• •
-Bringing in experimental images of microstructure into a model -Scaling variable thermophysical properties in a model off the intensity of an image -Multiscale coarse-graining for multiphase flow models -Experimental model fitting (optimization) where discrete measurement points are far fewer than the resolution of the grid Of course for these benefits to be realized, the host finite element code must provide the hooks to scale parameters and properties of the model off of image fields. Well, in Goma this benefit is now available using its external field capability and a new on-board pixel-tomesh image mapping capability.
Basic Algorithm The idea pursued in this work is to map the pixel field into a finite-element representation of some user-specified interpolation. In this way the field can be evaluated (interpolated) at any point in the domain. A related capability already exists in GOMA which enables external field variables to be read in as an ExodusII nodal field, which can further be accessed as an interpolated field variable (cf. External Field card). If we take ph as the functional representation of a pixel field, which is comprised of point positions xj, yj, zi, and an associated magnitude p*j, where the index j runs over all the pixel points, then we desire to represent the coordinates and the magnitude of that pixel value in the following form: h
x ! " x i!i (" ) i
(1)
p ! " pi!i (" ) h
i
69
Here xi and pi are the nodal values of the coordinates and the pixel field on the finite element mesh, and !i are finite element interpolation functions (low-order polynomials defined at each node i in the mesh and nonzero locally only over elements containing node i). ! is a vector of isoparametric (local) coordinates of each element in mapped space. To achieve that mapping onto a regular unit cube (or square in 2D space), a Jacobian is of course defined:
!x !" = " xi i !! !! i
(2)
Clearly, the unknowns in this problem are the nodal values of the pixel-field, pi,, which need to be obtained from the arbitrary locations and magnitudes of the individual pixels. So to map one field we will be solving a system of equations for N values of pj, where N is the number of nodes in the mesh. Specifically, we need to solve the following set of algebraic equations:
p*j ! " pi!i (x j ) = 0 for all j = 0, 1, …M-1
(3)
i
Here M is the number of pixel points to be mapped, pj* as mentioned above is the pixel value, and xj are the associated pixel location, a coordinate vector. Comparing this set of equations with the finite element representation of ph above, you will notice that in this case the basis functions are expressed in terms of physical coordinates and not isoparametric coordinates. In GOMA, basis (or interpolation) functions are programed in terms of isoparametric coordinates ! . Thus, evaluating Equation 3 requires us to determine the local isoparametric coordinates from the physical coordinates xj of each pixel by solving the second half of Equation 1 for the corresponding ! . This is a nonlinear problem which starts by locating the element in which each pixel is located (a search algorithm) followed by solving the inverse map. In any case, examining Eq. 3 we see that the system of linear equations is in general nonsquare. That is there will be either fewer unknowns than equations if the number of nodes in the acceptor mesh is less then the number of pixels (which is likely going to be the case), or vice versa. Actually the latter case may arise in solving optimization problems where the number of discrete measurement points is much less than the number of nodes. Solving Eq. 3 in general is not trivial. Searching the web we found that only LAPACK can solve a non-square matrix system of equations (over-determined system with more equations than unknowns). Specifically the dgels routine in LAPACK deploys a linear least-squares method based on "Householder transformations". Our initial implementation deployed dgels successfully, but the performance was disappointing, with solutions often taking 10-20 minutes on a modern workstation for small images mapped on two-dimensional meshes with on the order of 100 nodal points.
70
Fortunately, another approach to solving Eq. 3 has thus far proved to be much more efficient. We can rewrite Eq. 3 as: A p = p*
(4)
where p is the vector of nodal values of the pixel fields (the unknowns), p* is the vector of pixel values from the image, and A is the matrix ! ! (x j ) for all j=1 to M pixel points. i
i
That is to say A is an MxN matrix, p is a vector of length N (nodal points) and p* is a vector of length M pixel points. We now multiply Eq. 4 with the transpose of A, denoted as AT: T T A A p = A p* This system of linear equations is now of full rank and can be solved with any standard direct or iterative method. We implemented this approach in GOMA using the Trilinos 10.2 library. Within Trilinos we deployed the Epetra matrix objects to form the set of linear equations and Aztec00 to solve the system. Specifically we use simple Bi-Conjugate gradient iterative scheme with a Neumann preconditioner. The solution performance in our early testing is far superior to using the least-squares method in LAPACK.
3.2.2 Methods development – Lubrication, multiphase flow, and fluid-structure interaction. 3.2.2.1 Introduction The theory of lubrication flow has been in use for well over a century, beginning with Tower's 1883 experiments of a rolling bearing [Tower (1883)] and the landmark mathematical formulation of Reynolds in 1886 [Reynolds (1886)]. Since then, countless studies have used Reynolds' theory to analyze lubricating flows for numerous scientific and practical manufacturing applications, including journal bearings, coating beads, and hard-drive read heads [Wada1971,Wada1971a,Booker and Huebner (1972), Christensen (1972), Higgins and Scriven (1980), Anturkar et al. (1990), Heil and Pedley (1995), Bhagavat et al. (2000), Kothmann and Stefani (2001), Hori (2006), Szeri (2010)]. Many extensions of this basic theory exist, including elastohydrodynamic lubrication [Greenwood (1972), Taylor and O'Callaghan (1972), Oh and Huebner (1973), LaBouff and Booker (1985), Jones (1993), Brodsky and Kanamori (2001), Zhang and Wen (2002), Nair and Nair (2004)], thermohydrodynamic lubrication [Cheng (1965), Huebner (1974), Ferron et al. (1983), Yang et al. (2001), Guo et al. (2001)], turbulent hydrodynamic lubrication [Constantinescu (1959), Ng (1964), Elrod and Ng (1967), Hirs (1973)], and lubrication of non-Newtonian fluids [Ng and Saibel (1962), Swamy et al. (1977), Johnson1993,Bhattacharjee and Das (1996), Hryniewicz et al. (2001), Nair et al. (2007), Mongkolwongrojn and Aiumpronsin (2010)], among others [Christensen (1971), Eringen and Okada (1995), Feng and Weinbaum (2000), Stone (2005), Jang and Khonsari (2005), Bujurke and Kudenatti (2007), Rojas et al. (2010)]. Recent books by Hori [Hori (2006)] and Szeri [Szeri (2010)] thoroughly review the history and applications of lubrication theory and derive the governing equations.
71
In practice, lubrication theory is commonly used to study problems where the geometry is either simple, such as in slider bearings, or regular, as in journal bearings. These types of problems often lend themselves to elegant analytical solutions [Reynolds (1886), Stone (2005)] or simple numerical solutions involving finite difference or finite element techniques [Wada1971,Booker and Huebner (1972)]. When these techniques are used, the equation is often specifically adapted to the given geometry, and a custom computer code is written for solving the specific problem. Flows in complex geometries are typically studied using full three-dimensional simulations in a large-scale, unstructured finite element code, such as GOMA [Schunk et al. (2006)]. Yet, problems involving thin fluid layers, such as coating flows with tensioned webs [Feng (1998), Nam and Carvalho (2010)] and imprint lithography [Bailey et al. (2001), Liang et al. (2007), Sreenivasan (2008), Chauhan et al. (2009)], may benefit significantly from the mathematical order reduction provided by lubrication theory using shell-type elements within a larger 3


text:
Finite Element Simulation of the Process of Aluminum Alloy Resistance Spot Welding
In this paper, an axis-symmetric finite element analysis (FEA) model for the resistance spot welding (RSW) of aluminum alloys is developed using the FEA software ANSYS. It accounts for the interactions of mechanical, electrical and thermal phenomena. The coupled analysis is accomplished through the cycles of contact analysis and electrical-thermal analysis. In order to perform the coupled mechanical-electrical-thermal analysis, the relationship for contact electrical resistivity as a function of contact pressure and temperature is proposed, and the phase change due to melting is also accounted for. At the same time, temperature-dependent variable material properties are used to the simulation. In addition, the coupled analysis also includes the effect of distortion on the electrical-thermal analysis.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Gokteik Viaduct
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Gokteik Viaduct
Nawnghkio, Shan, Myanmar
335 feet high / 102 meters high
120 foot span / 37 meter span
Image by Martin Callum.
The largest railway trestle in the world upon its completion in 1901, the Gokteik Viaduct is the highest bridge in Myanmar. Located in the center of the country about 60 miles (100 kms) northeast of the largest city of Mandalay, the rail line was constructed as a way for the British Empire to expand their influence in the region. Constructed when the country was originally called Burma, the bridge was designed and fabricated by the Pennsylvania Steel Company and shipped overseas. Construction was overseen by Sir Arthur Rendel, engineer for the Burma Railroad Company. Stretching 2,260 feet (689 mtrs) from end to end, the viaduct has 14 towers that span 40 feet (12 mtrs) along with a double tower 80 feet (24 mtrs) long. These 15 towers support 10 deck truss spans of 120 feet (37 mtrs) along with six plate girder spans 60 feet (18 mtrs) long and an approach span of 40 feet (12 mtrs). Many sources have put the height of the bridge at 820 feet (250 mtrs). This is supposedly a measurement to the river level as it flows underground through a tunnel at the point it passes underneath the trestle. The true height of the bridge as measured from the rail deck to the ground on the downstream side of the tallest tower is 335 feet (102 mtrs).
Although larger concrete viaducts and steel cantilever bridges were constructed before and after Gokteik, no other conventional box tower and girder type steel trestle has ever exceeded it in size except for the monstrous Lethbridge Viaduct in Alberta, Canada which is about the same in height but more than twice the length. The Joso bridge in the U.S. state of Washington, the Poughkeepsie bridge in the U.S. state of New York and the original Kinzua viaduct in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania are the only other traditional steel trestles that are equal in size to Gokteik.
Gokteik also had the tallest bridge piers in the world at the time of its completion at 97.5 meters. The current record is now held by France's Millau Viaduct. Prior to Millau's record breaking bridge piers of 245 meters, the history of these towering structures has been almost entirely in Europe outside of two U.S. spans. Before Millau the 178 meter piers of Germany's Kochertalbrücke held the record for 25 years. Before Kocher the tallest were the 147 meter pier of Italy's Rago Viaduct. Austria held the record before Rago with the famous 145 meter tall piers of Europabrücke. Before that California's Pit River Bridge had the tallest at 109 meters.
Gokteik bridge can be reached by taking a train from Mandalay or Pyin U Lwin north towards Nawnghkio where the bridge is located about 3 miles (5 kms) further east. A round trip ticket from Mandalay to the bridge costs around $8 for foreigners. Burmese soldiers are stationed on the train as well as on top of and underneath the bridge to prevent any potential attacks.
Image by Marisa Herrera.
Image by Marisa Herrera.
Image by Marisa Herrera.
Image by Florian Grupp.
Image by Marisa Herrera.
A small trestle is located beneath the Gokteik Viaduct and was probably used to bring in materials to build the massive trestle. Image by Florian Grupp.
Gokteik Viaduct postcard.
Gokteik Viaduct satellite image. The bridge can faintly be seen in the very center of the image.
Gokteik Viaduct location map.
Personal tools


text:
IPIS has developed a methodology to map stakeholders and power structures. Following an in depth study through interview and literature review, this approach uses modern visualisation techniques to create interactive tools that map and visualize the power dynamics in conflict and post-conflict areas. These tools can be used to describe local, provincial, national, regional and international peace builders and spoilers and the relationships between these actors.
A power mapping visualisation tool and table can help non-governmental and governmental actors understanding the underlying dynamics of a conflict or post-conflict situation. Understanding the local power structure is an essential step to engage in a new area.
The following screenshots are examples of recent power mappings:
Due to the nature of the data and the specific use of these tool, these power mappings are not publicly available and can not be shared readily. However, IPIS welcomes requests for power mapping projects tailored to your needs… Please contact us for more information.


