Bitcoin and blackouts fuel anti-Chinese sentiment in Iran
Some Iranians do not seem to be very keen on China and its nationals. There are a wide range of possible reasons, from the cheap and mostly low-quality Chinese products once imported to Iran and their devastating impact on the businesses of local Iranian producers to the Chinese fishing trawlers ruining the livelihoods of local fishermen in southern Iran.
The COVID-19 pandemic, which originally broke out in China, was the last nail in the coffin, and increased unfavorable views of China to historic highs in Iran, as in almost all other parts of the world. But few people would have guessed the latest reason for Sinophobia in Iran: bitcoin.
In recent weeks, Iranian power plants have been forced to switch to burning low-grade fuel oil to generate power because a sharp rise in the country's domestic consumption has led to natural gas shortages. This severely increased air pollution in Tehran and other megacities, increasing public anger toward the government.
Several plants were later shut down after the government ordered a temporary ban on the use of low-grade fuel oil after pollution increased to dangerous levels. However, that resulted in blackouts in various cities, including Tehran.
Already suffering from economic woes and price hikes caused by the U.S. sanctions and government mismanagement, the COVID-19 pandemic, the severe air pollution and now the blackouts, many people were outraged to learn that the Chinese are supposedly devouring the country's electricity in their bitcoin mining farms, especially a big one in the city of Rafsanjan in Kerman province, southeast of Iran.
Bitcoin mining is the process of verifying bitcoin transactions for the reward of the cryptocurrency — it requires a large amount of computing power, and thus electricity.
"Social media do their job. [Now] the majority of people are informed that the blackouts are caused by China's bitcoin mining," an Iranian user said on Twitter, posting her tweet with the hashtag _TAG_.
The anti-Chinese sentiments gradually reached boiling point, and many Iranians took to social media to angrily criticize the government for its failure to meet the people's basic need for electricity while "giving away" the country's power to Beijing.
"When we said we are China's colony, some people felt offended. Now you can see all these bitcoin mining farms. Because of that, you neither have power nor business," a user tweeted, using the hashtag _TAG_.
"We thought Iran is no longer an 'orphanage.' Now the Chinese are using Iran's electricity to mine bitcoin, and have literally destroyed our local fishing in the Persian Gulf with their fishing trawlers. Those who once wore shrouds to protest against capitulation have now gifted the country to China," Iranian political commentator Ehsan Soltani said in a tweet, which he posted along with a video of the Chinese mining farms in Iran.
"China comes to Iran to mine bitcoin, each of which is worth $40,000; then we [Iranians] have to wear warm clothes in a dark house while we are breathing mazut (fuel oil). Isn't that beautiful?" said a user on Twitter, complaining about the severe air pollution in Iranian megacities, which has been mainly caused by the use of low-quality fuel oil in power plants.
Another user sarcastically pointed to the Iranian government's call for less energy consumption in both cold and hot seasons, writing, "Consume less electricity in winter so that our Chinese Communist brothers would be able to mine bitcoin, and consume less electricity in summer so that our Iraqi brothers would experience no power cuts. Apparently only we Iranians are redundant in Iran."
"There's a power cut in our company now, and … because of China's damn bitcoin mining I'll have to work extra hours today," said another user.
A user even went beyond that and expressed his anti-Chinese sentiments with a racist tweet: "I don't care if I'm called a racist. But now I hate any person with monolid eyes, and I'm going to support hatemongering against them as far as I can."
Majid-Reza Hariri, the head of Iran-China Joint Chamber of Commerce, believes the rumors about the power shortage are being spread by those who are against the expansion of Tehran-Beijing trade relations and use any challenge and incident to blame China for Iran's problems.
"It's far from reality that certain groups try to point the fingers at China whenever something happens in Iran by launching massive campaigns. When people are experiencing blackouts, and suddenly a strange video is released of the infrastructure of a Chinese company to make a fuss about the issue, it shows that a particular group is trying to deal a blow to these bilateral collaborations," Hariri told the semi-official news agency ISNA.
He said the Chinese miners have obtained all the official permissions and licenses and are indeed importing Iranian electricity. "Giving power to bitcoin mining farms is a form of electricity export, as the government is charging [the Chinese] based on international rates, earning an acceptable profit from this cooperation."
The photo of a power bill with an extremely huge price tag, issued for a customer named "Iran and China Investment Company," has gone viral in recent days. The power bill, which apparently belongs to the Rafsanjan mining farm operated by the Chinese, indicates that the miners have used 58,615,905 kWh of electricity in one month, for which they have to pay over 270 billion rials (some $1.2 million).
The revenues seem to be life-saving for the Iranian government whose exports have been severely hit by the U.S. sanctions. However, charity begins at home, or as a similar Iranian proverb says, you should "never kill the lights at home to light up the mosque."
Faced with widespread protests, especially on social media, the government finally announced on Jan. 14 that it has halted its supply of electricity to all cryptocurrency mining farms, including the ones operated by the Chinese, for two weeks in a bid to prevent further blackouts.
That has so far worked, and Iranians have not experienced further power cuts. But were the blackouts really caused by the Chinese bitcoin mining in the first place?
Iran's Minister of Communications and Information Technology Mohammad-Javad Azari Jahromi says the total power consumption of legal and illegal bitcoin mining farms across the country is estimated to be around 515 MW.
In the first full week of January, Iran's electricity consumption hit the record-high level of 40,000 MW. So the electricity used by the Chinese bitcoin farmers is a tiny fraction of the country's total power consumption, and does not seem to be significant at all.
The Iranian government appears to have calmed down the public dissatisfaction for now, but it must look for the real causes and driving forces of such anti-Chinese sentiments, especially considering its plans for long-term strategic cooperation with Beijing.
If the Islamic Republic wants its Sinophilic "Look East" strategy to work, it first needs to convince the frustrated population it rules over that the country's national interests would be better served through strategic ties with China, not Europe and the United States.
Reza Khaasteh is a Tehran-based journalist. ©The Diplomat, 20201.
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Disk Area Allocation Details
|Top Previous Next|
This topic provides details on the internal structure of the flash disk.
The flash disk has a number of areas. Each area includes one or more flash sectors. Each sector has a physical size of 264 bytes. Of those, only 256 bytes are used to store the data. Two last bytes of each sector store the checksum. Six remaining bytes are mostly left unused, except in the FRT/FAT areas (see below), where they do serve a useful function.
The flash disk has the following areas:
-BOOT sector, always at logical sector #0 (so it is the topmost physical sector of the flash — this was explained in Sharing Flash Between Your Application and Data). The boot sector contains the information about the sizes of other areas of the disk.
-File record table (FRT) area.
-File allocation table (FAT) area.
-Data area — actual data sectors of files.
-END BOOT sector — keeps the same data as the BOOT sector, but is located past the data area.
Each file record occupies 64 bytes. Therefore, each sector of the FRT area can fit 4 file records. Therefore, if you specify (during formatting) that you would like to have 15 different files, the fd.format (or fd.formatj) method will round this up to 16 files. This will require 4 sectors to fit. Actual amount of allocated sectors is always double that. This is done for sector leveling, which the fd. object takes care of internally. Also, the number of allocated sectors is never less than 8, again, for sector leveling reasons.
The maximum number of files stored by the.fd object is 64. Thefore, the maximum size of the FRT area is (64/4)*2= 32 sectors. Hence, the size of the FRT area is always between 8 and 32 sectors depending on the maximum number of files you need to store on the disk.
Each FAT sector consists of 128 FAT entries, 2 bytes per entry. Therefore, each FAT sector can fit the allocation data for 128 sectors from the data area of the disk. To improve sector leveling, the number of sectors allocated for the FAT area is, again, double against what's necessary. So, for every 128 sectors in the data area of the disk there are 2 sectors in the FAT area. At least 16 sectors are always allocated to FAT.
An example; supposing the data area has 1100 sectors. Therefore, 1100/128= 9 FAT sectors are needed. The fd. object will allocate double this required minimum, so 18 FAT sectors will be prepared. Let's suppose now that we only have 500 data sectors. This requires 4 FAT sectors, 8 after we double this amount. This is less than the minimal 16 FAT sectors that are always provided, so the fd. object will still allocate 16 sectors.
Allocation and capacity calculation example
The fd.format method takes, as an input parameter, the total number of sectors that you wish the disk to occupy. From that, and the supplied desired max number of files, the fd.format will work out the size of each area of the disk. Let's see this on a real example:
Supposing, you call fd.formatj(1300,41,100) — you want the disk to occupy 1300 sectors and store 41 file. You want the journal area to have 100 free sectors. So, what will be the size of the FRT, FAT, and data areas?
First, the fd.format deducts 2 sectors to account for the BOOT and the END BOOT sectors that must always be present. This leaves us with 1298 sectors.
Next, decuct the journal area — now only 1198 sectors are left.
Next, the fd.format determines the size of the FRT area: 41 is rounded to 44, this works out to hat (44/4)*2= 22 sectors are needed (this exceeds the minimum of 8, so we do not need to correct this number). We have 1198-22= 1176 sectors left.
Now, how many FAT sectors we need? 1176/128= 9.18, i.e. 10. Actual amount will be doubled, so we need 20 sectors (exceeds the minimum of 16, so we do not need to correct this number). Therefore, we are left with 1176-20= 1156 data sectors. This is what you will get from the fd.capacity R/O property (see Checking Disk Vitals).
One small caveat...
Now let us show you one trickier example. Say, you do fd.format(1301,4). You can quickly work out that you have 1301 sector for the FAT and data areas combined. Now, how should this be divided?
If you had 1300 sectors, then there would be no problem. Of them, 1280 would go to the data area, and 20 will belong to the FAT. 10 "necessary" FAT sectors will together hold 10*128= 1280 entries — just right for the size of the data area. The number of FAT sectors is always doubled, so FAT will get 20 sectors. Everything fits perfectly!
Now, there is no good solution for 1301 sectors. If you give this extra one sector to the data area, then you will need two more sectors for the FAT area — and you don't have those sectors. Allocating this extra sector to the FAT is useless, because you are not increasing the number of data sectors, so you don't really need an extra FAT sector. Hence, the value of 1301 is actually not suitable to us. Same goes for 1302. 1303 is good again, because three extra sectors allow us to give one sector to the data area, and add two sectors to the FAT area (FAT always increased in "doubles", remember?).
Fd.format avoid falling into the trap by correcting downwards the total disk size you request if it turns out to be one of the "problematic" values. So, if you do fd.format(1302,4), then the result would be as if you did fd.format(1300,4). The fd.totalsize R/O property reflect this.
Why is there the END BOOT sector?
The END BOOT sector exists for one purpose — to detect whether your application has encroached on the flash disk. As was already explained, on devices with the shared flash memory, the firmware/application and the data area reside in the same flash IC. Data area sectors are counted from the topmost physical sector of the flash memory. Therefore, the END BOOT sector is the one "closest" to your application. Should the application become larger and take some of the space that was previously occupied by the flash disk, the END BOOT sector will be overwritten. The fd. object will detect this during mounting and return 3- PL_FD_STATUS_FORMAT_ERR status code.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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This article gives a brief review of the history of SSPC-PA 2 and describes the five steps to measuring DFT according to the most recent edition of PA 2. The author gives special attention to how PA 2 addresses the required number of coating thickness measurements; the acceptability of gage readings as well as spot and area measurements; nonconforming thickness; and measuring DFT on coated edges and pipe exteriors.
"The 2013 Annual Directory of Industrial Painting Contractors lists and describes over 1,400 painting contractor firms located primarily in North America, but also in other countries around the world. It is designed to provide facility owners with information about contractors whom owners may wish to consider as bidders on coating and lining
projects. Information was obtained through a survey conducted among painting contractors known to JPCL."
This month, we will briefly review the composition of concrete and why we coat it. We will then describe some of the characteristics that make concrete difficult to coat and protect. The rest of the Bulletin will be devoted to explaining how properly applied coatings protect concrete.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text: Throughout the past two years, we've shown you various Walt Disney propaganda films from World War II. Now it's time to visit a very different mid-1940s Disney production – The Story of Menstruation. From 1945 to 1951, Disney produced a series of educational films to be shown in American schools. How to bathe an infant. How not to catch a cold. Why you shouldn't drive fast. Disney covered these subjects in its educational shorts, and then eventually got to the touchy subject of biology and sexuality. If there was ever a company suited to talk about "vaginas" in the 1940s in a copacetic way, it was Disney. Hence The Story of Menstruation. The film runs 10 minutes, combining scientific facts with hygiene tips, and it was actually commissioned by the International Cello-Cotton Company, the forerunner of Kimberly-Clark, the maker of Kotex products. An estimated 105 million students watched the film in sex ed classes across the US. And, according to Tinker Belles and Evil Queens, the film remained a mainstay in schools until the 1960s. It's now in the public domain. And you'll find it in the Animation section of our collection of 475 Free Online Movies.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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Recent paper by QUILL researches features on inside cover of Green Chemistry.
A class of ionic liquids with a built-in active ketone functionality is shown to form adducts with structurally diverse alcohols. The positions of the equilibria for adduct formation are shown to be dependent on the structure of the alcohols. How these functionalised ionic liquids could be applied in altering vapour phase compositions of alcohols and in separations of perfumery alcohols are demonstrated.
The full article is available on the journal's website.


