text:
The Vedran Portal Chambers are a series of identical inter-solar transportation devices that were put into place to make travel between the Seefra planets instantaneous and easy. They were, in recent times, rediscovered and guarded by Orlund.
Each Chamber consists of an entrance from a series of subterranean tunnels, a central pedestal with eight holes as storage spots for eight crystal keys. Eight doors surround the pedestal opposite the entrance. The doors are large and metal and have designs on the panels, each of which appears to contain components underneath. They also have a key slot for a crystal in the surrounding frame of each door. When a crystal key is placed in the key slot, it activates a Tessaract portal to the corresponding Seefran planet. Stepping through, one is instantly moved to the selected planet. ("What Will Be Was Not")
Over time the portal chambers were forgotten and only a select few knew of their existence. They considered themselves guardians of the Vedran technology and became zealots, eventually guarding the chambers even from their creators' use, afraid of persecution for their efforts. One such guardian eventually gained the trust and admiration of Captain Dylan Hunt. This same guardian had collected enough key crystals to complete one set of eight which he keeps in the pedestal on Seefra 1. When a door is activated from one side, it is accessible by both sides by placing a hand on a certain panel. it is not necessary to have a crystal on both sides, for example if someone on Seefra 1 places a crystal in the fifth door, then the first door in Seefra 5's portal chamber will become active.
The keys themselves are linked to their planet's structure, and if the crystal is struck it causes termors planetwide. According to Harper if a crystal is damaged, it could destroy the planet it is linked to. This would explain why the keys were hidden since if any one planet was destroyed, the entire system would be wiped out with the return of the Vedran sun. ("What Will Be Was Not")
The portal chambers were later used to assist in the evacutation of Seefra 2-9 inhabitants to Seefra 1.


Caloptilia betulicola
Caloptilia betulicola
Adult • East Ross • © Nigel Richards
15.005 BF283
Caloptilia betulicola
(Hering, 1928)
Wingspan 14-16 mm.
Very similar to C. elongella, both species being quite variable. It is possible to identify either species from the foodplant if the moth is reared from the larva, but adults located in mixed habitat should be treated with more caution and may need to be dissected.
As suggested by the scientific name, the foodplant of the present species is birch (Betula), the larva mining the leaves initially and then living inside a rolled leaf in later instars.
There are two generations, flying in June and July, and then in September and October. The second brood overwinters as an adult and often reappears in the early spring.
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text:
Sask Sport Resource Line
The Sask Sport Resource Line provides free, confidential and anonymous assistance to calls, texts or emails inquiries regarding possible bullying, abuse, harassment or discrimination in sport.
Kids Help Phone
If you, or a child you know needs help, the KIDS HELP PHONE (_PHONE_) is Canada's only national 24-hour bilingual and anonymous phone counselling, web counselling and referral service for children and youth.
Concussion Awareness and Prevention Tools
Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion Allies
Commit to Kids
The Commit to Kids program helps child-serving organizations reduce the risk of sexual abuse and create safer environments for children in their care.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Autism, ADHD and Alzheimer's Object Labels – WixPix® are effective visual communication tools that depict common items, places and actions. Unlike flashcards or other picture tools, they stick to a range of surfaces without tape or other adhesives.
Autism, ADHD and Alzheimer's Object Labels – WixPix® enable individuals to better express their own needs, including objects they desire; activities they want to complete; or where they want to go. They simply choose the appropriate label and stick it to a nearby surface. Stickwix® labels are both durable and flexible.
WixPix® Autism and ADHD Objects Labels come in convenient packs of themed labels.
NOTE: Background of Labels are white, images on the website may show a different hue/shadow for the background color.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
There are two different permission levels for Conditional Trace; Conditional Trace Template, which allows you to create and edit Conditional Trace templates in Legacy Desktop, and Conditional Trace, which allows you to use the created templates to do traces in Desktop.
To set Conditional Trace access permissions, go to the Legacy Desktop, click on the Tools button, select Access Controller, and go to the Access Groups tab.
Access permissions for user who can use existing Conditional Trace filters in Desktop
Members of the default Administrator access group are configured to manage Conditional Trace templates and filters by default.
To enable other users to manage templates and filters, they must be granted Execute rights for the applications Conditional Trace and Conditional Trace Template.
To enable users to manage filters only, they must be granted Execute rights for the application Conditional Trace.


Wayne Conrad Wayne Conrad - 1 year ago 83
Ruby Question
How to write DOS line endings to a file from Unix
My Unix Ruby program needs to write a file that will be read by
SqlServer running on Windows. I need for the lines I write to this
file to end in
\r\n
, the DOS/Windows line ending, rather than
\n
,
the Unix line ending. I want this to happen without me having to
manually add the \r to the end of each line.
The starting point
If my program writes to the file like this:
File.open("/tmp/foo", "w") do |file|
file.puts "stuff"
end
Then the file has Unix line endings:
$ od -c foo
_PHONE_ s t u f f \n
That is expected, since my program is running on Unix. But I
need for this file (and this file only) to have DOS line endings.
Adding the \r to each line manually
If I add the \r to each line manually:
File.open("/tmp/foo", "w") do |file|
file.puts "stuff\r"
end
Then the file has DOS line endings:
$ od -c /tmp/foo
_PHONE_ s t u f f \r \n
This works, but has to be repeated for each line I want to write.
Using String#encode
As shown by this SO answer, I can modify the string using
String#encode before writing it:
File.open("/tmp/foo", "w") do |file|
file.puts "alpha\nbeta\n".encode(crlf_newline: true)
end
This results in DOS line endings:
$ od -c /tmp/foo
_PHONE_ a l p h a \r \n b e t a \r \n
This has the advantage that if I am writing multiple lines at once,
one call to #encode will change all the line endings for that one
write. However, it's verbose, and I still have to specify the line
ending for every write.
How can I cause each
puts
to an open file in Unix to end
the line in the Windows
\r\n
line ending rather than the Unix '\n'
line ending?
I am running Ruby 2.3.1.
Answer Source
There's an option for this, the same one you're using on encode also works with File.open:
File.open('/tmp/foo', mode: 'w', crlf_newline: true) do |file|
 file.puts("alpha")
 file.puts("beta")
end
This option not only ends lines in \r\n, it also translates any explicit \n into \r\n. So this:
file.puts("alpha\nbar")
will write alpha\r\nbar\r\b


text:
what are the definition of planet biyo?
- Basement BobLv 61 decade agoFavorite Answer
The minor planet Biyo, which has a diameter of four to nine kilometers and was formerly called planet 13241, was named after Dr. Josette Biyo, a teacher at the Philippine Science High School in Iloilo City who won the International Excellence in Teaching Award during the Intel International Science and Engineering Fair (Intel ISEF) held in Louisville, Kentucky in 2002. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Lincoln Laboratory in the United States game the name.
- IridflareLv 71 decade ago
Why is everybody asking about "planet biyo"? It's a minor planet or asteroid, named for Dr. Josette Talamera-Biyo.
- nunmakerLv 44 years ago
and that i "hasn't" the faintest concept of what "biyo" is..! contemplate whether you try to spell "bio" as in "biosphere." if so, then that has each little thing to do with the whole atmosphere of a planet, alongside with existence varieties.
- hkyboy96Lv 51 decade ago
isn't that astroid?


text:
The beaver dam in Alhambra Creek increases the chance downtown will flood during a rainstorm, according to a consultant.
"Without the beaver dam, we have a 10 percent chance this year of having a storm that is going to create flooding," city engineer Tim Tucker said. "With the beaver dam, we have a 25 percent chance that we will have a storm that will create flooding."
Mark Lindley, an engineer with Philip Williams & Associates of San Francisco, told the Beavers in Alhambra Creek subcommittee on Tuesday that the dam reduces the flow capacity of the creek by about 58 percent.
According to Lindley, the section of the creek channel where the dam is located can handle a flow of 2,150 cubic feet of water per second without the dam, but only 900 cubic feet per second with the 7-foot dam in place. This situation increases the likelihood the creek could overflow its banks and flood downtown.
Lowering the dam would increase flow capacity and reduce the flood risk, Lindley said.
"If you want to address the potential for flooding, we suggest lowering it by up to 3 feet," he said.
But subcommittee member Heidi Perryman cautioned about taking too much off the top.
"My understanding is, lowering the dam by 3 feet is basically a beaver eviction notice," she said. "They will leave and build somewhere else."
Martinez spent millions on flood improvements along the creek including widening the creek corridor, creating a floodplain and widening the railroad bridge. Before those changes, Tucker said downtown Martinez was flooding about every other year during the rainy season.
The city has hired Vermont beaver expert Skip Lisle to custom-build and install a device to siphon off water pooled behind the dam and keep the water level steady. If the water doesn't rise, the beavers won't add to the dam. The device will cost the city $5,000 to $10,000.
When Lisle arrives in January, he will have to determine how many feet to lower the dam so the beavers don't abandon it and build elsewhere in the creek.
And they are fast builders. Public Works Director Dave Scola said the beavers have replaced the 8.5 inches workers removed from the dam on Dec. 1.
The city has an emergency plan to deal with the flood threat during the winter rainy season. When the water rises within 2 feet of the Escobar Street bridge, city workers will put removal equipment in place. If the water comes within a foot of the bridge, they will remove pieces of the dam until the water level drops to a foot below and stays there. The city also put in a hook and cable so workers can rip out the entire dam if the flood threat is imminent.
Lisa P. White covers Pleasant Hill and Martinez. Reach her at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.