Acoustic investigation of choline chloride based ionic liquids analogs
Farouq S. Mjalli, Nabil M Abdel Jabbar
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
31 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Despite the surge in publications related to the characterization of deep eutectic solvents (DESs), the speed of sound of these liquids was not considered. This work represents the first study to report the acoustic properties of choline chloride-based DESs (Type III). Five different hydrogen bond donors were used to synthesize the DESs and the speed of sound was measured as a function of temperature within the range: 293.15-353.15. K. In general the speed of sound was affected by the nature and molecular structure of the DES considered. A general decrease in the speed of sound with temperature was noticed for all studied DESs. Three different models were attempted to correlate the speed of sound with some basic physical properties of these DESs as well as the temperature. The Gorbachev's model was able to correlate the speed of sound for the examined DESs with an overall relative error of 0.273%. Further work needs to be done on characterizing other types of DESs (Types I, II and IV) as well as relating the speed of sound data to other physical and thermodynamic parameters.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)71-76
Number of pages6
JournalFluid Phase Equilibria
Volume381
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Nov 5 2014
 Fingerprint
Keywords
 - Deep eutectic solvents
 - Density
 - Ionic liquids
 - Speed of sound
 - Surface tension
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - Chemical Engineering(all)
 - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
 - Physics and Astronomy(all)
Cite this


text:
No, Kchip is not the same as Medicaid. Kchip stands for Kids' Health Insurance Program and is a public health insurance program for children in Wyoming. Kchip is administered by the Wyoming Department of Health in partnership with private health plans and different state agencies.
The state contracts with managed care organizations to administer the Kchip program. Kchip covers services like doctor visits, immunizations, preventive care, hospitalizations, mental health services, and prescription medications.
Medicaid, on the other hand, is a program funded jointly by state and federal governments and it provides health coverage for individuals with low incomes and limited resources. It is available in all states and covers services like inpatient and outpatient hospital services, prescription drugs, long-term care services, home health services, and preventive care.
What is Medicaid called in Kentucky?
In Kentucky, Medicaid is referred to as Kentucky Medicaid. Kentucky Medicaid is a state-sponsored health coverage program for eligible individuals and families who have limited income and resources. The program is jointly funded by both the federal and state governments and administered by the Kentucky Cabinet for Health and Family Services.
It provides a range of health care services, including doctor visits, inpatient hospital care, prescription medications, mental health treatment, laboratory and x-ray services, home health services, and more.
Most Medicaid recipients receive their services through managed care organizations, which coordinate the care they receive and make sure it is appropriate and cost-effective. Eligibility requirements vary depending on a person's age, income, family size, and disability.
What is Kchip insurance?
Kchip insurance is an insurance program offered in the state of Kentucky through the Kentucky Children's Health Insurance Program (KCHIP). Kchip provides health insurance coverage to eligible children ages 18 and under who are not eligible for Medicaid or other types of public health coverage.
The program is funded by the state of Kentucky and the federal government, and it is operated in partnership with private health care providers like Humana and Anthem Blue Cross/Blue Shield. The program is designed to provide coverage for routine childhood immunizations, well child checkups, dental visits, prescription medications, eye exams, emergency and out-patient care.
KCHIP also covers certain types of adult care, such as preventive care, mental health, substance use disorders, and vision services. Kchip enrolls kids every year and provides an easy to understand health insurance plan.
KCHIP has also developed a website to help parents apply for coverage and to provide access to other health care services. If you or your children live in Kentucky, Kchip insurance is an excellent option for affordable health coverage.
What is another name for Medicaid?
The program Medicaid is also referred to as Medical Assistance or MA. Medicaid is a health insurance program with the purpose of providing medical coverage to low-income and financially struggling individuals, families, and children.
The services and benefits offered through Medicaid depend on the state,but commonly include services such as doctor visits, prescription drug coverage, inpatient and outpatient hospital care, laboratory and x-ray services, home health care, and medical equipment and supplies.
Is kynect Medicaid?
No, Kynect is not Medicaid. Kynect is Kentucky's health insurance marketplace where you can compare and buy health insurance plans, including Medicare as well as private plans from participating health insurance companies.
It also provides information about Medicaid eligibility and enrollment. However, Kynect does not provide Medicaid enrollment. In order to enroll in Medicaid, individuals must visit the Kentucky Department for Medicaid Services website at http://chfs.
ky. gov/dms or call them at _PHONE_.
Does Kentucky take Medicaid?
Yes, Kentucky does take Medicaid. Medicaid is a health insurance program designed to help people with limited incomes and resources get the medical care and services they need. In Kentucky, Medicaid is administered by the Cabinet for Health and Family Services (CHFS), and is available for individuals who meet certain eligibility requirements.
In order to qualify for Medicaid in Kentucky, applicants must be a resident of the state and meet certain non-medical qualifications such as income, age, and disability status. If approved, Medicaid coverage includes medical and dental care, vision, mental health services, prescription drugs, and more.
What is the monthly income limit for Medicaid in KY?
The monthly income limit for Medicaid in Kentucky is determined by your family size and circumstances. Generally speaking, if you are an adult over 21 years of age and not pregnant, you may be eligible for Kentucky Medicaid if your income falls below 138% of the Federal Poverty Level.
For a family of three in Kentucky, 138% of the Federal Poverty Level is $2,902/month (2021 numbers). The same family of three could potentially qualify for Medicaid if their income is above $2,902/month as long as they meet other financial criteria such as resources, allowances, and deductions.
Your best bet is to use a Medicaid calculator, or contact your state Medicaid office, to determine if your income qualifies.
What is Soonercare income guidelines?
Soonercare income guidelines are the criteria used to determine if an individual or family is eligible to receive benefits through Oklahoma's public health insurance program, Soonercare. Soonercare is a state-sponsored program that provides quality health coverage to eligible families and individuals.
To be eligible for Soonercare, individuals and families must meet certain income and resource guidelines.
The gross income guidelines vary based on household size, with the guidelines increasing as household size increases. For most household sizes, gross income must be below 200 percent of the federal poverty level.
For example, a household of four must have a gross income of less than $51,500 to be eligible for Soonercare. There are other criteria all households must meet for eligibility.
For Oklahoma residents who meet the income and resource guidelines, Soonercare provides a range of benefits, including doctor visits, hospital visits, X-ray and lab tests, preventive care, durable medical equipment, home health care, and vision and dental services.
The program is administered by the Oklahoma Health Care Authority.
Who qualifies for food stamps?
In order to qualify for food stamps (officially known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program or SNAP), individuals must meet certain criteria based on their income, assets, and household size.
Generally, individuals must meet income guidelines (no more than 130 percent of the federal poverty level) to receive food stamps. Additionally, households must provide documentation of their income and residency, as well as verification of identity and Social Security number.
Eligibility may vary from state to state, so applicants should refer to the local agency for specific requirements.
Individuals may still be eligible for SNAP if their income exceeds the poverty line; for instance, individuals may receive a deductions for various expenses, including medical, child care, and housing.
In addition, individuals may be able to deduct up to 20 percent of their net income as an earned income tax credit. SNAP benefits also may be available to individuals who receive certain types of income, such as Social Security payments and earned income.
Some states may also provide benefits to elderly individuals and certain disabled people who have higher income or assets than are normally allowed. Finally, those receiving assistance from other public programs, like Temporary Assistance to Needy Families or Supplemental Security Income, may qualify.
Do employers know if you are on SNAP?
No, employers generally do not know if you are on SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). SNAP is a federal program that provides food assistance to eligible individuals and families. Participation in SNAP is confidential, which means that the information concerning SNAP benefits is protected and is not shared with employers.
Employers are not able to access information about your benefits, and the decision to apply for and receive SNAP benefits should not be a factor when determining employment. However, some employers may require employees to submit proof of income with their job application, so it is important to be aware of this requirement and keep this information confidential.
Does SNAP know when you get a job?
The answer is yes, in some cases. The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) is a federal program that provides eligible people with a debit card that can be used to purchase food. When someone starts a new job, they must notify the agency that administers their SNAP benefits.
The agency may then determine that the client's employment will affect their eligibility or benefit amount. The agency will then review the person's income, expenses, and household composition to determine if their eligibility or benefit amount has changed and make the appropriate adjustments.
To make sure that the agency is made aware of employment changes, it is important for those receiving SNAP benefits to promptly report any changes in income or household circumstances.
Is Ky Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act?
No, Kentucky Medicaid is not under the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Kentucky implemented its own version of Medicaid expansion which is known as Kentucky HEALTH and was approved by the federal government in 2018.
Kentucky HEALTH is set up differently than the Medicaid expansion which was authorized by the ACA. Kentucky HEALTH includes cost-sharing requirements and work requirements, features that are not found in the ACA-authorized Medicaid expansion.
However, both Medicaid expansion models provide coverage for those in need who meet the eligibility requirements.
Is Kentucky Medicaid managed care?
Yes, Kentucky Medicaid is managed care. Managed care is a set of services offered by a group of health care providers who have come together to offer their services in a managed care arrangement. Under managed care, Kentucky Medicaid has enrolled more than