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Thermodynamics of Dimers on a Rectangular LxMxN Lattice.
The exact closed-form analytic solution of the problem of dimers on infinite two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices is obtained. Entropy, isothermal compressibility, and constant pressure heat capacity of the system are given in terms of the normalized number density of dimers. The absolute activity of dimers is also given in terms of the normalized number density; it exhibits a behavior near close packing with a critical exponent exactly equal to 2, and with an amplitude 1/(4), where is the molecular freedom per dimer at close packing.
|Main Author:||Phares, Alain J.|
|Other Authors:||Wunderlich, Francis J.|


piwik-script
Intern
 Data Science Chair
 Publications by Andreas Hotho
 These publications are hosted by BibSonomy.
 Subjective vs. Objective Data: Bridging the Gap
 Sensor data is objective. But when measuring our environment, measured values are contrasted with our perception, which is always subjective. This makes interpreting sensor measurements difficult for a single person in her personal environment. In this context, the EveryAware projects directly connects the concepts of objective sensor data with subjective impressions and perceptions by providing a collective sensing platform with several client applications allowing to explicitly associate those two data types. The goal is to provide the user with personalized feedback, a characterization of the global as well as her personal environment, and enable her to position her perceptions in this global context. In this poster we summarize the collected data of two EveryAware applications, namely WideNoise for noise measurements and AirProbe for participatory air quality sensing. Basic insights are presented including user activity, learning processes and sensor data to perception correlations. These results provide an outlook on how this data can further be used to understand the connection between sensor data and perceptions.
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 Tags 2015 everyaware for:dmir myown


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Like many Indian cities, Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate bordering on a hot semi-arid climate. The best time to visit Hyderabad is from October to March. Temperatures are mild with abundant sunshine during this time, and average temperature range from a low of 15°C (59°F) to a high of 29°C (85°F). March to June is hot and dry with occasional thunderstorms. Highs can reach 45°C (113°F) or more and lack of air-conditioning can make it feel very uncomfortable. July to October can be quite warm and humid and low pressure systems from the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon season can cause heavy rain for days.
- Winter (November to February) is pleasant with the temperature running between 14°C to 32°C making it suitable for sightseeing and outdoor activities in Hyderabad.
- Summer (March to May) is severely hot especially the months of April and May, with the temperature being always above 30°C and soaring as high as 45°C. Sightseeing becomes very difficult due to the hot sun.
- Monsoon (June to September) offers medium to heavy rains and may be associated with heavy winds. The monsoon months are not preferable for travelling around Hyderabad.
Events & Festivals in Hyderabad
It is worth scheduling a visit to Hyderabad during one of their fairs or festivals that are held on a grand scale as the city is the most colourful and liveliest at this time. The Hindu religious festival of Deepavali and the Muslim religious festival of Id-ul-fitr occurs during October; these are the two most important days in this region and are celebrated with much enthusiasm and colorful processions. Be prepared for throngs of tourists, both local and foreigners, during this time.
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Trinity Episcopal Church (Lawrence, Kan.) records
The collection contains an early history of the Trinity Episcopal Church in Lawrence, Kan., vestry notebooks providing administrative and financial documentation about the church, newspaper clippings, parish bulletins, church directories, photographs, and youth group newsletters, among other related materials.
- 1858 - 2004
- Trinity Episcopal Church (Lawrence, Kan.) (Organization)
Conditions Governing Access
No access restrictions.
Conditions Governing Use
Spencer Library staff may determine use restrictions dependent on the physical condition of manuscript materials.
History of the Trinity Episcopal Church of Lawrence, Kansas
In 1857 when Kansas was still a territory, Reverend Charles Reynolds conducted the first Episcopal religious services held in Lawrence at the request of his brother Samuel, one of the early settlers of the town. The reverend decided to return to Lawrence in 1858 with his family in order to establish an Episcopalian church.
Trinity became the 8th Episcopal church organized in territorial Kansas and by summer 1859 had its own building on Vermont Street. The parish survived the hardships of the Civil War and continued to grow, to the point that the building needed an addition in order to serve all its congregation by the mid-1860s. By Easter 1873 the congregation had an entirely new church built, its membership now numbering well over 100 people.
In April 1955 the church building caught fire, its interior almost entirely destroyed, including the roof. Parishioners were able to rescue several objects, including the altar cross and other altar pieces. The renovated church reopened a year later in March 1956.
In the late 1980s Trinity's leadership started exploring the idea of building another parish church in the developing western end of the city. By spring 1996 St. Margaret's Episcopal Church had its groundbreaking ceremony.
9.25 Linear Feet (13 boxes + 2 volumes)
Language of Materials
RH MS 797
RH MS 1169
RH MS D194
Immediate Source of Acquisition
Gifts, Annie Williams, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 2008; Jennie C. Wright; Kb transfer.
- Guide to the Trinity Episcopal Church (Lawrence, Kan.) Collection
- Trinity Episcopal Church (Lawrence, Kan.) records
- Finding aid prepared by skt, 2006; revised by mrm, 2010.
- Description rules
- Describing Archives: A Content Standard
- Language of description
- Finding aid written in English.
- Finding aid permalink
- Preferred citation
Trinity Episcopal Church (Lawrence, Kans.) records, RH MS 797, Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas Libraries.
Part of the University of Kansas. Kenneth Spencer Research Library Repository
1450 Poplar Lane
Lawrence KS 66045-7616 United States


