by an Ethical Informed Consent in Psychotherapy
Healthcare professionals including psychotherapists are legally and ethically obliged to ensure informed consent for the provided treatments comprising type and duration or potential benefits and possible risks (e.g., side effects) among others. In the present contribution, we argue that as potential benefit, informed consent can foster the patient's meaning response. Moerman's notion of the meaning response as the physiological or psychological effects of meaning in the course and treatment of an illness is a useful concept in explaining the effects of communicating a treatment rationale as part of the informed consent procedure. The more compelling the rational explanation of the targeted treatment effects including an explanatory model and a model of unique and common change mechanisms, the stronger the meaning response is expected to be resulting in increased hope and positive expectations with regard to the treatment.
Full text


text:
ANAHUAC FIELD. Anahuac field is an oval-shaped oil and gas field near Turtle Bay in central Chambers County, on the coast of Southeast Texas. Its discovery and development were scientifically guided by its primary operators, Humble Oil and Refining Company, Sun Oil Company, and Gulf Oil Corporation. The field draws oil and gas from a faulted domal uplift in massive sands of the Marginulina and upper Frio formations. The source of its primary recovery was a strong water-drive and gas-cap expansion, but since April 1957 the reservoir has been maintained by reinjection into the Frio formation of all the nonassociated and most of the casinghead gas produced in the field. Between its discovery on March 6, 1935, and January 1, 1993, the field produced more than 277 million barrels of oil, and between 1974 and 1993 the field yielded more than 43.3 billion cubic feet of gas. The field is significant because the small number of operators in it followed a systematic drilling program that spaced wells for optimal oil recovery and economic return. Anahuac field was named for the county seat, situated five east of it.
In 1925 and again in 1927 and 1929 Humble Oil and Refining Company conducted early forms of geophysical measures and tests in the area of the future Anahuac field, looking for evidence of an oil-bearing structure. When geophysics offered no encouragement, Humble management allowed the company leases to expire. However, the management did not lose exploratory interest in the area. Late in 1932 Humble made a trade for the right to explore a block of 21,000 acres for thirty-five cents an acre. In the trade Humble gained the right to select any part of the acreage for drilling at five dollars an acre. In May 1933 the company used a reflection seismograph, the latest in geophysical equipment, on the block and found evidence of a structure. With these encouraging results, Humble leased three-fourths of the original block. On December 8, 1934, Humble spudded the No. 1 A. D. Middleton in Section 58, Houston and Texas Central Railway Company survey, in central Chambers County. The well had a show of high-gravity oil at the section between 7,024 and 7,050 feet in the Frio sand in February 1935. On March 6, 1935, the well reached a depth of 7,052 feet with an initial daily production of 120 barrels of oil and a gas-to-oil ratio of 12,500 cubic feet per barrel. The No. 1 Middleton was deepened to 7,088 feet on March 16, 1935, in an attempt to reduce the gas-oil ratio. From the lower depth, the well yielded 547 barrels of oil a day with an improved gas-oil ratio of 435 cubic feet to one barrel of oil.
After the success of the No. 1 Middleton, four more wells were completed in the field by early May. On May 8, 1935, the Railroad Commission of Texas set well spacing at one well to every twenty acres. At the same time the commission based production allowable 50 percent on acreage and 50 percent on well potential. On July 21 an independent partnership, Glenn H. McCarthy and R. A. Mason, brought in the No. 1 White in the James McGahey survey, with initial production of 588 barrels of oil a day, and extended the field about three miles to the north. Although nine wells were completed in the field by the end of July, it was the No. 1 White that proved the substantial size of the field and influenced leasing to the north and east. Although intense leasing drove prices as high as $1,000 an acre, the drilling of wells was cheap and quick in the new field. The average cost of drilling and completing a well to 7,100 feet was $23,000. The average time needed to drill a well through the soft sand and shale of the subsurface was twenty-one days. Even with cheap drilling costs and short drilling time, operators completed only thirty-eight wells by the end of 1935, when annual production for the field was 342,239 barrels of oil. The few operators in the field faced no competition or time constraints in field development. They chose safe locations by staking direct offsets to producing wells because they wanted an orderly development of the field and because they knew little about the producing structure.
Until the summer of 1935, when leasing excitement gripped the town of Anahuac, the county seat consisted of 200 families and few accommodations for newcomers. To meet the demand, new hotels and cafes sprouted as quickly as mushrooms after rain. Although the town had no railroad, a bus company scheduled service through Anahuac. In the field, Humble constructed a camp of twenty-five houses for employees, three warehouses, and a one-unit high-pressure pump station to carry oil through a six-inch line to its carrier in Barbers Hill oilfield and on to its Baytown refinery. In September 1935 Sun Oil Company built a four-inch pipeline in the field that eventually reached its refinery, and Gulf Production Company completed a six-inch line to run to the Hankamer field. Humble built a modern road through the field to replace an earlier wooden one. A canal was dug to supply water for the field from the Trinity River. With these new constructions, operators were set to continue field development.
During 1936, development of the field progressed with the drilling of 106 additional wells. By the end of the year only three operators were working the field, and it was estimated that 50 percent of the field was developed. Production for 1936 was 2,603,280 barrels of oil, almost 2,000 barrels below the set allowable. Although 1937 production almost doubled the 1936 figure, yields were held to just over 2.5 million barrels a year through 1940. By February 1941 Anahuac field covered 7,300 acres and Humble owned 75 percent of it. Four other companies held the remaining 25 percent. At the end of 1941, when the field reached full development, annual production was 4,649,833 barrels of oil from 356 wells and 378,438,000 cubic feet of gas from three producing wells. Annual oil production climbed during the early 1940s until peak production was reported at the end of 1944, when 11,916,137 barrels of oil were brought to the surface. Production was maintained above five million barrels of oil a year through 1975, the fortieth anniversary of the discovery of the field. By 1985, after fifty years of operation, the field gave up over 1.3 million barrels of oil annually. At the end of 1992 Anahuac field reported cumulative production of 277,086,782 barrels of oil, proving the effectiveness of the optimal oil-recovery program set in place by Humble, Sun, and Gulf fifty-seven years earlier.
William E. Galloway et al., Atlas of Major Texas Oil Reservoirs (Austin: University of Texas Bureau of Economic Geology, 1983). Frank J. Gardner, Texas Gulf Coast Oil (Dallas: Rinehart Oil New Company, 1948). Edgar Wesley Owen, Trek of the Oil Finders: A History of Exploration for Petroleum (Tulsa: American Association for Petroleum Geologists, 1975). Railroad Commission of Texas, Annual Report of the Oil and Gas Division, 1943.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Julia Cauble Smith, "ANAHUAC FIELD," Handbook of Texas Online (_URL_ accessed May 19, 2013. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.


Check whether a word is correctly spelled or not
(PHP 5 >= 5.3.0, PECL enchant >= 0.1.0 )
enchant_dict_checkCheck whether a word is correctly spelled or not
Описание
bool enchant_dict_check ( resource $dict , string $word )
If the word is correctly spelled return TRUE, otherwise return FALSE
Список параметров
dict
Dictionary resource
word
The word to check
Возвращаемые значения
Returns TRUE if the word is spelled correctly, FALSE if not.


