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Indigenomics is a phrase coined by Carol Anne Hilton. Transformation exclusively offers Indigenomics.
Indigenomics is about understanding indigenous ways of being and worldview. Indigenomics draws on ancient principles that have supported indigenous economies for thousands of years, and works to implement them as modern practices. Indigenomics welcomes you to an Indigenous worldview. It brings to the forefront human values and practice. Indigenomics converges upon the Canadian context and the shifting influence of First Nations. It invites dialogue, and thought provoking insight into possibility of the Indigenous relationship both in Canada and beyond. It explores the pathway of the threshold of the indigenous relationship and modern economics. Indigenomicsis about honoring the powerful thinking of Indigenous wisdom of local economy, relationship and human values in the modern context.
Indigenomics is about:
- a platform for local changemakers to explore indigenous economic development and economies
- understanding and exploring the Indigenous ways of being
- contrasts with modern economics
- traditional systems while outlining characteristics of emerging ecological business models
Tension plays out daily through the legal and business relationship between First Nations, government and corporations. Indigenomics outlines the current and historical context, the shifting influences, the continuum of thought processes and lays out the invitation to participate in a new economy that includes Indigenous ways of being.
Through Indigenomicsparticipants understand:
- The current socio-economic state of First Nations, including statehood and governance
- Building local relationships with First Nations to support indigenous economies and/or
- Applying indigenous economic principles to achieve sustainable, effective, and inclusive local economic development
- First Nations world view and approach to economic development, including key components of a First Nations economy
- The relevance to local economic development, including the role of government and corporations
- The complexity of Aboriginal economic development decision making
- Economic benefits analysis
- Economic reconciliation frameworks for governments, regions, corporations, municipalities
- Industry relations
- Regional Economic strategies
- Economic frameworks
For speaking engagements, please contact:


Sunday, 24 January, 2021
Chicken Problems in Poultry and their Solutions
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There are several management problems that are commonly encountered in chicken production.
Some of the common problems with keeping chickens are:
 - Heat stress
 - Cannibalism
 - Egg eating
 - Egg defects
 - Sudden Noise
 - Cage fatigue
 - Rodents
Heat Stress in Poultry
Heat stress is a serious problem in poultry, especially if the house is not constructed properly or the birds are overcrowded in their house.
Heat stress can pose a serious problem for birds if not prevented or controlled early.
The effect could be in the form of reduced feed intake, reduced egg production, egg weight, shell thickness, growth rate, habitability, and fertility.
Management of heat stress in poultry is not technical at all
Heat stress can be prevented or managed in the following ways.
 - Providing an adequate supply of clean, cool water at all times can help to reduce heat stress in poultry.
 - Similarly, you should provide more drinkers during the summer since birds lose water from their bodies more than in the winter due to sunlight.
 - Ensure there's adequate ventilation in the poultry house so they can get fresh air all the time.
 - You can also reduce heat stress by sprinkling water on the roof of the house, especially during the hottest hours of the day.
 - For layers heat management, you should feed them at night when the temperature is very low.
 - If you have a large poultry farm, you can plant canopy trees around your poultry pens, this also helps the heat issue.
Cannibalism in Poultry
Birds pecking one another in poultry can gradually result in cannibalism.
It's always funny that once it starts, it could be disastrous.
Therefore, vent pecking in poultry is nothing to joke with, else, a great loss is beckoning.
Related POST : Swine Management Tips to improve Yield
Birds are regularly seen pecking each other's feathers without any issue.
However, sometimes, this pecking may turn into pulling out and eating feathers, and finally, it leads to cannibalism.
Why do chickens now peck each other to death?
The following are some causes of cannibalism among birds.
 - The poultry house is Poorly ventilated
 - There's a too-low salt level in their feed
 - The poultry environment is extremely humid or warm
 - Overcrowding
 - Inadequate numbers of feeders, drinkers, and laying nests in the poultry house
 - Too much lightning in the poultry house
 - Stress among the birds
 - Prolapsed oviduct in any other flock mate.
 - Having some birds of different age or size, and multiple colors different from others
 - Lack of laying nest or insufficient nesting space
 - High temperatures
 - Over nervousness injury
Treatment of Cannibalism in Poultry
There are a few and simple ways you can control cannibalism in poultry
When cannibalism is noticed, the following measures can be used to curb it.
 - Prompt removal of pecked bird, once the birds noticed blood, vent pecking increases.
 - Lighting should be dim to reduce their activities and activeness.
 - Wounds on any of the birds should be painted with GV (gentian violet) or coal tar to discourage pecking
Other strategic ways you can control cannibalism is to keep the birds busy by providing any of the following
 1. Make available green leafy vegetables for your birds
 2. Allow the birds out of their cage for a few minutes, this can help with stress, which is a trigger of cannibalism.
 3. Change the birds' feed
 4. Some poultry farmers also give a teaspoon of Apple cider vinegar in one liter of water and give it to their birds once a week.
Related POST : How to Make Broiler Starter and Finisher Feed
Egg Eating Habit in Poultry
Egg eating is also a common problem in the poultry business.
Actually, it is not bad for chickens to peck their eggs or that of other birds.
However, it is bad for a chicken to eat her eggs or eggs of other hens.
It's not bad from the perspective of animal nature, but for farmer's profitability, it is highly discouraged.
The reason chickens eat eggs has been found to be a deficiency in calcium or their instinct to make good use of the beak.
There are other triggers of the egg-eating habit in poultry.
The following can lead to the development of egg-eating behavior.
 - Nutritional deficiencies, especially calcium
 - Inadequate nesting facilities for layer chickens
 - The eggs are not picked promptly
 - Accidental breakage of eggs
Egg eating is a habit that is usually started by one or two birds in the pen.
This habit can be imitated by more birds in the flock.
Within a short period, it becomes a serious problem in the flock.
It is thereby important to consider the above-mentioned causes of egg-eating habits so it can be prevented or controlled properly.
And any hen that is identified as a habitual egg eater should be culled immediately.
Egg Defects in Poultry
There are many defects that can be seen on eggs.
These include abnormal egg size, soft-shelled eggs, and a high percentage of eggs with cracks.
An excessive number of cracked eggs may be a result of calcium, vitamins A and D deficiency.
Poor management such as insufficient litter material on the hardy floor, poorly designed nests such as a steep floor that can lead to rapid rolling eggs, inadequate nesting facilities, and infrequent egg collection can also lead to a high incidence of egg cracks.
Related POST : Factors to consider when selecting Pigs for Breeding
Sudden Noise in Poultry
Chickens are sensitive to sound and light. Chicken can start making croaking noises when they notice strange things in their environment.
Chicken can begin to squawk loudly when they become hysterical.
If they are in a cage, they will all attempt to escape from the cage or the pens.
Chicken crying or loud sound means they're afraid.
You should check them immediately once you hear them making a weird noise.
It may be possible they notice predators like snakes or other animals like rodents.
The fear can lead to a loss. The birds may start huddling together out of fright, leading to possible suffocation and death.
Therefore, avoid sudden noise or any form of disturbances such as blasting car horns, alarm, or gunshots.
Poultry Cage fatigue
Poultry cage fatigue is common mostly in layer chickens.
This defect is usually characterized by stress associated with housing birds in cages.
It manifests through the inability of the bird to reach water and feed, leading to starvation.
If this is prolonged and unnoticed, it may lead to their death.
Birds affected should be transferred to deep litter pens and an anti-stress therapy may be prescribed by the veterinarian.
Rodents and Birds
Rats cause economic losses to poultry businesses.
They can be controlled through the use of traps and appropriate poisons.
Wild birds should also be prevented from entering poultry houses.
Chicken Loses
Some chickens will die during the laying period.
Efforts should be made to reduce the incidence of mortality among the flock.


