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KSH93 Date Manipulation
While bash is the default shell on most, if not all, Linux distributions, there are times when using ksh93 is more efficient and thus makes more sense to use. A classic problem in shell scripting is the manipulation of dates and times. Most shells do not include support for date/time string manipulation and the user is left to roll their own routines as needed. Typically this involves parsing date/time strings and using lookup tables and/or using a version of date with support for formatting date/time strings other than current date.
Since 1999, when version h of ksh93 (the 1993 version of the Korn Shell) was released, ksh93 has included such support via the printf builtin function. However examples on using this this feature are scarce and I have written this short article in an attempt to make more shell script developers aware of this extremely useful and powerful feature in ksh93.
The ksh93 builtin printf (not printf(1)) includes a %T formatting option.
%T Treat argument as a date/time string and format it accordingly.
%(dateformat)T T can be preceded by dateformat, where dateformat is any date format supported
 by the date(1) command.
Here is the relevant output of printf –man:
 %T Treat string as a date/time string and format it. The T can be
 preceded by (dformat), where dformat is a date format. The accepted
 date formats are as follows:
 % % character
 a abbreviated weekday name
 A full weekday name
 b abbreviated month name
 B full month name
 c ctime(3) style date without the trailing newline
 C 2-digit century
 d day of month number
 D date as mm/dd/yy
 e blank padded day of month number
 f print a date with the format '%Y.%m.%d-%H:%M:%S'
 F %ISO 8601:2000 standard date format; equivalent to Y-%m-%d
 g ls(1) -l recent date with hh:mm
 G ls(1) -l distant date with yyyy
 h abbreviated month name
 H 24-hour clock hour, zero-padded
 i international date(1) date with time zone type name
 I 12-hour clock hour, zero-padded
 j 1-offset Julian date
 J 0-offset Julian date
 k 24-hour clock hour, blank-padded
 K all numeric date; equivalent to %Y-%m-%d+%H:%M:%S; %_[EO]K
 for space separator, %OK adds .%N, %EK adds %.N%z, %_EK adds
 .%N %z
 l 12-hour clock hour, blank-padded
 L locale default date format
 m month number
 M minutes
 n newline character
 N nanoseconds 000000000-999999999
 p meridian (e.g., AM or PM)
 q quarter of the year
 Q <del>recent>del>distant<del>: <del> is a unique delimter
 character; recent format for recent dates, distant format
 otherwise
 r 12-hour time as hh:mm:ss meridian
 R 24-hour time as hh:mm
 s number of seconds since the epoch; .prec preceding s appends
 prec nanosecond digits, 9 if prec is omitted
 S seconds 00-60
 t tab character
 T 24-hour time as hh:mm:ss
 u weekday number 1(Monday)-7
 U week number with Sunday as the first day
 V ISO week number (i18n is fun)
 w weekday number 0(Sunday)-6
 W week number with Monday as the first day
 x locale date style that includes month, day and year
 X locale time style that includes hours and minutes
 y 2-digit year (you'll be sorry)
 Y 4-digit year
 z time zone SHHMM west of GMT offset where S is + or -, use pad
 _ for SHH:MM
 Z time zone name
 =[=][-+]flag
 set (default or +) or clear (-) flag for the remainder of
 format, or for the remainder of the process if == is
 specified. flag may be:
 l enable leap second adjustments
 n convert %S as %S.%N
 u UTC time zone
 # equivalent to %s
 ?alternate
 use alternate format if a default format override has not
 been specified, e.g., ls(1) uses "%?%l"; export
 TM_OPTIONS="format='override'" to override the default
As you can see, there is a rich range if date manipulation functionality available.
Some examples will illustrate the power of this feature.
Output the current date just like the date(1) command.
$ printf "%T\n" now
Sat Mar 22 10:01:35 EST 2008
Output the current hour, minute and second.
$ printf "%(%H:%M:%S)T\n" now
10:02:07
Note that ksh93 does not fork/exec the date(1) command to process this statement. It is built into ksh93. This results in faster shell script execution and less load on the operating system.
Output the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch.
$ printf "%(%s)T\n" now
_PHONE_
$ printf "%(%.s)T\n" # include nanoseconds
_PHONE_.637940267
$ printf "%(%.3s)T\n"
_PHONE_.419
If you know the number of seconds since the Unix Epoch you can output the corresponding date/time in ctime format.
$ printf "%T\n" #_PHONE_
Sat Mar 22 10:22:35 EST 2008
The printf builtin also understands date/time strings like â€œ2:00pm yesterdayâ€, â€œthis Wednesdayâ€, â€œ23 days agoâ€, â€œnext 9:30amâ€, â€œin 6 daysâ€, â€œ+ 5 hours 10 minutesâ€ and lots more. Look at the source code for the printf builtin (…/cmd/ksh93/bltins/print.c) in the ksh93 sources for more information on the various date/time strings which are supported.
Output the date/time corresponding to â€œ2:00pm yesterday."
$ printf "T\n" "2:00pm yesterday"
Fri Mar 21 14:00:00 EST 2008
Output the day of the week corresponding to the last day of February 2008.
$ printf "%(%a)T\n" "final day Feb 2008"
Fri
Output the date corresponding to the third Wednesday in May 2008.
$ printf "%(%D)T\n" "3rd wednesday may 2008"
05/21/08
Output what date it was 4 weeks ago.
$ printf "%(%D)T\n" "4 weeks ago"
02/18/08
You can assign the output of printf â€œ%Tâ€ to a variable. Note that â€œ1997-198â€ represents the 198th day in 1997.
$ datestr=$(printf "%(%D)T" "1997-198")
$ print $datestr
07/17/97
You can also use a ksh93 discipline function to assign the output of printf to a variable:
$ EPOCHTIME.get() { .sh.value=$(printf "%(%s)T"); }
$ echo $EPOCHTIME
_PHONE_
$ EPOCHTIME.get() { .sh.value=$(printf "%(%s.%6N)T"); # with nanoseconds
$ echo "$EPOCHTIME"
_PHONE_.962697
The printf builtin even understands crontab and at date/time syntax as the following two examples demonstrate.
Output the date/time the command associated with this crontab entry will next execute.
$ printf "%T\n" "0 0 1,15 * 1"
Mon Sep 1 00:00:00 EDT 2008
Output the date/time the command associated with this at date/time string will execute.
$ printf "%T\n" "exactly next hour"
Sun Mar 23 14:07:31 EST 2008
The following example shows how to output the date for the first and last days of last month. Care needs to be taken in the order in which the date string is entered as not all combinations are valid.
$ printf "%(%Y-%m-%d)T\n" "1st last month"
2008-05-01
$ printf "%(%Y-%m-%d)T\n" "final last month"
2008-05-31
Microseconds are also understood by %T formatting option. Note %N outputs 9 digits by default unless you limit output using a length specifier as in the following example.
$ datestr="2008-11-24 05:17:00.7043"
$ printf "%(%m-%d-%Y %T.%4N)T\n" "$datestr"
11-24-


Frederick Galiay
Basse électrique, composition, images.
Missing Time
A composition/installation for electric bass, composed by Frederick Galiay.
Missing Time is a composition in eight parts, for a soloist playing the electric bass, in interaction with a device of active sound recording (and for the live version, an interpreter in acousmonium).
The bass is put on the ground, played by a single instrumentalist, with diverse items (bows, metals, resonators…) and the electric signal, divided into two circuits, is also modulated by the instrumentalist.
Both different signals are managed towards two independent systems of diffusion. Every amplifier is then "taken back" by several points of recording.
In the studio version, the reorganization of these multiple points of view of the same music uses techniques and tools of the electroacoustic music, emphasizing a frequency spatializing.
The general aesthetics of the work came, largely, from the fascination of the composer for the obstinacy of the music of ceremonies of the monks Bonpo and more generally from the mystic music of extreme east.
Frederick Galiay wished to move closer, deliberately, the divine revelations to the aliens instructions.
The eight movements of the opus symbolize, in a metaphoric way (and rather freely), the eight phases we find almost systematically in testimonies of abducted.
The process of decomposition of the sound is thought in an immaterial space which exceeds the instrument and the musician in a meditative zone, creating a spatial and temporal gap, a space in the material which modulates the space creating the illusion of missing time...
Missing Time part 1 :
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text:
Railway surveying - A case study of the GRP 5000
The GRP 5000 is a track measuring trolley capable of collecting track geometry data and performing clearance analyses based on laser scanning technology. The obtained laser data can also be used for as-built documentation, and the track recording functionality makes applications such as surveying, tamping assistance and slab track construction possible. The accuracy, huge data amount and time efficiency by which the system operates sets a new standard in railway surveying, and outdates traditional methods of manual and visual inspection. This thesis is a case study of the GRP 5000 with several objectives: a functional and technical description of the system is given; the accuracy of the system is evaluated, showing overall good values except for one of the sensors used; comparisons are made to other railway surveying techniques, such as track recording vehicles, manual devices and other track recording trolleys; possible improvements are pointed out, both based on comparison results as well as testing results. Finally, new and innovative ways of using the trolley, such as offtrack usage, as well as for the obtained laser data, such as GIS, maintenance aspects and CFD aspects, are examined.
AT THIS PAGE YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THE WHOLE ESSAY. (follow the link to the next page)

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
(transitive, adverb) (Brit) to close (one carriageway of a motorway) by placing warning cones across it
to demarcate a roadway using bright orange conical markers
noun 1. a space, in the shape of an inverted cone, above a radio beacon, in which there is a sharp reduction in the intensity of transmitted signals.
- Cone of light
cone of light n. The bright triangular area of reflected light on the tympanic membrane during examination. Also called light reflex.
[koh-nuh-pah-tee] /ˌkoʊ nəˈpɑ ti/ noun 1. (def 2).
- Cone penetration test
noun 1. a method of testing soils by pressing a cone of standard dimensions into the soil under a known load and measuring the penetration