Utilities for turn-based games
It is recommended that you read the Get Started tutorial before progressing with this tutorial.
Turn-based games often require more detailed control over which nodes that units can traverse as well as the cost for traversing those nodes, which may vary between units. On the other hand maximum pathfinding performance is not always needed since most units will be stationary at any one time.
It is possible to update all movement costs and similar attributes for nodes in the graph before every path request however this is not a particularly clean solution so this package provides some other ways to do this.
If you need even more control you can take a look at the ITraversalProvider section.
Blocking nodes
The most common scenario is that one wants to block certain nodes from being traversed by some units but not by others. For example in a turn based game one usually want to prevent units from standing on the same tile, however a unit should obviously not be blocked by itself.
For this purpose the BlockManager component and the accompanying SingleNodeBlocker component exist. The SingleNodeBlocker is intended to be used as an easy way of blocking specific nodes where each SingleNodeBlocker component blocks exactly one node. The BlockManager component will keep track of all the SingleNodeBlocker components and allows the creation of TraversalProvider instances which can be used in paths to specify additional nodes that are blocked.
A separate example of this can be viewed in the example scene called "Turnbased". This example scene depends on pro features however so it is not included in the free version of the package. The features mentioned in this tutorial do not require the pro version.
In this tutorial we will create a new scene and a few scripts to test the API.
Create a new scene and save it in your project, name it "TurnBasedTest" or whatever you feel like. Add a new GameObject and name it "BlockManager" then select it and attach the BlockManager component to it.
Now add a sphere and place it at (1.5, 0, 2.5). This will put it right in the center of a node. Add the SingleNodeBlocker script to it and assign the BlockManager component we created earlier to the "manager" field on the SingleNodeBlocker component. Make sure you delete the collider on the sphere because otherwise the sphere will be detected as an obstacle anyway and we want to use the SingleNodeBlocker for that. Create another GameObject and name it "A*", then add the AstarPath component to it (Menu bar -> Pathfinding -> Pathfinder). You can add a large plane to the scene if you want, just to have something to have as a ground plane. Add a Grid Graph to the AstarPath component and set the "Unwalkable when no ground" setting to false. If you click the Scan button now you should see a small empty grid with a single sphere. Note that the sphere does NOT block any node in the graph by itself.
Now we want that SingleNodeBlocker to actually block some position, so create a new C# script named "BlockerTest.cs" and add this code:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections;
using Pathfinding;
public class BlockerTest : MonoBehaviour {
public void Start () {
var blocker = GetComponent();
Add that new script to the sphere that we created earlier. When the game starts, that script make the SingleNodeBlocker component tell the BlockManager that it now occupies the node at that object's position. This is not enough however because no path knows that a node has been blocked yet.
To actually calculate a path we will create a new script called "BlockerPathTest.cs" which should contain this code:
using UnityEngine;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using Pathfinding;
public class BlockerPathTest : MonoBehaviour {
public BlockManager blockManager;
public List obstacles;
public Transform target;
BlockManager.TraversalProvider traversalProvider;
public void Start () {
// Create a traversal provider which says that a path should be blocked by all the SingleNodeBlockers in the obstacles array
traversalProvider = new BlockManager.TraversalProvider(blockManager, BlockManager.BlockMode.OnlySelector, obstacles);
public void Update () {
// Create a new Path object
var path = ABPath.Construct(transform.position, target.position, null);
// Make the path use a specific traversal provider
path.traversalProvider = traversalProvider;
// Calculate the path synchronously
if (path.error) {
Debug.Log("No path was found");
} else {
Debug.Log("A path was found with " + path.vectorPath.Count + " nodes");
// Draw the path in the scene view
for (int i = 0; i < path.vectorPath.Count - 1; i++) {
Debug.DrawLine(path.vectorPath[i], path.vectorPath[i + 1], Color.red);
This script will calculate a path every frame from its own position to the target's position while using a TraversalProvider that was created to make the path avoid any obstacles in the specified list.
The BlockManager.TraversalProvider has 2 modes. AllExceptSelector and OnlySelector. If the AllExceptSelector mode is set then all nodes blocked by SingleNodeBlocker components will be treated as unwalkable except those in the specified list. This is useful if you for example want a unit to avoid all units except itself, or maybe you want it to avoid all units on its own team but no opponents. When the OnlySelector is set then all nodes which are blocked by SingleNodeBlockers in the list will be treated as unwalkable. For performance reasons it is a good idea to keep the selector list relatively small.
Create a new GameObject with the name "Target" and position it at for example (3.5, 0, 3.5). Also create a GameObject named "Path Searcher" and add the new BlockerPathTest component to it. Move the object to the position (-2.5, 0, 3.5) and assign the "Block Manager" and "Target" fields. Now press play, you should see a red line that goes from the "Path Searcher" to the "Target". Note that it passes through the sphere as if it was not there. This is because we haven't added it to the "Obstacles" list on the searcher.
If you stop the game and then add the sphere's SingleNodeBlocker component to the list and press play again you should see that it is now being avoided.
Now we could expand this easily to for example create a number of red spheres and a number of blue spheres and make two searchers where one considers just the blue spheres as obstacles and one considers just the red spheres as obstacles. You can see this in the video below.
The above system works for simple cases and is pretty easy to use. However for more complicated cases it is better to use the ITraversalProvider interface. Any path can be assigned a traversalProvider which has two methods bool CanTraverse (Path path, GraphNode node);
uint GetTraversalCost (Path path, GraphNode node);
The CanTraverse method should just return true or false depending on if the unit should be able to traverse that node. The GetTraversalCost method should return the additional cost for traversing that node. By default if no tags or penalties are used then the traversal cost is zero. A cost of 1000 corresponds roughly to the cost of moving 1 world unit.
As a reference, the default implementation would be
public class MyCustomTraversalProvider : ITraversalProvider {
public bool CanTraverse (Path path, GraphNode node) {
// Make sure that the node is walkable and that the 'enabledTags' bitmask
// includes the node's tag.
return node.Walkable && (path.enabledTags >> (int)node.Tag & 0x1)!= 0;
// alternatively:
// return DefaultITraversalProvider.CanTraverse(path, node);
public uint GetTraversalCost (Path path, GraphNode node) {
// The traversal cost is the sum of the penalty of the node's tag and the node's penalty
return path.GetTagPenalty((int)node.Tag) + node.Penalty;
// alternatively:
// return DefaultITraversalProvider.GetTraversalCost(path, node);
By implementing a custom ITraversalProvider you can change the penalties however you want to suit your game's rules. Note that the grid graph for performance reasons removes all connections to unwalkable nodes, so even if you would remove the "node.Walkable &&" part in the traversal provider a path on grid graphs would still not traverse unwalkable nodes. You can only make nodes unwalkable, not make unwalkable nodes walkable again.
If multithreading is enabled the ITraversalProvider's methods will be called from a separate thread. This means you cannot use any part of the Unity API (except things like math) and you need to make sure your code is thread safe.
