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I have trouble distinguishing between these two concepts. This is my understanding so far.
A stationary process is a stochastic process whose statistical properties do not change with time. For a strict-sense stationary process, this means that its joint probability distribution is constant; for a wide-sense stationary process, this means that its 1st and 2nd moments are constant.
An ergodic process is one where its statistical properties, like variance, can be deduced from a sufficiently long sample. E.g., the sample mean converges to the true mean of the signal, if you average long enough.
Now, it seems to me that a signal would have to be stationary, in order to be ergodic. And what kinds of signals could be stationary, but not ergodic? If a signal has the same variance for all time, for example, how could the time-averaged variance not converge to the true value?
So, what is the real distinction between these two concepts? Can you give me an example of a process that is stationary without being ergodic, or ergodic without being stationary?
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You might want to look at this answer to a related question. – Dilip Sarwate Jan 17 '12 at 21:31
This lecture spells it literally that ergodic is a subset of stationary. I just cannot understand what Stationary Ergodic Process article is doing in Wikipedia? Does it mean that there is non-stationary ergodic process? – Val May 17 at 16:32
5 Answers 5
up vote 11 down vote accepted
A random process is a collection of random variables, one for each time instant under consideration. Typically this may be continuous time ($-\infty < t < \infty$) or discrete time (all integers $n$, or all time instants $nT$ where $T$ is the sample interval). Stationarity refers to the distributions of the random variables, ergodicity takes into account the sample paths, i.e. what you observe physically. As you say, the average value or DC component of a sample path converges to the mean value of the process if the sample path is observed long enough, provided the process is ergodic and stationary, etc.
As an example of the difference between the two concepts, suppose that $X(t) = Y$ for all $t$ under consideration. Here $Y$ is a random variable. This is a stationary process: each $X(t)$ has the same distribution (the distribution of $Y$), same mean $E[X(t)] = E[Y]$, same variance etc.; each $X(t_1)$ and $X(t_2)$ have the same joint distribution (though it is degenerate) and so on. But the process is not ergodic because each sample path is a constant. Specifically, if a trial of the experiment (as performed by you, or by a superior being) results in $Y$ having value $\alpha$, then the sample path of the random process that corresponds to this experimental outcome has value $\alpha$ for all $t$, and the DC value of the sample path is $\alpha$, not $E[X(t)] = E[Y]$, no matter how long you observe the (rather boring) sample path. In a parallel universe, the trial would result in $Y = \beta$ and the sample path in that universe would have value $\beta$ for all $t$. It is not easy to write mathematical specifications to exclude such trivialities from the class of stationary processes, and so this remains as an example of a stationary random process that is not ergodic.
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I couldn't understand the example. If you say Y is a constant, then any path of x(t) is a constant. The mean of a constant is itself, hence E[X(t)] = E[Y] = Y. Unless I missed something. – Drazick Jan 18 '12 at 17:20
I added a few words to clarify the meaning. $Y$ is a random variable, not a constant. Its value on any trial of the experiment need not be the same as $E[Y]$. – Dilip Sarwate Jan 18 '12 at 17:40
Now I see your intention. I think it is important to note that usually the meaning of ergodic process is that by observing a single path in time one could deduce some properties of the RV as a whole. As you showed, in the above example, each path is a constant, yet the RV is a something with probability properties. Thanks for clarification. – Drazick Jan 18 '12 at 17:48
Thanks for the helpful answer. What do you think about a signal that is ergodic, but not stationary? Is that possible? – Matt Jan 23 '12 at 21:19
_USER_ In the solution of the book "communication systems" simon haykin writes that "for a random process to be ergodic it has to be stationary" – Michael Corleone Aug 17 '12 at 4:46
Let us consider a hypothetical random process where the sample functions are DC values and are different from each other:
X1(t) = constant= mean of X1(t)
X2(t) = constant= mean of X2(t)
The temporal mean of $X_1(t)$ and $X_2(t)$ are constant but not equal. if my process is stationary $X(t_1)$ and $X(t_2)$ are equal and RVs (refer Dilip's answer)
So ensemble mean of $X(t)$ is constant.
This ensemble mean is certainly not equal to the temporal mean of $X_1(t)$ and $X_2(t)$ (they themselves are not equal). This can be called a stationary but not an ergodic process.
In contrast, $X(t)=Acos(\omega t+\theta)$ where $\theta$ is an RV is ergodic.
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An ergodic process is a process for which you can substitute the ergodic mean for the temporal mean.
The real mean, variance, etc... are defined by following a process over time and averaging, etc... For instance, if you want to know the mean of my size, you would have to average it from when I am born to when I die. Obviously the later example is not a stationary process.
The ergodic mean would be if instead of following my size over time, you would freeze time, and take the mean over a sample of different individual humans. There is no reason for these two means to be the same, so the process of my size is not ergodic.
That is a bad example, but it get more important if you consider the simple case of a gas at equilibrium. For instance the mean squared velocity is noted $\bar{V^2}$ (mean over time), but is often calculated by taking the ensemble mean $\left< V^2 \right>$: the mean of the square velocity of all molecules of the gas at an instant $t$.
Most thermodynamics theorems requires to use $\bar{V^2}$, but it is more easy to compute and use $\left< V^2 \right>$. The ergodic hypothesis is the hypothesis stating that it is right to substitute one for the other. An ergodic process is a process for which the ergodic hypothesis is true.
The ergodic hypothesis is false in the general case.
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I don't understand this answer. The process of Jolow's size is neither stationary nor ergodic whereas the OP was wondering if there can be a stationary process that is not ergodic. Is the answer essentially that in general the ergodic hypothesis is false and it is (sort of) universally true that the sample mean is different from the ensemble mean, just get used to it and live with it? – Dilip Sarwate Jan 17 '12 at 19:09
_USER_: after re-reading, it is a bad answer that does not answer the question, and I am considering deleting it. I was reminding my thermodynamics lectures, whereas the question was more about statistics... – Jean-Yves Jan 17 '12 at 20:00
_USER_ what is Jolow's size? – Michael Corleone Aug 17 '12 at 5:01
_USER_ I do not remember what the reference to Jolow means. My guess is that Jean-Yves posted his answer under the nom-de-plume Jolow and I used that name in my answer, and that he has since then decided to use Jean-Yves as his user name on stackexchange. Such name changes are reflected on what is displayed on the screen but are not recorded as an edit of the answer. – Dilip Sarwate Aug 17 '12 at 13:29
_USER_: you are right indeed. Jolow is just my nickname. – Jean-Yves Aug 18 '12 at 6:28
as I underestand, example below shows a ergodic and stationary process
 X1 X2 X3 | mean var...
 1 2 3 | 2 1
 2 3 1 | 2
 3 1 2 | 2
mean 2 2 2 var 1
because the mean and variance of every column is constant along the time and mean and variance of


Quick Answer: Who Was The Greatest Samurai In History?
What is the deadliest sword in history?
The sword is considered by many experts as the deadliest sword ever created..
Did Samurai eat meat?
With all that being said, your common Samurai was unlikely to consume much meat throughout his daily life. Meat was considered a luxury item and was often only eaten by higher ranking Samurai and commanders.
Is Afro Samurai black?
3, The Beginning of Afro Takashi Okazaki first began drawing African-American characters on Kleenex boxes and other such items as a teen. His drawing was inspired by his love of soul and hip-hop music. … Afro was also based on Yasuke, the legendary black samurai who existed in Japan during the Sengoku period.
Did ninjas kill samurai?
Are Ninja Samurai?
Did Samurai kill civilians?
Who was the very first Samurai?
When were the samurai most powerful?
Who are the strongest warriors in history?
Was the first samurai black?
African samurai: The enduring legacy of a black warrior in feudal Japan. Yasuke was a slave turned samurai from Africa who lived in Japan in the sixteenth century. Hong Kong (CNN) When feudal Japan's most powerful warlord Nobunaga Oda met Yasuke, a black slave-turned-retainer, in 1581, he believed the man was a god.
What era were samurai?
Did Samurai use guns?
Tanegashima were used by the samurai class and their ashigaru "foot soldiers", and within a few years the introduction of the tanegashima in battle changed the way war was fought in Japan forever.
Who was most feared Samurai?
Miyamoto MusashiIn order to strike fear in the heart of your enemies, skill and intelligence are needed. No one has this aura more than Miyamoto Musashi. Why is he one of the most feared Samurai?
Who was the most feared warrior of all time?
The Deadliest Warriors Throughout HistoryCount Roland. … Vlad the Impaler. … Varvakis. … Lu Bu. … Sun Tzu. … Leonidas of Sparta. … Genghis Khan. Khan's bloody terror at the reigns of the Mongol Army literally changed and helped shape the world. … Alexander the Great. He was the most revered man in the world at the time of his death.More items…•
What is a Samurai sword called?
A katana (刀 or かたな) is a Japanese sword characterized by a curved, single-edged blade with a circular or squared guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. It was used by the samurai of ancient and feudal Japan.
Why did samurai die out?
The role of the samurai in peacetime declined gradually over this period, but two factors led to the end of samurai: the urbanization of Japan, and the end of isolationism. … Many Japanese, including lower class samurai, grew dissatisfied with the shogunate because of the worsening economic conditions.
Were there any black samurai?
Almost 500 years ago, a tall African man arrived in Japan. Known as Yasuke, the man was a warrior who reached the rank of samurai under the rule of Oda Nobunaga – a powerful 16th Century Japanese feudal lord who was the first of the three unifiers of Japan. …
Who would win ninja or samurai?
Would a Knight beat a samurai?
Knights were slower due to heavier armor and heavier swords, but one good hit would devastate, Where as Samurai were quicker due to their lighter armor and swords, they also had faster sword play. Samurai armor wasn't all that much lighter. … On on a one-on-one melee, the knight would typically win.
What is the most famous samurai sword?
Who was the greatest swordsman ever?
From soldiers and samurai to duelists and expert fencers, take a look back at the adventures of six legendary swordsmen.Miyamoto Musashi—Japan's Sword Saint. … Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges—The Gentleman Fencer. … Donald McBane—The Scottish Duelist Extraordinaire. … Achille Marozzo—The Renaissance Fencing Master.More items…•


