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Setting And Starting A Washing Programme - Electrolux ESF2450 User Manual
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10 electrolux
Programme
1) For programmes where the option has an impact, the energy saving is between 10% and 25%.
2) During the 'Auto' washing programme the level of soiling on the dishes is determined by how cloudy
the water is. The programme duration, water and energy consumption levels can vary; this depends
upon if the appliance is fully or partially loaded and if the dishes are lightly or heavily soiled. The
temperature of the water is automatically adjusted between 45°C and 70°C.
3) Test programme for test institutes. Please refer to separate leaflet supplied, for test data.
Consumption values
Programme
1) The digital display shows the programme duration.
The pressure and temperature of the
water, the variations of power supply
Setting and starting a washing programme
Set the washing programme with the
door ajar. The washing programme only
starts after you close the door. Until then
it is possible to modify the settings.
Do these steps to set and start a washing
programme:
1. Switch on the appliance.
2. Make sure that the appliance is in setting
mode.
3. Press one of the programme buttons.
Refer to the chapter 'Washing pro-
grammes'.
– The programme indicator light comes
on.
– All other programme indicator lights go
off.
– The digital display shows in flashing the
programme duration.
– The phase indicator light for the wash-
ing programme starts to flash.
4. Close the door.
Degree
Type of
of soil
load
Normal
Crockery
or light
and cut-
soil
lery
Programme duration
(in minutes)
1)
-
-
-
-
Programme description
Main wash up to 50°C
1 intermediate rinse
Final rinse
Energy consumption
(in kWh)
1,0
0,5-0,8
0,63
0,45
and the quantity of dishes can change
these values.
– The washing programme starts auto-
matically.
– The phase indicator light for the wash-
ing programme is on.
When the washing programme oper-
ates, you cannot change the pro-
gramme. Cancel the washing pro-
gramme.
Warning! Only interrupt or cancel a
washing programme if necessary.
Caution! Open the door carefully. Hot
steam can come free.
Cancelling a washing programme
1. Press and hold function buttons B and C
until all the programme lights come on.
2. Release function buttons B and C to can-
cel the washing programme.
At this time you can do these steps:
1. Switch off the appliance.
2. Set a new washing programme .
Energy
Save op-
1)
tion
Selectable,
no impact
on washing
pro-
gramme.
Water consumption
(in litres)
9,0
5,0-9,0
7,0
6,0
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text: WHY OLIVE Oil SOAP! Olive Oil Soap leaves behind a thin layer of olive oil, which holds moisture while allowng your skin to breathe. WHY GOATS MILK! Goats milk adds richness, and a creamier later to bath and body soap, and it's also very moisturizing. It is used universally by people with sensitivities to other types of milk for everything from feeding babies to bathing. Adding the milk lowers the pH which helps to maintain the natural pH mantel of your skin. Goat milk is also a natural source of alpha-hydroxy acids. Your skin will look and feel smoother.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Moholt 50I50 – Timber Towers
Main objectives of the project
The Moholt 50|50 project in Trondheim, Norway, aims to improve student housing by introducing new collective-oriented units, support services, and public programs. It creates an active central area that connects the student village with the surrounding area. The project includes tower constructions where each floor is a student collective with shared spaces. Additionally, it features a kindergarten, library, and public spaces. All buildings are constructed using cross-laminated timber (CLT) and have an ambitious energy concept, including geothermal heating. The use of CLT reduces CO2 emissions and the project is the largest CLT project in Europe. The towers have a 9-storey height, with CLT elements used from the first to the 9th floor. The project utilizes the aesthetic qualities of CLT and conducted fire tests. The façade cladding system accommodates shrinkage and is clad with Kebony treated pine wood panels.
- 2016: Construction
- Architect: Masu planning
- Architect: MDH Arkitekter SA
Country/Region: Norway, Trondheim
Student housing often plumb the depths of mediocrity, with simple units stacked on top of each other in the cheapest way possible and left to themselves without support programs. The Moholt 50|50 project is a reaction to this. By injecting new collective oriented housing units, support services for students and public programs into an existing student village built in the sixties, a new active central area is created, erasing the psychological border between the student village and the surrounding area.
The project is located in Trondheim, Norway. The title Moholt 50|50 represents a turning point in the history of the student village. 50 years after the inauguration of the first student units at Moholt student village a competition for young architects was arranged looking for a vision for the coming 50 years. True to the ideals of the student organization – offering both private space for individual needs and collective space promoting collaboration, social responsibility and tolerance, the winning project proposed tower constructions where every floor is a student collective. Every collective consists of 15 units with individual bathrooms. The habitants of the units share a kitchen, dining/ living room, entrance hall and a guest toilet. The ground floors of all towers offer spaces for more publicly oriented services of the student organization and commercial spaces. In addition to the student housing towers the masterplan consists of a kindergarten and a library with spaces for student activities. All buildings are constructed in crosslaminated timber (CLT) and have an ambitious energy concept. Moholt 50|50 is the largest CLT project in Europe. The guiding idea was to lay out a "street" through the student village, a coherent and active public space. Moholt allmenningen (Moholt commons), as it is now officially called, brings together existing small paths and roads to a larger public space and connects them to the larger road system. All new buildings are connected to this street which brings together movement and activity connected to the buildings. The Moholt Commons is a "shared space" area, also available to emergency vehicles, deliveries and handicap vehicles. It is designed as a public space with benches, stages, bicycle parking and planting – a place where people can meet. In the original competition proposal the towers were planned with conventional construction methods; a steel and concrete structure with a brick cladding, the latter in order to harmonize with the existing low-rise student housing with redbrick facades. To meet the project's energy and climate goals the project team researched the possibility of turning the structures into CLT constructions. The towers, with their relatively short spans and Y-shape volumes, were statically optimal for CLT-construction. The choice of CLT in load-bearing structures, the reduced energy need in accordance with the "passive house standard" and geothermal heating are the main elements of the environmental concept for the project. The local heating plant consists of 23 geothermal wells, heat recovery from ventilation air, heat recovery from waste-water, and solar thermal collectors, all of which provide for an integrated energy system.
The use of CLT has reduced the CO2 in building materials by 57 % and the CO2 emissions associated with energy use are reduced by approximately 70% compared to standard Norwegian requirements. db77d1a7fbc36aa2769d9d623707981f2eb6d65f e7059104b8f3c628405c8bc8408ffaf6f0b22661
The five towers are 9-storeys high with a height of 28-metres. The basement and ground floor levels are made in cast reinforced concrete. From the first floor to the 9th floor the structure consists of prefabricated CLT-elements.
The approach to building with CLT was to take advantage of the finished surface of the CLT elements and expose as much as possible of the wood in the interiors. By utilizing the technical and aesthetic qualities of the CLT system a robust and honest expression was achieved.
A full scale fire test was conducted to establish a better information basis for fire sizing, burn rate and sprinkler capacity.
Like regular wood structures, CLT wood structures have the characteristics of shrinkage in tangential and radial direction. The façade cladding system of the student towers is designed to give it a telescopic characteristic, which can absorb the shrinkage of the floor elements without creating tensions in the cladding.
The façades are clad with Kebony treated pine wood panels. The cladding on the ground floor is treated with a fire protecting wood stain, whereas the rest of the Kebony façade is left untreated and will weather naturally.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Keywords and Phrases
Ceramic Paste Extrusion; Freeze-Form Extrusion Fabrication; Modeling And Analysis; Numerical Simulation; Paste Solidification
"During the freeze-form extrusion fabrication process, both the extrusion and freezing processes are complex due to the aqueous-based ceramic pastes' non-Newtonian behavior, large latent heat of the water contained in the paste, and the small temperature difference between the ambient and the paste. In this study, the steady-state relationship between plunger velocity and extrusion force is developed based on a modified Herschel-Bulkley viscosity model and the Navier-Stokes equations, and the dynamic response of the extrusion force is described by a first-order nonlinear equation when plunger velocity is taken as an input. It is shown that the extrusion response time depends on the amount of air inside the extruder and the magnitude of the extrusion force. Air bubble release and pre-loading are then analyzed based on the developed constitutive model. The freezing process is modeled by a simplified one-dimensional heat transfer model and a lumped method. As the layer number increases, the paste freezing time increases and finally reaches a steady state. A non-dimensional analytical solution for the freezing time of parts with large numbers of layers was obtained using the lumped method. The effects of both non-dimensional and dimensional factors on the critical freezing time were studied. The critical freezing time is the time when the steady-state freezing time equals the total time between layers, which is the sum of the deposition time for the current layer and the dwell time between the current and next layers. A series of simulations and experiments were conducted to validate the predictive capabilities of the constitutive model for the extrusion force and the critical freezing time for parts with large numbers of layers. Good agreements between the simulation and experimental results were obtained."--Abstract, page iii.
Landers, Robert G.
Leu, M. C. (Ming-Chuan)
Isaac, Kakkattukuzhy M.
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Ph. D. in Mechanical Engineering
Missouri University of Science and Technology
xv, 105 pages
© 2016 Mingyang Li, All rights reserved.
Dissertation - Open Access
Library of Congress Subject Headings
Ceramic materials -- Extrusion
Solid freeform fabrication
Electronic OCLC #
Li, Mingyang, "Modeling, analysis, and simulation for aqueous-based ceramic pastes in freeze-form extrusion fabrication process" (2016). Doctoral Dissertations. 2481.