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21 PAUSE users
13 non-PAUSE users.
Jeffrey Kegler
Marpa::R2::Changes - Differences between Marpa::R2 and Marpa::XS
About this document
This document describes the incompatible differences between Marpa::XS and Marpa::R2. (Differences that do not give rise to incompatibility are outside of its scope.) It is intended for readers already familiar with Marpa::XS, who are writing new applications for Marpa::R2, and for readers migrating Marpa::XS applications and tools to Marpa::R2.
Additional reserved symbol names
Marpa::XS reserved, for its internal use, all symbol names ending with the right square bracket ("]"). In addition, Marpa::RS reserved symbols ending with the right parenthesis (")"), the right angle bracket (">"), and the right curly bracket ("}"). Any other valid Perl string remains an acceptable symbol name.
The return value of the read() method has changed
The return value of the Marpa::R2 recognizer's read() method differs from its Marpa::XS equivalent. In Marpa::XS it returned the number of distinct terminals (by symbol ID) allowed in the next read(). In Marpa::R2 it returns the number of recognizer events that occurred during the read. Examples of recognizer events are exhaustion, the Earley sets exceeding a designated "warning" level, and other circumstances settable by the user. For more detail, see the documentation of recognizer's read method.
Rule LHS's are no longer a source of action names
In Marpa::XS, if there was no explicit action name for a rule, Marpa would try to find a closure that had the same name as the rule's LHS. The use of rule LHS's as action names had a potential for unpleasant surprises. A surprise could occur if the rule's LHS coincided with a function name without the prorgrammer realizing or intending it. This kind of 'action at a distance' bug can be very hard to detect and trace.
It was originally thought that implicitly using the LHS as the name of an action would be convenient enough to outweigh the dangers. But in fact, this feature wound up being little used. And accidental resolution via a rule LHS was a danger for all users, whether they used the feature or not. For these reasons, as well as potential optimization and efficiency considerations, Marpa::R2 no longer does implicit action resolution using a rule LHS.
Different rules with the same rank now appear in arbitrary order
In ranking parse trees, if two rule instances are for different rules but have the same rule rank, they will now appear in arbitrary order. This is probably the behavior that programmers have always expected.
In Marpa::XS, when the null_ranking named argument of rules was in use for one of the rules, specific guarantees were made for the order in some of the cases. The intent was to be orthogonal with the guarantees made for the ranking of null variants within the same rule. These additional guarantees proved useless in practice, cumbersome to implement, and, when documented, opaque and unintuitive. In Marpa::R2 they have been dropped.
Null actions now come from the rules
In Marpa::XS null actions were specified by symbol. This created a dual semantics -- one for non-nulled rules, and another for nulled rules. The conventions and behaviors of the two semantics were quite dissimilar. The rules for their coordination were complicated, and it was possible for a programmer expecting one semantics, to be surprised by a result from the other.
In Marpa::R2 the semantics of nulled rules is the same as that of non-nulled rules, and the semantics of nulled symbols comes from the semantics of the nulled rules. This requires rule evaluation closures to be aware they might be called for nulled rules. But it greatly simplifies the semantics conceptually. For more detail, see Marpa::R2::NAIF::Semantics::Null.
Actions can now be constants
If an action name resolves to a constant, that constant is the action. The effect is the same as if the action name resolved to a function that returned that constant, except that it is more efficient.
Perl cannot reliably distinguish between non-existent symbols and symbols whose value is undef, so constants whose value is undef are not allowed. The ::undef reserved action name can be used instead.
Actions names beginning with "::" are reserved
Action names which start with "::" are reserved. "::undef" is a safe way of specify a constant whose value is undef. Use of a reserved name which has not yet been defined causes an exception to be thrown.
The "default_null_value" named argument for grammars has been removed
Symbols no longer have null values, so the "default_null_value" named argument of grammars has been removed.
The "null_value" symbol property has been removed
Symbols no longer have null values. Use of the null value symbol property now causes an exception.
The token value argument of read() has changed
The Marpa::R2 recognizer's read() method differs from its Marpa::XS equivalent. In Marpa::R2, If read()'s token value argument is omitted, then the value of the token will be a Perl undef. If read()'s token value is given explicitly, then that explicit value will be the value of the token. In particular, an explicit undef token value argument will behave differently from an omitted token value argument. For details, see the documentation of recognizer's read method.
The token value argument of alternative() has changed
The Marpa::R2 recognizer's alternative() method differs from its Marpa::XS equivalent. Its token value argument must now be a reference to the token value, not the token value itself, as in Marpa::XS. If alternative's token value argument is omitted or a Perl undef, then the value of the token will be a Perl undef. If alternative's token value argument is reference to undef, then the value of the token is a Perl undef. For details, see the documentation of the alternative method.
Marpa::R2::Recognizer::value() does not accept named arguments
In the Marpa::XS recognizer, the new(), set() and value() methods all accepted named arguments. As of Marpa::R2, the value() method will no longer do so.
Allowing named arguments for the value() was a holdover from a previous interface, which also seemed like it might be a convenience. But, since it was even more important that the value() method be convenient as the termination test controlling a loop over the parse results, a lot of special logic was added to deal with arguments which only made sense before the first pass of the loop, etc., etc.
Eliminating named arguments from the value() method eliminates a variety of special cases and, as a result, the documentation of the value() method is now simpler, shorter and clearer. Anything that could be done by providing named arguments to the value() method can be done more using the recognizer's set() method, and the code will be clearer for it.
Marpa's grammar rewriting is now invisible
Internally, Marpa rewrites its grammars. In Marpa::XS, most details of these rewrites were invisible, but not all. In Marpa::R2, all internal rules and symbols are now completely invisible to the user, even in the tools for debugging grammars.
By default, the non-LHS symbols are the terminals
Traditionally, a symbol has been a terminal if it is not on the LHS of any rule, and vice versa. This is now the default in Marpa::R2, replacing the more complicated, and less intuitive, scheme that was in Marpa::XS. Marpa::R2 still allows the user to use any non-nulling symbol as a terminal, including those symbols that appear on the LHS of a rule, but this is now an option, and never the default. For more, see "Terminal symbols" in Marpa::R2::NAIF::Grammar.
The lhs_terminals grammar named argument has been eliminated
The lhs_terminals named argument of grammar objects implemented what is now the default behavior. Since it no longer performs a function, its use is now a fatal error.
Nulling symbols cannot be terminals
In Marpa::XS, it was possible for a symbol to be both nulling and a terminal. In practice that meant that the symbol was nulling, but that, on input, that property could be overriden, and a specific instance of the nulling symbol could be made non-nulling. This behavior was worse than useless and non-intuitive -- it was dangerous and logically inconsistent.
Marpa::R2 will not allow a nulling symbol to be used as a terminal. To the extent that the Marpa::XS behavior made sense, it can be duplicated by creating a symbol which is the LHS of two rules, one empty, and the other rule with a RHS consisting of exactly one terminal symbol.
A sequence must have a unique LHS
The LHS of a sequence rule may not be on the LHS of any other rule, whether another sequence rule, or a BNF rule. This is not as severe a restriction as it might sound -- while sequences cannot share the same LHS with other rules directly, they can do so indirectly. For details, see "Duplicate rules" in Marpa::R2::NAIF::Grammar.
In Marpa::XS, the definition of when a sequence was a duplicate was more liberal, but it was also complicated and non-intuitive. The new definition is simpler and more intuitive, and its greater restrictiveness is easy to


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- This event has passed.
Lecture: Farmsteads of Columbia County
Saturday, October 14, 2:00 pm - 3:00 pm$10
In the Hudson Valley agriculture has played an immense role in shaping our community. The Columbia County Historical Society presents Families and Farms of Columbia County: A look at historic farmsteads, three talks focusing on family farms and the varied tools and outbuildings needed on a farmstead in the Hudson Valley. The talks will discuss the shift from subsistence to commercial farming in the early 1800s and the rise of mechanization in the late 19th century through the challenges of today.
Walter Wheeler, Senior Architectural Historian at Hartgen Archeological Associates, will speak about Columbia County farmsteads and the types of buildings that were typically found on them during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Ted Hilscher, Professor Emeritus of History at Columbia-Greene Community College, and Gregg Berninger, Professor of English at Columbia-Greene Community College and Town Historian of Ghent, New York, will moderate the Q&A.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


How Saudi Restaurants Can Increase their Efficiency With An Automatic KOT System
Technology has become an indispensable part of streamlining and running restaurant operations seamlessly. The restaurant Kitchen Order Ticket (KOT) is a small, yet critical aspect of the restaurant ordering system. KOT is a note which is forwarded to the kitchen and billing division, as soon as an order is placed while one copy is retained in the system for future reference. Kitchen Order Tickets primarily contain details related to the items ordered, table number, and the quantity. Having an automated restaurant KOT reduces the scope for manual errors, saves time, helps with real-time reporting of all the orders at your restaurant, and reduces monetary discrepancies. This article explains how an automated KOT System improves restaurant ordering and kitchen Operations and why restaurants in Saudi Arabia must consider shifting towards it.
How An Automated KOT System Will Improve Restaurant Ordering And Kitchen Operations In Saudi Arabia
Traditional KOT generation is a slow, manual process, having much scope for errors, and gives little room for monitoring and tracking the orders. Thus, it is important to switch to an automated restaurant KOT application that not only saves time and increases efficiency but also reduces your costs in the long run.
A smart restaurant POS provides instant KOT generation and helps manage other operations such as customer relationship management, inventory management, detailed reporting, etc.
An automated KOT system is easy to use and install. The entire process can be broken down into three simple steps:
 - Install KOT printers in the kitchen and bar.
 - Make sure that the kitchen prepares and supplies food, based on the printed KOT. Train all your staff accordingly.
 - Install the POS system at the foodservice desk.
Shifting to an automated restaurant generation process can have a lot of benefits. These are the various ways in which an automated restaurant KOT generation process can smoothen your restaurant operations:
1. Ease Of Use
The method of accepting orders into the POS is straightforward. After punching the orders into the system, one can automatically generate the restaurant KOT. Due to its touchscreen interface, it becomes easy for the servers to operate the KOT system. Even for the restaurant staff that is not very tech-savvy, a simple and automatic KOT generation process makes it much easier to process the orders.
2. Accelerates Restaurant Services
The food service process is accelerated as the order is punched on the shop floor, whereas the KOT is printed in the kitchen in real-time. In the traditional KOT generation process, there is always a requirement to handover the KOT manually.
This arrangement also saves time as it allows the automatic capture of data. It reduces the overall table turnaround and the time taken to serve the customers. This has a direct impact on customer satisfaction since it takes less time for your staff to communicate, prepare, and deliver the orders.
In case operators are looking for ways to further automate the restaurant ordering system, they can digitize the entire KOT generation process too. A Kitchen Display System (KDS) comes in handy as instead of printing a paper-based KOT, the orders are directly displayed on display screens along with the order details. KDS not only improves efficiency in your restaurant kitchen, but it also saves substantial time and helps improve the customer experience.
Why Do You Need Cloud Kitchen POS
3. Integrates Seamlessly With Online Ordering Platforms
One of the biggest challenges that restaurateurs often face is streamlining the food delivery orders from online ordering platforms such as Talabat, UberEats, etc. Unless your restaurant ordering system is automated, there are high chances that the online orders may get delayed or missed while sending them to the kitchen for preparation. An automatic restaurant KOT application system ensures that online orders are directly accepted at the POS, and the KOT is generated immediately and printed in the kitchen.
4. Reduces the Scope for Discrepancies
Restaurants can have complete control over their business through real-time monitoring, even if they have outlets at multiple locations. Live analytics allow you to view the number of KOTs generated and enable you to monitor your restaurant operations at all times, from anywhere.
As one can easily access daily sales and stock details, it helps in minimizing revenue leakage. When restaurant operators in Saudi Arabia can monitor the entire information related to raw materials, whether in stock or items that need to be ordered, etc. there will be fewer chances of duplicate orders. One can also exercise theft control because you can keep a tab on the inflow and outflow of materials in real-time.
5. Reduces Dependency On Manual Entries
In the manual KOT generation system, the wait staff always checks or rechecks the KOT. Automated restaurant KOT system not only reduces the manual tasks at hand but also lowers the labor costs. Besides, it also cuts down the wrong delivery problem as it contains the token number, which is also present on the bill.
New-age cloud restaurant POS systems are easy to install and do not require much space. When the billing apps are integrated with the KOT feature, restaurant operators do not need to invest much. These are usually affordable and bring an overall improvement to the business and the revenue earned.
An automated restaurant KOT application will not only help you accelerate your restaurant operations but will also help in reducing your operating expenses to a great extent. Invest in an automated KOT generation system and increase the efficiency of your restaurant operations in Saudi Arabia.
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A brick may refer to any of the following:
1. A brick is a term used to describe early cell phones first invented by Martin Cooper that were made available to the public in the 90's. These cell phones were called bricks because of their size, weight, and because they resembled a brick you would find in building. The picture is an example of how the brick cell phone looked. As can be seen, these phones are much larger than the cell phones used today.
2. The term brick and bricked also refers to a computer or hardware device that no longer functions because of a bad update, most commonly a firmware update. For example, if someone did the wrong firmware update or didn't let the firmware update complete properly, it would cause the device being updated to no longer function.