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Home » Are Parrots or Crows Smarter?
are parrots more intelligent than crows?
Are Parrots or Crows Smarter?
(Last Updated On: June 10, 2023)
Although different genetically, the intelligence of parrots and crows is often compared and contrasted.
Parrots and crows can recognize and differentiate human faces and solve problems. Crows, in particular, can use 'tools' to overcome obstacles. Unlike parrots, crows can't mimic human speech.
A study in PLoS One encouraged a crow and a parrot to solve the same problem. Both birds achieved their aim using different techniques based on their unique evolutionary advantages.
This suggests that parrots and crows are equally smart, but they use their intelligence differently. In some respects, comparing the IQ of these species is akin to asking if a chimpanzee or dolphin is smarter.
Are Parrots and Crows Related?
While parrots and crows are both avian species, they have little in common.
In evolutionary terms, they're entirely different species. Parrots belong to the taxonomic order Psittaciformes, while crows belong to the Passeriformes order.
Passeriformes is the most dominant order of avian wildlife globally, referring to true perching birds with 4 toes (3 facing forward and 1 toe facing backward).
Within this order are the songbird family of Corvidae, or corvids, which includes crows.
The differences between parrots and crows include the following:
Despite these significant differences, parrots and crows have impressive intelligence levels.
How Smart Is A Parrot?
Some species of parrots, like African greys, are considered as smart as an average 3-year-old child, with comparable speech and problem-solving skills.
Every parrot is different, so some will be smarter than others based on species, life experience, human-parrot interaction, training sessions, and personality.
Parrots that start learning to speak and solve problems while young display more advanced skills.
what makes parrots so intelligent?
What Makes Parrots So Intelligent?
PNAS explains how parrots have a brain the size of a walnut due to their comparatively small heads. However, the forebrain of a parrot contains as many neurons as a primate.
It's not just science that lends parrots their reputation as clever birds. Many studies have demonstrated that parrots have advanced problem-solving skills and exceptional long-term memories.
Parrots can study and memorize behavioral patterns and bond with humans and conspecifics.
This enables parrots to communicate clearly with each other and humans.
What Is The Smartest Species of Parrot?
African greys are considered the smartest parrot due to their advanced vocabulary and problem-solving abilities. Other parrots that are celebrated for their smartness include:
 - Amazon Parrots speak so clearly that some struggle to distinguish their speech from a human's.
 - Budgerigars are among the most trainable of all pet birds.
 - Cockatoos forge complex social bonds.
 - Ecletus parrots are playful and love to learn new games.
 - Macaws can learn and perform a range of tricks to amuse people.
A parrot owner will likely believe that parrots are smarter than crows, just as a cat owner would likely insist that felines are smarter than dogs. Intelligence is difficult to measure and assess.
How Intelligent Is A Crow?
Crows are found worldwide and live exclusively in the wild. Scientists and regular people frequently admire the superior intelligence of crows.
Their intelligence revolves around problem-solving skills, especially when using 'tools.' Examples of crows' intelligence include:
 - As explained by Learning and Behavior, crows can locate sticks in the wild and use them to displace hiding insects when seeking food.
 - Placing food items on busy roads and waiting for automobile tires to crack them open.
 - Memorizing the faces of humans, as per Proceedings of the Royal Society, remembering which people are considered harmless or a threat to their welfare.
Like parrots, crows are believed to have intelligence and problem-solving cognition comparable to human children and possibly superior to an average first or second-grader.
Why Are Crows So Clever?
Crows have a larger brain relative to their size than most birds and a high number of neurons. Because crows have complex social dynamics and live in the wild, intelligence is essential to survival.
Crows spend lots of time alone but occasionally rely on each other for protection, sharing information about food, water, and environmental threats.
Perhaps the best explanation for a crow's intelligence is the structure of their brains.
The thought processes of a crow unfold in the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL,) which has evolved to accommodate rapid and spontaneous problem-solving skills.
can crows talk like parrots?
Can Crows Talk Like Parrots?
Crow verbalizations vary significantly from parrots. Rather than squawks, the most common sound you'll hear from a crow is a caw, which can have various meanings:
 - A short, sharp, shrill caw warns of danger, intimidates predators, or requests help from conspecifics.
 - A louder, longer caw alerts other crows that a food source has been identified.
 - A series of short, level caws is a crow announcing its presence and waiting to see if others respond.
Crows seeking a mate will coo and sing softly, while juveniles and mated pairs make rattling sounds.
Crows are even believed to distinguish different languages. Crows can imitate these sounds similarly to parrots if exposed to human language.
Can Crows Talk Better Than Parrots?
Parrots are superior talkers, skilled at communicating directly with humans using an extensive range of words. There's no comparison regarding vocabulary when pitting a crow vs. an African grey.
However, it could be argued that crows have more complex vocalizations, making various sounds with many meanings.
When we consider inter-avian conversation, crows are arguably better communicators than parrots.
Are Crows the Smartest Birds in the World?
Intelligence is subjective, so while some people declare crows the smartest birds in the world, parrot owners will likely disagree based on interactions with their pets.
Crows demonstrate impressive problem-solving skills and can adapt to most situations.
Comparative Cognition and Behavior Reviews confirm that crows can identify different 'tools' required for any task and use them appropriately.
Parrots will be considered smarter than crows if you value the ability to talk to a bird. For many experts, corvids are the gold standard of avian intelligence.
Comparing the intellect of 2 different bird species isn't always fair. Consequently, it's difficult to say if parrots or crows are smarter. Regardless, psittacines and corvids are highly intelligent birds.


text:
...The usual justification for trying to make all professors researchers is the argument that teaching and research are inextricably linked, to an extent that the first cannot be done well in the absence of the second. This argument is a strange one. Its proponents - usually academicians, trained in scientific method and the rules of logical inference - offer it with unbounded conviction, passion, and a total absence of evidence. They argue that only researchers are aware of recent developments in their field, so that courses taught by nonresearchers must be irrelevant or obsolete. They add that nonresearchers whom students rate as good teachers must be merely "entertainers," providing style without substance. When challenged to produce some evidence for the linkage between research and teaching, they name professors they know who have both admirable research records and teaching awards, which is like claiming that you can only be a world-class organist if you practice medicine in Africa and pointing to Albert Schweitzer to prove it.
In this essay I want to take a closer look at the purported linkage between teaching and academic research, to see how it stands up to the tests of common sense and educational research. I will argue that it stands up to neither....
* * *
Hat tip: Guru, whose post has another interesting quote from Partha Dasgupta about "why university teachers are expected to be researchers." [Dasgupta's book is not available online, though].


text:
jasonhyer wrote:One issue we are finding as people are starting to use LDS Tools is that some people cannot sync despite repeated attempts to do so. One possibility is that there is a problem with the LDS Account. You can do the following to determine if it is an LDS Account issue.
[color=black]On a regular computer, go to a web browser and do the following:[/color]
1. Go to _URL_
2. Log-in using your LDS Account when prompted
3. Open file downloaded or read the text in your browser and copy the six digit number at the end of the text (your unit number)
4. Take the unit number and put it in the following command (replacing with their unit number):
Is that json output going to remain available to end-users with LDS Account credentials, or will it be restricted to Community developers?


Justice ministers are due to agree proposals next Thursday (30 November) for common rules and penalties to tackle gangs like the Chinese 'Snakeheads' which smuggle immigrants into the Union.
But member states are divided over just how far the rules should go. Some worry that strict regulations will mean that charitable organisations which circumvent the law to bring genuine refugees into European countries could find themselves classed with professional gangs.
But other governments are insisting on a hard-line approach, saying that no matter how good their intentions, if these groups break the law they should be punished. "The law is the law. If these groups are acting illegally, then we would expect them to be dealt with," said one diplomat.
Ministers are due to reach preliminary agreement on two separate proposals next week. The measures are seen as a key part of the Union's attempts to crack down on human trafficking in the wake of the Dover tragedy, in which 58 Chinese immigrants suffocated in the back of a lorry which was carrying them into the UK earlier this year.
Under the first proposal, ministers would agree a common definition of the crime of trafficking in human beings and set an
EU-wide maximum penalty for the offence. The French want this to be set at ten years, but other member states such as Belgium are pushing for just five years.
The wording of the definition is also proving controversial. Many member states insist that in order to be guilty, an individual must be smuggling 'for financial gain'.
This would protect those caught transporting genuine refugees into the Union for ethical reasons. However, other EU governments, including France and the UK, say this would let too many people off the hook and make it harder to prove a case against professional smugglers.
The second proposal is designed to get agreement on common penalties for those who transport illegal immigrants across borders. France has advocated a penalty of at least 2,000 euro for lorry drivers and others who allow themselves to be used for human-trafficking operations.
But diplomats say that this is likely to be watered down ahead of next week's meeting and replaced with a requirement that member states set the maximum penalty for the offence at a minimum of 5,000 euro.
More from... John Shelley


Further Enhancing PyRAP
Tree Views can quickly become quite tricky. Not every column needs to be visible to the user. In some columns, you may want to store references to the actual object being displayed. For example, if you had a Server class, you could specify a Server object as an invisible object on the line, and if the user doubleclicks on that line, we can pass that information on to the Server object itself. The trick to doing this is to set_value with a number and then never use that number in insert_row as...
SOAP Quick Start Surfing the Google API
Just as with REST and XML-RPC, a SOAP message is typically sent as the data portion of an HTTP POST request. Just as with those other protocols, then, it's technically possible to use a SOAP web service without any SOAP-specific tools Just construct the message by hand, send it off with urllib, and parse the response with the xml.sax module. Realistically, though, you need a SOAP library to use SOAP with Python. A SOAP library will deal with transforming Python data structures to SOAP's XML...
The Xmlrpc Introspection API
An unofficial addendum to the XML-RPC specification defines three special functions in the system namespace, as a convenience to users who might not know which functions an XML-RPC server supports, or what those functions might do. These special functions are the web service equivalent of Python's ever-useful dir and help commands. Both SimpleXMLRPCServer and CGIXMLRPCRequestHandler support two of the three introspection functions, assuming you call the register_introspection_functions method...