text:
What have been the main challenges faced by the UK in delivering training and support to the Afghan forces? Lords Committee to hear from former Commander of the British Forces in Afghanistan
Tuesday 3 November 2020
The House of Lords International Relations and Defence Committee will tomorrow question Sandhurst lecturers about the UK's contributions to and challenges faced in training and mentoring the Afghan National Security Forces.
Giving evidence in a virtual session from 10am on Wednesday 2 November 2020 will be:
- Brigadier (Retired) Ian Thomas OBE, former Commander of Operation Toral, Dean of Academic Studies, the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and;
- Dr Edward R Flint, Head of Department, Defence & International Affairs Department, the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
The session can be followed on Parliament TV. Questions will include;
- What are the main elements of NATO's Resolute Support Mission's training for the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF)? How effective has this mission been?
- Could you please give us an overview of Operation Toral, and the role played by the British military in the Resolute Support Mission? What have been the principal contributions made by the UK?
- What have been the most challenging aspects of delivering training and support to the ANSF through Operation Toral? How have these been addressed by the UK and with NATO partners?
- What lessons has the UK military learned from the experience of training the ANSF, and how have these been integrated into Operation Toral, and lessons learned exercises for other missions?

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Asyut weather in September (Egypt)
What can you expect from the weather in Asyut during September? Here's what the weather might have in store during this month.
In September, Asyut generally has very high temperatures and almost no rainfall. Anticipate daytime temperatures around 37°C, while night temperatures can drop to 24°C. Bear in mind, these are average temperatures, and it can get even warmer on particular days. Make sure to choose clothing that accommodates the warmth.
Asyut in September usually receives almost no rainfall, averaging around 0 mm for the month. Typically around 0 days of rainfall is expected.
If you're looking for dry conditions and comfortable temperatures, September may not be the ideal month to visit Asyut. January, February, March, April, November and December generally stand out with the best circumstances. While May, June, July, August and September tend to showcase less optimal conditions.
For an in-depth look at the yearly conditions, visit our specialized Asyut climate page with graphs.
Asyut, monthly averages in September
Where to go in Egypt in SeptemberFind out more about the weather in Egypt in September and which places have the best weather conditions in this month.
So, what should you wear in Asyut in September?It's going to be warm! Consider airy clothing, t-shirts, and other summer clothes. Shorts for men made of cotton or linen are good options for staying cool.
What To Do
We rated the following activities from 1 (least suitable) to 10 (best) to do in September.
Interested in more climate information?
Weather and Climate provides you with all the information you need about the climate in Asyut.
Our site offers climate and forecast data for every country in the world. Are you going to Egypt? On this website you can find historical weather averages for many cities in Egypt. Not sure yet where to go? We now have a tool which recommends destinations that suit your ideal climate conditions. Find out where to go with our weather planner.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
A Shipment Method is a QuickCode used to define specific shipping methods. For example this can be called: Ground, Express or Air.
In Scurri you can assign a shipment to your chosen carrier and service by including your Shipment Method in our Scurri rules.
Below is an example of how one of these might look.
To create a rule in Scurri you can visit our guide on Scurri Shipment Rules at the below link:
Where are my shipment methods in Brightpearl?
If you have any questions regarding this you can contact our Support Team by emailing _EMAIL_


text:
Location: primary school Mittertreffling / Upper Austria
(in co-operation with Sigrid Kurz)
Klopf and Kurz designed a publicly accessible square for the Mittertreffling primary school, with the title Moon Square. The artists made five circular depressions (each measuring five meters in diameter) and covered the entire area with rubber granulate. The hollows in the ground serve to create a new spatial situation which can be used for playing as well as for outdoor teaching.
(Moon Square, 2001 / Completed 2003; Rubber granulate, 29 x 15 m; Mittertreffling primary school; architecture: Josef Dürrhammer, Anton Heckmann / Linz)


text:
|Castle Wall Offsets
Ben E. 30 VIII 06
This article will outline various techniques of creating offsets from castle walls.
Offsets help us create the architectural details that give character to castles.
First it is important to understand the units that each brick can be divided into.
The brick below has the height to width ratio of 6 to 5.
One plate is two units high.
Jumper Tiles: The jumper tile is the most common method of creating an offset.
This 1x2 tile has a stud centered on it's width.
It allows offsets of 2.5 units, or half of a stud.
This can be used effectively to create details such as window and door surrounds, stairs, buttresses, and parapets.
Check out the window surround instructions below.
Technic and Tiles: You may want even smaller offsets on your walls.
Using tiles rotated 90 degrees is very effective.
Tiles are 2 units thick.
They can be attached to headlight bricks or technic bricks with half pins.
Steve DeCraemer effectively used this technique at BrickFest 2005 and 2006 in his stone castles,
one of which is pictured below.
The only disadvantage of this technique is that all offsets are 5 units tall instead of 2 units found in plates.
Panels: I discovered the latest offset technique by accident this year by noticing the units of a common 1x2 panel.
The back of each panel is a 1/5 of a stud wide.
This allows us to offset details by one unit.
Instructions of my White Tower corbel's below show how panels can be stacked and locked into place by other bricks.
It creates small but very stable projections for the tower parapet.
Discussion of the tower and technique can be found in this
The final result is a creation with more depth and detail than using traditional brick methods.
Home | Archives | City | Events | Sets | How-to | Creations | Stories | Links | Contact
© 2006 Classic-Castle.com. Site design © Anthony Sava and Benjamin Ellermann. All rights reserved. This is an unofficial fan created LEGO website, and is not sponsored, authorized or endorsed by The LEGO Group. Visit the official LEGO website: _URL_