-A +A
BALISTIKA 2010 : An Automated Firearms Identification System for Forensic Laboratories
BALISTIKA® 2010 is a ballistic image analysis and recognition system with the following characteristics:
High matching performance, user friendly, scalable, capable of extracting and using 3-dimensional data, based on a relational database relating bullets, cartridge cases, firearms, incidences and individuals.
Firearms leave unique marks on fired bullets and cartridge cases when they are used. When the marks on two bullets or cartridge cases are compared, one can determine whether these have been fired from the same firearm or not. In this way, the relations between different events can be established. Comparing cartridge cases or bullets to match those fired from the same firearm is a time consuming and a painstaking task that requires continuous attention.
When the number of evidences to be examined and the archive of evidences are large, then manual comparison becomes virtually impossible. Balistika® 2010 is a project to solve this problem. Balistika® 2010 enables matching cartridge cases and bullets automatically at a high matching performance.
BALISTIKA is a system developed by TUBITAK UZAY, consisting of the software and the hardware, which acquires the 3D data of the cartridge cases and bullets using photometric stereo method, saves this data in the database together with the accompanying metadata, is capable of saving the information about the cases, persons, firearms in addition to the cartridge case and bullet data, compares these by extracting features data from 3D data and gives the probability of them being sisters, is capable of distributing the load of correlation task among the computers within the system, is capable of performing data communications with the other BALISTIKA installations, provides computerized cartridge case and bullet correlation.
BALISTIKA is a ballistic mark image analysis and recognition system. BALISTIKA has three main functions:
1. Data Acquisition: provides the creation of high quality images by means of smart software and hardware.
2. Query and Visualizing: provides the correlation of the created images with the previous data and analyze.
3. Evidence Matching: provides the storage of the information about the images, evidence, cases and individuals by means of server unit and opportunity of matching.


text:
Every widget primitive and compound widget can carry a user-specified value of any IDL data type and organization; that is, every widget contains a variable that can store arbitrary information. This value is ignored by the widget and is for the programmer's convenience only.
The initial user value is specified using the UVALUE keyword to the widget creation function. If no initial value is specified, the user value is undefined. Once the widget exists, its user value can be examined and/or changed using the GET_UVALUE and SET_UVALUE keywords to the WIDGET_CONTROL procedure.
User values can be used to simplify event-handling. If each widget has a distinct user value, you need only check the user value of any event to determine which widget generated it. In practice, this means you do not need to keep track of the widget IDs of all the widgets in your widget hierarchy in order to determine what to do with a given event.
Another use for user variables is to simulate a variable that is available in more than one IDL routine. For example, you can set the user value of a top-level base widget equal to one or more widget IDs. You then have an easy way to pass the widget IDs from your widget creation routine to your event handling routine.
We will take advantage of both of these aspects of user values in Example 2: Event Processing and User Values.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
One of Britain's most influential think tanks has launched a report aimed at addressing the money problems facing ordinary working families – building on work started in Nottingham.
The Addressing Economic Insecurity report, to be launched in Nottingham by the RSA (Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce) expert body today (Friday, January 12), investigates what is meant by "economic insecurity", who it includes and how the lives of those affected can be improved.
It is part of the Out of Ordinary partnership programme between the RSA and another think tank set up last year at Nottingham Trent University, known as Nottingham Civic Exchange.
The scheme has a focus on Nottinghamshire, with a broader objective to influence policy at a national level.
In the report, the RSA argues that economic insecurity – harmful volatility in people's financial circumstances – has not been properly looked at, and as such policymakers have frequently misdiagnosed problems and consequently provided inadequate solutions.
Report author Atif Shafique, senior researcher at the RSA, said: "Having a job is no longer a guarantor of economic security – more than seven million people in working households live in poverty, wage growth lagged behind inflation for most of the last decade, and close to eight million people in the UK live with problem debt.
"Ten years after the crash, and we need a step-change. Community, place, identity and personal responsibility all have an important role to play.
"But to help ordinary working families take ownership of their lives, local and national policymakers must reshape policy around economic security too.
"We must be more strategic in when we intervene, preventing problems before they happen, and more expansive in who they help, as automation and other challenges affect people across the income spectrum."
RSA chief executive Matthew Taylor will chair a panel at Nottingham Conference Centre this morning, which will look at the detail of the report and in particular the three long-term and short-term recommendations it sets out.
They include a renewed "social contract", meaning stronger relationships between business , policymakers and civic society; better understanding of the links between the economy, job quality and progression or security; and establishing economic security as a central priority for social policy.
These recommendations would reshape the way national and local governments, as well as other agencies, view and approach policy setting – particularly around issues affecting ordinary working families.
Using three key policy areas as an example – health, housing and welfare – the RSA's report demonstrates how issues could be viewed through an "economic insecurity lens" to better inform actions and urges policymakers to do so as a matter of urgency.
It draws upon and reinforces the findings of initial work by Nottingham Civic Exchange (NCE) into ordinary working families, which was released last June.
Dr Paula Black, director of NCE at Nottingham Trent University, said: "We noticed through our work looking at how ordinary working families felt about their financial situation, as well as the economic reality, that economic insecurity was a common theme and warranted further exploration."
NCE's report highlighted economic insecurity is a key feature of such households. It also found that how people felt about their financial situation differed from the objective measures commonly used.
Dr Black added: "As policymakers increasingly discuss ordinary working families, it is important they understand the way that economic insecurity impacts their lives and that the subjective element of how people feel is important in this.
"We are delighted to be working with the RSA on this programme of work and to be feeding the experiences of Nottinghamshire people and the profile of the area into such influential work."
The RSA's definition of economic insecurity captures both objective and subjective experiences.
It supported NCE's regional research with a further survey of more than 2,000 adults across the country.
In the survey, more than 20 percent described their financial position as "just about managing to make ends meet each month".
Of those "just about managing", 32 percent had annual gross household incomes above £34,000, including 12 percent with incomes above £48,000.
Thirteen percent had incomes below £14,000, while 55 percent were in the low to middle-income range of £14,000 to £34,000.


text:
|Place of Origin:
|Minimum Order Quantity:
|5 working days
|1000 sets per month
|Road And Tunnel Detection For The Cavities
|Radar Detection, No Destruction
Advanced detection vehicle for road and tunnel
This vehicle is used to detect and find out the geological disasters such as cavities, subsidence and permeable water in advance. in the road or tunnel without arousing any destruction.
A few days ago, the new detection equipment-the tunnel advance detection vehicle rolled off the assembly line in Shijiazhuang City. The product can perform non-contact detection of internal defects in tunnels, roads and other sections, sense potential safety hazards in advance, and play a huge role in ensuring the safety of personnel and the safe and efficient tunnel construction.
China is the country with the most and longest tunnels in the world. Due to various influences such as deep burial, long distance, and submerged excavation, the geological and hydrogeological conditions are complex. Unforeseen tunnel construction will encounter faults, collapses, and karsts. , Rock bursts, water bursts, mud bursts, gas bursts, etc., bring many hidden dangers to the safe and rapid construction of the tunnel. For this reason, the development of a special equipment that can detect geological abnormalities in advance and long distances during tunnel excavation, and improve the accuracy and accuracy of prediction, has become an urgent problem in the process of safe and rapid tunnel construction.
The tunnel advanced detection vehicle uses high-frequency electromagnetic pulse reflection technology to detect the distribution of the medium ahead and underground. Compared with detection technologies such as sonar and electrical methods, it has the advantages of fast scanning speed, high resolution, light weight, and non-destructive testing. . During the operation of the rover, the vehicle can fix the parking space and move the robotic arm for radar detection. It can also travel at a slow speed while extending the detection arm to perform omnidirectional and non-dead-angle inspections on the tunnel and road surface. The maximum scanning width of the radar is 12 meters. The maximum detection depth can reach more than 50 meters, the overall stability of the vehicle is good, and the movement is flexible.
It is understood that the tunnel advanced detection vehicle R&D team has successively focused on key core technologies such as broadband high-power transmitters, high-sensitivity acquisition systems, low-frequency shielding geological radar antennas, intelligent identification of geological anomalies, and the stability of vehicle detection under complex conditions. It greatly improves the accuracy of geological anomaly prediction, and provides advanced detection equipment for the safe construction of tunnels and roads, regular inspections of internal geological defects, and ensuring safe construction and traffic.
Detection depth: 50m
Power of the antenna: 10W
Scan speed of the antenna: 0.03m/s
Detection tunnel height: 8m
Travelling speed for floor detection: 3-20km/h
Overall size" 6.5*2.1*2.9m


text:
1. REVIEW THE ACADEMIC ENGLISH TO PATHWAY POWERPOINT BELOW
2. PREPARE YOUR FINANCIAL DOCUMENTATION
To receive your new I-20 after successfully completing Academic English, you must provide updated financial documentation. Financial documentation must be no older than 6 months. Proof of financial support is required for each subsequent program. Multiple sources of funding are acceptable, but financial documentation must be provided for each source of funding. Be advised that Designated School Officials in the Office of International Student Services reserve the right to reject submitted financial documentation or request additional information, proof, or financial documentation on a case-by-case basis.
Types of Financial Documentation
- Affidavit of Support (preferred)
- Bank Statements
- Loan Letters
- University Scholarship or Assistantship Award
- Government Funding, Scholarship, or Sponsor
Proof of Financial Support Amounts
|Program||Minimum Funding Amount|
|Undergraduate – One year||$36,894|
|Graduate – One year||$38,690|
|Spouse – One year||$8,020|
|Child – One year||$4,870 per child|
3. SUBMIT THE FINANCIAL CERTIFICATION FORM
If you are completing the financial certification form on your own, be sure that for "Select the reason you are submitting proof of financial support" you choose "I am in my final term of Academic English and expect to begin Pathway next semester".Complete the Financial Certification
4. TRAVELING INTERNATIONALLY BEFORE PATHWAY? SUBMIT A TRAVEL SIGNATURE REQUEST FORM.
If you plan to travel outside the United States before starting Pathway, be sure to let the Office of International Student Services know your travel plans. To do this, you must submit a Request for a Travel Signature. Your Travel Signature Request will remain pending until your new I-20 is issued.
If you are registered for an ISS Progression Workshop, we will assist you with submitting a Request for a Travel Signature during the workshop.
Frequently Asked Questions about Travel Before Pathway
- Do I need a travel signature to travel inside the United States?
- Can I reenter the United States with my old I-20?
- Can I leave the United States before I receive my new I-20?
- What documents do I need to reenter the United States after traveling abroad?
- If my old I-20 has a valid travel signature, do I still need a new travel signature?
5. Receive your new I-20
ISS typically begins issuing new I-20's about one week after the end of the semester. If your financial documents are approved for pathway and you meet all progression requirements, you will receive an email notifying you that your new I-20 is ready for pick-up. If you are not able to pick-up your I-20 at the Welcome Center, you can see alternative delivery options at Document Pick-Up and Delivery.
Frequently Asked Questions About Receiving the I-20
- What documents do I need to submit to receive my I-20?
- When will I receive my I-20?
- How can I receive my new I-20?
- Why do I need a new I-20?
- Do I need to purchase insurance BEFORE I can receive my I-20?
- Do I need to register for classes before I get my I-20?


