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Housing and Wealth Inequality in Azerbaijan: A Statistical Analysis of Real Estate Prices in Baku
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Read the full research here.
Housing affordability is viewed by many as a way of assessing the socioeconomic stability of a country. Housing being one of, if not the largest expense for most households, the COVID-19 pandemic has underscored its importance as many households lost part of their income, leading to unpaid rent and unstable living conditions in many countries. This situation further highlights the need for policymakers to discuss housing affordability.
However, there is another reason housing affordability is an issue not to ignore. As put forward by Thomas Piketty (2014), the return rates on capital (e.g. real estate) are higher than the rate of return on labor, reproducing a cycle of wealth inequalities. While many researchers have assessed housing wealth's effects on inequality in Western cities, none have discussed Baku's case.
In this study, we assess housing affordability for first-time apartment buyers corrected for the average household's savings rate. Results show that in the current situation, the average household cannot afford to buy an apartment during the course of their life as their monthly expenditures surpass their monthly net income by 514 AZN, and thus any real estate price is unattainable. After computing a simulation of increased wages, it has been assessed that even after a 250 AZN increase, most first-time buyers still could not afford housing.
1/ Low salaries, low savings rate
Table 4 shows the average monthly and yearly expenditures per person and household in Baku as of 2020. Per person, the average monthly expenditures are 897 AZN, while per household, these expenditures are 1,893.9 AZN.
At the current average salary of 326.1 AZN per capita, the average household of four, no matter the number of working individuals, cannot afford the average monthly consumption expenditures of 332.4 AZN per person. This is without considering non-consumption expenditures, such as rent, which averages 564 AZN in Baku, according to our August 2020 data.
Average expenditures. Based on 2019 official statistics and 2020 collected data.
Depending on the number of working individuals, the average household salary ranges from 326.1 to 1,304.4 AZN per month. However, the household consumption expenditure and average rent being 1,329.6 and 564 AZN, respectively, all household compositions suffer from a shortage of financial funds at the end of the month.
Average monthly salary and savings per household composition
The average household is thus 1,079 AZN short every month, making it impossible to save to buy housing later in life, be it with financing options or without. Even before rent payment, the average household is short 514 AZN.
As an experiment, we decided to compare savings rates at two different salary levels: at 476 and 576 AZN per person. As shown in table 5, the average household can still not afford all its expenditures and save at a salary level of 476 AZN, with an average savings level at –704 AZN.
Savings rate at salary of 476 AZN per person
Savings rate at salary of 576 AZN per person
As can be seen from the previous table, only after a 76% increase in salary at 576 AZN does one type of household with all four persons working start saving 4% of their monthly salary. Based on this analysis, results show that Baku's average household salary does not account for all monthly expenditures, including rent, even after an increase of 250 AZN in salary.
It also follows that this situation might affect petty corruption levels. As the salaries are too low compared to the expenditures, the moral costs of corruption decrease as these acts serve a compensatory role aiming at the increase of household financial funds.
It must be noted that the official average salary statistics might not be the closest to reality, as the shadow economy of Azerbaijan represented over 65% of GDP in 2010 (Bayramov 2012). This shadow economy includes informal employment that goes undeclared and informal payments such as small bribes paid to government officials in exchange for standard public services (Guliyev, 2015). As a result, official salary levels might be lower than the real financial funds that households receive monthly.
2/ No access to financing
Based on these findings, we analyzed the official statistics on mortgage and credit in Azerbaijan (MCGF, 2019). As of 2019, only 3% of mortgage borrowers had a salary of under 500 AZN, while 42% have a salary between 501 and 1000 AZN (inclusive), and over 53% had a salary of over 1001 AZN.
When calculating the largest amount borrowable by a household at the average salary via the MCGF website, it appears that neither ordinary nor social mortgages can be taken out by the household, even when the mortgage is joint. In all cases, because of the lack of savings, the average borrower cannot pay an initial down payment of 10% or 15% for an ordinary or social mortgage, respectively.
Options to finance housing are thus not only limited but also not accessible to the average household. Even when assessing the possibility of a "soft" mortgage intended for the poorer population, these social loans remain inaccessible for the lowto average-income households.
3/ Lack of housing affordability
Based on our collected data, the average housing sales price is 148,907 AZN, with a price per meter of 1,515 AZN. The following table estimates that the average sales price is 450 times the average salary per person.
Average sales price per size of apartment
Average price per district
As shown in the previous table, the highest housing price is in Nasimi district, with Yasamal following close behind at 185,174 and 152,562 AZN, respectively. The lowest real estate prices are recorded in the Garadagh and Pirallahi districts.
Building from these numbers, we compute the price-to-income ratio for the overall average real estate price before going ahead to the assessment of housing affordability:
Average price-to-income ratio with rating
Housing affordability rating
Results show that for all household compositions at the current savings level and price-to-income ratio, housing is, as expected, unaffordable.
As an experiment, we compute housing affordability, where the average salary per person would be 576 AZN.
Housing affordability rating at salary level of 576 AZN
It follows that even at a salary increase of 250 AZN per working person, the average household can still not afford real estate in Baku.
1/ Housing affordability and wealth inequalities
Housing is the most basic of human needs (shelter); its affordability is an essential factor in assessing a population's livelihood. Housing affordability has become problematic worldwide, putting the lower and lower-middle-income households further under strain. This lack of affordability has even been linked to poorer health as households tend to spend less on their health when housing costs represent a higher percentage of their income (Stud 2000). In a 2020 study, links between the deprivation of stable shelter and household health were assessed in Hong Kong, which has been suffering from housing unaffordability for many years. Due to the low disposable income post-housing costs, households suffer from increased stress levels, leading to overall poor physical and mental health (Chung et al. 2020).
The analysis done for this paper supports the hypothesis that housing inequality is related to wealth inequalities in Azerbaijan's capital city, Baku. The traditional way of explaining inequalities is the struggle between capital and labor, or the distribution of income between capital and labor. Piketty, in his work Capital in the Twenty-First Century (2014), shows how it is no longer possible for an individual to increase their income through their labor as capital's growth rate has exceeded that of labor. This means that labor returns have decreased while returns on capital, including real estate, have increased. A situation that further supports the idea that housing capital helps perpetuate social segregation and wealth inequalities.
The declining labor share of income has been documented worldwide (e.g., Karabarbounis, Neiman 2014; Chi Dao et al. 2017), further emphasizing the need for housing affordability policies. In Baku's case, despite the average household's housing costs being more than half of their monthly income, there are no policies targeted at creating more social housing. The data shows that housing is not affordable regardless of the size of the apartment or the district, but most households also cannot save since their total expenditures surpass their income. Even more surprising in our findings is that even after a hypothetical 250 AZN increase in individual income, the average household can still not afford to buy housing.
Access to housing finance is virtually non-existent for these households. Mortgage plans do not seem to have successfully penetrated the market. Social mortgages have only made housing purchases more affordable for households with higher salaries. This is just as much an issue in Baku as it is in London (UK). A 2017 London School of Economics report showed that despite the government targeting poorer households with its low-cost homeownership opportunities, the average person to benefit from this type of help already earned 1.5 times the median wage (LSE, 2017). [U1] Instead of promoting homeownership for average-income households, these schemes made housing purchases more affordable for households that could have bought without governmental help.
It is worth noting that despite having poor access to housing finance, microfinance is well established and offered by all banks.


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jQuery Mobile: The Concept of Linking Mobile Pages (1)
- a jQM page is bounded by a box with data-role='page' attribute (based on custom data attributes - HTML 5 standard)
- more than one jQM page can be defined in a HTML document
- the first jQM page is always loaded and rendered if the HTML document is loaded through sync. HTTP request, i.e not Ajax (async)
- a jQM page can be loaded via HTTP request or Ajax (xmlHttpRequest) request
- by default, jQM loads a mobile page (referenced from another mobile page) via Ajax unless special attribute is specified
Scenario 1: Multiple jQM pages in a HTML document
This is the most simple and common scenario; multiple jQM pages within a document. The following diagram shows how a document is initially loaded and how a mobile page is retrieved from an user interaction:
Mobile browser retrieves the whole document from the server and loads it. Since it is HTTP document request, any code within

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


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DC2 Two-Channel, Full Field, Simultaneous Imaging System
The DC2 is an emission splitting system enabling a user to acquire two spatially identical but spectrally distinct images simultaneously.
Simultaneous, multichannel imaging is essential to directly compare each of the two image channels. This comparison can be in the form of colocalization analysis, emission ratiometric analysis or polarization studies of single wavelength channel.
DC2 Two-Channel, Full Field, Simultaneous Imaging System Features:
- Simultaneous acquisition of two full-field emission images
- Emission can be separated by wavelength, polarization, or amplitude
- Increases scanning speeds by a factor of two in high-content screening applications
- Easily mounts to most microscopes
- Improved adjustment control enables easier image alignment
- Exchangeable filter cube allows multiple applications to be run with minimal realignment
- Bypass mode allows user to send all of the emission light to a single camera
- Integrated, adjustable CCD mask minimizes ghosting
- Independent focus adjustment for each camera