text:
The USS Europa, a Starfleet Vessel
The USS Europa is a Federation Starship in the 23rd century. It is a Nimitz class starship.
Little is known about its crew or missions, but it was destroyed by the Klingons in the second episode of Star Trek Discovery while under the command of Admiral Anderson during the Battle at the Binary Stars.
The starships has a designation number of NCC-1648.
Designation: USS Europa Registry Number: NCC-1648 Class: Nimitz Captain: Admiral Anderson (temporarily) Crew Compliment: Unknown Length: Unknown Launch Date: Mid-23rd Century Construction Location: Unavailable Other: - Destroyed during Battle of the Binary Stars - A quad warp nacelle starship
The Europa uses its tractor beam to assist the Discovery at the Battle of the Binaries.
Europa's has four warp nacelles, the bottom two of which are held in place by arms that bend over from atop the saucer section. This aspect is reminiscent of the USS Reliant, however the Europa does not appear to be a Miranda Class starship. We can see below the Europa's warp nacelles are farther back than the arm that extends to them from the main ship.
USS Europa NCC-1648 – Production art work of the USS Europa
USS Europa takes heavy damage
The USS Europa's saucer section appears to have cutouts. Were it not for the length of the USS Discovery's warp nacelles, the Europa and the Discovery would be fairly close in size.


text:
Method for broadband spectroscopy of light transport through opaque scattering media
We present a broadband technique for the measurement of diffuse light transport through opaque scattering media. Using the spectral correlations introduced by a scattering medium onto a white-light supercontinuum spectrum, the diffusion constant of light is determined over a wide spectral range in the visible and the near IR. Independent broadband measurements of both the transport mean free path and the diffusion constant are used to calculate the spectral dependence of the energy velocity in a porous GaP slab. Broadband correlation spectroscopy is found to be an excellent tool for the characterization of random scattering media.


text:
Inventory plays an important role in identifying which server we will need to deploy the application using Ansible. As a best practice, it is always good to use a separate inventory for pre-production (i.e. test environments and production environment application server details). As a standard, we use it to maintain Staging and Production Ansible inventory for test and production servers respectively.
Group Variables (group_vars)
Group variables contain all environmental variables as well as common variables. This is the place where we can store all template variables for each environment. While running an Ansible playbook, we will specify a limit, and based on that, Ansible will use the appropriate group variables.
Host Variables (host_vars)
All the application servers' IP addresses are stored in host_vars. In the runtime based on the inventory and limit environments, Ansible will identify the application server details from host_vars.
Vault is a password-protected file where deployment engineers store all clear text passwords. Vault has the capability to use its own encryption to protect our passwords. These passwords might include a deployment user password, service account password, database password, and a web service password. We can use ansible-vault create or edit for creating and modifying a vault respectively.
The application deployment process always follows a set of sequential instructions. In Ansible, each instruction has been defined under a role by the software engineers. Each role consists of three components: tasks, templates and files.
Tasks mainly perform a set of operations, which completely align with the roles objective. In order to perform the tasks, external files are kept under the files directory, and templates are kept under the templates directory. All operations under a particular task are furnished in the main.yml file.
For each application, all the environments have some common files. Some attributes of those common files are different based on their environment. We use templates to handle different environments with minimal changes. For example, say we have a database connection string defined in a file and that file must be deployed in all environments, but the database name in each environment is different. In that situation, the deployment engineer would create a template and keep the database name as a variable, and that variable defined under each environment group_vars along with their proper database name.
Any type of file used by a task is kept under that task role directory. It may be any executable like.sh,.exe,.dat or a simple.txt file. An example of the basic structure of an Ansible project is illustrated in Figure 2:


text:
Here's what it looks like:
// Example One function triangle(a,b): function sqroot(x): return Math.pow(x,.5) return sqroot( a*a + b*b )
// Example Two for var i=0; i<5; i++: var el = document.getElementById("el"+i) if count % 2 == 0: el.innerHTML = "Hello" else: el.innerHTML = "World"
// Pyscript function triangle(a,b): if a > 0 && b > 0: function sqroot(x): if x > 0: return Math.pow(x,.5) else: return 0 return sqroot( a*a + b*b ) else: return 0
How Do I Get It?
to your
- Put your pyscript code in a
Pyscript is really just a proof of concept. It has a set of unit tests, and as you can see not all functionality is completed yet. Anonymous inline functions do not work, there is no robust handling of indentation, and a number of features (like switch) do not work. But, the whole thing is open source so you can get involved.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
"Snow White" is a chilled-mirror hygrometer for radiosonde
application, and is a product of a Swiss company
See also their
Snow White page.
Snow White may be used as the reference hygrometer for
radiosonde humidity sensors, and
as the hygrometer for upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric
The chilled-mirror method is directly based on the thermodynamics,
and thus is regarded as the standard method for measuring
water vapor concentrations.
A small mirror (3 mm x 3 mm for the Snow White) exposed
to the ambient air is cooled continuously so that
it's temperature equals to the dew or frost point temperature.
A lamp and phototransistor are used
to monitor the thickness of the dew or frost layer on the mirror.
The advantage of the Snow White hygrometer is as follows:
The meteolabor AG has nearly 20-year experience of developing
chilled-mirror sensors for aircraft, laboratory, and surface
measurements. The development of a sensor for radiosonde application
began in 1996.
- Snow White uses a Peltier cooler, which is a thermoelectric
device producing a temperature difference between its two sides.
The hot side of the Peltier device is cooled by the ambient air,
and the mirror attached on the cold side is cooled electrically.
Snow White works with a 9 V dry cell battery
(for the control circuit and lamp) and a 1.5 V dry cell battery
(for the Peltier cooler and sensor-housing heater).
Compared with cryogenic frost point hygrometers,
Snow White may have difficulty in extremely dry regions of the
atmosphere such as the middle stratosphere
(less than 3-6% relative humidity, for example)
due to the limitation of the Peltier cooler.
However, Snow White should be capable of measuring water vapor profiles
from the surface up to the lower stratosphere.
- Thermocouple thermometry is used for the temperature
measurements of Snow White, and the mirror itself is
one of the two contact points of the thermocouple.
In other words, the mirror is the thermometer at the same time.
Therefore, the error and delay of the temperature measurements
are generally small.
- Snow White has the characteristics of low cost (similar to
that of ozonesondes), small size, light weight, and easy operation
(as a plug-in instrument; without any calibration needed on-site).
Everyone who is interested in measuring water vapor profiles
can use Snow White quite easily.
- As a common nature of chilled-mirror sensors, it is not easy
to distinguish between the existence of cloud droplets/particles
and the supersaturation. However, with a heater on the sensor housing,
Snow White may be able to provide the information
on the total water content in clouds.
[ Introduction ]
[ Special Model ]
[ Operating Systems ]
[ References ]
[ Discussion ]
[ main page ]