How far is texas from mexico
How many hours is Texas from Mexico?
Flying time from Texas to Mexico The total flight duration from Texas to Mexico is 1 hour, 44 minutes.
How far is Dallas Texas from the Mexican border?
Distance between Dallas and Mexico City is 1503 kilometers ( 934 miles ). Driving distance from Dallas to Mexico City is 1822 kilometers (1132 miles). Estimated Travel Time Between Dallas and Mexico City.
Average Speed Travel Time
60 mph (97 km/h) 18 hours 46 minutes
70 mph (112 km/h) 16 hours 15 minutes
How far is Mexico from Houston Texas?
752 miles
How far is Texas from Cancun?
1,099.05 mi
Which Texan city is closest to the Mexican border?
Is it safe to drive to Mexico from Texas?
Yes. It is safe. The roads in Mexico are excellent. Of course bad things could happen anywhere, and road rule vary.
How long is a flight from Mexico to Dallas?
Flight time from Mexico City to Dallas, TX is 2 hours 40 minutes. Non-stop flight time is around 2 hours 45 minutes. Quickest one-stop flight takes close to 5 hours. However, some airlines could take as long as 11 hours based on the stopover destination and waiting duration.
How far is Mexico from Texas by car?
Distance between Texas City and Mexico City is 1186 kilometers (737 miles). Driving distance from Texas City to Mexico City is 1658 kilometers (1030 miles).
How far is it between two locations?
You might be interested: What do things cost in mexico
How far is Mexico from Houston plane?
765 miles
How far is Dallas from Houston?
225 miles
How far away is Cancun by plane?
The shortest distance (air line) between Mexico-City and Cancun is 805.50 mi (1,296.32 km).
How far is Cancun from Dallas?
1008 miles
How longs the flight to Cancun?
around 10 hours Mexico


text:
Expect cloudy conditions with a chance of scattered and occasional rain, says the National Centre of Meteorology and Seismology (NCMS)
Unstable weather conditions in UAE to persist
ABU DHABI // More scattered showers are expected today and in the next two days over different parts of the country.
Unstable weather conditions will persist.
Clouds will increase over scattered areas, with a chance of occasional rain over the central and southwestern region, according to the National Centre of Meteorology and Seismology (NCMS).
Winds are expected to be moderate, and may freshen at times, causing blowing dust over the exposed area.
Temperatures could reach a maximum of 26ºC to 32ºC in the interior, and 25ºC to 29ºC on the coast, with lows of 18ºC to 23ºC in the interior and 19ºC to 25ºC on the coast.
Winds may reach 35kph at times in the interior and coastal areas. Relative humidity is expected to reach highs of 60 to 90 per cent.
Weather conditions will remain unstable for the next two days. It will be partly cloudy, with a chance of occasional rain over the eastern region.
Winds will be moderate in general, causing blowing dust over the exposed areas, while the sea will be moderate to rough at times.
The temperature is expected to rise on Wednesday, predicted the NCMS.


text:
A light creaminess leading to crisp acidity of apples, pear and apricot.
Near the village of Strekov in Slovakia, Zsolt Sütő cultivates 12 hectares of land by hand. The location near the terraces of Pohronska pahorkatina has ponds and marshland creating a very unique microclimate for the vineyards and the temperature is moderated by the Danube river. The top layer of soil consists of clay-loam, which lays above the marine sediments, sandstone and limestone veins. Deeper soil layers consist of yellow and blue-gray clay. Zsolt's fermentations take place in open topped barrels with no sulfur and no intervention.


text:
Thomas G. Dietterich
Research was undertaken with the goal of applying general universally-applicable induction methods to complex real-world problems. The goal was only partially met. The chosen domain--the card game Eleusis--was still somewhat artificial, and the universally-applicable induction methods were found to be lacking in important ways. However, the resulting Eleusis program does show that by using knowledge-based data interpretation and rule evaluation techniques and model-fitting induction techniques, general induction methods can be used to solve complex problems.


Do Popped Blood Vessels Go Away?
popped-blood-vessels-away
Popped blood vessels, which often appear on the face, go away, but the process of fading can take quite a while. There are methods a person can use to speed up healing, according to InnovateUs.
InnovateUs states that popped blood vessels form when a clot within the vessel causes it to bulge, weaken and eventually break. The vessels, called thread or spider veins, are generally colored red or blue and appear on the nose, chin or cheeks. Treat the spot with an ice pack, and leave the cold compress on the area for about five minutes. Moisturizers, which are rich in vitamin C or K, can also assist in resolving the skin problem. Some patients elect to undergo vein procedures like laser therapy or sclerotherapy, which uses a sclerosant to shut off the vein so it dissolves and eventually fades.


text:
New Study Evaluates Drug-Related Harm Among Hospitalized Children Category: Child Health News
A study published in the April 2008 issue of Pediatrics found that a new "trigger tool" dramatically increased the detection of adverse drug events in hospital settings. With this tool, the authors found 11.1 adverse drug events per 100 admissions, a much higher rate than previous studies found.
Twelve children's hospitals, convened through the Child Health Corporation of America (CHCA), worked to adapt the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Adverse Drug Event (ADE) Trigger Tool for adults to more appropriately and accurately detect adverse drug events in pediatric hospital settings. The new Pediatric Adverse Drug Events (ADE) Trigger Tool can be found on CHCA's site.
Experts from the National Initiative for Children's Healthcare Quality (NICHQ) provided both improvement and safety expertise in support of a CHCA collaborative improvement program to reduce the frequency of these events in pediatric hospitals.
Eliminating harm from pediatric care is one part of the bold agenda that NICHQ is leading to improve children's healthcare. Dr. Homer commented on the release of the study:
NBC - Medicine mix-ups put kids at risk (Article and Video)
Please note: Although stated incorrectly by some media reports, neither NICHQ nor Dr. Homer created the pediatric tool nor conducted the study. We applaud the efforts of the investigators and the leadership of CHCA in creating this pediatric tool. NICHQ endorses the widespread use of this tool to detect these events as part of a comprehensive pediatric safety program.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
When Sense Alerts is enabled, push notifications will be sent to your device whenever the system detects motion. You can enable these notifications to send at all times or only while nobody is at home using the Smart Activation feature.
You need to assign a Primary device to everyone to ensure Sense can properly determine if everyone has left and also enable the People notifications.
- Tap on the Sense icon on the home screen.
- Scroll down to the bottom of the page and open Sense Settings.
- Under Modes and Alerts, slide the Smart Activation toggle to the right if you do not wish to receive alerts while you are home.
- Under the Alerts section, you can set the minimum Time between alerts to either 1 Mins, 2 Mins, 3 Mins, or 5 Mins. This prevents you from getting too many notifications if a motion alert gets triggered immediately after another one.
- Scroll back up to the top of the screen to turn Sense alerts from ON to OFF.
- Open the main menu from the home screen and choose Sense.
- Ensure Motion Detection is on and then tap on the Smart Activation button at the bottom of the screen.
- Slide the Smart Activation toggle to the right if you do not wish to receive motion alerts while you are home.
- Go back to the home screen and tap on the Sense icon.
- Tap on the ellipses next to Sense Alerts and tap On to turn on alerts or Off to turn off alerts.
When are Sense Alert push notifications triggered?
Sense alerts will only be triggered if:
- Sense motion detection is enabled.
- Sense Alerts are enabled.
- If the Smart Activation of alerts has been enabled, everyone has left your home. (all assigned primary devices have been disconnected for 15 minutes or more)
- The motion being detected occurs for at least 2 seconds (5 seconds if pet mode is enabled), within an approximate 10'-13' radius from a motion detection device or SuperPod.
- The minimum time interval since the last alert has been met.


text:
In today's world, environmental sustainability and waste management are of paramount importance. The equipment used in these industries must operate efficiently and reliably, even in challenging conditions. NSK Bearing and NTN Bearing are two renowned manufacturers that offer bearings specifically designed for environmental and waste management equipment. This article aims to compare NSK Bearing and NTN Bearing in terms of their applications and performance in the field of environmental and waste management equipment. By evaluating factors such as reliability, longevity, specialized solutions, and environmental considerations, professionals in these industries can make informed decisions when selecting bearings for their equipment.
Reliability and Longevity:
Environmental and waste management equipment operates under demanding conditions, including exposure to corrosive substances, high temperatures, and heavy loads. NSK Bearing offers a range of bearings that are designed to withstand these challenges. Their bearings incorporate advanced sealing technologies to prevent contamination and extend the lifespan of the equipment. Similarly, NTN Bearing provides durable bearings with enhanced sealing capabilities, ensuring reliable performance and minimizing downtime in environmental and waste management applications. Both manufacturers prioritize the longevity and reliability of their bearings to meet the demanding requirements of the industry.
Environmental and waste management equipment often requires specialized solutions to address specific challenges. NSK Bearing and NTN Bearing understand these unique requirements and offer customized bearing solutions. For example, NSK Bearing provides bearings with advanced materials and coatings to withstand the corrosive effects of chemicals and waste substances. NTN Bearing offers bearings with high-temperature resistance and superior contamination resistance to ensure optimal performance in harsh environments. These specialized solutions contribute to the longevity and efficiency of equipment used in environmental and waste management applications.
In the pursuit of sustainable practices, environmental considerations are crucial in the selection of bearings for equipment used in environmental and waste management industries. NSK Bearing and NTN Bearing are committed to environmental stewardship and have implemented eco-friendly manufacturing processes. They adhere to strict regulations and standards to minimize the environmental impact of their operations. Additionally, both manufacturers prioritize the development of energy-efficient bearings, reducing the carbon footprint associated with equipment operation. By choosing NSK Bearing or NTN Bearing, companies in the environmental and waste management sectors can align their equipment with their sustainability goals.
Technical Support and Service:
The selection and maintenance of bearings for environmental and waste management equipment require technical expertise. NSK Bearing and NTN Bearing provide comprehensive technical support and dedicated service teams to assist customers in these industries. They offer guidance on bearing selection, installation, and maintenance practices. With their extensive knowledge and experience, they can help optimize equipment performance and minimize downtime. The availability of technical support ensures that equipment operators in the environmental and waste management sectors have access to the necessary resources to keep their operations running smoothly.
|CRD-2410 NTN Tapered Roller Bearing
|CRD-2005 NTN Tapered Roller Bearing
|4R17201 NTN Four Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing
|4R13010 NTN Four Row Cylindrical Roller Bearing
NSK Bearing and NTN Bearing offer reliable and specialized bearing solutions for environmental and waste management equipment. Their bearings demonstrate superior reliability, longevity, and resistance to harsh environmental conditions. With a commitment to environmental sustainability and the provision of technical support, NSK Bearing and NTN Bearing are well-suited for applications in the environmental and waste management industries. By choosing bearings from these manufacturers, companies can ensure the optimal performance and longevity of their equipment, contributing to efficient waste management and environmental preservation.
Welcome inquiry to _EMAIL_ , Fast and Professional support !
Stock available, Fast shipment within 2-3 days.