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


, because some G's might contain 0 and not omega.
How does this concept help us? Let us return to the problem in the previous
section, of proving that M[G] satisfies the Powerset Axiom. With the same
notation that was used there, suppose we now define z' as follows:
z' = {<q,r> : q is in dom(x) and r ||- "q is in z"}.
By definition, dom(z') is a subset of dom(x). What is val(z',G)? Well,
this is determined by which "tags" are in G. But note that by the
definition of forcing, if r is in G, then val(q,G) is in val(z,G) = Z.
Therefore, val(z',G) is a subset of Z.
This is progress, but what we really want is for val(z',G) to be actually
equal to Z, and this is not at all clear. What we need in order to prove
val(z',G) = Z is that for every Q in Z, there is a P-name q of Q in dom(x)
and a P-name r in G such that r ||- "q is in z." Finding a suitable q turns
out not to be that hard, but the existence of r is not so clear; what we
need is a theorem that for every statement phi (such as "Q is in Z") that is
actually true in M[G] for a particular G, there is some element r of that
particular G such that merely knowing that r is in G is enough to deduce
that phi is true of G. This doesn't seem plausible. In general, knowing
just one element of G doesn't tell us very much about G.
However, we can fix this problem if we restrict G and P to have a certain
structure, so that some elements r of G are "more informative" than others,
i.e., knowing that r is in G tells us more about G than knowing that some
other element p is in G. The simplest way to achieve this is to impose a
partial ordering < on P (with "1" being the unique maximal element) and to
require G to be a *filter*, i.e., for G to have the following two
properties:
1. If r is in G and r <= p then p is also in G.
2. For every p and q in G there exists r in G such that r <= p and r <= q.
The first of these conditions ensures that knowing that some element r is in
G tells us not only that r is in G but that every element >= r is also in G.
Thus, r is "more informative" than p if r <= p. The second condition may be
thought of as capturing the idea that for any two elements p and q, there is
some element r that is at least as informative as p and q put together. If
we are going to insist on looking at only single elements of G to get
information about G, then this is clearly a useful condition to impose.
If we now revise our definition of ||- by inserting the technical conditions
that P be a partially ordered set and G be a filter, then this gives us more
hope of being able to find r in G such that r ||- "Q is in Z."
Unfortunately, even the condition of being a filter turns out not to be
quite good enough. Intuitively, the reason is that since P may be infinite,
there is no guarantee that, for an arbitrary statement phi that asserts
something about G, there will exist an r in G that will give us enough
information to decide phi. We might try finding smaller and smaller r's in
the partial order that give us more and more information but we might never
find one that tells us what we need to know.
The following condition on G solves this problem. Define a subset D of P
to be "dense" if for every p in P there exists q in D such that q <= p.
A filter G is "generic" if it intersects every dense subset.
It can now be proved that if we require P to be a partially ordered set with
unique maximal element 1 and we define "p ||- phi" to mean that for all
generic filters G in P, phi is true in M[G], then the following is true:
Forcing Fact 1. Fix a particular generic filter G of P. Then for any phi
that is true in M[G], there exists r in G such that r ||- phi.
If we now go back to our attempt to prove the Powerset Axiom, we see that
Forcing Fact 1 is just what we need to prove that val(z',G) = Z. The only
thing left to prove is that z' is actually in M. For this, one needs the
following:
Forcing Fact 2. ||- is definable in M.
I won't say precisely what Forcing Fact 2 means, but intuitively it asserts
that even when we add the side conditions (partial order, generic filter),
the definition of ||- is still sufficiently "general" that it does not
require any specific knowledge of G; therefore, sets like z' that are
defined using ||- still lie inside M.
Proving Forcing Facts 1 and 2 is not easy, even after all the above
definitions (which themselves are not easy to come up with!) have been
provided. Here I must refer you to a Kunen's book for details. The work
required to prove them, however, pays off great dividends. Not only
Powerset, but all the other axioms of ZFC, can be proved to be true in M[G],
using just the two Forcing Facts (without ever having to delve into the
proof of the Facts themselves), and following a similar pattern to our proof
of Powerset. The Fundamental Theorem is therefore proved! For convenience,
we restate it with all the blanks filled in.
Fundamental Theorem. If M is a c.t.m., P is a partially ordered set in M
with unique maximum element 1, and G is a nonempty generic filter of P, then
the set M[G] = {val(x,G) : x is a P-name in M} is also a c.t.m.
6. ~CH revisited
Let's see how to apply the Fundamental Theorem to the continuum hypothesis.
One's first thought might be to take P to be the set of all ordered pairs
<x,y> with x in k x omega and y in 2, hoping that G can be chosen to be a
function from k x omega to 2. However, this does not quite work because the
members of a function are ordered pairs, and no particular ordered pair is
"more informative" about the function than any other ordered pair.
On the other hand, large *subsets* of ordered pairs carry more information
than smaller subsets, so this is a hint that we should "pass to the
powerset." More precisely, let P be the set of all "finite partial
functions" from k x omega into 2, i.e., functions from a finite subset of k
x omega into 2. Partially order these functions by reverse inclusion, i.e.,
f <= g if the set of all ordered pairs in g is contained in the set of all
ordered pairs of f. Now it is not hard to see that for each y in k x omega,
the set D_y of all elements of P that are defined on y (i.e., that include y
as part of their domain) is dense. Therefore, if G is a generic filter in
P, G must intersect every such D_y, and the union of all the elements of G
will be a *total* function from k x omega to 2. The Fundamental Theorem
tells us that we can successfully "insert" this "missing" function into M if
it wasn't there already. Furthermore, the fact that G is generic gives us
automatically, as a bonus, the fact that each of the k functions from omega
to 2 are distinct! (See if you can prove this, by constructing a suitable
dense subset in P. You can look up the answer in Kunen.) There is no need
to cleverly choose the "right" generic filter; any generic filter will do
in this case.
Are we done? Well, almost...there are two more points to take care of.
First of all, we haven't yet established that generic filters exist.
This turns out not to be difficult to prove, but it does hinge on the
countability of M (this is where the countability of M turns out to be
important). Essentially, because of countability, one can enumerate all
the dense subsets, and pick one from each; the filter generated by all
these elements will be generic.
The second point is more substantial. It is conceivable to me that Cohen
could have devised forcing, proved the Fundamental Theorem, and still failed
to resolve the continuum hypothesis! The reason is that nothing in the
general framework of forcing guarantees that in M[G], the cardinal k will
still equal omega_2. Being a cardinal is not an absolute property, so
large cardinals can "collapse" into lower cardinals when you pass to M[G].
The reason is that the auxiliary sets in M[G] might include a bijection
between k and a smaller cardinal. Luckily for Cohen,


text:
Gozde Corekcioglu, Marco Francesconi, Astrid Kunze
Generous government-mandated parental leave is generally viewed as an effective policy to support women's careers around childbirth. But does it help women to reach top positions in the upper pay echelon of their firms? Using longitudinal employer–employee matched data for the entire Norwegian population, we address this question exploiting a series of reforms that expanded paid leave from 30 weeks in 1989 to 52 weeks in 1993. The representation of women in top positions has only modera…
scite is a Brooklyn-based startup that helps researchers better discover and evaluate scientific articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by researchers from dozens of countries and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.


What's your church data worth? – California Southern Baptist Convention
What's your church data worth?
Published Jul 07, 2021
Has your church considered the value of its electronic data assets? Can you even begin to put a price tag on its worth? Are your church's data properly protected from unauthorized viewing, corruption, loss due to fire or theft? Your data is no less valuable, and deserves the same sorts of protection, as your buildings and their contents.
You may never have considered the importance of your data, or the need to protect it. Some data is critical to the long-term mission of the church, some are critical for day-to-day operations, while some are confidential and need to remain so.
Here's the question which needs a definitive answer: "How would our church, its ministries, and operations be affected if our data was destroyed, stolen, or publicized?"
Consider how effectively your congregation is protecting critical data, which might include:
Churches traditionally collect names, birthdates, and other personal or contact information on members, attenders, and donors. Information your church may collect to better serve your congregation may include attendance, baptism, and contributions. Churches are likely to have more than one database which may be stored in several church computers, personal computers, smartphones, or tablets.
Multiple databases and storage devices increase the complexity of protecting critical data from loss, theft, or simply prying eyes. Databases come in a variety of forms, whether they are true databases, spreadsheets, or document files.
Sermons and Lesson Preparation
How many sermons has the pastor written and stored in a church computer? What about illustrations and other sermon aids? How much has been spent on gathering those resources? Is there a backup of those resources?
What sensitive information is unprotected in letters and email – both internal and external – between church employees, and employees and volunteers, employees and vendors? Does the church send mass emails with everyone's email address in the open, possibly violating their privacy in doing so? Are text messages being monitored from or between staff members or others that could contain sensitive information not meant for public disclosure?
Graphic Files
Where are files being stored of the church's weekly bulletins, promotional materials, audio and video recordings of worship services and other events? Are they all backed up? What about electronic materials, stock photos, or line art that you have purchased?
Corporate and Government Documents
Where are the church's Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, bank records and financial reports, FEIN letter from the IRS, copies of state and federal employer tax returns, property records – deeds, tax bills, building permits? And what about other critical documents such as insurance policies, claim files, or contracts with vendors such as landscapers, custodians, and tradesmen? If digitized, are they properly and frequently backed up? If these are not all being stored in digital form, why not? Are physical copies at least being kept in fireproof cabinets?
Custom Programming
What files have been created and are routinely used by staff or volunteers? What would it take to recreate them from scratch – the time or money?
These examples are only the tip of the iceberg needing to be considered related to cybersecurity. Beyond simply identifying things at risk, churches should seriously consider steps to safeguard them. For more information contact California Southern Baptist Convention's human resources and church compliance specialist by emailing _EMAIL_ or calling _PHONE_.


Wednesday, May 16, 2012
DataPower: Flushing Stylesheet Cache.
Summary: Why aren't my changes to the stylesheets being picked up by DataPower? Learn about the stylesheet cache in DataPower and what you should do to refresh the cache.
DataPower appliances maintain a cache of the stylesheets that are being used on the appliance for performance reasons. "Although the cache is configurable, disabling the cache might degrade performance. DataPower caches compiled stylesheets and if the cache is disabled the stylesheets will have to be compiled every time they are used." - [1]
Ever get into a situation where you have made a change on an imported/included stylesheet on DataPower and when the stylesheet was run, you did not see the changes you made being reflected in the results?
The reason is that DataPower fetches all the content from top level stylesheet with any imported and included stylesheets and after compilation stores it in the cache as one single compiled stylesheet. If you make changes to one of the imported/included stylesheets, DataPower does not detect the change and the recompilation and refreshing the same in the cache is not triggered.
In such scenarios, for the changes to be reflected, you could do two things
 1. You could flush the stylesheet cache. One way of doing this would be to use the WebGUI administrative interface. In the GUI select objects/XML Processing/XML Manager. Select the respective xml manager and to the top right corner you should see option called "Flush Stylesheet Cache".
 2. DataPower: Flush Stylesheet Cache
 3. You could introduce an empty line in the top level xslt and save it. This will trigger recompilation of that top level stylesheet effectively recompiling the imported/included stylesheets also.
 "At compile time all imported and included stylesheets are fetched and the complete compiled top level stylesheet is then cached. You can't see the imports and includes but they are all there under the top stylesheet." – [2]
"Disabling the cache can be performance concern and might not be your goal. When style sheets are not cached, an XSLT compilation is run on every single transaction.
If you need to disable stylesheet caching, create a separate XML Manager for the particular service wherestylesheet caching is not required.
Do not disable stylesheet caching for a widely used XML Manager. For example, do not disable caching on the default XML Manager." – [1]


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Vätti is a district of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located to the north of the city centre. The area consists mostly of parkland, but there is also a high-density residential area in the district as well as some low-density developments. There is also an old people's home in Vätti.
The current population of Vätti is 2,990, and it is decreasing at an annual rate of 0.07%. 11.30% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 30.60% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 95.45% Finnish, 2.37% Swedish, and 2.17% other.
Vatti may refer to:
- Vätti, a district of the city of Turku, in Finland.
- Vatti clipping algorithm, a computer graphics algorithm used in clipping arbitrary polygons


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Apollo Next Giant Leap Student Challenge — Win a Trip to NASA
To celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the Apollo 11 moon landing and to prepare for the next giant leap, NASA's Northwest Earth and Space Sciences Pipeline (NESSP) invites students to enter the Apollo Next Giant Leap Student Challenge — the ANGLeS Challenge. The event challenges student teams to recreate the Apollo 11 moon landing using a drone and a LEGO Mindstorm robot.
The top team at each regional challenge hub will earn the grand prize of a trip to Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas!
INFORMATION HERE: _URL_
SEATTLE TIMES STORY: _URL_


text: Lists. Quasar Lists are used to display rows of information, such as a contact list, a playlist, or menu. Each row is called an item. Items can also be used outside. This is a list of quasars. Proper naming of quasars are by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx ±yy using B coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J coordinates. List of quasars · List of named quasars · List of multiply imaged quasars. This table contains the Million Quasars (MILLIQUAS) Catalog, Version b (30 July ). It is a.. b 30Jul16 See list of changes above.