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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The Andrews government's re-announced plan to develop an animal action plan and a review of the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act are simply hollow if the Andrews government continues to allow duck shooting, jumps racing, greyhound racing, battery hens and sow stalls in Victoria, Greens animal welfare spokesperson, Sue Pennicuik said today.
"The announcement of a new 'public sector group called Animal Welfare Victoria', to be overseen by the Minister for Agriculture, is simply an announcement of what appears to be a body which will oversee the existing arrangements for animal welfare such as they are.
"The Minister for Agriculture also oversees The Game Management Authority, a body which promotes 'game' hunting in Victoria, including the annual duck shooting season which sees thousands of native water birds and other birds, including rare and endangered species, slaughtered every year," Ms Pennicuik said.
"How will the minister reconcile these conflicts of interest?
"If the government is to be taken seriously about ensuring 'that wherever animals are, their well-being and welfare is a priority',* then it really needs to catch up with most of the rest of Australia which long ago banned duck shooting and jumps racing and put an end to greyhound racing, which is responsible for the needless deaths of an estimated 4,000 greyhounds in Victoria every year.**
"Urgent action also needs to be taken to protect the habitat of threatened species such as koalas, the Greater Glider and Victoria's fauna emblem – the leadbeater's possum, from logging activities.
"The Greens continue to call for an independent regulatory body for animal welfare and this announcement falls short of that," Ms Pennicuik said.
*Minister's media release
**Racing Integrity Commissioner 2015
For further comment: Sue Pennicuik: 03 9530 8399


Create a README for your repo
VSTS | TFS 2018 | TFS 2017 | TFS 2015
Your Git repo should have a readme file so that viewers know what your code does and how they can get started using it. Your readme should speak to the following audiences:
 - Users that just want to run your code
 - Developers that want to build and test your code. Developers are also users.
 - Contributors that want to submit changes to your code. Contributors are both developers and users.
Write your readme in Markdown instead of plain text. Markdown makes it easy to format text, include images, and link as needed to additional documentation from your readme.
Here are some great readmes that use this format and speak to all three audiences, for reference and inspiration:
Create an intro
Start your readme off with a short explanation describing your project. Add a screenshot or animated GIF in your intro if your project has a user interface. If your code relies on or another application or library, make sure to state those dependencies in the intro or right below it. Apps and tools that run only on specific platforms should have the supported operating system versions noted in this section of the readme.
Help your users get started
Guide users through getting your code up and running on their own system in the next section of your readme. Stay focused on the essential steps to get started with your code. Link to the required versions of any prerequisite software so users can get to them easily. If you have complex setup steps, document those outside your readme and link to them.
Point out where to get the latest release of your code. A binary installer or instructions on using your code through packaging tools is best. If your project is a library or an interface to an API, put a code snippet showing basic usage and show sample output for the code in that snippet.
Provide build steps for developers
Use the next section of your readme to show developers how to build your code from a fresh clone of the repo and run any included tests. Give details about the tools needed to build the code and document the steps to configure them to get a clean build. Break out dense or complex build instructions into a separate page in your documentation and link to it if needed.
Provide the commands to run any test cases provided with the source code after the build is successful. Developers lean on these test cases to ensure that they don't break your code as they make changes. Good test cases also serve as samples developers can use to build their own test cases when adding new functionality.
Help users contribute
The last section of your readme helps users and developers get involved to report problems and suggest ideas to make your code better. Users should be linked to channels where they can open up bugs, request features, or get help using your code.
Developers need to know what rules they need to follow to contribute changes, such as coding/testing guidelines and pull request requirements. If you require a contributor agreement to accept pull requests or enforce a community code of conduct, this process should be linked to or documented in this section. State what license the code is released under and link to the full text of the license.


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Causal Gene Network Inference from Genetical Genomics Experiments via Structural Equation Modeling
MetadataShow full item record
In genetical genomics, a segregating population is expression profiled and DNA marker genotyped. An Encompassing Directed Network (EDN) of causal regulatory relationships among genes can be constructed with eQTL mapping and selection of candidate causal regulators. Several eQTL mapping approaches and local structural models were evaluated in their ability to construct an EDN. The edges in an EDN correspond to either direct or indirect causal relationships, and the EDN is likely to contain cycles or feedback loops. We implemented SEM with genetics algorithms to produce sub-models of the EDN containing fewer edges and being well supported by the data. The EDN construction and sparsification methods were tested on a yeast genetical genomics data set, as well as the simulated data. For the simulated networks, the SEM approach has an average detection power of around ninety percent, and an average false discovery rate of around ten percent.
- Doctoral Dissertations

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Wednesday, 3 October 2012
Physics 101 for Mitt Romney
Ahead of the Presidential debate tonight, I thought I'd help Willard Mitt Romney out a little.
He recently said this, after his wife's plane had to make an emergency landing due to smoke in the cabin:
1. Fires need oxygen. So adding more isn't a great idea.
2. Air in a plane is pressurised. Air outside is very thin. So if you open the window, all the air inside will want to go outside to equalise the pressure.
Here's a diagram of what happens if Mitt Romney opens the window of his executive jet: click to enlarge.
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Geotechnical Aspects of Strontia Springs Arch Damby Nathan R. Hopton, Harza Engineering Co, Chicago, IL, USA,
Farrukh M. Mazhar, (M.ASCE), Harza Engineering Co, Chicago, IL, USA,
Document Type: Proceeding Paper
Part of: Hydropower: Recent Developments
Abstract: The bedrock at the Strontia Springs damsite consists of generally excellent quality granitic and metamorphic rock, except for a wide shear zone located beneath the dam in the lower valley and upstream of the dam in the abutments. This shear zone forms the major geologic weakness at the site, necessitating special slope and foundation treatment designs. These special considerations include multirow grout curtains, a multirow drain curtain, extensive rock bolting and shotcrete measures in rock excavation slopes and close monitoring during operation of the project. The details of the foundation treatment design and construction are discussed, and the results of monitoring during construction are presented.
Subject Headings: Foundation design | Slopes | Earthfill dams | Grouting | Drainage | Riprap | Excavation | Foundation construction
Services: Buy this book/Buy this article
Return to search


Business challenges
Business challenges
Risk Assessment and Mitigation
Transportation network design always has a measure of risk.
Risk assessment allows you to estimate your transportation network's ability to resist unique events (risk) and your design's ability to recover after a disruption.
There is a clear trade-off between transportation system efficiency and resilience. As your transportation network becomes more efficient, it also becomes less resilient. If you use a lean approach to improve your network's efficiency, an unexpected change such as an increase or reduction in demand could destroy it. However, if you invest too much into risk mitigation, the cost of these improvements could reduce your competitiveness.
Whatever approach you take, the process you use to design your transportation network must evaluate how uncertainty could influence it. It also needs to help you understand how you can mitigate these risks.
 Address Your Risk Management Challenges.
 Veeroute allows you to test how different types of risk may affect your transportation network and understand how you could improve its design:
 - Learn how your transportation network reacts to uncertainty and identify which events could destroy it
 - Evaluate your network's resilience – how well it performs after a disruption – and estimate the time it will take to recover
 - Stress test your transportation network to understand its strengths and limitations
 - Design your transportation logistics to find the right balance of reliability and efficiency


Meaning of Cheyenne
Pronunciation: (shī-en', -an'), [key]
— pl. -ennes, -enne
 1. a member of a North American Indian people of the western plains, formerly in central Minnesota and North and South Dakota, and now divided between Montana and Oklahoma.
 2. an Algonquian language, the language of the Cheyenne Indians.
 3. a city in and the capital of Wyoming, in the S part. 47,283.
See also:


How To Roll A Tulip?
How do you roll a rosebud joint?
How to roll a rose blunt
 1. Step 1: Grind up your bud.
 2. Step 2: Arrange three rose petals in an overlapping row on a baking sheet.
 3. Step 3: Toast your rose petals.
 4. Step 4: Once the petals are done toasting, line up some ground flower down the center of your row of petals.
How do you roll an elaborate joint?
Sprinkle in your bud, and with your thumbs directly against the glue strip, roll up tightly. When the glue touches the inside of your paper, carefully but firmly lick the outside of the joint where it meets the glue strip (yes, it'll still seal).
How do you roll a joint European style?
Our favorite way to roll a joint and eliminate excess paper is a European rolling technique referred to as rolling 'inside out' or 'backroll'. If you have never tried rolling a rice paper, now is the time.
 1. Flip the Paper.
 2. Arrange and Roll as Usual.
 3. The Inside Out Tuck.
 4. Seal in One Smooth Motion.
 5. Remove the Excess.
How do you roll perfectly?
Take out your rolling paper and hold it so the glue side is facing your feet and the fold is in your direct sight. Fold the paper gently in the opposite direction and roll it between your fingers gingerly until it retains the shape you need.
You might be interested: Often asked: When To Plant Tulip Bulbs In Alabama?
Can u smoke eucalyptus?
Yes, we can smoke eucalyptus leaves. For medicinal purposes, eucalyptus leaves are most often used. Eucalyptus leaves contain up to 6% of valuable tannins, bitterness, organic acids, and other compounds. Eucalyptus has an expectorant, analgesic, healing effect – which is very important for smokers.
Can you burn rose petals?
Burning rose petals in a cauldron is a good substitute for burning a white sage smudge stick. Plus, I've noticed that the roses add their own positive energy to whatever space you 're cleansing. Drinking rose tea is a great way to kick back and get magickal.
How do you roll a joint if you can't roll?
How to roll a Joint ( When you can ' t roll a Joint )
 1. Wrap your paper around the chopstick, glue-side facing up.
 2. Lick the glue, keeping the paper stabilized.
 3. Roll the chopstick away from you, wrapping the paper around it.
 4. When it's all the way around (but not too tight) lick the edge and press your hand around the chopstick.
 5. Wiggle the rolled paper out of the chopstick.
Can you use tissue paper to roll a joint?
Tissue paper makes terrible rolling paper because it burns too fast. In an emergency the paper of a brown paper bag works best. But yeah it's probably not like good for you or whatever. Tbh no paper is safe to smoke but you 're better off using something like an apple.
Is Twaxing a waste?
One of the quick and easy ways to smoke concentrates is through a process called twaxing or T-waxing. While this method is easy, it does tend to waste a bit of concentrate compared to other methods.
You might be interested: When Is The Tulip Festival In Orange City Iowa?
How do you roll a tight spliff?
The secret to getting a tight and cylindrical joint is to grab the flower-filled paper by both ends, pinch the tops of the paper with your thumbs and forefingers, and rub your fingers together in an up-and-down motion. By doing so, you effectively push the flower into a tight little log the same width as the filter.
How do you roll a small spliff?
Stand the joint upright and use a toothpick to pack the bud down as far as you can. Push the filter up from the bottom if it sticks out at all. Tightly roll the excess paper and cut it off before you light. Tip: for extra small joints I sometimes cut a rolling paper in half and use smaller filters so I can roll two!
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Arizona Trail now a National Scenic Trail
It has been 25 years since a new National Scenic Trail has been designated in America. That has now changed.
On March 30, 2009, President Obama signed the Omnibus Public Lands Bill passed last week by Congress. The bill includes the prestigious designation of the Arizona Trail as a National Scenic Trail. In addition to the Arizona Trail, the Pacific Northwest Trail and New England Trail joined an exclusive group of eight existing National Scenic Trails.
Traversing the state for more than 800 miles, the Arizona Trail route begins at the state's southern border with Mexico and ends at the northern border with Utah. It links deserts, mountains, canyons, communities and people.
Construction on 95% of the Arizona Trail has been completed. Volunteers and agency partners are working diligently to build the last 40 miles, filling in the few remaining gaps in the trail's statewide continuous pathway.
The vision of a Flagstaff fifth grade school teacher named Dale Shewalter, the trail building began in 1985 in northern Arizona. (It) winds its way through some of the state's most scenic, wild backcountry, luring adventurers into the remote regions that have drawn photographers from around the world to capture images of the state's diverse topography and ecosystems.
The Arizona Trail Association was formed in 1994 to take on the leadership required to build, maintain, promote, protect and sustain the trail statewide. For more information about the Arizona Trail, go to _URL_.
(Excerpted from ATA Email)
++ New Posts ++