because no loading of data from BW or HANA is involved. Just a rendering of the data which has already been pre-loaded will take place.
The Downsides, Pitfalls, and Disadvantages of Pre-Loading
As we have seen previously, there is no "official" API for pre-loading data. This is for a good reason. In most cases best performance is achieved when Lumira can decide when to perform such lengthy operations as fetching result sets. Lumira can make internal optimizations such as combining result set requests along with other data that needs to be fetched from BW or HANA.
In addition, there is the danger with complex applications that script code which pre-loads data is accidentally called in flows where pre-loading wasn't intended. That is especially relevant in applications that are highly modular and that structure their code using "Global Script Objects".
But finally, the most important aspects are these two interrelated ones:
 - Delayed loading uses loading indicators, but pre-loading cannot give any feedback to the user that something is "currently working" in the application, because the affected components are not visible.
 - Like with all background processing jobs, the user cannot interact with the application while pre-loading is running.
 Because there is no "loading indicator", which makes the user aware of the activity, users will assume that they can interact with the application, and when they do so, they will experience the application is not responding. They may get annoyed and think the application is buggy and unresponsive. This is exactly the opposite of what pre-loading aims for.
Simply put, pre-loading can only be considered, when it is certain that the user will only "look at" the application while pre-loading takes place. If pre-loading takes some time, and the user tries to interact with the application during that time, the user experience will be disappointing.

Summary / Conclusion
 - Consider using "delayed loading" of data sources to improve user experience for applications that have large and long-loading data sources.
 - Read the chapter "Working with Background Processing" of Lumira's "Application Designer Guide" to familiarize yourself with more things that background processing can do to improve application performance:
 _URL_
 - Check out the official SAP note about "Lumira Performance" for in-depth resources about performance tuning in Lumira applications:
 _URL_
 - If you understood the pitfalls and impacts of pre-loading data sources, you might consider using this concept if it is appropriate for your use case.


the field of teenage drinking behavior has shown relationships between both social skills and drinking and alcohol expectancies and drinking. These results demonstrate the presence of prostaglandin biosynthetic system in ovary of the fresh water crabs. Using larva isolated from wild-snails-infected rats to observe the life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis.
Related posts:
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Cloudinary Blog
Generate Waveform Images from Audio with Cloudinary
Generate Waveform Images from Audio with Cloudinary
This is a reposting of an article written by David Walsh. Check out his blog HERE!
I've been working a lot with visualizations lately, which is a far cry from your normal webpage element interaction coding; you need advanced geometry knowledge, render and performance knowledge, and much more. It's been a great learning experience but it can be challenging and isn't always an interest of all web developers. That's why we use apps and services specializing in complex tasks like Cloudinary: we need it done quickly and by a tool written by an expert.
While my previous experiments have been with images (Image Optimization, Remove Photo Backgrounds, and Automatic Image Tagging), Cloudinary also has the ability to manipulate video and audio files, as well as optimize delivery. This next experiment will mix imagery and media: we'll generate waveform images from an audio file!
Step 1: Upload the File
The first step is uploading the media file to Cloudinary, which you can automate with code or manually do so within the Cloudinary control panel. Let's presume the file is up on Cloudinary.
Step 2: Generate Image
You can use any number of languages to interact with Cloudinary's API but for the sake of this experiment we'll use Node.js and JavaScript. And the JavaScript required to generate and retrieve the basic waveform image? Much less than you think:
var result = cloudinary.image("Lights_qh6vve.png", {
 height: 200,
 width: 500,
 flags: "waveform",
 resource_type: "video"
});
So what exactly happens with the code above? Let's go through it:
 - The first argument, Lights_qh6vve.png, is the name of the uploaded MP3 file, replacing .mp3 with .png
 - The second argument provides the desired image settings, customizing height and width of generated image...
 - ...while flags: waveform and resource_type: video let Cloudinary know you want to generate the waveform image
The result is an img tag:
<img src='_URL_ height='200' width='500'/>
..which looks like:
Customizing the Image
Cloudinary provides flexibility in image generation so let's create a more customized waveform image. Let's play with the colors:
var result = cloudinary.image("Lights_qh6vve.png", {
 height: 200,
 width: 500,
 flags: "waveform",
 resource_type: "video",
 background: '#acd7e5',
 color: '#ffda7f'
});
These colors generate a waveform image that looks like this:
Next we can use offset properties to get just a snippet of the waveform image:
var result = cloudinary.image("Lights_qh6vve.png", {
 height: 200,
 width: 500,
 flags: "waveform",
 resource_type: "video",
 background: '#acd7e5',
 color: '#ffda7f',
 start_offset: 1, // in seconds
 end_offset: 240
});
Which gives us this sharp image:
This experimentation was a lot of fun, and proves waveform image creation is just another amazing function provided by Cloudinary. Cloudinary is (an awesome) one-stop shop for uploading manipulating and delivering images and video. If you need to manipulate image or simply think you may need to do so in the future, give Cloudinary a good look -- they will do more than you think!

David Walsh David Walsh is Senior Software Engineer at Mozilla, having worked extensively on the Mozilla Developer Network, Firefox OS TV, WebVR, internal tooling, and several other Mozilla efforts. He shares his knowledge on his blog at _URL_. You can also find him at @davidwalshblog on Twitter.
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Chrysler PT Cruiser P0660: Meaning, Causes, & Diagnosis
P0660 Chrysler PT Cruiser
P0660 is a somewhat common OBDII code. It's generic, so it has the same meaning for the Chrysler PT Cruiser as it would any other vehicle made for the 1996 model year and up.
This code indicates that there is an issue with the bank 1 side of the intake manifold valve tuning control circuit. Common causes for P0660 include a bad wiring harness to/from the intake tuning valve, a bad PCM, or a bad intake manifold tuning valve control circuit. It's most commonly caused by wiring issues.
P0660 Definition: Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Control Circuit Open (Bank 1)
P0660 Definition Chrysler PT Cruiser
Here's the meaning of the P0660 definition divided into its three distinct parts.
Intake Manifold Tuning Valve Control Circuit
The intake manifold tuning valve control system is responsible for redirecting air inside your PT Cruiser's intake manifold
It relieves air pressure on the opposite side of the intake manifold. Or, it can channel air down a completely different runner for power/efficiency purposes.
Open
An open implies that two points of an electrical circuit are externally disconnected. In this case, the two points in question are the PCM and the intake manifold tuning valve control circuit.
The wiring between these two parts of your PT Cruiser may run through the CAN bus system, which is a wiring junction. Getting a schematic for your vehicle (the exact model year and engine combination is essential) can make determining the cause of P0660 much easier. You should do a quick visual inspection for obvious issues before doing so (more on that below).
Any one of your PT Cruiser's modules can detect this issue. Examples of different modules include body control, transmission, ABS, traction control. If there's a PCM issue, the other modules can still report P0660.
Bank 1
Bank 1 is the part of your vehicle with the first cylinder. You don't need to concern yourself with this if you have an inline four-cylinder engine or inline-six.
P0660 Symptoms: Chrysler PT Cruiser
There usually are symptoms associated with P0660. Here are the most common ones:
 - Check engine light
 - Decreased power at the higher end of the RPM range
 - Decreased fuel mileage
 - Rough/choppy idle
 - Difficulty starting
It's more likely that the decreased engine power will be at the higher end of the RPM range. It can happen at any engine speed. You may only notice the check engine light.
Chrysler PT Cruiser P0660 Causes and Diagnostics
P0660 Diagnosis
Here are the most common causes of P0660 and a good order to diagnose your Chrysler PT Cruiser in at home.
1. Check for Manufacturers Communications
Manufacturers (including Chrysler) send communications via "technical service bulletin," commonly referred to as TSB's. While this site doesn't keep a database of them, they are easy to find online
If you click on the link above, it'll take you to the NHTSA website in a new window. Look for your exact year and engine combination Chrysler PT Cruiser on there. If there is a TSB related to the intake manifold tuning valve, it gives you a great place to start your diagnosis with a known point of failure.
2. Inspect the Wiring Harness
Check the wiring connector on the bank one side of the intake manifold tuning valve control circuit.
Examine where it plugs into the harness. Make sure that there is no visible damage to it or the pins inside. If there is damage, you may need to repin or replace it. If there is corrosion, use a good electrical contact cleaner to clean it.
Now that you've established that the harness connector looks good, examine the wiring coming from the intake manifold control valve as far as you can. Look for damaged, frayed, or burnt wiring. If there is, replace the wiring in question.
Verify that the ground wire is solid and free of corrosion where it bolts to the body, engine, or frame. Then, run a temporary ground to the intake manifold tuning control valve. If it solves the problem, you'll need to fix your PT Cruiser's OEM ground wire.
3. Bad CAN Bus
The CAN bus is responsible for taking information from the various sensors and sending it to whatever modules need it (including the PCM).
If the wiring harness seems fine until it reaches the CAN bus system, its pins will need to be inspected, which is getting into the weeds for most shade tree mechanics.
A mechanic would be able to use a specialized scanner to determine precisely where in the wiring system the wiring harness is open and causing P0660 in your PT Cruiser. They could also check the continuity of the circuits.
4. Other Causes
 - Bad PCM/ECM- While the PCM is rarely the problem with most codes. If everything checked out with the wiring, replacing or reflashing the PCM can clear P0660. Have a mechanic take a look at your PT Cruiser before replacing a PCM.
 - Bad Intake Manifold Tuning Valve- P0660 indicates a wiring issue with the intake manifold tuning valve. But, if its wiring can fail internally, which will throw the code. It's not very high on the probability scale.
Conclusion
It can be difficult to chase down some of the wiring issues that can cause P0660 in the Chrysler PT Cruiser. But, it'll often be caused by something that is easy to see under the engine bay. There's nothing wrong with having a look. Good luck!
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The centrifuge problem states that a centrifuge with some arbitrary number of test tubes in it must be radially balanced — that is, its center of mass must be in the center of the centrifuge. An unbalanced, spinning centrifuge will shake and "walk" across a desk like an unbalanced washing machine, and the vibrations caused by the unbalanced load will damage the spinning mechanism. So it is critical to balance it as well as possible, especially in very high-speed applications.
The specific problem given in the node Hard interview questions states that the centrifuge has 12 evenly spaced slots for test tubes, and that all the test tubes have equal mass. The solutions for 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6 tubes are trivial since they divide evenly into 12 and can therefore be evenly spaced. Likewise the solutions for 8, 9, 10, and 12 are exactly the same if you consider evenly spacing 0, 2, 3, or 4 empty slots rather than full slots.
Clearly the 1 and 11 test tube cases are not possible because there is nothing left with which to balance one and only one full or empty slot. This is also obvious and trivial.
However, the 5 and 7 test tube cases are nontrivial. 5 and 7 do not divide evenly into 12 and therefore cannot be evenly spaced around the centrifuge. Here is one possible arrangement which might work:
One commonly given proof that this arrangement is valid is that it is the superposition of two other valid arrangements, the solutions for 2 and 3. But this doesn't tell you anything if you don't understand superposition.
We can check to see if it is valid by calculating its center of mass. We can do this with basic trigonometry. If this arrangement is balanced both left to right and top to bottom, then it is balanced. Trigonometry allows us to find the horizontal and vertical components of each item's mass with respect to the center by drawing triangles. The hypotenuse of the triangle is the actual mass of the test tube and the horizontal and vertical legs represent the horizontal and vertical components of its mass.
First we see that the mass at C (slot 12) has only a vertical component. The masses at 3 and 9 likewise have only a horizontal component. So we only need triangles to find the horizontal and vertical components of 4 and 8. Recall the trigonometric identities:
sinθ = ---------- cosθ = ----------
Each slot represents 30° (360°/12). For convenience, let us assume the mass of each test tube is one (zero being an easier but far less interesting case). This sets the hypotenuse equal to 1, which therefore drops out of the equations, leaving us with:
Vertical components: Horizontal components:
sin(-30) = -1/2 cos(-30) = √3/2
sin(-150) = -1/2 cos(-150) = -√3/2
Now we add up all the vertical and horizontal components of the masses, defining up and right as positive.
C + 9 + 3 + 8 + 4 =
1 + 0 + 0 + (-1/2) + (-1/2) = 0 Balance!
C + 9 + 3 + 8 + 4 =
0 + (-1) + 1 + (-√3/2) + √3/2 = 0 Balance!
Therefore this solution is valid. The 7 test tube case is the same, just with the empty and full slots reversed.
In fact, this is only one valid solution to the problem. By running the math the same way, we see that any combination of any solution for 2 test tubes and 3 test tubes will work, so long as you don't try to put two test tubes in the same slot. For example, the case C, 4, 8, B, 5, although it looks unbalanced at first glance, still works:
C + 4 + 8 + B + 5 =
1 + (-1/2) + (-1/2) + √3/2 + (-√3/2) = 0 Balance!
C + 4 + 8 + B + 5 =
0 + √3/2 + (-√3/2) + (-1/2) + 1/2 = 0 Balance!
Really this is just the same case rotated 120 degrees. C, 4, 8, 1, 7 is the mirror image of that and also works. Superposition would have told us this immediately.
As mentioned earlier, the 5 test tube case is just the 2 and 3 test tube cases put together. Consider the cases separately. A valid 3 test tube case balances, so the center of mass doesn't need to be considered when looking at the 2 test tube case. Likewise a valid 2 test tube case balances, so its center of mass doesn't need to be considered when looking at the 3 test tube case. Each case completely drops out of the analysis of the problem because its center of mass is at the center, exactly where we need it to be.
Essentially, we are saying that two arrangements that each equal zero separately also equal zero when considered together.


