Make your own GeoIP API
By Enzo Calamia
Introduction
This article shows you how to maintain your own GeoIP database and to implement an API around it.
The Data
The data is publicly and freely available. It is provided by the five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).
Each RIR regularly updates a big file containing the information we need. These files comply with the RIR statistics exchange format, which is parsable (with some tweaks) as a CSV with the pipe (|) as the separator.
For each RIR, here are the files: (beware, they are a bit heavy)
We are interested in entries like this one (from the RIPE NCC file):
ripencc|FR|ipv4|2.0.0.0|_PHONE_|20100712|allocated|...
This line tells us that the IPv4 block 2.0.0.0/12 is assigned to France (FR). We know it is a /12 because the fifth column tells us how many IP addresses are in the block (_PHONE_). The following formula gives you the CIDR mask: -log2(_PHONE_) + 32 = 12.
(IPv6 entries give the CIDR mask directly because of the astronomical numbers of IPv6 addresses you can have in one "little" block, e.g., 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 for a /64.)
However, the number of addresses is useful here because we are only interested in the lowest IP address and the highest IP address. That is, we have:
 - Lowest: 2.0.0.0
 - Highest: 2.0.0.0 + _PHONE_ - 1 = 2.15.255.255
(Remember: IPv4 addresses are just signed 32-bit integers.)
So, we now know that any requested address within the range 2.0.0.0-2.15.255.255 is located in France.
We can build a list containing the lowest and the highest address for each block. The standard ipaddress module is pretty handy for adding IP address and integers together.
Here is a simple parser in Python:
import csv
import ipaddress
import math
def size_to_cidr_mask(c):
 """ c = 2^(32-m), m being the CIDR mask """
 return int(-math.log2(c) + 32)
def parse_rir_file(filename):
 with open(filename) as f:
 rows = csv.reader(f, delimiter='|')
 for r in rows:
 try:
 rir, country_code, ip_version, ip, mask, *_ = r
 except ValueError:
 continue
 if ip == '*':
 continue
 if ip_version == 'ipv4':
 length = int(mask)
 addr = ipaddress.ip_address(ip)
 yield {
 'ip_low': addr,
 'ip_high': addr + length - 1,
 'rir': rir,
 'country': country_code,
 'range': ip+'/'+str(size_to_cidr_mask(length)),
 }
The function parse_rir_file returns an iterator for one RIR file ingested. We can merge all of them to have only one sequence containing the blocks for the entire World:
import itertools as it
data = list(it.chain(
 parse_rir_file('delegated-ripencc-extended-latest'),
 parse_rir_file('delegated-arin-extended-latest'),
 parse_rir_file('delegated-apnic-extended-latest'),
 parse_rir_file('delegated-afrinic-extended-latest'),
 parse_rir_file('delegated-lacnic-extended-latest')
))
This may take a while depending on your hardware... (It takes several seconds on my laptop with an SSD) If you are curious, you can now count how many IPv4 blocks are in use ;)
Lookup
We have built our data, and now we have to sort it. We also need to build an index list on the ip_lows (keys), so we can perform a lookup on it and then retrieve the entire entry from data.
data.sort(key=lambda r: r['ip_low'])
keys = [r['ip_low'] for r in data]
A naive approach consists in simply comparing each low and high against the requested IP address until low <= ip <= high. However, our list is pretty huge! The worst case is when a non-assigned IP address is requested: we would walk through the entire list for nothing.
def naive_lookup(keys, target):
 last_v = None
 for k,v in enumerate(keys):
 if last_v is None:
 last_v = v
 if last_v <= target < v:
 return k
 last_v = v
 return None
We are not looking for a specific entry, but for a range in which the requested address fits. For this kind of work, a bisection method suits our needs. Python provides the bisect module for this.
def lookup(ip):
 ip = ipaddress.ip_address(ip)
 if not ip.is_global or ip.is_multicast: # Check bogon
 return None
 i = bisect.bisect_right(keys, ip)
 entry = data[i-1]
 assert(entry['ip_low'] <= ip <= entry['ip_high'])
return entry
That is, for the requested IP address, the operation bisect_right(keys, ip) traverses the list efficiently to see where the address fits. However, we must ensure the address belongs to a block, hence the assert.
API
Last step: make an API and host it. Here is a simple one using the microframework Bottle. The rir module contains the functions we have defined above.
from bottle import Bottle, route, response
import ipaddress
import rir
app = Bottle()
def valid_ip(ip):
 try:
 ipaddress.ip_address(ip)
 return True
 except ValueError:
 return False
@app.route('/<ip>')
def lookup_ip(ip):
 if not valid_ip(ip):
 response.status = 400
 return {'error': 'Not a valid IPv4: %s' % ip}
 entry = rir.lookup(ip)
 if entry is None:
 return {
 'ip': ip,
 'bogon': True,
 }
 return {
 'ip': ip,
 'ip_low': str(entry['ip_low']),
 'ip_high': str(entry['ip_high']),
 'rir': entry['rir'],
 'country': entry['country'],
 'range': entry['range'],
 }
Example:
curl -s localhost:8080/83.167.62.189 | jq
{
"ip_low": "83.167.32.0",
"range": "83.167.32.0/19",
"rir": "ripencc",
"country": "FR",
"ip": "83.167.62.189",
"ip_high": "83.167.63.255"
}


User privileges in Python containers
When containerizing an application for production, your goal should be to port existing code into a separate runtime environment without introducing unforeseen security concerns. For this reason, you should select the default port for Python: Django (8000) and Python: Flask (5000) during execution of the Add Dockerfiles to Workspace command, or opt for a port greater than 1023. This will allow VS Code to configure the Dockerfile with non-root access and prevent a malicious user from elevating permissions in the container, ultimately obtaining host machine root access. When you choose Python: General, the Docker extension configures non-root access by default, since no port is chosen. However, in all cases, to use a non-root user within a container, you must ensure each resource your application needs to read or modify can be accessed.
If a user selects ports less than 1024 when adding Dockerfiles to workspace, by default, we cannot scaffold a Dockerfile that will run the container as a non-root user. This is because ports in this range are called well-known or system ports and must execute with root privileges in order to bind a network socket to an IP address.
This guide will help you to:
 - Configure a non-root user in your application by modifying your Dockerfile and tasks.json.
 - Fix potential errors due to running as a non-root user.
Running your containerized app as a non-root user
The Add Dockerfiles to Workspace command for Django and Flask automatically sets up non-root privileges if you choose a non-system port. If your current Dockerfile and tasks.json is not setup for non-root usage, follow these steps:
 - Run Add Dockerfiles to Workspace.
 - Choose Python: Django or Python: Flask.
 - Select a port greater than 1023.
 - Overwrite your current Dockerfile and tasks.json.
If you chose Python: General, non-root privileges will be set up by default, but you may want to modify your Dockerfile and tasks.json as described below to add port access.
Docker file changes
Within the Dockerfile, you must expose a non-system port, create a working directory for your app code, and then add a non-root user with access to the app directory. Lastly, ensure your exposed port matches the port binding of the Gunicorn command. The CMD command below configures Gunicorn for a Django container. For more information on configuring Gunicorn, refer to the documentation on Gunicorn configuration for Django/Flask apps.
# 1024 or higher
EXPOSE 1024
# ... other directives such as installing requirements.txt file
# Creates /app in container if it does not already exist
# Ports code into /app
WORKDIR /app
ADD . /app
# Switches to a non-root user and changes the ownership of the /app folder"
RUN useradd appuser && chown -R appuser /app
USER appuser
CMD ["gunicorn", "--bind", "0.0.0.0:1024", "pythonPath.to.wsgi"]
Modifications to tasks.json for Django\Flask apps
After choosing a non-system port and setting up the container to run as a non-root user, we must ensure the docker run task within tasks.json also expects the same port.
Django Apps
{
 "type": "docker-run",
 "label": "docker-run: debug",
 "dependsOn": ["docker-build"],
 "python": {
 "args": [
 "runserver",
 "0.0.0.0:1024", //Change the number after the colon
 "--nothreading",
 "--noreload"
 ],
 "file": "manage.py"
 }
}
Flask Apps
{
 "type": "docker-run",
 "label": "docker-run: debug",
 "dependsOn": ["docker-build"],
 "dockerRun": {
 "env": {
 "FLASK_APP": "flask_folder/flask_project.py"
 }
 },
 "python": {
 "args": [
 "run",
 "--no-debugger",
 "--no-reload",
 "--host 0.0.0.0",
 "--port 1024" //Change this port number
 ],
 "module": "flask"
 }
}
Potential errors when running as a non-root user
Following the guide up to this point should eliminate most configuration issues caused by running as a non-root user. However, we have compiled a list (non-exhaustive) of common errors you may run into.
If you encounter any other problems due to running as a non-root user, please report the issue in the Docker Extension repository. We love your feedback!
Invalid file permissions
If you are reading, writing, or creating a file within your container, a non-root user might not have access to folders or files in specific directories unless directly given.
For example, if you added to your Dockerfile:
RUN mkdir /extra
The /extra folder will be created in the root directory of your container outside of the /app folder. Therefore, if you tried to create and write to a file named file.txt with:
f = open("/extra/file.txt", "a")
f.write("We wrote some text")
f.close()
You will see the error:
Exception has occurred: PermissionError
[Errno 13] Permission denied: '/extra/file.txt'
To solve this issue, we need to correctly add permissions to the non-root user to gain access to this specific file or directory in the container. Within your Dockerfile, add:
RUN useradd appuser && chown -R appuser /app
# Adds permission to appuser (non-root) for access to the /extra folder
RUN chown -R appuser /extra
Note: This is just one example of how to add permissions. There are many ways to do so and it is your responsibility give the least permission possible to specific files and folders.
Binding to an inaccessible port
If your container starts and stops immediately after F5 without producing logs in the Debug Console, we can try to diagnose the issue through these steps:
 1. Open and modify your launch.json file:
 {
 "name": "Docker: Python - Django",
 "type": "docker",
 "request": "launch",
 "preLaunchTask": "docker-run: debug",
 "removeContainerAfterDebug": false, //add this line
 "python": {
 "pathMappings": [
 {
 "localRoot": "${workspaceFolder}",
 "remoteRoot": "/app"
 }
 ],
 "projectType": "django"
 }
 }
 2. Hit F5 to run your container again.
 3. After the container exits once more, navigate to the Docker Extension, right-click the container, and select View Logs.
User clicking view logs on their container
In a Django app, you may see the error:
Error: You don't have permission to access that port.
In a Flask app, you may see the error:
self.socket.bind(self.server_address) PermissionError: [Errno 13] Permission denied
This likely means you are exposing a system-port (ports less than 1024) while attempting to run as a non-root user. This incompatible configuration is demonstrated in the image above.
To solve this issue, modify your Dockerfile and tasks.json file in the manner shown above.