text:
Islands of Expertise: How to encourage children's interests
Kids know the darndest things! At least, they do when their parents foster their interests. This post will describe "Islands of Expertise," explain why you probably want your children to have them, and tell you how you can help.
This week she's all about dinosaurs, last week it was dolphins, and before that it was archery. Should I, as a parent, engage these interests? Or should I ignore them as fleeting fancies? Should I wait until she's older, when she's able to understand more?
The short answer is: Foster her interests now! Yes, interests do come and go, and some aspects are above her (and your!) level. But while present, the interest offers an opportunity for a child to build rich knowledge about a subject—to build an "Island of Expertise." And that has many benefits.
Islands of Expertise are the surprisingly sophisticated networks of knowledge young children can have around their interests. In contrast to the expertise seen in adults, which take ~10 years to develop, Islands of Expertise are simpler and can be developed with just two ingredients: a child with an interest, and an adult who attends to the interest often.
A hypothetical example: Preschooler Layla watches the movie Finding Nemo and develops a persistent interest in sea turtles. Her parents buy her a book about sea turtles, which she asks to read every night, and they take her to see sea turtles at the aquarium, where they also learn about why some sea animals are endangered. Since Layla is a sponge for information like most preschoolers, she quickly memorizes facts about sea turtles and starts to talk about them with her relatives and friends. Her parents, in the meantime, deepen her understanding by discussing sea turtles' habitats, how sea turtles differ from tortoises, etc. They also broaden Layla's knowledge by talking about sea migration and navigation, the seasons, and the history of animal conservation. Through all of these activities, Layla builds a rich network of knowledge centered around her interest, an Island of Expertise.
Building a network of knowledge around a subject is awesome for several reasons. First, it is simply impressive for a preschooler to have comprehensive knowledge about a topic. Second, because people talk more deeply about subjects when they have common knowledge, preschoolers with Islands of Expertise can have sophisticated discussions that would be unlikely otherwise. Whereas Layla and her parents can have a full discussion about sea turtles' diets and breathing capacities, their conversation about a passing car may simply note the car's color or how loud it is. Finally, Islands of Expertise lay groundwork for topics that children might learn later. For example, even when Layla's interest in sea turtles fades, a background for learning about biology, history, and ecology will have been established and will remain ready to be built upon in the future. Layla may never again need to name the seven species of sea turtles, but she may benefit from her familiarity with the sea turtle family when learning in biology class about animal taxonomies and evolution.
Not only is Interest Fostering valuable and actionable for parents, but it also relates to Leo's Pad. The storyline of each Leo's Pad appisode is built around a general learning theme we believe is important for preschoolers to internalize, and Interest Fostering is the theme for Leo's Pad Appisode 1: Gally's Birthday. Leo convinces Gally, "If you can dream it, you can do it!" and Leo and the learner give Gally a telescope to facilitate his stargazing, promising to help Gally reach for the stars.
A note about boys versus girls: Research has shown that at science museums (a prime location for interest cultivation), parents are more likely explain an exhibit's causal connections to young boys than to young girls. In the study that reported this, the disparity was despite the fact that boys and girls were equally interested in the exhibits, asked the same number of questions, and that parents gave both genders equal help in figuring out how to use the exhibits. Of course, the research does not imply that parents intended to explain more to their sons than daughters; they likely had no idea, and they almost certainly do not openly believe science is better suited for boys than girls. But it is still something to ponder.
Thanks for reading. And please enjoy these tips on how to build Islands of Expertise around children's interests.
HOW TO BUILD ISLANDS OF EXPERTISE
Start with a strong knowledge base
- Expose your child to a variety of activities related to her interest: museums, movies, books, etc. In all likelihood, she'll start memorizing information at an astounding rate.
- Connect current experiences to prior experiences with the topic. For example, if your child's interest is horses and you see a horse in a movie together, point out how it's similar to or different from the kind you rode at the ranch last week.
Broaden the network of knowledge
- Expose your child to neighboring topics. Talk about a bit of the history related to the topic, or how different cultures think about the topic, or the science behind it (e.g., the physics behind a flying football).
- Point out connections between the interest area and unrelated ideas. For example, if you see an armadillo on TV and your child's current obsession is knights, you can point out how the armadillo has armor just like a knight does.
- Note: Rather than just explaining these "broadening" topics, also ask questions to guide your child to think on his own. By doing so you can "scaffold" your child to draw connections between ideas.
Strengthen the network of knowledge
- Revisit often. By continuing to make connections over time between prior knowledge and new ideas, you help your child build a network that gets wider and deeper.
- It's OK if you are not an expert in the interest area! You don't need to provide full explanations for everything. "Expanatoids"—incomplete or fragmented explanations—are just fine when given at an authentic learning moment, like when you're looking at something together with your child. Since building an Island of Expertise is an ongoing endeavor, over time you and your child can connect the explanatoids into a full picture together.
- Engage your child in a satisfying conversation about the topic. You can even try to learn something about it yourself! And finally, enjoy knowing that even when the interest fades, the roots of the knowledge network will remain, supporting your child's learning efforts in the future.
(1) Crowley, K., & Jacobs, M. (2002). Building islands of expertise in everyday family activity. Learning Conversations in Museums, 333-356.
(2) Simon, H. A., & Chase, W G. (1973). Skill in chess. American Scientist, 61, 394-403.
(3) Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363.
(4) Crowley, K., Callanan, M. A., Tenenbaum, H. R., & Allen, E. (2001). Parents explain more often to boys than to girls during shared scientific thinking. Psychological Science, 12(3), 258-261.


