How Does IBD Affect Your Sex Life?
How Does IBD Affects Your Sex Life? Image
How Does IBD Affect Your Sex Life?
How Does IBD Affect Your Sex Life?
Painful sex is a common IBD associated complication. Consulting a doctor is necessary. People suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are always concerned about their intimacy. They tend to hide their emotions and feel embarrassed to converse about their problems to a doctor or nurse. In majority of the IBD cases, the sexual life of people remains unaffected. But during a flare-up, people may exhibit a lack of interest in sexual activities. Fortunately, along with IBD, the psychological issues associated with it can also be medically addressed.
If other treatment options become invalid for treating a certain IBD case then the doctors recommend surgery. It is important that the patient discusses everything with the partner and clearly thinks through before signing up for this option. Surgery is usually the last option and is only done for the betterment of patient's health.
Surgery As A Treatment Option For IBD
Fish Oil Benefits For Male Sexual Health ImageAs stated above, the doctor only recommends surgery when it is the only treatment option left. Surgery can provide a cure for patients with ulcerative colitis. However, for patients with Crohn's disease, surgery may offer relief for a certain episode. It may also help the patients who have multiple parts of their intestine affected badly.
Majority of the patient who undergo surgical procedures for the treatment of IBD recover completely and successfully with only some minor complications. However, the patient must be educated thoroughly about the few changes that may occur after the completion of the surgery.
Post-Surgery Changes In Women
 - Reduced sex drive or in other word diminished or low libido. This change may occur due to patient's own perception about her looks and body and the patient may think that she is less attractive after the surgery.
 - Reduction of sexual feelings and poor sex drive can lead to vaginal dryness. Even if the intercourse is done, it is uncomfortable, painful and short-lasting. This can be handled with switching to a different sex position which may embark excitement and may help in arousal.
 - Using a lubricant gel may also help in alleviating the pain associated with sex. Talking to the partner and discussing new exciting horizons to the relationship can have a positive impact. In order to feel better the patient must first find herself attractive.
Post-Surgery Changes In Men
Surgery, at times, may damage or cut the nerves present around the genital organs located near the bowel area. As a result, the patient may find difficulty in obtaining a strong erection or even ejaculating. Most of times the nerves recover back to the normal state but it may take a couple or more years to happen. Seeking the partner's patience will help in exploring other methods for gaining sexual pleasure.
 - Jedel, S., Hood, M. M., & Keshavarzian, A. (2015). Getting personal: a review of sexual functioning, body image, and their impact on quality of life in IBD patients. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 21(4), 923.


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In an article published on the Health Affairs Blog, the National Pharmaceutical Council and the Analysis Group conducted market research to explore payer views of the potential roles that existing and new alternative payment approaches could play in managing the financial risk and impact of gene therapies. They found that although payers are thinking about how to cover gene therapies, more work is needed to fully address seven important coverage challenges:
- Financial risk and impact of gene therapies is an important concern for payers: The majority of payers, both on a regional/local level and a national level, expressed "very high" concern about managing the potential financial risk and impact. Both rare diseases and "common chronic diseases" caused concerns for payers about shifting from the current standard of care with existing treatments to one-time gene therapies.
- Payers would consider alternative payment models to manage plan risk under the right set of circumstances: Every national payer and more than half of regional payers surveyed said they expected to enter into alternative payment arrangements for gene therapies within the next three years.
- Payers expect to use a combination of new and existing approaches to manage the financial risk of gene therapy: Most payers (excluding Managed Medicaid) were most likely to expect to use a combination of approaches to manage gene therapy-related financial risk. About half of those payers expected alternative payment arrangements to play a role in managing that risk, either alone or in conjunction with other approaches.
- Given uncertainty about magnitude and duration of clinical effects, payers likely will require performance guarantees with alternative payment approaches: For approaches that smooth payments over time, nearly all payers said they would expect payment to be dependent on meeting performance-based requirements – and more than 95 percent said expecting them to pay for patients who have stopped responding to a therapy would be a "deal breaker."
- Greatest patient access challenges may be encountered at smaller employer plans and managed Medicaid plans: Nearly one-third of smaller plans surveyed said they were likely to exclude coverage for gene therapies.
- Payers' preferred approaches may not be entirely effective in addressing their concerns: Many payers said they would use stop-loss/reinsurance in conjunction with a payment agreement, but this approach could result in higher costs for patients and payers.
- Many payers were uncomfortable with "patient portability" proposals: Roughly three-quarters of payers surveyed called allowing patients to carry payments with them if they switch plans a "deal breaker." Payers were not interested in accepting financial responsibility for such patients who switch into their plans.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Close full-size image and return to story.
Example of a narrow feature that needs to be seen in a 3-D image. The first parameter that has to be defined in this 3-D seismic design method is the smallest (narrowest) horizontal dimension of a feature that must be seen in the 3-D data volume. For purposes of illustration, it is assumed the narrowest feature that is to be interpreted is a meander channel. At least three, and ideally four, stacking bins (seismic traces) must lie within the narrowest dimension W of this channel if the channel is to be reliably seen in the seismic image during workstation interpretation. Once this minimum channel width W is defined, the dimensions of the stacking bins are also defined, those bin dimensions being no wider than W/3, and ideally, they should be W/4 or less.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Definitions for pair production
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word pair production
Princeton's WordNet
 1. pair production, pair creation, pair formation(noun)
 the transformation of a gamma-ray photon into an electron and a positron when the photon passes close to an atomic nucleus
GCIDE
 1. Pair production
 The simultaneous creation of a particle and its antiparticle, such as an electron and positron, from a photon; -- usually due to its interaction with the strong field near a nucleus.
Freebase
 1. Pair production
 Pair production refers to the creation of an elementary particle and its antiparticle, usually when a photon interacts with a nucleus. For example an electron and its antiparticle, the positron, may be created. This is allowed, provided there is enough energy available to create the pair – at least the total rest mass energy of the two particles – and that the situation allows both energy and momentum to be conserved. Other pairs produced could be a muon and anti-muon or a tau and anti-tau. However all other conserved quantum numbers of the produced particles must sum to zero – thus the created particles shall have opposite values of each other. For instance, if one particle has electric charge of +1 the other must have electric charge of −1, or if one particle has strangeness of +1 then another one must have strangeness of −1. The probability of pair production in photon-matter interactions increases with increasing photon energy and also increases with atomic number approximately as Z².
Numerology
 1. Chaldean Numerology
 The numerical value of pair production in Chaldean Numerology is: 5
 2. Pythagorean Numerology
 The numerical value of pair production in Pythagorean Numerology is: 8
Images & Illustrations of pair production
Translations for pair production
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
 - Paarerzeugung, PaarbildungGerman
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Ψάξε όποια λέξη θες, όπως plopping:
1 definition by The A Group
1. Shut up
2. The act of shutting off one's genitals from the general public
Person 1: It would be most opportune for you to shut your balls at this juncture.
Person 2: Indubitably
Person 1: Pip pip tally ho
Person 2: Touche
από The A Group 27 Ιανουάριος 2007


