text:
sees an appreciable change in the weather of La Ceiba
, as it is characterized by a significant drop in rainfall to 121mm (4.76"), marking a transition from the wetter months of the year. This month sees a rise in both temperature and daylight hours, bringing brighter and warmer days. The decrease in precipitation levels signals the start of the dryer period, changing the ambiance of the environment. It is a favorable time to enjoy the city's outdoor activities under sunny skies.
The shift into April in La Ceiba reveals an average high-temperature of a tropical 30.1°C (86.2°F), closely mirroring March
's climate. Throughout April, an average low-temperature of 20.7°C (69.3°F) is expected in La Ceiba, Honduras
The average heat index in April is appraised at a very hot 38°C (100.4°F). Ensure additional precautions, heat exhaustion and heat cramps may be expected. Heatstroke could occur from sustained activity.
One should consider that heat index numbers are for shaded settings and light wind. Exposure to the direct sun could elevate the heat index by 15 Fahrenheit (8 Celsius) degrees.Note
: The heat index, also known as 'felt air temperature' or 'apparent temperature', gauges the sensation of temperature factoring in the air's moisture content. Factors including metabolic differences, physical activity, and clothing are additional elements that influence the individual's temperature experience. Should you be directly under the sun, anticipate a possible increase in the heat index by up to 15 Fahrenheit (8 Celsius) degrees. Heat index values are extremely vital to babies and toddlers. Youngsters generally face more threats than adults given their lesser ability to sweat. Coupled with their larger skin surface relative to their small bodies and higher heat production due to their activities, they are more endangered.
By perspiring, the human body can shed its excessive warmth since evaporated sweat cools it off. An elevated level of relative humidity hinders evaporation, leading to decreased heat elimination from the body, inducing a sensation of excess heat. Potential thermal conditions emerge as the body's heat gain outpaces its cooling mechanisms.
In La Ceiba, the average relative humidity in April is 80%.
In La Ceiba, in April, during 6 rainfall days, 121mm (4.76") of precipitation is typically accumulated. In La Ceiba, during the entire year, the rain falls for 120 days and collects up to 3230mm (127.17") of precipitation.
In La Ceiba, the average length of the day in April is 12h and 30min.
On the first day of the month, sunrise is at 05:41 and sunset at 17:59. On the last day of April, in La Ceiba, sunrise is at 05:23 and sunset at 18:05 CST.
The month with the most sunshine is April, with an average of 7.8h of sunshine.


text:
The Determinants of Debt Maturity at Issuance: A System-Based Model
We examine the determinants of corporate debt maturity while taking into account the interdependent relation between maturity and leverage. We do this by estimating a simultaneous-equations model on debt maturity and leverage for a sample of bond-issuing firms. To compare with previous studies, we also estimate a single-equation model on debt maturity using OLS. We define debt maturity as either the maturity of bonds at issuance (incremental approach), or the percentage of a firm's total debt that matures in more than three years (balance-sheet approach). Corroborating the findings of many previous studies, our single-equation OLS results support the underinvestment hypothesis purporting that firms with greater growth opportunities have shorter-term debt. However, under the simultaneous-equations model, the negative relation between a firm's debt maturity and its growth opportunities ceases to hold. Instead, it is the leverage decision that is influenced by growth opportunities. This suggests that existing models may overestimate the effect of growth opportunities on debt maturity. Copyright 2002 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Volume (Year): 19 (2002)
Issue (Month): 4 (December)
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When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kap:rqfnac:v:19:y:2002:i:4:p:351-77. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.
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If references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Marshall Scholarship*
Gustavus Fellowships Office
Initial Gustavus Deadline: Early September
Campus Interview: Mid-September
Final Gustavus Deadline:Late September/Early October
Web site:
Campus Contact: Eric Vrooman, Fellowships Coordinator
Marshall Scholarships finance young Americans of high ability to study for a degree in the United Kingdom. Up to 40 Scholars are selected each year to study at graduate level at an UK institution in any field of study. Each scholarship is held for two years. As future leaders, with a lasting understanding of British society, Marshall Scholars will strengthen the enduring relationship between the British and American peoples, their governments and their institutions. Marshall Scholars are talented, independent and wide-ranging, and their time as Scholars will enhance their intellectual and personal growth. Their direct engagement with Britain through its best academic programs will contribute to their ultimate personal success. The objectives of the Marshall scholarships are:
 - To motivate Scholars to act as ambassadors from America to the UK and vice versa throughout their lives thus strengthening British American understanding.
 - To promote the personal and academic fulfillment of each Scholar.
The total value of a Marshall Scholarship varies a little according to the circumstances (subject area, place of residence, marital status, etc.) of each Fellow but the figure tends to average to be about £23,000 a year. Please see the Web site for complete details.
 - Applicants must be citizens of the United States of America (at the time they apply for a scholarship).
 - By the time they take up their scholarship (i.e. September), applicants must hold their first undergraduate degree from an accredited four-year college or university in the United States.
 - Applicants must have graduated from their first undergraduate college or university after April.
 - Applicants must not have studied for, or hold a degree or degree-equivalent qualification from a British University.
*Information derived from


text:
A native of New York City, David Johnson taught himself to paint. Johnson was a member of the Hudson River School and he first exhibited at the National Academy of Design in 1849. The next year, he studied under Jasper Cropsey, painting alongside him in the New Jersey countryside.
Johnson had established a studio on East 15th street by 1857. He joined the National Academy of Design in 1859 and his career as an artist blossomed. His popularity crested in the mid-1870s with the flourishing of the Hudson River School. In 1877, the Paris Salon committee accepted Johnson's Housatonic River. After that time, his work began to echo the French Barbizon School.
The large landscapes of the Hudson River School passed out of fashion in the late 1870s, as more young American artists returned from their European studies with news of continental experiments. Johnson's work retained a popular audience but gradually lost professional acclaim. The artist retained a studio in New York until the late 1890s.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


GNU Radio Manual and C++ API Reference
The Free & Open Software Radio Ecosystem
QT Graphical User Interface
This is the gr-qtgui package. It contains various QT-based graphical user interface blocks that add graphical sinks to a GNU Radio flowgraph. The Python namespaces is in gnuradio.qtgui, which would be normally imported as:
from gnuradio import qtgui
See the Doxygen documentation for details about the blocks available in this package. The relevant blocks are listed in the QT Graphical Interfaces group.
A quick listing of the details can be found in Python after importing by using:
There are a number of available QTGUI blocks for different plotting purposes. These include:
The time domain, frequency domain, and waterfall have both a complex and a floating point block. The constellation plot only makes sense with complex inputs. The time raster plots accept bits and floats.
Because the time raster plots are designed to show structure over time in a signal, frame, packet, etc., they never drop samples. This is a
fairly taxing job and performance can be an issue. Since it is expected that this block will work on a frame or packet structure, we tend to be at the lowest possible rate at this point, so that will help. Expect performance issues at high data rates.
Note: There seem to be extra performance issue with the raster plotters in QWT version 5 that were fixed with QWT version 6. As such, the time raster plots have incredibly poor performance with QWT5 to the point of almost being unusable. In the future, we may restrict compilation and installation of these plots only if QWT6 or higher is discovered. For now, just be aware of this limitation.
Drop-Down Menu and Interacting with Plots
All QTGUI sinks have interactive capabilities.
 - Zooming is done simply by clicking the left mouse button and dragging a rectangle around the area to zoom.
 - Zooming can be done in multiple steps.
 - A right mouse click will zoom out one step.
 - Ctrl+Right mouse click will zoom all the way out.
 - Ctrl+Middle mouse click and hold can drag the canvas around.
 - Mouse wheel up/down will zoom out/in on y axis (both axes in constellation plot).
 - Middle mouse button brings up a context menu.
Each type of graph has a different set of menu items in the context menu. Most have some way to change the appearance of the lines or surfaces, such as changing the line width color, marker, and transparency. Other common features can set the sampling rate, turn a grid on an off, pause and unpause (stop/start) the display update, and save the current figure. Specific feature are things like setting the number of points to display, setting the FFT size, FFT window, and any FFT averaging.
Triggering Menu for Time Plots
The time plots have triggering capabilities. Triggering can happen when the signal of a specific channel crosses (positive or negative slope) a certain level threshold. Or triggering can be done off a specific stream tag such that whenever a tag of a given key is found, the scope will trigger.
In the signal level mode, the trigger can be either 'auto' or 'normal' where the latter will only trigger when the even is seen. The 'auto' mode will trigger on the event or every so often even if no trigger is found. The 'free' mode ignores ignores triggering and continuously plots.
By default, the triggers plot the triggering event at the x=0 (i.e., the left-most point in the plot). A delay can be set to delay the signal along the x-axis to observe any signal before the triggering event. The delay feature works the same for both level and tag triggers. The delay is set according to time in seconds, not samples. So the delay can be calculated as the number of samples divided by the sample rate given to the block.
All trigger settings (mode, slope, level, delay, channel, and tag key) are settable in the GRC properties boxes to easily set up a repeatable environment.
A note on the trigger delay setting. This value is limited by the buffer size and/or the number of points being display. It is capped by the minimum of these two values. The buffer size issue is generally only a problem when plotting a large number of samples. However, if the delay is set large to begin with (in the GRC properties box or before top_block.start() is called), then the buffers are resized accordingly offering more freedom. This should be a problem in a limited number of scenarios, but a log INFO level message is produced when asking for the delay outside of the available range.
The QT GUI blocks require the following dependencies.
 - QtCore (version >= 4.4)
 - QtGui (version >= 4.4)
 - QtOpenGL (version >= 4.4)
 - PyQt4 for Qt4 (version >= 4.4)
 - Qwt (version >= 5.2)
To use the qtgui interface, a bit of boiler-plate lines must be included. First, the sink is defined, then it must be exposed from C++ into Python using the "sip.wrapinstance" command, and finally, the "show" method is run on the new Python object. This sets up the QT environment to show the widget, but the qApplication must also be launched.
In the "main" function of the code, the qApp is retrieved. Then, after the GNU Radio top block is started (remember that start() is a non-blocking call to launch the main thread of the flowgraph), the qapp's "exec_()" function is called. This function is a blocking call while the GUI is alive.
from PyQt4 import Qt
from gnuradio import qtgui
import sys, sip
class grclass(gr.top_block):
self.snk = qtgui.sink_c(1024, _TAG_
samp_rate, _TAG_
"QT GUI Plot") _TAG_
self.snk_win = sip.wrapinstance(self.snk.pyqwidget(), Qt.QWidget)
def main():
qapp = Qt.QApplication(sys.argv)
tb = grclass()
There are graphical controls in all but the combined plotting tools. In the margins of the GUIs (that is, not on the canvas showing the signal itself), right-clicking the mouse will pull up a drop-down menu that will allow you to change difference parameters of the plots. These include things like the look of the lines (width, color, style, markers, etc.), the ability to start and stop the display, the ability to save to a file, and other plot-specific controls (FFT size for the frequency and waterfall plots, etc.).
There is currently a single configuration option in the preferences files to set the rendering engine of the QTGUI sinks. Located in etc/gnuradio/conf.d/gr-qtgui.conf:
style = raster
The available styles are:
 - opengl: the fastest but not likely to always work
 - raster: fast and stable; terrible X forwarding performance
 - native: most compute intensive; very good over X
We default this setting to raster for the mix of performance and usability. When using QTGUI sinks through an X-forwarding session over SSH, switch to using 'native' for a significant speed boost on the remote end.
We can also set a QT Style Sheet (QSS) file to adjust the look of our plotting tools. Set the 'qss' option of the 'qtgui' section in our configuration file to a QSS file. An example QSS file is distributed with the QTGUI examples found in share/gnuradio/examples/qt-gui/dark.qss.