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Mumbai: A study by the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay has recommended drainage systems and groundwater holding ponds as measures to prevent flooding. Flood vulnerability and mitigation assessment conducted in Dadar, Lower Parel and Kurla region aimed at understanding ways to prevent flooding of railway tracks during monsoon.
IIT Bombay carried out the study after the Mumbai Rail Vikas Corporation (MRVC) approached the mitigation assessment to establish future mitigation measures for the flooding of railway tracks during the monsoon, thereby shutting down local rail services.
The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has been asked to provide a sewerage system to transport sewage from the basins so that sewage does not flow into the sewers.
The IIT-Bombay report summarizes, "The latest data on population, topography, existing drainage and available data is needed to provide the drainage system. There is no such data available for the present study.
Furthermore, the report suggests an additional holding pond to prevent water from flowing into the basin between Dadar and Parel.
"In its current form, the holding pond and pumping station system supplies only about 10 percent of the watershed contributing to the flooding of Dadar and Parel. Flooding from the Dadar Hindmata area caused flooding in the railway premises. The underground holding pool in the stadium is recommended as a permanent holding pool, "the report said.
The report also suggests additional railway side drains along the rails in Kurla, installation of latest rain gauges, widening of existing drains and construction of new drains to prevent flooding on railway rails.
In 2021, local rail services will be shut down for 15 hours in June on the central rail network.


Polyphase Systems 1 - Study Guide
Polyphase Systems 1 explains what polyphase systems are, and differences between wye and delta systems. Illustrates various transformer bank connections using phasor diagrams. Shows examples of polyphase transformer banks and their external connections.
5-1/2" x 8-1/2" 20 pages By Alexander Publications
Item Code: PP1-STU
$ 15.00


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The paper presents the results of an in-vivo study of lymphedema tissue by optical coherent elastography in small animals. A lower limb lymphedema model in Wistar rats by lymph node resection was created. This article describes the application of the method of optical coherent elastography as a tool for in-vivo study of a model of lower limb lymphedema in small laboratory animals. Studies have shown that with the development of lymphedema, elastic properties change significantly.
A model of lymphedema in laboratory animals was realized and analyzed with multiphoton microscopy (MPM). Computer vision methods were used to describe the textures of lymphedema tissue MPM images, then informative features of the fibrosis development were extracted. Besides, the ratios of the autofluorescence lifetime to the second harmonic signal were estimated.
Methods of two-photon microscopy are widely used in the study of biological objects, in particular, skin, due to the possibility to study objects both on the surface and at depth without attracting additional fluorophores due to endogenous autofluorescence. In this paper, the methods of image analysis of the AF signal and SHG signal are applied to assess the condition of the skin during the development of lymphedema. It is shown that for groups of healthy tissue and lymphedematous using SAAID distribution histograms, changes in tissues can be detected.
A model of lymphedema was developed using laboratory animals. During lymphatic edema enhancement, a study was made of changes in the structure of biological tissues by interference optical methods in the near infrared region of the spectrum. Statistical methods were applied for describing textures of the experimental images of the affected tissues, informative features of the dynamics of fibrosis development were identified.
Last years the development of computer-aided diagnostic systems for medical image analysis has become a hot topic. A key step is connected with informative features extraction. Here, we discussed multiphoton microscopy and optical coherent tomography lymphedema tissue images analysis using gradient processing methods.


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A gathering of leaders from Insight Meditation centers and groups
to cultivate the seed of Insight in the West
The InterSangha meeting began in 2009 as a gathering for leaders from California groups, but quickly expanded to include all of North America in 2010. Now the meeting is organized by the Buddhist Insight Network and regularly attracts 60 or more leaders from several dozen groups.
The overarching purpose is to create community and generate collective wisdom around developing our Insight sanghas and the Insight Meditation Movement as a whole. Through these meetings, we are forming a network of support – a "sangha of sanghas."
Participants have the opportunity to:
- Practice and share dialogue with other leaders in the Insight Meditation Movement
- Learn what other groups around North America, and beyond, are doing
- Share what their own group is doing
- Gain practical tools to serve their communities
- Meet people, make friends, and find inspiration
- Help envision the emerging role of the Insight Community in wider society
InterSangha occurs in a field of generosity. The meeting is offered freely. A volunteer cooking team supplies meals each day, and attendees themselves wash dishes and help clean the center. All of this group effort makes for a stronger sense of community, allowing our work together to unfold beautifully. Please see also the pages for individual meetings:


advisor Prof. J.H.J. van Vuren and Prof. H.H. du Preez author Janse van Rensburg, Darelle Tania 2012-09-06T12:31:33Z 2012-09-06T12:31:33Z 2012-09-06 1997 M.Sc. This project considers the feasibility of using heated cooling water from coal-fired power stations within Eskom for the culturing of C/arias gariepinus (Sharptooth catfish) and Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique tilapia). The work includes: an overview of world wide trends in power plant thermal effluent aquaculture, the identification of suitable power stations for aquaculture, long term monitoring of the physical and chemical characteristics of the cooling water at selected power stations, including the effects of the cooling water on the growth response, food conversion, condition factor, survival rate and suitability for human consumption of the aforementioned fish species reared in the cooling water at Matla and Kriel Power Stations. en Coal-fired power plants. Clarias gariepinus. Catfishes - Breeding - Research. Mozambique tilapia. Aquacultural use of heated effluents from coal-fired power stations : a feasibility study Thesis


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Reflexology infertility in the Press
Reflexology for Infertility, can it help?
This article in the media looks at whether reflexology for infertility can make a difference.
Doctors told this couple that she had a hormone problem. They said fertility treatment would be a waste of time. After trying reflexology her hormone levels returned to normal.
She soon became pregnant and gave birth to second son.
Can Reflexology help overcome infertility?
You may also be interested in this post, by the BBC. Written by Jane Holt who has been practising reflexology for 17 years, and is trained as a nurse.
She discusses the effects of reflexology for fertility on couples with infertility problems.
"Patients can report feeling 100% more positive, relaxed, sleep better have improved sex drive, more regular cycles, better flow, less pain and a percentage of women have successfully conceived within a course of treatment."
"For many women the stress and anxiety attached to failing to conceive can be overwhelming and the treatment can help them fell more positive, relaxed and deal with their fertility issues in a more positive manner."
If you would like more information on how Reflexology for Fertility can help you relax, rebalance and help maximise your chances of conception, please contact me.
I would love to hear from you.


text:
- Article Type: General
- Product: Aleph
- Product Version: 19.01
X SERVICE: ILL-BOR-AUTH does not work when verification and user ID contain both ampersand and dot. If only one is present, it works, if both are present, error message is generated.
Error in Verification is received
Should authenticate the user with ampersand and dot in user ID and verification
The problem here is not the combination of the characters "@" and ".". The problem is the length of the verification. In the example - _EMAIL_, the verification is too long for the encryption. Although the string is shorter than 20 characters, the encryption of this string that includes the "@" and "." is more than 20 bytes long and this is why it fails.
Instead of the example :
we tried :
which was successful as the string is short. This is system limitation which cannot be changed.
- Article last edited: 10/8/2013


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Engineering Hub presenting Basic Civil Engineering App for civil engineers. This is a free app comes with all basic information related to civil engineering.
The app is very useful for beginners and students.Engineering Hub presenting Basic Civil Engineering App for civil engineers. This is a free app comes with all basic information related to civil engineering. The app is very useful for beginners and students.
Chapter 1 Engineering Materials
1. Stones 2. Bricks 3. Cement 4. Lime 5. Timber 6. Timber Testing 7. Concrete 8. concrete testing
Chapter 2 Building construction
1. Elements of Building Construction 2. Foundations conventional spread footings 3. RCC footings 4. brick masonry walls 5. POINTING AND PLASTERING 6. floors and their types 7. Roofs 8. Doors and Window9. lintels
Chapter 3 Surveying & Positioning
1. Surveying 2. surveying instrument 3. Leveling 4. thedolites 5. plane tables procedure 6. Electronic surveying instruments 7. TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS – DIRECT LEVELLING 8. Making topographical radiating surveys 9. Making topographical surveys with non-sighting levels 10. Longitudinal profile levelling by traversing 11. contour 12. Reciprocal leveling
Chapter 4 Mapping & Sensing
1. maps details and contour 2. Prismatic compass survey 3. Dumpy level 4. measurement of areas 5. measurement of areas 6. Using a base line to subdivide land areas
Download Basic Civil Engineering App for Free at:


Home arrow News & Pics arrow Killerglass FAQ's arrow What is Killerglass?
What is Killerglass? Print