Gadgets
What Does SOS Only Mean on iPhone? A Comprehensive Guide.
152views
Introduction:
what does sos only mean on iPhone: If you have an iPhone, you may have seen the message "SOS Only" appear in the top left corner of your screen. This message can be alarming and confusing, especially if you're not sure what it means or how to fix it.
In short, "SOS Only" means that your iPhone is currently unable to connect to your cellular network, and is only able to make emergency calls. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as being in an area with poor network coverage, having a damaged SIM card, or experiencing a software issue.
If you see the "SOS Only" message, the first thing to do is to check your cellular settings. Make sure that Airplane Mode is turned off, and that Cellular Data is turned on. You can also try resetting your network settings by going to Settings > General > Reset > Reset Network Settings.
If these steps don't work, you may need to contact your cellular provider or Apple Support for further assistance. They may be able to identify any issues with your account or device that is causing the problem.
It's important to note that while your iPhone is in "SOS Only" mode, you can still make emergency calls. To do so, simply dial 911 or your local emergency number. You can also access the Emergency SOS feature by pressing and holding the side button and one of the volume buttons on your iPhone.
In summary, "SOS Only" on your iPhone means that your device is currently unable to connect to your cellular network, and is only able to make emergency calls. If you see this message, check your cellular settings and try resetting your network settings. If the issue persists, contact your cellular provider or Apple Support for further assistance. And remember, even in "SOS Only" mode, your iPhone can still be used to make emergency calls if needed.
what does sos only mean on iphone
How do I check my network coverage on my iPhone?
To check your network coverage on your iPhone, you can follow these steps:
 1. Open the Settings app on your iPhone.
 2. Scroll down and tap on "Cellular" or "Mobile Data," depending on your iOS version.
 3. Under "Cellular Data Options" or "Mobile Data Options," you should see an option for "Voice & Data." Tap on this option.
 4. Here, you will see a list of available network options. If your carrier provides coverage in your area, you should see your carrier's name listed here. Select your carrier to check your network coverage.
 5. You should now see a map or a list of the areas where your carrier provides coverage. If your area is not covered, you may see a message indicating that your carrier does not provide coverage in your location.
If you are still unable to connect to your carrier's network or see the "SOS only" message on your iPhone, you may need to contact your carrier for further assistance. They can help you troubleshoot any issues with your account or device and provide additional guidance on how to improve your network coverage.
How can I contact my carrier for further assistance?
To contact your carrier for further assistance, you can follow these steps:
 1. Look up your carrier's customer support phone number or website. You can usually find this information on your carrier's website or on your bill.
 2. Call your carrier's customer support phone number or visit their website.
 3. Explain the issue you are experiencing with your iPhone, including the "SOS only" message and any troubleshooting steps you have already taken.
 4. The customer support representative will guide you through additional troubleshooting steps or escalate the issue to a higher level of support if necessary.
 5. If the issue is related to your account or SIM card, the customer support representative may need to verify your account information or send you a new SIM card.
 6. Once the issue is resolved, confirm that your iPhone can connect to the network by checking the signal strength indicator on your device's status bar.
Keep in mind that some carriers may also offer support through online chat or email. You can check your carrier's website or app for more information on these options.
what does sos only mean on iphone
How can I check if my iPhone is up to date?
To check if your iPhone is up to date, you can follow these steps:
 1. Open the Settings app on your iPhone.
 2. Scroll down and tap on "General."
 3. Tap on "Software Update."
 4. Your iPhone will now check if there is a software update available. If there is an update available, you will see a message indicating this.
 5. If an update is available, tap on "Download and Install" to start the update process.
 6. If your iPhone is up to date, you will see a message indicating that your software is up to date.
It is important to keep your iPhone up to date with the latest software updates as they can include important security patches, bug fixes, and new features. Apple typically releases new software updates periodically, and you can check for updates using the steps above. You can also enable automatic updates to ensure that your iPhone always has the latest software. To enable automatic updates, go to Settings > General > Software Update > Automatic Updates and toggle the switch to on. What does sos only mean on iphone
Conclusion
In conclusion, checking if your iPhone is up to date and ensuring that it has the latest software is important for security, bug fixes, and new features. You can check for software updates by going to Settings > General > Software Update on your iPhone
. If an update is available, you can download and install it to your device. Additionally, enabling automatic updates can help ensure that your iPhone always has the latest software. By keeping your iPhone up to date, you can ensure that it runs smoothly and securely.
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Wonder! How to clean a commercial deep fryer? Don't be worried as the cleaning process is simple and you can do it without a cleaning expert. It is a common commercial kitchen appliance that needs regular cleaning. Because a recent study by NFPA shows that 21% of restaurant fires are caused by dirty fryers.
A dirty fryer can change the taste of your food dramatically. Moreover, Its dirtiness may damage the longevity of the machine. A dirty fryer coil may take a longer time than usual that wastes more energy. Therefore get ready with all the supplies to clean the deep commercial fryer.
What You Will Need to Clean the Deep Commercial Fryer?
Before you start cleaning your commercial deep fryer, you need the following supplies. All of the materials are important and you cannot skip any of them.
- Nitrile Gloves: protects your hands and skin from extreme heat.
- Safety Goggles: protect your eyes from a splash of hot oil or water.
- Vinyl Apron: It is a heavy apron that protects your skin and clothes.
- Drain Valve Extension: easily emptied the oil container.
- Scrub Brush Long Handle: it helps to reach where your hand cannot reach.
- Fryer Rod: a metal tool that cleans the food debris
- Fryer Coil Brush: It helps to reach all over the machine to clean inside.
- Stock Pot: a basin to keep the oil.
How to Clean a Commercial Deep Fryer
There are two parts of the machine, the interior, and the coil. First, we will show you the interior cleaning process then we will focus on the coil of the deep fryer. The best way to clean the fryer is to boil it.
Why Should You Boil the Deep Fryer?
Old food and grime can affect the taste of the food and change the flavor as well. There are proteins, polar contaminants, and other materials that can affect your oil to deteriorate. If you boil the fryer all the contaminating will vanish and keep the oil fresh. To start boiling, drain all of the oil to a container then do the following.
- Use a fryer rod to clean the remaining food debris from the dryer.
- Rinse the fryer with hot water to clean the excess stored fat.
- Fill the oil tank of the fryer 3-4" and add fat fryer cleaner. Before that, read the instructions on how much to use the liquid with a specific amount of water.
- Turn on the machine and put it on the medium temperature level. Boil for 20 minutes.
- Let the water cool for 2 hours, drain the water slowly then use a hand brush to clean the interiors of the machine.
- Never use a metal scraper. The metal scrap can damage the components of the fryer and also might leave behind metal shavings.
- Rinse thoroughly with clean water and wipe the interior to avoid oil and water mixing.
While using the machine, there are extra oil drops around the machine, especially at peak hours. Later oil becomes sticky and greasy. Therefore, for a healthy deep fryer, clean the exterior with the following steps.
- Clean the exterior of the fryer with a cleaning spray. We recommend using nine heavy-duty cleaners to remove the grease and disinfect the sticky surface.
- Rub the stubborn spots with a synthetic pad to remove them.
- Wipe the exterior and let it dry completely before starting to use the machine.
- Clean the floor using a degreaser cleaner to disinfect.
- Rinse and dry the exterior of the fryer completely after cleaning is complete.
How to Clean the Coil of the Deep Commercial Fryer
The coil is the main part of the deep fryer that makes oil hot to fry things. Sometimes the food debris and other liquid materials trap the coil. That's why the fryer takes a longer time to heat the oil. To clean the coil you don't have another cleaning process. When you do the above cleaning the coil is cleaned.
Though if you need to clean the coil and the interior of the fryer separately take the coil out. Place it on a big pan and use the scrub to clean if anything is left after boiling. Then wash and wipe it with a clean dry cloth. Place it back and it is ready to use.
How a Deep Fryer Works
The deep-frying cooking method uses fat or oil to cook food. The process works by submerging the food completely into the oil. When food is submerged, the moisture of the food turns into steam. That allows the formation of crust to begin. The surface of the food dries to create a crispy brownie surface.
Benefits of Deep-Frying
A deep fryer has significant importance in a commercial place, as the restaurant needs to cook faster at peak hours. To cook a lot of food at the same time a deep commercial fryer is most essential. Look at its other benefits below.
- It is a faster way of cooking that saves and maintains time.
- When it reaches 3000 F, it creates Maillard and caramelization flavor.
- When the food is cooked with proper heat, it creates a crispy crust surface by drying all of the moisture from the food.
- Food is less greasy and retains its shape.
- Comparatively, it keeps the kitchen neat and clean, which is easy and safe to use.
You may buy a standard and expensive deep fryer but without proper cleaning, a commercial deep fryer is a hazard. To keep it working faster, regular maintenance is essential. Most importantly the deep fryer coil should be cleaned at least once in two weeks.
You can use the special kit to clean but the method we have explained is both effective and economical. However, you should filter the frying oil and clean the exterior every day as the fryer is used rapidly in the restaurant.


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Longitudinal data provides the opportunity to study the evolution of New Zealand families and to determine the impact of family background and circumstances on child development and family functioning.
It assesses five studies:
- The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study, Dunedin School of Medicine
- The Christchurch Health and Development Study, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Services
- The Pacific Islands Families Study, Auckland University of Technology
- Best Outcomes for Māori, Te Hoe Nuku Roa, Massey University
- The Survey of Family, Income and Employment, Statistics New Zealand
- The Longitudinal Immigration Survey: New Zealand, Department of Labour.
- It briefly examines four additional studies:
- The Competent Children Project, New Zealand Council for Educational Research
- Te Rerenga ā Te Pīrere, New Zealand Council for Educational Research
- The Youth Connectedness Project, Roy McKenzie Centre, the Health Services Research Centre and the New Zealand Council for Educational Research
- The Canterbury Suicide Project, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Services.
This report was completed for the Families Commission by Michelle Poland and Jaimie Legge


text:
Department of Computer Graphics and Multimedia
Spider Lawn Mower Automation Design
|Authors:||Plascencia Alfredo C., Beran Vítězslav|
|Licence:||required - no fee|
|Keywords:||lawn mower robot, non-linear control, sensory system, robot navigation|
|This project proposal describes the automation of a four steering wheel lawn mower robot called spider lawn mower SLM robot. The SLM faces four issues studied in this research: slippage conditions and cutting grass edge following, multi-mobile robot formation control, a body detection within the grass in front of the robots path and auto-repeating the same known tasks.|
To this end, a mathematical model that takes into account the kinematics and dynamics of the SLM is proposed: state feedback linearization is designed as a control strategy to tackle the nonlinearities of the system, implemented and tested.


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Jackie Gleason and Carroll O'Connor wrote to each other about the similarities between Ralph Kramden and Archie Bunker
Do you know the saying, "History doesn't repeat itself, it rhymes"? It's a great pair of glasses to view the world in. One of life's biggest lessons is that nothing is exactly the same twice, but sometimes things can feel so familiar it's like you're putting a mirror up to your own memories.
We were lucky enough to watch history rhyme when, in 1971, just 25 years after we said goodbye to Ralph Kramden in The Honeymooners, we were introduced to Archie Bunker in Norman Lear's All in the Family. The two characters share a number of traits that make both of them memorable; Archie and Ralph are both quick to anger, known for their outbursts and overconfidence and aren't afraid to share their opinions (loudly, if necessary).
These similarities were visible to viewers and fans, but it also wasn't lost on the actors themselves. As discussed in the book Archie & Edith, Mike & Gloria: The Tumultuous History of All in the Family by Donna McCrohan, actors Carroll O'Connor and Jackie Gleason understood that the two men were more alike than different, so much so that they actually chatted about it at one point.
According to an article in The Washington Post, Carroll O'Connor wrote to Jackie Gleason regarding his role in All in the Family and the inspiration that Gleason had served in his portrayal of Bunker. O'Connor apparently wrote, "I know I am doing some of the things you did." Gleason responded to O'Connor, and wrote, "I wish I had done some of the things you're doing."
While both characters are entertaining to watch and laugh at, the creators of All in the Family and The Honeymooners, Norman Lear and Jackie Gleason, respectively, ensured that these characters weren't so wild that they became too theatrical. Moreover, both creators were also sure to point out that, like everyone, Kramden and Bunker both had moments where they could be downright tolerable.
While O'Connor was basing his portrayal of Bunker on Ralph Kramden, Lear was writing the character based on his own father. Lear once said of his father, "I could never forgive him for being a bigot. But I found there were other things to love him for." So while Archie Bunker obviously isn't a carbon copy of Ralph Kramden, it's interesting to find that there are slivers of similarity to other people in the character's journey throughout the series, both fictional and real.
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source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
POTENTIAL Use of Digital Computer Ground Water Models.
HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING CENTER DAVIS CA
Pagination or Media Count:
The discussion on the potential use of digital computer groundwater models was prepared for the Albuquerque District, Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque, New Mexico, as part of a water supply study of the Albuquerque Greater Urban Area AGUA. Although the material presented was developed for the Albuquerque area, the concepts are applicable to the understanding of ground water modeling generally. The discussion included both quantity and quality models and reasons why an agency may wish to undertake a modeling effort. Available computer programs were cited and the probable advantages and disadvantages of specific programs were given. Costs for prior modeling efforts of groundwater systems in other localities were also included as a guide to probable cost when considering the use of a digital computer groundwater model. Author
- Hydrology, Limnology and Potamology
- Computer Hardware