Minh Quang Chau*
Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh city, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam
*Corresponding Author Email: _EMAIL_
When machining a 3D surface with a variable curved profile, we will have to use a ball-end milling cutter. With this type of cutter, depending on the position of the tool's contact with the machining surface, the size and direction of the cutting force, cutting speed, cutting temperature, etc. will be different. The cutting speed varies from maximum to zero at the tip, so in the vicinity of the workpiece material is not cut but destroyed by deformation. This causes the deformation of the cutting tool to constantly change, greatly affecting the machining accuracy as well as the surface quality of the part. This error is a big problem for mechanical manufacturers because there are no specific studies so that they can make appropriate adjustments to the process of compiling the processing program. Therefore, there should be further studies on deformation of cutting tools. The research method is to use mathematical tools and calculation software to establish the relationship between shear force, surface roughness, transform the cutting tool's position with technological parameters and machining surface geometry parameters. The paper focuses on building the cutting section model when milling 3D surfaces with the ball-end milling cutters. Simultaneously assess the parameters of cutting force and machining surface error when milling the 3D surface with a milling cutter.


text:
Deleterious substances present in aggregates that influence concrete properties will be discussed here. In the next post we will learn about permissible limit of such
Deleterious characteristics of concrete aggregate materials are reviewed, and a simplified arrangement for their classification is proposed. This arrangement is
Deleterious Materials - aggregates should be free of potentially deleterious materials such as clay lumps, shales, or other friable particles, and other.
The term 'deleterious materials' is a broad one, It should be noted however that all materials can be considered deleterious under the Such aggregates may
5 Aggregate Specifications and Requirements Physical Quality Requirements Fine Aggregates Coarse Aggregates Deleterious Materials
Study 15 Aggregate Durability/Deleterious Materials flashcards from Jesse P. on StudyBlue.
By Kaushal Kishore Materials Engineer Roorkee. INTRODUCTION: SCREENERS companies near Dehradun and elsewhere have set …
What are Aggregates? durability and deleterious materials. The Materials; What are Aggregates? What is Liquid Asphalt (Asphalt Cement)?
Aggregates for Concrete and other fine materials in amounts that could fications limit the permissible amounts of deleterious
Oklahoma Department of Transportation (ODOT) Aggregate & Stone Test Data
MATERIAL SPECIFICATION FOR . AGGREGATES - MISCELLANEOUS TABLE OF shale or shaley partings and other deleterious materials. Aggregates may be …
weight, of deleterious materials in aggregate. Deleterious materials consist of wood, clay lumps, friable particles, DELETERIOUS CONTENT OF AGGREGATES.
Evaluation of Aggregates analysis, deleterious materials, soundness, crushing value, impact value, abrasion value, flakiness and elongation index) IS: 2386
RECYCLED AGGREGATE Association Recycled aggregates materials meet the Ontario and S shall not contain more than 1% by mass of deleterious …
However we are not clear what is legally expected with regard to other deleterious materials. - Aggregates for use in reinforced concrete which do not comply
Report on Determining the Reactivity of Concrete Aggregates and using supplementary cementing materials, using Deleterious …
–deleterious materials. • Usually use locally available aggregates: – Cubical and tough – Modified Hot Mix Asphalts 101
In order to promote public education and public safety, equal justice for all, a better informed citizenry, the rule of law, world trade and world peace, this
Deleterious Material clay lumps, Main reactions of deleterious material: Alkali aggregates reaction This section deals with potentially deleterious materials
Coarse and fine aggregates, suitable for use in bituminous paving mixtures, loam, wood, metallic contents, unhydrated lime, or other deleterious materials.
Test Method Title Clay Lumps and Friable Particles in Aggregate Reference Number AASHTO T 112 Material. Aggregate. Test Property. Deleterious materials, clay lumps
WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE Deleterious Materials. Aggregates should not contain any harmful material in such a …
14.4 Cleanliness and Deleterious Materials. Aggregates must be relatively clean. Vegetation, soft particles, clay lumps, excess dust and vegetable


text:
How to Verify Identity on Cash App?
Before you can use a Cash App, you need to verify your identity. You can do this by taking a picture of a government-issued ID card. Then, you should read the app's terms and conditions. It will then verify Cash App account within two to three days. Once it's verified, you can use the Cash App to make cash transfers.
Another reason why you should verify your identity on Cash App is to prevent fraud. Fraudsters often use the Social Security Number of someone else. This can compromise your sensitive information. Make sure you only use a genuine SSN. If you cannot provide a valid SSN, you can still verify your identity with a driving licence or other ID.
The first thing you need to do before using Cash App is to verify your identity. This will prevent you from receiving money from unverified users.
The verification process will also prevent you from sending money to unverified users. However, you should be aware of the reasons why this verification process may fail.
For example, you may be under 18, or your scanned ID may not be valid. You can call the Cash App Support Number for assistance in these cases.


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Uncertainties in Physics MCQs Quiz Online PDF Download eBook
Uncertainties in Physics Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ), uncertainties in physics quiz answers PDF to practice physics test for online degree programs. Learn measurements in applied physics Multiple Choice Questions and Answers (MCQs), "Uncertainties in Physics" quiz questions and answers for SAT test. Learn solving physics problem, applied physics: physical quantities, si units in physics, uncertainties in physics test prep for online colleges for teaching.
"Prefix naming as CENTI has a factor of" Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) on uncertainties in physics with choices 10², 10-2, 101, and 10-1 for SAT test. Practice merit scholarships assessment test, online learning uncertainties in physics quiz questions for competitive exams in physics majors for GRE test prep classes. Uncertainties in Physics Video
MCQs on Uncertainties in Physics PDF Download eBook
MCQ: Prefix naming as CENTI has a factor of
 1. 10²
 2. 10-2
 3. 101
 4. 10-1
MCQ: Zero error produced by measuring instruments is called
 1. frequent error
 2. systematic error
 3. random error
 4. both a and b
MCQ: The prefix known as MEGA has a symbol
 1. m
 2. g
 3. M
 4. G
MCQ: Repeated measurement having different values are the
 1. random error
 2. frequent error
 3. systematic error
 4. both a and b
MCQ: Uncertainty of measurement can occur due to the
 1. limitation of instruments
 2. natural variations
 3. frequent error
 4. both a and b