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Entry updated 26 October 2021. Tagged: Author.
The pseudonym of UK author Paul Devon (? -? ), of whom nothing is known beyond his authorship of The Fountain of Youth (1891), a Lost World tale set in Borneo, where a race of Hindu giants (see Great and Small) is discovered; they are notable for various Inventions, and for their use of a metal previously unknown to science. The tale is narrated by "Erasmus Dawson" and "edited" by Devon. [JC]
- The Fountain of Youth (London: Chatto and Windus, 1891) [hb/]
previous versions of this entry


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The Legislative Assembly, the unicameral legislative body for Mexico City, just passed a marriage equality bill 39-20. The mayor is expected to sign it. Mexico City has been a regional leader in LGBT rights, passing a civil unions law and other LGBT-positive legislation in recent years.
The Los Angeles Times says:
The bill calls for changing the definition of marriage in the city's civil code. Marriage is currently defined as the union of a man and a woman. The new definition will be "the free uniting of two people."
The change would allow same-sex couples to adopt children, apply for bank loans together, inherit wealth and be included in the insurance policies of their spouse, rights they were denied under civil unions allowed in the city. …
Argentina's capital became the first Latin American city to legalize same-sex civil unions in 2002 for gay and lesbian couples. Four other Argentine cities later did the same, and as did Mexico City in 2007 and some Mexican and Brazilian states. Uruguay alone has legalized civil unions nationwide.
Buenos Aires lawmakers introduced a bill for legalizing gay marriage in the national Congress in October but it has stalled without a vote, and officials in the South American city have blocked same-sex wedding because of conflicting judicial rulings. …
City lawmaker Victor Romo, a member of the mayor's leftist party, called it a historic day. "For centuries unjust laws banned marriage between blacks and whites or Indians and Europeans," he said. "Today all barriers have disappeared."


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7 Polish Martyrs
Memoirs of Priests Who Lived through World War II Published
| 1665 hits
By Father Mariusz Frukacz
CZESTOCHOWA, Polan, JUNE 21, 2012 (Zenit.org).- "Memoirs of War (_PHONE_) of Priests of the Diocese of Czestochowa" is the title of the book published recently by the Catholic weekly "Niedziela," which is part of the series "Library of Niedziela."
The memoirs in question are those of priests who survived the hell of concentration camps. They were gathered by historians Father Jacek Kapuscinski and Father Jan Zwiazek.
The book collects the writings of seven priests: Father Jan Brodzinski (_PHONE_), Father Roman Aleksander Konopka (_PHONE_), Father Jozef Kubica (_PHONE_), Father Antoni Mietlinski (_PHONE_), Father Maciej Namysly (_PHONE_), Father Serafin Opalka (_PHONE_) and Father Jozef Pruchnicki (_PHONE_).
Four of them recall the events and experiences of five concentration camps: Dachau, Gusen, Auschwitz, Konstantynow and Sosnowiec. The other three memoirs describe pastoral work during the Occupation, especially in the land of Wielun.
Each of these texts is preceded by a biographical profile and an historical comment, and is accompanied by other material.
The book opens with an article by Father Jan Zwiazek on the diocese of Czestochowa during the Nazi Occupation. It includes a series of photographs that illustrate the people and circumstances of World War II.
They are "the testimony of the extermination policy of Nazi Germany and of the suffering that those endured who wished to persevere in the faith and in fidelity to their own nation," said professor Zygmunt Zielinski.
According to retired Archbishop Stanislaw Nowak of Czestochowa, the war memoirs of diocesan priests "are the testimony of man's great love of God, of the fatherland and of the Church, as well as signs of adherence to the priesthood."
"We can read these memoirs as the Acts of Martyrs of the 20th century. This book will be spiritual reading which will help us also to form our moral attitudes," added the archbishop.
For Father Jacek Kapuscinski, one of the authors, the memoirs, written in 1945, about experiences of World War II: "are a most precious treasure for historians, but also for our generation that must know the history of its Fatherland and of the Church."
The most difficult situation for the Polish Catholic population during the War in the territory of the diocese of Czestochowa, occurred in the so-called "Warthegau," a region that looks out on the Warta river, in a part of the diocese of Czestochowa, in the Wielun district.
From the beginning of the War, the priests of the Wielun region were subjected to repression. On November 9, 1939, the Germans arrested seven Catholic priests and a Protestant pastor. On October 6, 1941, all the priests were arrested and taken to a transit camp in the neighborhood of Lodz, and then to Dachau concentration camp.
In total, 55 priests from Wielun were sent to Dachau, two of whom were monks. During _PHONE_, the total number of priests of the diocese of Czestochowa who were killed was 61. Among them were also Father Maksimiian Binkiwewicz and Father Lugwik Gietyngier, beatified by Pope John Paul II on June 13, 1999, at Warsaw.