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The Smith College Flying Club, founded in the 1930s, was the first club of its kind at a women's college. In its time, it co-hosted the first intercollegiate competitive air meet, educated aviatrixes during a time when such training was not readily available to women, and helped train students for the war effort during World War Two.
The Flying Club was initially conceived in November 1934.1) As the Northampton, Mass. Gazette reported, "The meeting [of the fifteen interested students] came as the outcome of a joint session of the Amherst College Flying club and group of ten students at Smith who…have been enthusiastic over the possibility of forming a club similar to that at Amherst." 2). Leading in the creation of the club was Mary F. Kimball '34, who was an avid aviatrix and personally held a private pilot's license. 3) The stated purpose of the organization was the following: "The club is composed of students who are interested in a knowledge of the practical side of flying…It now functions as a ground school and has arranged for its meetings a series of lectures and domonstrations [sic] on the technique of flying, plane construction, commercial aviation, and other phases of the subject." 4)
The initial reaction by the Smith community to the club was one of both enthusiasm and doubt. The college administration was concerned about the safety of the students. The administration maintained that students could only fly if their parents signed a permission form. A press release states, "Listed in the booklet, 'Rules and Regulations,' Smith College, under the heading 'Regulations for Safety,' one finds the official college rule: 'while they are under the supervision of the College students may not ride in airplanes unless written permission from the parents has been previously received in the Office of the Warden.'" 5) Although the Flying Club started out with fifteen potential members 6), only two could obtain the necessary written permission. 7) However, this minor setback did not prevent Smith College from helping to set up, and participate in, the first intercollegiate air meet in 1935. An air meet is a flying competition, in which participants compete in events that center around flying skill. In this first event, hosted jointly by Smith College and Amherst College, Smith was the only woman's college to compete. )
With this strong start, the Flying Club continued to gain popularity throughout the 1930s. The support of the club became of a much more practical nature with the approach of World War II. As tensions increased in Europe, the United States encouraged students to gain training in aviation, through such organizations as college flying clubs. Such interest had been expressed in regard to Smith College as early as 1935 9), and the Civil Aeronautics Authority, founded in 1938, began the Civilian Pilot Training Program, in which it would provide training to students. 10) In 1939, the United States Government tried to involve the Smith College Flying Club in the CAA's training programs for pilots. As a memo from Mrs. Scales to Mrs. Morrow states, "My impression is that while many of the men's colleges have gone into the program, including Harvard and Princeton, and also some universities including the women, that as yet, no women's colleges have taken part in the plan. The Government is very eager to enroll Smith College." 11) The idea was continued in an article published in the Daily News, where it was noted that "Airminded students at Smith college [sic] plan to participate in the Civil Aeronautics authority's [sic] student training program…Aviation interest at Smith has been keen, according to college officials, and a flying club…has been campaigning for Smith's participation in the program." 12)
A number of Smithies did use their experience from the Flying Club during World War Two. The most well known alumna in this regard is Gloria Heath, who served as a WASP during the war. 13) The Flying Club did its part in the war effort, providing training "in weather, radio work, navigation, service and maintenance of airplanes, but also military drill work and plane spotting" to interested student to help the war effort. 14) The club also undertook such projects as removing navigational aids to thwart enemy aircraft. 15) Additionally, the Flying Club acquired its own airplane, the Bird of Paradise, which was jointly owned by 15 students and was operated from _PHONE_. 16) Unfortunately, a fire occurred at LaFleur Field, the airport, in February of 1943, destroying the Bird of Paradise's engine. This forced the Flying Club to sell the plane, as the engine could not be repaired due to unavailability of replacement parts for civilian aircraft. 17)
After the end of the war, the Flying Club began to decline in popularity, despite its rental of a Taylorcraft airplane in 1947. 18) This decline was compounded by the administration's prohibition of the Flying Club from competing in air meets, one of the primary activities of the club. This restriction came in 1950, following a decision to enforce college policy barring intercollegiate sports, such as air meets. In a rather terse letter from Mrs. Cook to the then Flying Club president Nancy Mazur, it was stated that,
The Flying Club may not take part in any intercollegiate meets. Therefore, it seems probable, in the light of what you told me of the plans you had in mind, that Flying Club no longer will wish to continue. If its stated objectives, according to the constitution in my hands, to promote active interest in aviation, can be achieved only by taking part in meets then obviously it will have to disband.19)
Despite the setback, Mazur wrote in reply that "The Flying Club had decided to continue as before except that we will not take part in any competitive meets. However the college's ultimatum on competition will not change the plans of the club to a large enough degree to warrant any extensive change in the club." 20) She further argued that
"The flying club does not come under the Athletic Association. It differs vastly from the sort of thing that does come under the A.A. The A.A. forbids inter-collegiate [sic] competition. but [sic] since the Flying Club is not in the A.A. category this does not necessarily apply…" 21)
Unfortunately, the combination of the end of competitive flying and decreased interest after the war proved insurmountable to the organization, and by 1951 the Flying Club was no longer listed as an organization.22)
The first club of its kind at a women's college, the Smith College Flying Club, in its twenty years of existence accomplished many amazing feats. From flying in the first intercollegiate air meet to training pilots during World War Two, it has a proud legacy at Smith College.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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What the law says
Sections 9 of the Summary Offences Act Queensland states:
- A person must not wilfully expose his or her genitals, unless the person has a reasonable excuse.
- A person who is so near a public place that the person may be seen from the public place must not wilfully expose his or her genitals so that the person's genitals may be seen from the public place, unless the person has a reasonable excuse.
It is a circumstance of aggravation for this section for a person to wilfully expose his or her genitals so as to offend or embarrass another person.
What the police must prove
In order for the Police to prove their case at Court, they must prove each of the following matters beyond a reasonable doubt.
- The accused
- (a) was in or near a public place; and
- (b) did wilfully expose him or herself; or
- (c) Intended to offend or embarrass the person
It will be necessary for the Police in every offence to prove that the accused was the person who committed the offence. Click here to learn more about identification evidence.
The Maximum penalty for the offence of Wilful Exposure
- (a) Section 9 (1) is 2 penalty point unit ; or If the offence involves circumstances of aggravation- 40 penalty points or 1 years imprisonment.
- (b) Section 9 (2) is 2 penalty point units; or if the offence involves circumstances of aggravation-40 penalty point units or I years imprisonment.
Which court will hear the matter
This matter is simple offence which means it is dealt with in the Magistrates Court.
Possible defences to this offence include but are not limited to
- Identification i.e. not the accused.
- The behaviour was not in or near a public place.
- The accused did not wilfully expose him or herself.
- The accused did not intend to offend or embarrass to person.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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The CERN Science Gateway, a new educational and outreach facility of about 7000 m2, will be a unique attraction in the heart of Europe, bringing visitors up close to the science and innovation at CERN. Thanks to authentic and inspiring content, visitors will experience the wider context of scientific research, in the place where science is happening.
The main purpose of Science Gateway is to inspire a diverse audience, to instil in them curiosity for science, and to help them make sense of the science that shapes their lives. In particular, it intends to engage younger students to the pursuit of scientific studies. CERN has joined forces with education leaders to develop, for school children and teachers, a novel way of learning and teaching science.
The Science Gateway will enable interaction with the science and the people working at CERN, the discoveries, the research projects, the innovation, and the peaceful collaboration across nations that makes it all possible.
Finally, Science Gateway will reach out to build ties across CERN member and Associate Member States, and beyond, sharing content and encouraging co-creation with other museums, science centres and education networks.
Private funding is crucial for the completion of Science Gateway, which will be co-developed in close collaboration with donors to reflect a shared vision and common values. The CERN & Society Foundation has launched the capital campaign for the Science Gateway. In-kind contributions of components and services for the building by companies are also being sought.