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
While preparing soap a small quantity of common salt is generally added to the reaction mixture of vegetable oil and sodium hydroxide. Which one of the following may be the purpose of adding common salt?
A. To reduce the basic nature of the soap
B. To make the soap neutral
C. To enhance the cleansing power of the soap
D. To favour the precipitation of the soap


View Category
Perform an action if a condition is true (IF .. THEN)
Given a variable name, if the value is "Bob", display the string "Hello, Bob!". Perform no action if the name is not equal.
ruby
if (name=='Bob')
puts "Hello, Bob!"
end
puts "Hello, Bob!" if name=='Bob'
erlang
if (Name == "Bob") -> io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]) ; true -> false end.
case Name of "Bob" -> io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]) ; _ -> false end.
Name == "Bob" andalso (begin io:format("Hello, ~s!~n", [Name]), true end).
clojure
(def person "Bob")
(if (= person "Bob")
(println "Hello, Bob!"))
fsharp
if name = "Bob" then printfn "Hello, %s!" name
name = "Bob" && begin printfn "Hello, %s!" name ; true end
Perform different actions depending on a boolean condition (IF .. THEN .. ELSE)
Given a variable age, if the value is greater than 42 display "You are old", otherwise display "You are young"
ruby
if (age > 42)
puts "You are old"
else
puts "You are young"
end
puts (age>42) ? "You are old" : "You are young"
puts "You are #{age > 42 ? "old" : "young"}"
erlang
if Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n") ; true -> io:format("You are young~n") end.
Message = if Age > 42 -> "old" ; true -> "young" end, io:format("You are ~s~n", [Message]).
case Age > 42 of true -> io:format("You are old~n") ; false -> io:format("You are young~n") end.
case Age of _ when Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n") ; _ -> io:format("You are young~n") end.
Message = case Age of _ when Age > 42 -> "old" ; _ -> "young" end, io:format("You are ~s~n", [Message]).
Age > 42 andalso (begin io:format("You are old~n"), true end) orelse (begin io:format("You are young~n"), true end).
(fun (X) when X > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n"); (_) -> io:format("You are young~n") end)(Age).
(fun () when Age > 42 -> io:format("You are old~n"); () -> io:format("You are young~n") end)().
io:format("You are ~s~n", [if Age > 42 -> "old" ; true -> "young" end]).
clojure
(def age 41)
(if (> age 42) "You are old" "You are young")
fsharp
if age > 42 then printfn "You are old" else printfn "You are young"
let message = if age > 42 then "old" else "young"
printfn "You are %s" message
Perform different actions depending on several boolean conditions (IF .. THEN .. ELSIF .. ELSE)
ruby
if age > 84
puts "You are really ancient"
elsif age > 30
puts "You are middle-aged"
else
puts "You are young"
end
case
when age > 84 then puts "You are really ancient"
when age > 30 then puts "You are middle-aged"
else puts "You are young"
end
erlang
if
Age > 84 -> io:format("You are really ancient~n");
Age > 30 -> io:format("You are middle-aged~n");
true -> io:format("You are young~n")
end.
case Age of
_ when Age > 84 -> io:format("You are really ancient~n");
_ when Age > 30 -> io:format("You are middle-aged~n");
true -> io:format("You are young~n")
end.
clojure
(println
(condp <= age
84 "You are really ancient"
30 "You are middle aged"
"You are young"))
fsharp
if age > 84 then printfn "You are really ancient"
elif age > 30 then printfn "You are middle-aged"
else printfn "You are young"
let message = match age with
| _ when age > 84 -> "really ancient"
| _ when age > 30 -> "middle-aged"
| _ -> "young"
printfn "You are %s" message
Replacing a conditional with many branches with a switch/case statement
Many languages support more compact forms of branching than just if ... then ... else such as switch or case or match. Use such a form to add an appropriate placing suffix to the numbers 1..40, e.g. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, ..., 11th, 12th, ... 39th, 40th
ruby
def suffixed(number)
last_digit = number.to_s[-1..-1].to_i
suffix = case last_digit
when 1 then 'st'
when 2 then 'nd'
when 3 then 'rd'
else 'th'
end
suffix = 'th' if (11..13).include?(number)
"#{number}#{suffix}"
end
(1..40).each {|n| puts suffixed(n) }
erlang
Suffix = case Num of
N when N > 10, N < 20 -> "th";
N when N rem 10 =:= 1 -> "st";
N when N rem 10 =:= 2 -> "nd";
N when N rem 10 =:= 3 -> "rd";
_ -> "th"
end,
io_lib:format("~w~s", [Num, Suffix])
clojure
(def n 112)
(println (str n
(let [rem (mod n 100)]
(if (and (>= rem 11) (<= rem 13))
"th"
(condp = (mod n 10)
1 "st"
2 "nd"
3 "rd"
"th")))))
fsharp
let suffix = function
| n when n > 10 && n < 20 -> "th"
| n when n % 10 = 1 -> "st"
| n when n % 10 = 2 -> "nd"
| n when n % 10 = 3 -> "rd"
| _ -> "th"
seq { 1 .. 40 }
|> Seq.iter (fun n -> printfn "%i%s" n (suffix n))
Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked before the first action (WHILE .. DO)
Starting with a variable x=1, Print the sequence "1,2,4,8,16,32,64,128," by doubling x and checking that x is less than 150.
ruby
x=1
while x < 150
puts x
x <<= 1
end
erlang
X = 1, print_while_X_less_150(X).
Pred = fun (X) -> X < 150 end,
Action = fun (X) -> io:format("~B,", [X]), X * 2 end,
X = 1,
while_do(Pred, Action, X).
clojure
(take-while #(< % 150) (iterate #(* 2 %) 1))
fsharp
let mutable x = 1
while x < 150 do printf "%d, " x ; (x <- x * 2) done
// The problem is clearly geared towards imperative languages ;-)
// No need to mutate any variable, here's how to do it loop-free functional:
let rec powers2 i = seq { if i < 150 then yield i; yield! powers2 (i*2) }
powers2 1 |> Seq.iter (fun i -> printf "%i, " i)
Perform an action multiple times based on a boolean condition, checked after the first action (DO .. WHILE)
Simulate rolling a die until you get a six. Produce random numbers, printing them until a six is rolled. An example output might be "4,2,1,2,6"
ruby
# Ruby has no DO..WHILE construct. Need to write it as a WHILE
rnd = 0
while (rnd


text: Surface and core formation, thermal and electronic properties of ternary cubic CdZnTe clusters are investigated by using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT.) calculations. In this work, MD simulations of the CdZnTe clusters are performed by means of LAMMPS by using bond order potential (BOP). MD simulations are carried out at different temperatures to study the segregation phenomena of Cd, Zn and Te atoms, and deviation of clusters and heat capacity. After that, using optimized geometries obtained, excess charge on atoms, dipole moments, highest occupied molecular orbitals, lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, HOMO-LUMO gaps (E-g), total energies, spin density and the density of states (DOS) have been calculated with DFT. Simulation results such as heat capacity and segregation formation are compared with experimental bulk and theoretical results.