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Given that much of the world does not use these modern toilet inventions, it's hard to imagine what a bidet toilet seat is if one hasn't seen one before.
While the bidet has roots in Europe tracing back to the 17th century, bidet toilet seats were invented in Japan in the 1980s by a company called Toto. They call these bidet seats the Toto Washlet and the "washlet" has since been used to refer to electronic bidet seats, much like how Kleenex is used to refer to facial tissues. Since they were invented they have spread to other Asian countries such as South Korea, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Bidet toilet seats are widespread in Japan and South Korea.
A bidet toilet seat is essentially a toilet seat with a built-in bidet. You may have seen a traditional bidet before. These are quite common in places such as Italy, Spain, and Portugal. They are usually placed beside the toilet and look just like one, but function like a sink.
Bidets are mainly used to wash and clean the genital area, anus, and inner buttocks. They were not meant to replace toilet paper, but to provide some cleanliness without having to take a full shower.
Nowadays, with the invention of the electronic toilet seat bidet, it's possible to replace toilet paper completely as these devices have drying capabilities.
A bidet toilet seat looks like this:
And water from the bidet function comes out from this nozzle:
Bidet toilet seats are meant to replace existing toilet seats, turning them into toilet seats with bidets without having to replace the whole toilet.
How does a bidet seat work?
After you finish using the toilet, stay seated on the toilet and activate the bidet.
To turn on the bidet function, you press a button on the control. A bidet toilet seat is operated by either an attached control panel on the side of the seat or a remote control.
Using the control, you can adjust the temperature of the water to your liking as well as the position of the nozzle. You can also adjust the pressure of the spray. The nozzle extends when you activate it and retracts when you're finished using it.
Bidet seats do more than just clean. They typically have heated seats which make using the toilet in the winter super comfortable. They also have air dryers so you can dry up quickly. And to keep things sanitary, nozzles usually have automatic self-cleaning abilities that activate between toilet use.
Bidet seats are safe to use for people of all ages. Bidet seat use is particularly high among elderly people because they don't have to move so much when using the toilet and it's much easier to keep clean than constantly having to take a shower.
Bidet seats also help people with medical conditions heal faster by keeping things cleaner. In fact, bidet seats were inspired by cleansing medical devices that people were using. They are a significant improvement to those devices that sprayed water at unpredictable temperatures and angles.
We hope this has been a helpful introduction to bidet toilet seats. If you would like to purchase one to try out in your home, check out our carefully-selected recommendations below. If you have any questions for us about bidet seats in general, let us know below as well!


text: The mathematical relationship (breakage equation) between the inlet and outlet particle-size distributions of a roller milling operation is described, and the breakage function linking the two is defined. The forms of the breakage equation and the breakage function are different for roller milling than for other comminution operations, such as hammer milling or ball milling. The breakage equation is discretised to give a matrix form, from which it is demonstrated that during roller milling of wheat, particles break independently of one another. This is an important assumption of breakage equations for many comminution operations and experimental results are presented, which confirm its applicability to the roller milling of wheat grains. Breakage matrices are successfully used to predict the outlet particle-size distributions from First Break milling of wheat. Later papers in this series consider the form of the breakage function.


text:
- 1 What is the purpose of daggering?
- 2 Who started twerking?
- 3 What is the Jamaican dance?
- 4 What Twerking means?
- 5 Why are there so many Jamaicans in London?
- 6 What does it mean to twerk on a guy?
- 7 What language do Jamaicans speak?
- 8 What type of music do Jamaicans listen to?
- 9 What is the most popular dance in Jamaica?
- 10 What does God say about twerking?
- 11 Why is it called twerking?
- 12 Is twerking a slang word?
What is the purpose of daggering?
The Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation defines daggering as "a colloquial term or phrase used in dancehall culture as a reference to hardcore sex or what is popularly referred to as 'dry' sex, or the activities of persons engaged in the public simulation of various sexual acts and positions." Therefore, "There shall not
Who started twerking?
The term twerking was actually coined in the city of New Orleans during the early '90's bounce scene. According to journalist Nik Cohn, "it started in the late 1980s, a wild mix of rap and Mardi Gras Indian chants and second-line brass-band bass patterns and polyrhythmic drumming and gospel call-and-response".
What is the Jamaican dance?
Bruckins, burru, dinki-minni, ettu, gerreh, gumbay, jonkunnu, kumina, maypole, myal, quadrille, tambu and zella. Dance is such a wonderful artistic expression, influenced by history and culture. Jamaica has a rich heritage of traditional dances, but today many of them are hardly known.
What Twerking means?
The dictionary describes twerking as dancing "in a sexually provocative manner, using thrusting movements of the bottom and hips while in a low, squatting stance". It says the word in its current form has its roots in the early 1990s New Orleans "bounce" music scene, but the exact origin of twerk is uncertain.
Why are there so many Jamaicans in London?
Jamaicans have been present in the UK since the start of the twentieth century; however, by far the largest wave of migration occurred after the Second World War. The British government looked to its overseas colonies for help and encouraged migration in an effort to fill the many job vacancies.
What does it mean to twerk on a guy?
1. To move the body in a sexually suggestive twisting or gyrating fashion. verb.
What language do Jamaicans speak?
The official language is English, which is "used in all domains of public life", including the government, the legal system, the media, and education. However, the primary spoken language is an English-based creole called Jamaican Patois (or Patwa).
What type of music do Jamaicans listen to?
The music of Jamaica includes Jamaican folk music and many popular genres, such as mento, ska, rocksteady, reggae, dub music, dancehall, reggae fusion and related styles. Reggae is especially popular through the international fame of Bob Marley.
What is the most popular dance in Jamaica?
Jamaica's Heritage in Dance
- Bruckins. Bruckins, as a member of the creolised group of traditional dances, reveals a unique mixture of African and European influences.
- Burru. This particular form of dance is a fertility masquerade found in Lionel Town and Hayes (Clarendon).
What does God say about twerking?
The Bible says to flee sexual impurity and immorality. Twerking is a dance form designed to stimulate sexual thoughts and feelings. The Bible may not specifically use the word "twerking" but it addresses the attitudes behind it.
Why is it called twerking?
The term twerking comes from the New Orleans' early 90s bounce scene. Modern day twerking is very similar to the Mapouka dance, and has existed for centuries. Twerking is also prevalent throughout the reggae and dancehall culture.
Is twerking a slang word?
A slang term for a booty-focused dance style that involves shaking and gyrating the rear end.


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A framework for approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) that speeds up inference by parallelizing computation on single computers or whole clusters.
Project description
ABCpy is a highly modular, scientific library for approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) written in Python. It is designed to run all included ABC algorithms in parallel, either using multiple cores of a single computer or using an Apache Spark or MPI enabled cluster. The modularity helps domain scientists to easily apply ABC to their research without being ABC experts; using ABCpy they can easily run large parallel simulations without much knowledge about parallelization, even without much additional effort to parallelize their code. Further, ABCpy enables ABC experts to easily develop new inference schemes and evaluate them in a standardized environment, and to extend the library with new algorithms. These benefits come mainly from the modularity of ABCpy.
Project details
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text:
1st Kearny Highlanders
|FIRST KEARNY HIGHLANDERS: TRADITION'S WEIGHT|
|Unit Profile (as of 3067)|
|CO||Colonel Edward Senn|
 Early History
The First Kearny Highlanders are the oldest of the Northwind Highlanders formations, formed with volunteers from volunteers mining settlement Kearny on Northwind. The unit fought early battles for various Great Houses, including of the Capellan Confederation. Its career in these early times were checkered with victories and defeats.
The unit first notable conflict was during the 1st Andurien War, where the unit was fighting for the Confederation. The unit was nearly routed on Lopez by elements of House Marik's Oriente Hussars. This route nearly cost the unit its career.
- 2761 - 1st Kearny redeem themselves by successful occupation of the Davion world of Demeter with odds against them.
 Succession Wars
- 2801 - The unit is deployed to Lincoln to successfully defend the world from elements of House Kurita's Dieron Regulars attempt raid the world.
- 2865 - 1st Kearny returned to Northwind to defend the world from House Marik regulars and their mercenary support units. The 1st Kearny was able drive off the invaders. They inflicted heavy damage on the flee units, including mercenary unit known as the Jal's Jaegers but lost half of its men & equipment in effort. The unit resolved to rebuild itself with heavier equipment, so it restricted self to raiding until it fully rebuilt.
- 2866 to 2880 - 1st Kearny conducts number of raids Free Worlds League holdings for 'Mechs and supplies. Recovering large quanity of medium class BattleMechs to allow the regiment to fully recover.
- 2943 - The 2nd Company of the 2nd Battalion, under the command of Captain Erika Laurel leader her company heald the defense of world Hsien against Marik troops until the Warrior House Ijori regiment arrived.
- 3028 - Stationed on Highspire the 1st Kearny departed, after news reached them of the negotiation between the clan elders and the Federated Suns, to their new home on Northwind.
- 3025 - Commanding Officer of the 1st Kearny was Colonel Timothy Senn
- 3050 - Commanding Officer of the 1st Kearny was Colonel Edward Senn
- 3059 - Commanding Officer of the 1st Kearny was Colonel Edward Senn
- 3067 - Commanding Officer of the 1st Kearny was Colonel Edward Senn
- As of 3085 the commanding officer is Colonel Marshall MacLeod.
The only goal is victory at any cost.
The naval fleet of the 1st Kearny contains following jumpships
- Monolith-class = Spirit of Edinburgh
- Star Lord-class = Queen Anne and Queen Mary
- Invader-class = King's Own, Jacoby and Monymusk
- Scout-class = Argyll and Princess Louise
1st Kearny Highlanders (2 Battalions) (Veteran/Reliable)
1st Kearny Highlanders (Regiment/Veteran/Reliable)
- Contract: AFFC
1st Kearny Highlanders(Regiment/Veteran/Reliable)
- CO: Colonel Edward Senn
1st Kearny Highlanders (Veteran/Reliable)
Regimental Command Company(Company/Elite/Fanatical)
- The company field 12 Clan battlemechs.
- The First Kearny Air Wing contains 6 elite fighters.
1st Kearny Highlanders(Reinforced Regiment/Elite/Fanatical)
- Queen's Own Battalion: Major David Lee Senn
- 78th Highland Battalion: Major Til Honey
- Gordon Battalion: Major Evelyn Marks
- The regiment contains a vehicle company.
- The entire unit contains 85% upgrades.
- 6th Company
- 7th Company
- 10th Company
- The unit are elite special forces. The unit contain now full battle armor.
1st Kearny Highlanders (2 Battalions/Veteran/Questionable)
- CO: Colonel Marshall MacLeod
- ↑ Wolf's Dragoons (sourcebook), pp. 11-12
- ↑ Field Manual: 3085, p. 186
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Field Manual: 3085, p. 186, "RAF Deployment Table - 3085"
- ↑ House Liao (Confederation Capella) p. 105
- ↑ Historical: War of 3039 , p. 141
- ↑ 20 Year Update, p.19
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Objective Raids, p. 22
- Mercenaries Supplemental Update, p. 52
- 20 Year Update
- Field Manual: 3085
- Field Manual: Update
- House Liao (The Capellan Confederation)
- Mercenaries Supplemental Update, p. 52
- NAIS The Fourth Succession War Military Atlas Volume 1
- NAIS The Fourth Succession War Military Atlas Volume 2
- Northwind Highlanders (scenario pack)
- Warrior: Riposte
- Historical: War of 3039
- Objective Raids
- Wolf's Dragoons (sourcebook)