Search TurboTax Support
Additional income real income
In order to make an accurate assessment of the effect of an income change on well-being, it is important to consider real income income in constant dollarswhich takes inflation into account, instead of nominal income income in current dollarswhich does not.
Adjusting nominal values to real values
Hence you are worse off this year relative to last year, even though your income has increased, because your real income has decreased. You are better worse off if the percentage increase in your nominal income is greater less than the percentage inflation rate because the percentage growth in your real income i. A fall in your nominal income does not necessarily imply that you are worse off as long as the percentage additional income real income in the price level is higher than the percentage decrease in your nominal income, because the percentage change in your real income is positive.
In summary, you are better off as a result of an increase or decrease in your nominal income provided that the percentage change in your real income is positive. If the inflation rate is positive, doubling nominal income this year over last additional income real income will less than double the corresponding real income.
The Redistribution of Income and Wealth 1. Unanticipated inflation, inflation that is not expected, will redistribute income and wealth.
If the inflation rate is zero, however, doubling nominal income also doubles the corresponding real income. Real income could be viewed in two equivalent ways.
12 Passive Income Ideas To Help You Make Money In | Bankrate
Real income is relevant in wage contract negotiations. An important goal of unions is to protect the real wages of their members.
To maintain the same real income, your nominal income has to be increased or indexed by Bitcoin strategy to earn percent, the same as the inflation rate i. The same principle is used to index pensions, welfare allowances, and other incomes in order to maintain desired real income levels. In general, if real income decreases by, say, 5 percent, nominal incomes must be increased by 5 percent in order to maintain the same real income as before.
additional income real income binary options on weekend
As noted above, adjusting nominal income to maintain some desired level of real income requires information about the inflation rate. However, practical difficulties arise in the measurement of inflation.
12 passive income ideas to help you make money in 2021
In practice, the inflation rate is computed from a price or cost-of-living index, a summary measure describing relative price changes between some reference base period and another current period.
For purposes of indexing wages, pensions, and so on, the inflation rates are commonly derived from a Consumer Price Index CPI. The economists M.
additional income real income how to really earn bitcoin 2020
McCracken and E. Ruddick provide a simple exposition of the nature and practical difficulties associated with CPI as an inflation measure.
If real wages aren't rising, how is household income going up?
The economic statistician Roy Allen describes some applications of price index numbers in the measurement and international comparisons of real incomes. Given the aforementioned connection among real income, prices, and purchasing power, the origin of the real income concept can be linked to that of price index numbers, which the economic statistician Wesley Mitchell traced as far back as the s.
The concept of real income is used in national income accounting to refer to real gross domestic product GDPthe real value of all final goods and services produced in a country during a specific time period.
In evaluating real GDP, the output for different years is evaluated using a common set of prices, thus eliminating the contamination of the value of actual output by inflation.
 - Earnings on the Internet with instant payment
 - Real Income |
 - If real wages aren't rising, how is household income going up?
 - Real income is how much money an individual or entity makes after accounting for inflation.
 - Best strategies in binary options
The usage of real income to mean real GDP is commonplace in the literature on economic growth and the measurement of human well-being, among others. It is therefore not surprising that real income has been incorporated into several measures of human well-being developed by the United Nations Development Program UNDP in its annual issues of the Human Development Report.
Amartya Senwinner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, has raised some philosophical issues surrounding the appropriateness of real or nominal income as a measure of well-being. Sen argues that functional capabilities i.
Real Income
Such obstacles include illiteracy, poor health, lack of access to resources, and lack of civil or political freedom, among others. The link between real or nominal income and happiness has been the subject of empirical investigations by economists and sociologists.
additional income real income how to make money on webmoney
There is evidence that higher incomes may not necessarily translate to greater happiness. The economist Mathias Binswanger has reviewed several explanations for the failure of real income growth to increase happiness.
Index Numbers in Theory and Practice. London: Macmillan. Binswanger, Mathias.
additional income real income making money today
Searching for the Treadmill behind the Paradox of Happiness. Journal of Socio-Economics 35 2 : McCracken, M. Mitchell, Wesley C.
Real income
The Making and Using of Index Numbers. New York : Sentry. Sen, Amartya. Commodities and Capabilities. Amsterdam and New York : North-Holland.
 1. Short binary options
 2. Stay at home and earn
 3. How to really earn bitcoin 2020
 4. Strategies for binary options 70 profitable trades
 5. Additional income can be earned through your employer with avenues like overtime, bonuses, back pay, and commission.
 6. The bizarre way economists calculate real income - Econlib
 7. Real Income Definition
 8. And yet until a few minutes ago I never realized just how confused we were which I guess means I was equally confused.
United Nations Development Program.


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WHAT IS NUNU?
Nunu is an indigenous sacred medicine made from medicinal trees, barks, and leaves from the Amazon Forest. Nunu is also referred to as rape, which is pronounced, "ha-peh" in English. Nunu is primarily made from tobacco but also includes cacao and macambo nut, all of which are ground down into a fine powder. Rape is consumed through bamboo or bone pipes, either from a shaman, or self-administered. The powder is blown into each nostril in a quick motion. This initial intake of the medicine creates a break in thoughts, and feels quite intense, and not very pleasant. After the medicine has been shot into the nostrils it will clear the emotional, mental, physical, and spiritual bodies. The powder will move through the body by expelling mucus back out through the nose, or down the back of the throat.
Some people experience nausea or purging with nunu, but this is not always the case. The medicine releases acetylcholine, dopamine, and epinephrine in the brain. It clears bacteria, viruses, and illnesses from the body. It is also said to heal the pituitary gland, and decalcify the pineal gland (although there is no scientific backing for this yet). The pineal gland is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms, the immune system, and melatonin, and is also responsible for neurodegenerative diseases, if it is not cleared of fluoride or toxic buildup.


Michal ZimmermannPieces of knowledge from the world of GIS.
PostGIS: Rectangular Grid Creation
Creating a rectangular grid to cover a given extent with same sized cells is one of the basic GIS tasks I've had to solve several times so far. I used QGIS or some Python to give me a bunch of INSERT statements to run in PostGIS database, now I've come with a final solution at last.
CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION cm_grid(
 blx float8, -- bottom left x coordinate
 bly float8, -- bottom left y coordinate
 trx float8, -- top right x coordinate
 try float8, -- top right y coordinate
 xsize float8, -- cell width
 ysize float8, -- cell height
 srid integer DEFAULT 5514,
 OUT col varchar,
 OUT "row" varchar,
 OUT geom geometry
) RETURNS SETOF record AS
$$
DECLARE
 width float8; -- total area width
 height float8; -- total area height
 cols integer;
 rows integer;
BEGIN
 width := @($1 - $3); -- absolute value
 height := @($2 - $4); -- absolute value
 cols := ceil(width / xsize);
 rows := ceil(height / ysize);
 RETURN QUERY
 SELECT
 cast(
 lpad((i)::varchar,
 CASE WHEN
 char_length(rows::varchar) > char_length(cols::varchar)
 THEN char_length(rows::varchar)
 ELSE char_length(cols::varchar)
 END,
 '0')
 AS varchar
 ) AS row,
 cast(
 lpad((j)::varchar,
 CASE WHEN
 char_length(rows::varchar) > char_length(cols::varchar)
 THEN char_length(rows::varchar)
 ELSE char_length(cols::varchar)
 END,
 '0') AS varchar
 ) AS col,
 ST_SetSRID(
 ST_GeomFromText(
 'POLYGON((' ||
 array_to_string(
 ARRAY[i * xsize + blx, j * ysize + bly],
 ' '
 ) || ',' ||
 array_to_string(
 ARRAY[i * xsize + blx, (j+1) * ysize + bly],
 ' '
 ) || ',' ||
 array_to_string(
 ARRAY[(i+1) * xsize + blx, (j+1) * ysize + bly],
 ' '
 ) || ',' ||
 array_to_string(
 ARRAY[(i+1) * xsize + blx, j * ysize + bly],
 ' '
 ) || ',' ||
 array_to_string(
 ARRAY[i * xsize + blx, j * ysize + bly],
 ' '
 ) || '
 ))'
 )
 , srid) AS geom
 FROM
 generate_series(0, cols) AS i,
 generate_series(0, rows) AS j;
END;
$$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
And you call it like this:
CREATE TABLE grid AS
SELECT *
FROM cm_grid(-675593.69, -_PHONE_.19, -672254.69, -_PHONE_.19, 333.47, 333.47);
Few notes:
The messy CASE statement makes sure both row and col are of the same length. I used array_to_string for better readability. It might not be the fastest way, didn't do any benchmarks.