When you have implemented an ITraversalProvider you can assign it to a path like was done above. var path = ABPath.Construct(...);
path.traversalProvider = new MyCustomTraversalProvider();
You can find another example of how to use the ITraversalProvider here: CircuitBoardExample.cs


be used[not used]
SAVE saves the information about the inputs to the model (basic input options A, C, Y, F, SW, SV, MU, Z and less standard ones SX0, X0, Q, R, SH0 and DISCOUNT). You can then use GET on a later DLM instruction to re-use those inputs. Note that this only applies to the inputs, not the outputs, or to TYPE options or estimation controls.
DLM instruction (FPRE/FPOST/FSPOST options) (9.2)
FPRE=FUNCTION(VECTOR *,SYMMETRIC *) called before the prediction step [not used]
FPOST=FUNCTION(VECTOR *,SYMMETRIC *) called after the filter step [not used]
FSPOST=FUNCTION(VECTOR *,SYMMETRIC *) called after a smoothing update [not used]
These allow adjustments of the state vector and/or covariance matrix during filtering and smoothing operations.
DSGE instruction(9.2)
The FRML's in the MODEL can now be written in the more natural form of
frml frmlname depvar = right-side-formula
if that's appropriate, rather than having to be written as the "implicit"
frml frmlname = depvar-(right-side-formula)
Also, a model can be forced to be solved backwards for all roots (even explosive ones), by using CUTOFF=%NA.
ECT instruction(9.2)
MODELS created using SYSTEM with ECT can be used more flexibly than before. In particular, you can use them for the mean model on GARCH, and can make draws from their distribution similar to VAR's without error correction. See, for instance, the MONTEVECM.RPF and the VECMGARCH.RPF examples.
ERRORS instruction(10.0)
The input MODEL can include FRML's if the FRML's are of a simple linear form.
ESTIMATE instruction(9.2)
%VARLAGSUMS is computed for the differenced dependent variables in models with ECT's.
FILTER instruction(10.0)
Now includes TYPE=HPDETREND, which produces the deviations from the Hodrick-Prescott trend, in case you want that rather than the HP filtered data itself.
FORECAST instruction(10.0)
This now defines %FSTART and %FEND as the start and end entry for the computed forecasts.
FRML instruction(9.2)
The COEFFS option has been added to let a FRML from a linear relationship have fixed coefficients.
GARCH instruction (9.2)
Can estimate MODEL's with embedded Error Correction Terms.
Estimates non-trivial mean models in an initial step to improve the guess values and the pre-sample covariance matrix. (This is done automatically).
Adds the XBEKK option to control GARCH-X handling in BEKK models.
Adds the DENSITY and PARMSET options to override the standard likelihood density functions.
Defines %NFREE (number of free parameters)
GARCH instruction (10.0)
DISTRIB=GED can be used with multivariate models.
DCC and QBAR options control the calculation of the DCC recursion.
GRAPH instruction (9.1)
There is no longer a limit on the number of series graphed. Since there are only 30 styles, those, by default, "wrap" after 30 so style 31 is the same as style 1.
GROUP instruction (9.2)
You can use a VECTOR[FRML] or VECTOR[EQUATION] as the part or all of the list of components in the MODEL.
GRPARM instruction (custom month labels) (9.1)
CMLABELS=VECTOR[STRING] with short (one or two character) month labels
SMLABELS=VECTOR[STRING] with short (roughly 3 character) month labels
LMLABELS=VECTOR[STRING] with full month names
These allow you to localize the labeling of months in graphs. The default is the standard English names and abbrevations. For instance,
grparm(cmlabels=||"E","F","M","A","M","J","J","A","S","O","N","D"||)
grparm(smlabels=||"enero","feb","marzo","abr","mayo","jun","jul","agosto","set","oct","nov","dec"||)
grparm(lmlabels=||"enero","febrero","marzo","abril","mayo","junio","julio",$
 "agosto","septiembre","octubre","noviembre","deciembre"||)
would use Spanish month names and abbreviations instead. Note that the graphs themselves don't have the labels built in—instead, they save the raw date information. The substitution is done whenever any graph is displayed, printed or exported after the GRPARM instruction.
GRPARM instruction (SHADING and GRID options) (9.2)
These allow override of the default styles for user-controlled shading and grid lines.
GRPARM instruction (DEFINE option) (9.2)
These allow override of the default styles for lines, fills and symbols.
HISTORY instruction (BASE and EFFECTS options) (10.0)
BASE and EFFECTS are a more straightforward way to deal with the output of the decompositions than the older RESULTS option.
HISTORY also defines %FSTART and %FEND as the starting and ending entries of the computed decomposition.
LINREG instruction (SHUFFLE options) (10.0)
This adds the SHUFFLE option for bootstrapping.
NEWTYPE instruction (9.2)
This instruction allows you to define your own abbreviations for complicated data types.
NONLIN instruction (9.2)
The new ZEROS option will explicitly initialize all elements at 0.0.
REPORT instruction (PREFIX/SUFFIX options with ACTION=MODIFY) (9.1)
PREFIX="prefix formatting string" [not used]
SUFFIX="suffix formatting string" [not used]
These can be used with ACTION=FORMAT as an alternative to the SPECIAL option if you need some other form of tagging (for eventual use in TeX). You can use these alone or together. For instance, SUFFIX="^{**}" will add ** as a superscript (ordinarily ** is on the same line at normal text size), and PREFIX="\lbrace",SUFFIX="\rbrace" will enclose the element in { }.
SCATTER instruction (9.1)
There is no longer a limit on the number of series graphed. Since there are only 30 styles, those, by default, "wrap" after 30 so style 31 is the same as style 1.
SIMULATE instruction (10.0)
Defines the %FSTART and %FEND variables as the start and end of the computed simulations.
SPGRAPH instruction (9.2)
The YROTATE option allows the row labels (YLABELS option) to be rotated 90 degrees. While it makes them harder to read, the rotated text takes up quite a bit less room on the page if the labels are more than a few characters long.
STATISTICS instruction (10.0)
With the new NOCENTER option, will compute variants of the statistics appropriate when a mean of zero can be assumed. It also adds the SHUFFLE option for bootstrapping.
STEPS instruction (10.0)
Defines the %FSTART and %FEND variables as the start and end of the computed forecasts.
STORE instruction (REQUEST option) (9.1)
REQUEST=VECT[STRINGS] with the database names to include
This applies to the CONVERT option and is mainly designed for data formats such as FRED, FAME or HAVER that have too many series to import in their entirety (or may have no option to run through the entire catalog anyway). You create a VECT[STRINGS] with the names that you want, and STORE will pull them off the data base (if they're present) and add them to the file being edited.
SUR instruction (10.0)
Includes the SHUFFLE option for bootstrapping.
UFORECAST instruction (10.0)
Defines the %FSTART and %FEND variables as the start and end of the computed forecasts.
VCV instruction (10.0)
Includes the SHUFFLE option for bootstrapping.
Functions
%checkname(name) — Check for name already defined (9.1)
Returns 1 if the name (as a STRING) is already in the symbol table, and 0 if it isn't.