Python Program to Find Numbers Divisible by Another Number – 2023
Machine Learning Projects
Hey guys, in this blog we will see a Python Program to Find Numbers Divisible by Another Number.
Code
# Python Program to Find Numbers Divisible by Another Number
# Take a list of numbers
my_list = list(map(int,input('Enter space seperated list of numbers: ').split()))
num = int(input("Enter number to check divisibility -> "))
# use lambda function to filter
result = list(filter(lambda x: (x % num == 0), my_list))
# display the result
print(f"Numbers divisible by {num} are",result)
Output
Enter space seperated list of numbers: 11 12 13 24 34 36
Enter number to check divisibility -> 12
Numbers divisible by 12 are [12, 24, 36]
Enter space seperated list of numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Enter number to check divisibility -> 2
Numbers divisible by 2 are [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
Enter space seperated list of numbers: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Enter number to check divisibility -> 3
Numbers divisible by 3 are [3, 6, 9, 12]
 - This is a very simple program in which we are taking a list and a number as input from the user.
 - Then we are applying the lambda function to all the elements of the list.
 - And lastly filtering out all the numbers that returned 0 which means that they are purely divisible.
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text:
Transformer accessories - Some common accessories in a transformer
The transformer accessory is not the most important piece in a transformer, it makes the transformer easy to operate and easier to maintain. Without accessories, the transformer would be extremely rudimentary and inefficient. So, what are popular transformer accessories? Joint with MBT to know in the article below.
Table of contents
A liquid level indicator is provided to assist with the transformer's systematic testing under load. It consists of a float arm inside the tank, an indicator pointer and magnetic coupling between the two via a tight liquid separator.
Figure1: Liquid level gauge
The meter can be equipped with SPDT (Double Single Pole Throwing) warning contacts for remote notification of low liquid level. For wiring points and contact terminals, see diagrams for connection of accessories equipped with the transformer.
Related article: Oil-immersed transformer
The thermometer is equipped to indicate the highest liquid temperature in the tank in degrees Celsius. The temperature-sensitive element is mounted in the leak-proof well, allowing the thermometer to be removed without reducing the oil level
Figure 2: Liquid temperature gauge
The device is equipped with a red pointer to show the highest temperature achieved since the last reset. To reset the maximum indicator, rotate the knob in the center of the watch face. The thermometer can be equipped with two SPDT contacts for high-temperature alarms, powering fan circuits, or low-temperature alarms.
The vacuum pressure gauge shows whether the air space in the vessel is under positive or negative pressure. The pressure will vary depending on the transformer temperature. If the transformer loses power or operates under light load in a low ambient environment, the pressure may be negative.
This in itself is nothing to worry about, as long as the pressure vacuum gauge does not remain at zero for any length of time showing signs of a leak. The device can be equipped with a pressure vacuum switch with two SPDT contacts for remote warning of positive and negative pressure.
For wire and contact ratings, refer to the schematic provided with the supplied transformer.
Figure 3: Pressure-vacuum gauge
When requested, the pressure gauge is equipped with a pressure regulator that automatically adjusts the tank pressure to a range from 7.0 psig positive to 3.0 psig negative. The pressure regulator is fitted with valves and joints for gas sampling.
All transformers of the substation are equipped with:
Mechanical pressure reducing valve (PRV), or
Pressure relief device (PRD).
The lid-mounted PRD includes a self-healing spring diaphragm, and a mechanical action indicator. If the tank pressure rises above the device's level, the air pressure will lift the diaphragm and allow the air to escape quickly. As soon as the pressure returns to normal, the diaphragm will reset and reattach the transformer.
Figure 4: Pressure relief device
A mechanical indicator will protrude vertically. This must be manually reset to indicate next action.
The transformer can be equipped with a winding temperature gauge as optional equipment. A temperature-sensitive body is mounted in the leak-proof well, allowing both the device and the body to be removed without reducing the liquid level.
The combination of the two temperatures is indicated on the meter. An additional red pointer is equipped to show the highest temperature achieved since the last reset.
The meter has three separate SPDT switches to control the fan and alarm circuit. For connection setting wiring, refer to the schematic provided with the supplied transformer.
Figure 5: Winding temperature gauge
The device is calibrated to indicate the hottest point of the transformer winding. All contacts are installed in the factory to operate at the temperatures shown in the connection diagram. If you want to re-adjust the contacts, consult the manufacturer for detailed instructions.
If you want to increase the transformer load without overheating the windings, a fan unit can be equipped as an option. Full controls include contact on liquid temperature gauge or coil temperature gauge (when equipped) and "Manual - Automatic control switch".
Figure 6: Transformer cooling fan
For continuous running, the switch is changed to the "Manual" position. In the "Auto" position, the fan is controlled by the temperature gauge's contact points. For exposure and temperature settings refer to the schematic fitted with the transformer provided.
High voltage conductors for parameters 2 .4 kV or more are typically passed through the tank's bottom wall using a ceramic bushing. To prevent mechanical overload of the bushing, only soft connections should be made to the bushing connector.
Figure 7: High voltage busing
Bushings should never be used as a structural part to support other current carrying parts.
If it is necessary to replace its bushing or gasket, proceed as follows:
- Ventilate the tank to atmosphere until the pressure is zero.
- Lower the liquid level to a level lower than the bushing level.
- Remove the nuts and washers used to clamp the bushing flange.
- Pull out bushing if necessary to replace gasket and / or to disconnect cable at inner end of bushing.
Only in rare cases will there be insufficient slack in the cable to facilitate wall-piercing replacement. An alternative means of accessing connections is through manholes.
When reassembling bushing, install a new gasket in the gasket recess on the lower side of the flange to ensure the gasket is properly positioned in the groove. Flat washers and washers with locks should be placed between the mounting nut and the flange. After nuts are tightened with fingers, each nut should be tightened with a torque of 60 ± 5 inches pounds.
Low voltage conductors for ratings in Category 1 .2 kV are typically passed through the wall of the tank using indoor bushing. This is a molded plastic or ceramic bushing.
Figure 8: Transformer low voltage bushing
Low voltage bushing should not be used as a structural part.
If bushing is damaged and transformer coolant leaks, contact your factory representative for proper repair procedures.
The tap-changer provides a means of changing an unpowered transformer's voltage ratio without breaking the transformer sealing. It is operated with a rotating handle located on the side of the transformer. The tap changer is usually supplied with five or seven positions, as indicated on the tap-changer dial pad and transformer instruction nameplate.
Figure 9: De-energized tap changer
The insulating fluid in the substation's transformer station is the conventional transformer oil, the R-Temp ™ liquid, or the Envirotemp ™ FR3 ™ liquid. When makeup liquid is required, use only liquid approved of the same type in the transformer.
It is important to always check the transformer's appropriate liquid level by periodically observing the liquid level meter.
Besides, the dielectric strength of the insulating liquid must be maintained at a high value. Liquid samples should be sampled and tested within a week of energizing and years thereafter.
When a temperature change occurs in a transformer insulation oil, the oil expands or contracts and there is an air exchange that also occurs when the transformer is fully loaded. When the transformer is cooled, the oil level drops and air is absorbed inside. This process is called breathing and the apparatus that travels through the air is called breather. In fact, the silica gel snorkel controls the level of moisture that gets into the electrical equipment during volume changes of the cooling medium and / or outdoor space due to increased temperature.
Figure 10: Breather in a transformer
This is a cylindrical tank that is mounted on a support structure on the roof of the transformer main tank. When the transformer is loaded, the temperature of the oil increases and thus the volume of oil in the transformer increases. Again; when the ambient temperature increases, so does the volume of oil. The transformer storage tank provides enough space for the oil to expand. The transformer tank also acts as an oil storage tank.
Figure 11: Transformer conservator tank
The purpose of the blast vent in a transformer is to prevent damage to the transformer tank due to excessive release of pressure generated inside the transformer.
Figure 12: Explosion vent in a transformer
Oil-immersed transformers are always provided with a radiator. In the case of power transformers, the radiators are removable and transported separately to the site. The upper and lower parts of the radiator are connected to the transformer tank via the valve. These values are provided to prevent oil leakage during the radiator removal from the transformer for cleaning and maintenance purposes.
Figure 13: Transformer radiator
For each country, there are some differences between types of transformer accessories. As a Vietnam transformer manufacturer, we can design and add many types of accessories to the transformer to satisfy international customer demand. If you need a quotation for your transformer. Please contact us [email protected] or hotline: + 84 913006538


text:
Suppose two people are trying to quit smoking. They both want a cigarette, but they wish they didn't want a cigarette. So there is a difference between what they want and what they metawant. Now, suppose one of the two people smokes a cigarette. Does that mean that the person who smoked had less willpower?
If somebody does not do something that they have a first order desire to do and a second order desire to abstain from, this could be viewed as an example of willpower. However, we do not know how strong their first order desire was. In the above example, perhaps the person who smoked had a much stronger first order desire to smoke, but they both had an equal second order desire to not smoke. Did the smoker really have less willpower?
Denote by W (for 'want') the level of first order desire that a person has to take some action. Denote by MW (for 'metawant') the level of second order desire to not take the action. We could roughly think of the decision to take the action or not as determined by whether MW>W.
What we observe is whether the person took the action, i.e., whether MW exceeded W. But we do not observe MW and W.
If the person who successfully quit smoking, or if the skinny person who doesn't overeat, brags about superior willpower, it seems to me that they are inferring (assuming) something about other people's MW and W, even though they only observed whether MW exceeded W.


text:
B.C. Wants Greater Protection for Fresh Water: Poll
Ninety-four per cent of British Columbians say they want protection of nature, wildlife and species made a top priority in new provincial water rules, according to a poll released yesterday. Nine in ten British Columbians say fresh water is the province's most precious resource.
The McAllister Opinion Research poll, commissioned by the Vancouver Foundation and WWF-Canada, reports that nine in ten citizens, (91 per cent) say fresh water is British Columbia's most precious resource, while 86 per cent say fresh water is "extremely important" to the prosperity and quality of life in the province.
While the majority favour new rules to protect BC's freshwater ecosystems, 84 per cent are unaware the province is currently pursuing major reforms to its century-old Water Act, with next steps expected before the end of this year.
"It's time for a modern Water Act for a modern British Columbia," said Tony Maas, WWF-Canada's freshwater program director. "These poll results confirm public support for the protection of freshwater resources and we encourage the government to ensure this important legacy for the people of BC."
While a slight majority of poll respondents say today's levels of water use are sustainable, two out of three British Columbians believe the rules currently governing water use are not enough to protect against future threats to availability.
Respondents were also asked to rank priorities for water management in times of scarcity after drinking water. Protection of fish and wildlife (45 per cent) is favoured first, agriculture (38 per cent) a close second, followed by industry (9 per cent), hydro (2 per cent) and tourism (1 per cent).
"A small number of countries are leading the way by including nature's needs in water management laws. We think there's a great opportunity here for British Columbia to take the lead on water policy nationally and globally—by legally protecting water for nature," says Maas.
Maas applauds the province's commitment in its water plan to the protection of environmental flows—to ensure there is enough water in a river at all times to maintain healthy and productive ecosystems.
"This principle says nature's needs come first," explains Maas. "So when we make decisions about dividing up water use, the first share goes to the river itself."


text:
Why do polarized capacitors explode?
If a high voltage is applied above the nominal value to the capacitor, its dielectric force will degrade and eventually the capacitor will explode. Electrolytic capacitors fail due to the loss or vaporization of the internal electrolyte. Inadequate polar connections of these capacitors can cause explosion or failure.
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Pop Quiz
Mayor Day or Mayday?
April 24, 2003
1. What first name placed first in the most mayoral elections in Denver?
A. John.
B. Charles.
C. William.
D. Quigg.
2. From the time Denver was incorporated until 1904, mayors served:
A. Until they were driven from office by hooting, drunken crowds of miners.
B. Two years.
C. A decade, or until they turned sixty.
D. Alternating terms depending on who controlled the state legislature and paid the biggest bribes.
3. When a young, once-ponytailed reformer made a run for office, detractors called the candidate and his supporters:
A. Feddy and the Dreamers.
B. The Little Engine Who Could.
C. The Hippie Hopeful and His Tribe.
D. A joke.
4. Denver's mayors have made lasting and, forget it. How is the city's form of government officially described?
A. One for all and all for one.
B. Strong non-partisan mayor.
C. Giant and Lilliputians.
D. Executive elector.
5. What organization came to power in Colorado in the 1920s with the elections of Clarence Morely as governor and Ben Stapleton as mayor of Denver?
A. The Union Pacific Railroad brotherhood of locomotive engineers.
B. Veterans of Foreign Wars, Post 1.
C. The Ku Klux Klan.
D. The Prohibition Party.
6. Lest we forget his legacy, what does Mayor Wellington E. Webb's middle initial stand for?
A. Ernest.
B. Nothing. It's just a letter.
C. Everyman.
D. Edward.
1. C. Four Williams and a Will have filled the mayoral bill. Tough luck, Mr. Hickenlooper.
2. B. Two years.
3. A. Feddy and the Dreamers was the label affixed to future mayor Federico Peña and company.
4. B. "Strong, nonpartisan mayor" is the official, if vague, description.
5. C. Klansmen ruled in one of the sorriest chapters in state history.
6. D. Our first African-American mayor (take that, Ben Stapleton) went to the Ed of the class.
My Voice Nation Help


text:
Animal Species:Golden-spined Ant
Golden-spined or Golden Ants have a metallic sheen to their body, which is covered in golden hairs.
Golden-spined Ants have a strangely spined thorax, probably used in defence against predators.
8 mm - 11 mm
Golden-spined Ants are found throughout Australia.
Found in urban areas, forests and woodlands, heath, Golden-spined Ants often nest in sand at the base of shrubs and trees.
Many Golden-spined Ants stay in their nest during wet or extremely hot periods.
Feeding and Diet
Golden-spined Ants are omnivores. They collect nectar and pollen from a wide range of plants including eucalypts and acacias. They also collect dew from these plants early in the morning. They forage as individuals and can be seen on food-collecting missions at most times and in most weather conditions.


text: A model predictive control law is given by the solution to a parametric optimization problem that can be precomputed offline and provides an explicit map from state to control input. In this paper, an algorithm is introduced based on wavelet multiresolution analysis that returns a low complexity explicit model predictive control law built on a hierarchy of second order interpolets. The resulting interpolation is shown to be everywhere feasible and continuous. Further, tests to confirm stability and to compute a bound on the performance loss are introduced. Since the controller approximation is built on a grid hierarchy, convergence to a stabilizing control law is guaranteed and the evaluation of the control law in real-time systems is naturally fast and runs in a bounded logarithmic time. Two examples are provided; A two-dimensional example with an evaluation speed of 31 ns and a four-dimensional example with an evaluation speed of 119 ns.