text:
Three dimensional reconstruction of the pancreas based on the virtual Chinese human--female number 1.Postgrad Med J. 2006 Jun; 82(968):392-6.PM
To study the three dimensional (3D) reconstruction and 3D visualisation of the pancreas and create anatomy of the digitalised visual pancreas so as to construct a concrete basis for virtual operation and surgical operation on pancreas.
The digital imaging data of pancreas, duodenum, common bile duct, arteries, and veins were obtained from the virtual Chinese human--female 1 (VCH-F1). The image data were investigated and 380 images ascertained of pancreas picked up from images numbers 2617 to 2996. Finally, the images from number 2574 to 3017 were adopted to segment and processed using ACDSee and Photoshop so as to reconstruct 3D pancreas digitally. The data of pancreatic surfaces were transformed into Visualization Toolkit (VTK). The GUI program written with VC+ was used to display this VTK file and realise 3D visualisation of the pancreas.
3D reconstruction and visualisation of the pancreas and the peri-pancreatic structures (the duodenum, the common bile duct,the inferior vena cava, the portal vein vessels, the aorta, the coeliac trunk vessels) was successful. The 3D and visualised pancreas manifested itself with its complete structure as well as its adjacency to other tissues.
The 3D reconstruction and 3D visualisation of the pancreas based on the digital data of VCH-F1 produces a digitally visualised pancreas, which promises a novel method for virtual operation on the pancreas, clinical operation on the pancreas, and anatomy of 3D visualised pancreas.


text:
Stéphane GRECO, the creative head of GRECO Watches, presents a one-of-a-kind and absolutely unique Asteroid timepiece.
The mechanism of the Asteroid timepiece is fitted intimately into the ferrous heart of a meteorite: A fragment of the Campo del cielo «Field of heaven», a meteorite discovered in Argentina in 1576.
Movement: ETA 7001, skeleton, hand-engraved fluorescent cogwheels in ruthénié anthracite
Crown: White gold 30g
Bracelet: Anthracite buffalo
Clasp: Barbed of Gibeon meteorite


11 reasons for the Price difference in Bellota hams
We can find Iberian jamón de bellota for less than €40/kg and for more than €400/kg. It's a huge difference which is not justified solely by the quality of the final product, but a combination of different factors.
1. Breed
Better quality Pata Negra hams come from 100% Iberian pigs, which cost to raise is significantly higher than cross-breeds. They fatten a lot slower, they produce smaller hams and the litters are smaller in number.
2. Food on the farm
Iberian pigs on a farm
Iberian pigs on a farm, a few days before going to the pasture to start the montanera period (free-range grazing)
From weaning until it is driven to the mountain, the animal spends a few months on a farm, where it is fed on a diet of fodder. The pig can't go from drinking the milk of its mother one day to eating acorns the next; it needs time to adapt. One example is what we do with human babies. Once they stop weaning we slowly begin to introduce baby food (cereals and fruit), alternating them with a bottle. This goes on for several weeks until the baby is ready to try other foods such as fish and meat, and later on dried fruits and nuts, etc.
Returning to animal food, there are many prices that are dependent on the quality of the raw material and the combination of cereals and other nutrients in the formula.
3. Age and weight on entering the montanera phase
The law sets minimum conditions for the age and weight to be able to label a ham "de bellota":
 - The weight on beginning the montanera phase should be between 92 and 115 kg.
 - During the montanera phase they should be fattened at least 46 kg on a diet of acorns and grass.
 - The minimum age at slaughter is 14 months.
 - The minimum individual carcass weight (after removal of the skin, head and viscera) is 115 kg, except for 100% Iberian animals, in which case the minimum is 108 kg.
Thus, a producer who meets the minimum legal requirements is able to sell hams with a lower production cost than those who are significantly above the threshold, at the expense of quality, of course.
4. Duration of the montanera period
The Royal Decree 4/2014 rules that the pig must spend a minimum of 2 months in the pasture, but there are farmers who extend this by 1 or 2 months, or more. In some cases pigs are given 2 montanera periods. That is, when acorn season is over, they are brought back to the farm until the next season, when they will eat more acorns again.
The longer the montanera period is, the more acorns are eaten and the more exercise undertaken, and so the Pata Negra will be of a higher quality. But this comes with a cost: the shepherds and vets must work more, and the number of casualties among the pigs rises as a result of illness, theft or attacks from other wildlife that inhabit the mountain. Furthermore, the jamón will need more months of maturation, because the quality of the fat would be higher and so the oxidation would be slower.
5. Quality of the montanera
Iberian pigs eating acorns in the pasture
Iberian pigs eating acorns in the pasture
It's not the fair to put 50 pigs in a pasture of 500 hectares, the same as you would put 100 in the same amount of space. They'd get half the amount of acorns.
Naturally the law limits the density of animals per square metre, and the density of oaks. Therefore manufacturers need to hire an inspection company to certify that their pastures are compliant. But even within the legal limits there are some producers who are closer to the minimum than others.
The quality and quantity of acorns is not the same at all times nor in all pastures. Pigs are very selective and will find the best acorns first, the biggest and sweetest, which are the major contributors to the overall quality of the hams and sausages.
6. Organic vs. Conventional
Undoubtedly one of the aspects that most influences the final price is the condition of organic ham. The limitation in pharmacological treatments raises the mortality of pigs, the absence of preservatives makes many hams spoil before being sold and the cost of the feed is much higher. We must also add the costs of certification and control of the authorities.
Production of organic Iberico ham in Spain is negligible; we only have half a dozen small producers.
7. Maturation period
Hams curing in the cellar
Hams curing in the cellar
A Jamón de bellota loses between 8% and 10% of its weight each year that it's hanging in the cellar (between 7% and 9% in the shoulders). Basically what you lose is water. Thus, if the sale comes within 2 years instead of 3, we can reduce its price by about 10% while maintaining the same margin.
Not surprisingly the quality is not the same. One extra year of maturation brings new aromas, a more intense flavour and easier cutting.
8. Salt
Excess salt, besides being harmful to health also hides a lot of the flavours of ham. Consumers tend to prefer sweeter and softer Iberian hams, especially in recent times.
But what happens if we fall short of salt? Well, two things can happen:
 1. The meat contaminates and rots (salt is the main preservative), or
 2. The muscle tissue loses consistency and flavour. It's what people in the business call jamón chicloso (gummy ham).
Thus, those manufacturers who strive to minimize the concentration of salt to get better tasting hams know they will have to throw out some pieces. Consequently, they'll have to sell the others at a higher price to compensate for these losses.
9. Brand
Prestige, exclusivity and advertising campaigns have a direct effect on the selling price.
In 2006 Cárnicas Maldonado launched a special series of €1500 hams called Alba Quercus (renamed Albarragena). Others followed such as Joselito with his Vintage series at €2000 and Jamones Premium by Arturo Sánchez at €4.000… Logically the series don't last very long; the hams are really good but the price per kg hardly justifies the final quality. In fact, they are often instruments for marketing campaigns.
On the other hand, manufacturers with strong brands know that customers are willing to pay a little more for the security that comes with their name and reputation.
10. Commerce
A ham of the same brand can be found at very different prices between one store and another. Not everyone works with the same margins. It's also possible to lower the price of the ham but end up paying for the service: high delivery costs, very restrictive return policy, poor customer service…
The country where the trade is largely determines the final price. Some manufacturers require sellers to buy the product to the official importer only, and therefore the prices are usually much higher than in its place of origin or in a more competitive environment.
11. Time of year in which the purchase is made
The price of ham is usually quite stable throughout the year, although there may be periods of shortages that drive up the price. It happens, for example, when a manufacturer has exhausted the pieces of a campaign and the next lot are still a little tender.
The additives in Pata Negra ham
Until recently, what worried consumers most was the salt content of cured ham. WHO (World Health Organisation) recommends consuming a maximum of 5g per day (even less in children and adolescents) to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, although the world average of between 9 and 12g is more than double.
These days it seems that other additives used by most manufacturers generate more fear or distrust in consumers: preservatives, antioxidants, acidity regulators … This article will try to explain why they are used and what the associated health risks are.
Salt jar
Salt (photo by Gregory Bourolias)
Salt is the oldest known preservative and without it meat would rot. It's also a flavour enhancer: we tend to find that ham with less than 2.5% salt is tasteless and with an unpleasant texture.
Pata negra ham (jamón ibérico) has the least salt content of them all (between 2.5% to 4.5%). It's followed by Serrano ham (5%), Bayonne ham (5.5%) and Parma ham (5.7%). Credit goes to genetics in this case: the marbling fat and higher pH level in Iberico hams hinders the penetration of the salt.
When compared with other types of products, it would be at the same level as Roquefort cheese or olives.
As we mentioned in the introduction, it's been proven that excess salt increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (hypertension, heart attacks, etc.) but it's also thought to cause kidney failure and osteoporosis.
The most commonly used preservatives are potassium nitrate (E-250) and sodium nitrite (E-252). Nitrates and nitrites have been used for hundreds of years and play an important role in ensuring the microbiological safety (especially protecting consumers from botulism) of foodstuffs.
The European Food Safety Agency