text:
Florida Tech Student Earns Snowdon Scholarship
– Aubrey Lee Kozak, a Florida Tech master's degree student in ocean engineering from Greene, N.Y., has earned a $6,000 Edward W. and Lee Hill Snowdon
Fellowship for the spring semester 2004.
The fellowship is funded by a gift of the Edward W. Snowdon and Lee Hill Snowdon Administrative Fund, Community Foundation for Palm Beach and Martin
Counties. The Snowdon fellowship is awarded to deserving graduate students in the Department of Marine and Environmental Systems (DMES). The department
integrates the expertise and skills of scientists, engineers, and resource mangers. The faculty includes individuals devoted to research involving the
study of ocean waves and currents; coastal processes and structures; estuarine hydrology; planktonic and benthonic organisms; meteorology and climatology;
hydroacoustics; coastal and resource management; marine vehicles; biofouling; trace-metal and pollution identification and distribution; computer modeling;
remote sensing; and instrumentation.


text:
Cows get tracking collars as scientists try to work out how they make friends
By Mark Prigg
How cows make friends is to be investigated in a bizarre three-year study.
Scientists want to understand more about'social networking' within dairy herds.
The aim is to help farmers improve the health and welfare of their cows, thereby increasing milk yields.
Social animals: Researchers hope to find out how cows interact with each other and form social groups using tracking collars
For the first stage of the research, high-tech 'proximity collar's' have been fitted to cows on a farm in Cullompton, Devon.
The collars use radio signals to determine how close one cow is to another, allowing scientists to map the animals' social interactions.
Study leader Dr Darren Croft, from the University of Exeter's Animal Behaviour Research Group, said: 'Emerging evidence on wild animal populations supports the idea that the group structure and relationships between the animals affect their health and wellbeing.
'Cows are social animals that form important group structures, and the addition or removal of animals from an established group can significantly alter its dynamics.
'We want to find out just how important these group structures are.
'Dairy farmers take a range of factors into account when deciding how to structure groups of cows.
'We hope that the results of our study may contribute towards a blueprint for herd management that will help farmers continue to improve the health and welfare of their cows.'
Researcher Natasha Boyland, another member of the Exeter team, said: 'We will look at the nature of the interactions to see just how relationships are formed and maintained within the herd.
Animals in the study will wear a special collar to track their movements around fields
'In combination with the proximity data findings and other information about the animals, such as their health status, we hope to gather evidence that can be translated into practical advice for farmers when it comes to herd management.'
The study is funded by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and DairyCo, the levy-funded organisation that works on behalf of British dairy farmers.
Researchers know cows are extremely social animals, and now hope to find out how they make friends and how their social groups operate in a bid to improve farming techniques
Amanda Ball, head of communications at DairyCo, said: 'This study could help dairy farmers understand more about their cows, improve their health and welfare and may even contribute towards helping to secure the future supply of milk to consumers.
'The dairy industry is worth £8 billion a year to the UK economy and it is important to support research that can help farmers continue to provide consumers with top quality dairy products whilst putting the health and welfare of their cows first.'


text:
This paper presents an experimental investigation on the behavior of encased light cold-formed steel joists with/without web openings. The study is carried on two sets of composite beams constructed of cold-formed steel joists using I-beam built-up sections. The first set has no web openings while the second set has circular web openings. Each set consists of three beams with various steel section-concrete reinforcing ratio. The constant parameters included in this study are the cross sectional area of the specimen, distribution of web openings in the encased steel I- joist, and the compressive strength of concrete. The tests have been conducted by applying two concentrated identical loads. Consequently, a comparative study is carried out to compare between the behavior of specimens within one set, and a comparison between the specimens of the two sets. This comparison is related to strength, stiffness, ductility, energy absorption capacity and failure modes. Based on the testing results, it is concluded that, the load capacity of the composite beams without web openings is greater than that with web openings for the same steel ratio. But the existence of web openings in the encased steel joists enhances the ductility and the energy absorption of the composite beams. Also using cold formed steel I-joists in the composite beams allow the failure mode to be ductile flexural failure.
Full Text (PDF)


ZW3D CAD: Tips for Coil Design
February 20, 2014
In product design, coil design is often irregular. How can we create many different, interesting coils? Many tips will be introduced through this article, using actual cases, as shown in Figure 1.
\
Figure 1: Actual cases of coil design

For these three different coils, the most important thing is how to get the 3D curve. Based on the 3D curve, the coil geometry will be quickly calculated by the 'Swept Rod' feature. \

Case 1
Setp1: Create a circle and a line.
Step2: Use the 'Sweep' command to create a sweep surface, and then define the linear twist angle from 0 to 7200 degree. This can be seen in Figure 2.
\
Figure 2: Sweep surface with twist angle

Step3: Select the edge of the sweep surface to do the swept rod operation. Finally, get the coil shape.

Case 2
Step1: Draw two lines and a spiral curve; see Figure 3(left).
Step2: Create a sweep surface with these curves; see Figure 3(right).
 \
Figure 3: Sweep surface with spiral control curve

Step3: Create a revolve surface with a sketch curve.
Setp4: Create a curve at the intersection of two or more faces, and then uses the Sweep Rod command to create a rod shape.
 \
Figure 4: Use intersection curve to create a coil shape

Case 3
Step1: Create a cylinder base shape.
Step2: Create a sweep surface with twist angles (such as: from -5400 to 5400 degree), similar to that in case 1.
Step3: Use this shape and surface to generate an intersection curve.
Step4: According to the actual requirements, draw the lead-in and lead-out side curves.
The whole process of creating 3D curves is shown in Figure 5.
Step5: Do sweep rod operation to generate the coil shape.
 \
Figure 5:Process of creating 3D curves

Some tips can be summarized from these several different case. For coil design, the key point is creating a correct 3D curve. Many different methods are available. Equation curves can be directly used for some simple shapes whereas some irregular coil shape would use the sweep feature and some other commands to create reference solids or surfaces, and then get the required curves based on these reference geometries. Using different commands for different requirements can make design work easier and more interesting.

 Short Description
For coil design, the key point is creating a correct 3D curve. Many different methods are available. Equation curves can be directly used for some simple shapes whereas some irregular coil shape would use the sweep feature and some other commands to create reference solids or surfaces, and then get the required curves based on these reference geometries.

About ZW3D
ZW3D is all-in-one, affordable CAD/CAM solution that enables concept-to-finished-product designs in an integrated, collaborative environment. The proprietary Overdrive™ kernel delivers 3D part and assembly modeling, 2D production drawings, reverse engineering, motion simulation, mold design, and integrated CNC machining. It simplifies the design process from concept to completion.
To experience ZW3D 2013, where the only limit is your imagination, please go to _URL_ download a free 30-day trial today.

Key words:
ZW3D CAD/CAM all-in-one solution, coil design, spiral curve, intersection curve, advanced sweep, sweep rod

Link to Promote:
_URL_

Author's Name:
Orchid Jin

Author's Info:
A CAD Specialist
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I've not found a clear answer to my question below. Everything I found on the internet was too fuzzy and vague, so I hope this is not a duplicate.
In which way does the word "quite" in front of an adjective strengthen or weaken the corresponding adjective?
Some examples:
Consider: "I'm quite good at school."
Does this mean I am very good at school, or like "good, but also not one of the best students" or even only considerably good?
The same for this: "I can run quite fast."
I've read, that this means that I can run not very fast, and I've also read that it means that I can run "very very fast, but not like Usain Bolt".
If you've checked the dictionary you'll have seen that there are 2, somewhat contradictory definitions for "quite":
 1. to the utmost or most absolute extent or degree; absolutely; completely.
 2. to a certain or fairly significant extent or degree; fairly.
In short, "quite" can mean "very" or "not so much"!
In spoken English, we tend to put emphasis on the word when we are minimising something, and perhaps draw it out with a negative inflexion, for example:
-was the town busy?
-it was quite busy. (meaning it wasn't very busy)
Also, as a very general rule, we wouldn't use it to mean the highest degree unless we were using it with a strong word such as "excellent", "marvellous" or "terrible". With more moderate words like "good" or "bad", it tends to be added to understate. For example, "I can run quite fast" would probably mean reasonably fast; wheras "I can run quite rapidly!" sounds far more positive, and would likely be taken to mean very fast.
In modern type-written English we use italics, bold, underlining, "quote marks" etc to tweak the inferred meanings of words - "just that little bit of fine tuning".
In spoken English, we use volume, inflection - and modifier words - when we wish to tweak a word's meaning, ever so slightly.
Fairly, rather, quite and pretty are all degree modifiers. They are used to express the degree to which a certain quality is present. Fairly does not show a high degree of something, rather and quite do.
So quite emphasizes the word busy - not busy enough to be very busy, as Astralbee noted in that excellent answer, but more than just busy.
Your Answer