›› Convert tael [Japan] to bismar pound [Denmark]
bismar pound
›› More information from the unit converter
How many tael in 1 bismar pound? The answer is 159.77072780592.
We assume you are converting between tael [Japan] and bismar pound [Denmark].
You can view more details on each measurement unit:
tael or bismar pound
The SI base unit for mass is the kilogram.
1 kilogram is equal to 26.659557451346 tael, or 0.16686133822793 bismar pound.
Use this page to learn how to convert between tael [Japan] and bismar pound [Denmark].
›› Quick conversion chart of tael to bismar pound
1 tael to bismar pound = 0.00626 bismar pound
10 tael to bismar pound = 0.06259 bismar pound
50 tael to bismar pound = 0.31295 bismar pound
100 tael to bismar pound = 0.6259 bismar pound
200 tael to bismar pound = 1.25179 bismar pound
500 tael to bismar pound = 3.12948 bismar pound
1000 tael to bismar pound = 6.25897 bismar pound
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›› Common weight conversions
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tael to drachme
tael to ons
tael to sack
tael to kilotonne
tael to arratel
tael to uncia
tael to electron
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text:
We've traveled through the heartland to examine iconic regional barbecue styles, but the birthplace of this nation's smoky tradition lies in South Carolina. In a marriage of the perfect meat with the perfect cooking process, Spanish explorers and their European pigs traveled here in the 17th century and happened upon the American Indians and their slow cooking method with smoke. Long before the region gained the name it boasts today, people were enjoying tender pork thanks to this merging of cultural traditions.
The barbecue developed in South Carolina is not unlike that of its Northern counterpart — with one key difference. Like North Carolinian barbecue, the smoked meat on the coast (the "Pee Dee" region) uses the whole hog with a spicy, vinegary sauce applied during cooking. And in the western part of the state along the Savannah River, the sauce integrates ketchup while the meat of choice is the moister, fattier shoulder. But travel to the Midlands, and you'll come across Carolina gold: a mustard-based sauce traced to early German settlers in the 18th century. South Carolina is perhaps best known for this contribution to barbecue culture, as no other state has adopted mustard sauces with the same fervor.
Have you tried South Carolina-style barbecue and its famed mustard sauce? What did you think?
Take the tour of America's other iconic barbecue regions:


text:
The hidden date for this stamp can be found on the chalkboard eraser.
More than just educators, teachers inspire, guide, lead and enlighten - encouraging young minds to remain curious and embrace knowledge. As a tribute to teachers across the country, and to mark the 2002 World Teachers' Day on October 5th, Canada Post has issued a single domestic rate ($0.48) commemorative stamp, available in a pane of 16.
World Teachers' Day
World Teachers' Day was launched in 1993 by the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at the International Conference on Education in Geneva. The date October 5th was chosen because it was on this day in 1966 that an inter-governmental conference organized by UNESCO and the International Labour Organization (ILO) adopted the 'Recommendation Concerning the Status of Teachers.' Today, more than 100 countries recognize World Teachers' Day and the Director-General of UNESCO sends out a message in a number of languages to commemorate this annual event.
Education in Canada
Under the Constitution Act, 1867, Canada's provinces were given virtually exclusive responsibility for education. Established structures, for the most part, saw locally elected school trustees forming school boards that functioned in a role between the provincial education ministries and schools. A distinctive feature of Canada's educational system is the publicly supported'separate schools,' most of which are Catholic. This system of separate schools varies from province to province.
Growth of Student and Teacher Populations
Canada's student population peaked during 1970 and 1971 when public and independent schools enrolled 5.8 million students. From there, a decline continued into the mid-1980s, reaching a low of 4.9 million in 1985-86. The numbers have risen since then, and today, the number of students is approximately 5.3 million. In 1910, there were 40,000 full-time teachers in Canada, and that number rose to 272,000 in 1976. By 1986, this number declined to 252,000, then rose to 293,000 by 1995.
A Lesson in Design
Created by the internationally recognized and celebrated Koudis Design Office (KDO) of Toronto, the stamp was designed to communicate the concept of teaching. The challenge lay in using a single image to express the diversity of the occupation. Says Mark Koudis: "Icons such as a green chalkboard, flash cards, handwriting and the figure of a teacher are all viewed from the students' perspective. The shadow represents any number of teachers in one's education, or a memory of the collective." This is his third stamp project; Koudis designed the 5-stamp Sporting Heroes set for the 1996 Olympic centenary, and the beloved Pablum stamp in the Millennium Collection.


text: This paper presents a system framework to realize camera localization relative to a 3D object. We adopt a Coarse-to-Fine strategy to locate the camera. First a series of rendered Computer Graphics (CG) images are compared with a real camera image. With an iterative linear search for the maximum Mutual Information (MI) among these comparisons, an initial camera pose estimation is obtained. Subsequently, for various kinds of objects, an update step of the pose estimation is realized by an edge-based object tracking method or a further search for the maximum MI with a smaller step size. To eliminate the pose estimation error due to the system coordinates transform error and camera calibration, a visual servo approach is adopted in the final step to adjust the camera to its final pose. The implementation of this framework is introduced in detail. The experiments results show that this framework is effective to locate the camera to its desired pose relative to 3D objects.


There are two slightly different ways of representing non-existing spatial data, the "empty geometry" concept and database NULL. You can read about the subtle differences between them here. If you're using a spatial index, either of these types have the ability to cause query perforamance problems.
Let's take, as an example, a table with 10000 rows, all of which contain 'POINT EMPTY'. If we put a spatial index on those rows, we will have 10000 rows in our spatial index all with a cellid value of 0 and a SRID (in the index information) of 0. This is true even if you are using the geography data type where STSrid for the data (when using POINT EMPTY) actually returns 4326.
When you're using the spatial index diagnostic stored procedures, these index entries show up as "ObjectCells in Level 0 for Index"; the diagnosic also report 2 SRIDs in the index data when using the geography index. This can have a big effect on your query plan.
Suppose that I have 10000 empty values (either 'POINT EMPTY' or NULL) in a table called "mypoints" and a query like this:
DECLARE @g geography;
SELECT @g = shapegeog FROM zipcodes where id = '97225'
SELECT * FROM mypoints WHERE mypoints.shapegeog.STIntersects(@g)=1
If the query plan uses the spatial index, you'll get a "candidate hit" on each of the empty points during the spatial index seek iterator. This is because the row for 'POINT EMPTY' is technically outside the index bounds (level0 cell) and the spatial method will have to be evaluated later in the query. Having 10000 additional index seeks on the *base* table, to fetch the geography column in order to evaluate the spatial method, will slow things down. You'd think it might be useful to set the geography to NULL and redo the query like this:
SELECT * from mypoints
WHERE mypoints.shapegeog IS NOT NULL AND mypoints.shapegeog.STIntersects(@g)=1
This will still get the 10000 additional candidate hits, and in my limited tests, I still get 10000 additional index seeks on the base table; the IS NOT NULL predicate is manifested as a separate filter iterator.
A workaround for this is to set the "empty" points to a valid value far outside your search areas (say 'POINT(0 90)'). Unless you're doing point-in-polygon computations where the North Pole is a valid choice (in that case, you're answers will be wrong because they'll include your placeholders) your queries will execute much faster.
This workaround can cause big problems when using other methods (like STDistance for example) because now you have a real (but nonsensical) value, so be careful of the complications. You can use CASE statements to substitute NULL values, for example,
— If I used the North Pole to speed up point-in-polygon queries
declare @p geography = 'POINT(0 0)'
select
 case
 when (shapegeog.STEquals('POINT(0 90)')=1) THEN NULL
 else shapegeog.STDistance(@p)
 end
from mypoints
I'd also thought of using NULLIF to substitute NULL for my placeholder values in spatial operations that don't need to use the spatial index, but this won't work because instances of the spatial data types aren't comparable except when using STEquals. So NULLIF and spatial types causes an error.


text:
A publication of the Archaeological Institute of America
Reeling In Evidence of Early Fishing
Volume 65 Number 2, March/April 2012
Two 11-square-foot pits dug in Jerimalai Cave on the east end of East Timor, an island nation off northwestern Australia, have provided some of the earliest evidence of fishing technology. Though there is little evidence of fishing activity beyond 10,000 years ago, fragments of fish hooks found in the cave date to between 16,000 and 23,000 years ago, making them the oldest ever recovered. A more complete hook dating to 11,000 years ago was also found at the site.
The inch-long hooks, all of which were made of shells from sea snails, would have been used to catch shallow-water fish, such as grouper and snapper, says Sue O'Connor, an archaeologist at Australian National University, who coauthored a study on the finds in Science. "They would have had a fiber line attached to the shank, and bait put on the hook," she explains. "Then, they would be cast or lowered into the water and left stationary."
Fish bones were also found in the deposits. Offshore species, such as tuna, account for nearly 50 percent of the remains dating to earlier than 7000 B.C. After that, shallow-water and reef species start to dominate, likely due to warmer climate and the proliferation of reef habitat. The variety of the bones depicts the humans of the time as skilled seafarers capable of fishing many species in both shallow and deep water.Share


text:
Artemia monica is endemic to Mono lake, where it tolerates both the alkaline and hypersaline environments. It occurs in vast numbers (an estimated 5 trillion inhabit the lake). They vary in color from russet to vernal - mostly seeming to be a result of their recent food.
Image by B. L. Dicks and D. J. Patterson Image copyright: D. J. Patterson, image used under license to MBL (micro*scope).
download as pdf file
download large file
From the collection
Microbes of Mono Lake
|Description of Artemia monica: Artemia monica, the variety commonly as Mono Lake brine shrimp, are found only in Mono Lake Mono Lake is an alkaline and hypersaline lake in California, United States that is critical nesting habitat for several bird species and is one of the most productive ecosystems in North America.