Get Started with the PAN-OS XML API
To use the PAN-OS XML API, first use your admin credentials to get an API key through the
keygen
command type. You can then use the API key to test a simple call.
This guide exercises API requests using cURL commands. However, you can use other API tools such as Postman and RESTClient to make API requests. By default, PAN-OS uses a self-signed certificate, so you will need to use -k parameter with cURL requests. Alternatively, you must replace the self-signed certificate with one from a known certificate authority. If you have an internal certificate authority, generate your own certificate and install it on the firewall.
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During drilling operations, rock-bit interactions may cause a wide range of undesirable system vibrations. The induced vibrations subsequently reduce drilling efficiency and increase fatigue loads acting on drill bit. In this paper, a coupled torsional and axial drilling model is proposed. It can be used to predict the vibrations including bit bounce and stick-slip. Instead of using finite element (FEM) approach, the drill pipe is accurately modeled based on wave propagation theory. This results in time-delay equations in time domain and significantly reduces the computational complexity associated with FEM. The axial and torsional motions are coupled by bit-rock interactions. Different rock-bit interaction conditions are considered based on bit rotation and contact with formation. Simulations are conducted using the proposed model to analyze the impact of different applied weights on bit and surface rotary speeds on the system vibrations. This information provides insights into optimization of drilling operation.
- Dynamic Systems and Control Division
Modeling of Coupled Axial and Torsional Motions of a Drilling System
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Ma, Z, & Chen, D. "Modeling of Coupled Axial and Torsional Motions of a Drilling System." Proceedings of the ASME 2015 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. Volume 2: Diagnostics and Detection; Drilling; Dynamics and Control of Wind Energy Systems; Energy Harvesting; Estimation and Identification; Flexible and Smart Structure Control; Fuels Cells/Energy Storage; Human Robot Interaction; HVAC Building Energy Management; Industrial Applications; Intelligent Transportation Systems; Manufacturing; Mechatronics; Modelling and Validation; Motion and Vibration Control Applications. Columbus, Ohio, USA. October 28–30, 2015. V002T20A005. ASME. _URL_
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Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
2001, Anthony J. Biancull, Trains and Technology: The American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century, ISBN _PHONE_:
lowball (plural lowballs)
- The position of the ball on an American railroad ball signal that indicated Stop.
- (poker) A form of poker in which the lowest-ranking poker hand wins the pot. Usually the ace is the lowest-ranking card, straights and flushes do not count making the best possible hand being A, 2, 3, 4, 5 regardless of suits (in contrast to deuce-to-seven lowball.)
- A form of cribbage in which the first to score 121 (or 61) is the loser.
- An unmixed alcohol drink served on ice or water in a short glass.
- (transitive) to give an intentionally low estimate of anything, not necessarily with deceptive intent.
- (transitive) To give (a customer) a deceptively low price or cost estimate that one has no intention of honoring or to prepare a cost estimate deliberately and misleadingly low.
- (transitive) To make an offer well below an item's true value, often to take advantage of the seller's desperation or desire to sell the item quickly.


Abstract
Although previous studies have indicated the importance of flood events in the mobilization, transport and deposition of gold by streams, there have been no estimates of actual transport rates of sediment and gold as discharge varies both within and between years. Here, we use Helley–Smith bed load samples from Harris Creek, a gold-rich gravel-cobble bed stream in British Columbia, to develop equations of the form Ri = aQb that relate transport rates (Ri) of sediment, magnetite and gold to discharge (Q). These equations have then been used to estimate the amounts of sediment, magnetite and gold transported by Harris Creek in 1991, 1992 and 1993.
Results show that the amount of material transported can vary by up to three orders of magnitude from year to year depending on the magnitude and duration of the snowmelt flood. Combined with the preferential deposition of Au at bar-head sites, it seems likely these large annual variations in the amount of Au transported result in similar year-to-year variations in the strength of stream sediment geochemical anomalies for Au.
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Name:A burning question. Can recent growth rate anomalies in the greenhouse gases be attributed to l
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P.G. Simmonds,A. J.Manning,R.G. Derwent, P. Ciais,M.Ramonet, V. Kazan and D. Ryall, A burning question. Can recent growth rate anomalies in the greenhouse gases be attributed to large-scale biomass burning events?, Atmos. Environ., 2005, 39, 2513–2517.
Abstract

Simultaneous in situ measurements of carbon dioxide (CO2) and the principal gases linked to biomass burning at the Mace Head Observatory, Ireland, reveal a strong correlation in 1998-99 and 2002-03, both periods with intense global fires. CO2, carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), ozone (O3) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl), all have similar rates of accumulation during these time frames. These perturbations imply a causal relationship between large-scale biomass burning events and the interannual variability of these gases.

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text: The electronic properties of quasicrystals containing transition-metals are studied employing a simple double-chain model within the tight-binding approximation. We show that, under determined conditions, spectral fine structures are the result of competing localizedand extended-like states, which are not observed in traditional one-dimensional aperiodic models. These spectral features can explain the experimentally observed transport properties. From this point of view this double-chain model mimics the behavior of electrons in realistic icosahedral quasicrystals. Moreover, in view of the electronic transport, the relationship between quasicrystals and related amorphous phases is explained in a natural way. © 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


text:
Large organizations with geographically distributed editors often benefit from process support when creating, reviewing, publishing and translating content. Optimizely is built for a distributed way of working, with various options for managing content creation and publishing depending on the size and setup of organizations.
Ways of controlling the publishing process:
The following features can be used to control the publishing process:
- Content must be approved before it can be published
Content approvals is a way to make sure that content is reviewed and approved before it is published. When an editor has finished working on a content item, the item is set to Ready for Review. One or more appointed reviewers must then approve the content item before it can be published. The reviewers are defined by an administrator in an approval sequence.
- Changes must be approved before they are applied
Change approvals is a way to make sure that certain changes are reviewed and approved before they are applied. The changes that are applicable for review are changes that affect how your website looks to visitors, such as moving a page to another parent item in the structure (as that can affect menus) or changes to access rights, language settings, or expiration dates.
- Publish multiple related content items at the same time
The projects feature and the projects gadget let you preview and publish multiple content items at the same time, such as a landing page, blocks and products (if you have Optimizely Commerce installed) that are part of a campaign.
- Restrict publishing access rights
Access rights let you control what editors can do where in the content structure. A typical example is to restrict the right to publish content to editor groups. This means that the publish option is not available for editors. Instead, they use the Ready to Publish status option. You can then view the content under Tasks.
- Use the Tasks tab
The simplest way to monitor content creation activities is to use tasks. The Tasks option lists changes to content filtered by content status.
You can use the following options for monitoring content creation and content approvals:
Option Description Draft Lists all draft versions that have been created or changed by you. Rejected Lists all content items in status Rejected that have been created or changed by you. Items are set as Rejected when they have been set to Ready for Review or Ready to Publish and then are declined. You can edit and update content in status Rejected before you set it to Ready to Publish or Ready for Review again. In Review Lists all content items on the website that are set as Ready for Review. See Content approvals. Ready to Publish Lists all content items on the website that are set as Ready to Publish and that you have publish rights to. Marked as Being Edited Lists all content items on the website that you have set as being edited. See Tools under Basic information properties. Recently Changed Lists the last items that are changed for the website by you or any other editor. Awaiting Review Lists the content items that you have sent for review and are in content status In Review. Declined Reviews Lists the content items that you have sent for review and are declined items in content status Rejected. As soon as the item is updated, it is not displayed in this list anymore. Approved Reviews Lists the content items that you have sent for review and are approved, that is in content status Ready to Publish. As soon as the item is published (or updated), it is not displayed in this list anymore. Awaiting Your Review Lists the content items that you are one of the designated approvers of. Approved by You Lists the content items you have approved. As soon as the item is published (or updated), it is not displayed in this list anymore.
Clicking a content item in the filtered task list displays the item in the main area. Use the versions gadget to see the version history for that particular content item. If you have publishing access rights, you can decide upon further publishing actions from the versions gadget.
If you are using A/B testing, you see a number of tasks related to this feature in the Tasks list. The available options under Tasks can also be configured specifically for your website by a developer.


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Charlecote Park, set in the picturesque Warwickshire countryside near Wellesbourne, stands as a magnificent testament to Elizabethan architecture and aristocratic living.
This grand estate, with its impressive house and sprawling parkland, has been the ancestral home of the Lucy family since its construction in the 16th century.
Architecture and Family Heritage
The architecture of Charlecote Park is a harmonious blend of Elizabethan and Victorian elements, reflecting its historical evolution.
The original Tudor facade, with its distinctive red brick and ornate stonework, exudes the opulence of the era. The Victorian additions brought new dimensions to the house, showcasing the evolving tastes and styles over the centuries.
A Shakespearean Connection
Charlecote Park is enveloped in legends and lore, most notably its alleged connection with William Shakespeare. The story goes that a young Shakespeare was caught poaching deer in the park, adding a layer of intrigue and historical curiosity to the estate.
Inside the Manor
The interior of Charlecote Park is a showcase of the Lucy family's history and wealth. Each room is meticulously adorned with period furnishings, family portraits, and a collection of art and antiques.
The Great Hall, Drawing Room, and Library are particularly noteworthy, each offering a glimpse into different aspects of aristocratic life.
The Expansive Parkland
The grounds of Charlecote Park are as impressive as the house itself. The deer park, a remnant of the estate's medieval past, is home to herds of red and fallow deer, roaming freely in their natural habitat.
The formal gardens, with their elaborate flower beds and manicured lawns, offer a peaceful retreat. Nature trails and riverside walks provide opportunities for visitors to explore the estate's natural beauty.
Conservation and Public Access
Managed by the National Trust, Charlecote Park is a well-preserved example of England's historical estates. Efforts to conserve the house, its interiors, and the surrounding parkland ensure that visitors can enjoy an authentic experience of Elizabethan and Victorian grandeur.
A Scenic Location for Film and Photography
Charlecote Park's picturesque setting has made it a popular location for film and television, enhancing its appeal as a Warwickshire tourist destination. Its scenic beauty attracts photographers and artists, drawn to its historic and natural vistas.
A Serene Escape into History
A visit to Charlecote Park offers a serene escape into the world of Elizabethan England. The combination of the historic house, its art collections, and the expansive parkland provides a unique and enriching experience for all who visit.
Address – Wellesbourne, Warwick CV35 9ER
Telephone – 01789 470277
Website – _URL_


