An extremely important aspect of any web application is validation. Validation is the process of ensuring that data coming from the outside world is correct for the purpose of our application.
Validation will ensure any data entered by the user is valid and will prevent bugs creeping in due to invalid data.
It also allows us to define and implement important rules around how the business operates and how the application should reflect and respect those rules.
In today's tutorial we are going to be looking at validation in Ruby on Rails, how it works and how to define and implement validation rules in your projects.
Why is validation important?
As I mentioned in the introduction, validation is extremely important for a whole host of reasons.
Your application will need to accept data from the outside world. No matter how you structure your application or your user interface, data entered by users will always have mistakes, be invalid or even malicious.
Validation helps protect your application against invalid data by allowing you to define certain rules around what should be accepted and what should be rejected.
Whenever data is entered that does not meet the requirements of these validation rules your application will automatically reject it to prevent it from entering the application.
Where does validation happen in Ruby on Rails?
Typically in an application there will be multiple methods of validation in one form or another.
However the majority of the validation rules of a Ruby on Rails application will occur within the models.
Ruby on Rails' Active Record models have a number of helper methods that allow you to define all sorts of complex and intricate rules around what data should be accepted as part of that model.
What is an example of validation?
So hopefully the importance and location of validation within a Ruby on Rails application should be clear.
Now lets look at an example of validation.
Imagine we have an Article model as part of the blog application we are building. Every blog article should have a title and so we can write a validation rule that defines this requirement:
class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
validates :title, presence: true
The Article model inherits from ActiveRecord::Base and so we automatically have access to the parent methods.
In the example above we are defining a validation rule that states the :title property should be present.
We can see this in action by booting up the Rails console:
bin/rails c
Now if we attempt to create a new 'Article' without a 'title' and then we call the 'valid?' method, we should be returned 'false':
=> false
Next, if we try to create a new Article whilst passing a title, the valid? method should return true:
Article.create(title: "My first blog post").valid?
=> true
Getting validation errors
Whenever a validation rule has not been satisfied an appropriate error message will be set on the model object.
Back in the console run, the following line:
article =
When we call the valid? method on the article object, it should return false:
=> false
We can get access to the error messages by calling the messages method on the errors collection:
=> {:title=>["can't be blank"]}
If you wanted to only get the errors for a particle attribute of the model, you can pass the appropriate symbol to the errors collection:
=> ["can't be blank"]
What types of validation are available?
Ruby on Rails has a number of default validation helpers that enable you to define your validation requirements directly inside of your model.
These helpers cover the majority of common validation requirements that you will typically find in a web application.
Each validation helper also accepts a :message or :on option.
The :message option allows you to define a custom validation message that will be placed in the errors collection if the rule in not satisfied. If you don't specify a :message option the default message for that rule will be used:
validates :title, presence: true, message: "You need to include a title"
The :on option allows you to specify which action this rule should be run on. By default Rails will run each validation rule on both create and update, however you can specify that any rule should only be run on one action with the following format:
validates :title, presence: true, on: :create
Rails comes with a lot of validation helpers that cover the vast majority of the validation scenarios you will require. Take a look at the Validation guide for a list of all of the available helpers.
Validation is an extremely important aspect of a modern web application, but fortunately Rails makes it a breeze to define and enforce those rules.
In today's tutorial we have looked at defining validation rules on the model. Your application will likely have important business rules that should always be enforced. For example, articles should always have titles.
However, certain validation rules should not sit in the model. You will usually find that models that attract a lot of responsibility will end up in a tangle of validation rules for specific circumstances.
We will be looking at dealing with this problem in next week's tutorial!