.. varidn = pat
pattern varid1 consym varid2 = pat
For example, the following two pattern synonym definitions are rejected, because they are not bidirectional (but they would be valid as pattern-only synonyms)
 pattern ThirdElem x = _:_:x:_
 pattern Snd y = (x, y)
since the right-hand side is not a closed expression of {x} and {y} respectively.
In contrast, the pattern synonyms for Arrow and Int above are bidirectional, so you can e.g. write:
 arrows :: [Type] -> Type -> Type
 arrows = flip $ foldr Arrow
Explicitly-bidirectional pattern synonyms
What if you want to use Succ in an expression:
 pattern Succ n <- n1 | let n = n1 -1, n >= 0
It's clearly impossible since its expansion is a pattern that has no meaning as an expression. Nevertheless, if we want to make what looks like a constructor for a type we will often want to use it in both patterns and expressions. This is the rationale for the most complicated synonyms, the bidirectional ones. They provide two expansions, one for patterns and one for expressions.
pattern conid varid1 ... varidn <- pat where cfunlhs rhs
where cfunlhs is like funlhs, except that the functions symbol is a conid instead of a varid.
Example:
 pattern Succ n <- n1 | let n = n1-1, n >= 0 where
 Succ n = n + 1
TODO: Rewrite this example to not use ViewPatternsAlternative
The first part as is before and describes the expansion of the synonym in patterns. The second part describes the expansion in expressions.
 fac 0 = 0
 fac (Succ n) = Succ n * fac n
Associated pattern synonyms
Just like data types and type synonyms can be part of a class declaration, it would be possible to have pattern synonyms as well.
Example:
 class ListLike l where
 pattern Nil :: l a
 pattern Cons :: a -> l a -> a
 isNil :: l a -> Bool
 isNil Nil = True
 isNil (Cons _ _) = False
 append :: l a -> l a -> l a
 instance ListLike [] where
 pattern Nil = []
 pattern Cons x xs = x:xs
 append = (++)
 headOf :: (ListLike l) => l a -> Maybe a
 headOf Nil = Nothing
 headOf (Cons x _) = Just x
One could go one step further and leave out the pattern keyword to obtain associated constructors, which are required to be bidirectional. The capitalized identifier would indicate that a pattern synonym is being defined. For complicated cases one could resort to the where syntax (shown above).
TODO: Syntax for associated pattern synonym declarations to discern between pattern-only and bidirectional pattern synonyms
Static semantics
A unidirectional pattern synonym declaration has the form
pattern P var1 var2 ... varN <- pat
The formal pattern synonym arguments var1, var2, ..., varN are brought into scope by the pattern pat on the right-hand side. The declaration brings the name P as a pattern synonym into the module-level scope.
The pattern synonym P is assigned a pattern type of the form
pattern P :: CProv => CReq => t1 -> t2 -> ... -> tN -> t
where t1, ..., tN are the types of the parameters var1, ..., varN, t is the simple type (with no context) of the thing getting matched, and CReq and CProv are type contexts.
CReq can be omitted if it is empty. If CProv is empty, but CReq is not, () is used. The following example shows cases:
data Showable where
 MkShowable :: (Show a) => a -> Showable
-- Required context is empty
pattern Sh :: (Show a) => a -> Showable
pattern Sh x <- MkShowable x
-- Provided context is empty, but required context is not
pattern One :: () => (Num a, Eq a) => a
pattern One <- 1
A pattern synonym can be used in a pattern if the instatiated (monomorphic) type satisfies the constraints of CReq. In this case, it extends the context available in the right-hand side of the match with CProv, just like how an existentially-typed data constructor can extend the context.
As with function and variable types, the pattern type signature can be inferred, or it can be explicitly written out on the program.
Here's a more complex example. Let's look at the following definition:
{-# LANGUAGE PatternSynonyms, GADTs, ViewPatterns #-}
module ShouldCompile where
data T a where
 MkT :: (Eq b) => a -> b -> T a
f :: (Show a) => a -> Bool
pattern P x <- MkT (f -> True) x
Here, the inferred type of P is
pattern P :: (Eq b) => (Show a) => b -> T a
A bidirectional pattern synonym declaration has the form
pattern P var1 var2 ... varN = pat
where both of the following are well-typed declarations:
pattern P1 var1 var2 ... varN <- pat
P2 = \var1 var2 ... varN -> pat
In this case, the pattern type of P is simply the pattern type of P1, and its expression type is the type of P2. The name P is brought into the module-level scope both as a pattern synonym and as an expression.
Dynamic semantics
A pattern synonym occurance in a pattern is evaluated by first matching against the pattern synonym itself, and then on the argument patterns. For example, given the following definitions:
pattern P x y <- [x, y]
f (P True True) = True
f _ = False
g [True, True] = True
g _ = False
the behaviour of f is the same as
f [x, y] | True <- x, True <- y = True
f _ = False
Because of this, the eagerness of f and g differ:
*Main> f (False:undefined)
*** Exception: Prelude.undefined
*Main> g (False:undefined)
False
This is because we generate the matching function at the definition site.
Typed pattern synonyms
So far patterns only had syntactic meaning. In comparison Ωmega has typed pattern synonyms, so they become first class values. For bidirectional pattern synonyms this seems to be the case
data Nat = Z | S Nat deriving Show
pattern Ess p = S p
And it works:
*Main> map S [Z, Z, S Z]
[S Z,S Z,S (S Z)]
*Main> map Ess [Z, Z, S Z]
[S Z,S Z,S (S Z)]
Branching pattern-only synonyms
N.B. this is a speculative suggestion!
Sometimes you want to match against several summands of an ADT simultaneously. E.g. in a data type of potentially unbounded natural numbers:
data Nat = Zero | Succ Nat
type UNat = Maybe Nat -- Nothing meaning unbounded
Conceptually Nothing means infinite, so it makes sense to interpret it as a successor of something. We wish it to have a predecessor just like Just (Succ Zero)!
I suggest branching pattern synonyms for this purpose:
pattern S pred <- pred@Nothing | pred@(Just a <- Just (Succ a))
pattern Z = Just Zero
Here pred@(Just a <- Just (Succ a)) means that the pattern invocation S pred matches against Just (Succ a) and - if successful - binds Just a to pred.
This means we can syntactically address unbound naturals just like bounded ones:
greetTimes :: UNat -> String -> IO ()
greetTimes Z _ = return ()
greetTimes (S rest) message = putStrLn message >> greetTimes rest message
As a nice collateral win this proposal handles pattern Name name <- Person name workplace | Dog name vet too.
Record Pattern Synonyms
See PatternSynonyms/RecordPatternSynonyms
Associating synonyms with types
See PatternSynonyms/AssociatingSynonyms
Last modified 5 days ago Last modified on Apr 29, 2016 8:05:11 PM


_USER_{Lundberg2010Personality, abstract = {This paper uses data from the German Socio-economic Panel Study to examine the relationship between psychological traits, in particular personality, and the formation and dissolution of marital and cohabiting partnerships. Changing patterns of selection into and out of relationships indicate that the determinants of marital surplus have altered between older cohorts who were born in the years after World War II and younger cohorts born in the 1960s. For younger cohorts, relationships between personality traits and the probability of marriage are identical for men and women, which is consistent with returns to marriage that are based on joint consumption. Tastes for marital public goods are negatively related to openness to experience (a desire for change and variety) and positively related to conscientiousness for both men and women. Selection into marriage is associated with distinctly different personality profiles for older men and older women, suggesting that gender-specialized contributions to household public goods were an important source of marital surplus for these cohorts.}, address = {Bonn}, author = {Shelly Lundberg}, copyright = {_URL_ keywords = {J12; 330; Personality; marriage; divorce; Ehe; Haushaltsproduktion; Pers\"{o}nlichkeitspsychologie; Geschlecht; Scheidung; Lebensgemeinschaft; Sch\"{a}tzung; Deutschland}, language = {eng}, number = {4945}, publisher = {IZA}, title = {Personality and marital surplus}, type = {Discussion paper series // Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit}, url = {_URL_ year = {2010} }


text:
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Send money to the Maldives
Wondering how to send money to the Maldives from the US? Here's the information you need.
Send money to Maldives with WorldRemit
WorldRemit sends money to 110+ countries for bank-to-bank deposits, cash pick-ups or mobile top-ups.
- No minimum transfers.
- Wide range of destinations.
- Competitive exchange rate.
Compare international money transfers to the Maldives
You may struggle to find a provider that will send rufiyaas from the US. Your best bet may be to make a same currency transfer in US Dollars, then convert your money with a local currency exchange after receiving it.
What's in this guide?
- Compare international money transfers to the Maldives
- How do international money transfers work?
- What are my options for transferring money to the Maldives?
- How do I compare transfer companies when sending money to the Maldives?
- Steps to send money to the Maldives
- Tips for picking up cash in the Maldives
- Same-day money transfers in the Maldives
How do international money transfers work?
International money transfers allow you to convert currencies and send money to someone overseas. The average transfer process involves you providing funds to a bank or an independent transfer provider. It will then sends the money to your recipient in the Maldives.
Most transfers can be done in-person, over the phone, through a mobile app or online. You can pay with cash, card or a direct debit from your bank account. The transfer will then either be deposited into your recipient's bank account, mobile wallet or made available as cash for them to pick up at a location in their country.
What are my options for transferring money to the Maldives?
Money transfer services
Few money transfer providers send money to the Maldives. MoneyGram and Western Union are two reliable services that are able to convert US dollars to rufiyaas. Both companies have years of experience in international money transfers and allow for various methods of sending money quickly.
US dollars in the Maldives
If you're struggling to find a provider that will send rufiyaas, consider transferring US dollars. The US dollar is widely accepted as a form of payment, and by transferring US dollars, you won't have to deal with an exchange rate.
Case Study: Hassan compared different money transfer companies to send money to the Maldives
Hassan is one of the 330 students from the Maldives that received a long-term scholarship to study in America. Hassan's parents were unable to pay his school fees by the time he reached secondary school and took out several study loans to further fund his education. After completing his studies in the US, Hassan has since become a successful actuary.
He is now in a position where he can pay back the study loans for his parents. He compares different alternatives for sending money to his parents using the amount of $1,000 USD.
|Money transfer company A||Money transfer company B|
|Exchange rate||1 USD = 10.7227 MVR||1 USD = 10.639406 MVR|
|Amount received less the transfer fee||10,722.74 MVR||10,639.41 MVR|
|Transfer options||Phone, Online, Agent||Phone, Online, Agent|
Hassan decides to go with the first transfer company because it will give his parents more money to work with and he can handle the slightly higher fee.
How do I compare transfer companies when sending money to the Maldives?
- Exchange rates. Look for an exchange rate that's close to market average when making an exchange. Exchange rates are set by the transfer provider, but vary day-to-day and between providers.
- Pickup methods. Can your recipient pick up the cash from their nearest transfer agent, or will the funds be deposited into their bank account? Choose a method that's more convenient for the person receiving the money.
- Fees. Due to its limited accessibility in infrastructure and geography, international money transfer companies that send money to the Maldives usually require a higher fee for their service.
- Turnaround time. Will the funds be available for your beneficiary in minutes, or will they take several working days to arrive?
- Transfer methods. Can transfers be placed online, over the phone, by visiting a branch or by using a mobile app? The convenience of these options should impact your final choice.
- Minimum transfer amount. What is the minimum transfer limit imposed by each company? Will this affect the size of your transfer?
- Customer service. Is help available when you have a question regarding a transaction? Compare the availability of customer support options and hours.
Foreign exchange rates explained
Exchange rates determine how much one country's currency is worth when converted to the currency of another country. When a country's currency is strong, it will yield more money when exchanging it with a weak currency. The exact amount you'll receive when exchanging money depends on global economics, so monitoring rates will help you decide when to make a transfer.
Steps to send money to the Maldives
- Find a money transfer company from the table above.
- Visit the lender's website when you're ready to make a transfer.
- Create an account and begin a new transfer.
- Enter your recipient's information and the amount you want to send.
- Pay for your transfer.
- Keep your tracking number and receipt.
Once you've finished your part of the transfer, wait for your recipient to confirm that they've received their funds. This will ensure that there were no problems during the transfer process.
Tips for picking up cash in the Maldives
The Maldives is classified as a safe destination for tourists, but political unrest since 2016 has seen an increase in petty crimes and violent protests. When you're picking up cash in the Maldives, take a safety-first approach. Keep your cash hidden and deposit it with your bank as soon as possible. Take a friend along with you to collect the funds. Don't walk around busy areas with lots of cash, and never take out a large amount of bills in public.
Same-day money transfers in the Maldives
It is possible to make a same-day money transfer to the Maldives by using a quick money transfer service like MoneyGram. However, the exchange rate you receive will likely be worse than one you might get if your transfer took more time, and you may have to pay more fees for the fast service. When you're facing an emergency, a same-day transfer can be beneficial as long as you know the total cost you might have to pay.Back to top
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Ask an Expert


text:
The Sri Lankan Advanced Level (A-level), is a General Certificate of Education (GCE) qualification exam in Sri Lanka, similar to the British Advanced Level, conducted annually by the Department of Examinations of the Ministry of Education. It is usually taken by students during the optional final two years of collegiate level (Grade 12 and 13), after they have completed GCE Ordinary Level exams. The qualification also serves as an entrance requirement for Sri Lankan state universities. The exams are held in three mediums: Sinhala, Tamil and English.
The candidates are expected to study for 2 years at collegiate level before taking the examination. The examination diversifies over 5 major fields of study:
- Physical Science stream (Combined mathematics, Physics and Chemistry or information technology )
- Biological Science stream (Biology (Botany and Zoology), Physics or Agricultural Science and Chemistry)
- Commerce stream
- Arts stream
- Technology stream (Engineering Technology)
- Technology stream (Bio-system Technology)
In each stream, candidates are expected to face 3 subjects related to the specific stream. Additionally, there would be a General English test and a Common General test. Although the result of the General English test is not taken into account for the University Entrance selection criteria, candidates are expected to obtain a pass mark for the Common General test.
At Zahira College, Technology stream and agricultural science is not currently offered but Vocational stream is offered.
Results analysis available for:


LCFS Hashing in Data Structure
Data StructureAnalysis of AlgorithmsAlgorithms
In this section we will see what is LCFS Hashing. This is one of the open-addressing strategy, that changes the collision resolution strategy. If we check the algorithms for the hashing in open address scheme, we can find that if two elements collide, then whose priority is higher, will be inserted into the table, and subsequent element must move on. So we can tell that the hashing in open addressing scheme is FCFS criteria.
With the LCFS (Last Come First Serve) scheme. The task is performed exactly in opposite way. When we insert one element, that will be placed at position x0. If the place is already occupied by element y, because yj = x0, then we place y at location yj+1, possibly displacing some element z and so on.
According to Poblete and Munro, the expected search time after inserting n elements in an empty table can be bounded by the following formula.
$$E[W]=1+\Gamma^{-1}(\alpha n)\lgroup1+\frac{ln\:ln\:\frac{1}{1+\alpha}}{ln\:\Gamma^{-1}(\alpha n)}+O(\frac{1}{ln^{2}\:\Gamma^{2}(\alpha n)})\rgroup$$
Here Γ is the Gamma function, and
$$\Gamma^{-1}(\alpha n)=\frac{ln\:n}{ln\:ln\:n}\lgroup1+\frac{ln\:ln\:ln\:n}{ln\:ln\:n}+O(\frac{1}{ln\:ln\:n})\rgroup$$
raja
Published on 11-Aug-2020 06:18:17
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Using Java Flight Recorder Triggers [Video]
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Using Java Flight Recorder Triggers [Video]
This 15-minute video walks through how to use Java Flight Recorder, particularly the use of triggers that you can create to enforce rules for Flight Recorder dumps.
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Learn how to stop testing everything every sprint and only test the code you've changed. Brought to you by Parasoft.
A good amount has been written and said about Java Flight Recorder, its integration into the Oracle Java SE Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the very low overhead associated with enabling the framework. It not only makes the notion of collecting detailed runtime information about a Java application in production a possibility — it makes it a reality.
Many opt to place a program in Java Flight Recorder's Continuous Recording Mode. In this state, the Java application will collect runtime data indefinitely, where you can specify (or default to) how much data you want to retain before overwriting. Once in this mode, you can at any time, with many different options, dump the runtime information into a self-contained Flight Recorder file. From there, the Java Mission Control tool can be used to open this file to further diagnose your application's behavior.
Rather than randomly or periodically taking Flight Recorder dumps, it is also possible to conditionally do so. That is to say, you can, through the use of triggers, create rules that will cause a Flight Recorder dump to take place when a defined condition is met. It's hopefully not difficult to envision that in this scenario triggers could help you focus on detailed runtime information when things start to go bad, as opposed to looking at a much larger data set.
The video that follows goes through a simple session, demonstrating how to trigger a Flight Recording dump (7 minutes into the video) and briefly uses Mission Control to diagnose the sample application's behavior based on reading the dumped flight recording.
Get the top tips for Java developers and best practices to overcome common challenges. Brought to you by Parasoft.
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java ,java flight recorder ,java mission control ,triggers ,tutorial
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EMF Client Platform: Make It Happen! Day 0 and 1
EMF Client Platform: Make It Happen! Day 0 and 1
This part of the series describes how to get started with the EMF Client platform.
The EMF Client Platform is a framework that allows you to create and iteratively develop applications very efficiently starting with the bare description of the data entities of your application (e.g., as an EMF model or an XML Schema Definition). From the very start, the EMF Client Platform will provide you with a fully functioning application, including UI editors and a backend, everything based only on the data model.
Because frameworks are easier to explain and demonstrate with a real-world example, we are providing an example application for the EMF Client Platform called "Make It Happen". It is a very basic ToDo management application with a simple data model containing tasks and assignees. The example application is enhanced in different parts of the EMF Client Application and, therein the features of the framework are described. Every step provides a link to the respective tutorial that explains in detail how to implement the requirements using the EMF Client Platform.
This blog post will describe day 0 and 1 on a conceptual level.
Day 0: Creating the Model
Every EMF Client Platform application starts with an EMF model. In fact, creating a model is already enough to start a fully functioning application that is capable of creating, modifying, storing and browsing instances of this model. Creating a model is not directly related to the EMF Client Platform, so we will call this step "day 0". Day 0 is basically about defining the data entities of your application. On day 1, we will launch the application and enjoy all the features that are there without any additional effort. In this tutorial, we describe how to create the example model including different possibilities for your custom model. If you are already familiar with EMF, you can actually skip day 0 and continue with day 1.
For the example application "Make It Happen", we have chosen a very simple model containing two entities: Task and User. Tasks can form a hierarchy with subtasks and can be assigned to users.
A model of the example application "Make It Happen".
Please refer to this tutorial to learn how to create models in EMF. Alternatively, you can use the example above and continue with day 1.
Day 1: Start the Application
After creating the model shown above, you can immediately start the first version of the "Make It Happen" application without any additional configuration or code generation. This tutorial describes how to install the EMF Client Platform, launch the application and enjoy all the features that are there without any additional effort.
This first application already supports a lot of features such as:
Model Explorer: Showing the hierarchy of model instances, grouped in projects, which allow users to create new elements and change the hierarchy using drag and drop:
Editor: Showing one model element instance, selected in the Model Explorer. Allows users to modify attributes and references of one model element:
Repository Explorer: Showing data sources from which entities can be retrieved, e.g., local files, EMFStore, CDO or a database:
Please see the complete tutorial describing all available features in detail and explaining how to set-up the EMF Client Platform with a custom model.
If you prefer to create your own custom model, please refer to the tutorial describing how to create EMF models.
Please use the links below to see all posts in this series:
Make It Happen! Day 0 and 1
Make It Happen! Day 2
Make It Happen! Day 3
Make It Happen! Day 4


South Sister St. Marys, Tasmania
South Sister - velvet worms
parapatry
Peter B. McQuillan
Centre for Environmental Studies
University of Tasmania
What is special about parapatric boundaries?
A parapatric boundary marks the location where two related species meet but rarely if ever interbreed.
There are three main models of speciation, mainly based on geography -- that is, what are the geographic locations, with respect to one another, of the groups that evolve to be different species. These are:
Allopatric speciation:
speciation that occurs when the groups that evolve to be separate species are in well separated geographic locations and are isolated geographically from each other so that individuals cannot move between the different locations.
Parapatric speciation:
speciation that occurs when the groups that evolve to be separate species are geographic neighbors; they occupy different areas, but the areas are next to each other and individuals can potentially move between the areas.
Sympatric speciation:
speciation that occurs when the groups that evolve to be separate species occur together in the same geographic area.
Allopatric speciation is by far the most common model seen in nature while there are only a few examples documented in the world of parapatric speciation.
The Giant and the Blind Velvetworms are thus rare examples of this phenomenon. (One of the few others involves parasitic ticks on lizards in South Australia).
We assume that this line marks some subtle environmental difference important to the velvet worms. Clearly, one species is favoured by conditions on one side of the line while the other shows greater fitness on the other side. Importantly, any hybrid between the two species is favoured by neither (and hence has low fitness, and is removed by natural selection).
This line of parapatry is defined from velvet worm collection data over the last two decades. The fact that biologists cannot readily identify what it is about the environment that coincides with this line underlines how little we know about the conditions essential for velvetworm survival in the long term.
Line of parapatry Parapatric boundary separating Blind Velvet Worm from Giant Velvet Worm
(Map courtesy of A. Richardson, Head, School of Zoology, University of Tasmania)
[red dots for Giant Velvet Worm and large white dots for Blind Velvet Worm]
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50419-6888 (1, 1, 1, 193)


text:
How to Complete an Irrigation Audit
Irrigation audits are a deep dive into the efficacy of customers' irrigation systems. This can help you properly identify issues and recommend exact solutions.
August 3, 2022
An irrigation audit is similar to an irrigation site survey but goes more in depth and digs into inefficiencies and issues. The deeper your audit is, the better you can recommend the exact treatment and products needed. This is a great way to show customers your expertise and value.
Materials Needed for an Irrigation Audit
- Marking flags to identify sprinkler head locations
- Measuring tape to measure sprinkler head spacing
- Pressure gauge to check system pressure
- Pressure adapter to ensure regular pressure flow
- Stopwatch/timer to capture run time
- 24 (or more) catchment cans with millimeter measurement increments to capture irrigation water
- A way to track your audit, like the EPA's irrigation audit checklist
Completing an Irrigation Audit
Before running the irrigation system, check that it works properly and complies with all local codes. You'll need to correct any defects if they arise before running your audit, including any adjustments. Look for system damage and any problems in the yard, like dead spots, obvious sprinkler damage, poor drainage, or controller issues. Consider following the steps of an irrigation site survey before starting your irrigation audit.
Winds should be less than 5 mph for accurate testing. Audits should occur at the same time and for as long as the irrigation system typically runs.
Lay out catchment cans in a grid throughout your zone. There should be a minimum of 24 catchments but including more can give you a more accurate reading. They should be placed at the sprinkler heads and halfway between each head. However many catchments you have, the number should be divisible by 4. Ensure you're not blocking the spray; move or lower the catchments if blockage occurs.
Map out the zones you are testing. Ensure you measure the size and shape of the area, marking the locations of the sprinkler heads, type and model of nozzles used, spray head arc and radius, and locations of catchments. Measure and record the distance between catchments.
Attach the pressure adapter and pressure gauge to the furthest sprinkler head from the valve. Start your timer as your turn on the zone. While the zone runs, record the pressure reading from the gauge. Continue to run the zone until there is an average of 25 milliliters in each catchment (the catchments should have measurement marks), then turn off the system, stop your timer, and record the run time.
Record the amount of water in each catchment. Sprinkler efficiency is measured in DULQ, or Distribution Uniformity Low Quarter. To find this measurement, add up the total amount of water in all the catchments, then divide the result by the number of catchments you used to find the average amount of water collected. Next, identify the lowest 25% of catchments, regardless of where they were placed in the zone. For example, if you used the minimum number of 24 catchments, identify the lowest six catchments for the 25%. Add up the total amount of water in those lowest 25%, then divide by the number of catchments (in this case, six). Lastly, divide the average from the lowest 25% of catchments by the average from all the catchments to determine the DULQ of the zone.
Traditional spray heads typically have a DULQ of 40-45%, whereas high efficiency nozzles and rotors typically have DULQ's of 70%. The higher the number, the more efficient the system is. Audits may vary based on type of nozzle used, head spacing, operating pressure, and other considerations.
If the water catchment is below average, distribution is affected. Look at sprinkler location, nozzle performance, and type of sprinkler to see if the correct products are being used. In addition, you may consider increasing pressure. If the water volume is above average, this could indicate excessive pressure, which could damage the entire system. If all the zones have the same heads, spacing, and pressure, you can test half the zones to get the average.
Things to Note
If customers' have a mixture of sprinkler heads and nozzles, consider changing them to the same brand and model for uniformity and to increase efficiency or using matched precipitation rate (MPR) nozzles. Use the manufacturer data sheets to determine sprinkler and nozzle performance. This would also be an excellent time to discuss switching to a SMART irrigation system if customers run a traditional system. SMART irrigation saves customers water and money, and you can upsell.
Ensure you have all data properly recorded for your notes, as these can help you identify any problems in future jobs, as well as recommend exact solutions for any current issues the system is showing. Give a copy of your audit that includes your recommendations for improvement to your customers, so they have time to review the data. Consider suggesting a maintenance schedule as well in your notes.
Some areas also offer financial incentives to switch to SMART technology, which you can also include in your report.
SiteOne Can Help
If you have any questions on how to conduct an irrigation audit, or need supplies for the job, associates are waiting to help in your local branch. You can also order anything you may need on SiteOne.com or in the SiteOne mobile app.