 What is Killerglass (borosillicate) Glass?
Thanks to a railroad glass scientist needing to create a lantern that got hot but did not shatter when rain or snow got on it we now have pyres glass. The word Pyrex comes from the Greek Word pyro or fire, and Ex which refers to the type of glass. It does not expand or change shape when heated. This may be why Pyrex glass in the 1960s and '70s was used in the windows of the Apollo and Gemini spacecraft.
Composition of Pyrex Glass:
 Density (g/cm3) = 2.23000E+00 Mean Excitation Energy (eV) = 134.000000
Properties Of Borosilicate (PYREX 7740) Glass Chemical Resistance Borosilicate glass is inert to almost all materials with the exception of hydrofluoric acid, hot phosphoric acid and hot alkalies. Of these, hydrofluoric acid has the most serious effect and, even when a solution contains a few parts per million, attack will occur. Phosphoric acid and caustic solutions cause no problems when cold but at elevated temperatures corrosion occurs. Caustic solutions up to 30% concentration can be handled safely at ambient temperatures. Physical Properties: Composition Low-expansion borosilicate glass has the following approximate chemical composition:
SiO2 81%
Na2O 4.0%
K2O 0.5 B2O3 13.0%
Al2O3 2.0%
For further details please refer to ASTM E 438, "Standard Specification for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus." Linear Coefficient of Expansion: Between 32°F and 572°F [0°C and 300°C], per ASTM Method E 228) 18.1 x 10-7 in/in/7°F 32.5x10-7 cm/cm/°C Annealing: All fittings and all straight lengths are annealed to reduce internal stress. This also makes the pipe easier to field fabricate. Thermal Conductivity: 0.73 Btu/hr-ft2-°F/ft 0.0035 cal/sec-cm2-°C/cm Specific Heat: 0.20 Btu/lb-°F 0.20 cal/gm-°C Dialectric Constant: at 23°C and 1M Hz per ASTM Method D 150: 4.6 ±-0.2 Density: Approximately 139 lb/ft3 (2.23 gm/cm3) Young's Modulus: per ASTM Method C215: in the range of 9 x 106 to 10 x 106 psi. Mechanical Strength: The mechanical properties of glass differ from those of metals. The lack of ductility of glass prevents the equalization of stresses at local irregularities or flaws and the breaking strength varies considerably about a mean value. This latter is commonly found to occur at a tensile strength of about 70 kg/cm2 (1000 psi). The glass should be adequately supported and appropriate allowance should be made for special conditions such as high temperatures, dense liquids, etc. Subject to the above, maximum working pressures are as specified in the following table. Working Temperatures Borosilicate glass retains its mechanical strength and will deform only at temperatures which approach its strain point. The practical upper limit for operating temperatures Is much lower and is controlled by the temperature ditterentials in the glass, which depend on the relative temperatures of the contents of the equipment and the external surroundings. Provided borosilicate glass is not subjected to rapid change in temperature, creating undue thermal shock, it can be operated safely at temperatures up to 450°F (232°C). The normal limiting factor is actually the gasket material. The degree of thermal shock (usually defined as sudden chilling) which it can withstand depends on many factors, for example: stresses due to operating conditions; stresses imposed in supporting the equipment; the wall thickness of the glass, etc. It is therefore undesirable to give an overall figure but, as a general guide, sudden temperature changes of up to about 216°F (120°C) can be accommodated At sub-zero temperatures, the tensile strength of borosilicate glass tends to increase and equipment can be used with safety at cryogenic temperatures.
Chemical Hardening
Killerglass is chemical hardened by our three step hardening process to increase the impact resistance of the borosilicate glass 300-400%
Making this the ideal product for severe duty applications.

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Panoramic photography is now more and more used, it can become an important part of VR technology, 360° imaging and fish-eye wide angle photography. But in the studio or indoor environment, how to give panoramic photography lighting is a difficult thing, so we need a small, can spread the light source very well. This paper designs a light distribution method based on aspheric lens for photography light source, which can spread the LED light source in a compact space. Because the size of the lamp is very small, it can be hidden in the scene of panoramic photography. In the process of photography and imaging, it does not enter the image picture or produce noise light. This light setup can diffuse rays very wide angle, which can be used in panoramic image or ordinary indoor photography.
In this paper, we discussed the quality of image and the difficulty of the two models, multi-projector panorama system and fish-eye-projector system, according to principles and experimental operations. The multi-projector stitching model mainly analyzes simplified operations and the cooperation of softwares and hardwares in the course of the projection and optimization. Based on fish-eye-lens, we also designd a fish-eye-projector made of fish-eys-lens and ordinary projector to analyze the quality of lens from the perspective of a normal user.
With the development of specific light environment design, people are no longer satisfied with the simple lighting needs of the light source in the traditional sense, and begin to pursue ideal vision in complex light environments. The creation of shadowless spaces has been widely used in various fields, such as medical treatment, photography, dynamic capture, etc. While enjoying the convenience brought by the shadowless space, people are also exploring the most optimized shadowless space design. This article proposes two design methods to achieve shadowless space. One is based on the design concept of traditional shadowless lamps. Light is evenly irradiated to the target object from different directions. By setting the number and position of the light source in the space, shadowless areas are produced within. The second is based on the semi-light principle in the integrating sphere to realize the shadowless space. The reflectivity of the inner surface of the spherical cavity is extremely high. The light emitted by the light source is reflected by the spherical cavity multiple times, and finally evolved into uniform illumination in the space. Diffuse reflection reaches the shadowless space. Based on these two ideas, we proposed two optical design systems and simulated these two systems with Tracepro.
Due to the development of 4K, 8K imaging technology, people have higher and higher requirements on the resolution and image quality of the picture. Demand for ultra-high definition video is increasing. However, there are still few lenses that can be used for 4k and 8k cameras, so the lens design requirements for ultra-high definition cameras for 4K and 8K shooting are increasing. This article focuses on the full-frame cameras. According to the existing ultra-high-definition lens, at first, the design requirements of the lens for the 4K camera are proposed, and then a high-resolution lens with a simple setup and a great imaging effect is designed. A lens system for ultra-high definition cameras was designed by using ZEMAX. The main optical parameters are: lens focal length is 50mm, aperture value F is 3.0, field of view angle is 46.8°, lens length is 69.29mm.The Sony IMX410CQK model image sensor is used.The design results show that the absolute value of the maximum distortion of the lens is less than 2%, the maximum field curvature is less than 0.2mm, and the MTF (modulation transfer function) of 40lp/mm within the 0.7 field of view is greater than 0.6, and the MTF at 80lp/mm is greater than 0.3. The lens consists of infrared filter, aspherical lens and ordinary lenses. The optical setup is compact and easy to process.
Based on the panoramic annular lens proposed by Professor Greguss, a new design of cemented compact two channel panoramic annular is introduced. The system consists of a triplet PAL, aperture stop and relay lens group. The triplet PAL have two field of views channels, 360°×60-99°and 360°×94-120°. The cemented surfaces are not only helpful to improve the freedom of design, but also correct the chromatic aberration.
At present, LED is widely used as an illumination source. Because its spatial intensity is similar to lambertin distribution, the divergence angle of the beam is large, so that the light intensity of the LED source is rapidly attenuated as the propagation distance increases. Increasing the power of the LED light source will cause many LEDs to be packaged into a larger area chip, so that it is difficult to solve the beam uniformization and the collimated light by using a general collimating optical lens. In this paper, a collimated light system based on LED light source array is designed, which can produce a beam of collimated light from the high-power large-area LED, and low chromatic aberration occurs in the optical system. Such a light source optical system can be used as a super power parallel light source of many optical instruments such as an LED light source projector, a high power spotlight, a photographic illumination light source and the like. In the paper, optical design software zemax is used to optimize and design the optical lenses.
Currently LED as a light source is more and more widely applied, this paper presents an optical system design for LED source array base on a Fresnel lens array on a circular disc and a pair of circular mirrors that can compose of LED light together, forming a small area in the high luminance light source optical system can form a high power source system, this system can solve the heat dissipation problem of LED, and then the beam array are uniform, with no color aberration generated by this optical system. Such light source optical system can be used as the LED light source projector, high power shooting lamp, photography light, and many optical instruments such as super power point light source. The use of optical design software to optimize the design and calculation of optical parameters of circular and spherical mirror, based on beam analysis, realize the ideal LED light source array of a general set of optical system structure, can be used to design the others array light source.
This paper designed a large fisheye conversion lens work for digital projector, the lens work in many applications where users simply want to project a very wide angle onto the screen, such as simulation, immersive environments, and amusement parks. This lens can be applied to most of the current commercial projectors, and the projection ratio of the current commercial projector can reach 0.6 to 0.8: 1, the optical aperture is larger than the diameter of 220mm.
For LED light sources, attaching an optical system for light distribution is of great significance. The uneven illumination intensity at observe plane generated by the LED can't reach the required degree everywhere. In order to achieve that, can only increase the overall power, which is a waste of resources. This paper designed an optical system to achieve rectangular uniform illumination. The relationship between the coordinates of freeform surface and the coordinate points of the target surface was established, and the differential equations that the free surface should satisfy were deduced, and got its numerical solution. Freeform lens is modeled and ray-traced. After analyzing the simulation results, the optical system basically achieves uniform rectangular lighting effects.
This paper described implementing the shadowless space by two kinds of methods. The first method will implement the shadowless space utilizing the semblable principles used in the integrating sphere. The rays from a built in light source will eventually evolve into a uniform lighting through diffuse reflections for numerous times, consider that the spherical cavity structure and the inner surface with high reflectivity. There is possibility to create a shadowless space through diffuse reflections. At a 27.4m2 area, illuminance uniformity achieved 88.2% in this model. The other method is analogous with the method used in medical shadowless lamps. Lights will fall on the object in different angles and each light will generate a shadow. By changing the position distribution of multiple lights, increasing the number of light sources, the possibility of obtaining shadowless area will gradually increase. Based on these two approaches, two simple models are proposed showing the optical system designed for the shadowless space. By taking simulation software TracePro as design platform, this paper simulated the two systems.
Panoramic imaging has been closely watched as one of the major technologies of AR and VR. Mainstream panoramic imaging techniques lenses include fish-eye lenses, image splicing, and catadioptric imaging system. Meanwhile, fish-eyes are widely used in the big picture video surveillance. The advantage of fish-eye lenses is that they are easy to operate and cost less, but how to solve the image distortion of fish-eye lenses has always been a very important topic. In this paper, the image calibration algorithm of fish-eye lens is studied by comparing the method of interpolation, bilinear interpolation and double three interpolation, which are used to optimize the images.
The structure of main lens - Micro Lens Array (MLA) - imaging sensor is usually adopted in optical system of light field camera, and the MLA is the most important part in the optical system, which has the function of collecting and recording the amplitude and phase information of the field light. In this paper, a novel optical system structure