Creating Simulations in MassFX and 3ds Max
Illustration by John Hersey
Adding forces to mParticles
From:
Creating Simulations in MassFX and 3ds Max
with Brian Bradley
Video: Adding forces to mParticles
Having taken the time to examine the importance of forces in our MassFX simulations, it seems only sensible that we take a quick look at how we can work with forces in our mParticle simulations. In our start scene, we have a hopper with a funnel that we have decided will have a stream of objects emitting from it. For demonstration purposes, we will be using cubes, but of course these could be whatever we needed them to be. We can accomplish this effect by using spawned mParticles that collide with both the hopper and stand geometry. The idea is to then apply a force to the particles as they emerge, and we could of course stack forces to apply more then one if necessary.
Expand all | Collapse all
 1. 3m 27s
 1. Welcome
 58s
 2. Working with the exercise files
 46s
 3. Setting up the 3ds Max project structure
 1m 43s
 2. 39m 20s
 1. Why simulate and not animate?
 3m 38s
 2. A look at gravity and drag
 3m 55s
 3. Understanding volume, mass, and density
 3m 45s
 4. What are Newton's laws of motion?
 3m 20s
 5. Finding believable frames per second and substeps
 3m 5s
 6. Understanding the difference between rigid and soft bodies
 3m 28s
 7. More about rigid body types
 3m 32s
 8. How collisions are calculated
 4m 35s
 9. Learning the difference between concave and convex meshes
 6m 24s
 10. What is a constraint and how do we use it?
 3m 38s
 3. 24m 20s
 1. A look at the MassFX and the 3ds Max user interfaces
 5m 52s
 2. Exploring the MassFX workflow
 5m 14s
 3. Discovering ground collision and gravity
 4m 49s
 4. Adjusting substeps and solver iterations
 3m 43s
 5. Using the Multi-Editor and the MassFX Visualizer
 4m 42s
 4. 44m 11s
 1. Breaking down the shot
 4m 51s
 2. Setting up the launchers
 3m 59s
 3. Setting up the drop system
 4m 30s
 4. Prepping the cans
 3m 33s
 5. Refining the simulation on the launchers
 5m 9s
 6. Refining the simulation on the colliders
 6m 5s
 7. Baking out the simulation for rendering
 5m 37s
 8. Reviewing the simulation with an animation sequence
 5m 3s
 9. Adding an animation override
 5m 24s
 5. 33m 32s
 1. Adding a rigid constraint and creating breakability
 8m 3s
 2. Creating a moving target with the Slide constraint
 4m 47s
 3. Creating springy targets with the Hinge constraint
 5m 59s
 4. Spinning targets using the Twist constraint
 4m 57s
 5. Creating crazy targets with the Ball & Socket constraint
 4m 58s
 6. Constructing a MassFX Ragdoll
 4m 48s
 6. 36m 51s
 1. Applying the mCloth modifier and pinning the hammock
 5m 55s
 2. Setting up the hammock's physical properties
 5m 39s
 3. Working with the mCloth interaction controls
 6m 14s
 4. Attaching the hammock to animated objects
 4m 5s
 5. Putting a rip in mCloth
 6m 14s
 6. Using mCloth to create a rope object
 4m 53s
 7. Creating a soft body object
 3m 51s
 7. 14m 47s
 1. Adding forces to a simulation
 5m 27s
 2. Putting forces to practical use
 5m 33s
 3. Using forces with mCloth
 3m 47s
 8. 35m 27s
 1. Walking through mParticles
 4m 38s
 2. Using fracture geometry
 6m 0s
 3. Creating breakable glue: Part 1
 4m 19s
 4. Creating breakable glue: Part 2
 5m 19s
 5. Creating a gloopy fluid: Part 1
 4m 14s
 6. Creating a gloopy fluid: Part 2
 4m 41s
 7. Adding forces to mParticles
 6m 16s
 9. 1m 5s
 1. What's next?
 1m 5s
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Watch the Online Video Course Creating Simulations in MassFX and 3ds Max
3h 53m Intermediate Feb 26, 2013
Viewers: in countries Watching now:
This course introduces basic physics simulation principles in Autodesk 3ds Max using MassFX, a system that makes it cost effective to animate rigid body objects, cloth, and particle systems. Author Brian Bradley introduces basic concepts such as gravity, drag, volume, and density, and how Newton's Laws of Motion can help you understand the interaction of objects with these unseen forces. Using the purpose built scene, Brian walks through the tools and features of the MassFX (PhysX) system, applying the principles discussed as he goes. Along the way, discover how to combine rigid bodies and constraints, mCloth fabrics, and mParticles geometry to create fairground-style effects.