Argument type:
STRING variable or literal ("....")
Returns type:
INTEGER
%chol(S) — Cholesky decomposition (10.0)
Returns the Cholesky decomposition of a SYMMETRIC matrix. For a matrix S, this returns a lower-triangular RECTANGULAR array F, such that \({\bf{FF'}} = {\bf{S}}\). S must be positive semi-definite. See also the %PSDFACTOR function. This is a synonym for %DECOMP and was added as a clearer name for the calculation.
Argument type:
SYMMETRIC
Returns type:
RECTANGULAR
%dnn(n) — Duplication matrix (9.


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I know that $-\frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{d}t} \propto E^2$ for an electron losing energy to synchrotron radiation, but I can't find how to arrange this to give the time it would take for the electron to lose half of its original energy. How would I go about working that out?
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The half-life description only works for exponential decay. As others have shown, this leads to a power-law decay, as 1/t. So you can ask for the asymptotic half-life in log-t variable, but not in t. – Ron Maimon Nov 8 '11 at 6:48
But the OP does not speak of half-life! His problem has meaning per se. – Vladimir Kalitvianski Nov 9 '11 at 15:21
2 Answers 2
Not to worry, it's fairly easy: right now you have a differential equation which can be written
$$\frac{\mathrm{d}E}{\mathrm{d}t} = -CE^2$$
for some constant $C$. You need to solve that differential equation for $E(t)$. (If you're wondering how to do that, you can find more information at the math site.) Then you can determine the electron's energy at the initial time $t_0$ as $E(t_0)$, and find the time at which its energy becomes half of that:
$$E(t) = \frac{E(t_0)}{2}$$
and solve for $t$.
share|cite|improve this answer
$$\frac{dE}{dt} = -CE^2$$
$$d\left (\frac{1}{E}\right ) = Cdt$$
$$\frac{1}{E_2}-\frac{1}{E_1}= C(t_2-t_1)$$
$$\frac{1}{E_1} = C\Delta t$$ $$\Delta t = \frac{1}{CE_1}$$
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Your Answer


text:
This rainbow playsilk display is a beautiful way to organize your silks.
Simply hang on a wall and slip your playsilks through.
It's easy enough for children to do independently and encourages young ones to keep their playrooms tidy.
Cleaning instructions: Wipe down and clean using a drop of soap and lukewarm water.
Sarah's Silks is devoted to sustainability and ethics, utilizing natural materials, minimizing their ecological footprint and supporting communities. They make sure everything they do contributes to improving working conditions in communities, both locally and abroad, and the environment. Silk is a naturally biodegradable fiber and when treated with nontoxic dyes, it can go on to provide nutrition for soil instead of landing in a trashcan. Sarah's Silks are free from harmful chemicals, including toxins and irritants, and are 100% safe and healthy, even for babies. Sarah's Silks uses minimal environmentally friendly packaging.


text:
The Museum of Modern Art, MoMA Highlights, New York: The Museum of Modern Art, revised 2004, originally published 1999, p. 372
After a brief but eventful career that embodies the hopes and humiliations of African Americans at mid-twentieth century, the hero of Ralph Ellison's celebrated 1952 novel Invisible Man retreats to a secret basement room on the edge of Harlem. There he patiently composes and reflects upon the story we are about to read. "I am invisible," he explains, "simply because people refuse to see me."
Making pictures out of stores was once the main business of the visual arts. The rising modernist tradition consigned the practice to the margins of advanced art; for most of the past century, "illustration" has been a term of contempt. In this large, richly detailed and thoroughly absorbing photograph, Wall has all but single-handedly reinvented the challenge.
The novel's eloquent prologue is short on specifics, except one: the 1,369 lightbulbs that cover the ceiling of the underground lair. Starting with this fantastic detail, Wall scrupulously imagined in his Vancouver studio the concrete form of Ellison's metaphorical space. Ambitiously reviving a forgotten art, he made visible the Invisible Man.


, Type.Missing, Type.Missing); stopWatch.Stop(); // Get the elapsed time as a TimeSpan value. TimeSpan ts = stopWatch.Elapsed; // Format and display the TimeSpan value. string elapsedTime = String.Format("{0:00}:{1:00}:{2:00}.{3:00}", ts.Hours, ts.Minutes, ts.Seconds, ts.Milliseconds / 10); Console.WriteLine("RunTime " + elapsedTime); Console.ReadKey();
Categories : C#
PHP/MySql Determining age/Elapsed Time of inserted data
your looking for time elapse you can do the following. UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2012-12-01 12:12:12') - UNIX_TIMESTAMP(CURTIME()); you can then convert it into seconds and minutes.
Categories : PHP
Linux - bash script to calculate time elapsed
You are trying to execute the number in the ENDTIME as a command. You should also see an error like _PHONE_: command not found. Instead use the arithmetic expansion: echo "It takes $(($ENDTIME - $STARTTIME)) seconds to complete this task..." You could also save the commands in a separate script, commands.sh, and use time command: time commands.sh
Categories : Linux
How to count time elapsed in Python multiple functions
What is the error you are getting? datetime doesn't have a .seconds attribute but it does have a .second attribute. maybe try str(deltatime.second) in your code.
Categories : Python
python pandas time elapsed between dynamic range
Not sure how great this is performance wise. import numpy as np import pandas as pd gen = df.price.iteritems() def get_deltas(gen): time, value = next(gen) deltas = [np.nan] # initial value for line in gen: if np.abs(line[1] - value) >= 4: deltas.append(np.abs(line[0] - time)) time, value = line else: deltas.append(np.nan) return deltas deltas = get_deltas(df.price.iteritems()) df['deltas'] = deltas In [58]: df Out[58]: price deltas time 2013-04-26 13:30:03 101 NaN 2013-04-26 13:30:04 101 NaN 2013-04-26 13:30:05 102 NaN 2013-04-26 13:30:06 105 0:00:03 2013-04-26 13:30:07 104 NaN 2013-04-26 13:30:08 105 NaN 2013-0
Categories : Python
Get time Elapsed and duration of MP3 file streaming android
Here are these two methods one is to get Media Player Current Position and second is to get total duration // returns current position mediaPlayer.getCurrentPosition(); //returns total duration mediaPlayer.getDuration(); hope this will help
Categories : Android
How to get elapsed time in seconds from boost::timer::cpu_timer?
You should measure the number of tick per nanosecond on each Hardware your soft run.. take a look at ( C++ Timer function to provide time in nano seconds)
Categories : C++
How to get current elapsed time of iPhone music player?
I believe you're looking for -[MPMusicPlayerController currentPlaybackTime];. This value returns the current position of the playhead, or rather the elapsed time in the currently playing track. NSTimeInterval interval = [[MPMusicPlayerController iPodMusicPlayer] currentPlaybackTime];
Categories : Iphone
choose between timeval and clock() to calculate elapsed time in C
From the clock(3) manual page: The clock() function returns an approximation of processor time used by the program. So the clock function doesn't return the amount of time passed, but a number of "ticks" that your program have run. And as you know, in a multi-tasking system your program can be paused at any time to let other programs run.