text:
Whistling Helium: Supercold Sound May Lead to Better GPS in Submarines
Dr. Richard Packard, left, and graduate student Emile Hoskinson, right, are shown with the cryostat insert, where the experiment was performed.
Researchers working with a type of super-cooled helium have made the frigid stuff whistle, an attribute they say might make it the crux of better global positioning systems (GPS) in submarines and airplanes among other things.
The trick, it turns out, resides in cooling a specific flavor of helium - called helium-4 - down to just two degrees above absolute zero (2 degrees Kelvin or -271 degrees Celsius), where it becomes a frictionless superfluid.
It is that superfluid, the scientists said, that whistled unexpectedly when squashed through tiny holes and could be the foundation of new superfluid gyroscopes for submersible GPS navigation and seismic measurements on Earth and in space. [Click here to hear the helium-4 whistle.]
"The fact that they do whistle coherently means that we could make a sensitive gyroscope," explained UC Berkeley physicist Richard Packard, who led the study, in a telephone interview
The research, which was funded by NASA and the National Science Foundation, appeared in the Jan. 27 issue of the journal Nature.
Submarine GPS and earthquake studies
With almost no moving parts, superfluid gyroscopes promise much more sensitivity to rotational motion than their mechanical counterparts, a useful trait considering that changes in the Earth's rotation must constantly be added to the GPS system.
"Presently, the Earth's rotation is measured by radio telescopes around the world," Packard said. "But if a superfluid gyroscope were used, it could make the measurement with a faster turnaround."
In Packard's study, cooled liquid helium-4 was forced through a network of holes, each of which was 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. But instead of an ever-increasing acceleration, the frictionless fluid reached a critical velocity where microscopic whirlpools formed around each hole and abruptly slowed the helium flow. The changes from fast to slow helium flow caused vibrations detected by a microphone and heard as a quantum whistle by graduate student Emile Hoskinson.
Since the whistle changes volume relative to a vehicle's motions, submarines, as well as ships and airplanes in regions where GPS may not be available, could rely on whistling superfluid gyroscopes in their navigational systems.
Inertial navigation systems in ships rely on a combination of three gyroscopes and three accelerometers to determine position, Packard said.
A rotation-sensitive superfluid gyroscope could also help seismologists measure how the Earth's surface twists during an earthquake and build a better picture of the planet's structure, he added.
A warmer alternative
Despite helium-4's frigid temperature, researchers said it is actually the warmth of the gas that makes it a prime candidate for superfluid gyroscopes.
To stay a superfluid, liquid helium-4 must be kept at about 2 degrees Kelvin, a temperature range offered in commercially-available instruments called cryostats. Previous whistling helium gyroscopes experimentsincluding some by Packard - have centered on helium-3, which must be kept much colder (about one-thousandth of a degree above absolute zero) in complicated refrigerators.
"That kind of refrigerator has the complexity of a rocket engine," Packard said. "There are lots of tiny wires and tubes...it's not the kind of device that a seismologist wants to [mess] around with."
Gyroscopes in space
Just as superfluid gyroscopes could be used to help researchers on Earth, the may also prove handy in spacecraft and planetary seismometers as well.
"The beauty of the superfluid gyroscope is that it's absolute," Packard said, adding that the devices could one day be pressed for spacecraft navigation and studying earthquakes on other planets. "It has an uncanny knowledge of the absolute inertial position."
But Packard conceded that there is still much to be done, not the least of which is determining the fundamental sensitivity of a helium-4 based gyroscope would be, then incorporating it into a commercially available cryogenic cooler.
Current commercial cryogenic coolers, for example, generate their own vibrations, which could contaminate the measurements of a sensitive superfluid gyroscope.
"So there is the need to filter that out," Packard said. "But I think that's a straightforward engineering task."
MORE FROM SPACE.com

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
Q: Is there a way to look at all the previous connections to my Remote Desktop Services Gateway?
A: Each connection via Remote Desktop Services (RDS) Gateway will result in a number of logs in \Applications and Services Logs\Microsoft\Windows\TerminalServices-Gateway\Operational. A 302 log is generated at connection time; the most interesting log is 303—which shows details of the connection, including the amount of data transferred, the duration of the connection, and the protocol used. Collecting the 303 logs is a good way to gain insight. The following is an example of a 303 log.
Log Name: Microsoft-Windows-TerminalServices-Gateway/Operational Source: Microsoft-Windows-TerminalServices-Gateway Date: 1/23/2014 12:35:46 PM Event ID: 303 Task Category: (3) Level: Information Keywords: (_PHONE_) User: NETWORK SERVICE Computer: savdalrdsgw Description: The user "SAVILLTECH\Administrator", on client computer "x.x.x.x", disconnected from the following network resource: "savdalrds01". Before the user disconnected, the client transferred _PHONE_ bytes and received 22817836 bytes. The client session duration was 1779 seconds. Connection protocol used: "HTTP".
Behind the scenes in Windows Server 2012 are multiple connections (two UDP and two HTTP—which are reported as one). The HTTP connection gives you the correct data because it's the first connection created and is present throughout the entire connection.


text:
The Kelp Medal of Honour commemorates the heroic role of kelp and other seaweeds during World War Two. During the war, several inhabitants of Finnmark, in the northern tip of Norway, survived Nazi attacks by hiding under seaweed in the intertidal zone. One of these people was Signe Johannessen's great-uncle, who spent two days crouched under the kelp, motionless as a stone. This family history inspired Johannessen to create the first ever Medal of Honour for a macroalgae species. While questioning the authoritative dimension of historical events, the medal also pays tribute to humid and sticky encounters, to uncontrollable cycles, to microalgae, and to all life that smells of the seashore.
The medal was constructed together with the public during LIAF 2019 (The Kelp Congress) in Svolvær and handed over to the city mayor during a ritual procession and ceremony. The artist also performed Song of Praise for Kelp and Seaweed, which she had written and composed for the microalgae. She sang the song during the harvesting of the seaweed, the making of the medal, and its public handover.
The project The Kelp Medal of Honour was carried out over three days and in collaboration with Erik Rören.
LIAF 2019 produced the book The Kelp Congress in which the work The Kelp Medal of Honour is presented.
LIAF 2019 was awarded The Norwegian Art critics Prize 2019 for their group Exhibition High Tides where Signe Johannessen's work was presented.


text:
What is IBMC?
____ Each year Turner Fenton Secondary School hosts the International Baccalaureate Mentorship Conference (IBMC) to help ease the transition for grade nine students from their middle school in to the Middle Years Program (MYP). The International Baccalaureate Mentorship Conference is a one day conference that provides the opportunity to interact with other students in the, Middle Years and Diploma program.
We look forward to seeing you at the 2013 International Baccalaureate Mentorship Conference on September 14th for a fun-filled and informative day!
The conference aims to help new students gain a better understanding of the years they face ahead in the IB program. It provides students with the background, knowledge, and skills necessary to excel throughout the four years of the IB program. IBMC helps nurture a foundation for the new students to become well-rounded individuals that excel academically and contribute to the school community.
At IBMC, grade nine students will become delegates and take part in team-building activities that foster confidence and collaboration amongst their peers. Throughout the conference, delegates enjoy several fun-filled entertaining activities that give them an unforgettable experience. Their day also includes teacher-led lessons that clarify the philosophy component and requirements of the IB program; such as the Learner Profile, Areas of Interaction and a Personal Project. The three hundred delegates that participate in IBMC are given the opportunity to have fun, make new friends and gain essential skills for the years ahead.
The idea for the conference came from 3 grade 12 IB students who wanted to foster the relationships among the older grade 11 and 12 IB students and the incoming grade 9 MYP students. Today this conference is organized by 30 IB student volunteers in 10 months of planning. The, delegates gain insight and understanding about the IB program from both teachers, and students enriched with experiences of the IB program.


new file named schedule.js inside this folder. Update it as
Things to notice
Line 3 : Logic to issue an SMS using Twilio Node API
Line 4 : Logic to issue a call using Twilio Node API
Line 12/24 : Schedule a new job. The first argument is the name of the job, the second is the time at which the job needs to be triggered and finally the third would be the function to be invoked. This is where we trigger the call/SMS and update that the task is completed.
Line 34 : Will fetch a list of pending jobs and cancel them
To complete our logic layer, we will write the logic to trigger a call and SMS using the Twilio Node API.
Create a new folder named twilio inside the logic folder. Create a new file named client.js. This file will hold the Twilio API and Key, which you can get from your Twilio dashboard.
Update it as below
Create another file named triggerSMS.js inside the twilio folder and update it as below
Things to notice
Line 6 : To the recipients number
Line 7 : Your twilio number
Line 8 : The text to be sent as SMS
Next, the logic to trigger a call. Inside the same folder, create another file name triggerCall.js, update it as below
Line 6 : To whom the call needs to be made
Line 7 : Your Twilio number
Line 8 : The URL, which consist of the TwiML for this call. To customize the app and make it user friendly, we will dispatch a customized message when the call is made. Twilio will call the URL provided here to get a TwiML to be used during the call.
This URL should be a public one. For testing purposes, we are going to expose our server as a static address using ngrok.
You will need to update this URL after starting the server. More on that soon.
We will write the logic for saving the reminders and schedules to DB now. Create a file named db.reminder.js inside the db folder and update it as below.
Standard DB methods.
Next, create another file named db.schedule.js inside the same folder and update it as
Here we save and delete schedules.
Finally to complete our server side code, we will fill in the logic for generating the TwiML. Create a new file named twilio.js inside the routes folder and update it as
This is the endpoint that gets triggered when Twilio makes a call. We dispatch a TwiML based on the input params.
To complete the logic, create a new file named generateTwiml.js inside the logic/twilio folder and update it as
Line 7 : Get the reminder details from DB
Line 15-22 : Build the response
Line 27 : Dispatch it
To complete the server side, we will update the externalized messages. Create a new folder named messages at the root of server folder. Create a new file named messages.js inside it and update it as
That is it! Now you can run
nodemon app .js or node app.js
from the server folder. To make our app publically accessible, we will start the ngrok server on port 3000. This will spit out a public URL like
Screen Shot 2014-09-28 at 10.24.26 pm
which you would need to update on line 8 server/logic/twilio/triggerCall.js.
Testing the REST API
To test the server, you can use CURL or Postman or any REST client. I will use a chrome extension named Advanced Rest client.
First, we will register a new account for that we will send a request like
Screen Shot 2014-09-28 at 10.29.55 pmAnd you should receive a response like
Sweet. Now let us try login.
Screen Shot 2014-09-28 at 10.31.56 pm
And the response
Let us try and create a new reminder with a new SMS scheduledScreen Shot 2014-09-28 at 10.36.23 pmQuick tip : To get the timestamp of the required time in chrome, run
copy((new Date(2014, 08, 28, 22, 36)).getTime())
in the console. The arguments are year, month (starting at index 0), date, hours and minutes. Now you can paste the copied datetimestamp.
Your response would look like
And at the scheduled time, you should receive a SMS. You can test out the call too.
In the same fashion you can test out the other REST endpoints too. The data is stored under the database folder if you want to take a peek.
Now, we are going to build a Mobile Hybrid app based on this REST API. You can navigate to that tutorial from here : Ionic, Twilio and Node Scheduler – A Reminder App – Part II [Client]
Thanks for reading! Do comment.
@arvindr21