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When remotely connecting to my server using Windows' Remote Desktop Connection application, I can save Connection settings in an RDP file and then easily edit it right clicking and selecting "edit".
Also I can create an RDP file for a RemoteApp program in a RemoteApp Manager of my server. But it is impossible to edit the settings of the RDP file in the way as for the RDP file created from Remote Desktop Connection application.
Why is that? What is difference between these two types of RDP files and what is the difference between these two types of remote desktop sessions? Is there any way to change the IP address of the Computer parameter of the RDP file, created from a RemoteApp Manager?
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up vote 1 down vote accepted
RDP files are (or at least used to be) plain text files. Try opening one in Notepad or your favourite text editor.
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Thanks! Your info is really helpful. I easily opened both files with Notepad and so was able to edit any parameter. Additionally, I can see all parameters, RDP file consists of, and google them. +1 – rem Jul 9 '10 at 5:03
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My teachers says that "debe" means must.
My question is that does "debe" always mean "should", I thought it only meant "must" and that "debería" meant "should." Is what my teacher said correct or should she have used "debería"?
 - So if what my teacher said correct or incorrect? It is incorrect right? – Louis Feb 24 '18 at 13:22
I think your confusion comes from two different forms of deber: deber and deber de, which are NOT the same. I see very surprising how nobody has highlighted this.
The conditional (debería) is used for advice and it is equivalent to "should".
For example: "I should go" is (yo) debería ir
This is easy to remember, so let's go to the key part.
"Deber" (non conditional) is used for compulsory duties, and it is equivalent to "must".
For example: "I must go" is (yo) debo ir.
However, there is a "phrase" that changes its meaning. When it is "deber de", it means "possibility" instead of duty.
"Deber de" indicates possibility/probability. It is different than just "deber".
It is probably the in the podium of the most commited mistakes in oral speech (sharing positions with "leísmo", "laísmo", or the imperative of "vosotros", haha).
When you say "deber de", it denotes possibility.
Example: Debe de haber 10 personas means "It must be 10 people", in the sense that "It is probable that there are about 10 people.
Check the difference:
"Debe ser grande" = It MUST be big
"Debe de ser grande" = It is probably big.
It can be sometimes hard to decide, but most examples are clear enough.
So, since this is a very common mistake, I just wanted to highlight it and point it out. If this wasn't yoru confusion, tell us.
 - Great answer, thank you very much. But my confusion is with the following phrase: 1) Si la palabra termina por "n", "s" o vocal, la sílaba tónica debe ser la sílaba "2." Si no cumple la norma, la palabra lleva acento en la sílaba tónica. In this phrase shouldn't my teacher have used "debería"? – Louis Feb 27 '18 at 6:46
 - Whoa, that sentence is tricky. I had to read it twice. I'm so sorry but I still don't get where the confusion is. could you highlight the exact words that are causing problems? I don't see why you think there should be a "debería". This is a rule, so it's written as a mandate, using "must". – FGSUZ Feb 27 '18 at 17:33
 - This is not really a rule, not all words follow this rule but most words should follow this rule. The teacher is meaning to express "should" but I'm wondering if "debería" is a more correct substitute of "debe". – Louis Mar 7 '18 at 4:48
 - In spanishdict, it is written that deber ser means must be. – Louis Mar 7 '18 at 4:50
 - In the original sentence you deleted, If I remember well, the usage of "debe" was right because it is a rule. A rule is not neccesarily a god's law: rules can be broken, and there are exceptions, but that doesn't invalidate a rule (as long as it keeps being true "in general") – FGSUZ Mar 7 '18 at 14:07
My teacher says that "debe" means must.
My question is, does "debe" also mean "should"? I thought it only meant "must" and that "debería" meant "should." Is what my teacher said correct or should she have used "debería"?
Indeed, "debe" also means "should." You can see in WordReference.com that deber means:
have to, must, oblige [somebody] to, should
What your teacher wrote was fine. Her explanation of the verb "deber" was perhaps an oversimplification. I will encourage you to find a dictionary you like and make it your friend.
Note, there is often not a perfect one-to-one match between words of different languages. "Should" can be translated as both "debe" and "debería", depending on the context.
Here is a simplified way of thinking about the choice of debe/debería: debería often has more of an "ought to" feel than debe.


EnsurePlus as an Alternative to the Standardized Egg Gastric-Emptying Meal
Lilja B. Solnes, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Harvey A. Ziessman
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to establish normal gastric-emptying values for EnsurePlus in healthy subjects and to determine whether it is an acceptable alternative to the recommended standardized 99mTc-sulfur colloid egg meal. Methods Twenty-one healthy subjects underwent gastric-emptying scintigraphy with 111In-DTPA EnsurePlus. Normal gastric emptying values were established for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after meal ingestion. The gastric-emptying results were compared with another group of normal subjects (n = 18) who ingested the standardized egg meal. Results The mean (95% upper reference limit) percentages for gastric retention for EnsurePlus were as follows: 69.9% (87.1%) at 1 hour, 35.1% (64.3%) at 2 hours, 13.5% (23.2%) at 3, and 8.9% (13.5%) at 4 hours. There were time-related differences in the gastric emptying of the EnsurePlus compared with the egg meal. In the first and second hours, there were no difference between EnsurePlus and the egg meal in terms of percentage retention (P = 0.92 at 1 hour, P = 0.05 at 2 hours). However, at 3 and 4 hours after meal ingestion, the mean percentage gastric retention of the EnsurePlus was significantly higher than the egg meal (P < 0.001). Conclusion EnsurePlus is a good and acceptable alternative to the standardized egg meal.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)459-461
Number of pages3
JournalClinical nuclear medicine
Volume44
Issue number6
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 1 2019
Keywords
 - EnsurePlus
 - gastric emptying
 - nuclear medicine
 - reference value
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging
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text: a narrow band cw dye laser yield accurate constants of the X 1Σ g + and the A 1Σ u + state. From isotope selective resonant two‐photon ionization spectra of the B‐X and the E‐X system excited by a pulsed dye laser and monitored with a time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer, improved vibrational constants and rotational constants of the B 1Π u and the E 1Π u state are derived. Rotational constants of the C and the D state could be determined from the spectral separations between bandhead and band origin in partly rotationally resolved bands. Autoionizing Rydberg states of Ag2 are stepwise excited with two pulsed dye lasers in two resonant steps. From the convergence limits of different Rydberg series converging towards different vibrational levels v + in the X 2Σ g +ground state of Ag2 + the rotational constants of the ion ground state and the adiabatic ionization potential IP(Ag2 +)=61 747±4 cm−1 could be accurately determined.


Study Says Gay and Lesbian Couples Happier Than Their Straight Counterparts
Submitted by Take Out on Tue, 02/06/2018 - 23:05
Gay and lesbian couples have happier relationships than their straight counterparts, according to new research.
Academics behind the research say it counters the stereotype that same-sex relationships are conflictual, unhappy and dysfunctional.
The research, based on surveys of over 25,000 people in the UK and Australia, is published in the academic journal Family Relations.
It found that UK gay and lesbian couples had a relationship quality as high as their straight counterparts, while in Australia it was higher than heterosexuals.
Its authors have offered possible explanations for why homosexual relationships are happier. They said same-sex couples and particularly women are more likely to share domestic labour equally and this means there is less conflict.
Gay and lesbian people are also more likely to feel part of a community, and this could enhance their self-esteem and allow them to experience higher levels of wellbeing.
They could also be more invested in their relationships given the personal and institutional barriers that they have to overcome as members of a sexual minority.
The research also found bisexuals experienced lower relationship quality than gay, lesbian and heterosexual people. The authors claim this could be due to bisexuality being a silenced and invisible sexual identity, with bisexuals not fitting into the gay or lesbian communities or the heterosexual majority.
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Jenna Crowder examines Aliza Shvarts's extensive retrospective at Artspace New Haven, considering how the artist manipulates the language of rage in order to lift it from the margins.
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Temporary continent. maps the unstable tributaries of contributions, reflections, and media arising from Mississippi. An Anthropocene River and its research procession. The project is a collaboration between two experimental publishing collectives, continent. and Temporary Art Review, both concerned with the amplification, modulation, and circulation of community voices on both sides of the Atlantic, and beyond.


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This Placement and Organization of Employment Ads lesson plan also includes:
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Students locate the classified section within a newspaper, find the employment ads, and examine how the employment ads are categorized and arranged. Lastly, they locate ads for specific jobs.
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Translation of upstream in Spanish:
- río or corriente arribatwo miles upstream (from here)a dos millas río arriba (de aquí)to swim upstreamnadar río arriba or contra la corrienteExample sentences
- In the August sunshine the salmon battle their way upstream against the fast flowing creek.
- Lava flowing into waterways could create a hazard in the rivers upstream and enough ash would be carried by the wind to endanger aircraft and communities in the wind's direction.
- When the medieval bridge was replaced with New London Bridge in 1831, the river could flow freely further upstream.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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Tales of a City Tours is the only tour operator of its kind in the UK – a social enterprise which provides a unique perspective on our awesome city of Leeds, through PayAs- YouFeel cultural walking tours led by refugees.
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Our vision is of a multicultural society in which people are tolerant and mutually accepting of one another: 'in diversity, there is beauty and strength'.
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Referring to the documents and examples of tzip-16, how would one implement the contract metadata on a Fa1.2 contract on SmartPy? In order to provide balance updates and offchain events.
TZip16 uses a two stage approach:
For the specific case of the FA1.2, we will probably simply add the metadata field.
 - Metadata are now supported in SmartPy. – FFF Dec 3 '20 at 23:12
There is no way, to implement tzip-16 on an already originated smart contract unless the contract was originally designed for this purpose, because:
 1. Tzip-16 requires (big_map %metadata string bytes) field in the contract storage.
 2. You can't change the storage structure of an already originated contract.
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The Upper Wardha Dam is an earthfill straight gravity dam across the Wardha River, a tributary of the Godavari River, near Simhora village in Morshi taluk in Amravati district in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The dam provides multipurpose benefits of irrigation, drinking water supply, flood control and hydropower generation. The Upper Wardha Dam is also known as the Nala Damayanti Sagar, named after the famous characters Nala and Damayanti of an epic love story in Hindu mythology, Nala Damayanti.
The multipurpose Upper Wardha Dam project is considered the lifeline for Amravati city, and Morshi and Warud Talukas. It is an integral component of the Upper Wardha Irrigation Project, which envisages providing water for irrigation, drinking water supply and for industrial use and also flood control. Hydropower generation is planned only when irrigation develops. The project is located near Morshi, about 8 km towards to the east of Morshi and 56 km from the Amravati town, in the Godavari River Basin. The river drains a catchment area of 4,302 sq km (1,661 sq mt) up to the dam site.