Categories : C
HttpCore for measuring http request/response elapsed time
In the blocking i/o mode request execution (or processing) is terminated immediately after receiving a message head (request line + headers). Message body, when available, is associated with the content entity as an InputStream instance. This enables the consumer to stream the content directly from the underlying network socket. So, all you have to is to ensure that the response content entity is fully consumed. long start = System.nanoTime(); HttpResponse httpResponse = httpexecutor.execute(request, conn, context); EntityUtils.consume(httpResponse.getEntity()); long elapsed = System.nanoTime() - start;
Categories : Java
Printing the total amount of time elapsed while processing the program
You can just use chrono: #include <chrono> #include <iostream> int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { auto beg = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); // Do stuff here auto end = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now(); std::cout << std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(end - beg).count() << std::endl; std::cin.get(); return 0; }
Categories : C++
Is the elapsed time until the completed event happens indicative for the socket speed?
No, not at all. Not just because you use UDP, but more importantly, because you use SendAsync. In general, when you use methods that end with Async this means they don't block the current thread and they will run in the background, so you can't measure when they finish their work. To clarify this more you'd better to study about Multi-Threading here."Threading enables your C# program to perform concurrent processing so you can do more than one operation at a time" and generally Async methods operate this way i.e. Asynchronized. So you couldn't even find some measure about the speed this way if you had a sound understanding of this Async thing.
Categories : C#
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Determination of the Orientation of a Dipping Plane by the the Compass - Clinometer (Photos)
The orientation of a dipping plane is most commonly measured using the contact method. This is illustrated for the Silva - type compass - clinometer in Figure and the Brunton - type compass - clinometer in Figure .
The exact order that you complete the steps and obtain the strike and dip of the plane is not crucial; this will depend on the instrument used, fi eld conditions and personal preference. What is important is ensuring that you record the three pieces of information (strike, dip magnitude and dip direction). Note that the order of the steps in Figures is different to take account of the easiest way to measure a dipping plane with the different instruments. If this technique is new to you, or the reading seems unreasonable, or the bedding surface is not ideal, take a second or even third reading and use the average or the best one.
Determination of the orientation of a dipping plane by the The compass - clinometer (photos)
1-General orientation
Find a good surface that is representative of the overall dip of the plane to measure. Determine the general direction of dip by looking at the plane or you can pour fluid over the bedding plane to see which way it runs.
In some cases it may be necessary to smooth out the variations on the surface by placing a notebook or clipboard on the bedding plane, but take care to ensure that this is not biased by a small irregularity. Hammer near left hand side shows the plane chosen in this case.
Determination of the orientation of a dipping plane by the The compass - clinometer (photos)
2. Set the clinometer mode
2. Set the clinometer mode
Prepare the compass-clinometer for the clinometer mode by setting the top of the clinometer part so that it is parallel to the long edge of the compass-clinometer (i.e. put the compass dial at 90–270°).
3. Dip magnitude
Place the long edge that is at the base of the clinometer scale on the bedding plane,
with the long edge of the compass-clinometer parallel to where you estimate the maximum dip direction lies (i.e. pointing down the slope).
While looking at the clinometer reading, carefully rotate the compass-clinometer device slightly (as shown by the arrows) to find the line of maximum dip.
Determination of the Orientation of a Dipping Plane by the the Compass - Clinometer (Photos)
Read off the maximum dip. In this case it is 12°. Note that the dip can be read from either side of the Silva-type compass-clinometer.
Determination of the Orientation of a Dipping Plane by the the Compass - Clinometer (Photos)
4. Strike direction
The strike direction is exactly perpendicular to the dip direction, so remembering where the maximum dip lies, lift the compassclinometer and place the long edge of the compass-clinometer along the line of strike.
Pivot the compass-clinometer window (as shown by the red arrow) until it is horizontal.
Determination of the Orientation of a Dipping Plane by the the Compass - Clinometer (Photos)
Rotate the compass dial so that the compass needle lines up with the red outline for the north direction, checking that the compassclinometer is still horizontal. Take the reading of the strike from the dial. In this case it is 008° or the other end of the line, 188°.
Determination of the Orientation of a Dipping Plane by the the Compass - Clinometer (Photos)
You can double check that the strike direction is correct by placing the compass on its long edge along the strike line and checking that the dip is 0° (don't forget to
adjust the compass to the clinometer mode (step 2)).
5. Dip direction
The last measurement is the direction of dip to the nearest cardinal point (e.g. NW or SE, E or W). In this case it is E.
6. Record
Record the orientation of the plane in your notebook; in this case 008/12E. Note that the strike is always recorded as a 3-digit number to avoid any confusion and that the degree symbols are not normally shown to prevent any confusion with zeros.

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text:
Monday 28th August 2017
In its continuing effort to expand financial access to under-served segments of the Women's Market, the Global Banking Alliance for Women (GBA) is partnering with Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC) to support knowledge creation and peer learning activities.
GBA members offer women the holistic value proposition that they need to succeed: access to finance, information, education, networks and recognition for their achievements. With this partnership, the GBA aims to take its commercial approach to the Women's Market to more financial services providers across the world through research, knowledge products and peer learning activities in partnership with IDRC's wide network of stakeholders.
"GBA research shows that, when served well, women represent a high-potential growth opportunity for banks, with strong customer, savings and product usage growth rates, high loyalty rates, and lower risk," GBA Chief Executive Inez Murray said. "This partnership with IDRC will be key in helping the GBA to deepen our know-how and help more and more financial services providers implement robust strategies for the Women's Market, thereby narrowing the financial inclusion gender gap."
IDRC supports research on financial inclusion as a tool for economic empowerment. Focusing on the needs of women and youth, IDRC invests in research that aims to: 1) foster and scale up access to and use of financial services among marginalized groups, including financial literacy; 2) inform enabling policy frameworks and remove the constraints that impede access for these groups; and 3) help financial service providers develop innovative products and services that better reflect the needs of women and youth.
"IDRC is delighted to join GBA to support research and the use of new knowledge to contribute toward Sustainable Development Goal 5. Gender inclusive financial services and products are a relevant tool to foster equitable economic empowerment and sustainable development," said IDRC's Regional Director Federico Burone.
In line with this work, the strategic objectives of the partnership include building financial services providers' capacity to deliver the products and services women need, expanding and advocating for the business case for serving women across multiple stakeholders, and sharing lessons learned and best practices across the GBA network and outside it through GBA peer learning events.
The GBA is also delighted to welcome IDRC as a sponsor of its Annual Summit, which will be held in London November 14-16. For more information about IDRC and its financial inclusion efforts, visit the IDRC website.


Economics Tuition – Video by Economics Focus
This e-learning video developed by JC Economics Tutor Simon Ng of Economics Focus is for the chapter of Foreign Exchange, focusing on the application of foreign exchange rate policy to achieve economic stability. The question also demands students to conduct an evaluation of the foreign exchange (forex) policy in achieving the above tasks in relation to other policies.