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Nano copper is a new type of copper that is at least 80 times smaller than traditional copper particles. It is so small that it can be used in various agricultural products and applications. For example, Nano copper can increase crop yields, improve plant health, and control pests and diseases. Nano copper is also more efficient in using water and nutrients, which can help to conserve resources and reduce environmental impact.
What is Nano Copper?
Nano copper is a new agricultural technology that uses nanotechnology to improve crop yields. Nano copper particles are incredibly small, and when applied to crops, they can help plants to absorb more nutrients and water. This can lead to increased crop yields and also help to reduce the number of chemicals and pesticides that farmers need to use. Nano copper is still in the early stages of development, but it has the potential to revolutionize agriculture. If nanoparticles can be used to improve plant growth and yield, they could hugely impact food production worldwide. In addition, it could help feed more people with less land and reduce the environmental impact of farming.
How does Nano Copper work?
- Nano copper is a new type of agricultural technology that promises to revolutionize how we grow crops. This new technology utilizes extremely small particles of copper to create a more efficient and effective way to deliver nutrients and water to plants. Nano copper is already being used in several commercial applications, and its potential for agriculture is immense.
- One of the key benefits of nano copper is its ability to improve plant uptake of essential nutrients. Copper is essential for plant growth, but it is often difficult for plants to absorb enough copper from the soil. Nano copper particles can bypass this barrier and improve plant uptake of copper by up to 30%. This means that plants can get the nutrients they need without relying on excessive fertilizer.
- Nano copper also has the potential to improve water use efficiency in crops. Because nano copper particles are so small, they can coat the leaves of plants and create a micro-climate around the plant that helps retain water vapor. This can reduce water loss from evaporation by up to 70%, which can be a critical advantage in drought conditions.
- In addition to improving nutrient uptake and water use efficiency, nano copper can protect plants from disease and pests. Copper is a natural fungicide and insecticide, and when delivered in nanoparticle form, it can be even more effective at protecting plants from harm. Nano copper has already been shown to be effective at controlling fungal diseases.
In case you missed it: Benefits of Amino Acid Fertilizer for Agriculture
Benefits of Nano Copper
- Nano copper is a new technology that has the potential to revolutionize agriculture and help meet the demands of a growing population.
- Nano copper is a form of copper that has been broken down into nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are so small that they can penetrate plant cells and kill bacteria and fungi. Nano copper is already used in agriculture as an alternative to chemical pesticides and fungicides.
- Nano copper is more effective than traditional pesticides and fungicides because it can target specific pathogens without harming beneficial microbes. Nano copper also remains in the soil for longer periods, meaning crops can be protected from pests and diseases for longer periods.
- In addition to protecting crops from pests and diseases, nano copper can also improve plant growth and yield. Nano copper has been shown to increase the uptake of nutrients, improve photosynthesis, and increase water retention in plants. These effects have led to increased yields of up to 30%. With the world's population expected to continue growing, the need for foods such as grains, fruits, and vegetables will only increase. Nano copper could play a key role in meeting this demand by increasing crop yields using fewer inputs.
Future of Nano Copper
- The future of nano copper is looking very bright. Nano copper is still in its early stages of development, but there are already many applications for this promising new material.
- One of the most exciting applications for nano copper is in the area of crop yield enhancement. Studies have shown that nano copper can help plants absorb nutrients more effectively, resulting in higher yields. This could be a major game-changer for farmers worldwide, always looking for ways to increase their yields.
- Nano copper can also be used to create more durable and resistant crops. For example, farmers can create crops that can withstand pests, diseases, and extreme weather conditions by coating seeds with nano copper. This could lead to fewer crop failures and higher overall yields.
- In addition to enhancing crop yields and creating more resilient crops, nano copper can also create smarter irrigation systems. For example, Nano copper sensors can monitor soil moisture levels, making it easier for farmers to determine when and how much water their plants need. This could save huge amounts of water, a valuable resource in agriculture. The possibilities for nano copper are nearly endless, and it's clear that this technology has the potential to transform the agricultural industry.
Nano Copper applications in agriculture
Nano copper has various applications in agriculture, from crop protection to soil improvement. For example, Nano copper can be used as a pesticide, as it is effective against many fungi, bacteria, and viruses. Nano copper also has plant growth-promoting properties, which makes it an ideal additive for fertilizers and irrigation water. In addition to its agricultural applications, nano copper is also being investigated for use in food processing and packaging, as it can extend the shelf life of food products.
Nano copper is a new type of copper that is very small, typically around 1-100 nanometers. This makes it unique compared to other forms of copper, allowing it to be used in many different ways. One way that nano copper is being used is in agriculture. There are many applications for nano copper in agriculture, and the list below outlines some of the most promising uses.
- Pest Control: Nano copper can be used as an effective pest control agent. It can help keep pests away and reduce crop damage when applied to crops.
- Disease Control: Nano copper can also be used to control diseases in plants. When used as a spray or mist, it can help to kill bacteria and viruses that cause diseases.
- Fertilizer: Nano copper can be added to fertilizers to improve their effectiveness. The small size of nano copper particles means that they can easily be taken up by plants, helping them to grow better and faster.
- Soil Remediation: Nano copper can also clean up contaminated soils. It has been shown to effectively remove heavy metals and other pollutants from soils, making them safer for plants and animals.
- Water Treatment: Nano copper can purify water supplies. When added to water, it can help remove impurities such as bacteria and viruses.
In case you missed it: Benefits Of Diatomaceous Earth in Agriculture
Nano Copper in agriculture technology
- Nano copper has been shown to improve plant growth and development. It can increase the uptake of nutrients, improve photosynthesis, and increase the overall health of plants. Nano copper is also effective in controlling plant diseases and pests. In addition, nano copper can help increase crops' yield and improve the quality of fruits and vegetables.
- Copper is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development. However, due to its low concentration in soil, plants often suffer from copper deficiency. This can lead to several problems, including stunted growth, poor yields, and reduced resistance to disease.
- Nano copper is a new type of copper that is much more concentrated than traditional copper products. This makes it ideal for use in agriculture, as it can help to correct deficiencies and improve crop yields. Nano copper is also more resistant to leaching than traditional copper products, meaning that it will remain in the soil for longer and be available to plants for longer.
- There are several ways in which nano copper can be used in agriculture. For example, it can be applied directly to the soil or added to irrigation water. It can also be used as a foliar spray or added to seed coats before planting.
- Nano copper is already being used by farmers in many parts of the world, and the results are very promising. For example, farmers have reported increased crop yields of up to 30% in China after using nano copper products. One study found that nano copper increased rice yields by 21% in India. And in the United States, farmers using nano copper have seen increases in yield of up 53%.
The potential for nano copper in agriculture is great. It is still early, and more research is needed to unlock its potential, but the future looks promising. This technology has the potential to help farmers increase yields, improve crop quality, and reduce pesticide use.


The WorQour Characteristics
The WorQour is a bridging currency that operates in the void between national currencies/economies and primarily functions as a transfer medium.
The WorQour cannot be used directly as a payment for goods or services within any national economy. WorQours must first be exchanged into a national fiat currency.
The WorQour is a cashless currency.
There are no WorQour bank accounts of the type normally associated with commercial fiat currency banking i.e.; savings, cheque or investment, nor are there any WorQour credit or debit cards.
Local currencies are exchanged for the WorQour bridging currency whenever the need arises.
The exchange rate for one (1) WorQour;
1 WorQour = 1 hours paid work at the national mHR*
*(minimum hourly rate of pay for a working individual paid in any national currency.)
The basic WorQour transfer process is performed by the WorQour Encryption and Processing Device (WEAPD) in conjunction with nationally located devices. WorQour certificates, explained elsewhere, also create options for alternative payment transfer methods.
The next thing of significance is how the WorQour currency addresses and solves two historical dilemmas;
The objectives tabled at Bretton Woods in 1944and the Triffin Dilemma as first discussed in the 1960s.


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|A Number Pyramid is composed of the 10 different numbers 0-9 with
a top row of 1 number resting on a second row of 2 sitting on a third row
of 3 supported by a bottom row of 4. For example, a Number Pyramid
3 4 5
6 7 8 9
Given the clues below, can you determine the composition of Number
- The number at the top of Number Pyramid 6 minus the leftmost
number in row 2 equals 6.
- Both the four leftmost numbers in each row and the three numbers in row
3 sum to 17.
- In the bottom row of the pyramid, the second number from the left minus
the leftmost number equals 5.
- The rightmost number in row 3 minus the rightmost number in row 4
- The four numbers in the bottom row sum to 19.