text:
In our usual design, we may encounter the problem of one device corresponding to multiple packages, so we can choose the package we need for this device in the PCB. Let's take a look at how to use Alt_Symbols.
Step 1: Double-click the device that needs to define multiple packages in the schematic, enter the Property Editor interface, and define the package of this device as 0805, as shown in the figure:
Step 2: Select Cadence-Allegro under Filter, then you will see the attributes of ALT_SYMBOLS below, fill in the name of the alternative package c_0603, as shown below:
At this time, package c_0603 is the alternate package for this device.
Step 3: Click Save, then exit the netlist and import the PCB Board. Relevant steps are omitted here.
Step 4: Enter Allegro PCB to import the generated netlist, and then right-click when placing or moving the device, we can see the Alt_Symbol item:
At this time, we can choose the package that the device needs to use. Put it down directly to the 0805 packages, and use the Alt_Symbol shown in the figure above to put it down to the C0603 package.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Prison Registers in Institutes & Organizations
Discovering your ancestor in prison records doesn't necessarily make them a hardened criminal, nineteenth century law was harsh and children as well as adults were imprisoned for minor misdemeanors. These records are often very detailed and can include physical descriptions of height, weight and eye colour.
All fields are optional
Record set
Optional keywords
Clear search


text:
Left-Turn Car Accident Attorneys
Far too many Fort Lauderdale car accidents happen when a driver attempts to make a left-turn turn across lanes of oncoming traffic. Left-hand turn car accidents in Miami often result in what are referred to as T-bone accidents, when the front of an oncoming vehicle slams into the passenger side of the car making the left-hand turn. As with most crashes, these left-hand turn accidents happen when the turning driver is distracted by their phone or doesn't properly calculate the time they have before oncoming traffic approaches. Left-hand turn car accidents result in serious personal injuries to the drivers and passengers in both vehicles.
Left-hand turn accidents are the most frequently accounted type of crash. According to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), left-hand turns are responsible for more than twenty percent of all car and truck accidents. Of that large number of wrecks, the left-hand turning driver's conduct was responsible for nearly ninety-five percent of all crashes, the highest number of crashes in the study, making up 22% of the accidents, due to these actions:
- Failing to look for oncoming traffic, that is, making sure it was safe to begin a turn; and
- Failing to properly gauge the distance and speed of oncoming traffic.
This means nearly all left-hand turns were the result of the turning driver's poor judgment of distance, time and/or speed.
Florida has many statutes which govern the actions of a turning driver. With regards to left-hand turns, Florida statutes 316.141 (1)(b) states:
- Left turn.—The driver of a vehicle intending to turn left at any intersection shall approach the intersection in the extreme left-hand lane lawfully available to traffic moving in the direction of travel of such vehicle, and, after entering the intersection, the left turn shall be made so as to leave the intersection in a lane lawfully available to traffic moving in such direction upon the roadway being entered. A person riding a bicycle and intending to turn left in accordance with this section is entitled to the full use of the lane from which the turn may legally be made. Whenever practicable the left turn shall be made in that portion of the intersection to the left of the center of the intersection.
And Florida statute section 316.122 provides:
- Vehicle turning left.—The driver of a vehicle intending to turn to the left within an intersection or into an alley, private road, or driveway shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle approaching from the opposite direction, or vehicles lawfully passing on the left of the turning vehicle, which is within the intersection or so close thereto as to constitute an immediate hazard.
If you or a loved one are seriously injured in a car accident in Fort Lauderdale or Miami due to the carelessness of a driver making a left-hand turn, regardless of if you were in a car, riding a bicycle or a pedestrian, it is important that you hire an aggressive and successful personal injury attorney. Car accident attorney Joseph Lipsky has nearly thirty years of experience helping seriously injured accident victims recover tens of millions of dollars for their broken bones, lacerations, back injuries, lost wages and medical bills. Since we don't get paid unless we win, injured accident victims don't owe us anything unless we recover money for you. The personal injury consultation is free and without obligations, so please call us at our toll-free hotline 888-FLA-LAW8 _PHONE_).

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Antecedentes penales de adultos
Adult criminal records contain a history of tickets, arrests, and convictions you have had as an adult. Your record is public and may appear on background checks. However, you can often use expunctions or nondisclosures to erase or seal parts of your record.
This section on adult criminal records includes expunction and nondisclosure guides, articles, and forms.


text:
2001 Volume 49 Issue 4 Pages 431-438
Missing blades of Laminarian algae, Eisenia bicyclis, Ecklonia cava, and E. kurome, have been observed in the marine forests along the coast of Nagasaki Prefecture, since 1998. In many cases, characteristic marks thought to be caused by fish grazing were left on the edge of remaining blades. To obtain further evidence for this, we observed the grazing behavior of seven species of fish common in this area, and analyzed the characteristics of bite marks on E. kurome in experimental tanks.
In the observations of grazing behavior, six species of fish grazed on E. kurome. Three species, Calotomus japonicus, Signanus fuscescens, and Kyphosus lembus grazed on E. kurome more actively than the other species, and left characteristic bite marks on the blades. The shape and size of bite marks on the blades were useful for identifying the species that caused the lost blades. In natural marine Ecklonia beds, as in Eisenia beds, large schools of these three herbivore species might cause the lost blade phenomenon on a large scale along the coast in this area.


HP OpenVMS Systems Documentation
Content starts here
HP OpenVMS DCL Dictionary
Previous Contents Index
Transfers control from your current process (which then hibernates) to the specified process.
The ATTACH and SPAWN commands cannot be used if your terminal has an associated mailbox.
ATTACH [process-name]
Specifies the name of a parent process or spawned subprocess to which control passes. The process must already exist, be part of your current job, and share the same input stream as your current process. However, the process cannot be your current process or a subprocess created with the /NOWAIT qualifier.
Process names can contain from 1 to 15 alphanumeric characters. If a connection to the specified process cannot be made, an error message is displayed.
The process-name parameter is incompatible with the /IDENTIFICATION qualifier.
The ATTACH command allows you to connect your input stream to another process. You can use the ATTACH command to change control from one subprocess to another subprocess or to the parent process.
When you enter the ATTACH command, the parent or "source" process is put into hibernation, and your input stream is connected to the specified destination process. You can use the ATTACH command to connect to a subprocess that is part of a current job left hibernating as a result of the SPAWN/WAIT command or another ATTACH command as long as the connection is valid. (No connection can be made to the current process, to a process that is not part of the current job, or to a process that does not exist. If any of these connections are attempted, an error message is displayed.)
You can also use the ATTACH command in conjunction with the SPAWN/WAIT command to return to a parent process without terminating the created subprocess. See the description of the SPAWN command for more details.
Specifies the process identification (PID) of the process to which terminal control will be transferred. Leading zeros can be omitted. The /IDENTIFICATION qualifier is incompatible with the process-name parameter.
If you omit the /IDENTIFICATION qualifier, you must specify a process name.
The ATTACH command transfers the terminal's control to the subprocess JONES_2.
The ATTACH command switches control from the current process to a process having the PID 30019. Notice that because the /IDENTIFICATION qualifier is specified, the process-name parameter is omitted.
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text:
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This report documents the methodology, findings and conclusions of the Starting to smoke research project. The aim of the project was to explore the reasons young Indigenous people in the Northern Territory start smoking as well as the protective factors which prevent smoking. Young people aged 13-20 years of age were recruited from urban and remote communities to participate in one-on-one and group interviews.
A particular focus of the project was on the social and cultural processes that influence smoking uptake in this group. Based on the project's findings, the report makes recommendations regarding future smoking prevention initiatives. The project was carried out in the Northern Territory across two sites: one in Darwin and one in a remote community in Arnhem Land.
Abstract adapted from Lowitja Institute

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text: Branched chain amino-acid aminotransferase (BCAT) activity is present in fetal liver but the developmental pattern of mitochondrial BCAT (BCATm) expression in rat liver has not been studied. The aim of this study was to determine the activity, protein and mRNA concentration of BCATm in fetal and postnatal rat liver, and to localize this enzyme at the cellular and subcellular levels at both developmental stages. Maximal BCAT activity and BCATm mRNA expression occurred at 17 days' gestation in fetal rat liver and then declined significantly immediately after birth. This pattern was observed only in liver; rat heart showed a different developmental pattern. Fetal liver showed intense immunostaining to BCATm in the nuclei and mitochondria of hepatic cells and blood cell precursors; in contrast, adult liver showed mild immunoreactivity located only in the mitochondria of hepatocytes. BCAT activity in isolated fetal liver nuclei was 0.64 mU x mg(-1) protein whereas it was undetectable in adult liver nuclei. By Western blot analysis the BCATm antibody recognized a 41-kDa protein in fetal liver nuclei, and proteins of 41 and 43 kDa in fetal liver supernatant. In adult rat liver supernatant, the BCATm antibody recognized only a 43-kDa protein; however, neither protein was detected in adult rat liver nuclei. The appearance of the 41-kDa protein was associated with the presence of the highly active form of BCATm. These results suggest the existence of active and inactive forms of BCAT in rat liver.