To what extent is the policy of gradual appreciation of the Singapore Dollar (SGD) always a desirable approach to maintain economic stability in Singapore? [25]
Analysis of The Question
For this question, the requirement of the question is to be able to understand that low inflation and unemployment are two main aims the Singapore government uses to attain sustainable economic growth, while explaining the policy of exchange rate management policy in its usefulness in achieving these aims.
Critically analyse the disadvantages of exchange rate system in achieving economics stability.
Source of Information
Part of knowledge needed for this question:
 - Explain what are price stability and low unemployment
 - Explain the exchange rate system in achieving low inflation
 - Explain, with aid of a diagram, the concept of sustainable growth
 - Explain the benefits of exchange rate policy in the context of Singapore
 - Explain the potential limitations of exchange rate policy in the context of Singapore


Asymmetry of the neutrino mean free path in hot neutron matter under strong magnetic fields
Not scheduled
15m
HOTEL CAP ROIG
HOTEL CAP ROIG
Platja d'Aro, Girona, Spain
Speaker
Dr Isaac Vidana (INFN, Sezione di Catania)
Description
The neutrino mean free path in neutron matter under a strong magnetic field is evaluated for the inelastic scattering reaction and studied as a function of the neutron matter density in the range $0.05 \leq \rho \leq 0.4$ fm$^{-3}$ for several temperatures up to 30 MeV and magnetic field strengths B=0 G, $10^{18}$ G and $2.5\times 10^{18}$ G. Polarized neutron matter is described within the non--relativistic Brueckner--Hartree--Fock (BHF) approach using the Argonne V18 nucleon-nucleon potential supplemented with the Urbana IX three-nucleon force. Explicit expressions of the cross section per unit volume for the scattering of a neutrino with a spin up or spin down neutron are derived from the Fermi Golden rule. Our results show that the mean free path depends strongly on the angle of the incoming neutrino, leading to an asymmetry in this quantity. This asymmetry depends on the magnetic field intensity and on the density, but it is rather independent of the temperature. For a density of $0.16$ fm$^{-3}$ at a temperature T$=30$MeV, the asymmetry in the mean free path is found to be of $\sim 15\%$ for B=$10^{18}$G and $\sim 38\%$ for B=$2.5 \times 10^{18}$G.
Primary author
Dr Isaac Vidana (INFN, Sezione di Catania)
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Articles
Using the organize files and Folders in OneDrive on ios Devices
by Bailey Martin SEO Expert
After uploading files and folders to OneDrive, you can move them to different folders, or files to keep it organized. iOS users can organize their pictures, documents, and other data stored in their OneDrive. You can also find the steps to uploading files and folders Via _URL_.
They can do this by moving folders or files to a different location within OneDrive. Here's how:
Follow the steps Move a Folder
1. In your iPhone or iPad, locate the OneDrive application and tap on its icon to open it.
2. Now, after launching the app, you will be prompted to sign in to your account, if you are not already.
3. Tap on the Sign in button and enter the email address and password for the account associated with OneDrive.
4. Now, go to the lower portion of the screen and tap on Files.
5. Now, you will be able to see all the files and folders on the Files screen.
6. Find the folder in which the folder you wish to move is kept.
7. Tap on the folder and open the menu by hitting the three horizontal dots icon present in the top-right side of the screen.
8. From the list of options, pick Select Items.
9. Just select the folder by tapping on its icon.
10. Now, go to the destination folder, and press the Select this location option.
Follow the steps to Move a File
1. Unlock your iOS handheld and locate the OneDrive app in the home screen. Tap on it.
2. When the application opens, tap on the Sign in button if you are not logged in already.
3. Key in the OneDrive password and email ID and hit the Sign in button.
4. Tap on the Files option located in the lower tray.
5. From the list of all documents, files, and folders, move to the location where the file you wish to transfer is stored.
6. Now, tap on the file you wish to move, and select it.
7. In the next prompt, navigate the folders, and select the folder you wish to move the file to.
8. After selecting the destination of the file, hit the Move button located in the bottom-right side of the screen.
Move several files and folders simultaneously
1. Unlock your iPhone or iPad.
2. Navigate the home screens and locate OneDrive. Tap on its icon to launch it.
3. Hit the Sign In button located at the center of the screen.
4. Enter the email and password for your OneDrive account and log in.
5. Now, go to Files located in the bottom tray.
6. Browse the folders and locate the files and folders you wish to move.
7. Tap on the folder where the sub-folders and files you wish to move are kept.
8. Open the menu by tapping on the three dots located at the top right edge of the screen.
9. Choose the first option from the list- Select Items.
10. Now, just tap on the circles located next to the files and folders to select them.
11. Now, just select the folder you would be moving the items chosen to.
12. Hit the Move button located at the bottom right corner.
13. All the files and folders will be shifted to the new destination.
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I want to know what were the names of the bows of the warriors of the Mahabharata, their abilities and how they got them
The partial list of names of bows that was mentioned in Mahabharata are :
Krishna : Saranga
Arjuna : Gandiva
Rukmi : Vijaya
Siva : Pinaka
Yudhishthira : Mahendra
Bhimasena : Vayavya
Nakula : Vaishnava
Sahadeva : Aswina
Ghatotkacha : Paulastya
Prativindhya, Sutasoma, Srutakarman, Satanika, and Srutasena : the Raudra, the Agneya, the Kauverya, the Yamya, and the Girisa.
For detailed explanation, see the following passages from Mahabharata.
From Udyoga Parva of Mahabharata, we have the following excerpt
From of Sabha ParvaMahabharata, we have the following excerpt
From of Drona Parva of Mahabharata, we have the following excerpt
In Yudhishthira's hands was the celestial bow called Mahendra; and in the hands of Bhimasena, O king, was the celestial bow called Vayavya. For the protection of the three worlds Brahman created a bow. That celestial and indestructible bow was held by Phalguni. The Vaishnava bow was held by Nakula, and the bow called Aswina was held by Sahadeva. That celestial and terrible bow called the Paulastya, was held by Ghatotkacha. The five jewels of bows born by the five sons of Draupadi were the Raudra, the Agneya, the Kauverya, the Yamya, and the Girisa. That excellent and best of bows, called the Raudra, which Rohini's son (Valadeva) had obtained, the latter gave unto the high-souled son of Subhadra, having been gratified with him.
 - 3
 I appreciate the efforts taken by you for collecting separate names. +1. – Vineet Nov 13 '18 at 3:16
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text:
I am modeling a nonlinear material using bilinear.
It is a plastic material where stress is dropping after yield point and modulus given in the specification is secant modulus NOT tangent modulus (initial best straight line).
I wanted to know for the ANSYS bilinear input below:
Modulus: Should I use tangent modulus or secant modulus (usually use this for linear properties)
Yield Strength: Should I use the stress point at the end of best straight line or yield point (usually use it for linear properties)
Tangent modulus: Should the tangent modulus be calculated based on engineering stress/strain or true stress/strain?


text:
F16 WarmUp Sound – SFX Demonstration
F16 WarmUp Sound from F-16 Falcon SFX
Demonstration of the F16 WarmUp, changing RPM from Idle to Afterburner using the F-16 Falcon SFX sound library.