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What is a parsnip? And why it's a must-have to your dishes!
Parsnips aren't part of the commonly used vegetable group, which is why you might find yourself wondering, "what's a parsnip?" once you come across this curious vegetable.
And while it isn't popular like its peers, such as carrots or turnips, a parsnip makes a great addition to both sweet and savory dishes.
This unique vegetable holds many benefits. It can also be used in many dishes, both cooked and uncooked. It also brings a warm, distinct flavor to all your recipes.
Here's what you need to know about parsnips and how you can use them.
What is a parsnip?
Originating from Eurasia, parsnips are similar to carrots. They are long-rooted vegetables that grow underground and feature a light, creamy color when ready to harvest.
Parsnips are widely available in fall through spring because these are the seasons when they are the freshest.
Though parsnips are often confused with carrots, there is one very distinct difference between them.
Parsnips have a pale, creamy, whitish color and come with a buttery taste that is different from carrots.
Although parsnips are considered biennial plants (which means they take up to two years to complete their growth cycle), they usually aren't edible if they are not harvested after their first year of growth.
What do parsnips taste like?
Parsnips don't only look like pale versions of carrots, but they also have a similar taste.
Like carrots, parsnips have an underlying sweetness to them. However, unlike carrots, parsnips have a tinge of spice and bitterness paired with their sweet flavor.
Because they grow underground, their flavor is also earthy but starchy, like potatoes.
Staying underground for so long comes with its own benefits: When parsnips mature underground during the winter frost, they tend to become sweeter and more buttery than they were before.
How to store parsnips
Luckily, parsnips aren't the kind of vegetable that goes bad if you don't use them immediately.
You can store parsnips for up to two to three weeks in your refrigerator. Remember to remove the tops off of the vegetable or they can dry out the parsnip over time.
You can place them in a loose, plastic bag before storing them in the fridge. On the other hand, if you're storing cooked parsnips, they can only last for around two to three days before going bad.
You can also freeze them for as long as ten months if you wash, scrub, cut them up into little cubes, and blanch them before placing them in a freezer bag.
How do you cook parsnips?
There are several ways to cook parsnips. You can boil, roast, or sautee them.
To find the best parsnips for your recipe, look for ones that are smaller and straighter. Big parsnips may be tempting, but they have a less dynamic taste and don't bring much flavor to your dishes. They're also harder to chew even after being cooked.
You can make sweet dishes with roasted parsnips, or an alternative to mashed potatoes with mashed parsnips instead.
You can prepare parsnip recipes in the oven, on the stove, in the microwave, and some recipes don't require cooking the parsnips at all.
Parsnips can also be served with stews, chilis, chicken, and beef. They can be added to salads as well or used as the primary serving (such as with parsnip rice).
Once you've selected your parsnips, scrub them with a vegetable brush and wash them.
Do you have to peel parsnips?
It's better not to peel parsnips. It's preferable to use a vegetable brush to scrub the outer layer of the parsnip before you use it for your recipe.
Is parsnip a root vegetable?
Is a parsnip a vegetable? Yes, parsnip is a root vegetable that grows underground. It can take up to two years for a parsnip to complete its full growth cycle, which is why it is only available for half the year at farmer's markets.
This is also the reason it has a starchy, earthy taste typical to underground vegetables such as potatoes.
The bottom line
Hopefully, the essential details surrounding parsnips have encouraged you to try parsnips out for yourself.
With their versatility and unique flavor, you won't regret your decision—whether you use them in sweet dishes or include them in your main course!
11 bread machine recipes that will satisfy your cravings
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Visual Basic Reference
Visual Studio 6.0
DataFormats Property
See Also Example Applies To
Sets or returns the StdDataFormat objects to which a bound object is attached. Read/write both at design time and run time.
Syntax
object.DataFormats
The object placeholder represents an object expression that evaluates to an object in the Applies To list.
Remarks
Complex bound objects can be bound to multiple StdDataFormat objects. The DataGrid, for example, has one binding per column. The DataFormats property allows access to multiple StdDataFormat objects bound to a single control.
The DataFormats property can also be set through a property page from the Properties window. If the setting in code differs from the the property page, the property page setting is used for the first record fetched, and from then on the values in code will be used.
Show:


Pair devices
Important APIs
Some devices need to be paired before they can be used. The Windows.Devices.Enumeration namespace supports three different ways to pair devices.
 - Automatic pairing
 - Basic pairing
 - Custom pairing
Tip Some devices do not need to be paired in order to be used. This is covered under the section on automatic pairing.

Automatic pairing
Sometimes you want to use a device in your application, but do not care whether or not the device is paired. You simply want to be able to use the functionality associated with a device. For example, if your app wants to simply capture an image from a webcam, you are not necessarily interested in the device itself, just the image capture. If there are device APIs available for the device you are interested in, this scenario would fall under automatic pairing.
In this case, you simply use the APIs associated with the device, making the calls as necessary and trusting the system to handle any pairing that might be necessary. Some devices do not need to be paired in order for you to use their functionality. If the device does need to be paired, then the device APIs will handle the pairing action behind the scenes so you do not need to integrate that functionality into your app. Your app will have no knowledge about whether or not a given device is paired or needs to be, but you will still be able to access the device and use its functionality.
Basic pairing
Basic pairing is when your application uses the Windows.Devices.Enumeration APIs in order to attempt to pair the device. In this scenario, you are letting Windows attempt the pairing process and handle it. If any user interaction is necessary, it will be handled by Windows. You would use basic pairing if you need to pair with a device and there is not a relevant device API that will attempt automatic pairing. You just want to be able to use the device and need to pair with it first.
In order to attempt basic pairing, you first need to obtain the DeviceInformation object for the device you are interested in. Once you receive that object, you will interact with the DeviceInformation.Pairing property, which is a DeviceInformationPairing object. To attempt to pair, simply call DeviceInformationPairing.PairAsync. You will need to await the result in order to give your app time to attempt to complete the pairing action. The result of the pairing action will be returned, and as long as no errors are returned, the device will be paired.
If you are using basic pairing, you also have access to additional information about the pairing status of the device. For example you know the pairing status (IsPaired) and whether the device can pair (CanPair). Both of these are properties of the DeviceInformationPairing object. If you are using automatic pairing, you might not have access to this information unless you obtain the relevant DeviceInformation objects.
Custom pairing
Custom pairing enables your app to participate in the pairing process. This allows your app to specify the DevicePairingKinds that are supported for the pairing process. You will also be responsible for creating your own user interface to interact with the user as needed. Use custom pairing when you want your app to have a little more influence over how the pairing process proceeds or to display your own pairing user interface.
In order to implement custom pairing, you will need to obtain the DeviceInformation object for the device you are interested in, just like with basic pairing. However, the specific property your are interested in is DeviceInformation.Pairing.Custom. This will give you a DeviceInformationCustomPairing object. All of the DeviceInformationCustomPairing.PairAsync methods require you to include a DevicePairingKinds parameter. This indicates the actions that the user will need to take in order to attempt to pair the device. See the DevicePairingKinds reference page for more information about the different kinds and what actions the user will need to take. Just like with basic pairing, you will need to await the result in order to give your app time to attempt to complete the pairing action. The result of the pairing action will be returned, and as long as no errors are returned, the device will be paired.
To support custom pairing, you will need to create a handler for the PairingRequested event. This handler needs to make sure to account for all the different DevicePairingKinds that might be used in a custom pairing scenario. The appropriate action to take will depend on the DevicePairingKinds provided as part of the event arguments.
It is important to be aware that custom pairing is always a system-level operation. Because of this, when you are operating on Desktop or Windows Phone, a system dialog will always be shown to the user when pairing is going to happen. This is because both of those platforms posses a user experience that requires user consent. Since that dialog is automatically generated, you will not need to create your own dialog when you are opting for a DevicePairingKinds of ConfirmOnly when operating on these platforms. For the other DevicePairingKinds, you will need to perform some special handling depending on the specific DevicePairingKinds value. See the sample for examples of how to handle custom pairing for different DevicePairingKinds values.
Unpairing
Unpairing a device is only relevant in the basic or custom pairing scenarios described above. If you are using automatic pairing, your app remains oblivious to the pairing status of the device and there is no need to unpair it. If you do choose to unpair a device, the process is identical whether you implement basic or custom pairing. This is because there is no need to provide additional information or interact in the unpairing process.
The first step to unpairing a device is obtaining the DeviceInformation object for the device that you want to unpair. Then you need to retrieve the DeviceInformation.Pairing property and call DeviceInformationPairing.UnpairAsync. Just like with pairing, you will want to await the result. The result of the unpairing action will be returned, and as long as no errors are returned, the device will be unpaired.
Sample
To download a sample showing how to use the Windows.Devices.Enumeration APIs, click here.