text:
The aqueduct formed a key link in Boston's first major water supply system. Its genesis dates to 1845, when a Sudbury River tributary was impounded to form Lake Cochituate in Natick. The artificial lake, with 17 miles (27 km) of watershed, 2 billion US gallons (7,600,000 m3) of storage, and yield of 10 million US gallons (38,000 m3) of water per day, became the cornerstone of Boston's public water system.
The aqueduct was built in 1846 to 1848 to convey water from Lake Cochituate to the Brookline Reservoir. Its route was 14 miles (23 km) long and passed through Natick, Wayland, Wellesley, Newton, and Brookline. From there, pipelines ran to small distribution reservoirs throughout Boston, including Beacon Hill Reservoir atop Beacon Hill. In 1848 Lake Cochituate's water first flowed into Frog Pond on Boston Common in a ceremony that drew 100,000 people.
By 1951, four major aqueducts were delivering water to Boston. The Cochituate system was unnecessary with its water declining in quality and requiring treatment. It was thus abandoned, and portions were purchased in 1952 by the City of Newton for sewer lines. It is now part of a trail system, with granite bridges and gatehouses still intact along its route.
In 2010, the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority issued a Use Permit to the Natick Conservation Commission for 16 acres (65,000 m2) of the Natick section for future conservation and recreation purposes.
Portions of the aqueduct route have been overbuilt by roads and other construction, but it is in many areas still discernible.
The Cochituate Aqueduct begins at a gatehouse on the east side of Lake Cochituate, north of Massachusetts Route 30. It passes roughly eastward, eventually running along the town line between Wayland and Natick. It eventually turns southeasterly, skirting around the east side of Morse Pond in Wellesley shortly after passing under Massachusetts Route 9. It again turns east, passing north of Wellesley Town Hall before turning northeasterly through the Hunnewell Field athletic complex and toward Indian Spring Park, where it again turns east. It passes under Walnut and Cedar Streets in eastern Wellesley before descending to cross the Charles River into Newton on a stone bridge. There is a commemorative plaque in a small open park facing Cedar Street. The aqueduct crossing of the river is via an iron siphon tube, whose original control houses on both sides have been demolished.
In Newton, the aqueduct is located in the median dividing the lanes of Waban Avenue, and passes near the Waban MBTA station, before snaking through residential parts of Waban to skirt the southern edge of Cold Spring Park. It proceeds northeasterly to skirt the northern edge of the Newton Centre Playground, where the Sudbury Aqueduct runs along the playground's south side. It then loops northward around Prospect Hill before turning southeast, passing through the Boston College campus, where its route has been obliterated by St. Thomas More Road. It skirts the west side of Chestnut Hill Reservoir (whose construction it predates), before heading mainly southeast, paralleling Reservoir Road, to the western end of the Brookline Reservoir, where its end gatehouse is located.
- "NHL nomination for Brookline Reservoir" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved 2017-01-28.


Definitions for hiatushaɪˈeɪ təs
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word hiatus
Princeton's WordNet
 an interruption in the intensity or amount of something
 2. hiatus(noun)
 a missing piece (as a gap in a manuscript)
 3. foramen, hiatus(noun)
 a natural opening or perforation through a bone or a membranous structure
 1. hiatus(Noun)
 A gap in a series, making it incomplete.
 2. hiatus(Noun)
 A gap in geological strata.
 3. hiatus(Noun)
 An opening in an organ.
 Hiatus aorticus is an opening in the diaphragm through which aorta and thoracic duct pass.
 4. hiatus(Noun)
 An interruption, break or pause.
 5. hiatus(Noun)
 A vacation, break from work.
 The band took a hiatus for three months.
 6. Origin: From hiatus, from hio.
Webster Dictionary
 1. Hiatus
 of Hiatus
 2. Hiatus(noun)
 an opening; an aperture; a gap; a chasm; esp., a defect in a manuscript, where some part is lost or effaced; a space where something is wanting; a break
 3. Hiatus(noun)
 the concurrence of two vowels in two successive words or syllables
 4. Origin: [L., fr. hiare, hiatum, to gape; akin to E. yawn. See Yawn.]
 1. Hiatus
 In phonology, hiatus or diaeresis refers to two vowel sounds occurring in adjacent syllables, with no intervening consonant. When two adjacent vowel sounds occur in the same syllable, the result is instead described as a diphthong. The English words hiatus and diaeresis themselves contain a hiatus between the first and second syllables.
Chambers 20th Century Dictionary
 1. Hiatus
 hī-ā′tus, n. a gap: an opening: a chasm: a break in continuity, a defect: (gram.) a concurrence of vowel sounds in two successive syllables. [L.,—hiāre, hiātum, to gape.]
 1. Chaldean Numerology
 The numerical value of hiatus in Chaldean Numerology is: 2
 2. Pythagorean Numerology
 The numerical value of hiatus in Pythagorean Numerology is: 6
Sample Sentences & Example Usage
 1. Hoesung Lee:
 There is no hiatus (in global warming). Multiple lines of evidence suggest that the earth is warming.
 2. Richard Slark:
 I believe we are looking at a 2-3 year hiatus in those large-scale energy projects where financing would be international.
 3. Kevin Roberts:
 Chris Christie has decided to take a hiatus from Chris Christie work in the finance world to spend more time with Chris Christie family and young children.
 4. Kevin Roberts:
 Mrs. Christie has decided to take a hiatus from her work in the finance world to spend more time with her family and young children, she recently resigned her position as a managing director at Angelo Gordon.
 5. Ram Ben-Barak:
 The Americans are satisfied because, in their thinking, diplomacy succeeded. But we are very, very worried and the Gulf countries are very, very worried and it is absolutely clear to everyone that this hiatus is utterly temporary.
Images & Illustrations of hiatus
Translations for hiatus
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text:
The Social Significance Of Ghana's 2002 District Level Elections – In The Upper East Region
"This paper attempts to analyse the social structure of the District Assemblies created by the District Assembly Elections of 2002. The Upper East Region of Ghana, which is the poorest region in the country, is the focus of the study. The analysis is situated against the background of the social, economic and political conditions of the region at the time of the District Assembly Elections of 2002. It was discovered in the study that some 61% of the 270 people who were elected to the District Assemblies were mainly teachers and farmers, and that out of thirtyfive women candidates only seventeen, or 48.55% were successful. In addition, only one out of ten disabled candidates was able to make it to the Assembly. The Assemblies created by the Election of 2002, therefore, are predominantly constituted by able-bodied male teachers and farmers. Both society and Government have a major responsibility to ensure that more women get elected in future elections, to ensure their full and free participation in Ghana's democratic political system."


Can you say all the Chinese words for the meals that we eat in one day? Most people usually eat about three main meals every day, but South China often have other meals that are very popular in China, here are six words for main and other meals that we often use:
早餐(zǎocān ) breakfast
The first meal of the day. About 6am-8am.
早茶( zǎochá) early morning tea
A meal eaten around 9am. A snack (for example, biscuits, bread and black tea). (Informal)
午餐(wǔ cān)lunch
A meal in the middle of the day. About noon or 1pm.
下午茶(xià wǔ chá ) afternoon tea
A light afternoon meal of sandwiches, cakes etc, with a drink of tea or coffee. About 2pm-4pm. It is also sometimes called afternoon tea.
晚餐(wǎn cān) dinner
The main meal of the day, eaten in the evening. Usually when people say "dinner", they mean an evening meal, about 7pm-9pm.
夜宵( yè xiāo) midnight snack.
An extra meal in the midnight.About 9pm-11pm.


text:
Tiger Nuts (Chufa) (Raw and Organic) - The New Superfood 150g
Our organic Tiger nuts come from Alboraia in Valencia, where Enric Navarro has championed organic growing methods, working with the land's natural cycles, avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers or pesticides, and annually rotating the crop with organically-grown vegetables to produce tiger nuts of an exceptional quality. Tiger nuts were so prized by the ancient Egyptians that they have been found in burial tombs amongst other treasured possessions. Known as 'chufa' in Spain, these little tubers are packed with taste and healthful qualities.
They can be eaten just as they are, or you can add water to soften them slightly, eating them as a snack, ground or crushed to use in desserts, biscuits and granola or blended into smoothies. They can be soaked and crushed to make the traditional sweet, milky tasting Spanish drink Horchata. They are also delicious in combination with dried fruits such as dates or figs.
Tiger nuts grown in Valencia have an intense, sweet flavour. They are highly nutritious containing vitamin C and E as well as phosphorous, potassium, fibre and a good energy rich balance of natural sugars and proteins. It has also been suggested that Tiger nut consumption can help to prevent heart attack and reduce the risk of colon cancer.
Supplied in tamper proof tub.
D.O. CHUFA DE VALENCIA


text:
EC Sales list – Getting it right!
What is an EC Sales List?
Any VAT registered business in the United Kingdom which supplies goods or services to VAT registered customers in another country within the European Union (EU), must report these supplies to HM Revenue and Customs.
An EC Sales List includes three separate pieces of information:-
- The customer's country code
- Details of the EU Customer
- The sterling value of the supplies made
During the specified reporting period (i.e. monthly, quarterly, annually) a line for each customer, for each type of supply, will need to be entered for all the VAT registered EU businesses that you have entered into transactions with. The details that you will need to enter will be already be set up in an easy to use format using H M Revenue and Customers online service:-
- Two letter country code – for example, France will be FR
- The customer's VAT registration number
- The value of the goods and services will need to be entered in sterling and not the foreign currency amount. Furthermore, these are to the nearest pound so no need to worry about pence!
- Finally, there is an indicator column where you need to let HMRC know whether you have supplied goods or services. Enter a '0' in the indicator column for goods or a '3' for services. You could also potentially have to enter a '2' where triangulation has taken place. This is where you have supplied goods but they were not handled by yourself and one of your suppliers has directly sent them to your customer.
All the bullet points above are summarised in this easy to follow table when submitting an EC Sales List:-
Checking VAT numbers
Before you go to the HMRC website to submit an EC Sales List, you must ensure that all your information is accurate. As a result, it is crucial that the EU VAT numbers that your customers supply you with are correct. It is surprising how often the incorrect information is supplied, so it's vital that you know these numbers are valid and you have confirmation that these customers are based in the EU.
It is extremely important that these EU VAT numbers are checked thoroughly. A popular website used for this exercise is _URL_ and will make sure that all this information can be verified in a quick and efficient manner!
This will apply for every new customer.
EC Sales Lists can be straightforward provided you know what you're doing and you anticipate it coming. Should you need any help, please do not hesitate to contact us.
The information in this article is believed to be factually correct at the time of writing and publication, but is not intended to constitute advice. No liability is accepted for any loss howsoever arising as a result of the contents of this article. Specific advice should be sought before entering into, or refraining from entering into any transaction.