What Causes Exchange Disk I/O

Every time data is read from or written to Exchange, disk I/O is generated. Understanding the sources of Exchange disk I/O helps you plan and configure your disk subsystem in a way that maximizes performance. When considering the sources of Exchange disk I/O, focus most of your attention on the I/O behavior that is generated during log file and database file access.
Exchange Data Components
All Exchange data is stored in the Exchange store, which is composed of three major components. The following table lists the three major components of the Exchange store and their affect on disk I/O.
Exchange store components and corresponding affect on disk I/O
Component Why it effects disk I/O
Jet database (.edb file)
The Jet database is used to store all data submitted from MAPI clients. All client activity generated by a MAPI client causes updates to the Jet database.
Stores incoming SMTP mail that contains MAPI information.
Streaming database (.stm file)
Stores attachments and data submitted from IMAP4, NNTP, Microsoft Outlook® Web Access, or SMTP. Pointers are saved in the Jet database so the data can be delivered to MAPI clients upon request.
Stores incoming SMTP mail that does not contain MAPI information.
All Internet protocol client activity causes updates to the streaming database.
Transaction log files (.log files)
All changes made to the database are first committed to transaction log files. This means that any time a user sends or reads a message, and any time a user modifies data stored in their mailbox, that change is written to the transaction log file. The change is immediately committed to the in-RAM database cache, and then copied back to disk when the system's load permits. Transactions are also read back when a database is mounted.
Because each Exchange store component is written to differently, you will experience better performance if you place the .edb files and corresponding .stm files for one storage group on one volume, and place your transaction log files on a separate volume. The following table lists how the disk read/writes are performed for each Exchange store component.
Disk read/writes for each Exchange store component
Component I/O Pattern
Jet database (.edb file)
 - Read from and write to at random
 - 4 KB page size
Streaming database (.stm file)
 - Normally read from and write to sequentially
 - Variable page size that averages 8 KB in production
Note
There are significant numbers of seek operations, so the I/O pattern is neither entirely random nor entirely sequential.
Transaction log files (.log files)
 - 100 percent sequential writes during normal operations
 - 100 percent sequential reads during recovery operations
 - Writes vary in size from 512 bytes to the log buffer size
Note
If public folders reside on the server, additional I/O loads are incurred. However, if no replicas of folder content exist on the server, the I/O generated from having a public folder database is inconsequential relative to the I/O generated by user mailbox access.
Other Activities That Affect I/O
In addition to database file access, there are other activities that result in disk I/O. The following table lists these additional activities and their affect on disk I/O.
Additional activities that effect disk I/O
Activity Why it effects disk I/O
Zero out deleted database pages
If you configure your server to zero out deleted database pages, every time you delete an item from the database, multiple pages are deleted. Exchange will then overwrite the deleted pages with zeros. This feature is only run during an online streaming backup, and causes more physical disk I/O during backup.
Content indexing
Excessive paging occurs as the databases are scanned for index updates. This also results in excessive writes to the content indexing file, generating a spike in disk I/O on the disk that houses the content indexing file.
SMTP mail transmission
Inbound and outbound SMTP traffic is written to disk while transiting the system. If this disk is shared with user database or log files, SMTP mail that is being written to or read from disk will contend with the database and/or log files for I/O.
As SMTP messages are spooled from the queue to the first Exchange database, they are converted from MIME to IMail. This generates additional I/O on the log file and database volumes being used by the database.
Paging
When Exchange requires more memory than is physically available, Windows pages information to the page file located on your hard disk. Excessive paging results in excessive disk I/O, which reduces the performance of your Exchange server. For information about troubleshooting paging and kernel memory depletion issues, see Ruling out Memory-Bound Problems (_URL_
MTA message handling
In Exchange 2000 and Exchange 2003, messages that are received during move mailbox operations, or from Exchange 5.5 servers, X.400-based servers, or across EDK connectors, are written to the transaction log files. This causes disk I/O load to your storage system.
Number of Items in a Folder
As the number of items in the core Exchange 2003 folders increase, the physical disk cost to perform some tasks will also increase for users of Outlook in online mode. Indexes and searches are performed on the client when using Outlook in cached mode. Sorting your Inbox by size for the first time requires the creation of a new index, which will require many disk I/Os. Future sorts of the Inbox by size will be very inexpensive. There is a static number of indexes that you can have, so folks that often sort their folders in many different ways could exceed this limit and cause additional disk I/O.
Number of Mailboxes
In Exchange, database reads can be reduced somewhat by the database cache which is a fixed amount of cache. As you add more mailboxes to an Exchange Server, there are more mailboxes competing for that cache. Every 1000 users added to an Exchange Server over a baseline 1000, will increase the database IOPS by 25 percent.
Exchange Version
When migrating from Exchange 5.5 to Exchange 2000 SP3, you can expect to see a 5 percent increase in database IOPS, all other factors constant.
When migrating from Exchange 5.5 to Exchange 2003 SP1, you can expect to see a 20 percent decrease in database IOPS, all other factors constant.
Single Instance Storage
In Exchange 5.5, there is one database on the server. Mail sent to multiple mailboxes on that server is only stored once, with pointers delivered to each recipient. In Exchange 2000 and Exchange 2003, you can have up to 20 databases, where each database could have one copy of the message should recipients reside on each database. Each additional database adds an additional 2 percent to the database IOPS. How well Exchange utilizes single instance storage depends on the percentage of time messages are sent to recipients on the same database, and the average message size. Larger messages have more benefit with single instance storage.
BlackBerry
In Exchange 2000 and Exchange 2003, users that have BlackBerry devices place additional demands upon the server. In the field, many customers see a two to four fold increase in database disk I/O. For more information, see the RIM whitepaper.
BlackBerry users cause additional overhead that affect the database IOPS of a server. When RIM tested 1000 BlackBerry enabled MMB2 users with BlackBerry Enterprise Server 4, they saw database IOPS increase by a factor of 3.64 over the standard MMB2 user without BlackBerry. This factor could be significantly smaller or larger depending on how BlackBerry devices are used in the environment. The BlackBerry test included: 10 synchronization commands; two memo adds, one modify, one delete; and four task adds. Actual BlackBerry device use will not be this constant, causing a lesser or greater affect on actual IOPS.
For a mail system consisting of 2,000 heavily used mailboxes, of which 500 are BlackBerry enabled, a total of 3820 IOPS is projected on the database volume. The formula to calculate this is:
Estimated BlackBerry IOPS per User for User Type × Number of Users
In this example, 1.0 IOPS × 2,000 mailboxes=2,000 IOPS. If 500 of those users have BlackBerry devices, then those 500 users add 500 mailboxes x 3.64 IOPS=1820 IOPS, or 3820 total IOPS.
Using a conservative ratio of two reads for every write (66% reads to 33% writes), you would plan for 2,546 read I/O and 1,273 write I/O requests per second for your database volume. Every write request is first written to the transaction log file and then written to the database. Approximately 10 percent of the total 3,820 IOPS seen on the database volume will be seen on the transaction log volume (10 percent of 3,820 is 382 IOPS); 1,273 write I/O requests will be written to the database. See the Performance and Scalability guide for in depth strategies for properly calculating your server size.
Best Practices for Optimizing Exchange Disk I/O
After familiarizing yourself with the Exchange activities that generate disk I/O, you should organize your storage system in a way that maximizes performance. The following table lists best practices for placement of each of your data files.
Best practices for optimizing disk I/O
Source of Exchange I/O Best Practice to maximize performance
Database files
You should place all database files (.edb and .stm) within a storage group on a single volume that is dedicated to these databases. Disks that hold database files should have fast random access speeds.
Content indexing files
Never place content indexing files on the same disk as


text:
Hardness and Conductivity of Die Forged ZYK530 Magnesium Alloy
Keywords:heat treatment, die forged ZYK530 Mg alloy, hardness, conductivity
The relationship among the microstructure, hardness and electrical conductivity of the as-forged ZYK530 Mg alloy after heat treatment was analyzed and studied using a microscope, X-Ray Diffractometer, eddy current conductivity meter, and Vickers microhardness tester, to explore optimum heat treatment process of ZYK530 Mg alloy. The results show that: with the prolongation of holding time, the electrical conductivity and microhardness show the same change trend, both of which show an oscillatory upward trend, and then decrease in an oscillatory downward trend after reaching the peak value. There is a linear positive correlation between the conductivity and the hardness, and the fitting results of the conductivity and hardness are in good agreement with the measured results; combined with the actual production, when the heat-treatment is 480 ℃ × 8 h + 220 ℃ × 3 h, the highest hardness is 79.2 HV, the electroconductivity is 36.2%IACS, and the comprehensive performance is the best, which is the best heat treatment process.
The copyrights for articles in this journal are retained by the author(s), with first publication rights granted to the journal. By virtue of their appearance in this open-access journal, articles are free to use with proper attribution in educational and other non-commercial settings.


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Medical Term:
beriberi
Pronunciation: ber′ē-ber′ē
Definition: A specific nutritional deficiency syndrome occurring in endemic form in eastern and southern Asia, sporadically in other parts of the world without reference to climate, and sometimes in alcoholic patients, resulting mainly from a dietary deficiency of thiamin; the "dry" form is characterized by a painful polyneuropathy that involves both large and small somatic nerve fibers, as well as autonomic nerve fibers, the initial symptom is burning feet, and later symptoms consist of painful parasthesias in the distal upper limbs as well, weakness and atrophy of the feet and hands, and distal atrophic skin and hair loss; the "wet" form is characterized by edema resulting from a high output form of heart failure, but usually there is evidence of a coexisting polyneuropathy as well.
Synonym(s): endemic neuritis
[Singhalese, extreme weakness]
See Also: nutritional polyneuropathy
(web2)


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Creating Highly Functional Tables in JSP Using DisplayTag and JavaScript-3 : Page 3
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Column Sorting and Formatting
Any column of a table can be made sortable by giving it a sortable attribute—as in <display:column sortable="true">. This makes the column title a hyperlink that allows the user to sort the table's data in ascending or descending order. When the HTML for the table is generated, the column's header cell is output as  (ascending) or  (descending). This makes it easy to add up or down arrows as CSS background images for the column header.
Note that by default, DisplayTag will only sort the data on the currently displayed page (see Page Navigation, below). To change this behavior, you can add a sort.amount=list property to displaytag.properties, as has been done in the sample application.
Table data can be formatted by adding a format="Pattern" attribute to the column where you want to apply formatting. The Pattern attribute can be any valid java.text.MessageFormat pattern. For example, <display:column format="{0,date,short}"> would output a date such as November 1st, 2003, in the form 11/1/03 (the actual format is locale-specific in this case).
Row Grouping and Subtotals
One of DisplayTag's outstanding features is built-in support for row grouping and subtotals. Say you have queried a data source for order details that span a number of different orders and you want to display the results. One problem you are likely to run into is repeating information: consecutive rows representing line items from the same order will have the same customer name, order number, order date, etc. This makes it difficult to see which line items are associated with which orders.
DisplayTag will group all rows that contain repeating data in any column that sports a group attribute, as in <display:column group="1">. In the article's sample application, I have set group="1" for the customer column, group="2" for the order number column, and group="3" for the order date column, which results in all three columns being grouped together (see Listing 1).
Adding a TotalTableDecorator to a table will cause the values of any column that has a total attribute to be summed up by group and output on a separate row beneath the group. DisplayTag outputs the row with a CSS class of total, making it easy to apply a special style to subtotal rows. To set the table decorator you would use <display:table decorator="org.displaytag.decorator.TotalTableDecorator">. To enable subtotaling in a column, you would use <display:column total="true">.
Page Navigation
DisplayTag will add page navigation to any table with a pagesize attribute, as in <display:table pagesize="16">. To handle the many cases associated with page navigation—only one page of data, first of many pages, middle of many pages, last of many pages, etc.—DisplayTag provides properties like paging.banner.onepage, paging.banner.first, and paging.banner.full (see Listing 3).
To illustrate how these properties are used, consider the following:
paging.banner.full=
{0}