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GAINING HEALTH WHILE GIVING BACK TO THE COMMUNITY
Older adults who volunteer in troubled urban schools not only improve the educational experience of children, but realize meaningful improvements in their own mental and physical health, say researchers at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.
The Johns Hopkins investigators base their conclusion on the first randomized clinical trial testing the health benefits of participating in an established volunteer program called Experience Corps in Baltimore.
"While our results are preliminary, what we found is a 'win-win' for everyone involved," says the study's lead author, Linda P. Fried, M.D., director of the Center on Aging and Health at Johns Hopkins. "Giving back to your community may slow the aging process in ways that lead to a higher quality of life in older adults," she adds.
"Physical, cognitive and social activity increased in volunteers, suggesting potential for Experience Corps and similar programs to improve health for an aging population, while simultaneously improving educational outcomes for children," she said. "It potentially could have great social impact if taken to a large scale."
The study is published in the April issue of the Journal of Urban Health, which also includes companion studies by Johns Hopkins researchers that found Experience Corps to be cost effective and detailed the educational boon to students.
Started in 1996, Experience Corps is an award-winning program that places teams of older adults in urban public schools as tutors and mentors. Currently, more than 1,000 Experience Corps members are volunteering in 100 elementary and middle schools in 18 cities across the country. But the program was also designed to help adults keep healthy, say the Johns Hopkins researchers.
"Evidence is mounting that remaining active and engaged is beneficial as one ages, but our society has not developed approaches that support such activity for the broad spectrum of older adults," says Fried. "That's why we were eager to see if this program might work to provide such benefits."
To test, in a scientifically valid method, whether Experience Corps improves key aging risk factors declines in physical, cognitive, and social activity a research team designed a two-year pilot study that compared 128 Experience Corps volunteers, ages 60 to 86, to a comparable control group.
Participants in the study, predominantly African-American women, volunteered at six Baltimore public schools, helping children in kindergarten to grade three. The volunteers were organized into teams and worked in the schools 15 hours per week, usually over three to four days. They were trained to help children improve their reading skills, to support library operations and help pick out books and read, to solve problems and play cooperatively. A small stipend of $150 to $200 a month was offered to the volunteers to reimburse for expenses.
Volunteers signed up for "generative," not health-related reasons, says Fried. The majority, almost 88 percent, either said they loved children, or wanted to help them. Of the rest, about 11 percent said they wanted to make a difference in their own lives, or help themselves "feel good," and only 2 percent said they volunteered to "stay active."
Most of the volunteers, 71 percent, had a high school education, and 14 percent used a cane.
To determine any health advantages that came with participation, the researchers evaluated the control and intervention groups before and after the trial. They found that 98 percent of participants in the intervention group reported being satisfied with their experience, and 80 percent returned the following year. Such a high retention rate reflects the "health promotion potential" of Experience Corps, the researchers say.
The investigators also found evidence for short-term change in health outcomes. Among them:
- At follow-up, 44 percent of Experience Corps participants reported feeling stronger, compared with 18 percent of controls, and there was a 13 percent increase in those who reported their strength as very good to excellent, versus a 30 percent decline among controls.
- Cane use decreased in 50 percent of users in the intervention group, compared with 20 percent in the control group. Falls also decreased.
- In terms of social activity, Experience Corps volunteers reported a significant increase, compared to a decline in the control group, in the number of people they felt they could turn to for help.
- In measuring cognitive benefit, the researchers say that increases in cognitive activities in the school were not offset by a decrease in book reading and other such mental activities at home in participants. TV viewing, considered the "most common low intensity activity," declined by 4 percent in volunteers and increased by 18 percent in the control group. "In contrast to other programs that target health care beneficiaries, the Experience Corps program is designed to attract all adults, including those less likely to participate in formal health-promotion programs," says Fried. "We show it can lead to meaningful short-term improvement in healthy behaviors for older adults while they, at the same time, offer social capital that is highly valued," says Fried.
While Experience Corps may be expensive for the short-term health improvements it offers volunteers, when potential benefits for students and possible long-term benefits are factored in, the program could be highly cost-effective, say Johns Hopkins researchers.
This study, published in the same issue of the journal as a companion to the Johns Hopkins pilot study of the health benefits inherent in the Experience Corps program, found cost per volunteer (assuming 500 volunteers were enrolled) was $3,613, or about $7 per hour of volunteer time. Short-term improvements in older adult health resulted in medical care cost savings of $273 per volunteer.
When long-term benefit for students was factored in, the program became fiscally sound, says lead author Kevin Frick, Ph.D., of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. "If only 12 students who would not have graduated otherwise eventually graduate, the program becomes cost-effective
In yet another related study, the Experience Corps program was found to lead to selective improvements in student reading, academic achievement and classroom behavior while not burdening the school staff, say researchers who studied 1,194 children from six urban elementary schools who
participated in this phase of the pilot trial.
At follow-up, third-grade children whose schools were randomly selected for the program had significantly higher scores on a standardized reading test than children in the control schools, and office referrals for classroom misbehavior decreased by about half in the Experience Corps schools but
remained the same in the control schools.
"Taken together, the results from this pilot trial lead us to conclude that the Experience Corps Baltimore program can potentially make an important difference in the lives of young children and their schools, even after a relatively brief exposure period," says the study's lead researcher, George W. Rebok, Ph.D., of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.
The lead study was funded by The Retirement Research Foundation, the Erickson Foundation, the State of Maryland, the State of Maryland Department of Education, the Baltimore City Public Schools, the Baltimore City Commission on Aging and Retirement Education, the Johns Hopkins Prevention Center and the Corporation for National Service. Co-authors include Michelle Carlson, Ph.D., Kevin Frick, Ph.D., Joel Hill, M.S.,George Rebok, Ph.D., James Tielsch, Ph.D., Scott Zeger, Ph.D., Barbara Wasik, Ph.D., from Hopkins; Teresa Seeman, Ph.D., from the University of California at Los Angeles; Marc Freedman, from Civic Ventures Inc.; and Sylvia McGill from The Greater Homewood Community Corporation, an umbrella community organization in northern Baltimore.
- -JHMI- -


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Animal Crusaders helping homeless animals
Whether it's decorating bed covers for the cats, or helping train the dogs with treats, a group of elementary school students from Lyles-Crouch Traditional Academy in Alexandria is dedicated to improving the lives of homeless animals.
The students call themselves the Animal Crusaders and they're regular volunteers at the Animal Welfare League of Alexandria.
"I'm helping them find homes and making them better habitats where they are right now," says Animal Crusader Linnea Bow.
Sometimes, the Animal Crusaders make toys for cats. They even read to the animals.
The shelter says the animals directly benefit from this interaction with the children.
"It's good to introduce animals and children together because animals get used to having children around and become more adoptable to families," says Youth Volunteer Coordinator Lindsay Halgerson.
And the students are learning the rewards of giving back a lesson they're apparently sharing with their friends.
"They love the animals and are excited to come and want to help and telling their friends about animal crusaders and that's the best thing," says teacher Anne Marie Harris-White.
Would you like to contribute to this story? Join the discussion.
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TY - JOUR JF - jispp JO - VL - 9 IS - 35 PY - 2020 Y1 - 2020/4/01 TI - Effects of ascorbic acid on physiological and biochemical responses of Zinnia elegans L. to different levels of light intensity TT - تاثیر اسید آسکوربیک بر پاسخ‌های فیزیولوژیک و بیوشیمیایی آهار (Zinnia elegans L.) تحت شدت‌های متفاوت نور N2 - The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different light intensities and ascorbic acid on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of Zinnia elegans L. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized design in a form of split-plot with three replications. The treatments were consisted of three light intensity levels (600, 1200 and 1800 μmol m-2 s-1) as the main factor using shade net and spraying three ascorbic acid concentrations weekly (0, 1, 2 mM) as sub-plots. Analysis of variance showed that light intensity had a significant effect on all studied traits, except for the guard cell width. As light intensity increased, proline content, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase activity increased. The lower light intensity increased chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, total chlorophyll, and peroxidase enzyme activity. Further, with increasing light intensity, stomatal density and index, and epidermal cells density increased, so that stomatal density of plants grown under 1800 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity was twice of that under 600 μmol m-2 s-1 light intensity. Moreover, application of ascorbic acid increased ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity, stomatal density, guard cell length, while, it reduced proline content, catalase and peroxidase enzyme activities. Overall, the results showed that increasing light intensity induced stress in Zinnia and weekly application of ascorbic acid alleviated the stress effects. SP - 259 EP - 273 AU - mahdavifard, mehri AU - Rezaei Nejad, Abdolhossein AU - Mousaviafard, sadegh AD - University of Lorestan KW - Ascorbic acid KW - Proline KW - Shading KW - Zinnia elegans L. UR - _URL_ ER -


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As of 2023, information on a specific solar farm policy in Malta is not readily available. However, Malta has been proactive in promoting renewable energy especially from the solar sector due to its abundant sunshine. The government has introduced several initiatives like feed-in tariff schemes, incentives for individuals and businesses to install photovoltaic systems, and grants for the installation of solar water heaters.
Large scale solar farms might also be integrated into Malta's energy strategy as it seeks to achieve its renewable energy targets as defined by the European Union. For exact details and potential changes, it's recommended to contact Virtue Solaris or regulatory authorities on renewable energy.


General Information
History of The Court
Monterey County Courthouse Completed 1878
The military and social capital of Alta California during Spanish and Mexican rule, the town of Monterey naturally became the county seat when the 27 original counties were formed in, 1850. But when it was learned that the railroad was to go through the valley and not along the coast, the government center was moved to Salinas. After the house used as a courthouse burned, this much larger brick Victorian building was commissioned. The courthouse remained in use while the current one was being constructed around it, and then was demolished. Today a courtyard, lily pond, and commemorative sculpture occupy the site.
Tour historic courthouses for all 58 California counties at


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EZ-Spin: Calming WheelsCD146030
Foster the home-to-school connection with EZ-Spin™: Calming Wheels. This pack features 18 two-piece wheels, each measuring 5.25" x 5.25", and includes 6 each of 3 social and emotional categories: Staying in Control, Calming Strategies, and Managing Moods. The EZ-Spin™: Calming Wheels are great for providing a fun way for students to manage their emotions.
Hands-on manipulatives keep students engaged while learning important concepts. EZ-Spin™ wheels can be used during whole-class instruction, independent practice, and small-group instruction.