text:
Efficient and cost effective communications between staff and with customers are the lifeblood of any business. Yet with spiralling line and call charges and the constant introduction of new technology, knowing whether this is essential to delivering the efficiencies you need, and at a sustainable cost, can be hard to determine.
A comprehensive telecoms audit from Vision will provide the answers. We examine every facet of your operation to identify the potential for cost reductions and the greater flexibility of modern technology.
Each audit examines every aspect of your telecoms services:
- How much are you spending?
- Your current telephony expenditure compared with what else is available
- How many telephone lines do you have?
- Identifies the legacy telephone lines which may no longer be needed but are still being charged
- What equipment are you using?
- Reviews current capability and the potential for savings and greater efficiencies using newer technology
- What do your staff need to stay in touch?
- Assesses remote user needs and landline-mobile twinning combinations
- What is your current broadband capability?
- Analyses bandwidth for local and cross-company broadband and Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) integration for true mobility in communications
A Vision audit provides a complete overview of your telecoms infrastructure. Importantly it draws on our special relationships with third party vendors and suppliers to recommend solutions that will deliver improved call management, better connections between staff and easier access for customers.
It's valuable insight that will quickly repay your investment by enabling you to secure greater value for money from your telecoms systems.
Contact us to find out more, or to arrange your comprehensive telecoms audit.


At Wednesday's ribbon cutting ceremony for Imagine Riverside's new Coachella school on Avenue 50, students said the Pledge of Allegiance in both English and Spanish - a taste of what's to come at the dual-immersion school.
"All of the different areas in both languages," Dr. Grace Jimenez of Imagine Riverside said.
You can find Imagine public charter schools all over the country. There are a total of 70 schools in 12 states, with about 38,000 students.
"Dual immersion is a little different than bilingual. It means students will be proficient in two languages, bi-literate in English and Spanish," Jimenez said.
Right now the school teaches kindergarten and first graders. Each year, Imagine Riverside will add a grade until it reaches K-8.
"It's really important for students nowadays to be ready for a global economy. We are preparing students for jobs that aren't even existing right now," Jimenez said.
A necessary education in two languages causes a lot of demand.
"We do have a list of students waiting to be in classrooms and we do have an overage of students right now. We are seeing to break those up into smaller groups and have more attention to your students," she said.
Parents watched their children at the ceremony, feeling lucky their sons and daughters will get this opportunity.
"I think it's great especially for Spanish speaking families. My child doesn't speak spanish at all but she's here, and I wouldn't say she's fluent, but getting there," father Osiel Salinas said.


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Wisconsin wins solar energy funds
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The U.S. Department of Energy is awarding a total of $4.3 million to the cities of Milwaukee and Madison and the Midwest Renewable Energy Association to support solar energy technologies, accelerate the adoption of solar energy, and develop a solar work force, Gov. Jim Doyle said Monday.
Gov. Doyle made the announcement at a pair of events in Milwaukee and Madison where he was joined by Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett, Madison Mayor Dave Cieslewicz, and Midwest Renewable Energy Association executive director Tehri Parker.
Milwaukee is receiving $650,000 to build on existing efforts to promote solar energy through the "Milwaukee Shines" initiative, part of the U.S. Department of Energy's 25-city Solar America Cities project that aims to accelerate solar adoption in cities by supporting innovative local efforts with both financial and technical assistance.
The Milwaukee project's goal is to increase the number of local solar installers, engage the business community, install over 100 solar-electric and 50 solar-thermal systems, with a total capacity of 1 megawatt by 2012, and, ultimately, reduce the city's greenhouse gas emissions.
The city of Madison is receiving $370,000 for its "MadiSUN" project, the city's Solar America Cities initiative. The project's goals are to double the use of solar energy in Madison over a two-year period, reduce greenhouse gases by 25 percent by 2011, and install 200 solar hot water systems by 2010.
The Midwest Renewable Energy Association is receiving $3.3 million for solar installation training. To meet the demand for professional training in the installation of residential and commercial photovoltaic and solar heating and cooling systems, the association is working with six regional training partners to increase capacity for quality solar instruction in training centers throughout the Midwest.
Wisconsin's funding is part of $87 million that the Energy Department has made available to help address technical challenges, ensure reliable connectivity with the electrical grid, and train a new generation of solar workers to install and maintain solar energy systems. Of this funding, $50 million comes from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.
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text:
History of Initiative & Referendum in Arizona
|Laws • History|
|List of measures|
The History of Initiative & Referendum in Arizona began when acquired statewide initiative, referendum, and recall rights at the time of statehood in 1912. The first initiative in the state was for women's suffrage. It was a landslide victory, passing by a margin of greater than two to one on Nov. 5, 1912.
Then, in 1914, Arizona saw of 15 qualified initiatives, which held the record until 2006 when 19 initiatives were passed. Four of the 1914 initiatives passed because of the efforts of organized labor. One prohibited blacklisting of union members; a second established an "old age and mothers' pension"; another established a state government contract system, and a fourth limited businesses employment of non-citizens. Lastly, the voters in 1914 passed an initiative that barred the governor and legislature from amending or repealing initiatives.
In response, the legislature tried to pass a constitutional amendment that would make it more difficult to pass initiatives. Because this amendment needed the approval of voters, the Arizona Federation of Labor waged a campaign against the measure. The amendment was narrowly defeated in 1916.
- This chart includes all ballot measures to appear on the Arizona ballot in the year indicated, not just initiated measures. See also Arizona ballot measures.
|Year||Propositions on ballot||How many were approved?||How many were defeated?|
Arizonans owe many of their reforms to John Kromko. Kromko, like most Arizonans, is not a native; he was born near Erie, Pennsylvania, in 1940 and moved to Tucson in the mid-1960s. He was active in protests against the Vietnam War, and in the 1970s and 1980s he was elected to the lower house of the state legislature several times. By night, he was a computer-programming instructor; by day, he was Arizona's "Mr. Initiative."
Kromko's first petition was a referendum drive to stop a Tucson city council ordinance banning topless dancing, arguing for free speech. In 1976 Kromko was among the handful of Arizonans who, in cooperation with the People's Lobby Western Bloc campaign, succeeded in putting on the state ballot an initiative to phase out nuclear power. The initiative lost at the polls, but Kromko's leadership on the issue got him elected to his first term in the legislature.
Repealing the sales tax on food
Once elected, Kromko set his sights on abolishing the sales tax on food, a "regressive" tax that hits the poor hardest. Unsuccessful in the legislature, Kromko launched a statewide initiative petition and got enough signatures to put food tax repeal on the ballot. The legislature, faced with the initiative, acted to repeal the tax.
After the food tax victory, Kromko turned to voter registration reform. Again the legislature was unresponsive, so he launched an initiative petition. He narrowly missed getting enough signatures in 1980, and he failed to win re-election that year.
Undaunted, he revived the voter registration campaign and turned to yet another cause: Medicaid funding. Arizona in 1981 was the only state without Medicaid, since the legislature had refused to appropriate money for the state's share of this federal program.
In 1982, with an initiative petition drive under way and headed for success, the legislature got the message and established a Medicaid program. Kromko and his allies on this issue, the state's churches, were satisfied and dropped their petition drive.
Motor Voter initiative
The voter registration initiative, now under the leadership of Les Miller, a Phoenix attorney, and the state Democratic Party, gained ballot placement and voter approval. In the ensuing four years, this "Motor Voter" initiative increased by over 10 percent the proportion of Arizona's eligible population who were registered to vote.
Late legislative career
Kromko, re-elected to the legislature in 1982, took up his petitions again in 1983 to prevent construction of a freeway in Tucson that would have smashed through several residential neighborhoods. The initiative was merely to make freeway plans subject to voter approval, but Tucson officials, seeing the campaign as the death knell for their freeway plans, blocked its placement on the ballot through various legal technicalities. Kromko and neighborhood activists fighting to save their homes refused to admit defeat. They began a new petition drive in 1984, qualified their measure for the ballot, and won voter approval for it in November 1985.
Arizona's moneyed interests poured funds into a campaign to unseat Kromko in 1986. Kromko not only survived but also fought back by supporting a statewide initiative to limit campaign contributions, sponsored by his colleague in the legislature, Democratic State Representative Reid Ewing of Tucson. Voters passed the measure by a two to one margin.
Kromko's initiative exploits have made him the most effective Democratic political figure, besides former governor Bruce Babbitt, in this perennially Republican-dominated state. And Babbitt owes partial credit for one of his biggest successes - enactment of restrictions on the toxic chemical pollution of drinking water - to Kromko. Early in 1986 Kromko helped organize an environmentalist petition drive for an anti-toxic initiative, while Babbitt negotiated with the legislature for passage of a similar bill. When initiative backers had enough signatures to put their measure on the ballot, the legislature bowed to the pressure and passed Babbitt's bill. Even today, Kromko is still active in politics, writing letters to the editor about immigration policies.
Petition drive problems in 2008
2008 was a tough year for ballot initiatives in Arizona. Nine citizen initiatives filed signatures to qualify for the November 2008 Arizona ballot by the state's July 3 petition drive deadline. In the end, only six of the initiatives were certified, with three initiatives disqualified as a result of an historically high number of problems with flawed petition signatures. When the November vote was held, of the six that qualified for the ballot, only one was approved.,
Criticisms of process
After 19 were proposed in 2006, legislators were worried about "ballot fatigue" or overuse of the initiative system. This led to legislators considering steps to limit or otherwise exert more control over the initiative process. Ironically, any attempt to alter the initiative and referendum process would require an amendment to the state constitution, and thus in itself be put forth as a referendum.
This article is significantly based on an article published by the Initiative & Referendum Institute, and is used with their permission. Their article, in turn, relies on research in David Schmidt's book, Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution.
Also portions of this article were taken from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia under the GNU license.
- ↑ Arizona Daily Star, "'Clown' takes some serious initiative", July 20, 2007
- ↑ Arizona Republic, "'Flawed' election petitions face review", September 13, 2008
- ↑ Phoenix New Times, "Citizen initiatives have been kicked off the ballot this year in record numbers, and the problems could go much deeper than invalid signatures", August 21, 2008
- ↑ Legislators seeking more control over initiatives, Arizona Republic, Feb. 13, 2007
- ↑ History of Arizona's initiative
- ↑ Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution Temple University Press, 352 pp., ISBN-10: _PHONE_, October 1991
History of I&R
Alaska · Arizona · Arkansas · California · Colorado · Florida · Idaho · Illinois · Kentucky · Maine · Maryland · Massachusetts · Michigan · Mississippi · Missouri · Montana · Nebraska · Nevada · New Mexico · North Dakota · Ohio · Oklahoma · Oregon · South Dakota · Utah · Washington · Wyoming
Direct Legislation by the Citizenship Through the Initiative and Referendum · Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution · Direct Legislation: Voting on Ballot Propositions in the United States