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Pie weights are what a lot of bakers and chefs use to blind bake pie crusts, but you can definitely blind bake a pie crust without weights.
What can I use instead of pie weights?
Pie Weights Substitute
- 1 – Dried Beans, Rice, Popcorn. You may previously have heard of "baking beans," which are just dried beans used as pie weights substitute. …
- 2 – Rice. …
- 3 – Steel Balls or Other Metal Things. …
- 4 – Metal Chain. …
- 5 – Sugar. …
- 6 – Another Pie Form.
How do you blind bake a pie crust without weights or beans?
The absolute best option for blind-baking is a tempered-glass or aluminum pie plate. Aluminum or tempered glass will keep your crust crisp and shapely.
Are pie weights necessary?
You must pre-bake the bottom crust of a custard pie, but this is a tricky step in the pie-making process. Without the presence of filling the crust can slump down into the plate as it bakes, necessitating pie weights to help keep its shape. Then, once you remove the weights to blind bake the crust, the bottom puffs.
What happens if you don't use pie weights?
If you don't have pie weights or dried beans, the most effective weight to use is another pie dish, if you have one. Nestle it gently into the crust-lined pan; it should cover both the thin bottom crust and the thick rim.
Can I use rocks as pie weights?
Glass Marbles or Polished River Rocks
So line your pastry with some butter paper, tie the marbles/river rocks in a muslin cloth and use them as pie weights. These will ensure that the pie gets heated evenly. Make sure that you wash the marbles and river rocks before using them.
What happens if you blind bake without weights?
Blind baking isn't just as easy as popping a pie crust in the oven. Pie crust is a delicate thing and baking it without using the proper blind baking process will cause breakage, bubbling, or shrinking.
Can you use coins as pie weights?
Well, aside from being extremely cheap (I can use all pennies if I feel like it), a single layer of coins is the perfect weight for defeating crust bubbles. Change lays down flat, so it doesn't make dimples, and if you like you can even lean individual coins against the sloping sides of a pie crust.
Can I use sugar as pie weights?
As a pie weight, sugar completely eliminates the risk of slumping, shrinking, or puffing, and obviates the need for docking. … The sugar can be used as you would regular granulated sugar, but it can also be reserved for a few more rounds of work as a pie weight, until it turns pale tan.
Can you use dried beans as pie weights?
Instead, check your pantry for dried beans or uncooked rice—both will work just as well as pie weights. You won't be able to cook or eat the beans or rice afterward, but they can be used over and over again for blind baking, so label them clearly and store them with your other baking supplies.
Can you put pie weights directly on dough?
You don't want to skip this step, as your weights might stick to the dough otherwise. Just cut a large enough square or circle to allow for plenty of overhang — you'll need to be able to easily grab the sides without spilling hot weights everywhere. Add the pie weights to the crust.
How long should you blind bake?
Line the tart tin with baking parchment and fill with ceramic baking beans or dried pulses. Bake for about 15 minutes or until the pastry is firm, then remove the beans and cook for about 5 minutes more, until golden brown and biscuity. Trim off any excess using a small serrated knife before filling.
Can you blind bake without beans?
A large bag of rice is often inexpensive to invest in and can easily fill in a large pie crust area without problems. These medium-size pieces can cover a relatively large area with just a handful of them. Lentils are a colorful option and can easily be poured into the pie crust as a weight to keep the crust firm.
What can you use to blind bake a pie crust?
You can use ceramic weights, dry beans, rice, or white sugar. Sugar works well because of its small granule size; it distributes the weight more evenly against the crust. (Baking the sugar this way also lightly caramelizes it, making it even more flavorful if you want to use it later for baking recipes.)
Can I use coffee beans as pie weights?
Ceramic pie weights are little round ceramic balls that sit on your pie crust, while it is baking. … Starting with a cold crust, ready to put into the oven, gently lay a piece of foil over the dough. Fill the shell with coffee beans. Make sure to avoid any actual beans from touching the dough.


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Review: Another Round (SFF Summer Season)
Another Round is an alcohol-fuelled dark comedy.
Photo: Henrik Ohsten
Viewers familiar with Thomas Vinterberg's The Hunt (2012) will have a very different experience with the Danish director's latest outing. An alcohol-fuelled dark comedy, Another Round explores the consequences of four high school teachers and their experiments with alcohol during work hours. A simple plot that manages to unfold into tragic carnage, its protagonists are deconstructed by their efforts to dive deeper into their indulgence. Vinterberg has crafted a film that is incredibly funny, whilst remaining acutely aware of the complexities of human emotion. The punchlines are strong and the consequences hit hard. A coming of middle-age drama, Vinterberg uses alcohol as a vehicle to confront the internal anxieties born from our feelings of failure.
The film opens with a scene familiar to many Australians: a teenage drinking ritual. The Danish high schoolers race in a relay around a lake. Each team member must sink a beer at the different benches along the way, incentivised by the prospect of winning the proceeds from the recycled beer bottles. An incredibly catchy pop song blares over the festivities while the adults watch on in glee. Vinterberg doesn't utilise the scene as a condemnation of youth drinking; instead, it represents a moment of joyous mischief, chaos and unity. It is this attitude of ambivalence that makes Another Round both a celebration of the revelry that can come from the consumption of alcohol, and a meditation on the importance of moderation.
This messaging is largely carried by the performance of the film's lead, Mads Mikkelsen. Mikkelsen plays a high school history teacher, Martin. A husband and father of two, Martin has slipped into the monotony of middle age, going through the motions of the day, devoid of spark and charisma. This changes when he attends the birthday party of his friend and fellow staff member, Nikolaj. A psychologist, Nikolaj proposes an experiment where they see if a higher blood alcohol content will improve their quality of life. This experiment brings a new spark to their experiences.
The teacher's experiment leads to an array of inebriated hijinks, filling the cinema with laughter for much of the first act. The teachers enthusiastically lead classes while drunk, coach childrens' soccer matches and try to make their way undetected through staff meetings. This initial comedy escalates into absurdity, making the slowing down that comes afterwards more poignant, as the protagonists reap what they have sowed. As Vinterberg puts his characters through the extremes, he pauses to question if their initial newfound happiness is all placebo. The film is well paced but does take its time to transition into the third act. However, this isn't a bad thing, as Vinterberg's visuals and the dynamics he establishes between characters are a joy to watch.
An important way that Vinterberg's comedy stands apart from its American counterparts is through its attention to the craft of cinema. Beautifully composed, Vinterberg's DOP Sturla Brandth Grøvlen mimics the cerebral uncertainty induced by alcohol. The camera refuses to stay stable, even in the film's most intense moments, with handheld shots and shallow depths of field leaving the audience with a feeling of uneasiness and uncertainty. While these cinematic choices effectively connect the craft of the film to its themes, it also harkens back to Vinterberg's early career. A founder of the Dogme 95 movement with Lars Von Troyer, the young Danish filmmakers railed against the conventions of cinema. Dogme 95 restricted the filmmaking means of its followers through the signing of a vow of chastity. Directors were forbidden from the use of custom props, tripods and special effects, and instead had to 'live in the moment'.
In 2002, David Bowie challenged Vinterberg on the sincerity of the movement, stating that it sounded like a satirical affair. Vinterberg responded that it was in fact a genuine heartfelt attempt to break the conservative mould of film. These naturalistic qualities of filmmaking are resonant throughout Another Round. Vinterberg paints the protagonists as creatures on a knife's edge; teetering on the edge of primality within their urban environments.
Much of Another Round's meditation on alcohol and the rollercoaster of life can be attributed to the personal tragedy faced by Vinterberg during the film's early production, as Ida, Vinterberg's 19 year old daughter, was tragically killed in a car accident. Vinterberg uses Another Round to preach a sermon about life, showing the audience the pleasures of risks and the pitfalls of excess. He invites audiences to realise that they need to take chances, experiment and explore because there is still time left. The film embraces the spectrum of effects of Danish drinking culture, weighing both the positives and negatives of alcoholic escapism. Another Round will continue to resonate as people return to a sense of normalcy following the pandemic, and have to come to terms with how to enjoy the world despite the anxieties and failures of the past.


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Cobalt electrodeposits have been produced in chloride solutions. Depending on the electrolysis parameters applied, two different structures for the electrodeposits, namely α and β cobalt were observed. Their characterization included hydrogen content measurement, the relative volume fraction of the α and β phases determined by X-ray diffraction, X-ray diffraction line profile analysis and microstructural investigation by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of structure on mechanical properties was examined. The results showed that the ductility properties of the cobalt electrodeposits were highly sensitive to the structure. A higher β phase content that was measured in some deposits did not improve the ductility due to the existence of trapped hydrogen which always exists in such deposits. However, annealing treatments seem to be a promising route to optimize the ductility of cobalt electrodeposits.