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By Dobrina Zhekova on August 25, 2020, on DEPARTURES
There is a reason it's more expensive than gold.
"Bulgarian Rose Oil is one of the most precious essential oils in the world due to its unique rich chemical composition and deep multi-layered fragrance," says Kuen Rameson, founder of Gloss Moderne, the Southern California-based clean luxury beauty brand.
While researching essential oils, Rameson came across Bulgarian Rose Oil and "fell in love with the sensorial experience." She was so impressed with its fragrance and skincare benefits that she decided to work on an entire line of beauty products formulated with it slated to launch this September.
Gloss Moderne is only one of many luxury companies such as Elizabeth Arden, Channel, Bulgari, Estée Lauder, and Christian Dior that infuse their products with what is known as "the queen of essential oils." So how did this thorny shrub make its way from the fields of a small Balkan country to our beauty drawers?
Legend has it that during one of the last Crusades, French knights who were passing through the Balkan Peninsula on their way from Syria, brought with them the fragrant Damask rose (or Rosa Damascena). Thanks to the mild climate—warmer winters and cooler summers— and sandy soils of the Kazanlak region in Bulgaria—now known as "the Rose Valley"— this oil-bearing plant found a perfect home there. Historic documents show that the local population started cultivating and distilling Rosa Damascena in the 17th century while Bulgaria was still under Ottoman rule.
"During this period, the lands with the most fertile soils were usually given to the Ottomans to grow crops such as wheat, corn, and barley, so Bulgarians had to get creative, and they started cultivating this plant [the Damask Rose] in the sandy, unfruitful soils," explained Radoslav Petkov, the deputy director of the Rose Museum in Kazanlak.
Fast forward four centuries later, and the small Balkan country that is roughly the same size as New York State and has a population of seven million, is now the largest producer of Rosa Damascena oil in the world.
Bulgarian Rose Oil also commands the highest prices on the market. In 2019, a kilogram or about 35 ounces of rose oil was worth between $8,200 and $9,400, which made it more expensive than gold. The reason for that is its quality, a lot of which is due to the way it is harvested and distilled, as well as the sheer amount of rose blooms needed for the production of oil—a kilogram requires about three tones of rose blooms.
In many ways, the way rose oil is extracted hasn't really changed in centuries. The blooms are still harvested exclusively by hand very early in the morning—from 5 am until no later than 9 AM or 10 AM.
"To get the most in terms of quantity and quality out of the blossoms, they have to be picked while the morning dew is still covering their petals. Once the sun rises and the rose blooms open up, the dew evaporates in the atmosphere, and with it goes some of the oil," adds Petkov.
For maximum results, distillation also has to occur as soon as the roses are harvested and several products result from it: rose water—widely used in the cosmetics as well as the food industries; rose concrete—orange wax-like material with a fragrant rose smell; rose absolute—extracted from rose concrete using a solvent; and rose oil—the most precious of all four that has over 280 compounds impossible to replicate artificially. All of these four byproducts are then used in fragrances, skincare, and aromatherapy products.
"I find that Bulgarian rose has a more refined lychee top note for the essential oil, even a touch dewier," said Christophe Laudamiel, the Master Perfumer of DreamAir creative studios in New York City. "For the absolute extract, it has a background that is more apricot, almost passion fruit on top and less woody or less fermented I shall say, than some other roses. A rose absolute gives a richness and opulence without being sweet nor cloying, without invading the fragrance, unless you really want to invade the fragrance with large proportions which can be sexy, too."
And while synthetic compounds are extremely popular in perfume-making nowadays, the smell of a natural ingredient such as Bulgarian Rose Oil is always preferred by perfumers.
"When you create a perfume, you want to tell a story. Usually, you add it [Bulgarian Rose Oil] because you want to do a floral perfume, like a rose perfume […] So when you do this composition, you would have some rose-like elements [already in it] but adding natural perfume, it just gives another dimension and also quality," says Nathalie Feisthauer, a Paris-based Master Perfumer. She explains that because of its high price, it's not always possible to use a lot of Bulgarian Rose Oil in commercial fragrances.
Similar to its diverse olfactory qualities, its skincare benefits are equally impressive. The Rosa Damascena essential oil has natural anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. It is known to help soothe red or irritated skin and is appropriate to use on sensitive skin. In some anti-aging products, it is used to improve the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.


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Where can I find a comparison of different types of aerial lifts?
There is a comparison of boom lifts, fork lifts, and scissor lifts at Holland High Lift. Advantages and disadvantages are listed for each type of airlift. The differences between them are pretty simple. Boom lifts are the most versatile and also the most expensive. Scissor lifts are less expensive than boom lifts and have wider platforms, but they have little horizontal reach and don't raise as high. Fork lifts can lift the heaviest weight but require trained or licensed operators.
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Effects of acute heat exposure on respiratory metabolism and blood glucose in freshwater fishes, Prochilodus scrofa (curimbatá) and Cyprinus carpio (carp) acclimatized to tropical winter
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology, v. 80, n. 3, p. 287-289, 1985.
1. 1. Routine oxygen consumption and blood glucose were determined from freshwater fishes, Prochilodus scrofa and Cyprinus carpio, exposed at high temperatures for 1 hr. 2. 2. Prochilodus scrofa had a significantly higher rate of oxygen consumption at 30°C than at 25°C, and carp higher at 25°C than at 30°C. 3. 3. Blood glucose was significantly higher for Cyprinus carpio than for Prochilodus scrofa at 25 and 30°C; however, after exposure to these temperatures for 1 hr blood glucose did not change significantly for both species. 4. 4. The results suggest that these interspecific variations may be linked to the differences between native and foreign fishes and their way of life. © 1985.


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group ski lessons
12 pupils maximum
Children skiing lessons for beginner and advanced levels
Our ESF instructors are pleased to teach their skiing technique to your children all week long. In a fun and convivial atmosphere, your children will be able to improve at their own pace.
These group lessons allow your children to learn how to ski or to perfect their technique. The group is composed of 12 children maximum so that your children can improve in a friendly atmosphere.
- Group lessons 2 hours
- Group lessons 3 hours FUTURE CHAMPION: Bronze Star,Gold Star


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A new optical device developed at Sandia National Laboratories can quantify the formation of soot. An optical setup developed by researchers at Sandia's Combustion Research Facility and the Technical University of Denmark identifies the particulate matter as a function of time and space for a variety of combustion processes. Researchers hope the technology will aid in meeting future particulate matter emissions mandates without sacrificing fuel savings. "Engine developers can use this information to validate computer models and design advanced engine combustion strategies that will improve fuel economy for consumers while also lowering tailpipe pollutant emissions," said Sandia researcher Scott Skeen. The work was published in an Applied Optics paper titled, "Diffuse back-illumination setup for high temporally resolved extinction imaging." Authors included Fredrik Westlye and Anders Ivarsson from the Technical University of Denmark and Sandia researchers Keith Penney, Lyle Pickett and Skeen and former Sandia researcher Julien Manin. The work was funded by DOE's Vehicle Technologies Office.
Imaging technology could reduce GHG emissions


Uploaded image for project: 'OASIS Open Data Protocol (OData) TC'
 1. OASIS Open Data Protocol (OData) TC
 2. ODATA-1067
Consider ability to define computed default values
 Details
 Description
 Currently, default values for properties and (now, as of ODATA-1066) parameters are static values.
 There are some cases where the default value may be the result of a calculation. Examples:
 1) The value of a related property/parameter
 2) An expression based on the value of one (or more) related properties/parameters
 3) The result of invoking a function(import) on the service (with params?)
 Issues:
 -how to express the value of the defaultvalue (use Edm.Untyped? – this could only be supported in 4.01)
 -what is the syntax of the expression?
 -can it invoke a funciton(import) and, if so, how are parameters passed?
 For parameters, could define a derived OptionalParameterType that has a DefaultValueExpression that is Edm.Untyped and only returned as that derived type in a 4.01 payload.
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Colorimetric method for the determination of D-3-hydroxybutyric acid in foodstuffs and other materials.
The "Yellow line" kits are produced by Roche Diagnostics, previously Boehringer Mannheim, with more than 40 years experience in the production of the enzymes, which are the key element of each test. The Roche test kits have been used and validated worldwide for several decades, with many corresponding publications. They have been selected as reference methods by many international organizations (e.g. AOAC, IFU, IDF, ISO and OIV) and they are still the gold standard today.
- Reference quality for more than 40 years.
- Approved by national and international organizations.
- 31 tests for all requirements in the food industry.


Alligator shear
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An alligator shear, historically known as a lever shear[1] and sometimes as a crocodile shear,[2] is a metal-cutting shear with a hinged jaw, powered by a flywheel or hydraulic cylinder. Alligator shears are generally set up as stand-alone shears, however there are types for excavators. The jaw size can range from 4 to 36 in (100 to 910 mm) long. They are generally used to cut steel members, such as rebar, pipe, angle iron or I-beams.[3][4]
Older alligator shears were powered by a flywheel. These shears ran continuously, which posed a safety hazard. Now alligator shears are hydraulically actuated. When actuated, the piston arm extends and slowly closes the upper jaw of the alligator shear, which passes alongside the bed or lower jaw of the shear to perform the cut.[4]
Alligator shears are used for cutting long-length metal stock or scrap, generally where accuracy is not an important consideration, and the size or shape of the material makes other cutting or shearing options impracticaloften the only other cutting option is cutting with a torch. Alligator shears are often used in conjunction with large metal shredders in the metal recycling industry, to 'clean' or prepare scrap for shredding by removing unwanted fittings or other parts the shredder will not accept.
The safety requirements for other powered metalworking shears are contained in ANSI B11.4, but alligator shears are specifically exempted from that standard. Federal OSHA and various state OSHA programs have requirements for guarding alligator shears, and newly manufactured alligator shears are provided with guards that adjust to the size of the stock or scrap being cut. The purpose of this guard, however, is to prevent pieces of metal from being ejected during cutting. Such a guard also prevents inadvertent exposure of the operator's hands, but does not conform to more stringent 'point of operation' guarding requirements.
In an interpretive letter dated June 24, 1981, Federal OSHA discussed the guarding dilemma presented by the alligator shear.
In instances where the shear is exclusively used for routine cuts on standardized stock, safeguarding of the point of operation is definable. In other instances, the operator is safeguarded from exposure to the point of operation by the physical size and configuration of the material being cut.
These practical considerations for guarding are not exclusive to alligator shears. A much more common type of equipment, the press brake, also requires point of operation guarding when used with standardized stock, but not with large-dimension stock.
 1. ^ International Textbook Company (1906), International Library of Technology 123, International Textbook Company, p. 27.
 2. ^ Gale, Walter Keith Vernon (1971). "crocodile shear". The iron and steel industry: a dictionary of terms. David and Charles. p. 57.
 3. ^ Mazzolani, Federico M.; Ivʹanyi, M. (2002), Refurbishment of buildings and bridges, Springer, p. 267, ISBN 978-3-211-83690-3 .
 4. ^ a b Lund, Herbert F. (2001), The McGraw-Hill recycling handbook (2nd ed.), McGraw-Hill Professional, p. 28.20, ISBN 978-0-07-039156-7 .