Edit Article
 - 14 Editors
 - Edited
Four Parts:Making the WashFermentationDistillationFinishing off the Rum
Yield: Approximately 2-3 L (0.5 - 0.8 gallons) rum
 - 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs) molasses
 - 2.5 kg (5.5 lbs) processed sugar
 - 20 L (5.2 gal) distilled water
 - 42.5g (1.5 ounces )hydrated yeast
 - Additional distilled water to dilute the final solution
Part 1 of 4: Making the Wash
 1. Make Rum Step 1.jpg
 Begin by placing 20 L of water in a clean boiler. The operative word is clean. The slightest bit of contamination can spoil the rum. Before you start, make sure you're dealing with the cleanest ingredients and a sanitary area.
 - Clean and then submerge any utensils you will be using in boiling water. Turn the heat off the boiling water and soak your pot or barrel in the near-boiling water. Then dump the water. This will help kill off any potentially harmful germs.
 2. Make Rum Step 2.jpg
 Dissolve both the sugar and molasses in 20 liters of water over medium heat. The sugar will dissolve easily, but the molasses will be tougher dissolve, as it is very sticky. Try not to boil the water. Continue to let it heat up until bubbles just start to form, and then turn the burner off.
 3. Make Rum Step 3.jpg
 Cool the solution to 28 °C (82 °F) and add the hydrated yeast. You may find it helpful to take out about 1 liter of the mash in a jug first; try dissolving the yeast in the smaller jug. Then, when the mixture begins to foam up, incorporate with the rest of the wort.
Part 2 of 4: Fermentation
 1. Make Rum Step 4.jpg
 Allow solution to ferment at 25° C (77° F) until the airlock on your pot stops bubbling. The yeast needs heat to keep converting sugar to alcohol. So be sure to store the wash in a warm place or keep the room artificially heated. The airlock on the pot will let the carbon dioxide out without letting oxygen in.[1] It should take about 24 - 48 hours for the airlock to stop bubbling.
 - The airlock is a really important piece of the fermentation process. You can make an airlock yourself pretty easily, or you can buy one inexpensively.
 - Either way, be sure the airlock fits well and doesn't let additional air into the container. Why is it important that no air gets into the wash? The yeast feeds on oxygen from the sugar molecules, leaving ethyl alcohol behind (and spitting out carbon dioxide). If the yeast has a continuous supply of oxygen to eat, it won't be effective scavenging the oxygen from the sugar molecules.[2]
 2. Make Rum Step 5.jpg
 Once airlock has finished bubbling, allow the wash to sit for 3-7 days. You can use a hydrometer to test when the wash is ready. Hydrometers measure the ratio of a density of a liquid to the density of water. Measure once a day starting on the day when your wash should be finished. Take a bit of wash out of the container and put it into a graduated cylinder. Float the hydrometer into the cylinder, gently swirling the cylinder to release any bubbles. When you get the same reading on the hydrometer for three days straight, your wash is ready to distill.
 3. 3
 Knock your yeast down by lowering the temperature. At this point, your yeast may still be on the surface of your wash. Allowing the yeast to enter the still during distillation will cause bad smells and flavors.[3] To knock the yeast down to the bottom of the wash, you should move your wash to a cool place — ideally, 10° - 14° C (50° - 57° F) — and wait up to two days. At this point, you can siphon your wash directly into the still or rack it and save a part of the yeast for another batch in the refrigerator.
Part 3 of 4: Distillation
 1. Make Rum Step 6.jpg
 Place a collection vessel under the distillate valve to catch your alcohol solution. It's very important that all connections are tightly sealed and fit well.
 2. Make Rum Step 7.jpg
 Connect a water source to coolant input. You want a water source to cool the alcohol vapor. As the alcohol vapor cools, it condenses into liquid ethanol. This will then drip from the condenser into a collection vessel.
 3. Make Rum Step 8.jpg
 Now siphon the solution into the still. Be sure to siphon the wash carefully, avoiding the bottom, where the yeast collected.
 - A siphon is a tube or conduit bent into legs of unequal length, for use in drawing a liquid from one container into another on a lower level. Siphoning works by placing the shorter leg into the container above and the longer leg into the one below. The liquid is forced up the shorter leg and into the longer leg by the pressure of the atmosphere.
 4. Make Rum Step 9.jpg
 Begin slowly bringing the solution to a boil. For rum, a slow boil is best; no need to crank it up. Begin running cold water once the solution reaches between 50-60°C (122-140 °F). The solution will start distilling when clear drops of liquid start to exit the spout into the collection vessel.
 5. 5
 Discard the first 100mL (3.38 fl. ounces) of clear liquid. This is called the "heads," and is routinely discarded for safety precautions. The heads contains volatile methanol, which can lethal if ingested. Better to be safe than sorry, especially when you're distilling three liters of spirit.
 6. Make Rum Step 10.jpg
 Collect the next 2-3 L of distillate exiting the spout. Stop collecting once temperature reached 96 °C (204.8 °F).
 7. Make Rum Step 11.jpg
 Turn off the heat source, then turn off the cold water.
 8. Make Rum Step 13.jpg
 Open the lid to still so as to avoid creating a vacuum inside your still.
Part 4 of 4: Finishing off the Rum
 1. 1
 Age your rum in oak barrels or toasted oak (optional). Often, rum is aged in toasted oak barrels for 10 years or longer to add depth of flavor and color. If you don't have the luxury of a toasted oak barrel, or 10 years' time, you can safely soak your rum in toasted oak chips for three weeks to impart a signature taste. Filter your rum through a cheesecloth or clean cotton shirt to catch any of the wood particles.
 2. Make Rum Step 14.jpg
 Use water to dilute alcohol to expected proof. Depending on the reflux still, your undiluted rum can be up to 95% alcohol, which is dangerously strong for consumption. Use a dilution calculator to bring your rum down to around 45% for the best taste experience.
 3. Make Rum Step 15.jpg
 Add flavors of other additives to improve the taste. Make spiced rum by adding cinnamon, ginger, and cloves to the final rum mixture, soaking for 1 - 2 weeks. Some choose to add a small amount of caramelized sugar to the rum.
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 - Fractional distillation (the type of still here, a reflux still, is a form of fractional distillation) is normally required to achieve percentages as high as 95%, and is more common to rum specifically. Pot still distillation (as used for whiskey, many other alcohols, and some so-called "full-flavored" rums) is nearer to 70% (in double-distiller process) or 80-88% (in a triple distillation).
 - Common flavorings used in rums are: coconut extract (clear), sugar cane juice. One common (and perhaps overall the most common) to all but white flavored rums is molasses. A flavoring in gold and spiced rum is often caramel. Spiced rum may have cinnamon extract (certainly tiny amounts), or honey. Another possibility for Haitian-inspired rums might also include tiny amounts of mace extract and/or the flowers of basil.
 - Try using a larger pot next time. Other wise you will have one gooey mess. Also a funnel would help when pouring into containers.


A Personal Approach
For Personal Matters
firm equipped to tackle complex family law issues.
How Does Custody Work For Service Members?
Navigating a military career with a family is a tricky balancing act. The stresses of service combined with a divorce can weigh heavily on a person. When a service member gets a divorce, many additional complications can arise from child custody issues. The divorce law in Alabama requires that the service member need to be a state resident. Even if they are stationed on an Alabama base, they might not have residency. Aside from residency requirements, most of the divorce laws are similar for civilians and service members.
Understanding military custody issues
Not all custodial agreements from a divorce will include provisions for military service and relocation. It is possible to work with a court and the other parent to modify an agreement, but this can be more difficult with a contested situation. Here are some of the ways that divorce laws are different for active service members:
 - Some laws help ensure active service members have time to respond to a divorce action. These guidelines provide protections for service members, so they are not divorced without their knowledge.
 - Spouses on active duty need to be personally served a summons for an Alabama court.
 - Typically, spousal and child support should not exceed 60% of the service member's income.
Asking for assignments near children
The frequent and sudden changes in an assignment are common in the military and can hugely impact a person's family. Though most service members may not have much flexibility in being stationed near their children, some branches have begun to offer specific assignments to help with custody issues. The Air Force has started accommodating (when possible) the custody decrees of airmen and military professionals. This change has established a precedent for service members requesting assignment nearer to their children. These changes could apply to biological and adopted children, producing a more flexible parenting environment for some service members. The changes do not go so far as to give a service member final say on location, but it produces an attempt at a mutually beneficial station. If you're an active member of the military, you must explore all your options for reconciling your military career with your family's needs.