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Author(s): Potgieter FJ, Wilke PI
Abstract Share this page
Abstract Vermiculite, pine shavings and unbleached eucalyptus pulp contact bedding were compared for dust content, dust production (as a result of animal activity), moisture absorption properties and ammonia production. The percentage of dust particles <300 microm found in pine shavings and vermiculite was 18 and 8 times greater respectively than was found in eucalyptus pulp. The lowest ammonia levels (<1-1 ppm), measured on day 7, were obtained using eucalyptus pulp. Although the ammonia levels obtained for vermiculite compared very well with those of pulp, high levels of dust, up to 5 times more than pulp, were experienced with vermiculite. Pine shavings were associated with the highest ammonia concentration (1-3 ppm), but produced approximately 50\% less dust than vermiculite. The water absorption properties obtained for pulp were between 35\% and 76\% higher than those obtained for vermiculite and pine shavings respectively.
This article was published in Lab Anim
and referenced in Journal of Veterinary Science & Technology


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Minecraft
How to crossplay with Java and Bedrock Minecraft in one server?
Posted by Aron Kõrgemäe
January 21, 2024
Views: 0
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Have you ever had friends that you want to enjoy minecraft with, but they are on Bedrock while you're on Java? Yeah, me too. This changes with Geyser, a groundbreaking plugin that bridges this gap, enabling cross-platform play between these two editions.
In this guide, we'll explore what Geyser is, its importance in the Minecraft community, and provide a comprehensive tutorial on how to set it up on your server.
What's Geyser?
Geyser functions as a protocol translator, seamlessly converting Bedrock data into a format that Java servers can understand, and vice versa. This capability revolutionizes server hosting, allowing players on Windows, iOS, Android, and even consoles to join Minecraft Java servers.
Part 1: Installation
The first step in bridging the Minecraft worlds is to download and install the Geyser plugin. This process is straightforward and similar to installing any other plugin on your server.
 1. Downloading Geyser: Visit the official GeyserMC website and navigate to the download section. Here, you'll find the Geyser-Spigot.jar file, which is specifically designed for Spigot servers. Note that Geyser also supports other server types like Paper, Waterfall, Velocity, and can even run standalone.
 2. Installing the Plugin: After downloading, place the Geyser-Spigot.jar file into your server's /plugins folder.
 3. Starting the Server: Once Geyser is in the plugins folder, start your Minecraft server. This step allows the server to recognize and initialize the Geyser plugin, creating necessary configuration files.
 4. Initial Configuration: After starting the server with Geyser installed, you'll need to stop it to access the newly generated Geyser configuration file. This file, typically located in /plugins/Geyser-Spigot/config.yml, is where you'll make essential settings adjustments.
With Geyser successfully installed, you're now ready to configure it for cross-platform play.
Part 2: Configuration
Once Geyser is installed, configuring it correctly is kinda-mandatory for ensuring that Bedrock players can connect to your Java server without issues. This involves editing the Geyser configuration file and setting up network ports appropriately.
 1. Accessing config.yml: Locate the Geyser configuration file, typically found in /plugins/Geyser-Spigot/config.yml. This file holds the settings that control how Geyser interacts with Bedrock clients.
 2. Port Configuration: By default, the Bedrock and Java editions use different network ports. You'll need to decide on the port setting in the Geyser configuration:
 - Option 1 - Same Port as Java Edition: Set clone-remote-port to true if you want Geyser to use the same port as your Java server. This is the simplest setup and requires no additional network configuration.
 - Option 2 - Custom Port: If you prefer a different port for Bedrock players, first add it as an allocation in your server's network settings, then specify this custom port in the Geyser config file.
With these configurations set, Geyser is now ready to bridge the gap between Java and Bedrock players on your server.
Common Issues & Solutions
1. Connection Issues
 - Problem: Players are unable to connect to the server.
 - Solution: Ensure that the correct ports are open and properly forwarded if necessary. Check the server's firewall settings to allow traffic on the designated ports. Verify that the Geyser configuration file has the correct settings for your server's setup.
2. Version Mismatches
 - Problem: Incompatibility errors due to version differences between Java and Bedrock editions.
 - Solution: Regularly update Geyser to the latest version to support the most recent Minecraft updates. Additionally, ensure that your server allows connections from the supported Bedrock versions, as indicated in the Geyser documentation.
3. Geyser Not Translating Correctly
 - Issue: Some game elements or features not translating properly between Java and Bedrock editions.
 - Solution: Due to the nature of protocol translation, certain features might not work perfectly. Consult the Geyser documentation for known limitations and check if the issue is listed. Update Geyser to the latest version, as updates often include fixes and improvements. If the problem persists, consider reporting it to the Geyser community for further assistance.
4. Performance Issues
 - Issue: Server lag or performance drops after installing Geyser.
 - Solution: This could be due to increased resource demand. Monitor your server's resource usage and consider upgrading your server's hardware specifications if necessary. Also, optimize your server settings for better performance.
5. Skin and Authentication Issues
 - Issue: Problems with player skins or authentication errors for Bedrock players.
 - Solution: Ensure that the Floodgate plugin is correctly installed and configured if you're using it alongside Geyser. Check the key.pem file for consistency across all instances. Verify Bedrock players are using valid Microsoft accounts.
We hope that this guide will help you welcome both bedrock & java players to your own Minecraft server! If you have any questions or need further assistance, feel free to reach out.
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Rivelin Dam, Peak District National Park
Rivelin Lower Dam is used to supply water to the nearby treatment works. The upstream face is protected with stone pitching which has weathered over the years and more recently suffered from some vandalism. A long-term solution was required to strengthen the upstream face and which was acceptable to the Peak Park Planning Authority.
Yorkshire Water proposed Open Stone Asphalt or repairs to the stone pitching. Although there were initially concerns over the visual impact of OSA, we proposed to surface-dress the layer of OSA with a gravel which helped the revetment blend in with the natural stone wave wall.
Other Safety & Environmental benefits of OSA over pitching repairs included a quicker installation time, longer life-expectancy, and majority machine-work rather than hand-work.
Lean Sand Asphalt was used to fill voids in the pitching before a layer of 150mm OSA was placed over the upstream face.
- 1,500 m2 of upstream face protected.
- Lean Sand Asphalt placed to fill voids between stone pitching
- Minimum of 150mm Open Stone Asphalt placed over upstream face.
- Crest trench for OSA used to provide additional stability due to steep slopes up to 1 in 1.5
- Non-limestone aggregate used due to acidic water
- Gravel surface dressing applied to OSA surface to reduce visual impact of work.


When Did Coke Switch To Corn Syrup?
Coca-Cola is one of the most popular beverages in the world. But have you ever wondered what makes up this iconic drink? One of the primary ingredients that make Coca-Cola so unique is the sweetener used in it. For years, the company used cane sugar to give the drink its signature taste. However, in the 1980s, something changed. Coca-Cola switched to using corn syrup as its primary sweetener.
This switch has been a topic of debate among Coca-Cola lovers ever since. Some people believe that the change in sweetener has altered the taste of the drink, while others feel that the difference is negligible. But why did Coca-Cola make this switch to corn syrup in the first place? What are the implications of this change on the health of its consumers? Join us as we explore the history of Coca-Cola's sweeteners and try to answer these questions.
when did coke switch to corn syrup?
When Did Coca-Cola Switch to Corn Syrup?
Coca-Cola, the world's most popular soda, has been a staple in the beverage industry for over a century. However, in the 1980s, the company made a significant change to its formula, switching from using pure cane sugar to high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS). This transition sparked controversy and confusion among consumers who were used to the original taste of Coca-Cola. Let's explore the reasons behind this change and what it means for the company and its customers.
Why the Switch to Corn Syrup?
The switch to corn syrup was primarily driven by cost. Corn syrup is significantly cheaper than cane sugar, making it a more cost-effective option for large-scale production. Additionally, corn syrup is easier to transport and store than cane sugar, which is a more delicate ingredient.
Another factor that contributed to the switch was the rising demand for sweetened beverages. In the 1980s, the popularity of sugary drinks was growing, and Coca-Cola was facing increased competition from other brands. The company needed to produce more soda to meet this demand, and corn syrup was a convenient and affordable solution.
The Impact on Taste
The switch to corn syrup had a significant impact on the taste of Coca-Cola. Many consumers noticed a difference in the flavor, with some describing it as less sweet and less crisp than the original formula. Some people found the new taste to be unpleasant and reported that it had a slightly artificial aftertaste.
However, others did not notice a significant difference and continued to enjoy Coca-Cola as they always had. Coca-Cola did make some adjustments to the formula to try to replicate the original taste, but the switch to corn syrup has remained a controversial topic among fans of the brand.
Corn Syrup vs. Cane Sugar
Many people still prefer the taste of soda made with cane sugar over corn syrup. Cane sugar is a natural ingredient that has a cleaner, crisper taste than corn syrup, which can sometimes taste overly sweet or artificial. Additionally, cane sugar is considered to be a healthier option than corn syrup, which has been linked to obesity, diabetes, and other health issues.
However, corn syrup remains a popular ingredient in many processed foods, including soda, due to its low cost and convenience. It is a highly processed sweetener that is derived from corn, and it is used in many foods and beverages as a cheaper alternative to cane sugar.
The Future of Coca-Cola
Despite the controversy surrounding the switch to corn syrup, Coca-Cola remains one of the most popular soda brands in the world. The company has continued to innovate and introduce new flavors and products, and it remains a dominant player in the beverage industry.
In recent years, Coca-Cola has faced increasing pressure to adapt to changing consumer preferences and address concerns about the health impacts of sugary drinks. The company has introduced new products, such as Coca-Cola Zero Sugar and Diet Coke, that are marketed as healthier alternatives to traditional soda.
Benefits of Corn Syrup
While corn syrup remains a controversial ingredient, it does offer some benefits. For one, it is a highly versatile sweetener that can be used in a wide range of products, from soda to candy to baked goods. Additionally, corn syrup is a more stable ingredient than cane sugar, which can be affected by moisture and temperature changes.
From a production standpoint, corn syrup is also easier to work with than cane sugar. It is more resistant to crystallization and can be stored for longer periods of time without deteriorating in quality.
Conclusion
The switch to corn syrup was a significant change for Coca-Cola and its customers. While it did reduce production costs and help the company meet growing demand for sweetened beverages, it also altered the taste of the iconic soda. Today, Coca-Cola remains a popular brand, but it faces new challenges as consumers become more health-conscious and demand healthier options. Regardless of the controversies surrounding corn syrup, it remains a popular and widely used ingredient in the food and beverage industry.
Frequently Asked Questions
Here are some common questions and answers about when Coca-Cola switched to using corn syrup.
When did Coca-Cola switch to using corn syrup?
Coca-Cola switched to using high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) as a sweetener in the United States in the 1980s. The switch was made due to rising costs of sugar and the availability of cheaper corn syrup.
HFCS is a blend of glucose and fructose, which is cheaper to produce than sugar. The switch to HFCS allowed Coca-Cola to maintain their profit margins while keeping the price of their product affordable for consumers.
Why did Coca-Cola switch to corn syrup?
Coca-Cola switched to corn syrup as a sweetener due to the rising costs of sugar. At the time, corn syrup was a cheaper alternative to sugar and was readily available.
Additionally, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is sweeter than sugar, allowing Coca-Cola to use less of it in their products. This allowed them to maintain their profit margins while keeping the price of their product affordable for consumers.
Did Coca-Cola switch to corn syrup in all countries?
No, Coca-Cola did not switch to corn syrup in all countries. In some countries, Coca-Cola still uses sugar as a sweetener. This is due to a variety of factors, including availability and consumer preferences.
In countries where corn syrup is used, it is typically a blend of glucose and fructose, known as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). This is cheaper to produce than sugar and has a longer shelf life.
Is corn syrup worse for you than sugar?
There is no clear consensus on whether corn syrup is worse for you than sugar. Some studies suggest that high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) may be more harmful to your health than sugar.
However, other studies suggest that there is no significant difference between the two sweeteners in terms of health effects. Ultimately, the best way to maintain good health is to consume both sweeteners in moderation as part of a balanced diet.
Does Coca-Cola still use corn syrup?
Yes, Coca-Cola still uses corn syrup as a sweetener in some of their products. However, they have also introduced other sweeteners, such as stevia, in response to consumer demand for healthier options.
Coca-Cola has also introduced a variety of low-calorie and sugar-free options, such as Diet Coke and Coke Zero, which use artificial sweeteners instead of corn syrup or sugar.
Why Coke Tried to Switch to New Coke
In conclusion, the switch from cane sugar to high fructose corn syrup in Coca-Cola occurred in the 1980s. This change was made due to the lower cost and increased availability of corn syrup. Despite the switch, many consumers still prefer the taste of Coca-Cola made with cane sugar and seek out Mexican-made Coca-Cola for its use of cane sugar. However, Coca-Cola continues to use high fructose corn syrup in its products sold in the United States.
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Does a poercelain tea kettle need to toveled with bracha? What about its cover?
The kettle and its cover should be toiveled, but not with a berachah.
Porcelain might have the halachah of cheres, clay, whereby it is exempt from tevilah. However, because of the method of porcelain production today, most poskim are stringent and obligate tevilah (seeing the porcelain utensil as being possibly similar to glass), but without a berachah.