This rather convoluted property tells DisplayTag to output a banner, similar to that shown in Figure 2, when all paging links are to be displayed.
Figure 2. Pagelinks: DisplayTagEx's paging banner displays all the paging links.
A
 is used here to set the CSS style for the banner to pagelinks. {1} is a placeholder that represents a link to the first page of data. Here it is being used as the target URL for a clickable image. {2}, {3}, and{4} are placeholders for the previous, next, and last pages, respectively. {0} is a special placeholder that outputs links to a set of numbered pages.
Exporting Data to Excel, PDF, et al.
Getting DisplayTag to export its data to CSV (comma separated value), XML, Excel, PDF, and RTF requires adding a table attribute, setting a number of configuration properties, and creating span styles for each export type.
DisplayTag will display an export banner for tables whose export attribute is set—e.g. <display:table export="true">.
As with page navigation, there are a large number of export properties to configure. Default properties should be set in the displaytag.properties file. Assuming that you want all of the supported formats to be made available to the user, the properties that are typically modified include export.banner and export.format.filename.
For example, in the sample application, I wanted to enforce right alignment and to apply the pagelinks CSS class to the list of export formats. So, in the displaytag.properties file (see Listing 3), I wrote:
export.banner=
{0}

Less obvious here is that when the export banner is rendered, each export format hyperlink is rendered within a  whose class is "export format"—e.g. . Accordingly, the sample application has a CSS class associated with each format, as in:
span.excel { background-image: url(../images/ico_file_excel.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; width: 16px; }
To set the filename of the exported data, modify the export.format.filename properties, as in export.pdf.filename=data.pdf.
Javascript Row Handlers
My last requirement is for rows to be highlighted as the mouse passes over them and, if the user clicks anywhere on a row, a new request is generated that includes a parameter identifying the row that was clicked. To meet this requirement, I need to throw some JavaScript into the mix.
The sample application has a JavaScript file, RowHandlers.js (see Listing 4), with a function called addRowHandlers() that adds three event handlers to each row in an HTML table:
 1. onmouseover—Saves the row's class attribute and then changes it to a new style that has a different background color or image.
 2. onmouseout—Restores the previous class attribute.
 3. onclick—Jumps to a specified URL and includes a request parameter from the selected table row.
To add RowHandlers.js to your JSP:
 1. Link to the script in the  section:

 2. Invoke addRowHandlers() in the  tag's onload attribute:

Step 2 can be translated as: when the body section of the page has loaded, call the function addRowHandlers(), which will add handlers to each row in the table whose id is row. With the handlers in place, when the user moves the mouse over a row its CSS class attribute is changed to rowMouseOver. When the mouse moves out of a row, its CSS class attribute is set back to its original value. If the user clicks on a row, they are sent to OrderDetail.jsp, where the parameter id (whose value is taken from column 0 of the clicked row) is included in the request.
In the sample application, OrderDetails.jsp (see Listing 1) uses RowHandlers.js as described above. OrderDetails.jsp also employs a little sleight of hand by placing the row id values in a hidden column. This is accomplished by setting the <display:column>'s class and headerClass attributes to hidden, which is a CSS style whose display property is none. This is a simple but effective method for keeping data available in the request scope without having to display it to the user.
DisplayTag is an open-source tag library that makes it easy to


Apache Solr Documentation
5.3 Ref Guide (PDF Download)
Solr Tutorial
Solr Community Wiki
Older Versions of this Guide (PDF)
5.4 Draft Ref Guide Topics
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Solr has support for writing and reading its index and transaction log files to the HDFS distributed filesystem. This does not use Hadoop Map-Reduce to process Solr data, rather it only uses the HDFS filesystem for index and transaction log file storage.
To use HDFS rather than a local filesystem, you must be using Hadoop 2.x and you will need to instruct Solr to use the HdfsDirectoryFactory. There are also several additional parameters to define. These can be set in one of three ways:
 - Pass JVM arguments to the bin/solr script. These would need to be passed every time you start Solr with bin/solr.
 - Modify solr.in.sh (or solr.in.cmd on Windows) to pass the JVM arguments automatically when using bin/solr without having to set them manually.
 - Define the properties in solrconfig.xml. These configuration changes would need to be repeated for every collection, so is a good option if you only want some of your collections stored in HDFS.
Starting Solr on HDFS
Standalone Solr Instances
For standalone Solr instances, there are a few parameters you should be sure to modify before starting Solr. These can be set in solrconfig.xml(more on that below), or passed to the bin/solr script at startup.
 - You need to use an HdfsDirectoryFactory and a data dir of the form hdfs://host:port/path
 - You need to specify an UpdateLog location of the form hdfs://host:port/path
 - You should specify a lock factory type of 'hdfs' or none.
If you do not modify solrconfig.xml, you can instead start Solr on HDFS with the following command:
This example will start Solr in standalone mode, using the defined JVM properties (explained in more detail below).
SolrCloud Instances
In SolrCloud mode, it's best to leave the data and update log directories as the defaults Solr comes with and simply specify the solr.hdfs.home. All dynamically created collections will create the appropriate directories automatically under the solr.hdfs.home root directory.
 - Set solr.hdfs.home in the form hdfs://host:port/path
 - You should specify a lock factory type of 'hdfs' or none.
This command starts Solr in SolrCloud mode, using the defined JVM properties.
Modifying solr.in.sh (*nix) or solr.in.cmd (Windows)
The examples above assume you will pass JVM arguments as part of the start command every time you use bin/solr to start Solr. However, bin/solr looks for an include file named solr.in.sh (solr.in.cmd on Windows) to set environment variables. By default, this file is found in the bin directory, and you can modify it to permanently add the HdfsDirectoryFactory settings and ensure they are used every time Solr is started.
For example, to set JVM arguments to always use HDFS when running in SolrCloud mode (as shown above), you would add a section such as this:
The Block Cache
For performance, the HdfsDirectoryFactory uses a Directory that will cache HDFS blocks. This caching mechanism is meant to replace the standard file system cache that Solr utilizes so much. By default, this cache is allocated off heap. This cache will often need to be quite large and you may need to raise the off heap memory limit for the specific JVM you are running Solr in. For the Oracle/OpenJDK JVMs, the follow is an example command line parameter that you can use to raise the limit when starting Solr:
HdfsDirectoryFactory Parameters
The HdfsDirectoryFactory has a number of settings that are defined as part of the directoryFactory configuration.
Solr HDFS Settings
Parameter
Example Value
Default
Description
solr.hdfs.home
hdfs://host:port/path/solr
N/A
A root location in HDFS for Solr to write collection data to. Rather than specifying an HDFS location for the data directory or update log directory, use this to specify one root location and have everything automatically created within this HDFS location.
Block Cache Settings
Parameter
Default
Description
solr.hdfs.blockcache.enabled
true
Enable the blockcache
solr.hdfs.blockcache.read.enabled
true
Enable the read cache
solr.hdfs.blockcache.write.enabled
true
Enable the write cache
solr.hdfs.blockcache.direct.memory.allocation
true
Enable direct memory allocation. If this is false, heap is used
solr.hdfs.blockcache.slab.count
1
Number of memory slabs to allocate. Each slab is 128 MB in size.
solr.hdfs.blockcache.global
false
Enable/Disable using one global cache for all SolrCores. The settings used will be from the first HdfsDirectoryFactory created.
NRTCachingDirectory Settings
Parameter
Default
Description
solr.hdfs.nrtcachingdirectory.enable
true
Enable the use of NRTCachingDirectory
solr.hdfs.nrtcachingdirectory.maxmergesizemb
16
NRTCachingDirectory max segment size for merges
solr.hdfs.nrtcachingdirectory.maxcachedmb
192
NRTCachingDirectory max cache size
HDFS Client Configuration Settings
solr.hdfs.confdir pass the location of HDFS client configuration files - needed for HDFS HA for example.
Parameter
Default
Description
solr.hdfs.confdir
N/A
Pass the location of HDFS client configuration files - needed for HDFS HA for example.
Kerberos Authentication Settings
Hadoop can be configured to use the Kerberos protocol to verify user identity when trying to access core services like HDFS. If your HDFS directories are protected using Kerberos, then you need to configure Solr's HdfsDirectoryFactory to authenticate using Kerberos in order to read and write to HDFS. To enable Kerberos authentication from Solr, you need to set the following parameters:
Parameter
Default
Description
solr.hdfs.security.kerberos.enabled
false
Set to true to enable Kerberos authentication
solr.hdfs.security.kerberos.keytabfileN/A
A keytab file contains pairs of Kerberos principals and encrypted keys which allows for password-less authentication when Solr attempts to authenticate with secure Hadoop.
This file will need to be present on all Solr servers at the same path provided in this parameter.
solr.hdfs.security.kerberos.principalN/A
The Kerberos principal that Solr should use to authenticate to secure Hadoop; the format of a typical Kerberos V5 principal is: primary/instance@realm
Example
Here is a sample solrconfig.xml configuration for storing Solr indexes on HDFS:
If using Kerberos, you will need to add the three Kerberos related properties to the <directoryFactory> element in solrconfig.xml, such as:
Limitations
You must use an 'append-only' Lucene index codec because HDFS is an append-only filesystem. The currently default codec used by Solr is 'append-only' and is supported with HDFS.
Automatically Add Replicas in SolrCloud
One benefit to running Solr in HDFS is the ability to automatically add new replicas when the Overseer notices that a shard has gone down. Because the "gone" index shards are stored in HDFS, the a new core will be created and the new core will point to the existing indexes in HDFS.
Collections created using autoAddReplicas=true on a shared file system have automatic addition of replicas enabled. The following settings can be used to override the defaults in the <solrcloud> section of solr.xml.
Param
Default
Description
autoReplicaFailoverWorkLoopDelay10000The time (in ms) between clusterstate inspections by the Overseer to detect and possibly act on creation of a replacement replica.
autoReplicaFailoverWaitAfterExpiration30000The minimum time (in ms) to wait for initiating replacement of a replica after first noticing it not being live. This is important to prevent false positives while stoping or starting the cluster.
autoReplicaFailoverBadNodeExpiration60000The delay (in ms) after which a replica marked as down would be unmarked.
Temporarily disable autoAddReplicas for the entire cluster
When doing offline maintenance on the cluster and for various other use cases where an admin would like to temporarily disable auto addition of