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Thermal Cycler Temperature Accuracy – A Comparison of Different Models
Application Note Nov 14, 2018
Thermal cycler temperature accuracy may be a critical factor in the success or failure of a PCR reaction. Temperature accuracy is particularly important during annealing temperature optimization, which requires both accuracy and consistency in the thermal cycler.
Download this application note to learn about:
- Thermal cycler temperature performance across different models
- Thermal cycler temperature performance against manufacturers' published specifications
- Temperature accuracy measurements in isothermal, VeriFlex™, and gradient mode


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A common task when programming with GTViewer or GTVx is to get the Linkage off of an element (for more info on linkages, look here). For example, if an event were fired indicating that an element had been selected, you get the Category Id and the Element Offset of the selected element as parameters in the event. So, how do you get the Linkage stored on the element so that you can lookup database information? It turns out that there are several ways to do this, but I am going to provide a generic approach that should work for most cases.
It turns out that there is a method provided by both GTViewer and GTVx to retrieve the linkage from an element. It is aptly named GetElementLinkage; however, it returns an array of linkage values (since GTViewer data can have 1 to 7 linkage values per element). Most datasets use a 1 or 2 key linkage system and it sometimes, so it sometimes seems cumbersome to deal with an array when you know you will always be getting one or two linkage values. It is pretty easy to write a function in VB to just return you the one key or two keys without having to deal with the array. The example below is for 2 keys, but it should be obvious how to downgrade this code to a 1 key version.
Function GetElementLinkage(ByVal categoryId As Long, _
ByVal offset As Long, _
dataId As Long, _
key1 As Long, key2 As Long) As Boolean
' This function will get the linkage off of the element specified by its
' categoryId and offset. The dataId, key1, and key2 values will be populated.
' If the element contains only a 1 key linkage, key2 will be 0.
' The function returns True if a linkage was found and False otherwise.
GetElementLinkage = False
Dim linkageList As Variant
Dim linkCount As Long
key1 = 0
key2 = 0
If docObj.GetElementLinkage(categoryId, offset, linkageList, linkCount) Then
dataId = docObj.GetDataId(categoryId)
If linkCount > 0 Then
key1 = linkageList(0)
If linkCount > 1 Then
key2 = linkageList(1)
GetElementLinkage = True
The function above is for GTViewer, but it is very easy to use it with GTVx as well. You can either change the docObj reference to a GTVx1 (or whatever variable name you assigned to the control) or you can add something like the following to your code and use the same code for both GTViewer and GTVX. Write your code for GTViewer making sure to use the correct object when calling the methods (appObj, docObj, or viewObj). For GTVx, just define variables like the ones below in your general section:
Dim appObj As GTVx
Dim docObj As GTVx
Dim viewObj As GTVx
And somewhere in your code, assign the object variables to the GTVx control (Form_Load is a good place to do this):
Private Sub Form_Load()
Set appObj = GTVX1
Set docObj = GTVX1
Set viewObj = GTVX1
That is all you have to do. The function is provided in an appendix to the GTVx.doc file. There are other useful code snippets in this document as well.


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In celebration of FINLAND's 100th year celebration, Ageing Asia will be leading a study programme to Finland on 17-20 October. During this 'Future of Commmunity Health Finland' trip, we will be taking you on an insightful journey to experience Finland's best on transitional care from hospital to home, active ageing, chronic disease management, rehabilitation and elderly housing & care services.
Finland's globally acclaimed disease prevention and health promotion activities have led to a rise in life expectancy rates, especially over the last few decades. Combined with rapid access to life-saving care for cancer and acute cardiovascular diseases, these outreach policies have helped to ensure that Finnish people live longer. In particular, the success of the Finnish healthcare and long term care model lies in active ageing, preventive care and integration between healthcare and eldercare. The programme will focus on the future of care to support ageing-in-place, smart health technologies, role of municipalities and facility innovations.
WHY JOIN US?
- State of the art healthcare, elderly care & rehab
- Engage with key industry stakeholders across business, government and not-for-profits
- Visit at least 2 municipalities as case-studies
- Understand the full spectrum of healthcare and eldercare services that enable successful ageing-in-place and transitions from hospital to community
- Integrations of technologies and services that improve quality of patient life
- What can we adapt for Asia Pacific
- And more...
WHO SHOULD ATTEND?
- Senior Management Team
- Operations Team
- Healthcare Groups
- Retirement Villages & Nursing Homes
- Home Care Providers
- Technology Providers


Infoscience
Conference paper
Liquid phase crystallized silicon on glass: Technology, material quality and back contacted heterojunction solar cells
Liquid phase crystallization has emerged as a novel approach to grow large grained polycrystalline silicon films on glass with high electronic quality. In recent years a lot of effort was conducted by different groups to determine and optimize suitable interlayer materials, enhance the crystallographic quality or to improve post crystallization treatments. In this paper, we give an overview on liquid phase crystallization and describe the necessary process steps and discuss their influence on the absorber properties. Available line sources are compared and different interlayer configurations are presented. Furthermore, we present one-dimensional numerical simulations of a rear junction device, considering silicon absorber thicknesses between 1 and 500 mu m. We vary the front surface recombination velocity as well as doping density and minority carrier lifetime in the absorber. The simulations suggest that a higher absorber doping density is beneficial for layer thicknesses below 20 mu m or when the minority carrier lifetime is short. Finally, we discuss possible routes for device optimization and propose a hybride cell structure to circumvent current limitations in device design. (C) 2016 The Japan Society of Applied Physics
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Thin Polyaniline Films In EMI Shielding
Published 1997 · Materials Science
Reduce the time it takes to create your bibliography by a factor of 10 by using the world's favourite reference manager
Time to take this seriously.
Abstract Electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency has been measured for highly electrically conducting Polyaniline-Camphor Sulfonic Acid. The polymer is spin coated from m-cresol solution on an electrically insulating substrate as a 1–30 μm thick layer having a conductivity of 10–100 S/cm. The shielding efficiencies (SE) for these electrically thin polyaniline films have been measured in the near-field with a dual-chamber box and in the far-field with a transmission line method in the frequency range 0.1–1000 MHz. The measurements show that SE depends primarily on the surface resistance both in the far-field and the near-field. An additional effect >10 dB is seen when the two layer structure is measured in the near field. By using layer structures, the SE is >40 dB up to ca. 100 MHz in the near-field and 39 dB at 1 GHz in the far-field.


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ST. JOHN'S, N.L. - Genetic tests confirm that a large canine shot on Newfoundland's Bonavista Peninsula in March was a wolf that probably made it to the island on ice, provincial officials said Friday.
The province's Environment Department said DNA testing carried out by Memorial University and the University of Idaho has verified that the 37-kilogram animal was a Labrador wolf.
Wolves became extinct on the island around 1930. They have been known to occasionally arrive from Labrador, though there is no evidence of a breeding population.
"We can only speculate on how this wolf arrived on the island of Newfoundland, but most likely it travelled from Labrador on sea ice to the island," Environment Minister Terry French said in a statement.
"Wolves are known to travel long distances and with the number of polar bears coming ashore in Newfoundland this spring, sea ice was plentiful enough to provide a travel route for a Labrador wolf."
Earlier this month, genetic testing confirmed that an animal shot in April in northern New Brunswick was a wolf, marking the first confirmed wolf sighting in that province in 150 years.
Officials said that animal could have arrived on an ice floe or was someone's illegal pet.