The potential ramifications of Brexit on personal injury claims
March 2019 is the expected date that the UK will sever all ties with the EU. Already, we have such uncertainty throughout our economic and political sectors that it's difficult to determine how this divorce will affect key areas of law and business.
Experts predict everyone will feel the impact of Brexit in 2019. But since many of our health and safety laws are connected with EU regulations and directives, could personal injury claims be one of the main areas affected?
Looking into how UK lawyers, clients and practices might change post-Brexit is law firm Tilly Bailey and Irvine — experts in medical negligence claims.
What is the current situation with EU directives and regulations?
Many people aren't completely clear on what exactly EU directives and regulations are. To start, we'll look at directives. Essentially, EU directives are legal acts and laws aimed at EU member states. Once enacted, every nation that is part of the EU must make them national law by a stated deadline. What does this mean for the UK? EU directives have been turned into laws using Statutory Instruments. This is a process that means the government isn't required to create a new piece of law and get it passed through parliament every time a new legal act is created.
Contrastingly, EU regulations are more specific than directives. EU regulations are basically the minimum requirements and fundamental principles that members of the EU must follow once the legal acts are instated.
What are the main EU regulations and directives that could affect personal injury claims?
There are several EU regulations and directives in the UK. The main ones are:
Suffering an accident or injury abroad
When residents of the UK go abroad, whether travelling or on holiday, many rely on the European Health Insurance Card (EHIC) scheme. At the moment, this gives those from the UK the right to access state-provided healthcare whenever they are temporarily situated somewhere else in the European Economic Area. Approximately 27 million EHIC cards have been issued across the UK to date, so changes to this will be felt countrywide. EHIC cards are helpful in times when someone in the UK has an accident in a EU Member State, regardless of the extent of their travel insurance cover.
The EHIC scheme is very handy for giving UK citizens help and peace of mind when abroad in the EU, but there is also another law from the European "Sixth Directive" 2009. This helps passport holders of an EU country who have had an accident in an EU member nation which was caused by an uninsured driver. If an incident like this occurs, the person from the UK can make a claim and request compensation through the UK's Motor Insurers Bureau (MIB). As a result, a process is started where the MIB seeks reimbursement from the equivalent office that is set up in the country where the accident took place.
Health and Safety at Work Act (1974)
A fundamental directive, the 1974 Health and Safety Work Act guarantees the nation's basic safety and health requirements for employees and employers across the EU. Companies operating within the EU must put in place certain safeguards to protect workers and visitors on a site or workplace. The groundwork for the 1974 Health and Safety at Work Act came from The European Framework Directive on Safety and Health at Work.
Consumer Protection Act (1987)
In the 1980s, the Consumer Protection Act came into force to ensure and improve product safety for buyers across the political union. This means that people paying for goods and services in the UK are protected. The Consumer Protection Act 1987, and its associated regulations, was passed as a result of an EU directive from 1985 — which ensured strict liability for producers of substandard products.
The after-effects of the EU divorce on personal injury claims
We hope that the divorce in 2019 is not as chaotic as many predict. However, this depends on the government's ability to negotiate the best leaving terms with the EU. A huge factor affecting the UK's future stability will be the replacement of EU directives and regulations. The prime minister and their cabinet must have in place appropriate UK laws to take over from the former EU laws. However, the public shouldn't worry too much. Until any such motion is made, nothing will change — old European laws will not instantly stop being relevant just because the UK is no longer a part of the EU.
Positively, things are looking good for the personal injury claim sector specifically. There's evidence that those in power have already broached the subject of Brexit's impact. This has come in the form of the EHIC scheme, where there has been a deal in principle agreed by negotiators in Brussels at the end of August this year, which involved David Davis, the Brexit Secretary. Essentially, this agreement outlines that a British pensioner who has retired in another EU country and then travels to another EU nation for holidays can still use their EHIC card whenever they need medical attention. Although this does not include everyone, this move is a positive indicator for the future of the EHIC scheme.
Overall, nobody knows how Brexit will truly affect personal injury claims and the legal experts who must deal with them. But hopefully, the more discussions and negotiations that take place, the clearer we'll be on what to expect. For now, how UK residents will make personal injury claims post-Brexit and how lawyers will be able to assist their clients, remains uncertain.


text:
Stunt is defined as to slow down or stop the growth of something.(verb)
An example of to stunt is to stop feeding a plant, thereby causing its growth to stop.
The definition of a stunt is the process that causes someone or something to stop growing, or something outrageous which is done to get attention.(noun)
See stunt in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: < dial., short and thick, stunted < ME, dull, stupid (with sense infl. by ON stuttr, short) < OE < IE *(s)teud- < base *(s)teu-, to strike > stock
Origin:


text:
ANKARA - Radikal
The Agriculture Ministry is analyzing roducts grown in fields, gardens, and green houses for residual pesticides. The ministry plans to revise its list of pesticides. Hürriyet photo
The Agriculture Ministry has rolled up its sleeves and has begun studying agricultural pesticides in order to institute new regulations for their use. According to the findings of the study, a number of chemical pesticides are expected to be completely banned, while others will be replaced with alternative products.
Every year many of Turkey's agricultural products destined for export are sent back to Turkey because they contain the residue of pesticides. In order to address this problem, the ministry has embarked on an analysis of agricultural products grown in fields, gardens, and greenhouses and will revise its list of acceptable agricultural pesticides allowed for use in Turkey.
Since the beginning of June, Turkish pharmacies have been allowed to sell agricultural pesticides, which is causing quite a stir at the Chamber of Agriculture Engineers, who argue that this could be harmful to human health. The president of the Chamber of Agriculture Engineers, Dr. Turhan Tuncer, told daily Radikal that these pesticides should only be sold by experts in the field, and that pharmacies were not appropriate venues for the distribution of such products.