text:
By its roots
Water Lilies Food was created in 1995.
Water lilies are jewels of the pond garden. However they have their share of pests. Aphids and snails would be the worst.
I am sure the water lilies inspired him.
Beavers, muskrats, ducks, porcupines, and snails eat water lilies
Pond weed does not eat water lilies, but it does require a large amount of oxygen which often chokes the lilies out of the pond.
It can live in the water instead of land water lilies are rooted but their leaves float to the surface of water to get their sunlight.
Lilies eat soil, water, nature and algae.
The Water Lilies pictures have always been great favorites.
The water lilies have thick, fleshy creeping underwater stems that are buried in the mud.
Is it not obvious? He had this big pond made and saw to it that the water-lilies grew there in abundance just so he could paint this, his favorite subject.
Water lilies provide shade so that less algae grows in the water and they absorb chemicals from the water that makes it cleaner.
Water lilies provide food for fish. They need pollinators to make seeds. Water lilies are perennial plants.
Water Lilies was painted by Claude Monet in 1916. Answer 2: The above is of course correct. However Monet painted a great number of water lilies paintings from the 1890s until his death in 1926.
He made hundreds of water lilies paintings, in all colors and shades.
Water Lilies - 1911 was released on: USA: 13 January 1911
no. water lilies only eat water and they only get eaten by birds. they are whatsoever beautiful and a true American style.
Yes yes all his water lilies paintings were oil paintings.
Claude Monet, of course, loved to paint water lilies (les nympheas).
Water lilies are not decomposers. But they take advantage of rich soil that has dead material in it. Worms and bacteria are decomposers.
Sea lilies eat tiny water organisms called plankton.
Yes muskrats and beavers have been known to chew on water lilies.
On day 59 the lake is half covered.
The cast of Water Lilies - 1911 includes: Irmgard von Rottenthal as Albertina
Yes, there are some animals that do eat water lilies. Some animals that eat water lilies are deer, beavers, raccoons, and muskrats.
With water & the sun...........
Water lilies have a few adaptations. These would include being able to have their roots constantly submerged in water and having very large flowers to attract insects.
Water lilies and cattails grow in water.
Yes! Beavers, muskrats, ducks, porcupines, and snails eat water lilies. Other animals, such as deers and even humans eat the inside of water lilies-the seeds inside.
well water lilies have seeds in them wich make the babys inside the flower are the seeds wich make more seeds
Purple water lilies are fragrant and showy flowers that float on the water surface. The purple flowers typically have bright purple petals with yellow centers.
Water lilies, sea weed.
Water Lilies do not eat.
Water lilies grow in shallow water
Sea lilies use the tube feet on their arms to capture floating plankton in the water.
The following is about the one in the Metropolitan Museum. Monet painted at least 40 oter 'Water Lilies'. Water Lilies Oil on canvas Dimensions 51 1/4 x 79 in. (130.2 x 200.7 cm)
Water lillies do not eat algae.
Because they get very, very thirsty.
stays the same. water lilies
chloroplasts located only on the upper surface of leaves
Calla Lilies don't particularly need very much water. It really depends where the plant is located whether it be outside or inside.
Water lilies are found in the water. They give shade to water animal life. In warm areas, these flowers will live all year. If the area experiences a winter, they should be taken inside for the season.
No but its allways good to ask
Water lilies and Lotus
They are spelled different
every week you should water them
They grow until they reach the surface of the water.
Probably by the huge lily pad on top of the water.
Because of a water lily's high nutritional content, many animals are attracted to them. Some animals do eat water lilies but the only ones I know of are fish and snails.
Beavers, muskrats, ducks, porcupines, and snails eat water lilies. Other animals, such as deers and even humans eat the inside of water lilies-the seeds inside.
If there is no permanent water supply there can be no water lilies.


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Can Grouper Live In Freshwater
author
Christina Perez
- Tuesday, 08 December, 2020
- 8 min read
You might be wondering whether there are freshwater grouper species which actually can live and stay inside fresh water environment or not. The claim that freshwater grouper species is exist, and they can breed this fish inside fresh water environment is not true.
grouper freshwater
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Contents
Even though the Bumblebee grouper can adapt inside the fresh water environment, this will only happen for several years. Then afterwards the grouper fish need to be moved into the marine water since it is their original habitat where they should life and grow properly.
Thus, you should not understand this wrongly since there is no grouper species that is fresh water type of fish. However, most of the time, they will stay in the tidal pool or the seagrass bed as it will give them the most protection.
Then for food they will eat various microorganisms inside the water for example plankton, micro algae and also some crustacean. The reason why there is no freshwater grouper species type is because when the juvenile grow bigger into adult, then they will go and move to deeper area of the sea as their natural habitat.
In this area, they will feed on various reef fishes such as wrasse, snapper, dam selfish, and parrot fish. They would also feed on different types of sea creature for example, crustaceans, lobster, crab, or octopus.
That is why; you will find grouper fish stays in the coral reef which can be found in the subtropical as well as tropical region. That is why; they would not suddenly take miles of distance to go to the fresh water area just to find food.
grouper fish florida freshwater species there catch fishing sea spanish key west floridasportsman
(Source: _URL_)
Another unique behavior is actually showed by several grouper fish species which like to follow ell when it forages on the reef. Furthermore, they also develop a unique behavior, so they can avoid that predator better by changing the color of their body.
Of course, the grouper fish would not hide for all of their live, as they will need to reproduce which will be done on winter at the full moon period. Indeed, grouper fish can survive in fresh water environment but it is only temporary while they are still young.
Reefs are considered healthier if you see one of us swimming around because we help maintain balance in the ecosystem. I use my large mouth to suck in whole fish or invertebrates, then swallow them right away.
Scientists estimate that historical overfishing decreased our numbers by about 80%, and it's been a long road to recovery. After they're fertilized, the eggs drift around in the currents until they finally hatch.
Grouper Malabar grouper, Epimetheus malarious Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Performed Family: Serranidae Subfamily: EpinephelinaeBleeker, 1874 Tribes and genera Not all errands are called 'groupers'; the family also includes the sea basses. The common name grouper is usually given to fish in one of two large genera : Epimetheus and Mycteroperca.
grouper bumblebee freshwater update monsterfishkeepers
(Source: _URL_)
In addition, the species classified in the small genera Hyperion, Completes, Dermatologist, Graciela, Scotia, and Trio are also called 'groupers'. However, some hamlets (genus Affected), the hinds (genus Cephalopods), the lyre tails (genus Various) and some other small genera (Gonioplectrus, Nippon, Paranoia) are also in this subfamily, and occasional species in other serrated genera have common names involving the word grouper ".
Nonetheless, the word grouper on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephrine. Groupers are Telecasts, typically having a stout body and a large mouth.
They can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and the largest is the Atlantic Goliath grouper (Epimetheus Tamara) which has been weighed at 399 kilograms (880 pounds) and a length of 2.43 m (7 ft 11 1 2 in), though in such a large group, species vary considerably. They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the pharynx.
They habitually eat fish, octopuses, and crustaceans. Reports of fatal attacks on humans by the largest species, such as the giant grouper (Epimetheus lanceolatus) are unconfirmed.
They also use their mouths to dig into sand to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills. The word grouper is from the Portuguese name, group, which has been speculated to come from an indigenous South American language.
grouper freshwater fresh water bee bubble famous
(Source: albertaaquatica.com)
In New Zealand, "groper" refers to a type of wreck fish, Poly prion oxygenate, which goes by the Mori name haiku. In the Middle East, the fish is known as hammer ', and is widely eaten, especially in the Persian Gulf region.
The species in the tribes Grammistini and Diploprionini secrete a mucus like toxin in their skin called Rammstein and when they are confined in a restricted space and subjected to stress the mucus produces a foam which is toxic to nearby fish, these fishes are often called soap fishes. Jordan, 1923 Tribe Epinephrine Sleeker, 1874 Aethaloperca Fowler, 1904 Affected Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Anyperodon Gunther, 1859 Cephalopods Bloch & Schneider, 1801 Chromites Swanson, 1839 Dermatologist Gill, 1861 Epimetheus Bloch, 1793 Gonioplectrus Gill, 1862 Graciela Randall, 1964 Hyporthodus Gill, 1861 Mycteroperca Gill, 1862 Paranoia Guillemot, 1868 Plectropomus Pen, 1817 Scotia J.L.B.
Smith, 1964 Trio Randall, Johnson & Lowe, 1989 Various Swanson, 1839 The largest males often control harems containing three to 15 females.
Groupers often pair spawn, which enables large males to competitively exclude smaller males from reproducing. As such, if a small female grouper were to change sex before it could control a harem as a male, its fitness would decrease.
If no male is available, the largest female that can increase fitness by changing sex will do so. Gonochorism, or a reproductive strategy with two distinct sexes, has evolved independently in groupers at least five times.
grouper freshwater goliath fish cod murray monsterfishkeepers
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The evolution of gonochorism is linked to group spawning high amounts of habitat cover. Both group spawning and habitat cover increase the likelihood of a smaller male to reproduce in the presence of large males.
Fitness of male groupers in environments where competitive exclusion of smaller males is not possible is correlated with sperm production and thus testicle size. Gonochoristic groupers have larger testes than protogynous groupers (10% of body mass compared to 1% of body mass), indicating the evolution of gonochorism increased male grouper fitness in environments where large males were unable to competitively exclude small males from reproducing.
Many groupers are important food fish, and some of them are now farmed. Unlike most other fish species which are chilled or frozen, groupers are usually sold live in markets.
Groupers are commonly reported as a source of Ciguatera fish poisoning. DNA barcoding of grouper species might help in controlling Ciguatera fish poisoning since fish are easily identified, even from meal remnants, with molecular tools.
In September 2010, a Costa Rican newspaper reported a 2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) grouper in Cieneguita, Limón. The weight of the fish was 250 kg (550 lb) and it was lured using one kilogram of bait.
grouper water fresh giant max monsterfishkeepers mtr
(Source: _URL_)
In November 2013, a 310 kg (680 lb) grouper had been caught and sold to a hotel in Dong yuan, China. ^ a b c d e Richard van der Loan; William N. Scholar & Ronald Cricket (2014).
^ Share, Redoubt; Honer, Andrea; Ait-El-Djoudi, Karim; Cricket, Hans (2006). "Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea".
"Rammstein, the skin toxin of soap fishes, and it significance in the classification of the Grammistidae" (PDF). Publications of the Set Marine Biological Laboratory.
^ Scholar, William N. ; Cricket, Ron & van der Loan, Richard (eds.). A phylogenetic test of the size-advantage model: Evolutionary changes in mating behavior influence the loss of sex change in a fish lineage.
Estimates of body sizes at maturation and at sex change, and the spawning seasonality and sex ratio of the endemic Hawaiian grouper (Hyporthodus Quercus, f. Epinephelidae). Constant relative age and size at sex change for sequentially hermaphroditic fish.
grouper bumblebee freshwater update monsterfishkeepers alex
(Source: _URL_)
A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: Incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew. Sex change