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NCPD Executive Director Janice Benton presenting a workshop during the World Meeting of Families in Philadelphia.
"Countless parishes embrace and celebrate the inherent dignity and worth of every person. Such communities foster the growth in faith of all parishioners, including those with disabilities, calling forth their gifts in service and meaningful participation. Yet they still encounter fear, ignorance, and rejection all too often. This workshop explores these conflicting realities and the ways in which families and parish communities can be sources of mercy, safety, friendship, and support for one another."
See video below.


text:
A worker separates coffee cherries during harvest at a plantation in Brazil's Minas Gerais state. Brazil's coffee exports fell to 2.6 million bags in June, a 12 percent drop from a year ago, according to a report last week by Cecafe, the country's coffee export council.
Patricia Monteiro/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Jay Ruskey grows coffee next to avocados on his farm, Good Land Organics, in Goleta, Calif. The two crops are often grown together in Central America, partly because they can share fertilizer and water.
A Haitian woman holds cherries from a coffee tree. Haiti's coffee trade was once a flourishing industry, but it has been crippled by decades of deforestation, political chaos and now, climate change.
Patrick Farrell/MCT /Landov


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A tomb is defined as a final resting place for the dead. The empty tomb is frequently associated with Jesus' resurrection at Easter. Because of its religious significance, the empty tomb can be used as an Easter religious decoration template. Today we will make an Easter card using an empty tomb template. The template can be used in a variety of ways. It can be done with a printable template, cut and stick, beads, buttons, or a stained glass pattern. Let's get this party started!
First, let's look at the printable template. Prepare the materials, which include an empty tomb printable template, white paper for the background, glue, scissors, and a coloring pen. First and foremost, print and color your template. Then cut it along the template line. Then, place your colored template on the white paper. Then, inside the card, write your Easter greeting. The next step is to cut and stick. Prepare a colored printable Easter template, glue, colored paper, and scissors at this time. The Easter template must be cut and firmly attached to the white paper background. Write your Easter messages on your card and fold them.
The third is an Easter card craft made with beads. In this method, you can start with an empty tomb template and then stick the beads as shown. To make it look more unique, use small beads. The fourth step is the same as when using beads for the button. To make it more artistic, you can use any size of buttons in this case. Last but not least, a stained glass pattern. You will need an Easter tomb stained glass pattern template, colored toilet paper, glue, and scissors to make this stained glass pattern card.
First and foremost, print your empty tomb template. Make certain that you print on white solid paper. Make a card-sized template out of the template. Following that, you can begin gluing the toilet paper in the stained glass pattern. Let's experiment! Make your Easter card stand out by using a variety of colors. Finally, write your message on the card. These are the steps for making an Easter card with an empty tomb template that does not require any drawing. Have fun with your crafting!
Easter is celebrated as a religious holiday in the modern era. Easter cards, chocolate, and candies are usually in high sales. These items can be used as Easter treats. In addition, some families around the world serve traditional foods to celebrate the Easter holiday. The hot cross bun is a dish that has been around for centuries. In terms of history, Queen Elisabet I decreed that hot cross buns could only be eaten during Easter, Christmas, and burials. The following traditional dish is roast leg of lamb, which is traditionally prepared on Easter Sunday.
This dish is also featured on the Jewish Passover menu during Easter. The third menu item is a Simnel cake from the United Kingdom. This sweet and fruity cake is commonly served as an Easter dessert. The final dish is Tortilla Pasqualino from Argentina, also known as the Easter breakfast menu. Aside from these menus, there are numerous traditional Easter menus available. Go ahead and set a challenge for yourself to make one of them!
Easter is an important holiday for Christians to observe. During Easter, they usually adhere to religious traditions that have been in place since the previous century. Here are a few Christian Easter customs. Palm Sunday is a tradition that commemorates Jesus' Triumphal Entry into Jerusalem. Lent is a pre-Easter tradition that involves "giving up" something in order to get closer to God and also as a preparation for Easter Sunday. The next tradition is putting ashes on one's forehead on Ash Wednesday (the first day of Easter). Participants will be invited to have ashes of palm fronds positioned on their foreheads as a symbol of repentance and death during the service.
Passion play is the fourth tradition. A passion play is a theatrical depiction of Jesus' crucifixion, death, and resurrection. Then there's the Salubong tradition, which is typically practiced in the Philippines. It is customary to take part in a pre-dawn Easter Sunday procession and celebration known as Salubong. It represents the reunification of the bereaved Mary with her son as she discovers Jesus has been resurrected.
The church bell, which usually rang every day, was deafeningly quiet. This custom is still practiced in France. The cross is then stationed. Christian faiths encourage praying and meditating in front of a series of images depicting different stages of Jesus' journey to the crucifixion and resurrection. The final service is a sunrise service, which is usually held outside on Easter Sunday. These are the Christian religious traditions for Easter. In addition, they celebrate the Easter holiday with fun activities such as decorating an Easter tree, Easter egg hunting, Easter treats, and many others.


East Asia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see East Asia (disambiguation).
East Asia
Location of East Asia
States and territories
Capital cities
Major cities
Area[note 1]
 - Total 11,839,074 km2 (4,571,092 sq mi)
Population [note 2]
 - Total 1,601,709,712
 - Density 140/km2 (350/sq mi)
Time zone
 - UTC +7:00 (Western Mongolia)
 - UTC +8:00 (Rest of Mongolia, China, Taiwan, Macau and Hong Kong)
 - UTC +8:30 (North Korea)
 - UTC +9:00 (Japan and South Korea)
Languages and language families
East Asia
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese 东亚/东亚细亚
Traditional Chinese 東亞/東亞細亞
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet Đông Á
Korean name
Hangul 동아시아/동아세아/동아
Hanja 東아시아/東亞細亞/東亞
Mongolian name
Mongolian Зүүн Ази
ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠠᠽᠢ
Japanese name
Kanji 東亜細亜（東アジア）/東亜
Kana ひがしアジア/とうあ
Kyūjitai 東亞細亞/東亞
Russian name
Russian Восточная Азия
Romanization Vostochnaja Azija
East Asia is the eastern subregion of the Asian continent, which can be defined in either geographical[1] or ethno-cultural[2] terms. Geographically and geopolitically, it covers about 12,000,000 km2 (4,600,000 sq mi), or about 28% of the Asian continent, about 15% bigger than the area of Europe.
More than 1.5 billion people, about 38% of the population of Asia and 22% or over one fifth of all the people in the world, live in East Asia. Although the coastal and rivery areas of the region form one of the world's most populated places, the population in Mongolia and Western China, both landlocked areas, is very sparsely distributed, with Mongolia having the lowest population density of a sovereign state. The overall population density of the region is 133 inhabitants per square kilometre (340/sq mi), about three times the world average of 45/km2 (120/sq mi).
Historically, societies in East Asia have been part of the Chinese cultural sphere, and East Asian vocabulary and scripts are often derived from Classical Chinese and Chinese script. Major religions include Buddhism (mostly Mahayana), Confucianism or Neo-Confucianism, Taoism, Chinese folk religion in China and Taiwan, Shinto in Japan, Shamanism and Christianity in Korea. Shamanism is also prevalent in Mongolia and other indigenous populations of northern East Asia.[3][4] The Chinese Calendar is the root from which many other East Asian calendars are derived.
Main article: History of East Asia
Chinese Dynasties dominated the region in matters of culture, trade, and exploration as well as militarily for a very long time. There are records of tributes sent overseas from the early kingdoms of Korea and Japan. There were also considerable levels of cultural and religious exchange between the Chinese and other regional Dynasties and Kingdoms.
As connections began to strengthen with the Western world, China's power began to diminish. Around the same time, Japan solidified itself as a nation state. Throughout WWII, Korea, Republic of China, northeastern and eastern part of China, and Vietnam all fell under Japanese control. Following Japan's defeat in the war, the Korean peninsula became independent, while Taiwan returned to be part of the Republic of China after the WWII.
United Nations Statistics Division[edit]
East Asia map of Köppen climate classification.
UNSD geoscheme for Asia based on statistic convenience rather than implying any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories:[5]
 East Asia
The UNSD definition of East Asia is based on statistical convenience,[5] but also other common definitions of East Asia contain the entirety of China (including Hong Kong and Macau), Republic of China, Mongolia, Japan, North Korea and South Korea.[note 3][1][6]
Culturally, China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam are commonly seen as being encompassed by cultural East Asia (East Asian cultural sphere).[2][7][8][9]
Alternative definitions[edit]
There are mixed debates around the world whether these countries or regions should be considered in East Asia or not.
In business and economics, "East Asia" has sometimes been used to refer to a wide geographical area covering ten Southeast Asian countries in ASEAN, People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Japan and South Korea.[note 3] However, in this context, the term "Far East" is often more appropriate which covers ASEAN countries and the countries in East Asia. However, being a Eurocentric term, Far East describes the region's geographical position in relation to Europe rather than its location within Asia. Alternatively, the term "Asia Pacific Region" is often used in describing East Asia, Southeast Asia as well as Oceania.
Observers preferring a broader definition of "East Asia" often use the term Northeast Asia to refer to the greater China area, Taiwan, the Korean Peninsula, and Japan, with Southeast Asia covering the ten ASEAN countries. This usage, which is seen in economic and diplomatic discussions, is at odds with the historical meanings of both "East Asia" and "Northeast Asia".[10][11][12] The Council on Foreign Relations defines Northeast Asia as Japan and Korea.[13]
Territory and region data[edit]
Country or region Area km² Population Population density
per km²
HDI (2015) Capital
 China 9,640,011 1,373,000,000 138 0.727 Beijing
 Hong Kong 1,104 7,298,600 6,390 0.912 Hong Kong
 Japan 377,930 126,890,000 337 0.891 Tokyo
 Macau 30 642,900 18,662 0.892 Macau
 Mongolia 1,564,100 3,041,648 2 0.698 Ulaanbaatar
 North Korea 120,538 25,155,000 198 0.595 Pyongyang
 South Korea 100,210 51,482,816 500 0.898 Seoul
 Taiwan 36,188 23,468,748 639 0.884 Taipei
Main article: Economy of East Asia
The economy of East Asia is one of the most successful, developed and high-tech economies of the world, being home to some of the world's largest, most technologically advanced and most prosperous economies such as the industrialized developed countries of South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and Japan. While the military and economic superpower of China is projected to soon become the largest economy in the world surpassing the United States of America. Major positive factors have ranged from favorable political-legal environments for industry and commerce, through abundant natural resources of various kinds, to plentiful supplies of relatively low-cost, skilled and adaptable labor.[citation needed]
In modern societies, a high level of structural differentiation, functional specialization, and autonomy of the economic system from government is a major contributor to industrial-commercial growth and prosperity. Currently in East Asia, trading systems are relatively open; and zero or low duties on imports of consumer and capital goods etc. have considerably helped stimulate cost-efficiency and change. Free and flexible labor and other markets are other important factors making for high levels of business-economic performance. East Asian populations have demonstrated highly positive work ethics. There are relatively large and fast-growing markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds.[citation needed]
Country or region GDP nominal
millions of USD (2015)[14]
GDP nominal per capita
USD (2015)[14][15]
millions of USD (2015)[14]
GDP PPP per capita
USD (2015)[14]
 China 11,384,763 8,280 19,509,983 14,189
 Hong Kong 307,790 42,096 414,481 56,689
 Japan 4,116,242 32,480 4,842,395 38,210
 Macau 51,753 91,376 80,744 142,599
 Mongolia 12,409 4,179 36,429 12,268
 North Korea 11,516 583 40,000 1,800
 South Korea 1,392,952 27,512 1,849,398 36,528
 Taiwan 518,816 22,082 1,113,792 47,407
The culture of East Asia has been influenced by the civilisation of China. East Asia, as well as Vietnam, share a Confucian ethical philosophy, Buddhism, political and legal structures, and historically a common writing system.[16] The relationship between China and East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilisation on Europe.[16]
Major cities and towns[edit]
Main article: Cities of East Asia
Pass of the