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hol kept his interest in religion very private and it only became more widely recognised after he died.
- Does knowing he was religious change our understanding of him as an artist? In what way?
- Why might he have felt the need to keep this part of his life so hidden?
Text has been used by many artists to convey powerful messages, including religious ones like Andy Warhol's.
Find a statement that means something personal to you and think of how you could turn it into a work of art. This might be by using a certain type of text, adopting a bold graphic or hand-drawn font style, or experimenting with different media to creaye your text piece.
Explore text-based artworks from Tate's collection in the slideshow above to get some inspiration.


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Topic: Tsarskoye Selo
January 15th marked the 180th anniversary of the death of Saint Seraphim of Sarov. In honour of this anniversary, a cross was erected in memory of an unfinished church which stood on the spot in 1916.
The church was to constructed in honour of the miraculous escape of Anna Vyrubova, friend and confidant of the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, who survived a horrific train disaster on January 2 [O.S.], 1915.
At the initiative of Vyruobova, the Saint Seraphim Hospital was opened, designed for Russian soldiers officers wounded during World War One. The hospital could hold up to 50 patients at one time. In the spring of 1916, Empress Alexandra allocated a plot of land for the construction of hospital buildings and the Saint Seraphim of Sarov Church. A cross was erected on the spot where the church would be constructed.
On November 5 [O.S.], 1916, a liturgy was held during the laying of the foundation stone for the new church. The service was attended by Emperor Nicholas II and his family, Anna Vyrubova, and members of the clergy.
Sadly, the outbreak of the February Revolution in 1917 and other subsequent events prevented further construction of the church. The church was nothing more than a simple wooden frame measuring 20 x 20 meters. After the Revolution the church was destroyed. Some sources say it was burnt to the ground, while others maintain that it was dismantled for firewood by locals.
One point of interest is that it was here that Rasputin's body was buried on December 21, 1916, on the north side of the church. His final resting place was disrupted in March 1917 by the Bolsheviks, who dug up his remains and subsequently destroyed them.
© Paul Gilbert @ Royal Russia. 18 January, 2013


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Reflex action is a rapid automatic and involuntary response to a stimulus which is not under the control of the brain.
If we unknowingly touch a hot object, we immediately move our hand away from it. So moving our hand away on touching a hot plate is an example of reflex action.
A knee jerk, coughing, yawning, blinking of eyes, sneezing, salivation, movement of diaphragm during breathing are all examples of reflex actions.
The nerve pathway involved in a reflex action is called a reflex arc.
If we unknowingly touch a hot object, this heat is sensed by a heat receptor (Thermo receptor) in our hand.
The receptor starts an impulse in a sensory neuron, which transmits the message to the spinal cord.
The impulse is passed to the relay neuron, which is in turn passes to motor neuron.
The motor neuron passes the impulse to a muscle in our arm.
The muscle of arm is an effector organ because it responds to the stimulus.
Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory neurons
Effector organs ← motor neurons ← spinal cord
Dear students this is the diagram of reflex arc.
Dear students If diagram of reflex arc is asked
Animals have five sense organs.
1. Photoreceptor - respond to light……..eyes
2. Phonorceptor - respond to sound……ears
3. Olfactory receptor - respond to smell…….nose
4. Chemoreceptor - respond to chemicals…tongue
5. Thermo receptor - respond to heat ……..skin


Why do dogs chew on wood?
Dogs are notorious chewers; they would put their strong, sharp teeth in just about anything if given the opportunity. Well, to be honest, the chewing is not the end of the story – they would also eat the chewed item.
More often than not, dogs chew and eat wood and wood items, like wood sticks, wood bark, wood chips, or sometimes, even your wooden furniture. But why do dogs chew wood? Where does their irresistible urge to nibble on wood comes from? Do they like how it tastes? Could it be dangerous? And ultimately, how can this behavior be prevented?
Reasons why dogs chew on wood
Simply put, dogs chew wood because they can. Generally speaking, dogs like chewing. Since wood and wooden objects are easily accessible for indoor and outdoor dogs, why not munch on something convenient.
However, there are several specific reasons why dogs chew on wood. We can classify these into two groups: normal (physiological) and pathological.
Normal (physiological) reasons
Chewing on wood is wired in the dog's genetic code
It is no secret that our canine friends experience and taste the world through their mouths. Consequently, everything they come across is potentially fit to end up in their mouths, and more often than not, that includes wood. Plus, the dog's wild ancestor used to munch on wood bark when other food sources were scarce. The modern dog's urge to do the same may be a remnant of its ancestor's survival technique.
Chewing on wood reliefs teeth and gums pain
This is particularly true for teething puppies that experience tooth pain and irritating gum inflammations. The wood has an interesting texture that subtly scratches the gums, thus alleviating the teething process's pain.
Wood chewing is a positively reinforced habit
While playing in the park or the backyard, we often use wood bark and wood sticks to play fetch with our dogs. We throw the wooden object and praise our dog when it retrieves it. By doing this, we indirectly reinforce our dogs to chew on wood because over time; they will start associating the wooden sticks, branches, or barks with play and fun.
Pathological reasons
Wood chewing can be a way of coping with separation anxiety.
A dog with separation anxiety often develops unusual behaviors. Usually, it is keen on engaging in activities with regular patterns. For example, if it starts chewing on your sofa's wooden legs, it will keep doing this every time it feels anxious. Engaging in something known gives comfort and helps cope with separation anxiety.
Wood chewing can be a sign of boredom
A bored dog is a creative dog. Well, an innovative and a destructive dog. When there is nothing interesting to do, chewing on food sounds like a fantastic idea. It is fun, the wood texture soothes the gums, and for dogs, the wood tastes not just acceptable, but in fact, extraordinary.
Wood chewing can be due to pica (abnormal appetite)
Pica is a health condition in which dogs compulsively eat non-edible items. Those non-edible items may include wood, paper, rocks, plastic, or cloth. A dog with pica may be interested in eating a particular material, such as strictly wood or combining different materials. The underlying problem that triggers this behavior is unknown, but it is believed that nutritional deficiencies might be a contributing factor.
The dangers of chewing wood
We must admit, watching our dogs doing weird things can be quite entertaining. Let us eliminate the destruction component aside and assume you do not mind having your vintage wooden furniture demolished or your decorative pot flowers used as snacks. Even if you do not mind the destructive component, dogs still should not eat wood.
In fact, chewing and eating wood can be quite dangerous for your dog. Wood and wooden objects are prone to splintering, and the fragmented splinters can cause severe damages.
For example, an inhaled wooden splinter may get stuck in the throat and impair breathing. Alternatively, if it passes the throat and ends up in the lungs, it may cause aspiration pneumonia. A swallowed wooden splinter may perforate the digestive system and cause lethal infection. If a dog eats a larger wood piece instead of a fragment, it may get stuck and cause gastrointestinal obstruction. Unless adequately and promptly addressed by a vet, all mentioned consequences can be life-threatening.
Finally, it should be well-accented that certain wood types are highly toxic to dogs. The most dangerous wood types include black cherry, black walnut, red maple, and yew.
Preventing wood chewing and eating in dogs
Here are three simple ways of preventing wood chewing and eating in dogs:
 - Invest in various toys – if your dog has a variety of toys to choose from, it will be less likely inclined to destroy wooden objects found in its surroundings. Luckily, the modern market offers a plethora of different toys, so there is a perfect fit for every dog.
 - Avoid using wooden items as toys – we already spoke about wood items and positive reinforcement, so the next time you and your dog are playing fetch, use a plastic toy such as Frisbee instead of a wood stick.
 - Protect your home, just in case – even if you followed the rules mentioned above and your dog is not very fond of chewing, it does not hurt to be on the safe side and dog-proof your home. Visit our store, swipe up and down, and choose which protector fits your home décor best. All protectors are made of high-end and quality materials that offer 100% efficacy against dog shenanigans.
Just because our dogs enjoy chewing wooden objects, it does not mean that we should indulge their urge. Chewing on wood can be dangerous even if the dog is supervised while doing so. Prevent your dog from chewing on wood by offering plenty of amusing toys, but protect your home just in case. If your dog is a tenacious dog chewer, do not hesitate to ask for professional help – canine behaviorists can help you get to the bottom of this behavioral issue.