Adding points
To add points to an existing plot, use points()
n = 50
set.seed(0)
x = sort(runif(n, min=-2, max=2))
y = x^3 + rnorm(n)
plot(x, y)
points(x, x^3, pch=20, col="red")
Adding lines
To add lines to an existing plot, use lines()
plot(x, y)
lines(x, x^3, col="red")
points() and lines() can be called multiple times
These functions can be called repeatedly, to continue adding to the current plotting window
plot(x, y)
lines(x, x^3, col=2)
lines(x, x^3 + qnorm(0.90), col=3)
lines(x, x^3 + qnorm(0.10), col=4)
Adding straight lines
To add a line of the form \(y = a+bx\) to an existing plot, use abline(). Can also add vertical or horizontal lines. Lastly, can set line type, width, and color, as usual
plot(x, y)
abline(a=0, b=3)
abline(h=0, lty=2, lwd=3, col="red")


text:
Characteristics Between New Oil and Used Oil by Using Laser Light Intensity and Lux Meter
Tests on the characteristics of making new oil and used oil by using laser light intensity and lux meters have been done. The purpose of this study is to distinguish the characteristics of the light intensity between fresh oil and used oil. In this study used an alternative method to the light intensity Lux meter. To get the data is done by varying the distance from the laser to the sample as much as five times. Based on data obtained from testing the intensity of light on new oil and used oil can be concluded that the valu e of the light intensity at the new oil is greater than the used oil. New oil has a light intensity of I = (0.122591964) Cd and used oil has a light intensity of I = (0.017841741) Cd.
Copyright (c) 2019 Mala Desrinda Dwi Putri, Rifai Slamet, Frida Agung Rakhmadi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.


text:
How to Use Multi-Layer Synths in Ableton
Using MIDI tracks to play the different instruments inside a multi-layer synthesizer plug-in can potentially save you massive amounts of CPU power. Instead of loading a new copy of the VST instrument for each part, you can open several instruments inside the same plug-in, then play each instrument with its own MIDI channel. I'm using the freeware DSK Virtuoso here, but the technique is the same for other multi-instrument plug-ins like Omnisphere, Philharmonik, Trilian, and Kontakt-based ensembles.
Start a new Ableton set and load the multi-layer synth you're using onto a MIDI track. Open the synth's control panel and load the instruments you want to use — in this case, I'll load a violin, a cello and a Rhodes piano. Leave the first instrument assigned to MIDI channel 1, but switch the second instrument to channel 2 and the third to MIDI channel 3. You'll now be able to play each instrument using a different MIDI track.
Close the synth's interface to return to Ableton. Add two additional MIDI tracks by pressing Ctrl+Shift+T or opening the "Create" menu and selecting "Insert MIDI Track." Rename the first empty MIDI channel to "Cello" and the second to "Rhodes" (or whatever instruments you're using). Open the "MIDI To" drop-down menu for the "Cello" track and select "DSK Virtuoso." Click the "Track In" menu that appears and select MIDI channel 2. Do the same for the "Rhodes" track, but send it to MIDI channel 3 instead.
Now, when you send MIDI input to the "Cello" channel (either by launching a MIDI clip or playing an attached keyboard), the synth will play the cello part; in the same way, the "Rhodes" MIDI channel will only play the Rhodes part.


text:
Archaeologists working at Royal Oak discovered evidence of a prehistoric landscape centred on the upper reaches of the Westbourne river. The Westbourne once flowed from Hampstead in the north, south to the Thames.
The river channel dates back 68,000 years. Pollen sampling indicates that the valley would then have been open and treeless, dominated by grasses and herbs. About 100 fragments of animal bone were recovered and have been identified as bison and reindeer. Gnawing marks on three of the bison bones indicate the presence of carnivores, such as wolves or bears, in the area.
The remains included those of the Auroch, a large ancestor of modern cattle. Bison and deer were also found within soils that have filled in a Pleistocene river channel.
The soil sequence shows that the river channel filled up with fine grain soils during a warm period during the last ice age. Erosion is likely to have washed the animal remains into the channel from a nearby bank, preserving them for thousands of years.
The rare find was of major scientific importance. Assistance was also provided by Oxford Archaeology and specialists from the Natural History Museum. The bones are now being cleaned and studied before they are incorporated into the Natural History Museum's permanent collection.
Prehistoric West London
About 100 fragments of animal bone were found, including three bison bones and a fragment of reindeer antler. The earliest dated sediments at the site date to about 88,000 years ago, with the animal bone layer probably around 68,000 years ago.
Analysis of the bones indicates that the animals had died near the site. Their carcasses had been scavenged by carnivores, such as wolves and bears. The antler fragments came from male reindeer and had been naturally shed, indicating that reindeer were spending the autumn and winter months at the site.


Zhenxian Liu
Research Scientist
_PHONE_
Zhenxian Liu is a lead beamline scientist for the Frontier Synchrotron Infrared Spectroscopy Beamline under Extreme Conditions (FIS), currently under construction at National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory. FIS is the successor of U2A beamline, a dedicated high-pressure infrared diamond anvil cell facility at NSLS, which has been managed by Geophysical Laboratory since 1999. He develops novel experimental techniques (e.g., vacuum far-IR spectroscopy down to 30 cm-1 at high pressure) and assists users in carrying out research projects in geoscience, planetary science, materials science, condensed matter physics, chemistry, and biology. He also uses synchrotron infrared spectroscopy, Raman scattering, photoluminescence as well as synchrotron x-ray diffraction techniques to explore physical and chemical properties and phase transitions of hydrous minerals, simple molecular systems, and nanoscale materials at high pressures and variable temperatures.


laravel-trend
Installation and setup
You can install the package via composer:
composer require flowframe/laravel-trend
Usage
To generate a trend for your model, import the Flowframe\Trend\Trend class and pass along a model or query.
Example:
// Totals per month
$trend = Trend::model(User::class)
 ->between(
 start: now()->startOfYear(),
 end: now()->endOfYear(),
 )
 ->perMonth()
 ->count();
// Average user weight where name starts with a over a span of 11 years, results are grouped per year
$trend = Trend::query(User::where('name', 'like', 'a%'))
 ->between(
 start: now()->startOfYear()->subYears(10),
 end: now()->endOfYear(),
 )
 ->perYear()
 ->average('weight');
Starting a trend
You must either start a trend using ::model() or ::query(). The difference between the two is that using ::query() allows you to add additional filters, just like you're used to using eloquent. Using ::model() will just consume it as it is.
// Model
Trend::model(Order::class)
 ->between(...)
 ->perDay()
 ->count();
// More specific order query
Trend::query(
 Order::query()
 ->hasBeenPaid()
 ->hasBeenShipped()
)
 ->between(...)
 ->perDay()
 ->count();
Interval
You can use the following aggregates intervals:
 - perMinute()
 - perHour()
 - perDay()
 - perMonth()
 - perYear()
Aggregates
You can use the following aggregates:
 - sum('column')
 - average('column')
 - max('column')
 - min('column')
 - count('*')


191.png -cubes in an oriented manifolds192.png -dimensional manifold manifolds193.png and manifolds194.png is a manifolds195.png -form on manifolds196.png such that manifolds197.png outside of manifolds198.png, then
Proof: We have
where manifolds201.png and we have used the assumption that manifolds202.png is zero outside of manifolds203.png It remains to show that
But, if manifolds205.png, then we have
since manifolds207.png The result now follows by the change of variables formula for integrals.
We can now define integrals. Let manifolds208.png be a k-form on an oriented k-dimensional manifold manifolds209.png. Choose an open cover manifolds210.png of manifolds211.png such that for each manifolds212.png, there is an orientation preserving singular manifolds213.png -cube manifolds214.png with manifolds215.png Let manifolds216.png be a partition of unity for manifolds217.png subordinate to this cover. Define
where manifolds219.png was chosen so that manifolds220.png is zero outside of an compact subset of manifolds221.png and manifolds222.png is is an orientation preserving singular manifolds223.png -cube with manifolds224.png Then just as in Chapter 3, the value of this integral is independent of the choice of manifolds225.png, manifolds226.png, and manifolds227.png.
Now suppose we have a manifolds228.png -dimensional manifold-with-boundary manifolds229.png with orientation manifolds230.png. Let manifolds231.png be the orientation induced by manifolds232.png on manifolds233.png. Let manifolds234.png be an orientation-preserving manifolds235.png -cube in manifolds236.png such that manifolds237.png lies in manifolds238.png and this is the only face which contains any interior points of manifolds239.png. Then manifolds240.png is orientation preserving if and only manifolds241.png is even. In particular, if manifolds242.png is a manifolds243.png -form on manifolds244.png which is zero outside of manifolds245.png, we have
Now manifolds247.png appears with coefficient manifolds248.png in the definition of manifolds249.png. So,
This explains the strange choice of signs in the definition of the induced orientation on manifolds251.png
8.3 Stokes' Theorem for Manifolds-with-Boundary
Theorem 1: (Stokes' Theorem) Let manifolds252.png be a compact oriented manifolds253.png -dimensional manifold-with-boundary and manifolds254.png be a manifolds255.png -form on manifolds256.png. Then
where manifolds258.png is oriented with the orientation induced from that of manifolds259.png
Proof: Begin with two special cases: First assume that there is an orientation preserving manifolds260.png -cube in manifolds261.png such that manifolds262.png outside of manifolds263.png Using our earlier Stokes' Theorem, we get
since manifolds265.png on manifolds266.png But manifolds267.png also since manifolds268.png on manifolds269.png
The second case is where there is an orientation-preserving singular manifolds270.png -cube in manifolds271.png such that manifolds272.png is the only face containing points of manifolds273.png and manifolds274.png outside of manifolds275.png One has:
For the general case, choose an open cover manifolds277.png of manifolds278.png and a partition of unity manifolds279.png subordinate to manifolds280.png such that for each manifolds281.png, the form manifolds282.png is as in one of the two cases already considered. Since manifolds283.png is compact, one has a finite sum:
But then,
8.4 Volume
In manifolds286.png, the volume can be calculated as the integral of the form manifolds287.png. We would like to find a generalization to manifolds of this differential form.
If manifolds288.png is a manifolds289.png -dimensional manifold, then the usual inner product on manifolds290.png induces an inner product on each of the tangent spaces of manifolds291.png. (Recall that an inner product of V is a bilinear form manifolds292.png such that manifolds293.png for all manifolds294.png.) With an inner product, one can define an orthonormal basis to be one of the form manifolds295.png where manifolds296.png where manifolds297.png is the Kronecker manifolds298.png. Now, if manifolds299.png and manifolds300.png are both orthonormal bases, then we can write manifolds301.png. In particular, one calculates:
which can be expressed as a matrix equation manifolds303.png where manifolds304.png is the matrix with entries manifolds305.png Taking determinants of this means that manifolds306.png In particular, if manifolds307.png where manifolds308.png is a vector space of dimension manifolds309.png, then
Proposition 4: manifolds310.png is constant for all orthonormal bases of manifolds311.png of the same orientation.
Definition 3: Let manifolds312.png be an oriented manifolds313.png -dimensional manifold in manifolds314.png. Then a manifolds315.png -form manifolds316.png on manifolds317.png is called a volume element if manifolds318.png for all orientation preserving orthonormal bases manifolds319.png
Example: Consider the case of 2-dimensional oriented manifolds in manifolds320.png Let manifolds321.png be the outward normal at manifolds322.png. Then define manifolds323.png by
By the definition of the outward normal, manifolds325.png is a volume element. Further, if manifolds326.png is an orthonormal basis of the same orientation as manifolds327.png, one has:
Also, expanding as cofactors of the last row, one gets
On manifolds330.png, one can compute for manifolds331.png using manifolds332.png for some manifolds333.png, that
Letting manifolds335.png, and manifolds336.png, we get:
Proposition 4: Let manifolds337.png be an oriented 2-dimensional manifold in manifolds338.png and let manifolds339.png be the unit outward normal. Then the volume element manifolds340.png satisfies:
Further, on manifolds342.png, one has:
To calculate a surface area, we need to evaluate manifolds344.png for an orientation preserving singular 2-cube manifolds345.png. The integrand is
(See Problem 4.9, part e.)
8.4 Classical Stokes' Theorem
Three separate results will be shown to be special cases of our Stokes' Theorem.
Theorem 2: (Green's Theorem) Let manifolds348.png be a compact 2-dimensional manifold-with-boundary. Suppose that manifolds349.png are differentiable. Then
Proof: This is just Stoke's Theorem in the case of a 1-form.
Theorem 3: (Divergence Theorem) Let manifolds351.png be a compact 3-dimensional manifold-with-boundary and manifolds352.png be the unit outward normal on manifolds353.png. Let manifolds354.png be a differentiable vector field on manifolds355.png Then
In terms of manifolds357.png, this amounts to:
Proof: Define manifolds359.png Then manifolds360.png Further, Proposition 4 says that:
So, we see that this is also a special case of Stokes' Theorem
Theorem 4: (Stokes' Theorem) Let manifolds362.png be a compact oriented 2-dimensional manifold-with-boundary and manifolds363.png be the unit outward normal on manifolds364.png determined by the orientation on manifolds365.png. Let manifolds366.png have the induced orientation. Let manifolds367.png be the vector field on manifolds368.png with manifolds369.png and manifolds370.png be a differentiable vector field in an open set containing manifolds371.png. Then
In terms of manifolds373.png, this amounts to:
Proof: Let manifolds375.png on manifolds376.png be defined by manifolds377.png Again, using Proposition 4, we get:
Since manifolds379.png, one has
as one can see by evaluating each equation at manifolds381.png. It follows that
So, this is also a special case of our earlier Stokes' Theorem.