text:
is a partition, must be injective.
Remark. In the proof, we have tacitly appealed to the axiom of choice (Axiom 4.2). Indeed, we used the choice function to choose an element from each set in the partition. The intuitive principle that we have alluded to above is formally established below:
Proof. We first show that if and if, then. Let be a bijection. We define three collections of sets,, and as follows:
- Let and.
- For each, we define.
- For each, we define.
- For each, we define.
- Let.
By definition,. Since must be a subset of, we see that. We now fix and assume inductively that for all. Since, we see that
It follows that for all. A similar argument shows that for all. Since, we see that. Repeating this process, we conclude that for all. Here is a pictoral description of,, and :
We now claim that for all. To see this, we fix. Pick an arbitrary. Since, we see :wat. Moreover,, and so the injectivity of implies that. It follows that. Since was arbitrary, we conclude that. To show that, we fix an arbitrary. Since, the relation implies that we can find an such that. Now, if, then, which would, in turn, imply that. This is evidently absurd, and so. We conclude that. Since was arbitrary, the desired result follows. The claim is now established. An important consequence of the claim is that. We set and define
is precisely the restriction of the injective function, and so it is injective. Similarly, is the restriction of the identity function, and so it is injective. It follows that is injective. Moreover,
It follows that is a bijection from onto, whence, as was to be shown. Let us now return to the general statement of the theorem. We assume that the two sets and satisfy and. This implies the existence of two injective functions and. This, in particular, implies that the composition is an injective function, and so. Now, we observe that. Since, we conclude from what we have proved above that. By injectivity of, we see that, and thus, as was to be shown.
Many applications of the Cantor–Bernstein theorem require the axiom of choice. We study the cardinality of the -fold cartesian product in Example 6.17.
Aside from the usual ordering relation on sets of numbers such as,,, and, the inclusion relation and the at-most-the-same-cardinality relation defined in Section 5 also compare "sizes" of two objects. Let us now abstract the key properties of these less-than-or-equal-to relations.
Definition 6.1. Let be a nonempty set. A partial order on is a relation on that satisfies the following properties:
(1) reflexivity. for all ;
(2) antisymmetry.if and, then ;
(3) transitivity. if and, then.
A strict partial order on is a relation on that satisfies the following properties:
(1') irreflexivity. for all ;
(3) transitivity. if and, then.
A (strict) partial order is a (strict) linear order, or a (strict) total order, if satisfies the following additional property:
(4) trichotomy. if, then one of the following three must hold:,, or.
A (strict) linear order is a (strict) well-order if satisfies the following additional property:
(5) well-ordering property. if is a nonempty subset of, then there exists an element such that for all.
Example 6.2. It is easy to see that the usual ordering relations on,,, and, respectively, are linear orders. We have shown in the proof of Lemma 5.4 that is well-ordered. Since the set does not contain a minimal element, none of the other sets of numbers we have just listed is well-ordered.
Example 6.3. The is-a-subset-of relation on the powerset of any set is a partial order. (Please carry out a proof of this fact if you do not see it immediately!) If has two or more elements, however, then is not a linear order on. To see this, we fix two distinct elements and of ; and are incomparable, in the sense that neither is a subset of the other.
Example 6.4. The at-most-the-same-cardinality relation on the powerset of any set is a partial order. Reflexivity is a consequence of the existence of the identity function. Antisymmetry is a consequence of the Cantor–Bernstein theorem. Transitivity follows from the fact that the composition of two injective functions is injective. The last example is worth a second look. It is not entirely obvious whether the relation should be a linear order. If the two sets can be well, ordered, then, intuitively, we can match up the elements of and from the smallest to the largest until the elements of one of the sets runs out. This leads us to formulate the following result:
Note also that the process of matching up the elements of and might require infinitely many steps. Since the usual principle of mathematical induction is a finitary method, we need an extension of the principle that applies to infinite processes as well. For this, we ought to be able to count each step of these processes, which require an infinitary generalization of the natural numbers that admits its own version of the induction principle.
Definition 6.8. An ordinal number is a set that satisfies the following properties:
(1) transitivity. every element of is a subset of ;
(2) strict well-ordering. the is-an-element-of relation is a strict well-order on.
We define the ordering relation by declaring if and only if.
We see at once that is an ordinal number. To fit the natural numbers into the framework of ordinal numbers, we declare to be the empty set and carry out a set-theoretic construction of the natural numbers as follows:
With this definition, we see that coincides with the usual order relation on. Moreover and for each natural number. The set of natural numbers is itself an ordinal number: transitivity is evident from the construction of the natural numbers, and strict well-ordering was already shown in the proof of Lemma 5.4. We write to denote the first infinite ordinal. Note that for all. In fact,. We therefore see that there are two kinds of ordinal numbers:
Definition 6.9. For each ordinal number, we define the successor of to be the set. An ordinal number is a successor ordinal if there exists an ordinal number such that ; if not, then is said to be a limit ordinal.
The natural numbers other than are successor ordinals; and are limit ordinals. Since the union of two sets always exist, the successor of an ordinal always exists. Furthermore, the union
exists and is a limit ordinal, which we denote by. Similarly, we can construct the limit ordinal for each. The analogous union
exists and is a limit ordinal, which we denote by. We shall assume that this process can be continued indefinitely:
Assumption 6.10. We assume that many limit ordinals exist. Indeed, we assume that the following strictly well-ordered sequence of ordinals exists:
Let us establish the principle of transfinite induction that was alluded to above.
Theorem 6.11 (Principle of transfinite induction). Let be a collection of ordinal numbers. If satisfies the following properties, then contains all ordinal numbers:
(2) if, then ;
(3) if is a nonzero limit ordinal and for all ordinals, then.
Remark. The collection that we have referred to in the statement above is actually a class, which, intuitively, is a collection of sets that may be too large to be a set. We will not attempt to formalize the notion of a class.
Proof. Suppose for a contradiction that does not contain all ordinal numbers. Since the ordinals are well-ordered, we can find the least ordinal such that. If is a successor ordinal, then we can find such that. Since, the ordinal must be in, whence by (2) must be in as well. If is a limit ordinal, then (3) and the least-ordinal property of implies that must be in. Both cases reach a contradiction, and so we conclude that must contain all ordinal numbers. We are now ready to prove the well-ordering principle.
Proof of the well-ordering principle. We use transfinite induction to label each element of the set by a unique ordinal, whence can be well-ordered by the well-ordering of the ordinal numbers. By the axiom of choice (Axiom 4.2), there exists a choice function on the set of nonempty subsets of. We set and define inductively for each ordinal by setting
we terminate the process when is empty. We now let be the least ordinal number such that. The set consists precisely of the elments of, labelled by ordinal numbers up to. We define an order on by declaring if and only if or. It follows at once that is a well-order on.
Recall that a usual application of the finitary induction principle takes the form of demonstrating that the construction of a desired mathematical object can be done one step at a time. If the construction cannot be completed in finitely many steps, then the principle of transfinite induction assures that the process will be completed, provided that there are no obstructions on the way—that is, the method of construction behaves well at the limit ordinal stages. We shall now capture this


text:
Determinación de colina (vitamina B4) en piensos, piensos compuestos, aditivos forrajeros y materias primas para piensos
The method is used for the determination of the mass fraction of free choline (synthetic and natural) in feedstuffs by capillary electrophoresis. The method can be applied for all types of feedstuffs, compound feeds, fodders, premixes, fodder additives, and feed raw materials. The present method does not allow the determination of bound choline.
The measurement method is based on extraction of free choline (vitamin B4) from a sample by water and its determination by capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection at the wavelength of 267 nm.


text:
Swainson's Thrush, Catharus ustulatus
Nesting habitats used by the Swainson's Thrush
The Swainson's Thrush generally nests in willows or other riparian habitats.
Migration of the Swainson's Thrush
The Swainson's Thrush is a nocturnal migrant. At night this bird migrates up from Mexico and Central America in the summer. They just come to visit us in the summer.
Range of the Swainson's Thrush
The Swainson's Thrush is a summer visitor along the coast of California.
Habitat/plant communities used by the Swainson's Thrush
The Swainson's Thrush uses dense brushy areas along the coast of California. In the inland valleys it frequents oak woodlands as well as riparian pant communities.
Niche filled by the Swainson's Thrush
The Swainson's Thrush utilizes the organism rich leaf litter. This leaf litter is filled with all kinds of organisms that break down plant material. This includes spiders, worms, fungi, insects and many other creatures.
The Swainson's Thrush forages in the leaf litter for insects and spiders. They also glean them from shrubs. So make sure you have lots of mulch in your garden. It also helps retain moisture, and nutrients for your plants.
How to attract the Swainson's Thrush to your garden
They Swainson's Thrush enjoys Toyon berries as well as the cover it provides. Toyon is a large evergreen shrub with clusters of red berries. The Swainson's Thrush likes large and small shrubs for nesting and foraging as well as leaf litter for foraging. So don't rake up your leaf litter. It is a treasure trove of nutrition and organic matter.
Last edited on 2012-06-17 06:47:29.


text: The use of wooden barrels to store and transport liquids dates back to 2690 B.C., when ancient Egyptians during the Early Dynastic Period began replacing clay vessels with wooden casks in order to meet the demands of their sprawling civilization. The advantages of wooden barrels were evident - not only were they less fragile than clay vessels, but their cylindrical shape allowed them to be rolled rather than carried across short distances. As settlers along the Nile quickly realized, however, barrels made from wooden staves imparted a unique color and flavor profile to the liquids stored within. Buck 8 Year Old Kentucky Straight Bourbon Whiskey is matured for a minimum of eight years in new American oak casks under the intense Kentucky sun. As a result of this maturation process, the bourbon has a caramel color, along with an aroma of vanilla, dark fruits, creme brÃ»lée and honey. The aroma gives way to notes of cherries, maple syrup, waffle cones and wood spices on the palate, and leads to a finish accented by touches of caramel, charcoal and cocoa. The bourbon earned the Bronze Medal at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition, and earned a score of 91 points from the Beverage Testing Institute. Pick up a bottle today!


Principle of competitive exclusion and drosophila
Richard Borowsky
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
THE Volterra-Gause equations1 - the mathematical formulation of the principle of competitive exclusion2 - are illusr rid="illus1" where r1 is the intrinsic rate of increase of species 1, N1 is its population size, and K1 is the expected value of N1 in single species culture. The constants α and β, the coefficients of competition, denote the relative effect of the abundance of one species on the population growth rate of the other. These relationships imply that for a stable competitive equilibrium to obtain it is necessary that illusr rid="illus2".
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)409-410
Number of pages2
Issue number5293
StatePublished - 1971
ASJC Scopus subject areas
 - General
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Principle of competitive exclusion and drosophila'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this


text:
Hmmm, I realize my question wasn't clear at all. I found the answer by myself, but I will explain it here so that other people can find it.
Houdini uses its own 3d lut format for the display of images in "mplay", its image viewer. The lut reads scene linear images and must do the conversion to screen display. Since the input images can range in floating point values from zero to well above 1, the lut needs a 1D shaper lut at the input to "reshape" the values between 0 and 1. Usually, we use a log shaper for that.
I made a few experiments in Nuke to test how high the sRGB ODT can read values before clipping. I used a ramp from black to float valut 50.0 in an image 5000 pixels wide. I applied the ODT to it and sampled the image using the sampler node. AT the top of the graph, when I zoomed in, I could see exactly where the ODT clips the values. I could easily calculate the highest values the ODT can display before clipping: 16.29325. Anything above that will be display as white 1.0.
So I need a shaper 1D-lut that can handle values as high as 16.3 to compress the values inside the range 0-1. The ACES OCIO config comes with multiple shapers in the Utility family. I tries several of them and did the same experiment to see how high they can go. All 48 nits shapers (LMT shaper, Log2 48 nits shaper, Dolby PQ 48 nits shaper) have the same range as the sRGB ODT (0-16.3) so any of them will do.
Here is the command to use to generate the lut
ociobakelut --inputspace ACEScg --outputspace "Output - sRGB" --shaperspace "Utility - Log2 48 nits shaper - AP1" --iconfig OpenColorIO-Configs/aces_1.0.3/config.ocio --format houdini --v ACEScg_to_ODT-sRGB_houdini.lut
And here is the lut file if anyone needs it.