text:
United Nations Postal Administration (UNPA) is uniquely privileged to issue stamps along with postal authorities of host countries by the Universal Postal Authority (UPU). The other entities issuing stamps are either a country or a territory. UN offices that issue stamps are located in New York, Geneva, and Vienna. The first stamps were issued October 24th, 1951 in New York and were built around the theme "People's of the World." This and the ones with the theme of "UN Headquarters Building" and "Peace, Justice, Security" formed the first three issues. These were all definitive issues and in keeping with the true United Nations spirit affordable at 1c, 1.5c, and 3c denominations.
The primary purpose was for UN official correspondence originating from their offices. They can be used for private correspondence too with the caveats being:
- Only stamps denominated in the host country currency may be used at that country's United Nations office. i.e., a stamp denominated in Swiss Francs cannot be used in the offices in Vienna where the currency is in Euros.
- The stamps cannot be used in mailings outside of UN offices.
- Express Mail and Priority mail are unavailable for private mailings.
- Private mailings are limited to 100 pieces.
Significant time and money is spent on the design and quality control of UN stamps making these extremely high quality stamps with an aesthetic appeal. Sheer volume accounts for the majority of UN stamps sporting only a trivial catalog value. Early issues (50's – 70's) sold in the millions. Collector interest sagged from the late 70's as UN issues were deemed similar to CTO stamps – issued in the millions with only a small percentage used for postage because of the restrictions. Consequently, sale of many issues in the 80's and 90's were well below the one million mark. UNPA reacted by reducing the printings of issues (roughly 500,000) and hiking instead the number of issues in a given year. This series of events caused older UN stamps catalog for a lower value compared to recent issues – another unique fact!
Issues with Significant Philatelic Interest:
The first UN issue with a significant catalog value is the 1954 UN NY Scott #29 3c Orange-Brown mother and child (Human Rights Issue) that catalogs for $12 for a mint copy and $5 for the used. Issue #30 which catalogs for a much lower value is along the same theme and together they form the mother and child set. This set can be acquired easily for about $5 in mint condition:
Among the stamps issued in the first twenty years, the most valuable issue is the UN NY Scott #38 10th anniversary souvenir sheet that catalogs for well over $100 for a mint copy. Used or FDC versions of the same set catalogs for one-tenth of that value. Nevertheless, in the world of serious philately, these are considered "very affordable":
One significant issue from the 1980s with higher standing is the vast flags set issued in sets of 8 to 16 stamps at a time for a total of 192 stamps (originally 168 scattered between Scott Numbers 325 & 569). Although huge with the combined catalog value exceeding $200, the series can be acquired through eBay for around $50:
Philatelic themes also have an appreciative audience with the Pacific 1997 Earth Summit Souvenir Sheet (UN NY Scott # 708a) with the stamp expo inscription in the border cataloging at $25. The 1997 "Tribute to Philately" issue (UN NY Scott# 714 & 715) is another issue under the philatelic theme but they catalog for far less. Anniversary issues are again an extremely affordable popular theme.
United Nations (UN) stamps have unique characteristics placing them in a well recognized area of collecting:
- The designs and quality are graceful making for a good showing.
- For the most part, affordability makes them suitable for new collectors in the philatelic world.
- As they sell at a significant discount to face value, they are a frugal alternative for those residing near a UN office.
Last Updated: 07/2011.


text:
30 January 2014—Library services in England estimate that over 100,000 people with mental health problems have engaged with the Reading Well Books on Prescription scheme since it was launched by English public libraries in June 2013 based on loan figures of recommended titles which have increased by 145% during the first three months of the scheme.
The Books on Prescription scheme is a key element of the library health offer in England. The initiative provides self-help reading for adults based on cognitive behavioural therapy for a range of common mental health conditions including anxiety, depression, phobias and eating disorders. The scheme supports people to self-manage by signposting to expert endorsed book based therapy available for free from public libraries either as a stand-alone treatment or alongside other approaches such as talking therapies or medication.
Popular titles on the Books on Prescription list include Overcoming Anxiety: A Self-help Guide Using Cognitive Behavioural Techniques by Helen Kennerley, and Feel the Fear and Do It Anyway by Susan Jeffers.
Following the great success of the RWBoP scheme, Arts Council England have agreed to fund further work on how libraries can support people with dementia.
Gill Taft, Books on Prescription user, said: "I've worried for so many years about why I get depression and anxiety but I've never had anyone explain it to me before. The books have helped me so much in understanding things like what can bring on a panic attack, and why it makes me feel the way it does. Now if I'm having a bad day, I drop in the library and pick up a book"
Norman Lamb, Minister of State at the Department of Health, said: "Mental health conditions like anxiety and depression are common and by helping people understand them, we can ensure they are better equipped to manage their own health. That's why this scheme is so valuable as it makes this vital information available in local libraries and free of charge so everybody can access it. I am delighted to see the scheme has got off to a strong start and I look forward to seeing it used by health professionals to complement the range of options for support available.
"We are working to empower people with mental health problems and improve the support available to them. Last week we launched our Mental Health Action Plan which outlines our priorities for the future."
Alan Davey, Chief Executive, Arts Council England, said: "This is a very positive outcome for the Books on Prescription scheme and Arts Council England is pleased to have supported such an important initiative. This outcome firmly demonstrates how libraries continue to be an essential part of our communities, and are able to apply their core purpose in innovative ways that support our partners, and more importantly, help support local people to support themselves"
Janene Cox, President of the Society of Chief Librarians, said: "This is an excellent result for the first stage of the Reading Well Books on Prescription scheme and we are confident that take up of this offer will increase as more people learn about it. We are really pleased the Arts Council have recognized this project and have agreed to help libraries support people living with dementia"
Debbie Hicks, Direct of Research at The Reading Agency, said: "We are delighted to be working with SCL and health partners including the Royal College of Psychiatrists, Royal College of General Practitioners, Royal College of Nursing and the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies Programme to deliver this important early intervention community health service. The scheme works within NICE clinical guidelines and has got off to a strong start as more and more prescribers including GPs come on board. We are also finding that lots of people are using the scheme as a self-help service."
Culture Minister Ed Vaizey, said: "I'm delighted to see the success of Books on Prescription. To reach more than 100 000 people in three months is an amazing achievement. I congratulate the Society of Chief Librarians on coming up with this excellent scheme and showing how libraries can still be the home of fresh life changing innovative ideas"
For more information contact:
Elizabeth Elford, SCL Advocacy Manager, +44 (0)7891 056114
Notes to editors
- The conditions covered by the Reading Well Books on Prescription list are: anger, anxiety, binge eating, chronic pain, depression, health anxiety, obsessions and compulsions, panic, phobias, relationship problems, self-esteem, sleep problems, social phobias, stress and worry.
- The book selection protocol supporting the development of the core list is available at _URL_
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommend cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) based self-help approaches as a first step in the treatment of common mental health conditions including depression and anxiety. .
- For a review of the evidence relating to the effectiveness of self-help books based on the principles of CBT, go to _URL_
- The Society of Chief Librarians has worked in partnership with The Reading Agency on this scheme, with seed funding by Arts Council England's Library Development Initiative.
- The Reading Agency is an independent charity with a mission to give everyone an equal chance in life by helping people become confident and enthusiastic readers. It runs big programmes and partnerships across the whole library network. It is funded by the Arts Council. (_URL_)
- The Society of Chief Librarians (SCL) is a local government association made up of the chief librarian of each library authority in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. SCL takes a leading role in the development of public libraries, through sharing best practices, advocating for continuous improvement on behalf of local people, and leading the debate on the future of the public library service. _URL_
- Arts Council England champions, develops and invests in artistic and cultural experiences that enrich people's lives. We support a range of activities across the arts, museums and libraries – from theatre to digital art, reading to dance, music to literature, and crafts to collections. Great art and culture inspires us, brings us together and teaches us about ourselves and the world around us. In short, it makes life better. Between 2010 and 2015, we will invest £1.9 billion of public money from government and an estimated £1.1 billion from the National Lottery to help create these experiences for as many people as possible across the country. _URL_