Mojo
Key names
Names of virtual keys recognized by Mojo, the utility for players of Dark Age of Camelot (DAOC).
When you specify a key in a script, you must write the name of the key. To learn the name of a key, press it while you watch "Your last action" on Mojo's Geeky Stuff Tab.
What I just said applies to keys on your keyboard. But the operating system (Windows) also recognizes lots of keys that don't exist on your keyboard. This is because Windows works with many languages, and keyboards made for other languages have other keys. You can use all of those keys in your scripts, even keys that don't exist on your keyboard. Sometimes this is useful.
Actually, to get technical, what we're really dealing with here is virtual key codes. The operating system recognizes over two hundred of them as shown in the table below. The operating system doesn't assign names to these codes, only numbers, so Mojo uses its own names as shown in the table.
Like I said, you can use any key name from the table in your scripts. You can use them in triggers or Key () commands. For example:
Hotkey ( Hangul )
{
 Key ( 7 )
}
Hangul is a key found on Korean keyboards. You need a Korean keyboard to trigger that hotkey with your finger, but you can trigger it indirectly on any keyboard by pressing F1 if you add this second hotkey to your script:
Hotkey ( F1 )
{
 DoHotkeyAsync ( 0 Hangul )
}
Sometimes this technique is useful for triggering Mojo hotkeys from macro devices like gaming mice. You can tell the mouse to send a "non-physical" key like Hangul or Junja to Mojo, and in that way you conserve physical keys on the keyboard for use as triggers that you press with your fingers.
Only the first column (names) in the table are used with Mojo. The other columns are given in case anybody wants to know for other reasons.
Key name Virtual key code (hex) Virtual key code (decimal) Extended
LButton11no
RButton22no
MButton44no
Button455no
Button566no
Backspace88no
Tab99no
WheelForwardA10no
WheelBackwardB11no
ClearC12no
EnterD13no
Shift1016no
Ctrl1117no
Alt1218no
Pause1319no
CapsLock1420no
Kana1521no
Hangul1521no
Junja1723no
Final1824no
Hanja1925no
Kanji1925no
Esc1B27no
Convert1C28no
NoConvert1D29no
Accept1E30no
ModeChange1F31no
Space2032no
NumpadPgUp2133no
NumpadPgDn2234no
NumpadEnd2335no
NumpadHome2436no
NumpadLeft2537no
NumpadUp2638no
NumpadRight2739no
NumpadDown2840no
Select2941no
Print2A42no
Execute2B43no
NumpadInsert2D45no
NumpadDelete2E46no
Help2F47no
03048no
13149no
23250no
33351no
43452no
53553no
63654no
73755no
83856no
93957no
A4165no
B4266no
C4367no
D4468no
E4569no
F4670no
G4771no
H4872no
I4973no
J4A74no
K4B75no
L4C76no
M4D77no
N4E78no
O4F79no
P5080no
Q5181no
R5282no
S5383no
T5484no
U5585no
V5686no
W5787no
X5888no
Y5989no
Z5A90no
Numpad06096no
Numpad16197no
Numpad26298no
Numpad36399no
Numpad464100no
Numpad565101no
Numpad666102no
Numpad767103no
Numpad868104no
Numpad969105no
Multiply6A106no
NumpadPlus6B107no
Separator6C108no
NumpadMinus6D109no
Decimal6E110no
F170112no
F271113no
F372114no
F473115no
F574116no
F675117no
F776118no
F877119no
F978120no
F1079121no
F117A122no
F127B123no
F137C124no
F147D125no
F157E126no
F167F127no
F1780128no
F1881129no
F1982130no
F2083131no
F2184132no
F2285133no
F2386134no
F2487135no
ScrollLock91145no
OemNecEqual92146no
OemFjMasshou93147no
OemFjTouroku94148no
OemFjLoya95149no
OemFjRoya96150no
LShiftA0160no
RShiftA1161no
LCtrlA2162no
RCtrlA3163no
LAltA4164no
RAltA5165no
Oem1BA186no
PlusBB187no
CommaBC188no
MinusBD189no
PeriodBE190no
Oem2BF191no
Oem3C0192no
Oem4DB219no
Oem5DC220no
Oem6DD221no
Oem7DE222no
Oem8DF223no
OemAxE1225no
Oem102E2226no
IcoHelpE3227no
Ico00E4228no
ProcessKeyE5229no
IcoClearE6230no
PacketE7231no
OemResetE9233no
OemJumpEA234no
OemPa1EB235no
OemPa2EC236no
OemPa3ED237no
OemWsCtrlEE238no
OemCuSelEF239no
OemAttnF0240no
OemFinishF1241no
OemCopyF2242no
OemAutoF3243no
OemEnlwF4244no
OemBackTabF5245no
AttnF6246no
CrSelF7247no
ExSelF8248no
EREOFF9249no
PlayFA250no
ZoomFB251no
NoNameFC252no
Pa1FD253no
OemClearFE254no
Cancel33yes
NumpadEnterD13yes
PgUp2133yes
PgDn2234yes
End2335yes
Home2436yes
Left2537yes
Up2638yes
Right2739yes
Down2840yes
PrintScreen2C44yes
Insert2D45yes
Delete2E46yes
LWin5B91yes
RWin5C92yes
Apps5D93yes
Sleep5F95yes
Divide6F111yes
NumLock90144yes
RShiftA1161yes
RCtrlA3163yes
RAltA5165yes
BrowserBackA6166yes
BrowserForwardA7167yes
BrowserRefreshA8168yes
BrowserStopA9169yes
BrowserSearchAA170yes
BrowserFavoritesAB171yes
BrowserHomeAC172yes
MuteAD173yes
VolumeDownAE174yes
VolumeUpAF175yes
MediaNextTrackB0176yes
MediaPrevTrackB1177yes
MediaStopB2178yes
MediaPlayPauseB3179yes
MailB4180yes
MediaSelectB5181yes
LaunchApp1B6182yes
LaunchApp2B7183yes
This page was first published on or before March 21, 2012, last revised on August 18, 2020, and last republished on August 24, 2020.
Comments