text:
Social Security Number
A Social Security Number (SSN) is a unique, 9-digit number used for taxpayer identification, income reporting, and record-keeping purposes. Once issued, the number is valid for a lifetime. You should keep it safe and provide only as needed to U.S. government agencies or credible financial institutions.
Who can apply?
F-1 and J-1 students who are authorized for employment can apply for an SSN. More specifically:
- F-1 and J-1 students who are working on-campus at CC
- F-1 students authorized for CPT (Curricular Practical Training), OPT (Optional Practical Training), work with an international organization, or economic need employment
- J-1 students authorized for Academic Training
When to apply?
The application must be made before:
- your job at CC starts or
- your off-campus work authorization expires
You may not apply earlier than 30 days before your work start date. F-1 students applying for an SSN on Optional Practical Training can apply at the same time as your OPT application with USCIS using the Form I-765.
How to apply?
1. After you have received an offer to work on-campus, submit a request to your supervisor for an on-campus employment verification letter.
2. Bring the employment offer letter (from your supervisor) to ISSS for a Social Security Number eligibility verification letter.
3. Bring the following documents to the SSA (Social Security Administration) office:
- Employment offer letter from your supervisor (on letterhead)
- SSN eligibility verification letter (from ISSS)
- F-1 students: Current Form I-20 / J-1 students: Current Form DS-2019
- Current I-94 admission record (print at _URL_)
4. When you arrive to the SS office, you will need to complete an SSN application form.
Note: For Question #5, you should mark "Legal Alien Allowed to Work"
5. Be prepared to spend 1-2 hours at the SS office as wait times vary.
6. Your SS card will be mailed to you within 1-2 weeks. Once you receive the card, please sign it and visit the Tax and Compliance Manager in the Spencer Center so that they can update your Social Security Number information in the campus payroll system and in your GLACIER (Nonresident Alien Tax Compliance System) record.
7. Protect your SS card and number from loss and identity theft. DO NOT carry your SS card with you. Keep it in a secure location and only take it with you when you must show the card: e.g., to obtain a new job, open a new bank account, or to obtain benefits from certain U.S. agencies. Use caution in giving out your Social Security number to others, particularly during phone, mail, email, and internet requests you did not initiate.
Frequently Asked Questions: Social Security Number (SSN)
Do I need a Social Security Number (SSN)?
If you are planning to work while you are a student at Colorado College, you must apply for a Social Security Number (SSN). Only those students who have been authorized to work, and who have a job offer, will be eligible for a number.
When can I get a Social Security Number?
You are only eligible to apply for a Social Security number after you have received a job offer.
I have a job offer, how do I apply for a Social Security Number?
For a full overview on how to apply for a SSN, please see the SSN Overview for International Students
Will I need a SSN for any other purpose?
Some banks will ask for your Social Security Number in order to open a bank account. If you explain that you are an international student, they usually are willing to accept your Colorado College student identification number instead. Also, if you wish to apply for a Colorado state driver's license, you will either need to have a Social Security Number, or provide proof that you are not eligible for one (see ISSS for more information).
Will I need to have a SSN before I start working?
You are not required to have a SSN before you start work. However, you will need to apply for one as soon as you have been offered a job.
How long does it take to receive my SSN?
You will receive a Social Security card with your number by mail. It normally takes between 1-2 weeks to receive this card.


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National Trust and Savings Association
|This article does not cite any references or sources. (December 2009)|
National Trust and Savings Association, abbreviated NT&SA, is a designation used by national banks in the United States to denote their national charter. It is significantly less popular than the standard designation National Association (N.A.). Notably, it was used until 1998 by Bank of America NT&SA, the only major bank to utilize the designation. It was also construed to denote the character of a savings and loan association, with a focus on home mortgages and savings accounts.
|This finance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.|


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Kaizen's Industrial Enclosures
Industrial enclosures or industrial partition is a generally used technical term which is used to define a closed engineering structure or separation for a particular area specifically designed and built for the purpose of reduction, minimization or attenuation of noise and heat generated by the machineries or equipment's. Industrial enclosure is the most suitable solution to meet all storage requirement in an industry and also to monitor the day to day activities going on in the manufacturing plant. Kaizen Airtech solutions is the leading manufacturer & supplier of Industrial enclosures and partitions caters various industries for their diverse industrial requirements.
Insulated enclosures to protect machineries & equipment's from heat :
Modular enclosures are made up of individual panels that can be removed easily to facilitate access to enclosed machinery and equipment. They can even be completely disassembled and relocated in a different area of a facility—all without loss.
Dust Proof Enclosures :
Kaizen Airtech solutions provide dust proof, hygiene enclosure according required cleanliness. We have done many projects in cleanroom to control cleanliness and parameters such as temperatures and humidity at required level for various cleanroom classes.
Acoustic Enclosures :
Individual standard panels can be used as sound barriers in various interior and exterior scenarios. Outdoor applications include placement around:
Fabricated Enclosures :
There are a number of different types of commercial and industrial enclosures that can be fabricated and manufactured from metals.
Freestanding Enclosures :
Modular wall systems and support columns, it is easy to create all types of freestanding rooms and walls. These cost-effective structures utilize less material as they require no roof/with roof and can utilize lighting, fire suppression and HVAC service from the existing building.
Negative Pressure Isolation Room :
Negative pressure isolation rooms, airborne infection isolation rooms (AIIR) are used by patients for hospitals and medical centres to prevent cross-contaminations and airborne infections from spreading throughout the facility.
These rooms are commonly recommended by the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to help protect the public from diseases and infections that spread easily like tuberculosis, measles, and the coronavirus (COVID-19).


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2008-06-22 - 787 power onBoeing achieves 787 Power On
Fortschritte für die 787<br /> Boeing has completed the Power On sequence for the first 787 Dreamliner, marking the completion of the next major milestone on the path to first flight later this year. Power On is a complex series of tasks and tests that bring electrical power onto the airplane and begin to exercise the use of the electrical systems.
The 787 is a moreelectric airplane with the pneumatic, or bleed air, system being totally replaced by electronics. The Power On sequence began in early June with a series of pretest continuity checks to verify that the wiring installed in the airplane had been connected properly. Upon completion of those checks, the Boeing team plugged in an external power cart and slowly began to bring full power into each segment of the system, beginning with the flight deck displays. From that point forward, the pilot's controls were used to direct the addition of new systems to the power grid. At each step of the testing, power is allowed to flow into one additional area and gauges are used to verify that the right level of electrical power reached the intended area.


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The Feminist Press is seeking a full-time editorial assistant who is passionate and knowledgeable about feminist, mission-driven publishing. The Editorial Assistant is responsible for providing administrative and editorial support to the Senior Editor as well as the Executive Director, involved in all stages of the acquisition, editorial, and book-making processes.
Essential Duties and Responsibilities:
- Copyediting and proofreading manuscripts and contributing to overall publishing strategy.
- Proofreading publicity and marketing materials, grants, and other office collateral.
- Reading, tracking, and reporting on agented and unsolicited submissions.
- Assisting with CIP and copyright tracking and application processes.
- Administrative management: handling mail; organizing and maintaining files; scheduling, photocopying, printing, and emailing.
- Managing and preparing manuscripts in all stages of production.
- Providing foreign rights support, liaising with subagents, rights-fair scheduling, pitching, and creating promotional materials.
- Managing digital production of all titles.
- Generating promotional copy for catalogs, book jackets, and sales-related materials.
- Professionally interacting with authors, production, marketing, and other staff to relay messages and follow up on requests/information.
- Providing support at book launches, book-selling opportunities, and fundraising events.
Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Required:
- Bachelor's degree and a minimum of one year of relevant administrative, publishing, or media experience preferred (internships ok).
- Must be able to work full business hours from FP's New York City office.
- Demonstrated knowledge of and strong interest in intersectional feminism, social justice, literary fiction, activist nonfiction, and feminist children's books.
- Excellent organizational, administrative, verbal, and written communications skills.
- Must develop internal and external rapport with all levels of FP stakeholders. Must be a team player who is capable of handling sensitive, critical information, and is open to receiving feedback and directions.
- Must possess a "can do" attitude. Candidates must be proactive, self-directed, and flexible in a rapidly changing environment.
- Proven ability to multitask, prioritize, and manage time effectively while demonstrating good follow up and follow through.
- Must be detailed oriented and diligent about ensuring that all aspects of their daily activities are handled with accuracy.
- Proficiency in Word, Excel, Acrobat, and Chicago style. InDesign skills are a plus.
- One to two page writing sample required, along with three references.
- You will also be asked to take a copyediting test.
Salary commensurate on experience, ranging from $31,000 to $35,000, and full benefits offered.
How To Apply
Please email your cover letter, resume, writing sample, and references as PDFs to _EMAIL_. Subject line should read: Editorial Assistant – Your Full Name. No phone calls please. Deadline is September 4.
The Feminist Press is an educational nonprofit organization founded to advance women's rights and amplify feminist perspectives. FP publishes classic and new writing from around the world, creates cutting-edge programs, and elevates silenced and marginalized voices in order to support personal transformation and social justice for all people.
The Feminist Press is an equal employment opportunity organization and does not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment on the basis of sex, race, age, creed, ethnicity, disability, marital or parenting status, sexual orientation, or gender identity. We actively seek to maintain a diverse staff.