New MacBook Air, Dell XPS 13, or $600 Off with SANS Online Training for a limited time!
IDFAQ: Can fragments help attackers evade detection?
IP fragments are a certain type of IP packets that are not sent at once but in multiple parts. The destination or target system has to reassemble the pieces into an IP packet. There are legitimate reasons why fragmentation can (and must) occur. One example of the legitimate uses of IP fragments is for a router that connects networks with different MTU's. It has no choice but to create IP fragments (eg. FDDI -> ethernet transition). Excessive fragmenting however, could be a serious warning you have a problem.
There is a detailed paper on this issue available:
 - Insertion, Evasion, and Denial of Service: Eluding Network Intrusion Detection, T. Ptacek and T. Newsham, Secure Networks, January 1998.
Any host, network device or Intrusion Detection System may deal with IP fragments in the following ways:
 - Discard the fragments. Since there is legitimate use for IP fragments this is not the best general solution. For intrusion detection systems it is advisable that they should examine these packets. When shopping for intrusion detection systems be certain to find out if they support packet reassembly.
 - Letting the IP fragments flow to the final destination without trying to make a whole packet out of it. Typical example of this is what a router does (means the router cannot (always) look at the TCP headers and therefore not do proper filtering ...). You should check your filtering routers, especially if they are your only line of defense.
 - The device can try to reassemble IP fragments into packets. Destination hosts have no choice but to do this. This is the only way for filtering or ID systems to get to the actual contents, or even to the full TCP headers. Since there are no guarantees about order of arrival and since storing fragments until the IP packets are complete consumes resources, there is a chance for a denial of service or for not being able to catch all the IP fragments.
There are tools to generate IP fragments in order to evade access control in filtering devices and to flow unnoticed by intrusion detection systems. One of these tools is the fragrouter released by Anzen Computing and can be found at nidsbench.( _URL_
We expect an increase in attacks using IP fragments as more of these tools become available to the (would be) hacker community.
Swa Frantzen


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While ginseng can legally be harvested from the national forests, there are several restrictions. The roots can only be dug at certain times of year, there's a limit on how many you can take, and only larger roots can be taken. Ginseng diggers must also have a permit.
So far this year, Forest Service officials caught and arrested nine people for illegally possessing ginseng. The average ginseng poacher was caught with 25 roots and ultimately spent about two weeks in jail. This year, the forest has seen a sharp increase in violations issued to plant poachers over previous years.
Conservationists, botanists and others are concerned about the decline of ginseng populations, and poaching may eventually cause harvests to be restricted.
Ginseng root has been favored as a tonic with exports to East Asia for the past two-and-a-half centuries. In North Carolina, the plant primarily occurs in the mountains. The Forest Service continues to monitor the harvest in the national forests in North Carolina to ensure the future viability of the plant.
Removing any plant or its parts from national forest land without a permit or outside of the legal harvest season is considered theft. Every national forest plant is public property, which means plant thieves are robbing all citizens of a resource that is collectively owned. Penalties for plant poaching may include a fine up to $5,000 or six-month sentence in federal prison, or both.
"Unfortunately, not everyone respects the rules, and there are times when we need to take action. In recent years, the punishment for ginseng poaching has included up to 30 days in jail for a first-time, misdemeanor offense in some Western North Carolina cases," said Bail. "Poachers need to understand that the federal courts are taking plant theft, as well as wildlife poaching, very seriously and that the penalties for such acts may be harsh."
Visitors to the Nantahala and Pisgah National Forests must obtain a permit to collect ginseng during the designated harvest season, which runs Sept. 1 through 30. Ginseng permits cost $40 per wet pound. An individual may purchase up to three wet pounds annually although harvest is prohibited in Wilderness and Natural Areas.


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Acknowledge the effort of your dad with our Astronaut Hello Superhero Balloons Bouquet. As it is unable to measure and explain the amount of effort needed to raise and take care of the family, just like how we get inspired by the first Astronaut who ever walked on the moon.
The Astronaut Superhero Balloons Bouquet consists of 2 balloons in a cluster:
- 1pc 37" Adorable Astronaut Foil Balloon
- 1pc 18" Personalised Name Blue Colored Crystal Clearz Bubble Balloon
Material: Mylar Foil and Superior quality stretchy plastic/poly film; Manufactured by USA Brand
The Astronaut Superhero Balloons Bouquet is
(1) Helium Gas Filled (Floating Time: approx 24 hours);
- Floating time in air: Approximately 24 Hours for Adorable Astronaut Foil Balloon, depending on weather condition/temperature and how balloons are being handled and transported
- Floating time in air: Approximately 3days for Personalised Name Blue Colored Crystal Clearz Bubble Balloon, depending on weather condition/temperature and how balloons are being handled and transported
- Approximately 1.8 meter in total height, Balloons will be tied in cluster.
- Attached to a balloon weight (for balloon to stay grounded)
Warning: Adult supervision is required as uninflated balloons can be a choking hazard. Keep uninflated balloons out of reach from children and discard broken balloons. Do not inhale helium gas at all time, it can be a health hazard.
Disclaimer: Product photos are for illustrative purposes only. Actual colors may vary from the product photos, and may also vary from the PC/Mobile/Tablet's screen due to monitor color restrictions.


In'swine production' (pig farming), the verb 'Farrow' means to give birth to pigs. Needless to say, farrowing is something that only sows do.
The noun farrow means 'a litter of piglets'.
This is an interesting contrast when compared to its definition in regards to cattle farming, where it means a cow is 'not in calf', that is, not pregnant.


public safety departments around the world have implemented next-generation work centers that combine multiple data sources into a single, unified image using new technology and data analysis software. This will allow public security officials to assess the situation in real time and make appropriate decisions.
The definition of next-generation job centers is an example of real-time crime centers (RTCCs). Public safety departments can use data visualization, analytics, and artificial intelligence tools in RTCC to gain insights from old and real-time inputs. This skill allows for more accurate and faster decision making.
A cognitive engine, an artificial intelligence application capable of processing unstructured data from a variety of sources so that users – in this case public safety departments – can easily extract functional data, is a crucial enabling technology for this type of research. Law enforcement can use these cognitive engines to destroy and evaluate body camera material, edit multimedia, create transcripts, and more.
In the RTCC regulations, analysts and researchers can access 15-20 separate sources of information to identify a person of potential interest. Cognitive engines go through all of these sources and compile the data into aggregation displays and mapping systems, providing faster, more concise information to enable decision-making. Cognitive engines are also useful for law enforcement to improve transparency with the public outside of response functions. Cognitive engines can help authorities disclose information about police encounters with people more easily.
A cognitive engine is an artificial intelligence program that takes unstructured data, analyzes it, and then produces a structured result. Cognitive engines are used for many purposes. For example, there are engines for language recognition, translation, content detection, summary, emotional analysis and more, for example in the field of text analysis. Target recognition, license plate recognition, and optical character recognition are used for video analysis.
Benefits of cognitive engines for public safety
The use of cognitive motor technology in RTCC benefits public safety departments in many ways. One is enhanced transparency. The faster the evidence can be properly processed and corrected, the faster it can be released to the public. Cognitive engines are also force factors. They help reduce the resources and time staff need to analyze the evidence. Staff need to focus on more valuable work instead of time-consuming but low-value tasks such as editing and transcription
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Coastal Works was contracted by Moree Plain Shire Council to construct a bi-directional water transfer system to ensure potable water security for the towns of Boggabilla and Toomelah. The length of the water mains was approximately 18 km requiring two (2) pumping stations and connections into the existing water reticulation systems in both communities.
The community at Toomelah is predominately indigenous and Coastal Works employed Toomelah locals to supplement the work teams. This opportunity allowed the locals to gain skills that otherwise would be difficult to obtain.
The isolation of the project meant that construction crews had to carefully plan deliveries to ensure that the project was always moving forward. The water main construction was completed in 6 weeks rather than the 12 weeks initially programmed.


smooth camera follow script
Git version control for Unity using Bitbucket and Sourcetree
Git version control for Unity
Welcome to this easy and quick tutorial how to set up Git version control for the unity game engine.
Using Bitbucket and SourceTree
Making things easy, we use Bitbucket for online repositorys and the sourcetree-app to do commits, pulls and pushes.
Make shure to watch the following video, where I teach everything about setting up version control.
After that, don't forget to set up your gitignore-file for SourceTree, check out the screenshot and description below.

Afterwards don't forget to include a "gitignore"-file in your project directory.
That way you can make shure that only the necessary files will be uploaded to the remote repository.
All the crap stuff like temp- and build-files etc. will be ignored.
You can create the file by creating a new textfile, using filename "gitignore.txt".
Copy and paste the following content into the file and save it:
# =============== #
# Unity generated #
# =============== #
[Tt]emp/
[Oo]bj/
[Bb]uild
[Ll]ibrary/
sysinfo.txt
# ===================================== #
# Visual Studio / MonoDevelop generated #
# ===================================== #
[Ee]xported[Oo]bj/
/*.userprefs
/*.csproj
/*.pidb
/*.suo
/*.sln*
/*.user
/*.unityproj
/*.booproj
# ============ #
# OS generated #
# ============ #
.DS_Store*
._*
.Spotlight-V100
.Trashes
Icon?
ehthumbs.db
[Tt]humbs.db

Than rename the file and delete the ".txt"-fileending. There you have your gitignore-file:

Since SourceTree uses its own gitignore-file, you have to tell SourceTree to use your gitignore-file.
SourceeTree -> Tools -> Options -> Git shows the git ignore file location it uses. You can also edit the file from a button in that dialog.