Amelia Nagoski
 - Burnout
 - 'This book is a gift! I've been practicing their strategies, and it's a total game-changer.' Brené Brown, PhD, author of the #1 New York Times bestseller DARE TO LEAD
 This groundbreaking book explains why women experience burnout differently than men - and provides a simple, science-based plan to help women minimize stress, manage emotions and live a more joyful life.
 The gap between what it's really like to be a woman and what people expect women to be is a primary cause of burnout, because we exhaust ourselves trying to close the space between the two. How can you 'love your body' when everything around you tells you you're inadequate? How do you 'lean in' at work when you're already giving 110% and aren't recognized for it? How can you live happily and healthily in a world that is constantly telling you you're too fat, too needy, too noisy and too selfish? Sisters Emily Nagoski, Ph.D., the bestselling author of Come as You Are, and Amelia Nagoski, DMA, are here to help end the cycle of overwhelm and exhaustion, and confront the obstacles that stand between women and well-being. With insights from the latest science, prescriptive advice, and helpful worksheets and exercises, Burnout reveals:
 * what you can do to complete the biological stress cycle - and return your body to a state of relaxation.
 * how to manage the'monitor' in your brain that regulates the emotion of frustration.
 * how the Bikini Industrial Complex makes it difficult for women to love their bodies - and how to fight back.
 Eye-opening, compassionate and optimistic, Burnout will completely transform the way we think about and manage stress, empowering women to thrive under pressure and enjoy meaningful yet balanced lives. All women will find something transformative in these pages - and be empowered to create positive and lasting change.
Amelia Nagoski is a conductor with a DMA in conducting from the University of Connecticut. An assistant professor and coordinator of music at Western New England university, she regularly presents educational sessions discussing application of communications science and psychological research for audiences of other professional musicians, including 'Beyond Burnout Prevention: Embodied Wellness for Conductors'.
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text:
Howison Family Crest, Coat of Arms and Name History
Don't know which Coat of Arms is yours?
We can do a genealogical research. Find out the exact history of your family!Learn More
Origins of Howison:
According to the early recordings of the name, this interesting and unique name listed as Howie, Howey, and the patronymics Howieson, Howison, Howisone, and Huison, this famous Scottish name is perhaps geographical from "The lands of How," a now lost estate in the division of Ayrshire. If so the surname is a member of the ever growing list of surnames of the British Islands that start from old sites which are either no longer around or have probably changed their name. Either way, the advancement is from the old British-Strathclyde word hoh, which pre-dates written history. It shows a clear or deep valley, and from which also advanced the surnames How and Howe. As Howie or Howey, it is a little meaning Little How, the addition of -ie or -y being a famous Scottish and North of England attachment, while Howi(e)son is the patronymic to give the son of Howie. Early examples of the surname records contain as John Howison, a burgess of Edinburgh in 1450, John Howy, a servant of the Lord of Cassilis, who in 1526 was involved in murder. Somewhat less dramatically in 1590, Robert Howie was noted as being the Principal of Marischal College, Aberdeen, while in the year of 1680, Thomas Howieson was the minister of Boleskin in Lanark and was also known as Robert Huison and Robert Houston. Interestingly there is a long culture that name ancestors originally settled from Flemish then to Scotland in the 14th century.
More common variations are: Howieson, Howeison, Howisson, Howson, Hewison, Howeson, Houison, Howisen, Hawison, Howisin.
The origins of the surname Howison appeared in Modlothian where people held a family seat from old times. Someone say better before the success of Normans and the entrance of Duke William at Hastings 1066 A.D.
Many of the people with surname Howison had moved to Ireland during the 17th century.
United States of America:
Individuals with the surname Howison landed in the United States in two different centuries respectively in the 18th, and 20th. Some of the people with the name Howison who arrived in the United States in the 17th century included John Howison, who came to Maryland in the year 1703.
The following century saw more Howison surnames arrive. Some of the people with the surname Howison who arrived in the United States in the 19th century included Morris James Howison at the age of 36, who moved to the United States, in the year 1903. Rudolph M Howison at the age of 44, who landed in America, in the year 1906. Rudolph Meier Howison at the age of 44, who moved to America from Finchley, England, in 1908. Allen M. Howison, who emigrated to America, in 1909. Mary Scott Howison at the age of 32, who settled in America, in the year 1911.
Here is the population distribution of the last name Howison: United States 484; Australia 228; Canada 114; England 113; New Zealand 47; United Arab Emirates 38; Scotland 33; Singapore 2; Netherlands 2; South Africa 2.
Del Howison (born 1953), is an American horror writer. He was born in Detroit, Michigan but moved to Los Angeles to pursue a job in acting; with his distinctive long white hair, he was a natural for low-budget horror films, and has since played the character "Renfield" in four separate seasons (making him the actor who has played this iconic character from Dracula more than any other).
George Holmes Howison (1834–1916) was an American scholar who taught in the philosophy department at the University of California, Berkeley.
John Howison (c.1530–1618), was a Scottish minister.
Ryan Howison (born 1966), is an American golf player.
Blazons & Genealogy Notes
1) (Braehead, co. Midlothian; now represented by Howison Cradfurd, of Craufurdland, co. Ayr, and of Braehead, co. Midlothian). Motto—Sursum corda. Ar. a men's heart gu. on a chief az. three fleurs-de-lis or. Crest—A dexter hand couped apaumee ppr.
2) (Holmfoot, co. Lanark, 1783). Motto—Nulla temerata nube. Same Arms. Crest—An eagle rising ppr.
3) (Ireland). Quarterly, ar. and sa. six roundles counterchanged, three, two, and one. Crest—An antelope pass. gu.


text:
You may have heard the expression 'until the cows come home', meaning 'for a very long time': If the manager wants perfection, she'll be waiting till the cows come home. But it is till or until the cows come home? And what's the difference?
Macmillan Dictionary's entry for the phrase shows that either word is fine – in this context they are perfectly interchangeable. Both till and until can be used as a preposition or as a conjunction. As a preposition, they're followed by a noun: I'll be around till Sunday; We can live here until 2025. As a conjunction, they connect two clauses: She kept painting till she was happy with it; He ran until he could run no more.
In these examples, till and until can be swopped around. This is not always possible or appropriate. As Liz Potter wrote in a Language Tip post, till is less formal; until is more formal. So if you're writing a business report or other serious text, until is probably the better choice. If you want to convey a more casual tone, till will do this. Until is also more common at the start of a sentence – though till is found here too.
The difference in register is not huge, and in many contexts, as we've seen, you can use whichever word you prefer or whichever one sounds better to you. Sometimes metre is a factor: if you're writing poetry – even something playful, like a limerick – then the difference between one syllable and two is significant.
Till and until are both very old words. People often assume that till is simply an abbreviation of until, but in fact till is a few centuries older. It shows up in the runic inscription on the ancient Ruthwell Cross in Scotland, where its original sense was the same as 'to'.
There is an abbreviation of until: 'til. Some critics reject it, because we already have till. They may even call it incorrect. 'Till is still more disparaged, because the apostrophe is superfluous, and although this form was used by George Washington, of all people, I can't recommend it. Apostrophe-less til is occasionally used, but spelling-wise it falls between the two stools of till and 'til.
TIL, which appears in the title of this post, is short for today I learned, and is in popular use online. Finally, till has another use in Irish English, where it means something like 'in order that': 'Come here till I tell you a story' means 'Come here so that I can tell you a story.' Maybe it's a story about till.Email this Post


text:
C. Gaps of Systems
Assessing Gaps of Systems asks that we consider the inclusiveness of the systems upon which our proposed action depends and that we reflect critically upon the limitations of those systems. For example, if we propose to communicate a message – upon what systems does our message depend? We must consider how we will reach people who do not speak our language, who cannot hear/read, and to what extent there may be communities who lack access media. Alternatively, if we locate a free mediation service at the court-house, we must consider whom our legal system serves and fails to serve and whether our efforts to provide alternative methods for conflict resolution might be limited due to the legal system's limitations. Ultimately, this aspect of Gap review asks whether we aware of the limitations of our existing systems and how we may create more inclusive systems.


text: MultiTail lets you view one or multiple files like the original tail program. The difference is that it creates multiple windows on your console (with ncurses). It can also monitor wildcards: if another file matching the wildcard has a more recent modification date, it will automatically switch to that file. That way you can, for example, monitor a complete directory of files. Merging of 2 or even more logfiles is possible. It can also use colors while displaying the logfiles (through regular expressions), for faster recognition of what is important and what not. It can also filter lines (again with regular expressions). It has interactive menus for editing given regular expressions and deleting and adding windows. One can also have windows with the output of shell scripts and other software. When viewing the output of external software, MultiTail can mimic the functionality of tools like 'watch' and such.


Kyrgyzstan plans to promote wind energy
Kyrgyzstan is set to implement pathbreaking financial policies to promote development of wind energy sector in the country. Renewable energy has, so far, seen minimal development in Kyrgyzstan which generated most of its electricity from large hydro power projects. But now, the government is planning to offer significant tax incentives to project developers who look to set up wind energy projects.
According to media reports, the Kyrgyzstan government has proposed slew of tax incentives for the wind energy sector. As per the proposal of the parliament, income from wind energy projects shall be exempted from any tax for 8 years. Additionally, equipment imported from outside the country would be exempted from value-added tax.
These, and several other proposals, are expected to be approved by the Kyrgyz parliament over the next few weeks.
While the government has not announced the planned capacity addition, it plans to set up 3 wind energy projects with the first expected to come up near the lake of Issyk-Kul.
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the country had an installed power generation capacity of 3,680 MW in 2012, of which only 1% (or 41 MW) was based on renewable energy technologies.
Among all renewable energy technologies, solar power has the largest potential in Kyrgyzstan. Solar power has an estimated technical potential of 267 GW while wind energy and small-hydro power have potential of 1,500 MW and 1,800 MW, respectively.


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2.4 - VS [U3 Datasheet]
The VS terminals are designed as outputs for the internal supply voltage (nominally 5 volts). This will be the voltage provided from the USB cable. The VS connections are outputs, not inputs. Do not connect a power source to VS in normal situations. All VS terminals are the same.
Related specifications can be found in Appendix A.
For information about powering the U3 from a source other than USB, see the OEM information in Section 2.12.
What if some VS terminals are not working? We hear this every so often, but since the terminals are all simply soldered into the same VS plane on the PCB it is almost impossible for some to work and some not. Almost every time the actual problem is improper use of the screw terminals. The only guaranteed connection with the screw terminals is when a conductor is securely clamped inside the terminal. For example, touching DMM probes to the screw head of a loose terminal rarely provides a valid contact.
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How to build a zero-shot email classifier
Some of the best models are able to solve various tasks in a zero-shot setting. It means being able to solve tasks without any examples and finetuning.
This guide will be using a zero-shot text classification model and an emotion detection model to automatically sort emails.
The end product will be able to process e-commerce customer emails, ranking them by urgency and category (shipping, complaint, etc).
This guide assumes you already know how to use tasks.
Read the tasks tutorial if you are new.
Setting up Backprop
For convenience, we will be using the Backprop open-source library.
You can do it via plain API calls. Using the library lets us write a bit less code.
Install backprop.
pip install backprop
Import backprop.
import backprop
Starting the Emotion task
This starts an Emotion task with the base model in the API. See more details in the API Reference.
emotion = backprop.Emotion(api_key="YOUR_API_KEY")
Starting the Text Classification task
Starting a Text Classification task works exactly the same way. See more details in the API Reference.
tc = backprop.TextClassification(api_key="YOUR_API_KEY")
Detecting urgency
The default model used for the emotion task is t5-base-qa-summary-emotion.
It can detect various emotions. The logic here is that if a negative emotion is detected, the email is marked as urgent.
negative_sentiments = ["annoyance", "disapproval", "disappointment", "anger", "disgust"]
def is_urgent(text):
 detected_emotions = emotion(text)
 detected_emotions = detected_emotions.split(", ")
 # Email is urgent if the customer has negative sentiment
 for em in detected_emotions:
 if em in negative_sentiments:
 return True

 return False
Predicting the category
As part of zero-shot classification, we have to provide a set of labels. These are the labels that will get assigned probabilities.
The logic here is to give all possible categories and predict the one with the highest probability.
categories = ["returns", "promotion", "complaint", "technical issue", "product inquiry", "shipping question", "other"]
def predict_category(text):
 probabilities = tc(text, labels=categories)
 # Gets the highest probability category
 category = max(probabilities, key=probabilities.get)
 return category
Putting it all together
Now, we can write a simple function that makes use of the urgency and category detection to sort our emails.
def process_email(text):
 email_urgency = is_urgent(text)
 email_category = predict_category(text)
 print(text)
 if email_urgency:
 print("Urgent!")
 else:
 print("Not urgent")
 print("Category:", email_category)
Let's try out some examples to see how it performs.
email1 = "Hi, how long will it take for my order to arrive? I've been waiting four days."
email2 = "How could you sell something this broken? This is the worst thing I've ever seen, and you should be ashamed to make money off it."
process_email(email1)
process_email(email2)
Hi, how long will it take for my order to arrive? I've been waiting four days.
Not urgent
Category: shipping question
------
How could you sell something this broken? This is the worst thing I've ever seen, and you should be ashamed to make money off it.
Urgent!
Category: complaint