the-healing-properties-of-agate-arrowheads-a-holistic-perspective
The Healing Properties of Agate Arrowheads: A Holistic Perspective
What are Agate Stones ?
Agate is a unique form of gemstone created via a process that is not fully understood at this time. There are many theories on how it was created. Agate can be found across the planet. It is not a rock in the literal meaning of the term. It is classified as a mineraloid, which is a rock-like structure formed when minerals interact and are subjected to the same environmental stresses as rocks.
Agate is mostly created in igneous rock. They can also occur in metamorphic or sedimentary rock, but such agates are extremely rare. The process begins with the dissolving of silica in water. This water then interacts with a rock, producing agate.
Geodes and agate rock have similar origins. A hollow, pocket, or chamber is found within a rock. These holes are formed by a variety of processes, including gas chambers developing in lava when it solidifies to form igneous rock. These pockets contain water and carbon dioxide, which ultimately leave the chambers. Only the holes remained.
Other causes include pockets formed between sedimentary layers and animal interactions with the rock. The majority of natural pockets are generated via the first way. As a result, basalt rock is a common site for agate formation.
Agate Arrowheads: The Perfect Blend of Aesthetics and Power
Agate arrowheads are not only beautifully made but they are very important historically and spiritually. In the past, arrowheads were used for hunting and fighting though people use them today for their significance and medicinal properties holistically.
Agate arrowheads are specially crafted to bring out the visual and metaphysical properties of a piece of agate, and this same principle applies to the ones found at Alakik Universal Exports. In creating each arrowhead, a balance is struck between perfection in aesthetics as well as in the inherent life force of nature that they embody, suggesting the artist's mastery.
Uses of Agate Arrowhead
 - Spiritual and Emotional Healing
Agate arrowheads are great tools for spiritual and emotional healing. Very often they are used in meditation and energy healing to assist in aligning the body, mind, and spirit. Here is how they can be used.
Meditation aid: Holding an agate arrowhead during meditation will assist you in anchoring your energies making you feel more balanced and calm. The stone has a calming influence that clears up the mind thus increasing concentration.
Chakra Balancing: Different kinds of agate match various chakras. Take blue lace agate, for example; it is linked to the throat chakra, inducing lucidity in communication; while moss agate correlates with heart chakra where it helps reconcile emotions by bringing healing."
Protection and Grounding: People say agate arrowheads form a wall against malign energies. Often these objects find their way into buildings or pockets so that one feels safe and secured.
 - Physical Healing
Agate is believed to hold many physical healing properties in relation to holistic health. Some of the things people say about agate are:
Improves Circulation: For enhancing blood flow, it has been speculated that agate could be used in some cases as an alternative medicine meant for toning down heart rate and making sure one has good organ function.
Assists in Digestion: It could possibly help relax the stomach and intestines thereby possibly reducing gastritis amongst other issues concerning digestion.
Strengthen the Immune System: Agate's energy is said to stimulate the immune system, allowing the body to fight off sickness and sustain general health.
Decorative and Collectible Value
Beyond their healing properties, agate arrowheads are highly valued for their beauty. They make stunning decorative pieces, adding a touch of natural elegance to any space. Collectors often seek out these unique pieces for their rarity and craftsmanship.
Benefits of Agate Arrowheads
Emotional Balance and Stability
One major benefit of agate arrowheads is that they help in maintaining emotional balance, adjusting mood swings, lowering anxiety, and in the enhancement of inner tranquility.
Better Focus and Intelligence
Agate can be used by students, professionals or anyone who needs a clear mind as it's a helpful tool. Individuals should also know that it helps with concentration, perception as well as analytical abilities.
Holistic Protection
Agate arrowheads protect you as a whole making your aura naturally strong as well as saves you from bad vibrations. When you feel outside powers are too much for you, these arrowheads would be just perfect as they prevent any negativity from coming your way.
Connection to Earth Energies
Agate is deeply linked with earth therefore it helps people reconnect themselves back into nature thereby grounding them securely thereon even though this makes them appreciate her aesthetics too.
Conclusion
Agate arrowheads combine nature's artistry with human skill. These lovely stones create wonderful useful and decorative goods. Agate arrowheads are truly remarkable instruments for holistic health, which includes emotional balance, security, spiritual enlightenment, and physical healing. Explore the gorgeous collection of Alakik Universal Exports and experience the therapeutic powers of agate for yourself.
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I see the terms "declaration," "prototype" and "symbol" thrown around interchangeably a lot when it comes to code like the following:
void MyUndefinedFunction();
The same goes for "definition" and "implementation" for things like this:
void MyClass::MyMethod()
 // Actual code here.
Are there any distinctions between the terms, or are they truly synonymous?
EDIT: I'm unsure whether or not this belongs on Stack Overflow...
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 3 down vote accepted
In C, they are different.
A "symbol" is the name of a variable, constant, or function, e.g. i, sqrt, or value.
A "declaration" indicates that the given variable, constant, or function exists, and tells its type, e.g.
const int i;
double sqrt();
float value;
A "prototype" provides information about the arguments to a function as well as its return type, e.g.
double sqrt(double value);
share|improve this answer
Another term for "prototype" in this context is a method signature. – Mike Rosenblum May 2 '11 at 2:05
Declarations are simply the act of declaring a variable into existence. The definition is what a variable is holding, or the code that a function will execute.
void MyUndefinedFunction(); is a prototype because it's not being defined to do anything (it is being declared). Implementing a variable or function would be the act of using it, or implementing it into your code, to accomplish a task.
void MyFunction(); // The function prototype
void MyFunctoin() {
// The code to be executed by MyFunction() (the definition)
if (something happens) {
MyFunction() // The implementation of the function into your program
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Merging Maps And Objects
Maps and objects have lot of similarities in dynamic languages such that a language designer should consider making them one in the same.
From RubyOnRails
{I'm curious about your statement, "... dynamic languages should merge associative arrays and OOP. They are too similar in dynamic languages to bother making distinct syntax." Could you expand on that? I'm not sure what you mean.}
Objects are very similar to maps (associative arrays or "hash") in many dynamic languages. With a few tweaks, they can be made one-in-the-same to simplify the language both conceptually and syntactically.
This has been done. LuaLanguage and JavaScript are examples. Boost.Fusion provides similar facilities (using TemplateMetaprogramming) for CeePlusPlus. HList provides similar facilities (using TypefulProgramming) in HaskellLanguage.
For Boost.Fusion see BoostFusion and BoostFusionUserExtension.
I don't claim it's a new or original idea. However, there may be ways to combine the best features and/or facilitate this concept further. --top
Dots and Brackets
Some languages have made it easier to mix dots and brackets as needed. Dots would usually be used, but brackets could be used if and when punctuation or "funny characters" are needed as part of the map key.
 x['y']; // equivalent
 x['7foo.*&6']; // brackets used when the "key" has odd characters.
 x[myVar]; // if indexing is done via a varible
Each is used where more appropriate.
Storing Function Pointers
Maps could store function pointers to serve as methods. If parenthesis could be shortcut for an "executeFunction" operation, then it would resemble a method:
 x.y(p1, p2); // shortcut
executeFunction(x.y, p1, p2); //longcut
A "reserved" key, such as maybe "~parent", could be used to specify the parent(s) for use in inheritance. If a method call is done on a map item and it doesn't contain the given key (method or attribute name), then the parent(s) are called until the name is found or until the top of the tree is encountered. "~parent" would contain the name of array (map) that serves as the parent. If multiple inheritance is allowed, then it would contain a list of the parents, separated by a comma. (This wouldn't be very efficient, but it would offer great meta-ability. Perhaps a shortcut could be to store the address of the parent array as an option, such as "&_PHONE_" instead of "myArray". If the lookup mechanism sees the "&", it knows it's dealing with an address instead of a name.)
An alternative is to use a form of prototype-based inheritance and simply clone the "master" array to "inherit". It would only clone the method/function pointer (above), not the actual function code.
Even without cloning, there's no need for a formal "class" (as is the case with some other dynamic OO languages). A class-like syntax could be used to simplify the creation of the root objects.
What benefits does your scheme offer over more conventional OO syntax, such as that used in C#, Java, Python and Ruby? How does your scheme handle polymorphism and encapsulation?
It allows one to "switch" between using maps and objects or vise verse with little or no changes. It also simplifies the language and training because it reuses a single concept.
Why might you wish to switch between maps and objects?
Polymorphism is using the same key on a different array. It doesn't offer tight encapsulation, which is common with dynamic languages. I'd suggest you consult with fans of those languages, or related wiki topics, to hear their arguments for "loose" encapsulation. (It will probably trigger another type-heavy versus type-lite/dynamic debate.)
Could you expand on what you mean by "[p]olymorphism is using the same key on a different array"?
 person = newMap(...);
 dog = newMap(...);
 function makeSound(obj) {
Your approach seems similar to the struct/class equivalence in C++, except a struct is static but a map is (usually) dynamic. Is that what you have in mind?
{Structs and classes aren't exactly equivalent, they are similar or alike.}
What benefits does your scheme offer over more conventional OO syntax...
Combining maps and objects simplifies GenericProgramming; for example, you can write functions to serialize arbitrary objects (even functions, if the language gives you a representation for them). SingleDispatch polymorphism is possible by assigning function pointers to object parameters - indeed, a common means of modeling OO is to use a record or map of names containing functions... though you might want a little SyntacticSugar for the 'this' or'self' argument.
Encapsulation is provided by the borders of the map... but perhaps you meant to question the feasibility of InformationHiding, of the sort typically achieved by programming against AbstractBaseClasses (aka Interfaces). InformationHiding is important for security (per ObjectCapabilityModel), performance (optimizations), and forwards compatibility (CouplingAndCohesion). These are valuable properties that suffer in MergingMapsAndObjects, but there are several ways to recoup those properties if they are necessary.
Personally, I find mutable maps problematic, and I believe CompositeConsideredHarmful. If we have immutable maps, and we do not use 'objects' to compose data structures, then maps and objects no longer overlap and there is no reason to merge them. Top's desire is to eliminate apparent LanguageIdiomClutter. Rather than MergingMapsAndObjects, a feasible alternative is to further separate them.
What about separating the various features and allow them to be switched on or off as needed by language keywords or some other approach? Is there really a true difference, or can the various attributes be mixed and matched depending on need?
I am the developer of a dynamic language and I have both Objects and Maps. Although I allow interchange of them both in many places, they are quite different. An Object has no optional fields where a Map most certainly does. If a List is created using Class "xyz", then each row will have exactly the same set of fields if an Object is based on the same Class. Class has nothing to do with Maps. With an Object you could use syntax like "xyz.a" if you knew that the Class of "xyz" contained a field called "a", you could know that code would work but there is never a guarantee that any particular field exists in a Map. Using a field from a Map requires that you always verify it's existence before you use it but that can be done at compile time for a field in an Object.
Similar but definitely not the same. -- DavidClarkd
Doesn't sound like a "dynamic" language to me if it's hard to add or remove attributes to objects. If a map-like object had inheritance, then you'd know it always had "a" because the parent had "a". But if you are "locking" existence of attributes to class definition statements, then it's arguable not a dynamic language, or perhaps a hybrid of dynamic and static. (Of course it depends on whether one is using reference inheritance or cloning inheritance.)
"dynamic" has many meanings where most "dynamic" languages have features of both static and dynamic typing (optionally defined, inferred and/or type checked at execution time). What is a "map-like object"? An Object is based on a Class whereas a Map is not. A Map contains it's own schema whereas an Object gets it's schema from the Class it is based on. If you have many Objects that are based on the same Class then that schema is only defined once. If you have many Maps, whether they have the same schema or not, each has it's own schema. My system can change the Class at execution time which most dynamic languages don't allow (Ruby can for instance). Inheritance has nothing to do with dynamic typing or not. I have a very easy way of translating an Object to a Map and vise-versa (the assignment statement), but they both have uses which make the one better or worse than the other, depending on it's use. Why choose to have one or the other in a language when you can have both? -- DavidClarkd
Objects are based on Classes and can therefore have multiple functions associated with them (Classes don't just identify a set of variables). What languages allow functions to be encapsulated with named Maps? I guess it would be possible but why give Maps that capability when you already have Classes that do exactly that? Maps are much more self contained than Objects and more light weight. My Classes can have meta and pseudo variables as well as functions. Why use a sledge hammer when a regular hammer will do? -- DavidClarkd
[What are "meta and pseudo variables"? How are your "[m]aps... more self contained than Objects"?]
My system has 2 quite different kinds of Objects. One kind is used to program at the macro level (called a Server Object SO) and the other at the micro level inside the SO that uses a Class. Although both SO and normal objects contain both data and programs, they have a different set of features and are used for different purposes. The SO objects have their own local memory manager and can access global resources like other kinds of memory (heap etc), disk, web and other services and can only directly access their own data. SO objects send messages to each other that are queued and each SO executes on a single core as independently as possible. Any number of SOs can run on any number of cores at the same time. Code is always