SourceTree set up gitignore file

4 comments
 1. Hi Tobi – I have played around with the .gitignore but there are some files in Library that won't ignore. Most of them are in the Library/Metada folder, but there are some other ones and it is ignoring most of the files in Library. Do you know why this might be happening? Thanks in advance!
 1. Hi Nahele,
 sorry for answering that late.
 If you talk about the .meta-files, they have to be included. Unity creates them for each asset, in order to identify the asset in the unity editor.
 If an asset loses its meta file (for example, if you moved or renamed the asset outside of Unity, without moving/renaming the corresponding .meta file), any reference to that asset will be broken.
 For more information you can read this official unity documentation:
 _URL_
 The Library folder should not be included in version control. Let me do some research, why it is included with this gitignore-file.
 According to the syntax of the file, the path "Library/" should be ignored.
 2. Hey there Nahele,
 here comes the solution: SourceTree uses its own gitignore file. The menu "SourceeTree -> Tools -> Options -> Git" shows the git ignore file location it uses.
 You can choose and edit your gitingnore-file from a button in that dialog.
 Here is a picture of that:
 SourceTree set up gitignore file
 However also important to know: git will continue to track any files that are already being tracked in your project.
 So you have to select the /Library/-files and select right mouse button -> stop tracking.
 After doing a commit, they are not tracked in the git-repository anymore.
 2. Thank you Tobi, your tutorial has been a great guide to setup the versioning of my Unity project.
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text:
How much power does a PC use in 24 hours?
A desktop uses an average of 200 W/hour when it is being used (loudspeakers and printer included). A computer that is on for eight hours a day uses almost 600 kWh and emits 175 kg of CO2 per year. A laptop uses between 50 and 100 W/hour when it is being used, depending on the model. CachedSimilar
How much power does it take to run a PC?
A computer's power usage will depend on the type of computer. Laptops use between 15 and 60 typically while desktop computers range between 60 and 250 watts. Google searching for your computer's wattage is the easiest way to get the most accurate number. Cached
How much power does a PC consume per hour?
Electricity consumption of Desktop Computer The CPU and Desktop monitor consumes around 170 Watt per hour of Electricity when actively used. On standby mode / sleep mode, the power consumption goes down to 80 Watt per hour.
Is it OK to leave my PC on for 24 hours?
The Bottom Line Desktop computers are generally more suitable for 24/7 operation, although they should be in a well-ventilated area with some cooling to maintain optimal performance. Laptop and Ultrabook computers should be turned off when not in use, as their hardware is much more susceptible to overheating.
Is it OK to keep a PC running 24 7?
Is It Safe To Run Your PC 24/7? A well-built and well-maintained computer can easily run 24/7 or overnight, with no real issues (apart from the increased electricity costs!). Modern computer systems are designed and tested to be run 24/7, and so you shouldn't have any issues doing this yourself.
How much does a PC cost to run per day?
A desktop PC typically uses around 100 watts of electricity, the equivalent of 0.1 kWh. This means that if a PC is on for eight hours a day, it will cost 10p a day to run the laptop (based on an average energy unit cost of 12.5 p/kWh).
Does PC waste a lot of electricity?
Key takeaways about powering a computer Large desktop and gaming computers use between 200 and 500 watts of electricity, on average. Using a computer for 8 hours per day will use about 12.2 kilowatt-hours of electricity per month and 146 kilowatt-hours of electricity per year.
Do gaming PCs run up the electric bill?
According to this MakeUseOf article, your gaming PC comes with more advanced hardware than a typical PC. For instance, a gaming PC usually comes with a more powerful GPU, which requires more electricity to operate. Because of that, its energy consumption is significantly higher.
How much does it cost to run a PC for 8 hours a day?
On average, a laptop consumes about 50 watts of electricity, the equivalent of 0.05 kWh. This means that if a laptop is on for eight hours a day, it will cost 24p a day to operate the laptop or 3p an hour. Please note: the wattage of an appliance does not necessarily mean it will end up using more electricity.
How much does it cost to run a gaming PC?
An efficient gaming PC (being used at 100% load) running an 80 Plus Bronze PSU will use around 730W of power (or 0.73 kWh). Using the current UK price cap of 34.0p/kWh, this equates to around £0.25 per hour. Over 24hrs, this comes to approximately £5.96.
Is it bad to shut down PC every night?
If you use your computer frequently — more than once a day, most days of the week — and on your own secured network, you're fine to stick with sleep mode. However, you should power it all the way down at least once a week to keep it running smoothly.
Should you shut down your gaming PC every night?
The short answer is no. The longer answer: It depends. Sleep mode overnight can be beneficial as it can allow it to perform any maintenance tasks scheduled — think full system virus scans, doing a full backup of the hard drive or checking for software updates, says Meister.
Do PCs shut off when they get too hot?
An overheating computer can intermittently restart, shutdown, or experience performance issues. Eventually excessive heat can damage the internal components. When the computer overheats, you may experience symptoms such as: Fans inside the computer become louder as they start spinning faster to remove excess heat.


text:
Biodiversity in the eastern Mediterranean Sea could take a deadly hit if drillers rush in on recently discovered gas-rich fields, the World Wildlife Fund warned Wednesday.
The international environmental organization warned that gas drilling in the area shared by Turkey, Israel and Egypt could ravage the sea's ecosystem, which would take at least a millennium to regrow.
Gas drillers have been eager to capitalize on the recently discovered Leviathan gas field, a deepwater area off the Israeli coast that may hold as much as 16 trillion cubic feet of gas, AFP reports.
The West Nile Delta gas field, another potentially lucrative region for drillers, was discovered earlier this year. That field is located off the coast of Alexandria, Egypt.
But the eastern Mediterranean is home to rare species that are millennia old, including deep-sea sponges and cold water corals. Sergi Tudela, head of WWF's Mediterranean Fisheries Program, says this makes them particularly vulnerable.
Tudela said that once the sea is tapped for gas, "it can take a millennium or more before the unique micro-ecosystem grows again, so the most fragile and valuable species and under-sea areas must be left untouched by gas development," according to AFP.
WWF appealed to the European Union and a number of Mediterranean countries to prohibit deep-sea drilling and industrial development in the areas.


text:
Updated April 24, 2023
In this application note, we outline the essential aspects of the PDH laser locking method and the practical use of the Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box instrument to realize a PDH laser locking system. This method is also compatible with Moku:Go and Moku:Pro Laser Lock Boxes.
Pound-Drever-Hall laser locking with Moku:Lab
Locking a laser by forcing the laser and reference frequency to be equal allows for two scenarios: (1) the locking system steers the laser frequency to be equal to the reference frequency, which is referred to as frequency stabilization; and (2) the locking system forces the reference frequency to follow the laser frequency, which is referred to as frequency tracking. Whether used for frequency stabilization or frequency tracking, Liquid Instruments' Laser Lock Box is designed to assist in high-performance, high-gain laser locking systems. The Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box offers advanced setup, acquisition and diagnostic features that makes it easier and quicker to set up and characterize laser locking systems.
Basics of laser locking and the PDH technique
At the core of any laser locking technique is the measurement that provides the difference, or error, between the laser and a frequency reference. Often termed the 'error signal', the quality of this signal ultimately determines the precision and accuracy of the entire locking system. Arguably one of the most precise methods for obtaining an error signal is the Pound-Drever-Hall (PDH) technique. Using the PDH error signal in feedback systems has proven to give an extremely accurate and precise measure of changes in the laser or cavity, resulting in its use in a myriad of applications such as absorption spectroscopy and gravitational wave detection. The PDH error signal technique has several key advantages such as:
- The technique provides highly accurate and precise measures of phase and frequency differences between the laser and the cavity resonance.
- The sensing technique provides a zero-crossing error signal with zero frequency difference corresponding to a null error signal.
- Assuming all signal processing is done digitally, it avoids low frequency noise generated in analog electronics and demodulation circuits
These advantages do come at some cost. To obtain such a precise measure of the frequency/phase, the PDH technique utilizes radio-frequency modulation and demodulation techniques. This adds considerable complexity to the signal processing system as well as some complexity to the optical system. But once understood, these complexities are minor compared to the advantages of the PDH systems.
Laser Locking using the Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box
The Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box aims to drastically reduce the complexity usually associated with operating and using a PDH locking system. Figure 1 illustrates an example setup of a PDH laser locking system. The setup uses a solid state Nd:YAG NPRO laser, which is aligned and mode-matched to a moderate finesse cavity. The Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box was subsequently used to produce all the signals required to lock the laser to the cavity resonance.
Figure 1: Example of PDH laser locking system
Locking a laser consists of:
- Setting up the system (including alignment).
- Modulating the laser
- Centering the resonance
- Obtaining an error signal
- Locking the laser
- Optimizing the lock
Setting up the system
For the system to be operating optimally, it is important to ensure that the laser beam is well aligned with the optical axis of the cavity and that the mode of the laser matches well with the spatial mode of the resonator. It is important to note that misalignment or mode-mismatches can result in reduced locking performance or, in extreme cases, the system not working at all. Finally, the system is monitored using two photodetectors; one photodetector receives light that is reflected back off the cavity, and the other one receives light that has passed through the cavity.
Connecting the Moku:Lab Outputs
To produce a successful PDH lock, several signals need to be generated.
- The modulation signal; sent to the EOM to produce phase modulation sidebands.
- The primary feedback signal; in this case feedback to the PZT frequency controls of the laser. To drive the PZT of the laser, a high voltage amplifier (HV amp) was used.
- The secondary feedback signal (Optional); used to feedback to the thermal controls of the laser. Temperature feedback generally has greater range but slow and coarse tuning software.
In this case, the modulation signal and the secondary feedback signals were generated on output 2 of the Moku:Lab and separated using a Bias-Tee.
Connecting the Moku:Lab Inputs
The reflected signal from the photodetector generally contains all the information needed to create a feedback signal. This signal is connected to input 1 for most of the signal processing. The second input channel is able to monitor any secondary auxiliary signals.
- Input 1 is used as the main channel for most signal processing. In this system the AC output of the photodetector was connected to input 1 of the Moku:Lab.
- The DC component of the transmitted signal was connected to input 2. Although not necessary, the DC signal helps identify and optimize features in the locking system.
Modulating the laser
Phase modulation in this case is achieved by applying a sinusoidal voltage signal to the EOM.
A modulation signal can be produced by utilizing the Aux oscillator feature. For this system we will use a 10 MHz modulation tone.
- Set the Aux oscillator to 10 MHz.
- Set the Amplitude of the Aux oscillator. Be sure to choose a voltage that is within the EOM specifications. In this case we set the amplitude to 100 mV.
- Choose the Aux Oscillator output. In this example, set the Aux Oscilloscope to output 2.
- Switch the output on.
Scanning the Laser Frequency and finding a resonance
Scanning the laser frequency greatly helps characterize and optimize signals for locking.
A scanning feature is integrated into the Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box. In this example we set the scan generator to output a signal to the PZT actuator (output 1). To do this:
- Set the scan to a triangle waveform
- Set the amplitude to 500 mV
- Choose which output to send the Scan signal to. In this example the output channel is set to output 1
- Switch the output on
Figure 2: Auxiliary oscillator is used to drive the EOM and create phase modulation sidebands.
Centering the system resonance
To make things easier while setting up a laser lock, we can usually center the resonance in the middle of the scan and adjust the offsets applied to the temperature controller.
Adjust the offset to the temperature until the resonant feature occurs at 0 on the scan.
Getting and Optimizing the Error Signal
To get an error signal, the RF signal received from the photodetector needs to be demodulated with the local oscillator. Selecting the correct phase of the local oscillator is critical to optimize the error signal. To do this, adjust the phase of the local oscillator whilst observing the error signal.
Figure 3: Channel A and B showing transmitted response of the cavity and error signal recovered from the cavity respectively.
Locking the Laser
Manually locking the laser
- Center the resonance on the scan.
- Set the fast PID controller. (it may be useful to just use an integrator with a ~10 Hz pole as the response can be optimized later)
- Turn on the PID controllers
- Slowly decrease the scan amplitude until the laser power is at maximum.
- Turn off the scan
- Center the resonance on the scan.
- Set the fast PID controller. (it may be useful to just use a integrator with a ~10 Hz pole as the response can be optimized later)
- Select tap to lock mode
- Tap on the resonance that you want to lock to
Note: Make sure that the direction of the feedback is correct.
Adjusting and optimizing your lock
Once the system is locked, we can optimize the lock.. This generally means adjusting the gains in the PID controller.
To do this open the PID controller menu:
- Increase the proportional gain slightly until the system begins to oscillate.
- Reduce the proportional gain slightly until the system stops oscillating
- Repeat this for the integrators and differentiators (if necessary)
Figure 4: When the laser is locked, the transmitted power (Channel A) will be at its constant maximum.
The error signal (Channel B) will also be held at zero.
The Moku:Lab Laser Lock Box provides an all-in-one laser locking instrument with intuitive controls. By replacing stand-alone waveform generators, phase shifters, demodulators, filters and PID controllers, Moku:Lab enables a high performance laser locking solution.
 Danielle M. R. Wuchenich, Christoph Mahrdt, Benjamin S. Sheard, Samuel P. Francis, Robert E. Spero, John Miller, Conor M. Mow-Lowry, Robert L. Ward, William M. Klipstein, Gerhard Heinzel, Karsten Danzmann, David E. McClelland, and Daniel A. Shaddock, "Laser link acquisition demonstration for the GRACE Follow-On mission," Opt. Express 22, 11351-11366 (2014)
 Moku:Lab Arbitrary Waveform Generator user manual at _URL_