The library includes 33 audio files and the detailed PDF-instruction for developers on how to use it. Total duration: 15 min.
The F110-GE-100 provides around 4,000 lbf more thrust than the F100-PW-200 and requires more air, which led to the increase in the area of the engine intake. The F-16C/D Block 30/32s were the first to be built with a common engine bay, able to accept both engines, with block 30s having the bigger intake and block 32s retaining the standard intake.
Initial orders were for the F110-GE-100 rated at 28,000 lbf (125 kN). Later versions of the F110 include the F110-GE-129 delivering 29,400 lbf (131 kN) thrust and the F110-GE-132 delivering 32,000 lbf.
Some Interesting Facts About The F-16 Fighting Falcon:
- The F-15 was in production, but the Air Force knew it was too expensive to fill all their roles. The smaller, less expensive F-16 was the answer.
- The F-16 was the first fighter jet to use a side-mounted control stick.


1. Keystone Security Monitor
The security monitor (SM) is trusted software that runs in M-mode, and forms the trusted computing base (TCB) in Keystone system. The SM is the most important software in Keystone as it provides most of the security guarantees. The SM provides the following functionality:
 1. Memory Isolation using RISC-V PMP
 2. Remote Attestation (Signatures and measurement)
 3. Enclave Thread Management
 4. System PMP Synchronization
 5. Side-Channel Defenses
Version 0.1 only implements 1, 2, and 3, supporting single-threaded enclave.
The security monitor must be verified by the root of trust in hardware before being trusted. After the root of trust measures the SM it generates a keypair for remote attestation, signs the public key, and then continues booting. See Chain of Trust for details.
The OS and enclaves may call SM functions using the supervisor binary interface (SBI), which is implemented in RISC-V environment calls (i.e., ecall instruction). See SBI Documentation for details.
1.1. Specific platforms
1.2. PMP Internals
PMP allows for N (platform defined) entries, which are configured using a config (cfg) and address (addr) register each. There are further details available in the RISC-V specification section 3.6.
In Keystone we refer to the section of memory that an enclave uses as a region and each region is defined by a PMP entry.
1.3. Memory Isolation using RISC-V PMP
The SM currently consumes two PMP entries for its own uses (i.e., security monitor memory and untrusted memory). Each of the remaining PMP entries may be consumed by one active enclave each.
To understand how the SM utilizes PMP, we need to know several properties of RISC-V PMP:
 1. Prioritized by Index
 PMP entries are statically priortized by their index, with a check stopping at the highest priority matching. Indices run from 0..N (where N is platform defined), with 0 having the highest priority, and N having the lowest. Thus, the access permissions to a physical address should be of the lowest-index PMP entry among the matched ones.
 2. Default Deny
 If no PMP entry matches with an address, the memory access will be rejected by default.
 3. Dynamically Configurable by M-mode
 M-mode can write to PMP CSRs during runtime to define PMP entries dynamically. A TLB flush is required after reconfiguration.
 4. Addressing Modes
 PMP supports two addressing modes: naturally-aligned power of two (NAPOT), or top-of-range (TOR). TOR consumes adjacent PMP entry's address register for the bound address to allow shared boundaries efficiently. Ex: Two ranges of 0-2048 and 2048-4096 uses 3 entries, 0, 2048, 4096.
At the very beginning of the boot process, physical memory is not accessible by U- or S-modes because of property 2 as shown in the diagram below.
For ease of understanding, we denote PMP entries as pmp[i] where i is an index.
There are N PMP entries.
-: inaccessible (NO_PERM), =: accessible (ALL_PERM)
pmp[1:N] | | : undefined
The SM sets the first PMP entry to cover the address range containing itself (0x80000000-0x80200000), and sets all permission bits to 0. The SM then sets the last PMP entry to cover the entire DRAM and sets all permission bits to 1, allowing the OS to access the rest of the memory and start booting. Because of the property 1, the net result will be as follows:
pmp[0] |-------| | : SM memory
pmp[others] | | : undefined
When the SM creates an enclave, it will assign a PMP entry to the enclave to protect its memory from other U-/S-mode software.
pmp[1] | |---------| | : enclave memory
pmp[others] | | : undefined
net result |-------|======|---------|===============|
When the SM enters the enclave (executes the enclave), it flips the permission bits of the enclave's PMP entry and the last PMP entry. In addition, Keystone allows the OS to allocate an additional contiguous memory region in the OS memory space so that the enclave can use it as a communication buffer. The buffer is called untrusted shared buffer.
pmp[1] | |=========| | : enclave memory
pmp[others] | | : undefined
pmp[N] | |==| | : untrusted shared buffer
net result |-------|------|=========|-------|==|----|
When the SM exits the enclave, it simply flips the permission bits back. When the SM destroys an enclave, it clears the PMP entry so that other enclaves can use it.
1.4. Remote Attestation
The goal of remote attestation is to prove to a remote client that the enclave contains the program expected, and is running on hardware that is trusted. In Keystone this involves a few cryptographic operations including ECDSA signature and SHA-3 hash.
For more detail about the remote attestation process, see Remote Attestation.
1.5. Enclave Context Management
The Keystone SM manages enclave context (e.g., general purpose registers, trap vector, etc) and the status of each hardware thread. When an enclave enters and exits, the SM performs the following steps to switch between trusted and untrusted contexts:
 1. Update thread status
 2. Save the previous context
 3. Restore the next context
 4. Flip PMP permissions
 5. Flush TLB
1.6. Building platform specific modules
You can re-configure and re-build the bbl in the build directory:
../configure \
 --enable-sm \
 --with-target-platform= \
 --host=riscv64-unknown-linux-gnu \
 --with-payload=
Each platform directory contains a top-level C file that handles the module.
For example, --with-target-platform=fu540 will include sm/platform/fu540/fu540.c in the SM. Each of the directories contains the hooks for each platform.
The platform directory sm/platform contains all current platform specific supports.
Currently that is: default and fu540 directories.
1.7. System PMP Synchronization
System PMP is not supported yet.
1.8. Side-Channel Defense
The FU540 module supports cache side-channel defenses.
1.9. Current Enclave Lifecycle
digraph G {
 node [color=gray]
 Invalid -> Allocated [color=blue,label="allocate_eid\n(create_enclave)"];
 node [color=orange]
 Allocated -> Fresh [color=orange,label="create_enclave\nafter\nvalidate and hash"];
 node [color=red]
 Allocated -> Destroying [color=red,label="destory_enclave\n(first step)"];
 node [color=green]
 Fresh -> Running [color=green,label="run_enclave"];
 Running -> Stopped [color=yellow1,label="exit/stop_enclave"];
 Stopped -> Running [color=green,label="resume_enclave"];
 Destroying -> Invalid [color=gray,label="free_eid\n(destory_enclave\nlast step)"];


Lime trees not responsible for bumblebee deaths
The story of dead bumblebees at the Botanics that had apparently been killed by the toxic effect of nectar from silver lime (Tilia tomentosa) has taken a new twist thanks to the experts at Bumblebee Conservation Trust. Anthony McCluskey at Bumblebee Conservation Trust has explained that the observed mass deaths may just reflect aspects of bee biology and behaviour and be nothing to do with toxic nectar. According to Anthony…
"Older papers on this subject suggest that it might be toxic nectar killing the bees, but the latest research suggests that it's because of the bees' behaviour when feeding from certain plants. Lime trees produce lots of nectar, but at times when the nectar is low (e.g. warm days, and at the end of the flowering period) the bumblebees continue to try to feed. So they waste a lot of energy doing this, and eventually become lethargic and die. For some reason, honeybees don't die like this (despite feeding on the same flowers), so it's a bit of a mystery as to why bumblebees behave this way."