ELMA365 On-Premises > Other > Troubleshooting and diagnostics / Logs
Logs
To retrieve all logs, run the following command:
microk8s kubectl logs --tail=-1 -l tier=elma365 --all-containers > logs.txt
To view the logs of a specific service, run the following command (replacing [name] with the name of the service you need):
microk8s kubectl logs --tail=-1 -l app=[name]
Example:
microk8s kubectl logs --tail=-1 -l app=main
To view log files in real time, run the command above with the -f option.
Example:
microk8s kubectl logs --tail=-1 -l app=main -f
The --tail option allows you to display only the last lines of a large log file.
Found a typo? Highlight the text, press ctrl + enter and notify us


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EAT-2Turboclinic's Electronic Actuator Tester empowers the turbocharger reconditioning industry with an intuitive and advanced tool that...
Turbo Electronic Actuator Tester
There are 2 products.
In the intricate world of automotive engineering, turbochargers stand as monumental advancements that significantly enhance engine performance. Central to the operation of a mechanism is the turbocharger electronic actuator, a component tasked with regulating the turbo's variable nozzle turbine or wastegate.
What is a turbo electronic actuator tester?
However, ensuring the correct functioning of these actuators is paramount, which is where a turbo electronic actuator tester becomes an indispensable tool. The actuator tester's role in routine maintenance and troubleshooting is critical for both automotive enthusiasts and professional mechanics alike. Understanding its functions not only contributes to prolonging the life of turbocharged engines but also ensures that they operate at peak efficiency.
A turbo electronic actuator tester is a specialized diagnostic tool designed to calibrate and troubleshoot the actuator of a turbocharger, which controls the variable geometry or wastegate of the turbo. This device sends precise signals to the actuator, mimicking the engine's control unit commands, to test its responsiveness and functionality. It ensures the actuator operates correctly, helping maintain optimal turbocharger performance and prevent issues related to turbo lag or overboost conditions.
Key features to consider when choosing a turbo actuator tester?
When selecting a electronic turbo actuator tester, consider its compatibility with different actuator types, including variable geometry turbochargers (VGT) and wastegate actuators. Look for devices offering precise control over actuation to diagnose issues accurately. User-friendly interfaces with clear diagnostics, real-time feedback, and comprehensive error code libraries are essential for efficient troubleshooting. Robust construction and software update capabilities ensure longevity and adaptability to evolving technologies.
Advantages of using the turbo actuator tester
Utilizing a turbo actuator tester confers several benefits to mechanics and technicians.
- First, it enables accurate diagnostics of actuator health, pinpointing faults with precision. This ensures that only necessary repairs are made, saving time and money.
- Additionally, the tester can verify the success of repairs by simulating engine conditions, confirming that the actuator responds appropriately. This reduces the likelihood of recurring issues, enhancing vehicle performance and customer satisfaction.
The ability to conduct these tests without a full vehicle test drive streamlines the troubleshooting process significantly.
Why choose us?
Selecting our turbo electronic actuator tester ensures precision and reliability. Our state-of-the-art product boasts advanced diagnostics, enabling accurate troubleshooting of turbo actuator issues. We prioritize user-friendliness, ensuring our tester is intuitive and easy to operate. By cooperating with us, you benefit from exceptional customer service, comprehensive after-sales support, and competitive pricing. Trust our expertise for a seamless and efficient testing experience. You can buy turbo electronic actuator tester online at an affordable price.


How do I parse out a timestamp ISO format into a date field
5 pts.
Tags:
ISO
Query/400
How do I parse out a timestamp ISO format into a date field? This is how the field looks: Timestamp ISO Format 2008-10-08-12.13.52.412000 Here is the description of the field: Field From To Length Type Description XXXXXXX 57 82 0 Z Timestamp ISO Format I need to get the 2008-10-08 into a date format so that I can match it and pull in specific dates only. Thank you.
Answer Wiki
Thanks. We'll let you know when a new response is added.
In RPG it would be something like this
DateFld = %date(%subst(%char(TimeStamp):1:10):*ISO)
In Query, you should just be able to substring the 1st 10 chars
Discuss This Question: 5 Replies

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 - Vatchy
 It the date field is a true date field - type D - then just move the timestamp field to the date field and it will work correctly.
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 - Gg1
 There is also the BIF called %subdt. For instance in your case to extract the date you have yy = %subdt(timestamp:*y)
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 - TomLiotta
 ...to extract the date... The %subdt() BIF does not extract a date from a timestamp field. It can extract a component of a date such as the year or the month. To get a full "date", it would be necessary to extract the three year/month/day components and combine the three results into the required form. As Vatchy suggested, simply assigning the timestamp value to a DATE field would be much cleaner. Tom
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 - NullFields
 In cobol, if the from and to dates are defined as date formats TIMESTAMP and YYYY-MM-DD respectively, then it's just a simple move statement.
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 - PGMBOB
 Tom is right, %subdt can get parts of a date. %date( ) can work with numeric, character or timestamp fields D Dateval D (default is ISO dateval = %date(timestamp) dateval is a date field YYMMDD= #CHAR(dateval:*YMD0) 100903 character YYMMDD= #CHAR(dateval:*YMD) 10/09/03 Character YYMMDD#= %DEC(%CHAR(dateval:*YMD):*YMD0)) 100903 numeric Good Luck PGMBOB
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text:
Word Origin & History
O.E. rap, from P.Gmc. *raipaz (cf. O.N. reip, M.Du., Du. reep "rope," Goth. skauda-raip "shoe-lace," O.H.G., Ger. reif "ring, hoop"). Technically, only cordage above one inch in circumference and below 10 (bigger-around than that is a cable). Nautical use varies. Finnish raippa "hoop, rope, twig" is
a Gmc. loan-word. The verb is attested from c.1300. To know the ropes (1840) is originally a seaman's term. Phrase on the ropes "defeated" is attested from 1924, a fig. extension from boxing. To be at the end of (one's) rope "out of resources and options" is first attested 1686. Formerly also in many slang and extended uses related to hanging, e.g. John Roper's window "a noose," rope-ripe "deserving to be hanged," both 16c.