text:
How It Works
The Idle Free Work Truck No Idle Heat System™ includes a coolant heater and Engine Start Module (ESM) to provide engine heat, interior (cab) heat, and 12 volt electrical power for all work truck power needs. This system removes the need to start the engine with truck batteries. Engine starting is handled using the ESM. An ESM is similar to an ultracapacitor in that the module is charged by receiving electrons from the batteries attached to it or the alternator connected to it via the trucks batteries.
- Engine Start Module (also known as an ultracapacitor)
- The system uses the ESM instead of batteries to start a truck which allows the truck's battery type to change from starter batteries to deep cycle batteries.
- A change to deep cycle batteries (no engine starting) matches the current trend/need of the batteries regarding engine off periods including idle elimination.
- If the engine start needs are removed from the battery bank, the remaining batteries can be combined to perform all truck DC power needs.
- When the Idle Free Work Truck No Idle Heat System™ is turned on, power is supplied from the truck's battery to all necessary circuits to run the climate control.
- The climate control functions for the cab are used in the same manner they would be if the engine were running.
- The climate control functions (temperature-fan-mode) without needing to run the truck's engine.
Installation & Operations
Installation of the system, which typically takes only three hours, actually decreases the overall weight of the truck by about 35 pounds. With this system design, Idle Free eliminates the need for dedicated enclosures for any of the system components, making for a simple, clean, easy installation.
- System installation is typically 3 hours and requires a cable change, heater mounting, harness installation, fuel pump installation, engine coolant connections and toggle switch installation
- No need for a dedicated enclosure—engine start module fits into any truck battery box that currently contains more than a single group 31 battery
- Uses the current truck infrastructure with no integration into the trucks wiring
- Simple to operate with a flip of a toggle switch installed in the cab


Recent Posts
When Less Is More: 3 Reasons Why Smaller Arrangements Can Make Your Tracks Sound Bigger
Everyone wants their studio tracks to sound "huge." In an effort to achieve "hugeness," many of us follow the obvious path of adding more and more things to our arrangements. If two guitars sound big, then four guitars should sound even bigger, right?
While this makes sense in principle, the results can be paradoxical; often what we achieve by adding more elements to a track isn't a bigger sound but a smaller one.
How does this work? Here are a few examples of some situations when removing elements from your tracks can lead to a fuller sound.
1. Phasing
If you've spent any time in a recording studio, you've probably heard a lot of talk about phase issues. Phase issues arise when two or more similar sound sources hit a microphone or a set of speakers at slightly different times (slightly being the operative word). Rather than sounding delayed or out of time, a sound that's out of phase will sound thin or filtered.
Say, for example, you have a kick drum that sounds nice and full on its own, but that's lacking in high-end energy. A common way to solve this problem would be to add a sampled kick drum with more high-end sound on top of the existing kick track. Both of these tracks might sound great independently, but when you play them together, suddenly your kick sounds weak and thin.
If this happens, it's likely because the two kick-drum sounds are out of phase with each other. To fix this, you may have to either flip the polarity of one of your tracks, or manually line up the transients to make sure they start at the exact same time.
This same issue can come in to play with other types of doubled tracks such as doubled guitars. Turn that into tripled or quadrupled guitars and you've got all sorts of potential phase issues on your hands.
While you may be able to fix phase problems during mixing, an easier way to achieve a fuller sound may be to simply cut back on the number of doubled tracks you use.
2. Masking
While phase issues are common with doubled instruments, masking issues arise when you have a number of instruments or sounds that are fighting for the same space in the frequency spectrum. For example, your vocal track might sound great when you play it in solo, but when you add in your guitars, piano, synths, drums, and other instruments, your vocal track loses its clarity.
The problem is that you have too many sounds occupying a similar frequency range. While you may be able to use some EQ to create more clarity between these sounds, a more effective way to create clarity is simply to remove tracks that are too close to each other sonically.
Then, rather than having a bunch of tracks that sound great on their own but get all muddied up when you add them together, you'll be left with a smaller number of tracks that still sound great on their own but also sound great when you put them together. After all, no one cares what tracks sound like in solo anyway.
3. Dynamics
Whoever said, "There can be no light without darkness" probably didn't have music production in mind when they said it, but the quote certainly applies in this context. Simply put, if every part of your song is big and loud and full, then it'll cease to sound big and loud and full and will instead sound small and quiet and thin.
Why? Because in order for something to sound big, there needs to be a contrast between the big parts and the small parts. Sometimes simply muting one or two instruments in a particular section (usually a verse) can make the next section sound much bigger by comparison.
You may feel like this brings down the energy level of your song at first, but when you bring those muted parts back in, you'll realize just how much more energetic the song sounds as a whole.
In a digital environment where anything you can dream of is possible to achieve, sometimes it's worthwhile to step back for a moment and ask yourself if you really need all of these options. Sure, you could create a kick drum sound using six different samples stacked on top of each other, but how many great drum recordings have been made with just one simple kick drum track?
The next time you're thinking about doubling up another guitar part or adding another synth track, ask yourself if the element you're about to add will really enhance the song, or if it'll simply distract from what's already there. You may be surprised to find that, more often than not, leaving something out will have an even greater impact that adding something in.
_TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_ _TAG_


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(Japan Association of Rolling Stock Industries)
Measures to cope with global warming
- By the year 2000, stabilize the CO2 gas exhausted as energy is consumed in the rolling stock production process at the 1990 level.
- As a measure to reduce weight for higher speed and to save energy, promote the introduction of cars made of stainless steel and aluminium alloy.
Waste Disposal Measures
- By the year 2000, reduce the amount of final disposal waste from disassembled cars by 10% from the 1990 level.
- Promotion of product development from the viewpoint of LCA.
- Effective use of the shredder dust generated from used rolling stocks.
- Will promote the building of a setup for acquiring ISO14001 certification.
Environmental Conservation in Overseas Business Activities
- The best conceivable environmental conservation technology will be adopted in the overseas host country.
Home Page in English