 "It's hard to know whether lime trees do more harm than good. I certainly wouldn't recommend cutting them down (as some have demanded), and there is a fair chance that the bees being found dead under them are those which are prone to dying at this time of year – the older workers and males."
This agrees with my observation yesterday that a large Eucryphia 'Nymansay' near Inverleith House in the Garden was also surrounded by dead bumblebees. I find it hard to believe that two trees so attractive to bees that they can literally sound like buzzing high voltage power lines are both producing toxic nectar! It's much more plausible that dead bees are most often seen around plants that are highly attractive to bees. See the webpage at Bumblebee Conservation Trust for more information.
So the worries about silver lime seem to be unfounded and anyone with a silver lime in their garden can be proud of the service their tree is doing for local bees.
A big thank you to everyone who passed on their concern and comments via Facebook and Twitter.
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 1. Kathleen Watson
 About two/three weeks ago I came across a mass bumble bee death under a flowering hedge (privot) on Rodney Street in Edinburgh. It was the first time I had ever seen such a thing. Another lady, who was passing, said they she came across a lot of dead bumble bees just a few days earlier. Again they were found under a flowering privot hedge, this time near Meadowbank in Edinburgh. Then a few days later I read the article about the "toxic" nectar of the lime trees! I wonder if it has been worse this year or are we just noticing it because of being out and about more in the nice weather?
 2. Max Coleman
 I think this just adds further evidence to the idea that plants that attract bees are more likely to have dead bees nearby. Privet is nectar rich and sweet smelling and I would imagine highly attractive to bees.
 3. Elaine Whiteley
 I too have seen a heavy sprinkling of dead bees under what I think are silver lime trees. I could not believe that this was just a statistic of bumble bee frequency. I was so unconvinced I went looking for more information; and it seems that the chemical mechanism of bee death is already known to science and that someone has also done the statistics, counting the number of bees visiting and the number of bees dying, suggesting strongly that tilia tomentosa is not benign.
 The article I found is in the Journal of Apicultural Science, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2010 by Tadeusz Pawlikowski.
 - Max Coleman
 Elaine, many thanks for your comment and interesting you have seen the same sort of mass bumblebee death that we see here in the Garden each year. The reason I am sceptical about the poison nectar theory is that a number of plant species that are highly attractive to bumblebees have been noted as having large numbers of dead bumblebees below them in this late summer period. The ones I know of are privet and Eucryphia. I can't discount the possibility that all these unrelated plants have toxic nectar, but it would seem unlikely. It strikes me as very odd that any plant which displays insect pollination syndromes should actually poison insect pollinators. This maladapted situation would quickly be prevented by natural selection. I would not take publication in a scientific journal as evidence of proof of the toxicity theory. The biggest problem for the theory is that bumblebee life cycles are very different to honeybees. It just so happens that silver lime (Tilia tomentosa), the lime that seems to be involved in these mass deaths of bumblebees, has a flowering time that coincides with the time of year when bumblebee workers are at the end of their natural lives. Only a new generation of queen bumblebees survive the winter (in hibernation underground in most cases). All the workers of the relatively small bumblebee colonies will perish during late summer/early autumn. I think that any plant that is highly attractive to bumblebees at this time will have a disproportionate number of dead bumblebees below it, and this seems to be exactly what we observe. On that basis I would regard what has been said about silver lime nectar with great scepticism.
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Search Answer: What's the Connection Between These Two Places?S
The short answer is that the building on the left is the Vedanta building (the "Old Temple") on Webster Street in San Francisco. It's owned by the Vedanta Hindu organization, which also owns an ashram site in the San Antonio Valley very near Lick Observatory (that building on the right).
Let me tell you why I asked this question…
But the general idea here is that there are often connections between things-in this case, between two buildings—and a sophisticated searcher often wants to figure out what those connections are.
It's a bit like being an investigative reporter running down a story. They've got multiple people, places and things they're trying to link together. How do they find the common elements, the threads and links that tie everything together into a story?
In this case, you knew there was a connection because I told you there was. The question for you is to figure out what that connection was. Here's what I did to find the connection… First, using your favorite image editing tool, take my composed picture and break it into two parts—the left and the right side. Then…
1. Use Search-by-Image to find that the picture on the left is the Vedanta building on Webster Street in San Francisco. That's not hard. I poked around a little bit to read the history of the place, learning that it was built in 1904 by Swami Vivekananda, who founded the Vedanta society in California in 1900. This place (now called the "Old Temple") on Webster Street was purchased for $1,800 at a time when the neighborhood was still marked by empty sandlots, market gardens, and nursery operations. Because it was on the western edge of the growing city, it was spared in the massive firestorm following the 1906 earthquake that destroyed much of the rest of the city.
But now, what possible connections are there between the two?
[ Vedanta San Francisco Mount Hamilton ]
[ Vedanta Lick Observatory ]
And quickly found that they built an Ashram (also spelled "Ashrama") out in the San Antonio Valley, "Shanti Ashram," just below Mt. Hamilton.
[ shanti ashram ]
and found that the Santa Clara Valley Water district rain gauge recorder has a web page with a rain gauge at the Ashram! That page gave me the lat/long: 37.310, -121.470
On Google Maps, I just dropped that lat/long in and then did a search for Mount Hamilton. Plugging in the lat/long drops a green arrow in the map, while searching for the observatory shows up as a Google Map red drop pin. In addition, you'll see an purple address balloon for 42210 Upper San Antonio Valley Rd, Mt Hamilton, CA, which is the address of the Ashram. You can zoom in a bit and actually find their "Meditation Shack," which still stands (and is apparently the only permanent structure on the site).
[ Vedanta Lick Observatory ]
in Google Books leads to all kinds of discoveries, including a book called "Vedanta in the West: The Ramakrishan Movement in the UnitedStates" which points out (on pg. 58) that the swami assigned a student the "specific task of synchronizing all of the clocks [ in the Webster Street building ]with the Lick Observatory."
And, since it's really the only road into the San Antonio Valley, people travelling to the Ashram must have certainly travelled past the Lick Observatory.
Search Lesson: When looking for the connection between two places / people / sites, you sometimes need to look for the points of contact between them, exploring the fringes of each concept, looking for the places where they intersect. In this case, combining the two key terms (Vedanta and "Lick Observatory") led pretty quickly to the Ashram, which is the link I was looking for.
Search on!
Search answer: What's the connection between these two places? | SearchReSearch