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Common fire fighting equipment in Nairobi Kenya
Common fire fighting equipment in Nairobi Kenya vary depending on the age, size, use and type of building construction. A building may contain some or all of the following features:
Common fire fighting equipment in Nairobi Kenya vary depending on the age, size, use and type of building construction
Common Fire fighting equipment
Fire extinguishers
Fire extinguishers are provided for a 'first attack' fire fighting measure, generally undertaken by the occupants of the building before the fire service arrives. It is important that occupants are familiar with which extinguisher type to use on which fire.
Most fires start as a small fire and can be extinguished if the correct type and amount of extinguishing agent is applied whilst the fire is small and controllable.
The principle fire extinguisher types currently available include:
Extinguishing Agent Principle Use
Waterwood and paper fires – not electrical
Foamflammable liquid fires – not electrical
Carbon dioxideelectrical fires
Wet chemicalfat fires – not electrical
Dry powder solid combustibles, flammable liquids and electricity
Clearly identify fire extinguisher locations. Color code extinguishers based on the extinguishing agent. Logically group them at exits from the building so that occupants first proceed to the exit and then return to fight the fire, with the knowledge of a safe exit behind them, away from the fire.
Hose reels
Fire hose reels are provided for use by occupants as a 'first attack' fire fighting measure but may, in some instances, also be used by firefighters.
When stowing a fire hose reel, it is important to first attach the nozzle end to the hose reel valve, then close the hose reel valve, then open the nozzle to relieve any pressure in the wound hose, then close the nozzle. This achieves two principle objectives:
 - A depressurised hose and hose reel seal will last longer than if permanently pressurised.
 - When using the hose reel next, the operator must turn on the isolating valve, thereby charging the hose reel with pressurized water supply, before dragging the hose to the fire. A potential danger arises if the operator reaches the fire and discovers no water is available because the hose reel valve is still closed.
Because hose reels are generally located next to an exit, in an emergency it is possible to reach a safe place simply by following the hose.
Fire hydrant systems
Fire hydrant systems are installed in buildings to help firefighters quickly attack the fire. Essentially, a hydrant system is a water reticulation system used to transport water in order to limit the amount of hose that firefighters have to lay, thus speeding up the fire fighting process.
Fire hydrants are for the sole use of trained firefighters (which includes factory fire fighting teams). Because of the high pressures available serious injury can occur if untrained persons attempt to operate the equipment connected to such installations.
Fire hydrant systems sometimes include ancillary parts essential to their effective operation such as pumps, tanks and fire service booster connections. These systems must be maintained and regularly tested if they are to be effective when needed..
Automatic Sprinkler Systems
Time is essential in the control of fire. Automatic sprinkler systems are one of the most reliable methods available for controlling fires. Today's automatic fire sprinkler systems offer state of the art protection of life and property from the effects of fire. Sprinkler heads are now available which are twenty times more sensitive to fire than they were ten years ago.
A sprinkler head is really an automatic (open once only) tap. The sprinkler head is connected to a pressurised water system. When the fire heats up the sprinkler head, it opens at a pre-set temperature, thus allowing pressurised water to be sprayed both down onto the fire and also up to cool the hot smoky layer and the building structure above the fire. This spray also wets combustible material in the vicinity of the fire, making it difficult to ignite, thereby slowing down or preventing fire spread and growth.
When a sprinkler head operates, the water pressure in the system drops, activating an alarm which often automatically calls the fire service via a telephone connection.
Some people say sprinklers cause a lot of water damage. As has been explained, only those sprinkler heads heated by the fire operate. All sprinklers in a building do not operate at once. Usually non-fire water damage only occurs if the occupants carelessly damage the system. Firefighters use much more water than a sprinkler system. The combined damage from a fire and the water used by firefighters dramatically exceeds that likely from a properly installed sprinkler system.
Because, historically, complete extinguishment of fires has not been achieved, it is traditional to consider that sprinklers only control fire growth until intervention occurs by the fire service. Today, some sprinkler systems are designed for early suppression and are considered to have failed if they do not extinguish the fire.
Sprinkler systems are usually installed in high or large buildings and high fire hazard occupancies. Statistics show that in a majority of cases where sprinklers are installed the fire has been controlled by one sprinkler head alone.
Call +254748246998 to place your order on Common fire fighting equipment in Nairobi Kenya
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text:
A Bloody Mary is a popular cocktail containing vodka, tomato juice, and usually other spices or flavorings such as Worcestershire sauce, Tabasco sauce, beef consommé or bouillon, horseradish, celery, salt, black pepper, cayenne pepper, lemon juice, and celery salt.
Preparation and serving
A Bloody Mary, as well as the non-alcoholic Virgin Mary, is commonly served in the morning (as are mimosas and screwdrivers).
While there is not much complexity in mixing vodka and tomato juice, more elaborate versions of the drink have become trademarks of the bartenders who make them. A common garnish is a celery stalk when served in a tall glass, often over ice. A beer chaser may also be served with the Bloody Mary, although this varies from region to region.
Bloody Mary recipe courtesy of the New York School of Bartending:
- 1 oz. to 1 1/2 oz.vodka in a Highball glass filled with ice.
- Fill glass with tomato juice
- 1 dash celery salt
- 1 dash ground black pepper
- 1 dash Tabasco
- 2-4 dashes of Lea & Perrin's Worcestershire sauce
- 1/8 tsp. horseradish (pure, never creamed)
- Dash of lemon or lime juice
Garnish with celery stalk.
May be shaken vigorously or stirred lazily, as desired. Garnish with a celery stalk; a skewer of olives, pickles, carrots, mushrooms, or other vegetables; or even meat or fish (salami, shrimp, etc.) and cheese (see photos). Occasionally, pickled asparagus spears or pickled beans are also used.
Prepackaged Bloody Mary mixes that combine the spicy, non-alcoholic components of a Bloody Mary are commercially available.
Variations in alcohol
- Bloody Philip
- Thailand Lao Khao (literally white liquor} 80 proof, rice distilled, replacing vodka in equal measure
- Bloody Bishop
- Sherry in equal measure to vodka
- Bloody Fairy, Red Fairy
- Absinthe replacing the vodka.
- Bloody Geisha
- Sake replacing vodka.
- Bloody Maria
- Tequila replacing vodka.
- Brown Mary or Whiskey Mary
- Whiskey replacing the vodka.
- Bloody Pirate
- Dark rum replacing vodka.
- Bloody Scotsman
- Scotch replacing vodka.
- Bloody Maureen
- Guinness replacing vodka.
- Michelada Clementina (or simply "Chelada")
- Mexican beer replacing vodka, usually flavored with a couple of dashes of Worcestershire sauce and Maggi Sauce and Tabasco sauce. Usually the proportion of beer equals the tomato juice.
- Ruddy Mary
- Gin replacing vodka.
- Red Eye, Calgary Red Eye, or Saskatchewan Red Eye
- Beer replacing vodka, usually in a 50/50 mixture with Clamato in place of the tomato juice.
- Red Eye
- 1 Pint Glass, 1 Shot Of Vokda, Filled Half Way With Beer, Then Topped Up With Tomato Juice, Then An Egg Cracked In (DO NOT STIR) Then Drunk.
- Red Hammer
- Through the 1950s in the north eastern USA, while vodka was scarce, gin instead of vodka was known as a Bloody Mary; once vodka became readily available in those regions, the traditional vodka-based Bloody Mary was known as a Red Hammer for a time
- Virgin Mary, Bloody Shame, or Bloody Virgin
- Without alcohol; the second term is commonly used in Australia.
Variations in mixers
- Bloody Bull
- Beef bouillon and tomato juice. The drink originated at Brennan's restaurant in New Orleans and is served at Commander's Palace as well as other Brennan Family Restaurants.
- Bull Shot
- Beef bouillon or beef consommé in place of tomato juice. It may also contain salt, pepper, lemon juice, Tabasco sauce and Worcestershire sauce.
- Caesar, Bloody Caesar, or Clammy Mary
- Clamato replacing tomato juice, much more popular in Canada than the traditional Bloody Mary.
- Bloody Eight or Eight Ball
- V8 replacing tomato juice, or a mixture, usually equal parts
- Harry's Original
The original Bloody Mary created at Harry's New York Bar in Paris, was only vodka and tomato juice
Variation in drink format
- Frozen Bloody Mary
- Placed in a blender with ice.
- Flaming Bloody Mary
- A small amount of 151 rum is floated on top and a string hangs outside the glass and is ignited for a cold weather drink.
- Flaming, Frozen Bloody Mary
- A frozen Bloody Mary is topped with 151 rum and ignited. Also called "Bloody Fire and Ice". (Note be sure to use a ceramic mug to avoid shattered glass)
- Bloodless Mary
- Without tomato juice
- Bleeding Mary
- Without tomato juice, 1:1 Tabasco to vodka.
- Screaming Emo
- Traditional Bloody Mary, but with a habanero pepper added to it for more heat.
- Screw Mary
- Equal parts vodka, orange juice, and tomato juice or V8, spiced to taste.


text: Pipes used for transporting high velocity pressurized fluids often operate under time-varying conditions due to pump and valve operations. This can cause vibration problems. In the present work, a finite element formulation for the fully coupled dynamic equations of motion to include the effect of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is introduced and applied to a pipeline system used in nuclear reactors. The fluid finite element model is based on flow velocity as the variable. The response of fluid filled pipelines to valve closure excitation has been studied. The model is validated with an experimental pipeline system. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
When I do the following.. anything done to Person b modifies Person a (I thought doing this would clone Person b from Person a). I also have NO idea if changing Person a will change Person b after the linking. Due to my code right now, I can only see this in 1 direction.
Person a = new Person() { head = "big", feet = "small" };
Person b = a;
b.head = "small"; //now a.head = "small" too
Now if I do this instead.. Person a becomes completely separate.
Person b = new Person() { head = a.head, feet = a.feet };
Now this fine and kinda makes sense when comparing this behaviour to other things in C#. BUT, this could get very annoying with large objects.
Is there a way to shortcut this at all?
Such as:
Person b = a.Values;
share|improve this question
Can you give an example of what you're trying to accomplish with this? This isn't the sort of thing that's needed frequently. Maybe there's another way to accomplish your task. – John Saunders Mar 19 '11 at 1:17
It is called "deep copy", search for this. Your example is a very good one for why you rarely actually do this. The odds that one person would have the exact same traits as another one are quite rare. – Hans Passant Mar 19 '11 at 1:18
Note that the word "linking" is not used for what you're doing there. This is an assignment. The question header implies that the question has something to do with the linker. – steinar Mar 19 '11 at 1:22
Sorry about the terminology, I don't know how to properly define everything yet. I'm basically storing a bunch of settings in a object. Then another object takes those settings and builds itself from them. Unfortunately (for me right now), building the second object changes the first object because of this behavior. Maybe I shouldn't be storing my settings in an object, but I don't know how else to do it because of how complex it is. – PiZzL3 Mar 19 '11 at 1:30
This isn't a link at all. They're the same object. You've got two references to the same object. – John Saunders Mar 19 '11 at 1:30
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5 Answers
up vote 9 down vote accepted
Is there a way to shortcut this at all?
No, not really. You'll need to make a new instance in order to avoid the original from affecting the "copy". There are a couple of options for this:
 1. If your type is a struct, not a class, it will be copied by value (instead of just copying the reference to the instance). This will give it the semantics you're describing, but has many other side effects that tend to be less than desirable, and is not recommended for any mutable type (which this obviously is, or this wouldn't be an issue!)
 2. Implement a "cloning" mechanism on your types. This can be ICloneable or even just a constructor that takes an instance and copies values from it.
 3. Use reflection, MemberwiseClone, or similar to copy all values across, so you don't have to write the code to do this. This has potential problems, especially if you have fields containing non-simple types.
share|improve this answer
Thanks, that sums it up nicely. I think I'll have to figure out a different way to store my data or make a special constructor. – PiZzL3 Mar 19 '11 at 2:11
add comment
What you are looking is for a Cloning. You will need to Implement IClonable and then do the Cloning.
class Person() : ICloneable
 public string head;
 public string feet;
 _TAG_ ICloneable Members
 public object Clone()
 return this.MemberwiseClone();
Then You can simply call the Clone method to do a ShallowCopy (In this particular Case also a DeepCopy)
Person b = (Person) a.Clone();
You can use the MemberwiseClone method of the Object class to do the cloning.
share|improve this answer
Do not use IClonable: blogs.msdn.com/b/brada/archive/2003/04/09/49935.aspx – Robert Levy Mar 19 '11 at 1:26
_USER_ Levy: I know the difference arise between Shallow Copy and Deep Copy, when you have Reference type of members in the class. – Shekhar_Pro Mar 19 '11 at 1:32
add comment
a and b are just two references to the same Person object. They both essentially hold the address of the Person.
There is a ICloneable interface, though relatively few classes support it. With this, you would write:
Person b = a.Clone();
Then, b would be an entirely separate Person.
You could also implement a copy constructor:
public Person(Person src)
 //...
There is no built-in way to copy all the fields. You can do it through reflection, but there would be a performance penalty.
share|improve this answer
_USER_, 1. The difference between deep copy and shallow copy is irrelevant here, because the class only has two fields, both with immutable types. 2. I didn't recommend ICloneable. I listed it as an option. 3. That is not an official guideline, just a discussion of a plan to add it to the official guidelines (I don't know if it made it). – Matthew Flaschen Mar 19 '11 at 1:37
it did make it to the official guidelines – Robert Levy Mar 19 '11 at 2:07
_USER_, can you post the official link, so I can see the details? – Matthew Flaschen Mar 19 '11 at 2:47
section 8.5 of the book (second edition) _URL_-Design-Guidelines-Conventions-Libraries/dp/… – Robert Levy Mar 19 '11 at 3:32
show 1 more comment
You could do it like this:
var jss = new JavaScriptSerializer();
var b = jss.Deserialize(jss.Serialize(a));
For deep cloning you may want to take a look at this answer: _URL_
share|improve this answer
add comment
This happens because "Person" is a class, so it is passed by reference. In the statement "b = a" you are just copying a reference to the one and only "Person" instance that you created with the keyword new.
The easiest way to have the behavior that you are looking for is to use a "value type".
Just change the Person declaration from
class Person
struct Person
share|improve this answer
This just makes it harder to have a class. 'Cannot have instance initalizers in structs' – Bonzo Oct 6 '12 at 18:34
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Your Answer