kplot.sepan: Multiple Graphs for Separated Analyses in a K-tables
Description Usage Arguments Details Author(s) Examples
Description
performs high level plots for Separed Analyses in a K-tables, using an object of class sepan.
Usage
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## S3 method for class 'sepan'
kplot(object, xax = 1, yax = 2, which.tab = 1:length(object$blo),
 mfrow = NULL, permute.row.col = FALSE, clab.row = 1,
 clab.col = 1.25, traject.row = FALSE, csub = 2,
 possub = "bottomright", show.eigen.value = TRUE,...)
kplotsepan.coa(object, xax = 1, yax = 2, which.tab = 1:length(object$blo),
 mfrow = NULL, permute.row.col = FALSE, clab.row = 1,
 clab.col = 1.25, csub = 2, possub = "bottomright",
 show.eigen.value = TRUE, poseig = c("bottom", "top"), ...)
Arguments
object
an object of class sepan
xax, yax
the numbers of the x-axis and the y-axis
which.tab
a numeric vector containing the numbers of the tables to analyse
mfrow
parameter for the array of figures to be drawn, otherwise use n2mfrow
permute.row.col
if TRUE the rows are represented by arrows and the columns by points, if FALSE it is the opposite
clab.row
a character size for the row labels
clab.col
a character size for the column labels
traject.row
a logical value indicating whether the trajectories between rows should be drawn in a natural order
csub
a character size for the sub-titles, used with par("cex")*csub
possub
a string of characters indicating the sub-title position ("topleft", "topright", "bottomleft", "bottomright")
show.eigen.value
a logical value indicating whether the eigenvalues bar plot should be drawn
poseig
if "top" the eigenvalues bar plot is upside, if "bottom", it is downside
...
further arguments passed to or from other methods
Details
kplot.sepan superimposes the points for the rows and the arrows for the columns using an adapted rescaling such as the scatter.dudi.
kplotsepan.coa superimposes the row coordinates and the column coordinates with the same scale.
Author(s)
Daniel Chessel
Examples
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data(escopage)
w1 <- data.frame(scale(escopage$tab))
w1 <- ktab.data.frame(w1, escopage$blo, tabnames = escopage$tab.names)
sep1 <- sepan(w1)
if(adegraphicsLoaded()) {
 kplot(sep1, posieig = "none")
} else {
 kplot(sep1, show = FALSE)
}
data(friday87)
w2 <- data.frame(scale(friday87$fau, scal = FALSE))
w2 <- ktab.data.frame(w2, friday87$fau.blo, tabnames = friday87$tab.names)
if(adegraphicsLoaded()) {
 kplot(sepan(w2), row.plabel.cex = 1.25, col.plab.cex = 0)
} else {
 kplot(sepan(w2), clab.r = 1.25, clab.c = 0)
}
data(microsatt)
w3 <- dudi.coa(data.frame(t(microsatt$tab)), scann = FALSE)
loci.fac <- factor(rep(microsatt$loci.names, microsatt$loci.eff))
wit <- wca(w3, loci.fac, scann = FALSE)
microsatt.ktab <- ktab.within(wit)
if(adegraphicsLoaded()) {
 kplotsepan.coa(sepan(microsatt.ktab), posieig = "none", col.plab.cex = 0, row.plab.cex = 1.5)
} else {
 kplotsepan.coa(sepan(microsatt.ktab), show = FALSE, clab.c = 0,
 mfrow = c(3,3), clab.r = 1.5)
}
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The cross represents the Christian identity of the platform. It signifies both the central symbol of the faith and is also a surrogate for "T" – indicating that TFL is a digital platform engaged in Christian theology. Additionally, it symbolises a dynamic confluence of sorts – a crossroad – between Word and world, Church and marketplace, theory and praxis. TFL is a means to enhance the learning journey of a Christian: enabling learning anywhere and anytime, where ministry skills could be developed, and contemporary issues engaged.
The three curved lines represent the 3 dimensions of "Theology for LIFE," where theology encompasses life-long learning, is lived out, and life-giving. That these lines curve in parallel indicates that the enterprise of learning theology is integral, involving our head, heart, and hands. This is reaffirmed in our tag line: Learn. Grow. Equip.


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Knowledge of the structure of polysaccharides is essential for understanding and controlling their functional properties. In this study, fucoidan was extracted from Holothuria tubulosa, a species of sea cucumber that has recently become commercially important. The primary structure of the H. tubulosa fucoidan was clarified using a combination of enzymatic degradation, methylation analysis, and NMR, and its chain conformation was further elucidated by utilizing high performance size exclusion chromatography combined with multiple angle laser light scattering and viscometry. The fucoidan was composed of a tetrafucose repeating unit [→ 3-α-l-Fucp2(OSO3-)-1 → 3-α-l-Fucp2,4(OSO3-)-1 → 3-α-l-Fucp-1 → 3-α-l-Fucp2(OSO3-)-1 →]. Its sulfate content was determined to be 31.2 ± 1.6% and the weight-average molecular mass was 1567.6 ± 34.1 kDa. The molecule adapted a random coil conformation in 0.15 M NaCl solution (pH 7.4) at 25 °C, with a root-mean-square radius of 63.9 ± 1.8 nm and a hydrodynamic radius of 44.5 ± 4.5 nm. This is the first report on the chain conformation of sea cucumber fucoidan.
|Number of pages||7|
|Early online date||13 Oct 2015|
|Publication status||Published - 20 Jan 2016|
- Holothuria tubulosa
- Primary structure
- Sea cucumber


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Friends of Kootenay Blog
Access stories and photos about the natural and human history of Kootenay National Park and Columbia Valley Includes highlights about the Friends of Kootenay National Park activities and programs.
Redwall Fault & Hot Water
The Redwall Fault by Larry Halverson
The iron-rich cliffs of this dramatic park entrance are known as the "Iron Gates". They were formed by intense heat and pressure during the building of the Rockies. It is the best example of fault breccia (shattered and reconsolidated rock) in the Rocky Mountain parks.
The Radium Hot Springs Pools can thank the Redwall Fault for its source of water, which originates from the fault's depths. Normal rain water filters down into the earth's crust continuously. Since the temperature rises one degree Fahrenheit every eighteen meters we go into the earth, the water must percolate down at least 2.5 km below the surface in order to encounter rock that is hot enough to turn it to steam. As the steam is forced to rise, it condenses back to water, and like water everywhere, it follows the path of least resistance. In the case of Radium Hot Springs, the easiest path is through the shattered zone where the rock is broken up.
Radium Hot Springs - A place to take the chill off this time of year.


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The Espoonjoki river flows for seven kilometres from the confluence of the Glimsinjoki and Glomsinjoki rivers all the way to the Espoonlahti bay. The river rehabilitation area is located south of the Turunväylä road from Kirkkojärvi to Kauklahti.
The rehabilitation of the Espoonjoki river started in summer 2020 with mowing and removing fallen logs from the river bed. More visible and extensive works started at the beginning of 2021 near the Turunväylä road. The construction of the Vanttila site access road started at the same time. The implementation and progress of the work depend on the water level, ground frost situation and weather conditions. The Espoonjoki river is being renovated to improve the flow of water, the recreational use of the river, the landscape and the living conditions of fish.
The river will be dredged and some of the willow on the banks removed. Wetland areas will be built in Vanttilanoja and at Muuralanpuro brook in Kirkkopuisto park. A flood plain will be used to enhance solids absorption. This is aimed to make the material making the water muddy sink into the area of the river bed with slower flow. The living conditions of the fish will be improved by paving and gravelling the bottom of the river bed at flow points.
Flooding has been an annual problem for Kirkkojärvi. Levees have been built in the area in order to reduce flood damage. Park routes and the Turunväylä road have also been raised.
At the end of the project, the recreational routes and roads will be restored. Apart from the section between Vanttila and Mikkelä, which is planned to serve as part of an outdoor recreation route that will be built later, the site roads will be demolished.


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The Reading and Literacy Discovery Center (RLDC) is a program within the Communication Science Research Center that integrates neuroscience, genetics and behavioral research methods with evidence-based reading interventions to improve childhood literacy by identifying reading difficulties before they happen. Through ongoing research and collaborative partnerships with universities, community organizations, local schools, and parents, the RLDC aims to enable every child to discover reading as a path to learning.
The RLDC staff is made up of researchers, educators, pediatricians, speech pathologists and reading specialists. With a common focus on improving childhood literacy, the RLDC staff provides children and their families with a comprehensive approach to addressing reading difficulties and potential reading disorders by providing evaluations, resources and referrals.
Services provided by the RLDC include an informational website for educators, parents and clinicians that reviews scientific research of evidence-based literacy practices and interventions, comprehensive reading evaluations and targeted literacy interventions for struggling readers, educational training opportunities in early childhood literacy and response to intervention, and educational partnerships with local universities.


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The Great Recession, it seemed, didn't play favorites; nearly everyone suffered. A new paper co-authored by a UC Santa Barbara researcher, however, reveals that female entrepreneurs were much more likely than men to suffer discrimination in getting financing.
"Unequal Hard Times: The Influence of the Great Recession on Gender Bias in Entrepreneurial Financing," in Sociological Science online, by Sarah Thébaud, an assistant professor of sociology at UCSB, and Amanda Sharkey of the University of Chicago, examines how and why the financial downturn disproportionately affected businesses run by women.
Thébaud, whose research has focused on gender inequality in entrepreneurship, explained that during the height of the recession, a combination of financial uncertainty and stricter lending standards led lenders and venture capitalists to favor men over women. Known as cognitive bias, it worked like this: In an environment in which lenders lacked objective information, they unconsciously relied on cultural stereotypes that hold men are more competent entrepreneurs than women.
"There's a lot of literature suggesting that when there's uncertainty in the environment or the outcomes of a particular performance are going to be unclear," Thébaud noted, "under those circumstances people are more likely to rely on stereotypes about cultural categories like gender or race when they're making evaluative decisions."
In "normal" times, Thébaud observed, lenders make decisions based on objective information, and the gender of the entrepreneur is not as significant a factor. But one of the hallmarks of the Great Recession was uncertainty.
"You would think in times of uncertainty people would be more rational than they would otherwise, which would mean they would be relying more on these objective indicators," Thébaud said. "But in fact we find the opposite, so people are even less rational in these times. I think the uncertainty makes people go a little nuts. They go back to an older way, if you will, of evaluating these companies. Maybe they see a male-led firm and they think, 'He fits the part more' in terms of what we would expect for a successful company. That's a cognitive bias."
In addition, Thébaud said, firms led by women were held to stricter standards during the recession. "Women-led firms that had a low credit score were especially likely to be penalized, whereas if men-led firms had a low credit rating, it didn't matter," she explained.
Thébaud and Sharkey analyzed data from a study that followed a sample of 4,928 businesses started in 2004. They found that even in "good" years of stability and adequate objective information, firms led by women fared slightly worse than those led by men. The bias isn't nearly as pronounced as what they found during the recession, Thébaud noted.
"We're comparing maleand female-led firms that are the same size in the same industry, making the same money with the same credit rating — all of that sort of thing," Thébaud said. "When we do that we find that in general, female-led firms, even net of all of those things, they tend to be less likely to successfully get financing. But that gender gap is only really significant or meaningfully large during those recession years. During non-recession years we actually find that it's not that big. It's still a negative affect, so women-led firms are still getting less money, but it's not as big."