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SUP Marker #118 in Hurricane. (Also located here is #101B)
Segments of the old Indian trails between St. George and Long Valley were used by Mormon pioneers to settle Long Valley in 1864 and for its resettlement in 1871 following Indian conflicts. This trail scaled the Hurricane Fault on the Johnson Twist. One segment went south from Virgin City and then east and the other went east to Rockville-Crafton and then south to Big Plains where they merged. The desert trail, about 85 miles long, traversed deep sand, sandstone ledges and lava faults and was the primary transportation route, including mail and heavy freight, for half a century. It took four days for loaded wagons drawn by horse or ox teams to travel the distance.
See other historic markers in the series on this page for SUP Markers.
Pingback: The Historic Hurricane Canal | JacobBarlow.com


text:
On Tuesday, January 15, 2013 at 1:30 p.m., the Black River Remedial Action Plan (RAP) Coordinating Committee is pleased to have Doug Inkley, senior wildlife biologist with the National Wildlife Federation (NWF) Headquarters in Reston, Virginia, present on "climate-smart" conservation and restoration. The presentation will be held in the Black River Room of Carlisle Reservation (12882 Diagonal Road, LaGrange, Ohio 44050). Mr. Inkely and the NWF have worked collaboratively with the City of Lorain and Coldwater Consulting, LLC on projects in the lower Black River. He stresses the importance of including climate change as a factor when planning conservation and restoration efforts.
What is "climate-smart?" It means taking climate change into consideration and understanding the effects climate can have on conservation and restoration. Climate change poses different challenges, such as the need to work in new places or protecting animals and plants that were not previously protected. There is a need to integrate the challenges of climate change into existing issues such as pollution and invasive species.
For more information on "climate-smart" conservation, click here.


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what is a .adu file?
Files stored in the ADU format are used by an application that can be added to word processing software or to text editing applications developed for Microsoft Windows-based systems. These ADU files are classified as data files because stored in a file with the .adu extension includes pieces of data which can be referenced by a word processing software or a text editor that has been added with the main application that is used to create, open and edit these ADU files. These ADU files are also called Addict user dictionary files due to the nature of the content of a file stored in the .adu format. The Addict software can be used to create, open and edit the content of an ADU file. Addictive Software developed the Addict software as an application which can be added to widely used word processing and text editing programs like Microsoft Word, Microsoft WordPad and Microsoft Notepad among others. This application can be installed by users of computers running on Microsoft Windows systems, so they can create and open these ADU files. The content of these ADU files include dictionary terms that can be referenced by the associated word processing or text editing software added with the Addict software, and this happens when the user accesses the grammar and spell checking features integrated into the word processing or text editor application. Files with the .adu extension are also used as reference data files when a user accesses the thesaurus features implemented into the associated word processing or text editor software.
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applications that open a .adu file
Addictive Software Addict
Addictive Software Addict
Addictive Software Addict is a suite of applications that is integrated with a set of features for implementing grammar and spell checking functionalities into C++Builder and Delphi programs. As of this writing, version 4.4 of Addict is the latest release from Addictive Software. This new version includes the implementation of better compatibility support for C++Builder XE2 and Delphi, simpler to operate configuration dialogues and spelling features through an improved UI (User Interface) and an updated database for phonetic suggestions among other functionalities. Unicode support for this program's dictionary feature has also been implemented into Addict v4.4. This version is also integrated with backwards compatibility support for previous releases of Addictive Software Addict. Users could also find it quicker and easier to access the integrated features of Addictive Software Addict through the new editing controls integrated into this program's UI.
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A Young Researcher Initiative for Open Dialogue on New Plant Breeding Techniques and the Policy Thereof
We are aiming to provide you with easily understandable information on Plant Breeding, and techniques and technologies used in this field
We are continuously hosting events to exchange perspectives on the future of agriculture, and what role technologies like genetic editing could and should play
The GeneSprout Initiative is an initiative led by young researchers. We are committed to increasing public engagement and awareness about New Plant Breeding Techniques. We aim to be a voice of young plant scientists in the policy-making process in Europe. We define ourselves as the following:
"A Young Researcher Initiative for Open Dialogue on New Plant Breeding Techniques and the Policy Thereof"
Follow us @ Instagram
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text:
What is the Three Sisters Planting Method? The Three Sisters Planting Method is an ancient practice dating back to almost three hundred years ago. Native American tribes such as the Iroquois and Ch...
Vigoroot Balcony Garden
Vigoroot fabric multi-tier planter with air pruning fabric for healthy roots and excellent drainage. An easily accessible growing system for small gardens, roof terraces, patios and balconies that grows the maximum number of plants in a small space. Elegant curved shape and narrow, well spaced troughs allow easy watering and light to reach all of the plants. Can be used as a screen between areas of the garden or patio and is suitable for many sorts of plants such as herbs, salad, strawberries and bush tomatoes.
The Haxnicks Balcony Garden is ideal for those who really want to grow their own veg but do not have a lot of space.
The four, deep planting troughs allow a wide variety of container veg, salads and herbs to be grown on a balcony or small corner of the gar-den, vastly increasing productive space. As well as quadrupling the growing space the Vigoroot™ fabric dramatically changes the root structure of the plants grown in it meaning a bigger yield than an ordi-nary planter. It does this by 'air-pruning' the roots of plants, making them stronger and better able to sustain the plant in a limited volume of compost.
The troughs are narrow to allow both ease of watering and plenty of light to all the plants giving healthy, happy, productive plants.
Plants are elevated out of the reach of wild animals and pets, and all but the most determined slugs.
Size: W80cm D24cm H1.6m
UK standard delivery* is just £4.99 on orders under £40
FREE UK standard delivery* on all orders over £40
*We estimate that your order will be delivered within 3-5 working days, subject to availability. Delivery charges are for Mainland UK address only and excludes the Highlands and Isle of Wight. FREE UK standard delivery applies to orders of £40 or more.
For information and enquiries about delivery charges to other locations, please contact us: _EMAIL_ or phone 0117 _PHONE_.
Please note, a signature will be required upon delivery unless we have authorisation from you that the goods can be left.
If you receive a product that is defective or wish to cancel your order, please read our returns policy to arrange a return or an order cancellation with us.
What is No Dig? Put simply 'No dig' is exactly that - a means of gardening without digging over the plot each year. It is a a gardening method that is gaining popularity in sustainable gardening...
Tomato plants are often one of the first plants you try as a child. But despite a lifetime of growing them its easy to make some of these tomato growing mistakes. Not to worry, there are a few sim...


text:
Flow-induced vibration marine current energy harvesting using a centrally-pivoted cylinder
Proceedings of the International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering - OMAE
The phenomenon of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) for elastically restrained cylindrical structures in cross-flows is relatively well investigated. The utility of this mechanism in harvesting energy from marine current and tidal flows is however arguably still in its infancy. With relatively few moving components, a flow-induced vibration based energy conversion device augers low complexity compared to the commonly employed turbine design. Despite the interest in this concept, a practical device has yet to emerge. It is desirable for optimal system performance to design for a very low mass or mass moment of inertia ratio. The device operating range in particular is maximised below the vortex-induced vibration critical point where an infinite resonant response region is realised. An unfortunate consequence of this requirement is large buoyancy forces that need to be mitigated by gravity-based, suctioncaisson or anchor mooring systems. The focus of this paper is the testing of a novel VIV marine current energy-harvesting configuration that utilises a centrally-pivoted horizontal cylinder. The results of experimental investigations, utilising the University of Wollongong fluid mechanics laboratory towing tank, are analysed and presented. A reduced velocity test range of 0 to 27 was covered. Power take-off (PTO) damping ratios spanning from 0.041 to 0.392 were examined in order to determine the optimal conditions and hence the maximum device energy conversion efficiency.
Open Access Status
This publication is not available as open access
European Regional Development Fund


text:
grounder in a sentence
Example sentences for grounder
It is as much a part of the game as a grounder taking a bad hop.
Hitting high or low will determine if the ball is a grounder or a fly ball.
You're playing shortstop and the batter hits a grounder to you.