Awesome. The emails get the correct category and the customer who's really disappointed in the service gets their email marked as urgent.


text:
The propriety of Edmund Burke's imagery was questioned around the noted colonial business enterprise of his brother
The famous 18th century British thinker and critic of the slave trade, Edmund Burke, has been detailed as a human being whose imagery may not be proper for the United kingdom Parliament in the wake of the Black Life Subject (BLM) protests.
Burke, a Dublin-born statesman who is credited for staying a important founding figure of conservatism, served as an MP in between 1766 and 1794. However, present day-working day British lawmakers have questioned whether his legacy ought to be cherished.
His identify was stated among "individuals and pursuits relevant to the British slave trade and the use of forced labour," as element of a evaluation of the parliament's artwork selection introduced in 2020 in response to the BLM protests. The contradiction amongst Burke's properly-documented anti-slavery posture and his title remaining on the record was highlighted on Wednesday by The Telegraph newspaper.
"It's unquestionably nonsense that Burke was a supporter of the slave trade. He was a critic of slavery from his to start with recorded sights. He discovered it abhorrent," Prof. Richard Bourke, a Burke expert and professor of political believed at King's Higher education Cambridge, explained to the daily.
Burke was additional to the list not for the reason that of what he did or reported but mainly because of his younger brother, Richard. A 2013 evaluate by English Heritage explained him as "a prosperous service provider and Caribbean land speculator," primarily based on a reserve published by present-day author William Burke, who could have been Edmund's kinsman.
The 2020 listing of supposedly questionable art lists 7 depictions of Edmund Burke in Parliament's selection, together with a photograph, a few prints, a portray and two sculptures.
His lifetime-measurement monument stands in St Stephen's Corridor inside the Palace of Westminster, even though the portrait is shown in the Member's Dining Room, in accordance to The Telegraph.
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Part 2: Burmese personal names – Miscellany
This is the 2nd in a 4 part installment on Burmese personal names — [1] Introduction | [2] Miscellany | [3] Male Names | [4] Female Names.
Burmese personal names: Miscellany
I recently got a hold of a small but useful trove of data, a 2014 exam roster of nearly 600 Burmese university students (in their early 20s). Using Excel, I began parsing the data, segmenting the names by word (not syllable) and categorizing by gender, to discern patterns in naming preferences. Given that there's not much out there regarding Burmese names (statistically-speaking), I thought I'd take a stab at this and present some simple findings.
I've been able to shed some light on the top name choices and discern some naming patterns. However, I have to admit, given that almost every single name on that roster was one-of -a-kind, it's difficult to really assess the complete picture and see conclusive patterns.
In light of the ongoing nationwide census, the first in Burma since 1983, it's gotten me thinking. How useful would it be for the government to release the raw data to the public to manipulate? Of course, the accuracy of this census is debatable, as are many of the questions being asked..
Details on the data
Sample: 584 given names, 344 female, 240 male.
Source: extracted from a Rangoon-based university roster (April 2014)
Segmentation: not by syllable but by word.
Determination of gender: Already provided in the roster as an honorific: Maung (male) or Ma (female)
Other notes: I did not control for name's origins or etymology (whether Shan, Chinese, English, etc.). The overwhelming majority of names were Burmese origin names.
For etymology and meanings, I confirmed with Southeast Asian Languages Library's English-Burmese dictionary [link], Buddhistdoor International's Buddhist dictionary [link] the Pali dictionary [link], and a copy of my dad's paperback Tet Toe dictionary. For words whose meaning/origin I'm unfamiliar with, I've left a question mark.
Overarching patterns
Diversity of words. All in all, there was a dizzying number of words encountered through this exercise. And surprisingly, for both female and males, very few names were shared. There were a few instances in which 2 or at most, 3, students had the same exact name. This, even though these students did not possess surnames. It almost goes to show the ingenuity of Burmese families in designing unique names for their children, which may be a motivating factor in each succeeding generation's ever more complex names.
What would be interesting is to have the students' date of birth and see whether there's a relationship between the student's date of birth and the actual given name, whether that the traditional Burmese naming system informed the naming process for the students, and if so, how common this was. Unfortunately I didn't have that kind of data.
Number of Unique Words:
Females had a presumably larger pool of words to choose from than males.. For males, I encountered 129 unique words (variants of the same word were counted separately) used as part of a name. For females, this number jumped to 202 words. Across the board, there was greater variation in the second word of a given name, for both males and females, implying that there's greater latitude in the second word of a given name.
I also observed a naming pattern: the third word in a given name had markedly less variation than the first two. In fact, there was considerable overlap for both males and females in the 3rd word of their name–4 of the top 10 words were shared by both genders: Kyaw, Naing, Htun, and Aung.
Top 25 Words Used in Burmese Names:
Of the most common words used in the set of Burmese names, there was little overlap between frequently used female and male names. Only 9 of top 25 words were used for both males and females: Zin, Win, U, Myat, Htun, Phyo, Kyaw, Htet, and Aung. Makes sense, considering they are relatively unisex words.
Number of Syllables in a Burmese Name:
Across the board, the majority of males and females had 3 syllable names. However, a significant number of females possessed 4 syllable names.
The average number of syllables for both males and females was 3. Moreover, in line with the Burmese language's monosyllabic tendencies, the average syllable length of both boys' and girls' name was 1.
I don't deny that there's inherent sampling bias. For one, the data does not account for regional variations in naming trends, as the majority of these students would have originated from somewhere in Lower Burma (most likely the Rangoon region). Also this does not account for variation in socioeconomic class (predominantly urbanites with relatively well-off families). But I think it does provide a fairly sweeping overview of Burmese naming trends for the late 1980s-early 1990s generation. Moreover, I realize that the sample size may be insufficient.
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12 thoughts on "Part 2: Burmese personal names – Miscellany
 1. Very interesting. I would imagine the popular custom of alliteration in girl's names is still current such as Cho Cho or Than Than. Much less common with boys except Maung Maung and Ko Ko.
 In my generation of postwar baby boomers Khin Maung so and so or Maung Maung so and so is a very common boy's name which practice makes it a three syllable name unlike the vast majority of boy's names in that era.
 Like Dolores I suppose Khin no longer makes the top 9 but used to be very common in those days among both genders. On the other hand Htet must be the newcomer of the 9 since I had never heard of anyone with that name until my dad named my second son born in 1973. A few years later a film director of the exact same two syllable name appeared on the scene.
 Did you come across a good number of Pali names I wonder? Not so common in my generation they tend to be disyllabic, spelled separately in English sometimes and always in Burmese. Like Thida, Malar, Thawda, Sanda, Thanda, Thuza, (Eindra nowadays as in the film star Htun Eindra Bo) with girls and Zeya, Nanda, Thiha, Thura, Teza (Tay Za you will be more familiar with) for boys. Thawda is unisex and so is Nanda but its second syllable is spelled and pronounced differently for different genders (short creaky for male and long soft for female).
 Even some actual Burmese names like Nilar, Wut Hmon, Kyay Mon (as in the paper Kyemon or Mirror) are not really amenable to splitting.
 As you know truncation or splitting of Burmese names doesn't work unlike Western names. Min Ko Naing cannot be Min Naing or just Naing in print or broadcast media since no Burmese would recognise the name. The same with his real name Paw Oo Htun. At least Suu Kyi is current and recognisable though it sounds impolite to us, but if you take only her first and last names as in a Western name, she'd have the same name as the liaison minister for dialogue with her Aung Kyi!
 - Interesting you bring up Khin (ခင်), because it was relatively uncommon (at least for males), even though it seems like every other person used to have that as a word in their names. Another one that was conspicuously missing was Hla (လှ), for both males and females. I did come across a good variety of Pali names for both males and females, which I've identified in Parts 3 and 4.
 - Khin derived from thakhin (lord/lady), like Myat (noble) and Tin (hoist/super) probably took off in colonial times partly from nostalgia and partly by lending commoners the mantle of our fallen monarchy and aristocracy as in the famous triangle the last king Thibaw Min, Daing Khin Khin and Yanaung Maung Maung Toke.
 Interestingly Myat remains popular but the others like Hla (pretty/handsome) are presumably regarded as too dated. Likewise Pe (father) and Ba (father/uncle), Po (grandfather or young master), Mi and Mè (mother), Pwa (grandmother), Ma (sister) common in the first half of the last century no longer seem to occur. Even Ko (older brother), Maung and Nyi (younger brother) may be dying out, no longer cool and trendy.
 2. Nay Chi (sun ray) and Zar Chi (lacy) are also popular unsplittable girl's names among today's generation as are older flower names like Thazin, Sabè, Hninsi, Thawka, Khwar Nyo and Myat Lay aside Anglo names such as Cherry, Lily and Baby (Sonny used to be popular for boys too) all spelled in separate words.


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KATHMANDU, Nepal– With the flow of water gushing from the mudslide is as thinner as the flow of water being amassed, the water level in the artificial lake formed after a massive landslide blocking Sunkoshi River has not been decreased.
Water in the lake is said to be increasing at 190 cusecs, while flow of water from the reservoir is only 200 cusecs. Nepal Army (NA) that is currently deployed to clear the water in the lake informed 8 million cusecs water has accumulated in the lake, spreading in three kilometers.
The width and depth of the lake is 90-400 meters and 45 meters respectively.NA is preparing for another controlled explosion to let the flow of the water, according to General Ashmin Kumar Thapa. As many as 100 NA personnel have been deployed for rescue operations.
Earlier on Tuesday afternoon, the NA had used explosives in an attempt to get rid of the blockage to the river flow; however it could not restore the flow as desired due to rain.
The Sunkoshi River was blocked after huge amount of landslide debris piled up across the river following massive landslide on Saturday morning. At least 156 villagers including 40 students have been announced dead following the deadliest landslide.
(With inputs from myrepublica)