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Ailsa Lipscombe, Doctoral Student in Music History and Theory, was awarded the 2017 Charlotte Frisbie Student Paper Prize. Lipscombe's paper Disembodiment as Disempowerment: Indigenous Vocal Performance in Disney's Frozen won the prize.
The Charlotte Frisbie Student Paper Prize recognizes the most distinguished student paper in ethnomusicology of Indigenous music research presented at the SEM annual meeting. The prize comes with a cash award of $100. All students giving papers on Indigenous topics at the SEM conference are encouraged to submit their papers, as presented (not revised), for consideration.
Abstract from Lipscombe's paper:
The 2013 release of Disney's Frozen reignited discussions about the franchise's visual and sonic representations of gendered and racialized bodies. Critiqued as their most progressive film yet, but also as a classic case of "Disney whitewashing" (Tucker 2014), the absence of indigenous bodies in moments of performed Sámi music reduces indigeneity in Frozen to the task of merely cultivating a mood of "Otherness." This paper examines how Frozen navigates body politics and cultural agency through the staging of vocal performance. Unlike the "palpable physicality" (Stilwell 2015) of solo singing by principal protagonists in the film, all three moments of disembodied vocal performance belong to expressions of Sámi musical traditions. The opening choral piece "Vuelie," praised by Jérémie Noyer (2014) for giving Frozen its "native spirit," exemplifies a form of musical landscaping, whereby Sámi music is used to render the non-localized Scandinavian setting "authentically" and natively different. However, these untethered indigenous voices are only granted the ability to sing by Queen Elsa's performances of whiteness. Indeed, as she fights to be sovereign of Arendelle, she demonstrates her control over the nation-state by determining when Sámi music may sound and when it must disappear. These notable performances of disembodied indigeneity thus continue to raise concerns about racial representation in mainstream animation, relegating autochthonous cultures to the land rather than to a character. The invisibility of Sámi bodies in Frozen reveals that the inclusion of indigenous musical materials is not enough to permit racially-marked characters to "let go" of Disney's tropes of disempowerment.


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Synonym: Hemizonia fasciculata
Annual plant to 1 m tall, flowers yellow with five ray flowers and usually six disk flowers that have black anthers.
Southwestern California to central Baja California.
The Fascicled Tarweed used to be recognized in the genus Hemizonia, but recent taxonomic research has split the genus Hemizonia into various segregate genera. In San Diego County, all of the Tarweed/Tarplant species that used to be in Hemizonia are now recognized in the genera: Deinandra and Centromadia. There are six species in the genus Deinandra in San Diego County, of which four are considered to be sensitive species. The most common species in this genus in our area is D. fasciculata and it is especially abundant from late spring to summer.


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That last sounds rather leechy - leeches tend to be a bit tail-heavy.
That's pretty much how all the annelids (segmented worms) move. They contract the rings of muscle, and that causes them to extend while getting skinny. Leeches, Earthworms, and those suggested above are all annelids, so they would all demonstrate this type of movement.
Just comparing to nematodes(round worms), that lack the segments, and can only move in a snake-like manner.
I'm not sure that leeches would really burrow, and when I had one in the aquarium, or seen them in the wild, they were usually anchored on at least one end with a sucker (or their mouth).


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Definitions of act:
- noun: something that people do or cause to happen
- noun: a legal document codifying the result of deliberations of a committee or society or legislative body
- noun: a short theatrical performance that is part of a longer program
Example: "He did his act three times every evening"
- noun: a subdivision of a play or opera or ballet
- noun: a manifestation of insincerity
Example: "He put on quite an act for her benefit"
- verb: perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)
Example: "Think before you act"
- verb: be engaged in an activity, often for no particular purpose other than pleasure
- verb: be suitable for theatrical performance
Example: "This scene acts well"
- verb: discharge one's duties
Example: "She acts as the chair"
- verb: behave in a certain manner; show a certain behavior; conduct or comport oneself
Example: "You should act like an adult"
- verb: play a role or part
Example: "She wants to act Lady Macbeth, but she is too young for the role"
- verb: perform on a stage or theater
Example: "She acts in this play"
- verb: pretend to have certain qualities or state of mind
Example: "He acted the idiot"
- verb: have an effect or outcome; often the one desired or expected
Example: "How does your idea work in practice?"
- verb: behave unnaturally or affectedly
Example: "She's just acting"
Search for act at other dictionaries: OneLook, Answers.com, Merriam-Webster
Help, Feedback, Customize, Android app, iPhone/iPad app
Copyright © 2013 Datamuse


text: ICEWES EVENT, RAK Precast & Towers Tech has participated in sponsoring the International Conference on Energy, Water & Environmental Sciences (ICEWES). Which is endorsed by an International Canadian Association for Sharing Knowledge and Sustainability (IASKS). The conference was held in Ras Al Khaimah, UAE, in December 2015.The goal of the ICEWES is to bring together researchers and scientists with interests in energy, water and environmental related issues to address recent research results and to present and discuss their ideas, theories, technologies, systems, tools, applications, work in progress and experiences. Therefore, we contributed to important topics such as sustainability and green thinking. The aim was to enlighten attendees about how Precast Concrete is environmentally friendly and is the future for all construction and buildings. The event was very successful, and an important step towards improving our earth in the long-term.


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The topic of discussion is the water footprint of milk, which refers to the amount of water used to produce a certain amount of milk. Milk is a staple beverage consumed worldwide, but few people are aware of the amount of water required throughout the entire milk production process. Understanding the water footprint of milk is essential in identifying ways to conserve water resources and improve sustainability in the dairy industry.
Understanding the Water Footprint
The water footprint is a measure of the amount of water that is used to produce goods and services. It takes into account the amount of water that is used in the production process, as well as the amount of water that is used to grow the crops and feed the animals that are used to produce the goods and services. The water footprint is made up of three components: blue water, green water, and grey water.
Blue water is the water that is taken from rivers, lakes, and aquifers for use in the production process. In the case of milk production, blue water is used for cleaning, cooling, and providing drinking water for the cows.
Green water is the rainwater that is used by crops to grow. In the case of milk production, green water is used to grow the grass and other crops that are fed to the cows.
Grey water is the water that is polluted as a result of the production process. In the case of milk production, grey water is produced by the cows themselves, as well as by the cleaning and cooling processes.
The water footprint of milk is relatively high compared to other products. According to the Water Footprint Network, it takes an average of 628 liters of water to produce one liter of milk. This includes both the water used in the production process and the water used to grow the crops and feed the cows.
Factors Affecting the Water Footprint of Milk
Several factors can affect the water footprint of milk. These include:
- The breed of cow
- The feed given to the cow
- The location of the farm
- The climate
Breed of Cow
Different breeds of cows have different water requirements. Some breeds require more water than others, depending on their size and milk production.
Feed Given to the Cow
The feed given to the cow is a significant factor in the water footprint of milk. Cows that are fed on pasture require less water than those that are fed on grain and other crops. This is because the pasture relies on rainwater, whereas crops require irrigation.
Location of the Farm
The location of the farm can also affect the water footprint of milk. Farms in areas with high rainfall require less irrigation and, therefore, have a lower water footprint.
The climate is another factor that can affect the water footprint of milk. In areas with high temperatures, cows require more water for cooling and drinking.
Reducing the Water Footprint of Milk
Reducing the water footprint of milk is essential for sustainable agriculture and water conservation. Several strategies can be employed to reduce the water footprint of milk.
Improving the efficiency of the production process is one way to reduce the water footprint of milk. This can be achieved by using water more efficiently in the cleaning and cooling processes, as well as by improving the efficiency of the irrigation system.
Changing the Feed
Changing the feed given to the cows is another way to reduce the water footprint of milk. Feeding cows on pasture rather than grain and other crops can significantly reduce the water requirements.
Using Rainwater Harvesting
Using rainwater harvesting can also reduce the water footprint of milk. This involves collecting rainwater and using it for irrigation and other processes.
Recycling Grey Water
Recycling grey water can also reduce the water footprint of milk. Grey water can be treated and reused for cleaning and cooling processes, reducing the amount of water required.
FAQs – Water Footprint of Milk
What is a water footprint?
A water footprint is the total amount of water used, directly or indirectly, to produce a product or service. It includes not only the water used for irrigation or livestock drinking but also the water needed for the production process, transportation, and packaging. The water footprint is usually measured in volume, and it can give insights into the environmental impact of certain products and help consumers and companies make more sustainable choices.
How is the water footprint of milk calculated?
To calculate the water footprint of milk, all the water used during the whole production chain is taken into account, from farm to dairy. This includes the water necessary for growing and irrigating the feed crops, watering the livestock, cleaning and maintaining the facilities, processing and packaging the milk, and transporting it to the market. The water footprint of milk is usually expressed as liters of water per liter of milk, and it varies depending on factors such as the region and the type of farming system used.
What is the average water footprint of milk?
The water footprint of milk varies widely depending on the location and the type of dairy farming. In general, dairy products from intensive farming systems have higher water footprints than those from extensive or organic farming. According to some estimates, the global average water footprint of a liter of milk is around 1050 liters, but this can range from 200 to 5000 liters depending on the country and the production methods.
How can we reduce the water footprint of milk?
Reducing the water footprint of milk can involve several strategies, such as improving the efficiency of irrigation and livestock watering, using more sustainable farming practices, and reducing losses during milk processing and packaging. Consumers can also help by choosing dairy products from more sustainable and environmentally-friendly sources, such as organic or grass-fed milk. Additionally, reducing food waste can also contribute to overall water savings, since wasted food also means wasted water resources.