Inobitec DICOM Viewer
2.3. Working with Several Monitors and Split Screen
The DICOM Viewer allows you to split the screen into two parts or work with two monitors connected to the same computer. For details on how to set up your monitor, see Section 15.3.
Let us assume that both displays are used, and each one is split (Fig. 2.3). In this case, the DICOM Viewer will be running in four autonomous windows. To close the DICOM Viewer just close any of its windows.
In the illustration above, the right monitor is the main one, so the Study list tab is open in its left window. To open this tab in any of the three remaining windows, select the File menu and the Study list item in this window. The series panel on the right side displays the window panel (Fig. 2.4).
Each window has a display icon corresponding to it.
 - the first icon corresponds to the left window of the main display;
 - the second icon corresponds to the right window of the main display;
 - the third icon corresponds to the left window of the additional display;
 - the fourth icon corresponds to the right window of the additional display.
The OS settings determine which display is the main one. The icon corresponding to the current window is displayed against a light background. In Fig. 2.5, the Study list tab is open in each window, and you can see the correspondence between the windows and the display icons. The right display is the main one.
To open a series in a certain window:
 1. Load studies in any tab.
 2. Select a study from the study panel.
 3. Hold the left mouse button and drag the series icon from the series panel to the display icon corresponding to the window to open the series in.
 4. Release the left mouse button. The series will open in the window corresponding to the display icon.
If the cursor is not located on the display icon, it will look as follows: PIC . This means that dragging is impossible. As soon as the cursor is over the display icon, it changes to PIC , and you can drag the icon.


Do Bearded Dragons Play Dead? How To React
Do bearded dragons play dead?The worst situation ever is the one in which you come up to your bearded dragon's habitat only to find them in a position indicating they are dead. You begin to worry. You may touch your dragon, in hopes that they will come back to life. But are they really deceased?
Do bearded dragons play dead? Bearded dragons have the ability to hold their breath for a REALLY long period of time. In some cases, the vet may have to intubate because they cannot get the animal to breathe in the anesthesia. If you suspect your dragon may be deceased, wait a while to make sure they are not playing dead.
 Now you know that bearded dragons can play dead. Why do they do this, and what can owners do to help bring them back to their normal way of life? Keep reading to find out.
Why Is My Bearded Dragon Playing Dead?
Stories from around the internet from other bearded dragon owners indicate such instances happening when the dragon is under some sort of stress.
For instance, one owner told a story in which her dragon would do this every time he had to undergo a bath. Another user told a story similar to that in which her dragon opened up an eye as soon as she picked him up again.
In the wild, they do that to escape predators. Some predators lose interest when their prey is dead or they start to relax and don't pay close attention anymore because dead prey can't run away.
As soon as the predator starts to relax and does not pay close attention to the "dead" bearded dragon, the dragon takes advantage of the situation and runs away.
The video below shows a bearded dragon that seems to be very stressed during bath time. As you can see it also plays dead for a while either to "escape" the situation or the water might be too cold.
How To React When Your Bearded Dragon Is Playing Dead
Bearded dragons can hold their breath for ten minutes, so don't jump to conclusions right away if you see your bearded dragon lying motionless. Give it some time and come back to check on the dragon.
However, bearded dragons do not play dead for fun. If you see this behavior in your bearded dragon, you might have done something wrong.
It is very important to reflect on the situation that could have caused that behavior and to do things differently in the future so that your bearded dragons can live stress-free.
Another thing to take into consideration is the possibility of brumation. It is a time in which bearded dragon owners who are inexperienced get nervous about their beardie. Let's learn what it is and how you can know what to expect.
Brumation 101: Know the Signs
Brumation is the reptile version of going into hibernation, which is what bears do during the wintertime.
The metabolism of the bearded dragon slows down and leaves them looking lethargic and lacking in appetite.
The bearded dragon actually has evolved to do this action over the years. It is a response to the seasons changing.
Signs that your bearded dragon is getting ready to begin brumation:
 - They don't want to be handled
 - They don't want to bask
 - They have trouble waking up
 - They lose their appetite
 - They lack energy
 - They bury themselves in their sand
 - They eliminate less and less
Many beardie owners who don't know about these dragons may assume their reptile has contracted a disease or parasite or is impacted.
Dragon owners not in the know may try to force-feed or play with their reptile as a means of waking him up, but don't do this. Brumation is a natural process, and your dragon is just following his instincts.
When Will Brumation Happen?
Brumation depends on whichever hemisphere you reside in. When it comes to beardies that live in the Southern Hemisphere, like Australia, their brumation will start around March or April, and they can stay brumating as late as August.
And then, when THOSE beardies begin waking up, the Northern Hemisphere dragon will start falling into brumation! These include dragons in Canada, the USA, UK, and Europe. You can expect a beardie in these hemispheres to brumate during September to March.
The point? Your bearded dragon will brumate as a way of answering the change in seasons. When temps get low around winter and autumn, you can be sure your dragon will probably start brumating around that time.
It should also be noted that not every bearded dragon who lives in captivity will brumate. It is very possible that your bearded dragon will never brumate, meanwhile others will go through that every year.
You may even see some bearded dragons go into brumation during the spring and summer months, even when they live in the Northern Hemisphere.
During brumation, you should offer a hide, which gives the dragon a place to settle down and stay safe during brumation.
Many dragons enjoy this on the cool side of the tank, so put it there for the best results. These hides come in many sizes to accommodate bearded dragons of all lengths.why do bearded dragons play dead?
How Do I Know If My Dragon Is Sick, Brumating, or Deceased?
In this section, we will take a look at the difference between sick, brumating, and deceased dragons.
Brumation Vs Death
First, don't make any quick decisions or jump to conclusions. Bearded dragons are very good at playing dead. Dead beardies have rigor mortis set in, and they are also very cold to the touch.
Their color will be different, and they may have a foul smell as a result of being deceased.
Here is a test you can do: Lay the dragon on his side and see if he moves. If no movement is spotted, try putting them on their back. A dragon that is alive will try to upright themselves, but if you see no movement, chances are the dragon is deceased.
Brumation Vs Illness
Look at the physical condition of your bearded dragon for the best results.
A dragon that is sick may have fat pads that have been totally depleted, mouth mucus, abnormally colored scales, or sunken in eyes. Mostly, these dragons do not look like themselves at all.
A dragon entering brumation will not display any of these signs. Dragons getting ready for brumation most often change up their behavior patterns as compared to their physical ones.
How To Become Better At Telling If Something Might Be Wrong With Your Bearded Dragon
Seeing a bearded dragon playing dead can be a shock. However, that is not the only behavior that can shock you when it comes to bearded dragons.
Have you ever entered the room, just to see your bearded dragon colored completely black? That can be extremely scary and stressful!
I know that most people are worried about their bearded dragons all the time even if their beardies don't show extreme behavior like that. They are just afraid that they are doing something wrong and their beardie might end up sick.
I totally get that, because I also worried a lot about my reptiles in the past. The good thing is, that you can actually become more confident when it comes to your bearded dragon's behavior.
All you need for that is knowledge.
If you know how to distinguish between a sick bearded dragon and a healthy bearded dragon, or if you know (for example) how to tell by your beardie's body language that the tank is too cold or too hot, you will be a much more confident beardie keeper.
Just because you know how to read your dragon.
To help you with that, we have created the Beardie Behavior 'n' Health ebook.
This ebook will show you how to spot diseases in your beardie and how to help, how to read a bearded dragon's body language, how to care for a beardie during brumation, and much, much more. You can get our ebook here!
Bearded dragons can and will play dead when they feel like it. Often this takes place when they feel afraid or threatened in some way. It is crucial for owners to understand what this looks like, so they know not to jump to conclusions or act in a rash way.
Bearded dragons can hold their breath for ten minutes, so don't worry just yet. If your reptile appears motionless, give him some time to come back. You should also try the test I mentioned earlier where you place the dragon on his side and then his back.
Dragons are great, but they sometimes can alarm us-know what to look for, so you don't end up scared or confused!
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What capital costs are associated with a VRF system compared to district energy?
VRF systems require upfront capital costs to install. Additionally, the average life of a compressor is about 10-15 years, and they range in costs from $5k to $15k in commercial buildings. Because district energy does not require cooling or heating equipment onsite, there are typically no upfront costs associated with connecting to a district energy system—unlike the high upfront capital costs required for boilers, chillers, and cooling towers. Many district energy providers are even willing to invest in connecting a building to the district system and will cover the cost of any potential street repairs and beautification. Plus, existing ductwork in a commercial building can often be retrofitted to accommodate district energy.
Learn more


text: PARTISANS have designed Grotto, a sauna located on San Souci Island, in the Georgian Bay area of Ontario, Canada. Grottos, historically, have been known as natural or artifi cial caves that are embedded deep behind the curvature of streams, and thus discovered by those who would take the time to explore. As a free-standing sauna, the Grotto uses two high performance ovens that ensure efficiency and control. There are vents and fans in-place that allow the building to breathe seasonally and prevent rot or mold in the structure. The rest of the systems were based on controlled air flow. "We used insulation on the building to not only protect its components from heating up or cooling down too quickly, but also to make the Grotto more energy efficient. The specific type of wood, Cedar, was then selected based on a number of factors; such as resistance to rot, aroma, colour, local sources, and quality. Furthermore, the internal structure of the Grotto was tightly sealed and a layer of energy efficient aluminum foil was adhered to all internal surfaces creating a convective air plenum between the internal wood panels and the space in which they were mounted. This allows for the wood to expand and contract evenly with even heat movement all around. The space behind the wood panels created convection currents that allow the skin to breathe through the ventilation pores that were carved into seats and seams of the cedar panels. The result is a sculpted space, a sensual experience, and a sophisticated exercise in building science." Photography by Jonathan Friedman and PARTISANS.