Field("spryTitle", "none", {validateOn:["blur"]});
</script>
</body>
</html>
Goos
03-10-2012, 05:52 PM
You're adding an empty row to your initial table.
if (!document.getElementById(tableID)) {
var body = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0];
var tbl = document.createElement("table");
var tblBody = document.createElement("tbody");
var newRow = document.createElement("tr");
tblBody.appendChild(newRow);
tbl.appendChild(tblBody);
body.appendChild(tbl);
tbl.setAttribute("id", "dataTable");
tbl.setAttribute("border", "0");
};
When the line:
var chkbox = row.cells[0].childNodes[0];
is executed for row[0], there is no rows[0].cells[0], which results in an error.
MaDmiX
03-10-2012, 05:55 PM
Goos,
Thanks for catching that. I removed the lines that handle the var newRow and the script works perfectly now. If I may indulge you a bit more, I need to add a function to essentially do the reverse. That is take the cell data from a row and place it in the text fields (deleting the row) so the user can make changes and then click a button that would replace this data in the same row index (I think that is the correct term). I have a basic idea of how to accomplish this:
1. I can call my deleteRow function and wrap it in an if statement to make sure that the user can only update one row at a time.
2. I know how to copy the text field contents to my cells using the .value property. I can do the reverse to get the cell contents to the text fields.
The only place I am stuck is how to get the updated data back in the same place in the table as before. Can you offer some sugestions or maybe point me to some resources that would help with this?
Thanks again,
Ken
MaDmiX
03-12-2012, 03:52 AM
I worked out this function but the only thing that seems to not be working is the line:
chkbox=false;
Can someone help me with the proper syntax to make the checkbox become unchecked after the row is updated?
Thanks in advance.
Ken
function updateRow(tableID) {
if (document.getElementById(tableID)) {
//alert("the table exists");
var StartTime = document.getElementById('StartTime');
var EndTime = document.getElementById('EndTime');
var MaterialID = document.getElementById('MaterialID');
var Title = document.getElementById('Title');
try {
var table = document.getElementById(tableID);
var rowCount = table.rows.length;
for(var i=0; i<rowCount; i++) {
var row = table.rows[i];
var chkbox = row.cells[0].childNodes[0];
if(null != chkbox && true == chkbox.checked) {
//table.deleteRow(i);
chkbox=false;
row.cells[1].childNodes[0].value=StartTime.value;
StartTime.value="";
row.cells[2].childNodes[0].value=EndTime.value;
EndTime.value="";
row.cells[3].childNodes[0].value=MaterialID.value;
MaterialID.value="";
row.cells[4].childNodes[0].value=Title.value;
Title.value="";
rowCount--;
i--;
}
}
}catch(e) {
alert(e);
}
}
}
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text:
This paper represents the improved meta-data search model for efficient content based image retrieval. This paper includes brief information of improved features i.e. dominant color and relative smoothness and other features like color histogram and edge histogram all together. This approach shows a step by step approach to get the accurate relevant results (images) from the database using meta-data. To achieve this goal the work also included the DWT (discrete wavelet transform) algorithm for the better results.
Content based image retrieval, Meta-data, Color histogram, Relative smoothness, Combine features, Imagae feature extraction


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§24.1.1/3 from C++03 Standard reads,
For input iterators, a == b does not imply ++a == ++b. (Equality does not guarantee the substitution property or referential transparency.) Algorithms on input iterators should never attempt to pass through the same iterator twice. They should be single pass algorithms. Value type T is not required to be an Assignable type (23.1). These algorithms can be used with istreams as the source of the input data through the istream_iterator class.
I couldn't understand the bold text in the above quotation. Can anyone help me understanding this?
Also, what does the following statement (italicized text in the above quotation) mean? How is it related to a==b and ++a==++b expressions?
Equality does not guarantee the substitution property or referential transparency.
share|improve this question
5 Answers 5
up vote 3 down vote accepted
The properties referred to are:
Substitution Property
For any quantities a and b and any expression F(x), if a = b, then F(a) = F(b) (if either side makes sense, i.e. is well-formed).
Referential Transparency
Informally, it means that there is no difference between a value and a reference to this value (thus how the term was coined).
In imperative programming it is a difficult concept to get, because we are used to modify our variables. Rick Hickey (behind Clojure) gives a nice talk about the distinction between Identity and State that may help you. The gist of it is that a variable is an Identity. At any point in time an Identity refers to a State. A State never changes, however an Identity may be altered to refer to another State.
Input Iterators
The substitution property violation is "obvious" here, if we define F(x) in the above to mean ++x, then we have that if input iterators verified the substitution property, the following would hold a == b => ++a == ++b.
This is not true, however, because incrementing an input iterator may invalidate all other input iterators from the same source. From table 107 in n3290 (page 831, just above the paragraph you quoted):
pre: r is dereferenceable.
post: r is dereferenceable or r is past-the-end.
post: any copies of the previous value of r are no longer required either to be dereferenceable or to be in the domain of ==.
That is, when we perform ++a, then b may become invalid, and therefore ++b itself will be undefined behavior.
This is a direct violation of ++a == ++b, therefore the substitution property does not hold.
The referential transparency is a bit more evident here. If Input Iterators were referentially transparent, it would mean that they would be indifferentiable from the value they point to. Clearly this is not the case, as applying ++ does not increment the value, but the iterator.
share|improve this answer
+1. Nice post, Matthieu. :-). Last paragraph is very cogent. – Nawaz May 10 '11 at 15:59
By the way, I found an interesting explanation in wikipedia : "Because of this they lack referential transparency, i.e. the same language expression can result in different values at different times depending on the state of the executing program." – Nawaz May 10 '11 at 16:22
_USER_: yes, in general you need purity for referential transparency of expression (that is, no reading from some global state and no writing to global state). For example, i = rand() cannot (and should not) be memoized, while i, RandState = rand(RandState) could be, because the state is now explicit. – Matthieu M. May 10 '11 at 17:37
_USER_. Could you elaborate on That is, when we perform ++a, then b may become invalid, and therefore ++b itself will be undefined behavior. I don't see how b may become invalid. – newprint Oct 6 '13 at 20:08
_USER_: Imagine that you use an iterator over the bytes of a buffer. When you point to the last byte of the buffer with a and b and execute ++a, it may signal: "I am done with this, bring the next one", at which point b could be a dangling pointer. – Matthieu M. Oct 7 '13 at 6:26
For Input Iterators, incrementing an iterator invalidates copies of the same iterator.
auto a = istream_iterator(something);
auto b = a;
a == b; // true
++a; // b is now invalid
++b; // undefined behavior, I think, but in any case not guaranteed to
 // result in anything sensible.
So certainly ++a == ++b is not guaranteed. That is, a == b does not imply ++a == ++b.
I think the "substitution property" means "anything you do with the value of a has the same result as doing the same with the value of b", or similar - there are various versions of substitution that it might refer to, but something along those lines. I think in this context it must mean "later doing the same with b", since if a == b and I haven't done anything invalid yet, then it doesn't matter which of a and b I use, they refer to the same point in the stream. But when I increment, I do have to pick one and lose the other, hence the difficulty with ++a == ++b.
"Referential transparency" means that different objects are independent, i.e. they're not references/pointers to or aliases of each other. In combination with "substitution property" this means:
Later? There is no earlier or later since operations don't have global side-effects. If you can't substitute "later" then you can't substitute
Input iterators in the same sequence typically refer to the same "actual data", like a file handle or whatever, which itself contains mutable state. Since a and b refer to the same file handle, and their value is dependent on its state, you don't have referential transparency. This lack is why substitution fails.
Forward iterators typically also refer to the same underlying data (like a container), but as long as you use them read-only (and don't otherwise modify the container), they don't betray this fact, at least not until you start comparing the addresses of the values they return. So they have a limited kind of referential transparency of their own value, that input iterators don't. They're still references themselves, so the things they refer to are still aliased.
share|improve this answer
While true, is that really what the paragraph is specifically talking about? – Lightness Races in Orbit May 10 '11 at 9:04
_USER_: That doesn't explain what I've asked. Also, is this code valid in C++03? – Nawaz May 10 '11 at 9:07
_USER_: I believe so. The paragraph is talking about input iterators working for a single pass only, and to me, "increment invalidates copies" is the simplest way to express that. It also explains in simple terms why a == b doesn't imply ++a == ++b (since it provides a counter-example). No doubt there are other explanations possible, some of them also simple :-) – Steve Jessop May 10 '11 at 9:07
_USER_: no, I'm using auto because I'm too lazy to duplicate the type or even write a typedef. If it's virtuous not to be that lazy, feel free to earn a place in Heaven by editing my code! – Steve Jessop May 10 '11 at 9:08
_USER_: I've now attempted to answer your second question in addition to your first. – Steve Jessop May 10 '11 at 9:28
As the explanation says: "They should be single pass algorithms."
The point is that an iterator on an input stream represents a transient state. Once the iterator is changed, that state no longer exists; all other iterators representing that state are invalidated: once you increment a, the iterator b becomes invalid.
share|improve this answer
Input iterators define a sequence which can only be read once; input from a keyboard or a pipe would be a good example. Incrementing an istream_iterator effectively means reading further in the istream, extracting characters, so other istream_iterator on the same stream will no longer be valid with regards to their position. Imagine a stream of characters "abcdefg..." (the alphabet, in sum), with two istream_iterator pointing to the 'a'. Incrementing one of them will cause the 'b' to be read from the stream, and no other iterator can ever see it.
share|improve this answer
Consider that an input iterator could be connected to a stream reading from the keyboard. Incrementing the iterator means reading the next character.
Also incrementing a copy of the iterator does not mean reading the same character.
share|improve this answer
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text: Divorce and marital instability are commonplace, but how do happy marriages become unhappy? How do marriages develop and change? In this book, leading researchers present recent research and theory that addresses these questions. Unlike previous books on marriage, which tend to focus on simply describing the differences between happy and unhappy couples, this book focuses on how marital dysfunction develops among newlywed couples. This information will be valuable as programs are devised to prevent marital discord and instability.