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This question is inspired by this one. In that thread, it's established that there are uncountably many cube-free infinite binary strings (where $x \in 2^{\omega}$ is cube-free iff $\forall \sigma \subset x,\ \sigma \sigma \sigma \not \subset x$). Here $\subset$ denotes "substring" which should be distinguished from "initial segment" which I'll denote by $\sqsubset$ if the need arises.
So let $C \subset 2^{\omega}$ be the subset of Cantor space consisting of all cube-free sequences. It's uncountable, and easily seen to be closed, hence it contains a perfect set.
Question 1. Is $C$ perfect?
Let's define:
$T_C = \{ \sigma \in 2^{<\omega} : (\exists x \in C)(\sigma \sqsubset x)\}$
$\ \ \ \ \ = \{ \sigma \in 2^{<\omega} : (\forall n > |\sigma|)( \exists \tau \in 2^n )(\sigma \sqsubset \tau,\ \tau$ cube-free$)\}$
$T_P = \{\sigma \in 2^{<\omega} : (\forall \tau \sqsupset \sigma, \tau \in T_C)(\exists \rho_1, \rho_2 \sqsupset \tau$ both in $T_C)(\rho_1 \perp \rho_2)\}$
Question 2. $T_C$ is evidently $\Pi ^0 _1$, but is it in fact recursive?
If we let $P$ denote the maximal perfect subset of $C$ obtained by iteratively removing isolated points of $C$ until this procedure stabilizes (taking intersections at limit stages), then $P$ determines a tree which I believe would be the tree $T_P$ defined above.
Question 3. What is the complexity of the tree determined by $P$?
If $T_P$ is indeed the tree determined by $P$, then the tree determined by $P$ is at worst $\Pi ^0 _3$, but can we do better?
UPDATE: The answers are:
 1. Yes
 2. Yes
 3. Since $C$ is perfect, $P = C$ and so by the answers to 1 and 2, the tree determined by $P$ is just the tree determined by $C$, which is recursive.
I've learnt this after discussing it with Robert Shelton, one of the authors of the paper Gjergji linked to in his response below. In fact, what I've gathered is that there's a function $f$, better than being on the order of $n^2$, such that to determine whether an arbitrary finite string $\sigma$ has a cube-free infinite extension, it suffices to check whether it has one of length $f(|\sigma|)$ (where $|\sigma|$ is the length of $\sigma$). I suppose this would mean furthermore that the tree $T_C$ is not merely recursive, i.e. $\Delta_1$, but in fact $\Delta_0$.
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This will also be a question in dynamics. One can also ask what is the entropy of C? – Nishant Chandgotia Apr 15 '11 at 7:09
I added the symbolic dynamics tag. – Gjergji Zaimi Apr 15 '11 at 7:26
1 Answer 1
up vote 12 down vote accepted
I found an article of J.D. Currie and R.O. Shelton that answers the first question. "The set of k-power free words over Σ is empty or perfect".
Added: Note that Currie has a number of papers on power free words, and many of them are on the arxiv.
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Thanks. The article actually seems to answer all the questions I asked (possibly). Since $C$ is perfect, $T_C = T_P$ so questions 2 and 3 are equivalent. And Theorem 3.3 claims that we can effectively determine whether a finite binary string has an infinite cube-free extension. It's not clear whether this effective procedure is uniform however, and the proof of this theorem along with the definitions of some key terms appear to be in some other papers, so rather than chasing papers I emailed the authors and asked. I'll post an update if I get a response. – Amit Kumar Gupta Apr 15 '11 at 15:12
After a fruitful back-and-forth with Robert Shelton, I've understood that yes, the tree $T_C$ is recursive. – Amit Kumar Gupta Apr 19 '11 at 14:53
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How To Make Your Climbing Gear Last Longer
How to make your climbing gear last longer Redpoint Climbing Australia Cofounder Jack Tho Trad Climbing at ArapilesClimbing shoes and rope are the most frequently used climbing gear that also endures the most wear and tear. Here are some tips on how to look after your climbing gear so that they may last longer.
Climbing Shoes
 1. Practice your footwork. The wear and tear on your climbing shoe rubber can tell you a lot about your climbing technique. If you see abrasions on the tip of your toe rubber, you may be dragging your foot along the wall and readjusting rather than placing your foot correctly the first time. Try improving the precision of your footwork by climbing slowly during warm up, consciously thinking about exactly where you want your foot to land before placing it on the hold. Practicing downclimbing can also help improve your footwork as you tend to weight your toes when leading with your feet.
 2. Opt for durable and stiff rubber. Most climbers will wear down their first pair of shoes quite quickly due to scuffles with the wall. Avoid buying any high end shoes with sticky and soft rubber (e.g. Vibram XS grip 2) because it will wear down and need replacing very fast. Instead, opt for stiffer and thicker rubber, minimum 4mm for the rubber sole. You can roughly gauge the stiffness of the rubber by pressing your nail against the bottom of the rubber shoe sole. Check out this article to find out how much you should be spending on climbing shoes.
 3. Air out your shoes after every climb. This means taking them out of your gym bag and leaving them near a door or window after you get home from climbing. Avoid direct sunlight as this may deform the rubber.
 4. Know when it's time to resole your climbing shoes. After every climb, check that the rubber soles under the toes still make an edge with the rand. If the edge where the rubber sole meets the rand is round and smooth, get your shoes resoled. Most climbers wait until the rand breaks through. Patching up the rand (or toe cap) typically costs 40-60% more than just the soles. Arapiles Resoles is one of the best, however they don't always accept jobs via mail. Big John Resoles in NSW accepts jobs via mail, including interstate.
Climbing Rope
 1. Keep your rope away from dirt and grime. Small debris such as dirt and sand can damage the sheath of the rope over time. A cheap alternative to a rope bag is the Ikea blue carry bags.
 2. Beware of UV and heat. Do not store your rope in the trunk of your car on hot summer days. Heat over 30 degree Celsius can break down the fibres.
 3. Clean your rope once a year, or when it looks dirty. The easiest way to do this is in a bathtub with warm water and some rope cleaner or hand soap. Avoid anything abrasive such as detergents and high-pressure hoses. Soak your rope in the soap water and run your hands along the length of the rope. You'll need to do this twice to rinse the soap out the second time. Allow the rope to air dry.
 Climbing ropes cost from $250 to $450 and climbing shoes cost from $120 to $260. It definitely pays to look after your climbing gear and make them last as long as possible.


Portugal, Sweden and Turkey fighting to secure 'air bridges' with the UK
The countries are all expected to be left off the Government's list of countries Britons can visit without quarantining on their return
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are hoping to see a return of British tourists if they can secure so-called "air bridges" with the UK
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are hoping to see a return of British tourists if they can secure the so-called "air bridges" Credit: AP
Portugal, Sweden and Turkey are fighting rearguard actions to secure "air bridges" with the UK, as Britain prepares to unveil its list of 50 countries to be exempted from quarantine.
Officials from Portugal, which relies on British holidaymakers for 20 per cent of its tourist income, has disputed claims that the country is facing a second wave of coronavirus in and around Lisbon that could keep it off the list.
It has re-imposed a lockdown in 19 Greater Lisbon parishes with all but supermarkets, restaurants and service stations closing at 8pm in the rest of the city.
Some 70 per cent of the 300 cases currently being reported daily are in Lisbon. But professor Henrique Barros, a leading epidemiologist and president of Portugal's National Health Council, has told his British counterparts the outbreak is "clearly controlled," there is no scientific or empirical justification for excluding Portugal from the list, and that the UK Covid-19 status is "worse".
He said the outbreak is restricted to poorer areas of the city where tourists did not visit. "The places where tourists tend to walk around are the safest in the country. Tourists are not taking the overcrowded metro or train at 6am in the morning to go to work," he added.
"They are using Uber or taxis, they go to the restaurant, they stay in hotels. I mean the risk is almost negligible."
Portugal, where the Algarve is rated among the top three destinations for UK tourists, is understood to be currently classed as "red" on the Government's traffic light system for assessing risk. Visitors to countries rated green and amber will not be required to self-isolate for 14 days on their return.
Countries are assessed on the prevalence of coronavirus, the UK's confidence in the reliability of their data, and "crucially" the trajectory of the disease in the country, say Government sources.
Spain, Greece and France are the only countries so far publicly identified as likely "safe" destinations. Sweden has been identified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as suffering a Covid-19 resurgence with 155 infections for every 100,000 inhabitants in the past 14 days, higher than anywhere else in the WHO's defined Europe region, other than Armenia.
Placeholder image for youtube video: aTezGlQrMPg
This week Sweden reported its highest number of daily infections since the outbreak began, with 1,610 on Wednesday. However, Swedish state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell said Sweden was seeing a rising number of infections because it was testing far more than before.
It was "unfortunate", he said, that the WHO was "confusing Sweden" with countries at the start of their epidemic. "The number of admissions to intensive care is at a very low level and even deaths are starting to go down."
The number of new coronavirus cases in Turkey has doubled to 1,492 in a month, after the country started easing lockdown restrictions in late May.
Professor Guner Sonmez, of Üsküdar University, said Turkey gained an initial advantage by the virus arriving late in the country, having a health system that coped and a young population less at risk from Covid-19. However, he feared the Government was losing control after the easing of lockdown.


In The Witch of Blackbird Pond, what is a charter?
Asked on by dmctigue
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Top Answer
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pohnpei397 | College Teacher | (Level 3) Distinguished Educator
Posted on
The previous answer gives you a number of possible definitions of a charter, but does not tell you which one applies in this book. In this book, the charter that the colonists have is like a constitution. This goes along with the first definition of charter as a noun in the answer above.
English colonies in the new world were typically given charters. These documents spelled out the rules for how the colonies would be governed. They specified what rights the colonists would have. In this book, the English government is trying to change the terms of the charter to reduce the degree to which the colonists' rights will be respected.
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bbgirl101 | Student, Grade 9 | (Level 1) eNoter
Posted on
used as a noun
1. a written grant by a country's legislative or sovereign power, by which an institution such as a company, college, or city is created and its right and privileges defined
2. a written constitution or description of an organization's functions
3. the reservation of an aircraft, boat, or bus for private use
4. an aircraft, boat, or bus that is reserved for private use
5. a trip made by an aircraft, boat, or bus under charter
used as a verb
1. grant a charter to (a city, college, or other institution)
2. reserve (an aircraft, boat, or bus) for private use
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IOM (ESM) removed
An IOM has either been removed from the drive shelf or is present but is being reported as removed because it is not seated correctly.
 - Although the drive shelf is still operational, you should correct this failure as soon as possible. If the other IOM or its communication path fails, all I/O to that drive shelf will fail.
 - Both IOMs in the same drive shelf must have the same firmware version and be of the same hardware type.
Risk of data loss
Make sure you correctly identify the affected IOM. Removing the remaining optimal IOM or disconnecting drive shelf cables to it while I/O is in progress can cause data loss.
Possible loss of data accessibility
Before proceeding, ensure that the OK to remove field in the Details area indicates Yes. If No is displayed, it indicates that there is another component that must be serviced first. Always select Recheck prior to and after servicing a component to ensure that there aren't any new problems that may affect the component you plan to service.
Electrostatic discharge can damage sensitive components
Always use proper anti-static protection when handling components. Touching components without using a grounding wrist strap may damage equipment.
Recovery Steps
 1. Is the affected IOM shown in the Location field in the Details area still in the drive shelf or has it been removed?
 - If the IOM is still in the drive shelf, go to step 2.
 - If the IOM has been removed, go to step 5.
 2. Without removing the cables, remove the IOM.
 3. Check the connectors on both the IOM and inside the shelf that housed the IOM for any problems such as bent or dirty pins and fix if necessary.
 4. Reinsert the IOM, and then go to step 6.
 5. Reinsert the IOM or, if necessary, replace it with a new one.
 6. Wait 40 seconds, then select Recheck to ensure the problem has been resolved.