Astoria Public Plaza
1. Would you be for or against a partial street closure of Newtown Avenue to create a public plaza? Why or Why Not?
2. What are some issues you think need to be addressed by the government in the community? i.e safety, lack of public resources, transportation etc.
3. Overall, how much support does this neighborhood receive from the local government?
4. What types of activities would you participate in if they were available in this neighborhood?
5. If a plaza were created, what kind of programs or activities would you like to see introduced?
6. Do you feel your neighborhood lacks adequate public space?
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any of various traffic violations committed while a vehicle is in motion, as speeding, driving through a red light, or going the wrong direction on a one-way street.
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 noun a slow-speed conveyor belt for transporting people; also called moving sidewalk, travelator, peoplemover, moving pavement Examples Airports are smart to install moving walkways.
 - Moviola
 [moo-vee-oh-luh] /ˌmu viˈoʊ lə/ Movies, Trademark. 1. a brand of projection device for a motion-picture film allowing one person to see the film through a viewer and control its motion and speed, used in film editing, preparing titles, etc. /ˌmuːvɪˈəʊlə/ noun 1. trademark a viewing machine used in cutting and editing film
 - Mow
 [moh] /moʊ/ verb (used with object), mowed, mowed or mown, mowing. 1. to cut down (grass, grain, etc.) with a scythe or a machine. 2. to cut grass, grain, etc., from: to mow the lawn. verb (used without object), mowed, mowed or mown, mowing. 3. to cut down grass, grain, etc. Verb phrases 4. mow […]
 - Mowat
 [moh-uh t] /ˈmoʊ ət/ noun 1. Farley (McGill) 1921–2014, Canadian writer.


text:
The purpose of the construction work was to ensure the water supply and sewerage service to Tallinn Prison, which is being built, and the water supply to consumers and hydrants in the potential industrial area in Soodevahe village. In total, 4 km of water pipe and 3 km of sewerage pipe were designed and built in Soodevahe village and waste water pump stations with emergency tanks and a pressure pump station with water reservoirs were built. The water used by consumers is abstracted and waste water routed to the pipes of the water utility AS Tallinn Vesi at two connection points on Suur-Sõjamäe street and the end of Betooni street.
The construction work was done during a very rainy time and the pipelines had to be laid directly into a wetland area. In two places, the pipes were drilled through beneath the railway and inside the limestone. In the course of the project, 1,000 m³ of water reservoirs were built for the prison's fluctuating water consumption and fire-fighting water reserve, and 240 m³ of emergency tanks were built for the sewerage pumping station for the same reason. The capacity of the waste water pumping station is 252 m³/h and that of the pressurisation pump is 343 m³/h.
- AS Elveso
- Name of the project:
- Public water supply and sewerage works, construction of waste water pump and pressure booster pump in Soodevahe village
- Civil engineering
- Type of construction:
- Water and sewerage pipes, storm water drain lines
- Description of work:
- New building
- Soodevahe village, Rae rural municipality, Harjumaa
- Beginning of the project:
- Year of completion:


text:
How to Throw A Safe And Healthy Super Bowl Party
The Super Bowl is right around the corner, and as parties are being planned, there are a few things to keep in mind to ensure that things stay safe, healthy and fun. Here you'll find some helpful tips to help you plan a great Super Bowl party for friends and family.
While Super Bowl parties and alcohol usually go hand in hand, it's important to remember that these events do not need to revolve around drinking. This is important for a number of reasons.
- First, the Super Bowl is held during the winter, a time of year when many people suffer from the winter blues. And even though parties are usually happy occasions, alcohol can cause a person's depression to become worse.
- Next, there are certain groups of people who shouldn't drink alcohol. Pregnant women, diabetics and those with liver, kidney or pancreas problems shouldn't drink at all.
- Last, drinking alcohol can lead to people engaging in unsafe behavior. The reason is because alcohol causes people to lower their inhibitions and do things they ordinarily wouldn't do, while impairing a person's judgment. Driving under the influence and teenage drinking are two of the dangers of having a Super Bowl party centered on alcohol.
Having alcohol at a Super Bowl party is fine, but there are some safety precautions that should be followed:
- Always use a designated driver. If no one is available to take intoxicated party guests home, then party hosts should have room available for party guests to stay for the night.
- Remember that the body can metabolize about one drink per hour, so as long as someone sticks to just one drink an hour, they can avoid the majority of the intoxicating affects. One drink is one beer, one glass of wine or one ounce of hard liquor.
- Party hosts should have non-alcoholic drinks available for those who choose not to drink and those who are drinking should alternate between alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks to avoid getting drunk.
Party hosts should make sure that whatever fare they serve is healthy. Many Super Bowl parties feature pizza and wings, but these party staples are loaded with fat, salt and have little nutritional benefit. Instead party hosts should be sure that the food they serve follows these healthy guidelines:
- Include fresh fruit and vegetables, such as carrot sticks, apple wedges, and broccoli florets. This will vary based upon what is in season and locally available.
- Offer low-fat or non-fat dressings and dips.
- Offer lean forms of protein and consider some vegetarian/vegan options.
- Make sure that food is low in calories, fat, sugar and sodium
- Be aware of any special dietary needs such as diabetes or those on restricted diets and be sure to have selections available that meet those needs.
- Always follow food safety guidelines, such as proper holding temperatures, avoiding cross contamination and hand washing.
Americans are notorious for their sedentary lifestyles, so during half time and commercial breaks, get moving. Physical activity doesn't have to be hard to be effective. Something as simple as throwing the pig skin in the yard during commercial breaks or dancing along with the half-time show will do the trick. It doesn't have to be difficult or complicated, just get moving.
Since the Super Bowl takes place during the winter, staying warm is essential, especially during outdoor tailgating parties, although it can also get cold inside as well. Hypothermia can occur extremely quickly and can be life threatening. There are a number of ways to stay warm during Super Bowl parties.
- Wear appropriate clothing. Loose layers with the outer layer being wind and waterproof will help keep party goers warm outdoors. Dressing warmly is also important if someone is going to be indoors, since people going in and out can cause the temperature in a room to drop, causing people to become chilled.
- Keep the amount of exposed skin to a minimum. Wear hats, mittens or gloves, and scarves to keep as much heat in as possible.
- Drink warm liquids and eat warm foods. Avoid alcohol and caffeine because these can cause the body to lose heat faster.
- Look for unique ways to get warm. Air activated warmers are extremely helpful in warming the body and are available in a variety of sizes and are inexpensive.
No matter if someone is tailgating at the big game or partying at home, following basic safety rules is important.
- Always have a fire extinguisher and first aid kit on hand. Injuries and fires occur when people least expect them.
- Avoid any clothing, no matter how festive, that blocks the ability to see or move freely.
- Never leave children or pets unattended and be sure that the excitement isn't too much for them. Often pets can be especially fearful in new situations that may startle them.
- Never use grills, generators or any other appliance that uses gasoline, propane or charcoal inside an enclosed area. This can lead to carbon monoxide poisoning as well as fires.
- Be sure that heaters are not near anything that will catch fire.
Super Bowl parties are great fun, but people should always party safe. By following these guidelines, Super Bowl party goers can cheer for their favorite team, while staying healthy and safe.