How to format pendrive using cmd
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In this article we will teach you How to Format pendrive using CMD. If you have virus on your computer or getting any difficulty using your pendrive this simple cmd trick can help you to recover from all these situations.
These day's almost everyone who is using computer, uses pendrive for Data transfer purpose. There are lot's of viruses that spread with the help of pendrive and get's stuck into your pendrive. Sometimes pendrives also start's getting some issues with them regarding the data. There is one solution for all these problem's that is to format your pendrive with the help of command prompt.
How To Format Pendrive Using CMD.
Just follow our step by step instruction's to format your pendrive and make it working like new one again with our cmd trick.
You may also like to read about Best cmd commands used for hacking and How toDownload hike for pc
Steps 1:
First of all insert your USB Pendrive into your computer or laptop.
Steps 2:
Now check and note down that what letter is assigned to your USB pen drive, whether it is G:, H:, I: or something else.
Format pendrive using cmd
Steps 3:
Now open CMD (command prompt) by pressing Win+R keys at the same time > type Run in the dialog box and hit Enter.
open command prompt
Steps 4:
Now type below command into your command prompt ( cmd ) to format pendrive using cmd and hit Enter button.
format /q /x D:

Note: replace D: with your pandrive's assigned drive latter.
Step 5
Now it will display a message "Insert new disk for D: and press enter when ready". Just Press Enter button and it will start formatting your pendrive.
Format pendrive using command prompt
Step 6
Now, You will get a message "Initializing the File Allocation Table (FAT)… Volume label (11 characters, ENTER for none)?" that means the format precess has been completed and it's waiting for your confirmation. Simply Press Enter and you are done.
format completed

That's it, Now you have sucessfully formated your pendrive using cmd. if you have any query about my article How to format pendrive using cmd, feel free to ask me in the comment section below.
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text:
Peaches are basically introverts. They should be stored on their shoulders and not touch one another. If you must bag them, don't put to many in one sack. And remember, they need to breath because of the ethylene gas they omit. So use paper (fridge only) or plastic with holes cut in it.
So how should you store them based on their ripeness?
Ripe peaches – If it's ripe but you aren't ready to eat it, put it in the fridge. You'll need to check on it frequently though.
Not quite ripe – Store them on the kitchen counter, on their shoulders.
Firm peaches – Place them in a paper bag to ripen faster. Include a very ripe banana in the bag or an apple if you wish to speed up the ripening process.


Selection Criteria
Acceptance into the Program is competitive and requires the commitment and ability to successfully complete the two years. The average overall and science GPA of accepted students is approximately 3.4 and the average composite and science ACT scores is 21. This varies each year and is dependent on the applicant pool. Each applicant receives points based on their academic performance in each of the following categories:
 - Cumulative Grade Point Average (Retention GPA will be considered)
 - Science GPA
 - ACT/SAT Composite Score
 - ACT/SAT Science Score
Additional points towards selection are also given based on the following categories:
 - Dental office experience/observation (verified)
 - GPA greater than or equal to 3.0 for 35 or more college credits
 - BS/BA degree or advanced degree
Based on the points received from all the above categories, applicants are ranked and the top 28 applicants are invited to a group orientation and group interview with the dental hygiene faculty.


text:
Red-feathered birds suffer from eye damage
Birds with red, orange or chestnut feathers are more likely to suffer from eye damage, researchers have found.
Scientists discovered the link after analysing the lenses in the eyes of 81 different species of bird.
Birds known for their bright flashes of colour, such as robins, were found to be more prone to cataracts.
Dr Ismael Galvan from Paris-Sud University, who led the study, said the results could have implications for other species, including humans.
A cataract is when the clear lens of the eye becomes cloudy, limiting the passage of light and affecting vision.
Bird's eye facts
- Vision is cited as the most important sense for birds; it is essential for flying
- The ostrich has the largest eye in the bird world. Measuring up to 5cm across, it is also the largest eye of any land animal
- Birds of prey have specialised eyes to allow them greater peripheral vision and super-sharp focus
- Birds have much more complex colour vision than humans and can see UV light
"Vision is of paramount importance for birds, and birds with cataracts are likely to have limited ability to hunt, forage or perceive visual [signs] used in communication," Dr Galvan told BBC Nature.
The study, published in the journal Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A, is the first to study cataracts in wild animals.
Professor Graham Martin, an expert in bird vision from the University of Birmingham, suggested that eye damage in birds may have not been considered previously, because comparing a large sample of birds' eyes was such a considerable challenge.
"The eyes are one of the first things that deteriorates when a bird dies," he explained.
"I've seen cataracts in birds myself, but how prevalent they are and their distribution across different species has not been looked at before."Hobby help
To ensure they were studying fresh specimens, Dr Galvan and his team worked with taxidermists to investigate the lenses of birds they had collected for preservation.
End Quote Dr Ismael Galvan South Paris University
This may have implications for understanding the patterns of cataract prevalence in humans"
They discovered that a particular pigment linked the species that suffered from cataracts.
The pigment, called pheomelanin, is the same one that is responsible for red hair and freckles in humans.
"Pheomelanin generates red colouration, like the throat colour of barn swallows, but also orange-chestnut colourations," said Dr Galvan.
Birds found to be more susceptible to lens damage included ginger-winged barn owls, copper-chested kingfishers and aptly named redwings.
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is cited as one of the causes of cataracts, and because birds fly in open skies, they are exposed to high levels of UV.
Although some species have previously been found to have antioxidants that prevent UV damage, birds with reddish colourings have less of this protection.
"The production of pheomelanin consumes part of an antioxidant that plays a key role in the protection of lenses from cataracts," Dr Galvan explained.
The team hopes the results will stimulate further investigation into the links between pigments, antioxidants and lens damage.
"Our study may have implications for understanding [the] patterns of cataract prevalence in humans and other species," said Dr Galvan.
Prof Martin believes the results could also encourage bird ringers to add eye quality to the list of data they collect on birds.


text:
The part of the foot of the horse, and allied animals, between the fetlock and the coffin joint. See Illust. of Horse.
A shackle for horses while pasturing.
That part of the foot of a hoofed mammal from the fetlock to the hoof.
Area and joint between fetlock and hoof.
Metacarpus.... The region between the carpus (wrist) above, and the digits (foot) below [on the front legs].
The area below the knee on a dogs rear legs.
Commonly recognized as the region of the foreleg between the carpus or wrist and the digits.
region of the front leg between the carpus and the foot (the wrist)


Seriously…this study app is FREE!
PT365 includes:
 - A challenging multiple-choice question every day!
 - Detailed explanation of correct and incorrect answers
 - Performance analysis features to track progress
 - Interactive calendars to review previous questions
Product Overview
Assess Your Mental Fitness!
PT365 provides physical therapists with a unique daily opportunity to assess their mastery of essential physical therapy content through multiple-choice questions. A complete explanation of both correct and incorrect options is offered for all questions. The app provides a method to track individual performance over time and to compare the results to the relative performance of other physical therapists.
Stay on Top of Your Game!
The app is designed for physical therapists at any level of clinical competence. For example, student physical therapists can use the app to improve their clinical decision making as they progress through their academic program or as a resource to prepare for the NPTE-PT. Licensed physical therapists can use the app as a tool to retain necessary academic content and to expand their knowledge base when working with patients with diverse system and multi-system involvement.
Incorporate PT365 Into Your Morning Routine
Each day the app provides users with a multiple-choice question. Each question has four possible options with one option serving as the correct response and the other three serving as incorrect responses. Users are informed if they answered the question correctly and are able to examine the percentage of other candidates selecting each of the four options. Users will be able to review the rationale for the correct and incorrect options for the current question or any previously answered questions. A performance analysis section allows users to gather a variety of detail on their performance including the percentage of questions answered correctly to date, the percentage of questions answered correctly in specific system and content outline areas, and the longest correct question streak. They are able to examine their performance compared to the performance of other users by system area and by difficulty level.


text:
The Bruce Murray Space Image Library
How to tell the size of an asteroid using combined optical and infrared observations
Filed under planetary astronomy, comets, asteroids, explaining science
This chart illustrates how infrared is used to more accurately determine an asteroid's size. As the top of the chart shows, three asteroids of different sizes can look similar when viewed in visible-light. This is because visible-light from the sun reflects off the surface of the rocks. The more reflective, or shiny, the object is (a feature called albedo), the more light it will reflect. Darker objects reflect little sunlight, so to a telescope from millions of miles away, a large dark asteroid can appear the same as a small, light one. In other words, the brightness of an asteroid viewed in visible light is the result of both its albedo and size.
The bottom half of the chart illustrates what an infrared telescope would see when viewing the same three asteroids. Because infrared detectors sense the heat of an object, which is more directly related to its size, the larger rock appears brighter. In this case, the brightness of the object is not strongly affected by its albedo, or how bright or dark its surface is. When visible and infrared measurements are combined, the albedos of asteroids can be more accurately calculated.
NASA / JPL
Most NASA images are in the public domain. Reuse of this image is governed by NASA's image use policy.
Other Related Images
Pretty pictures and