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Although most Polynesian peoples appear to have made and used human images, few such objects have survived to the present day. Most were destroyed under the influence of Christian missionaries, who viewed such sculptures as "graven images." Small female figures in ivory were known from the Tongan archipelago as early as the late eighteenth century. Formerly referred to as goddesses, these figures are now thought to represent important female ancestors. A number of Tongan ivories were traded to the neighboring Fiji islands, where they were used during religious rites. This particularly expressive example was collected on the Fijian island of Viti Levu by the Reverend Cyril G. Hawdon in 1868.
Collected by Cyril G. Hawdon, Viti Levu, Fiji, in 1868; [John J. Klejman, New York, until 1957]; Nelson A. Rockefeller, New York, 1957, on loan to The Museum of Primitive Art, New York, 1957–1978
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text:
Research on the Study of Natural Fibers Beverage Making Rich Beta Carotene method completely randomized design (CRD) with two (2) replicates. The first factor is the ratio of stem kale and skin melinjo, namely: S1 = 100: 0%, S2 = 75: 25%, S3 = 50: 50%, S4 = 25: 75%, S5 = 0: 100 The second factor is the addition of Carrots juice (W), which consists of three levels, namely: W1 = 30% = 40% W2, and W3 = 50%. The parameters observed: Moisture, Ash levels, Fiber Content, Content Beta carotene, water absorption, oil absorption, organoleptic color, flavor and aroma. The statistical analysis was obtained, that the ratio of water spinach stems and bark melinjo provide highly significant effect (P <0.01) on water content, ash content, Fiber Content, Content Beta Carotene, water absorption, oil absorption Organoleptik flavor and aroma as well as had no significant effect (P> 0.05) to organoleptic color. And the addition of carrot juice provides highly significant effect (P <0.01) on water content, ash content, content of fiber, beta-carotene content, water absorption, oil absorption, organoleptic aroma, color and flavor. Interaction provides highly significant effect (P> 0.01) on water content and water absorptionÂ Keywords: Stem kale, Caucasian Melinjo, Carrot.
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Hours of Study
Our study program is serious and intensive, yet is structured to allow for regular study on-line while also working or fulfilling other responsibilities. It is ideal for those who like self-study, yet desire a certain structure and guidance along the way.
The first three levels of Romantic Science set the foundations for later study. They represent the equivalent of approximately 2 years of post-secondary, college-level study, roughly about 1800 hours of study-equivalent.
Each of the specific streams of RomanticScience Healthcare represent a further 2000 hours of study time. In addition each Clinical Internship is approximately 1500 hours of training.
Completion of a Medicine or Regimen Practitioner Program is roughly equivalent to a four-year college diploma. This represents a significant achievement. Our students are justifiably proud of their certificates and diplomas.
However, study is structured so that this can be done over time, at your pace and while also working or practicing. Once you have achieved a practitioner level diploma in one stream, you can start a practice while continuing to work on furthering your studies and training.
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Good that can be consumed by only one person
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Just a quick question I have the following system: $$\frac{dx}{dt}=x\left(2-x-\frac{y}{1+x}\right),\qquad \frac{dy}{dt}=3y\left(\frac{x}{1+x}-4y\right)$$ It asks which variable represents the predator and which the prey, write down the long term size of the prey in the absence of predators.
I approached this by considering that $\frac{dy}{dx}= \frac{y(3x-12y-12yx)}{x(2+x-x^{2}-y)}$, hence when y=o we have that $\frac{dy}{dx}$=0 and therefore we have that our predator is represented by $\frac{dx}{dt}$ and prey by $\frac{dy}{dt}$. Additionally in the absence of prey our prey will tend to $\infty$.
Many thanks in advance.
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Made some corrections to your post. I hope this is indeed the system you are interested in. – Did Oct 20 '12 at 13:49
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
If $x(0)=0$ and $y(0)\gt0$, then $x(t)=0$ for every $t$ and $y(t)\to0$ when $t\to\infty$. If $x(0)\gt0$ and $y(0)=0$, then $y(t)=0$ for every $t$ and $x(t)\to2$ when $t\to\infty$. Hence $x(t)$ describes the amount of preys (which can survive without predators) and $y(t)$ describes the amount of predators (which die out without preys).
To show that $x(t)\to2$ when $t\to\infty$ when $y(0)=0$, one can use a phase diagram: since $x'(t)=x(t)(2-x(t))$, the function $t\mapsto x(t)$ decreases at times $t$ such that $x(t)\gt2$ and increases at times $t$ such that $0\lt x(t)\lt2$.
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Note that the amount of preys does not grow to infinity in the absence of predators, rather it converges to 2. – Did Oct 20 '12 at 13:54
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Discharge of the river Rhine and river Waal
datasetposted on 03.05.2017 by S. (Steffen) Hetzer
Datasets usually provide raw data for analysis. This raw data often comes in spreadsheet form, but can be any collection of data, on which analysis can be performed.
Dataset containing measured discharge data of Rhine and Waal river plus additional data, used for a model to compute navigability of these rivers, including output data


6 Tips for Shooting VR180 3D Video
1st May 2019
There are now a few affordable VR180 cameras available to consumers right now including the Insta360 EVO and Vuze XR. These cameras allow you to create 3D 180 videos that are perfect for viewing on a VR headset. The 3D effect can be really immersive by adding depth to the subject of your video. In order to create the best 3D video possible you'll need to keep a few things in mind; follow this guide to ensure your 3D video looks as good as it can.
Tips for Shooting VR180 / 3D Videos
Shooting with a dual lens 180 camera is not the same as shooting with your phone or DSLR and you need to keep the following points in mind to avoid causing VR sickness for the viewer.
1. Keep the Lenses Level
In order to ensure the 3D effect works you need to make sure both lenses are level at all times. Thankfully you won't need to worry about this too much if you are using one of the all-in-one 180 camera where the lenses are fixed in place, but even with these you need to make sure that the camera is perfectly horizontal
2. Choose Your Subject Carefully
Consider when shooting a 3D video if it's worth shooting in 3D. This type of video is most effective when there is a moving subject in front of the camera with a clear background behind it. This makes the subject stand out in 3D. One of the best uses I've found for shooting a 180 3D video is standing behind the camera with my arms out holding an object. The object and my arms appear 3D while the rest of the scene is flat.
3. Keep Your Distance
Keep the subject at least 60cm away from the lenses or the 3D effect will look distorted. If there is any object too close to the lenses they will appear as a double image when viewed back on a VR headset which can be very disorientating and uncomfortable. Also consider whether the viewer would be comfortable with what you are filming being so close to them in the VR space, for example if filming a person make sure they are far enough away so that the viewer doesn't feel like their personal space is being invaded (sounds silly but in the VR space it can feel weird to have people so close).
4. Keep Still
Ideally you shouldn't be moving your 180 camera as movement increases the risk of making the viewer feel uncomfortable. Ideally the subject of the video should be moving while the camera is still. Even though many VR 180 Cameras come with stabilization they are not meant to be used like an action camera. Some small movement done carefully may be acceptable, but will likely reduce the quality of the 3D effect.
5. Consider The Position of Your Camera
When shooting VR 180 video you should treat the two lenses as if they were the viewers eyes. For the most realistic experience you want to consider where your viewers eyes will be when they watch the video. Usually the viewer will be seated so most of the time placing the camera at the approximate height of a seated person will allow for the best experience.
If you need to place your camera higher then you can always instruct the viewer that the video is best viewed while standing before it begins.
6. Keep the Subject Centred
The strength of the 3D effect is highest at the centre of the image and decreases the closer the edges you go. If you have a specific object you want to show in 3D then make sure if remains directly in front of the lenses for as long as possible.
This may seem like a lot to keep in mind but with practise it will become second nature. As the number of VR headset users grow so will the demand for content, so better to get practising now.
See Also: Every VR 180 Camera Compared
We will be happy to hear your thoughts
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Neural networks applied to ultrasonic tomographic image reconstruction
UNSPECIFIED (1997) Neural networks applied to ultrasonic tomographic image reconstruction. NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS, 5 (2). pp. 106-123. ISSN 0941-0643Full text not available from this repository.
A neural network system has been developed which can reconstruct images of defects within fibre reinforced polymer composite samples. This paper discusses the problems associated with the image reconstruction of the ultrasonic data using neural networks, together with various methods adopted to improve the performance of the neural network system, including a modification to the error backpropagation algorithm.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Subjects:||Q Science > QA Mathematics > QA76 Electronic computers. Computer science. Computer software|
|Journal or Publication Title:||NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS|
|Number of Pages:||18|
|Page Range:||pp. 106-123|
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Monthly weather forecast and climate
Lynchburg, VA
Clear shot of the cloudy orange sky gracing the dusk in Lynchburg city, Virginia, a perfect blend of the vegetation and modern buildings
Clear shot of the cloudy orange sky gracing the dusk in Lynchburg city, Virginia, a perfect blend of the vegetation and modern buildings
What is the coldest month in Lynchburg?
With an average high-temperature of 45.3°F (7.4°C) and an average low-temperature of 24.8°F (-4°C), January is the coldest month in Lynchburg, Virginia.
How much does it rain in Lynchburg?
Throughout the year, in Lynchburg, Virginia, there are 115.9 rainfall days, and 41.6" (1055.8mm) of precipitation is accumulated.
When does it snow in Lynchburg?
Months with snowfall in Lynchburg are January through April, November and December.
How much does it snow in Lynchburg?
In Lynchburg, during the entire year, snow falls for 6.5 days, and aggregates up to 12.9" (327.6mm) of snow.
When does it snow the most in Lynchburg?
The month with the most snowfall in Lynchburg, Virginia, is January when snow falls for 2 days and typically aggregates up to 4.5" (114.3mm) of snow.
What is the driest month in Lynchburg?
February is the month with the least rainfall. Rain falls for 9.4 days and accumulates 2.9" (74.4mm) of precipitation.
What is the warmest month in Lynchburg?
With an average high-temperature of 86.5°F (30.3°C) and an average low-temperature of 64°F (17.8°C), July is the warmest month.
What is the rainiest month in Lynchburg?
July is the month with the most rainfall in Lynchburg. Rain falls for 11.7 days and accumulates 4.4" (110.7mm) of precipitation.
Average temperature - Lynchburg, VA
Average rainfall - Lynchburg, VA
Average rainfall days - Lynchburg, VA
The month with the highest number of rainy days is May (12.3 days).
The month with the lowest number of rainy days is October (7.1 days).
Average snowfall - Lynchburg, VA
Average snowfall days - Lynchburg, VA
Months with the highest number of snowfall days are January and February (2 days).
Months with the lowest number of snowfall days are May, June, July, August, September and October (0 days).
Average daylight / Average sunshine - Lynchburg, VA
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Is a feminist experiment in imagining and imagining the earth and its weather systems using DIY tools. Co-led by designer Sophie Dyer and geographer Sasha Engelmann, the collective produces artworks, workshops, and educational resources based on received weather satellite transmissions.
Out of these activities a transient network of participants has grown around the project, currently numbering more than 100 DIY Satellite Ground Station operators around the world, from Buenos Aires to Berlin. In the tradition of intersectional feminism, Open-weather investigates the politics of location and interlocking forms of oppression that shape our capacities to observe, negotiate, and respond to the climate crisis. In doing so, the collective challenges dominant representations of the Earth and environment while adding complexity to ideas around the weather beyond meteorology.