Not using the Windows 11 taskbar chat? So you can remove it
Chat in Windows 11
Along with other important news, in Windows 11 the new chat function has been incorporated into the taskbar. Thanks to it, it is possible to access conversations held through Microsoft Teams in a much faster way, so it can be very useful for many users.
However, the truth is that there are also quite a few who do not find this relevant function within the operating system, since many times we use tools such as WhatsApp, Telegram, Signal or Messenger to hold conversations, and Teams is not usually so common. If it is your case, you will probably want to remove the chat icon from your computer's taskbar, and it is something that you will be able to do easily.
Windows 11
Related article:
How to disable the Windows 11 boot sound
How to remove the chat icon from the Windows 11 taskbar step by step
As we mentioned, despite the fact that for all those who use Microsoft Teams in their day-to-day life, the inclusion of the chat in the Windows 11 taskbar can be very useful, if it is not your case, it is most likely that you will it is annoying to see the icon in that location. If this happens to you, say that you just have to follow these steps to remove the chat from the Windows taskbar:
 1. On your PC, enter the application Configuration that you will find in the start menu.
 2. Once inside, on the left side, select the option Customization.
 3. Now, on the right side, search and choose Taskbar among the available options.
 4. Finally, in the section entitled Taskbar items search and uncheck the option Cat, which will appear next to its characteristic icon.
Remove chat from Windows 11 taskbar
Once deactivated, you can see how the chat icon disappears from the Windows 11 taskbar. Similarly, if you want to have a conversation through Microsoft Teams, all you have to do is download and install your desktop application, with which you can access all the functions.
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Please Search Dynamic temp. control systems Ultra-Low Temp. Chillers NEV Test Chillers Thermal Test & Process Cooling TCU Unit
What are the selection steps of 200 ton chiller?
ClassificationIndustry News 12
What are the selection steps of 200 ton chiller?
(1) Determine thermal load
It is important to determine the thermal load of your application to ensure that the selected LC -25°C ~ -5°C Low Temperature Chillers is large enough for the intended application. There are several ways to determine the thermal load (in kW), but understanding the process helps to calculate the accurate thermal load.
(2) Determine coolant type, temperature and flow rate
After the heat load is known, the next step is to determine the coolant, its target temperature and the flow rate that the chiller must supply to the process. This can be determined by the heat transferred to the coolant by the process and the type of coolant used. For example, the property of water is different from that of oil.
(3) Determine the installation environment
In what environment should the chiller be installed? For example, indoor applications may have high temperature and dirty air, while outdoor installations may encounter low and high ambient temperatures. This will affect the selection of water chiller, and requires air filter, oil tank heater and other accessories.
(4) Performance chart of water chiller
Now, use the available chiller performance chart to select the chiller model that meets or exceeds the required cooling capacity according to the supply temperature of chilled water and the maximum expected ambient air temperature. Safety limits should be considered for the available frame size to maximize the value of chiller selection.
(5) Verify pump performance chart
Check the performance chart of the pump with us to ensure that the pump can increase enough pressure according to the design flow rate to meet the application requirements. In some liquid cooling systems, the coolant flow path is small or the distance is long, and the average pressure loss may be higher.
(6) Relationship between temperature difference and flow
For example, how many materials do you want to cool down to how many degrees? The cooling temperature of different plastic products is also different, which will form the ice water temperature difference required for cooling. The ice water temperature difference is generally 3 ℃ – 5 ℃, but sometimes 1 ℃ – 2 ℃. In terms of temperature difference, the smaller the temperature difference, the more ice water flow is required to take away the same heat, and the smaller the ice water flow is required.
(7) Consider the scheme with minimum energy consumption
Energy consumption refers to power consumption. In particular, the comprehensive utilization and balance of electricity, heat and cooling should be fully considered when selecting large industrial water chillers.
(8) Refrigeration and single unit refrigerating capacity
The cooling capacity of the chiller is directly related to the energy consumption and operation economic effect of the whole unit, which is noteworthy. For example, your production line needs stable and continuous cooling. Generally, there is no single water chiller. When one water chiller fails or is shut down for maintenance, it needs other water chillers to replace it. The reasonable number of units shall be selected according to the production situation.
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Meaning of EXPERIMENTAL in English
— experimentally, adv.
/ik sper'euh men"tl/, adj.
1. pertaining to, derived from, or founded on experiment: an experimental science.
2. of the nature of an experiment; tentative: The new program is still in an experimental stage.
3. functioning as an experiment or used for experimentation: an experimental airplane.
4. based on or derived from experience; empirical: experimental knowledge.
5. something that is experimental.
[ 1400-50; late ME experimentalis. See EXPERIMENT, -AL 1 ]


text:
Recently while I was playing a CD, my system cut out and the word PROTECT was displayed on the digtal panel, the CD won't play and there is no sound coming out from the speakers. However, the tape deck plays but again there is no sound. I have tried most things suggested, but everytime I turn the system on the word PROTECT appears and won't allow any of the functions on the system to work. Can this be fixed?
The word PROTECT appears because there is a short. It can be in your speakers, try running it without the speakers plugged, or look if the wires arent shorting. If it stil ldoes that, its cause there is a short in it, from the output section. The system does that to prevent from damaging the electronic components inside.
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If protect is coming up on the display, it means the system is detecting a short somewhere on one of the speakers and so is turning the amp off to avoid damage. Check all the connections at the back of the amp to ensure they are not shorting, and at the back of each speaker, if nothing is found there, check each wire for damage (like squashed or rodent damage).
Kenwood head units show "protect" when there's a problem with the speaker outputs. This might mean a shorted speaker wire, a blown speaker, or an internal defect in the head unit. Once the condition that's causing the "protect" mode is fixed, the CD player should be back in normal mode the next time you turn it on.
If it's staying in "protect", then you'll definitely have to remove the stereo and do some troubleshooting to fix it. Many car audio stores will do system troubleshooting, for a fee. If you want to do it yourself, here's what you need to do:
Pull the Kenwood unit from the dash and disconnect all the speaker wires. Turn it on and see if the "protect" message displays. If it does, the stereo has an internal defect and will need to be serviced. If it doesn't, then turn it off, and re-connect one speaker. Turn it on again and see if it displays "protect".
If it works with a single speaker connected, keep re-connecting the others until you identify the speaker that's causing the problem. There may be a wiring problem or defective speaker in that location.
If it displays "protect" with a single speaker connected, then disconnect that one and try a different one. If all the speakers cause a "protect" mode, then you're probably back to a defective head unit, unless your friend managed to blow all your speakers at once.
Stereo sytems have a protection circuit that alerts you by displaying "protect" when there is a electrical short circuit detected in the system, the most common short happens in a speaker, try disconnectig the speaker wires of both speakers(all speakers) at the back of the system, then play the CD or cassette player(although you will not hear anything with the speakers disconnected) and see if the unit goes into "protect" mode if the problem is still present then you have an internal short circuit and the system will need to be sent in for service or replaced(depending on age,repair costs). I would not recommend investing more than $80 into repairs. Now, if the unit does not go into "protect mode" then one of the speakers or speaker wires is shorted,be sure you check the conndition of the speaker wires before you replace the speakers, then you can replace the speakers(in a pair) and you should be back up and listening! Good luck and Merry Christmas!
The protect light comes on when the amp cuts off the speakers to protect them from damage if something's wrong in the amp, or to protect the amp from speaker or wiring problems. If the amp plays for a while before cutting off, it's probably a thermal problem in the output stages. One of the output devices may be acting up as it heats up, or it could be bad connections that open up because of the heat. The trouble might also be caused by components in the power supply as well. Without having the unit on the service bench to check it, it's not possible to suggest specific things to look at. The manual wouldn't help you other than to say check your speaker connections and then have it serviced. The best thing to do if you want to keep this is to find a servicer in your area and get an estimate for the repair. Or if you or a friend is technically inclined, look into purchasing a service manual and see if you can do-it-yourself.