text:
Every time the server is started and for each hour thereafter, a date and time check occurs. An invalid date can be one of the following:
- Earlier than the server installation date and time.
- More than one hour earlier than the last time the date was check
- More than 30 days later than the last time the date was checked.
As a preventive measure, when TSM detects an invalid date or time, server sessions become disabled so that the TSM server does not perform undesired actions based on the new system date/time. For example, expiration processing uses the system date/time to determine when to purge files from server storage.
An error message (ANR0110E) is displayed and expiration, migration, reclamation, and volume history deletion operations are not allowed. You may either change the system date if it is in error, or issue the ACCEPT DATE command to force the server to accept the current system date as valid. Use the ENABLE SESSIONS command after you issue the ACCEPT DATE command to re-enable the server for client node activity.
In order to correct this problem, perform the following commands on the TSM server:
- Run the QUERY STATUS command and check for the availability parameter value, which should say 'disabled'
- Run the ACCEPT DATE command, which tells the TSM Server that you are aware of and accept the date/time change.
- Run the ENABLE SESSIONS command, which re-enables the TSM Server again for normal operations.
- Re-run the QUERY STATUS command and check for the availability parameter value, which should say 'enabled'
For the PDF version of this document, send a blank email, with subject line "System date/time change causes ANR0110E unexpected date sessions disabled", to TSM Assist


text:
I want to know methods which are fully parallelizable on CUDA architecture. I have implemented the Jacobi and Conjugate Gradient methods and now Im thinking about the Bi-Conjugate gradient method. I was using the cublas library to simplify some basic algebra operations. Someone said me that Gauss-Seidel is semi-parallelizable. I am new on CUDA, so I cannot understand some issues in the Cholesky descomposition or Gaussian-Elimination papers like:
I can't understand the new algorithms, so I am saying that I have to use the classic numerical algorithms(I am not able to "create" that kind of algorithms), something like.
The point is, does there exist any "theory" about parallelizing of those algorithms? Because it was easy for me the Jacobi parallelization and conjugate gradient methods, there was some saxpy and gemv operations inside the algorithms.
For example in the Cholesky's case the inner loop depends of the first, how we can solve this?
for k = 1 to n... for j = k + 1 to n
PS: I always developed the algorithms on C++ and from there I started to parallelizing process( it means the process of "discovering" how to parallelize )


text:
Leaving home to start your education in the United States is a major life change. The more you prepare for leaving, the easier your adjustment will be. However, CSM will provide you with any assistance you may need once you arrive.
When you first arrive in the U.S., you will need to have some essential items for your first few weeks. Here is what we suggest you bring:
- A small amount of cash in U.S. dollars to purchase items such as snacks, drinks, and transportation fare. When you arrive, we will give you information on how to open a bank account using cash, money orders, or travelers checks.
- A variety of clothing that will be comfortable during the day when it may be hot but also warm clothing for cold nights. San Mateo has an average high temperature of 77° Fahrenheit/25° Celsius from April—September, and 63°Fahrenheit/17° Celsius from October—March with over 160 sunny days.
- A few toiletries and personal hygiene items such as soap, contact lens solution, and deodorant for your first few days. Once you find out where you can purchase these items, you can buy more.
- A few items from home that will make you feel good when you are homesick. Some students bring photos, cultural items, and music or DVDs.
When moving to any new area you can expect a time of adjustment. Culture shock is defined as the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration. There tend to be four phases to culture shock. It is important to remember that even when you might be feeling lonely or frustrated that this will pass into another phase of your experience!
- Honeymoon: You're very excited about your new experience.
- Culture shock: You start to miss home and question why things are not like they are back home.
- Adjustment: You begin to feel better and start appreciating your new environment.
- Mastery: You appreciate your new home and may also excel in personal achievements.


Leather-like Amianthus Enlarge
May 1. 1805. Publiſhed by Ja.s Sowerby. London.
British Mineralogy
CXXII
Silex magnesiatus; var. amianthiformis
Leather-like Amianthus
 - Class 2. Earths.
 - Order 1. Homogeneous.
 - Gen. 4. Silex.
 - Spec. Magnesiatus.
 - Div. 2. Imitative.
 - Spec. Char. Silex in combination with Magnesia.
 - Syn.
 - Amianth. Kirw. v. 1. 161. Emmerl. 1. 402. Jameson, 1. 442. Wern.
 - Asbestus maturus, Amaianthus. Waller, 1. 408. 410.
 - Asbeste. Haüy, 3. 245.
This bears a strong resemblance to the Oak Leather or Xylostroma Giganteum of English Fungi, tab. 358, so as scarcely to be known by outward appearance, unless with the help of a microscope; when we find the one formed of exceeding fine filaments, and the other of hollow filaments. They are both flexible like leather, and to the touch equally soft. In cutting they require much the same force and sharpness of the instrument; they also tear nearly alike, with a shaggy filamentous appearance. One very sure test remains, that the one being heated red hot does not apparently undergo any change, but recovers its former appearance when taken from the fire; while the other burns away like touchwood or a fusee, or like the spunk prepared from Bol. ignarius, E. F. 132, or Fungus Tinder.
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text: 【摘要】：Optical signal-to-noise ratio(OSNR) is one of the most significant parameters for the performance characterization of random fiber lasers(RFLs) and their application potentiality in sensing and telecommunication. An effective way to improve the OSNR of RFLs is pump scheme optimization, for example, employing a temporally stable source as the pump. In this paper, the output performance of an incoherently pumped RFL dependence on the pump bandwidth has been investigated both in experiment and theory. It is found that a high-OSNR RFL can be achieved with broadband amplified spontaneous emission(ASE) source pumping, and a relatively broad pump bandwidth can also help suppress the spectral broadening while maintaining an ultra-high spectral purity.By optimizing the pump bandwidth to ~10 nm, maximum OSNR of ~39 dB(corresponding to a spectral purity of ~99.96%) with more than 99 W output power can be obtained. Moreover, for the pump bandwidth of 0.6–40 nm, the spectral purity can reach as high as 99% with the pump power ranging from ~85 to ~117 W.In addition, with the aid of theoretical simulation based on a modified power balance model, we find that the increment of pump bandwidth can decrease the effective Raman gain coefficient, further influencing the gain characteristics, nonlinear effects, and eventually the output performance. This work provides new insight into the influence of the pump characteristics on the output performance of incoherently pumped RFLs.


INPUT 2018
Forest Creatures Foundation is producing INPUT 2018, to be held in Brooklyn, NY. This is the first time the conference will be held anyplace in New York State.
INPUT is the International Public Television Conference, also known as the International Public Television Screening Conference. Its primary event is an annual global conference for public broadcasting professionals centered on three screening rooms simultaneously presenting some of the best and most innovative public television programming from around the world. The programs cover a variety of genres and must have been broadcast on public television. In any given year there will be sixty to one hundred countries represented at INPUT.
INPUT was founded on the principle that every culture is valuable and deserves respect and recognition. It stimulates an increased awareness of cultural, societal, and national sensibilities as it relates to public television programming from around the world.
Sometimes there is debate and disagreement regarding the merits of the program. There can be controversy, especially with programs that examine religious beliefs, cultural norms, and accepted or unaccepted behaviors. For example, INPUT has screened a program about "honor killings" that had been banned from broadcast in its country of origin.
Official site of Forest Creatures Entertainment


text:
Kenyans are exposed to the risk of air pollution from stationery and mobile sources. In 2015, the Government of Kenya gazetted the Air Quality Regulations which are aimed at protecting the citizens from exposure to air pollution. The regulations gives the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) a major role in regulating air pollution. These roles include the following
1. Receive applications for emission licenses from all institutions and equipment releasing gaseous emissions
2. Consult lead agencies and other organizations before making decisions on issuance of emission licenses
3. Issue emission licenses
4. Cancel emission licenses
5. May establish additional procedures for the application and grant of any license
6. Impose such conditions as NEMA may deem appropriate.
7. Maintain a register of all emission licenses issued under the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) Cap 387
8. Allow the members of the public to inspect the emission license register after payment of prescribed fee
These roles make NEMA a critical institution in air quality management. NEMA has all the powers to ensure that no pollution occurs in Kenya. Hence if you are an air polluter, you are on notice, NEMA inspectors are out there and will catch up with you.
Government of Kenya (2015) Environmental Management and Coordination Act Cap 387. Government Printers, Nairobi
Article Categories:Environmental Legislation in Kenya