Monthly Archives: October 2018
A Simple Lesson About Money and Models
Imagine you are in your high school algebra class and you are presented with the following two equations:
x + y = 20
2x + 10y = 100
Two linear equations with 2 unknowns. This is a simple problem to solve.
Now suppose that your teacher gives you the following three equations:
x + y = 20
2x + 10y = 100
x + z = 5
Note that this is still a simple problem to solve. The first two equations are identical to the previous example. You can use those first two equations to solve for x and y. Then, knowing x, you can solve for z. The central point is that the third equation is not important for determining the value of x. The first two equations are sufficient to solve for x and y.
So why am I bringing this up?
This is precisely how the benchmark New Keynesian model deals with money. The baseline New Keynesian model does not include money. The model is complete and a solution exists. Subsequently, to examine whether money would be important in the model, a money demand function is added to this system of equations. There is a solution to the model that exists. Money is then shown to be irrelevant in the determination of the other variables. But, then again, so was z.
UPDATE: I have updated the post to read "benchmark New Keynesian model" to reflect the fact that some have attempted to integrate money into the NK model in other ways, specifically through non-separable utility. This is, in fact, where I am going to take this argument in the future. Nonetheless, for now, see the excellent comment by Jonathan Benchimol below with some links to his related research.


Osmotic Shock
Osmotic shock is a process of rapidly changing the concentration of solutes outside of a cell in order to disrupt the cell's structure and induce various changes in the cellular environment. The osmotic shock technique is a powerful tool used in biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology to study the interaction of molecules and cells with the environment. It is used to identify and characterize proteins and their function and can also be used to observe the changes in gene expression, cell metabolism and cellular regeneration. Osmotic shock can also be used to rapidly prepare proteins for crystallographic analysis, prepare cells for optimal staining, and in cell engineering and gene editing to induce mutation in genes.
From: International Journal of Cell
Related Article For "Osmotic Shock"
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Investigations of Molecular Evolutionary Mechanisms in Partially Sequenced Heat Shock Protein70 Homologue-Coding Gene of Olive Leaf Yellowing-Associated Virus Isolates from Tunisia
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DNA And RNA Research


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Combined Translational and Rotational Motion - JEE Important Topic
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What is Rolling Motion?
Rolling motion is one of the most common movements seen in daily life. All wheels used in transportation, such as cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes, bikes, buffalo carts, and many other things with wheels attached to them, such as trollies, have a rolling motion. Let's start with a disc for clarity, but the result applies to any rolling body, rolling on a level surface. When the disc rolls, it is assumed that it is not slipping. This implies that the bottom of the disc in contact with the flat surface is always at rest on the surface.
Now, there are two types of rolling motion: pure rolling and combined rolling. Pure rolling occurs when there is no slipping between the object and the surface. Combined rolling occurs when there is slipping between the object and the surface. In this article, let's study more about rolling motion, translatory motion definition and examples and many other concepts.
Understanding Rolling Motion
Rolling motion contains two types of motion: translational and rotational motion. It can also be said that rolling motion is a combination of translational and rotational motion. A body's translational motion is the movement of its centre of mass.
During a body's rolling motion, the surfaces that come into contact, deform slightly and this deformation is temporary; that is, when the areas of both bodies come into contact with each other, the body deforms temporarily. This phenomenon has a frictional impact effect, which is the component of the contact force parallel to the surface that resists motion.
What is Translation Motion ?
Translational motion, or translation motion, is the movement of an object from one point to another. The object can be moved in any direction, but it must move in a straight line. Translation motion can be represented using a vector. Rectilinear and curvilinear are the two types of translational motion.
 - Rectilinear motion: When a body in translatory motion moves in a straight line, the type of motion is known as rectilinear motion. For instance, a car moving on the straight road, or a train running on a straight track.
 - Curvilinear motion: It describes the movement of a body in translatory motion along a curved path. For instance, turning a car.
Examples of Translational Motion
 - The movement of an object from one point to another without changing its orientation or shape.
 - A type of motion in which an object moves along a path from one point to another.
 - An example of translation motion is when a person walks across a room.
What is Rotational Motion?
Rotational motion is a type of motion in which an object or body rotates around a fixed point. The fixed point may be the centre of mass of the object, or any other point in space. The object may be rotating about its own axis, or it may be orbiting another object (such as a planet orbiting the sun).
Examples of Rotational Motion
 - A merry-go-round at a playground
 - A Ferris wheel
 - A top
 - The blades of a fan or propeller
Let us assume the velocity of the wheel's centre of mass is vcm, which is its translational velocity. Since the rolling wheel's centre of mass is at its geometric centre C, vcm is the velocity of C. It is parallel to the flat surface. If you observe, the wheel rotates along its symmetrical axis that passes through the centre of C. Thus, the velocity of each point on the disc, such as P0 ,P1 ,or P2 is made up of two parts i.e, the linear velocity vr due to rotation and the translational velocity vcm.
A Wheel Representing Certain Mass and Velocity
A Wheel Representing Certain Mass and Velocity
 - Here, the magnitude of vr is ${{v}_{r}}={{\omega }_{r}}$, where r is the distance between the point and the axis and $\omega $ is the angular velocity of the wheel rotation about the axis. With regard to C, the velocity ${{v}_{r}}$ is perpendicular to the radius vector of the given point w.r.t C. ${{v}_{r}}$ is perpendicular to $C~P{}_{2}$ in this case.
 - It's simple to demonstrate that ${{v}_{2}}$ is perpendicular to the line ${{P}_{0}}{{P}_{2}}$. As a result, the instantaneous axis of rotation is defined as a line passing through \[{{P}_{0}}\]and parallel to $\omega $.
 - Due to rotation, the linear velocity ${{v}_{r}}$, is exactly opposite the translational velocity, ${{v}_{cm}}$, at point ${{P}_{0}}$. Furthermore, the magnitude of ${{v}_{r}}$, in this case, is ${{R}_{\omega }}$, where R is the wheel's radius.
 - The condition that ${{P}_{0}}$ is instantaneously at rest requires ${{v}_{cm}}={{R}_{\omega }}$. Thus, for the wheel, the condition for rolling without slipping is ${{v}_{cm}}={{R}_{\omega }}$.
 - This also means that the velocity of point ${{P}_{1}}$ at the top of the wheel ${{v}_{1}}$is ${{v}_{cm}}+R$or $2{{v}_{cm}}$ and is parallel to the level surface.
Difference Between Translational and Rotational Motion
Translational Motion
Rotational Motion
In translational motion, an object moves in a straight line.
In rotational motion, an object turns or spins around a central point.
Translational motion can be described by its distance and direction.
Rotational motion is described by its angle of rotation and axis of rotation.
Translational motion is a type of linear motion.
The speed of rotational motion is always constant (unless there is friction).
The acceleration of translational motion can be uniform or non-uniform.
The acceleration of rotational motion is always non-uniform (due to centripetal force).
The speed of translational motion can be constant or variable.
Rotational motion always has a constant speed unless there is friction.
Summary
We can summarise the whole article in a few important points. Rolling motion is a combination of translational and rotational motion. Translational motion is the movement of an object from one point to another, whereas rotational motion is a type of motion in which an object or body rotates around a fixed point. When an object is moving in such a way that it combines two motions, it is called combined motion. When it comes to combination motion examples, it can be observed that the movement of wheels on a cycle combines rectilinear and rotatory motion. The fixed point may be the centre of mass of the object, or any other point in space. We have also seen the examples of these two motions. We hope you found the article useful!
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FAQs on Combined Translational and Rotational Motion - JEE Important Topic
1. What happens in rolling motion?
Rolling motion is a combination of translational motion and rotational motion. For a body, the motion of the centre of mass is the translational motion of the body. During the rolling motion of a body, the surfaces in contact get deformed a little but temporarily. For instance, in our day-to-day life, we observe various moving cars, bikes, rickshaws, etc. All these circular wheels possess rolling motion. Also, football, tennis balls or even a wheel on the ground are examples of rolling friction.
2. What kind of force will act on a ball rolling on the floor? Does a rolling ball have kinetic energy?
The force of friction acts between two surfaces by opposing the relative motion of one surface over the other. For example, when a ball rolls on the ground, the force of friction acts between the surface of the ball and the surface of the ground. Kinetic energy depends on an object's mass and its speed. Ignoring frictional losses, the total amount of energy is conserved. For a rolling object, kinetic energy is split into two types: translational (motion in a straight line) and rotational (spinning).