text:
5: Steel House
Background: Artist and architect Robert Bruno has been at work on his steel home since 1974. Bruno has said that he wants the shape of the structure to be somewhere between animal and machine.
Why Its Unique: Most homes have an initial skeleton that is built upon throughout the construction process, but Bruno has approached this home like a sculpture, building it on the fly and making constant modifications. Koliopoulos points out that the four legs and cantilevered design minimize the structures impact by not disrupting the earth as much as a typical home design would have. Estimated weight of the structure is 110 tons.


Category:905 Traffic Studies
From Engineering_Policy_Guide
Jump to navigation Jump to search
_PHONE_.jpg
This article brings together the different traffic studies typically performed by MoDOT engineers. Since traffic engineering concepts include roadway conditions, roadway designs, signing, striping, traffic control and so on, this article provides a single source on how to gather data for a traffic study and EPG links to implement resulting countermeasures.
Articles in "905 Traffic Studies"


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Bird by Bird
Anne Lamott
Full-Book Quiz
1. 1. When did Lamott begin writing?
2. 2. What is Lamott's advice for writer's block?
4. 4. The phrase "Bird by Bird" originates from which of the following?
5. 5. How does Lamott prefer to do research for a book?
6. 6. What does KFKD represent?
7. 7. Who is Carpenter?
8. 8. Lamott compares writing to everything except which of the following?
9. 9. What was the title of Lamott's first book?
10. 10. Lamott uses index cards for what purpose?
11. 11. Lamott believes that every character possesses which of the following?
12. 12. What is the most significant image from Lamott's essay on school lunches?
13. 13. What example does Lamott use to illustrate the importance of plot treatments?
14. 14. Lamott advises her writers that good writing must have which of the following?
15. 15. How does Lamott honor Brice?
16. 16. What is Lamott's view about writing groups?
17. 17. How does Lamott deal with an overly critical student?
18. 18. How does Lamott feel about publication?
19. 19. Which proves most useful to Lamott when she is jealous of another author?
20. 20. What advice does Lamott give her students regarding libel?
21. 21. What did Lamott write on an index card to remind herself of her aunt?
22. 22. Lamott contacts the vineyard to what end?
23. 23. Who counsels Lamott when she is disappointed by success?
24. 24. What purpose does Lamott's one-inch picture frame serve?
25. 25. Lamott believes in which of the following?
More Help
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text:
SmartMat Enviro is designed to allow water to pass through faster than conventional weedmats. The high flow capabilities mean that water is able to flow through immediately and reach the soil below promoting healthy plants and soil.
SmartMat Enviro needs to be covered.
- Inhibits weed growth
- Hydrophilic treatment for high water penetration to roots
- Allows water and air to flow providing healthy plants and soil
- Quick and easy to lay


text:
Teacher Performance Appraisal for Experienced Teacher – APS003
Reviewed/Revised: September 2015
The Waterloo Catholic District School Board believes the primary aim of a staff appraisal process is to ensure the professional growth of each of its teachers through recognition of professional achievement and positive contributions to the system. To assist experienced teachers in the successful achievement of their goals the Board is committed to the use of the Performance Appraisal of Experienced Teachers (2007) issued by the Ministry of Education.
Evaluation within the Board is based on the following assumptions:
- Educators within the system are competent.
- Educators want to increase their professional effectiveness.
- Educators wish to be involved in a co-operative evaluation process as part of a professional learning community.
The performance appraisal system for an experienced teacher applies to members of teachers' bargaining units as defined in Part X.1 of the Education Act and temporary teachers. It is not applicable to teachers new to the profession as of 2006, occasional teachers, continuing education teachers, supervisory officers, administrators, or instructors in teacher-training institutions.


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I have this huge dataframe of 2032 rows and 130 columns and I am iterating over every row of the data_frame to perform some operations. Here's what I get after a few iteration:
Error in '[.data.frame'(a, i) : undefined columns selected
I know that this error occurs if undefined columns are selected, that is if there is a 'missing' column in the data frame.Now is there a quick way in R to check which column is missing?
This is my code. I am trying to plot the ccf between two time series
a = read.table("a.data",row.names=1, header=T)
b = read.table("b.data",row.names=1,header=T)
fileConn = file("max_lag.data")
data='word max_correlation sameword lag_atwhich_maxcorr'
write(data,file="max_lag.data",ncolumns=2, append=TRUE)
for (i in 1:dim(a)[1]) #iterate through the rows of a. dim(a) returns a matrix containing number of rows and columns
{
print (c(i,row.names(a[i])))
tweet = c(t(a[i,])) #convert 1st row to a vector with no dimensions. Needed for ccf to work
query = c(t(b[i,]))
a_ts = ts(tweet)#here freq=1, data have been collected at regular interval of (timewindow=11)minutes.
b_ts = ts(query)
ccfvalues=ccf(a_ts,b_ts,30, main=row.names(a)[i])
dev.copy2pdf(file=paste(row.names(a)[i],".pdf"))
#Find the lag where correlation is maximum
cor = ccfvalues$acf[,,1]
lag = ccfvalues$lag[,,1]
plot(lag,cor,type="o")
res = data.frame(cor,lag)
res_max = res[which(res$cor == max(res$cor)),] #find indices of multiple maxs in a vector
data=paste(row.names(a)[i],res_max)
write(data,file="max_lag.data",ncolumns=2, append=TRUE)
}
I am not referencing the columns of the dataframe, just the rows. But I still get this error, which is what is confusing.
share|improve this question

if (i %in% names(data_frame)) ? – Ben Bolker May 9 '12 at 16:13

Since you didn't provide a reproducible example, I can only guess. If you have your for loop (I assume) print(i) that will show you the column you're referencing that is undefined. However, without knowing more about what you're up to, we can't give you a better answer. If you edit your answer with a small sample of your data (use dput) and the code you're running, I bet you'll find your answer in the process. – Justin May 9 '12 at 16:14

I am not referencing the columns of the dataframe, just the rows. But I still get this error, which is what is confusing. I have added my code in the question above. – tan May 9 '12 at 16:36

I'm trying to figure out what this will look like: res = data.frame(cor,lag), since you are stuffing two matrices into res and then accessing it with "[" and trying to 'write' it. You should use traceback() to see what object is being passed and is throwing the error. – BondedDust May 9 '12 at 17:15
1
please (re)read _URL_-000 about how to create a minimal reproducible example ... – Ben Bolker May 9 '12 at 17:40
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text:
The tomb of Tutankhamun gave us a clear idea of the complete equipment of a royal tomb of the Pharaonic era.
Not only were funerary items placed in the tomb, but objects used during the lifetime of the king were also placed there for use in the hereafter.
This model of a grain mill is made of wood and was preserved in the tomb with its grinding stone. The symbolic use of this miniature mill by the king in the afterlife is obvious. He had intended to secure wheat for his bread in case no offerings would be presented to him.
A miniature model of a granary full of seeds was also found in the tomb.