the hypersphere S_\delta centered at the origin and of radius \delta contains at least 2^{d(d-2)}/d points of {\cal L} . Let {\cal P}' be a set of exactly n=2^{d(d-2)}/d of these points. To recap, {\cal P}' is a set of n points with integer coordinates on the hypersphere S_\delta .
Let h be a generic two-dimensional plane in {\mathbb R}^d (or, if you prefer, a random plane). Let {\cal P} be the set of points that are projections of the points of {\cal P}' on h . It is not difficult to verify that, on a generic plane, no two points of {\cal P}' are projected to the same point. Similarly, when projecting four points on a generic plane, we do not expect the projections to be cocircular. That is, we may assume that {\cal P} consists of n distinct points, no four which are cocircular.
It is not true that the projections of any three points on a generic plane are not collinear. If three points are collinear in {\mathbb R}^d , then their projections on every plane would remain collinear. This is why we take the points of {\cal P}' to be on the hypersphere S_\delta : Since every line intersects the hypersphere in at most two points, no three points of {\cal P}' are collinear.
Now that we constructed a set {\cal P} of n points in general position, it remains to see what structure {\cal P} has. For this purpose, we return to the lattice {\cal L} in {\mathbb R}^d . It is not difficult to verify that the set of vectors determined by pairs of points of {\cal L} is
\left\{(x_1,\ldots,x_d)\in {\mathbb Z}^d :\ -2^d\le x_1,\ldots,x_d <2^d \right\}.
That is, the number of distinct vectors determined by pairs of points of {\cal L} is O\left(2^{d(d+1)}\right) . Since {\cal P}' \subset {\cal L} , the number of distinct vectors determined by pairs of points of {\cal P}' is also O(2^{d(d+1)}) . Let p_1,p_2,p_3,p_4\in {\mathbb R}^d satisfy p_1-p_2=p_3-p_4 , and let \pi(\cdot) be a projection from {\mathbb R}^d to a two-dimensional plane. Then \pi(p_1)-\pi(p_2)=\pi(p_3)-\pi(p_4) . This implies that the number of distinct vectors determined by pairs of points of {\cal P} is also O(2^{d(d+1)}) .
From the definition n=2^{d(d-2)}/d we obtain \log n = d(d-2) - \log d , which in turn implies 2^{d(d+1)} = O(n2^{\sqrt{\log n}}) . Thus, the number of distinct vectors determined by pairs of points of {\cal P} is O\left(n2^{\sqrt{\log n}}\right) . (If you are not used to such expressions, note that for every \varepsilon>0 we have n2^{\sqrt{\log n}} = O\left(n^{1+\varepsilon}\right) .) This property shows that {\cal P} has a strong structure. For example, it immediately implies that the number of distinct distances determined by {\cal P} is O\left(n2^{\sqrt{\log n}}\right) (and similarly for the number of distinct directions). That is, a set in general position can still determine a relatively small number of distinct distances.
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3 thoughts on "Points in General Position
 1. For the problem "what is the largest subset of an nxn grid with no three points collinear and no four points concircular", you mention that the best lower bound is this deterministic construction. If a random set of points is in general position with nonzero probability, wouldn't the probabilistic argument provide a better lower bound? Or is this question about explicitly constructing a set that meets a non-constructive (but asymptotically sharp) bound?
 - Yes – it seems that the current best lower bound for the problem comes from this construction. In particular, it is a set of n/4 points. If you can get a larger set using a probablistic argument, then you get a new result!
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Coffee Filter Rainbow
Marker rainbow (1)
Coffee Filter Rainbow
Coffee Filter Rainbow 540 400 admin
How can one color be many colors? Ask your kids how many colors are hiding in other colors. My boys gave the usual answers, red and blue are in purple, blue and yellow in green. But when I asked what colors make black, they were stumped. With just two simple ingredients and water, find how many colors can hide in black.
What you need:
 - Coffee filter
 - Black marker
What you do:
 1. Fold the coffee filter in quarters.
 2. Color the tip of the coffee filter cone black.
 3. Dip the black tip into water and lay it flat on plate.
 4. Watch for the rainbow to creep up the filter!
Why it works?
The coffee filter spreads the water upwards and separates the different color particles in the black marker ink. The color black reflects no colors. By mixing lots of colors which absorb specific wavelengths and reflect others, the colors end up absorbing any wavelengths reflected by any one color, leaving only black.
Want a little more color excitement? Try different color markers on the tip or fold the coffee filter in different ways to make different patterns.


Information for 'Endless by 3' Performance here!
Quizzical Körper is a Dance-Theater collective whose work is based in Instant Composition, contemporary dance and Physical Theatre. Composed of three artists: Irene Carreño (Colombia); Rebecca Mary Narum (USA) and Andrea Lagos (Chile); they share a passion for the body's ability to transmit the essence of human beings as well as process and speak about social topics. Influenced by each performers' distinct backgrounds (including Anthropology, Theater and various dance forms) different nationalities and contrasting personalities, their work is highly experimental by nature; constantly seeking to find the meeting points between the unexpected.


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The Policy & Partnerships Committee develops advocacy education strategy and works to align and inform policies at multiple levels to support afterschool and other expanded learning opportunities.
- Create a sustainable structure of statewide, regional, and local partnerships.
- Support the development and growth of statewide policies.
- Support statewide systems of quality.
- Develop policies and sustainable funding that support quality and access
- Engage leadership to spur changes in statewide policy, funding, administration, oversight.
- Promote effective collaboration and partnerships among stakeholders.
- Provide technical assistance and resources to communities, families, and afterschool programs
- Collaborate with the WAN Quality & Professional Development Committee to provide technical assistance to programs that promotes success and sustainability.
- Review agenda materials prior to meetings, participate in, and attend quarterly committee meetings or conference calls (at least 75% attendance).
- Serve at least one 2-year term.
- Be willing to undertake special assignments as needed, and actively participate in at least one of WAN's policy or professional development events.
- Ask timely and substantive questions at committee meetings while supporting decisions on issues decided by the committee.
- Suggest agenda items for committee meetings to ensure that significant ideas are addressed.
- Collaborate with staff and community partners.


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asa - interpret carriage-control characters
asa [file...]
The asa utility will write its input files to standard output, mapping carriage-control characters from the text files to line-printer control sequences in an implementation-dependent manner.
The first character of every line will be removed from the input, and the following actions will be performed:
If the character removed is:
- The rest of the line will be output without change.
- A newline character will be output, then the rest of the input line.
- One or more implementation-dependent characters that causes an advance to the next page will be output, followed by the rest of the input line.
- The newline character of the previous line will be replaced with one or more implementation-dependent characters that causes printing to return to column position 1, followed by the rest of the input line. If the "+" is the first character in the input, it will have the same effect as the space character.
The action of the asa utility is unspecified upon encountering any character other than those listed above as the first character in a line.
- A pathname of a text file used for input. If no file operands are specified, the standard input will be used.
The standard input will be used only if no file operands are specified. See the INPUT FILES section.
The input files must be text files.
The following environment variables affect the execution of asa:
- Provide a default value for the internationalisation variables that are unset or null. If LANG is unset or null, the corresponding value from the implementation-dependent default locale will be used. If any of the internationalisation variables contains an invalid setting, the utility will behave as if none of the variables had been defined.
- If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalisation variables.
- Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, singleas opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
- Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
- Determine the location of message catalogues for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
The standard output will be the text from the input file modified as described in the DESCRIPTION section.
The following exit values are returned:
- All input files were output successfully.
- An error occurred.
The following command:permits the viewing of file (created by a program using FORTRAN-style carriage control characters) on a terminal.
The following command:formats the FORTRAN output of a.out and directs it to the printer.
a.out | asa | lp


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- Imperial Palace
- Town Hall
- Cellar Forest
- St. Martin's Church
- Christmas market with Advent Calendar
Oldest. Masterpiece. Beertown.
As one of Franconia's oldest towns, Forchheim has preserved its historic architectural heritage of half-timbered houses and the fortress grounds.
The Carolingians built an Imperial Palace in Forchheim of which no remnants remain today. However, the four bastions are still imposing. They were built in the 16th century, when Forchheim evolved into a heavily fortified city. The town hall building complex is significant as a masterpiece of half-timbered architecture. Furthermore, there is the Imperial Palace, originally an episcopal castle, and the St. Martin's Church.
But the city is also perfect for a stroll. The city park Forchheim was designed by the city landscape architect Hugo Post in 1920. He is credited with bringing exotic influences to Forchheim. So today, visitors revel at the stately splendor of a Japanese Pagoda Tree and a Southern Catalpa Tree. Another peculiarity is the Caramel Tree, the leaves of which smell like fresh baked goods and caramel. The park and its majestic trees, luscious bushes, and diverse flora is a wonderful place to relax, take a stroll, breathe deeply, and explore.
Furthermore beer connoisseurs get their ﬁll in the old town as well as at the cellar forest: There are 23 traditional beer cellars. Other culinary highlights can be reached within a few minutes of walking and include a coffee roasting demonstration, a gourmet tour, a culinary beer tasting, or the "Walk of Beer Tour." A must is the Christmas treat "Urrädla": a round, curly, fried pastry made from egg yolk, sour cream and ﬂour, which tastes best at the city Christmas market.


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Costume and Textiles
Shawl (Rebozo)Made in Mexico, North and Central America
Late 18th century
Artist/maker unknown, Mexican
Silk plain weave with resist dyeing and silk and gilt thread embroidery in darning, satin, and outline stitches; knotted fringe
Currently not on view
1939-1-19Gift of Mrs. George W. Childs Drexel, 1939
LabelThe rebozo, or shawl, was used by all Mexicans during the colonial period, regardless of class and ethnic lines. Rebozos were not only utilitarian, but were presented to young women to mark special occasions, such as their entrance into a convent. This example, made around 1790, is typical of Mexican colonial embroidery in that the back is as finished as the front. The figures depicted in the embroidery, including members of the clergy, Indian women, and Creole and Spanish elites, are engaged in leisure activities popular in Mexico City such as dancing, boating, and dining outdoors.