GoLand 2020.2 Help
Search Templates
When you construct a pattern for a structural search you are basically writing a script. To simplify your scripting process, GoLand offers you a list of predefined search templates that you can use as prototypes for your search pattern.
Existing search templates for HTML
On how to access the list of the existing search and replace templates, see the structural search and replace section.
Each search or replace template consists of variables $variable_name$ to which you can add a condition (filter) to narrow your search results. Filters depend on a variable in your search template.
Count filter
The Count filter specifies a number of occurrences.
If you do not set the Count filter explicitly, the IDE looks for only one template match. In other words, when the Count filter is not applied, the default values for the filter are min = 1 and max = 1.
GoLand adds [0,∞] to the variable and searches for the specified range of numbers.
Reference filter
The Reference filter lets you reference some other search template in the variable.
The reference will always contain the name of a preconfigured or saved pattern, and you can use auto-completion to fill out this field.
Type filter
The Type filter adds a type of the value or expression that is expected for the specified variable.
Text filter
The Text filter checks the variable against regular expressions or plain text.
For example, the var\d value for the text filter in the expression context will find all the variables that start with var and have one digit afterwards.
Text filter
Script constraints
The Script filter adds Groovy script constraints to the search pattern. Script constraints are used when you search for certain language constructs.
All variables used in a pattern can be accessed from script constraints. When you add a script constraint to your variable, GoLand matches it against the PSI tree, this variable is in fact a node in the PSI tree.
The Script filter
Last modified: 03 November 2020


text:
Dish-Micro Gas Turbine (D-MGT) systems can be an effective way of power production (<100 kW) in rural areas having limited access to electricity. In such no fuel assisted systems, the stability of the input thermal power to the MGT is an important concern as MGT is sensitive to the temperature variations caused by the natural fluctuation of the solar flux. To reduce this effect, a novel solar receiver has been proposed integrated with a Phase Change Material (PCM) for the short-term thermal energy storage. The proposed receiver is cylindrical shaped filled with PCM, with a conical cavity on the front surface and heat transfer fluid tubes immersed in the PCM. This paper deals with the investigation of the optimum design point of the proposed receiver based on the required input parameters of the MGT. The numerical simulations have been conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamic methods to pre-evaluate the effect of many controlling parameters on the temperature, PCM liquid fraction, pressure loss and outlet thermal power of the receiver. Surface-to-Surface (S2S) radiation model has been employed along with the ray-tracing model for the constant concentrated solar flux of 500 kW/m2 on the receiver aperture surface. The influencing factors considered in this study include the high-temperature PCMs, receiver cavity dimensions, incident solar flux, hot wall thickness, tube diameter and the number of the tubes, pressure drop inside the tubes and the inlet mass flow rate. Results demonstrate the considerable effect of each variable on the receiver output parameters, and this leads to the identification of optimum design point. The result of the study offers valuable guidelines for the receiver development for further experimentation.
Bashir, M.A., & Giovannelli, A. (2019). Design optimization of the phase change material integrated solar receiver: A numerical parametric study. APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING, 160, 114008 [10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114008].
|Titolo:||Design optimization of the phase change material integrated solar receiver: A numerical parametric study|
|Data di pubblicazione:||2019|
|Citazione:||Bashir, M.A., & Giovannelli, A. (2019). Design optimization of the phase change material integrated solar receiver: A numerical parametric study. APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING, 160, 114008 [10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114008].|
|Appare nelle tipologie:||1.1 Articolo in rivista|


text:
Local stories add to Cathedral's grandeur
PUT the words architecture and Clarence Valley together and many fine, old historic buildings come to mind, but the grand old dame must be Grafton's Christ Church Cathedral.
The Anglican diocese icon is one of a number of landmarks indicating Grafton's status once as the premier city of northern New South Wales. While coastal towns have developed rapidly in recent times, Grafton's class and style shines through many connections to its historic grandeur.
The cathedral was designed by John Horbury Hunt and completed in 1884. The grounds around the cathedral are called Cathedral Close and include a number of historical buildings, the oldest being a red brick cottage constructed around 1856 and restored in 1984. It is currently used by the Parish clergy for their offices and is known as the Ministry Centre.
The cottage next to the Ministry Centre is used as the Anglicare Counselling Service was built circa 1891 only a few years after the cathedral. Like its neighbour, it was restored in 1984.
The Hunt Hall, also designed by Horbury Hunt, was completed in 1890. Adjoining the hall is the Cathedral Parish Centre, completed in 1976 and incorporating the parish office, a kitchen area and The Edwards Hall (in lieu of a chapter house). The bell tower was moved from its original site near the first church when the new cathedral was opened in 1884.
The imposing multi-storied Cathedral School was built in 1954 initially as a Youth and Synod Centre. In 1962 an extention was added for the Bishop's Registry.
Of the residences on the close, the Deanery is the oldest being built in 1872. At one time it would have overlooked the original wooden church which was built in 1854, situated closer to the street corner and demolished in 1900.
The Registrar's residence, McWilliam Lodge, built around 1910 and renovated in 1991, was named after the first registrar of the diocese.
Bishopholme is also situated atop the river bank and was completed in 1924. Both houses have sweeping views of the river.
The two timber Californian bungalows on the northern side of Victoria Street which serve as homes for the Parish Clergy were constructed during the 1920s and renovated in the 1980s.
The side of the close facing the Clarence River provides views across to South Grafton and a pleasant walk west along the levee. Indications of flood heights show why the river has been an integral part of the City's and indeed the Church's history from the earliest days.


text:
WP 00/041 - Are Wage Adjustments an Effective Mechanism for Poverty Alleviation? Some Simulations for Domestic and Farm Workers
Date of Publication:
This paper utilises a basic simulation exercise to analyse the possible poverty and employment reducing effects, of instituting a minimum wage in the South African labour market. The simulation is undertaken for three groups of unskilled workers, namely domestic workers, farm workers and drivers. The results showed firstly that a wage policy pursued to reduce indigence amongst the target occupations will have a relatively small impact on poverty levels. It took very large, and in policy terms highly unlikely, wage adjustments to ensure a tangible poverty reduction impact. Secondly, it was evident that the results displayed the fact that most poor domestics and farm labourers were in fact quite far below the poverty line rather than earning just below R650 per month. Thirdly the employment-wage results show that a minimum wage policy would run the serious risk of significant short-run employment losses to accompany the poverty-reducing outcomes. In essence, the analysis suggests that poverty eradication amongst domestic and farm workers cannot take place solely through a minimum wage policy. This is not the problem of minimum wage legislation per se, but rather the very high incidence of poverty found amongst domestic and farm workers. Ultimately, if a minimum wage policy was considered in order to reduce poverty levels amongst these workers, it would not serve the purpose of significant poverty alleviation amongst its target population.
Download Working Paper: DPRU WP 00/041


text:
Local authorities in Germany have sounded the alarm on a "cost explosion" of unaccompanied migrant minors.
The German Federation of Municipal Authorities has argued that the significantly increasing cost of the minors' "all-round care" means a change in approach to standards will be necessary.
Each unaccompanied minor costs €3,000 to €5,000 per month, and German municipalities are estimated to already be spending around €2.7 billion on young migrants, numbering at more than 65,000 currently in the country.
The association's chief executive, Gerd Landsberg, told the Rheinische Post that the cost of unaccompanied migrant minors has "exploded", and proposed a "more focused" plan for the youths that would lower the cost of care for municipalities.
Giving an example of how he believed the care could be better targeted, Mr. Landsberg said it "makes no sense" for every migrant youth to receive the same around-the-clock care from social workers that is deemed necessary for "maladjusted" young people.
Responding to Mr. Landsberg and the Federation of Municipal Authorities' plans, the German Children's Fund warned of a "two-tier" child and youth welfare scheme. Holger Hofmann, the federal director of the fund, criticised the idea of cost reductions and demanded that the standards "must apply equally to all children in Germany, regardless of their origin or residence status".
Hofmann said the migrant children represented "one of the most vulnerable groups of people ever" and said municipalities must ensure their "special needs" are met.
The German Taxpayers Federation, which aims to reduce the amount of taxation and public spending in the country, noted that the cost of care and integration in different areas would differ widely.
Reiner Holznagel, the Federation's president, said the lack of official figures is "unacceptable" and that migrant costs should be transparent at all state levels.
A comment under the story on the Rheinische Post expressed disbelief that the migrants are in serious need of care, having managed to walk hundreds of kilometres through the Balkans alone. The person suggested that older migrants could show "solidarity and responsibility" for the wellbeing of unaccompanied migrant minors in Germany.