text:
Indexed street plan of Neuchâtel and the communities along the north-western shore of the lake. An enlargement shows the city centre in greater detail. Both plans show public transport, car parks, places of interest, etc. Map legend is in French and German only.
Indexed street plan of Fribourg and the surrounding communities. The plan shows public transport, car parks, etc., with two extra diagrams for the regional transport network. On the reverse, the plan has useful addresses and black and white photographs of the town.
Indexed street plan with the same cartography and detail as its larger version, but covering a slightly smaller area. The plan indicates pedestrian areas within the city centre and shows public transport, car parks, museums, theatres, post offices, etc. Map legend includes English.
Street plan of the city and the surrounding area. An enlargement for the city centre shows the pedestrian zone and one way streets. Both plans show public transport, car parks, theatres, museums, etc. On the reverse, there is an index, a diagram with regional bus routes and a list of places of interest. Map legend and all the text is in German only.
Street plan of St. Gallen and the neighbouring communities, with an enlargement for the city centre. The plan shows public transport and car parks. A separate booklet includes an index and a directory of useful addresses. Map legend and all the text is in German only.
Street plan of the town and the surrounding area, showing public transport lines and highlighting car parks and taxi ranks. An enlargement shows the town centre at 1:5,000. A separate booklet contains an index and a brief guide to the city in English.
Pocket street plan of Zurich at 1:17,500 from Orell Füssli's range of street plans of Swiss cities, providing coverage of the central section across the city and its suburbs, from Wollishofen on Lake Zurich across to the international airport at Kloten, but with only limited coverage of the western and eastern districts.
Basel on a handy size, indexed street plan from Orell Füssli, covering the city's inner districts at 1:12,000 with the historic centre shown in greater detail. On the reverse are multilingual notes about the city and its main sights.
Street plan of the whole of Zurich with the outlying suburbs in Orell Füssli's range of street plans of Swiss cities. Coverage extends from the international airport at Kloten to Kilchberg and Küsnacht on Lake Zurich, and from Geroldswil and Dietikon in the west to Volketswil in the east.
Zurich Street Atlas from Orell Füsli with an excellent street index, plus extensive lists of main sights, cultural establishments, restaurants, shops, and other useful practical information for the residents and tourists alike.
Indexed street plan of Biel/Bienne and the surrounding communities around the northern shore of the Bielersee. The plan shows public transport, car parks, places of interest, sport facilities, etc. Map legend includes English.
Indexed street plan of Locarno, Ascona and the surrounding communities along the northern shore of Lake Maggiore. The plan shows public transport and car parks, with an additional diagram for regional bus routes. Map legend includes English.
Zurich's central districts on an indexed street plan from Swiss publishers Orell Füssli, excellent for exploring the city by public transport and highlighting locations of 40 best sights, illustrated on the reverse with photos.
Lucerne street plan at 1:10,000 from Swiss publishers Orell Füssli, with an enlargement showing the historic city centre in greater clarity and detail at 1:5,000. The plan shows bus routes with stops and line numbers; S-Bahn lines also have numbers. The plan shows car parks and pedestrianized areas, but one way streets are not indicated. Symbols highlight tourist information offices, cultural institutions, ...
Pocket street plan of Bern at 1:10,000 from Swiss publishers Orell Füssli, with an enlargement showing the city's historic centre in greater detail at 1:7,500. The main plan extends north, east and west to the motorways (Nos. 1, 6 and 12), and south to Köniz and the offices of the Swiss national survey organization, Swisstopo, in Wabern. Bus and tram routes are shown with line number and stops; the plan als...
Zurich Pocket Street Atlas from the locally based cartographic publishers Orell Füssli, presenting the city with its outer suburbs at 1:17,500. Bus, tram and S-Bahn routes are shown with line numbers and stops/stations. For drivers the atlas shows main traffic arteries, one way streets, car and coach parks, and park+ride facilities. Longer streets are annotated with selected house numbers for easier identif...
Zurich VBZ city map is an indexed, official city map of Zurich's public transport network at a scale of 1:15,000. Stations, transport lines, stops and termini, route numbers, ticket offices, parking facilities, car hire locations and taxi ranks are all fore grounded against a fainter displayed city plan.


text:
Simulated reconstruction of a three-dimensional (3D) object in from cylindrical hologram is proposed. The simulation is done using a fast calculation method, where wave propagation in spectral domain and in cylindrical coordinates is used to generate the cylindrical hologram of a 3D object. The same procedure is followed to reconstruct the object back. The reconstructions resembled the original object and could be seen from all. The whole simulation process is done using open-source software.
© 2011 Optical Society of America
Equations on this page are rendered with MathJax. Learn more.


nLab
compact space
Context
Topology
topology (point-set topology, point-free topology)
see also differential topology, algebraic topology, functional analysis and topological homotopy theory
Introduction
Basic concepts
Universal constructions
Extra stuff, structure, properties
Examples
Basic statements
Theorems
Analysis Theorems
topological homotopy theory
Compact spaces
Idea
A topological space (or more generally: a convergence space) is compact if all sequences and more generally nets inside it converge as much as possible.
Compactness is a topological notion that was developed to abstract the key property of a subspace of a Euclidean space being "closed and bounded": every net must accumulate somewhere in the subspace. (Roughly, the reason is that boundedness implies the net cannot escape the subspace, and the point to which it accumulates lies in the subspace by closure. This is the statement of the Heine-Borel theorem, see there for for more.)
Compactness provides an intrinsic way of formulating this property in the context of general topological spaces, without the need to view them as subspaces of an ambient space. Still, it is common to work with compact subsets of a given space. These are those subsets which are compact spaces with the subspace topology.
One often wishes to study compact Hausdorff spaces ("compacta") since these enjoy particularly useful properties. For instance they all arise as one-point compactifications (of locally compact Hausdorff spaces, see this remark).
As for most concepts related to topological spaces, there is also a concept of compactness for locales. Observe that (using classical logic) every locally compact locale is aready spatial (this prop.). Instead of compact Hausdorff locales one usually considers compact regular locales, since regularity is easier to formulate and handle than Hausdorffness in locale theory (these are equivalent, since every locale is T 0T_0 separated and hence T 3T_3 if regular, while every Hausdorff space is T 3T_3 if compact).
Definitions/characterizations
There are many ways to say that a space XX is compact. The first is perhaps the most common:
Definition
(open cover)
Let (X,τ)(X,\tau) be a topological space. Then an open cover is a set {U iX} iI\{U_i \subset X\}_{i \in I} of open subsets (i.e. (U iX)τP(X)(U_i \subset X) \in \tau \subset P(X)) such that their union is all of XX
iIU i=X. \underset{i \in I}{\cup} U_i = X \,.
This is called a finite open cover if II is a (Kuratowski-)finite set.
A subcover of an open cover as above is a subset JIJ\subset I of the given open subsets, such that their union still exhausts XX, i.e. iJIU i=X\underset{i \in J \subset I}{\cup} U_i = X.
Definition
(compact space)
A topological space is called compact if every open cover has a finite subcover (def. ).
For the purposes of exposition, this definition will be taken as the baseline definition. Throughout the remainder of this section we state a number of propositions of type "A space is compact (in the sense of Definition ) iff it satisfies property P", which can be read as saying that property P can be taken as an alternative definition of compactness (and may in fact be considered a more convenient or preferable definition over , depending on author and context).
Remark
(differing terminology)
Some authors use "compact" to mean "compact and Hausdorff" (a much nicer sort of space, and forming a much nicer category of spaces, see at compact Hausdorff space), and use the word "quasicompact" to refer to just "compact" as we are using it here. This custom seems to be prevalent among algebraic geometers, for example, and particularly so within Francophone schools.
But it is far from clear to me (Todd Trimble) that "quasicompact" is very well-established outside such circles (despite some arguments in favor of it), and using simply "compact" for the nicer concept therefore carries some risk of creating misunderstanding among mathematicians at large. My own habit at any rate is to say "compact Hausdorff" for the nicer concept, and I will continue using this on the nnLab until consensus is reached (if that happens).
Another term in usage is 'compactum' to mean a compact Hausdorff space (even when 'compact' is not used to imply Hausdorffness).
The various reformulations of compactness fall into several families. Some are more or less tautological reformulations based on direct logical or set-theoretic manipulations of the open covering definition; we give these first. Others express compactness in terms of notions of convergence (nets, filters, ultrafilters). A third family expresses compactness of a space in terms of "stable" properties of maps sourced is that space; this is perhaps the most intrinsically categorical of the three families.
Elementary reformulations
If excluded middle is assumed, then def. has the following reformulations in terms of closed subsets:
Proposition
(compactness in terms of closed subsets)
Let (X,τ)(X,\tau) be a topological space. Assuming excluded middle, then the following are equivalent:
 1. (X,τ)(X,\tau) is compact in the sense of def. .
 2. Let {C iX} iI\{C_i \subset X\}_{i \in I} be a set of closed subsets such that their intersection is empty iIC i=\underset{i \in I}{\cap} C_i = \emptyset, then there is a finite subset JIJ \subset I such that the corresponding finite intersection is still empty: iJiC i=\underset{i \in J \subset i}{\cap} C_i = \emptyset.
 3. Let {C iX} iI\{C_i \subset X\}_{i \in I} be a set of closed subsets such that it enjoys the finite intersection property, meaning that for every finite subset JIJ \subset I then the corresponding finite intersection is non-empty iJIC i\underset{i \in J \subset I}{\cap} C_i \neq \emptyset. Then also the total intersection is inhabited, iIC i\underset{i \in I}{\cap} C_i \neq \emptyset.
Proof
The equivalence of the first two statements follows by de Morgan's law (complements interchange unions with intersections), the definition of closed subsets as the complements of open sets, and (using excluded middle) that dually the complements of closed subsets are the open subsets:
Let {U iX} iI\{U_i \subset X\}_{i \in I} be an open cover. Write C iX\U iC_i \coloneqq X \backslash U_i for the corresponding closed complements. By de Morgan's law the condition that iIU i=X\underset{i \in I}{\cup} U_i = X is equivalent to iIC i=\underset{i \in I}{\cap} C_i = \emptyset. The second statement is that there is then a finite subset JIJ \subset I such that also iJIC i=\underset{i \in J \subset I}{\cap} C_i = \emptyset, and under forming complements again this is equivalently the first statement.
Then statement 3 is the contraposition of the second, and contrapositives are equivalent under excluded middle.
The closed-subset formulations of compactness appear frequently and are often more convenient. For example, compactness theorems in model theory draw on a connection between the finite intersection property and finite satisfiability of sets of axioms.
Compactness for locales
In another direction, the definition () also works for locales, since it refers only to the frame of open sets. Here is an equivalent way to phrase it that is often convenient for locale theory.
Proposition
XX is compact iff given any directed collection of opens whose union is XX (a directed open cover), XX belongs to the collection.
Proof
For the "only if" direction: if 𝒰={U i} iI\mathcal{U}= \{U_i\}_{i \in I} is a directed open cover, then by the open-cover definition of compactness, XX is the union of finitely many U iU_i. But by definition of directedness, any finite subfamily of 𝒰\mathcal{U} has an upper bound in 𝒰\mathcal{U}; since the only upper bound of XX is XX, it follows that XX belongs to 𝒰\mathcal{U}.
For the "if" direction: given an open cover 𝒰\mathcal{U} of XX, let 𝒰\mathcal{U}' be the family of open sets that are unions of finite subfamilies of 𝒰\mathcal{U}. This 𝒰\mathcal{U} is clearly