PPSK Configuration Guide
Configuration Guide
Updated 10-17-2022 06:12:14 AM 49427
This Article Applies to:
A private Pre-Shared Key (PPSK for short) is a security solution in which individual client devices can be managed without much complexity.
With PPSK, each user is assigned a unique passphrase for authentication. Also, it allows the binding of a passphrase and the device MAC address(es), and thus only the specified device can be authenticated using the passphrase.
In PPSK, you can create the PPSK list and apply them to multiple wireless networks, saving you from repeatedly setting up the same information.
1. Introduction to PPSK.
Omada SDN Controller supports two types of PPSK, PPSK without RADIUS and PPSK with RADIUS.
 - PPSK without RADIUS: Just create PPSK profiles on Omada SDN Controller.
 - PPSK with RADIUS:
 - EAP works as a Network Access Server (NAS). You need to create clients in the RADIUS server to allow the EAPs to submit authentication requests.
 - When the client connects to the SSID, EAP uses the MAC address of the client (in the format "xx:xx:xx:xx:xx") as the RADIUS User and User-password, the submitted PPSK as the Tunnel-password and submits the information to the RADIUS server for authentication. Therefore, you need to create users in the RADIUS server in the appropriate format.
2. Configuration Guide for PPSK without RADIUS.
First, create a new PPSK profile by Settings --> Profiles --> PPSK, name the profile, and add PPSKs manually, automatically, or by import. Please refer to the User Guide for more information about the PPSK profile.
The following figure creates a PPSK. The name "TP-Link" is used to identify the PPSK, while the passphrase "tplink123" is used for authentication when clients connect to Wi-Fi
If you enter the MAC address for a PPSK, then only specific clients can use the passphrase for authentication. If you define the VLAN assignment, then the client will connect to the corresponding VLAN after authentication.
After creating the PPSK profile, go to Settings --> Wireless Networks, create a new wireless network, and select PPSK without RADIUS and the PPSK profile.
3. Configuration Guide for PPSK with RADIUS.
Step 1. Set up the RADIUS server.
Here we are running a FreeRADIUS® server on a Linux server. For more information on installation and configuration, please refer to the FreeRADIUS documentation.
First, edit the "clients.conf" file. Here we assume that the EAPs are located in the network 192.168.0.0/24, and the shared secret used for communication between the EAPs and the RADIUS server is "tplink", then the "clients.conf" file is configured like this:
Next, edit the "users" file. With the configuration shown below, three PPSK profiles are created.
 - When the client with MAC address "xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx" submits PPSK "xxx_tplink", it will be authenticated.
 - When the client with MAC address "yy:yy:yy:yy:yy:yy" submits PPSK "yyy_tplink", it will be authenticated and connected to the network of VLAN 10.
 - When a client with an unknown MAC address submits the default password "default", it will be authenticated and connected to the "Guest" network of VLAN 20.
Step 2. Create the RADIUS profile.
Go to Settings --> Authentication --> RADIUS Profile, and create a new profile bound to the RADIUS server. If necessary, note to check "Enable VLAN Assignment for Wireless Network".
Step 3. Create more interfaces for VLAN assignments (optional)
Go to Settings --- Wired Networks --- LAN, and create two interfaces with VLAN10 and VLAN20.
Step 4. Create a wireless network encrypted with PPSK with RADIUS
Go to SettingsWireless Networks and create the new wireless network shown below.
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- Remote monitoring system for breeding community
- Seed Standard Library Management Software
- Wheat ear shape measuring instrument
- Portable corn plant height measuring instrument
- Portable crop lodging resistance tester
- Crop canopy analyzer / canopy chlorophyll analyzer
- Canopy NDVI / Canopy Multispectral Radiometer
- Portable crop stalk strength tester
- Corn Test System
- Microcomputer automatic counting machine
- GPS area measuring instrument GPS area measuring instrument is a high precision GPS positioning system, accurate area calculation method, slope area correction and PDA handheld computer system perfect combination. It is suitable for the measurement of farmland, green space, forest, water area, hillside and other areas. Welcome to inquire the price of GPS area measuring instrument, 0571-86056609!
Instrument Use GPS area measuring instrument is a perfect combination of high-precision GPS positioning system, accurate area calculation method, slope area correction and PDA handheld computer system. It is suitable for the measurement of farmland, green space, forest, water area, hillside and other areas. After measurement, area, perimeter, total price and other data can be obtained at the same time, and the measured area graph and corresponding measurement data can be called at any time, which is convenient for archival preservation and query. It is widely used in harvester area measurement, irregular plot measurement, agricultural machinery cross-region operation, rural land right confirmation, grassland right confirmation registration, waters tidal flat farming, farmland area measurement, agricultural insurance inspection and loss determination.
GPS area measuring instrument is a convenient measuring tool for agricultural, forestry, water conservancy, soil management and other departments and harvester manual operation charges.
- Area measuring instrument The area measuring instrument uses high-precision GPS positioning system and accurate area calculation method to realize real-time testing of any irregular area, dynamic graphic display and intelligent processing and storage of data. It is suitable for the measurement of farmland, green space, forest, water area, hillside and other areas.
- TMJ-I / TMJ-II
Area measuring instrument is also known as GPS area measuring instrument . In the past, regardless of agricultural machinery operation charges or land measurement, it relied on a simple pull line or tape measure as a measuring tool. Small and regular shapes can be measured, but when it encounters irregular shapes, and With large land plots, these measuring tools are helpless. Therefore, the area measuring instrument came into being, which greatly facilitated various measurements. At the beginning, the land area measuring instrument was for the user's consideration, record keeping and other functions, and was well liked by the majority of users.


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Water Preserver Concentrate Reviews
- Use with tap water to store emergency drinking water for 5 years. To be used with 55 gallon water storage barrel.
- Water Preserver is the first and only product regognized and proven effective for 5-year water storage, registered and licensed by federal and state EPA.
- Water Preserver was scientifically tested for 10 years to ensure its potency for 5 year storage.
- Guaranteed 100% effective.
- Water Preserver is a proprietary formula of stabilized, ph-balanced sodium hypochlorite with highly effective residual action that kills bacteria., viruses, mole, and fungus. Accept no substitutes.
Emergency purification concentrate for treating large amounts of water for emergency storage. Specifically designed to be used in conjunction with 55 gallon water storage barrel to store water at home safely for 5 years.
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Checkable Grid Input Field in Fluent Forms
Checkable Grid is an excellent option for collecting feedback with multiple variables in an organized manner. This field can function as a concise combination of multiple checkboxes or radio buttons. You'll find this option available with Fluent Forms.
- To add this field to your form, drag and drop the field from the available Advanced input fields.
- To enable customization, click on the edit icon you get when hovering over the field. Or click on the Input Customization tab in the right sidebar when selecting the field.
In the Input Customization section, you can customize the Checkable Grid input field in the following ways. In this section, you will find 2 portions:
- Basic Options
- Advanced Options
On the right side of the tab, there are some important Basic options which are given below:
- Element Label: This is the text that users will see on the form for the input field. You can put any text here that helps to understand the purpose of that field.
- Label Placement: Determine the placement of the label that you set previously concerning the input field. The available options are Top, Left, Right, and Default. All of those are self-explanatory except the Default. What it means is that it will represent your global label placement settings.
- Admin Field Label: If you want to show a different label for your admin users when they view the form submissions, you can configure that. It doesn't have any actual effect on the form; rather only for administrative purposes.
- Field Type: Determine if the Checkable grid is to function as a Checkbox or a Radio Button field. The procedure of setting up these two options is the same, but in the output, selecting the checkbox will work as a multiple-choice option, and selecting Radio will work as a single-choice option.
- If you select the Checkbox button, your users will be able to get the opportunity to respond in the form of a checkbox. If you select the radio button, your users will get the options in the form of a radio button.
- Grid Columns: This section allows you to add a column to your grid system. If you want to add a column to the vertical grid, you just need to click on the plus(+) sign. For each click, a column will be added to the vertical grid. On the other hand, if you want to delete a column, just click on the minus(-) sign.
- Grid Rows: This section allows you to add a row to your grid system. If you want to add a row to the horizontal grid, you just need to click on the plus(+) sign. For each click, a row will be added to the horizontal grid. On the other hand, if you want to delete a row, just click on the minus(-) sign.
- Grid Columns & Grid Rows: Create options for the field and check to mark them for default selection.
– Mark Show Values as checked for the ease of admins if needed.
– Name the options.
– Add options by clicking on the plus icon beside the last entered option. Or an option can be added between two options by clicking on the plus icon beside the immediate previous option.
– Drag & Drop the options holding the marker and rearrange them if required.
- Required: Determine whether the field could be empty or not when the user submits your form by choosing the appropriate option from here.
The Advanced customizations available for the Checkable Grid input fields are as follows:
- Container Class: Use this option to add your custom CSS classes to the field's wrapper.
- Help Message: To guide your user thoroughly, you can use this option. Just add your text here, and it will be shown as a help message to the user.
- Name Attribute: The input field's name attribute is the HTML equivalent of the same name. You don't need to modify this.
- Conditional Logic: You can create certain rules to dynamically hide/show the input field based on the values from some other fields. To get a better understanding of Conditional Logic, read this.
- Save the form when the customization is done.