Topics include:
 - Setting up your 3ds Max project
 - Understanding volume, mass, and density
 - Learning the difference between concave and convex meshes
 - Discovering Ground Collision and Gravity
 - Baking out a simulation for rendering
 - Adding an animation override
 - Adding Rigid constraints and creating breakability
 - Creating springy targets with the Hinge constraint
 - Spinning targets with Twist
 - Working with mCloth
 - Putting a rip in mCloth
 - Adding forces to a simulation
 - Using fracture geometry in mParticles
Subject:
3D + Animation
Software:
3ds Max
Author:
Brian Bradley
Adding forces to mParticles
Having taken the time to examine the importance of forces in our MassFX simulations, it seems only sensible that we take a quick look at how we can work with forces in our mParticle simulations. In our start scene, we have a hopper with a funnel that we have decided will have a stream of objects emitting from it. For demonstration purposes, we will be using cubes, but of course these could be whatever we needed them to be. We can accomplish this effect by using spawned mParticles that collide with both the hopper and stand geometry. The idea is to then apply a force to the particles as they emerge, and we could of course stack forces to apply more then one if necessary.
As a first step, let's set up our collision geometries with the necessary modifiers. Let's select the hopper body and legs and of course the stand itself. Then from the Modifier List in the Command panel, we can apply a PFlow Collision Shape modifier. Now even though technically the modifiers have been instanced, you will notice that with our object still selected, we can actually edit the modifier parameters. However, if we just select one of the objects and then click the Activate button, you can see that as we select the other objects, that parameter change has been applied to all of them.
Well, let's now open up Particle view by pressing the 6 key. Straight away we will need to drag out a MassFX Flow and then just make a few quick changes. The first thing we want to do is replace our Birth Grid with a Birth Stream. Of course adding the Birth Stream operator creates a gizmo in the scene that will determine where our particles will spawn. As we obviously want to align this to our hopper, let's hit H key to bring up the Select From Scene dialog. Firstly, I will just hit the Display All button and then type Birth in the Find field.
As you can see, our birth helper comes to the top of the list, meaning we can now select it. With that done, we can enable the Move tool, come down to the coordinate display area, and enter an X value of -246, Y of -2027, and a Z value of 2700. With our particles spawn in place, let's jump back into Particle view and select the Birth Stream Operator. Over in the parameters section, again we have a few changes we need to make.
For instance we need to set the Emit Stop time to 150, the Rate to 100, our Speed needs to be set at 3000, and the Stream Source Icon size can be set to 680 by 820. Now if we take a look at what we have so far by pressing the Play button down in our animation controls, it is clear that we have a way to go in order to achieve a satisfactory simulation result. One thing that is missing is any kind of collision between our particles and the scene geometry.
To create these we of course need to add a MassFX Collision operator to our Flow. So, from the Depot, let's left- click and drag that in. Because this is a test, we need to make certain that it goes below the MassFX World operator. We can then select it and click on the By list button. Here you will see the four collision meshes listed, so let's select them all and then click the Select button. Now, if you are new to particle flow and are wondering why only the exact meshes that we are looking for seem to get listed here, this is because only valid deflectors show up when we try to add objects to a collision test.
As these are the only


text:
|Format||GIS polygon data. (ESRI, MapInfo, others available by request)|
|Price||30p per km2. Subject to number of users, licence fee and data preparation fee.
More information about licensing data.
A parent material is a soil-science name for a weathered rock or deposit from, and within which a soil has formed.
In the UK, parent materials provide the basic foundations and building blocks of the soil, influencing their texture, structure, drainage and chemistry.
Soils are the result of weathering processes that occur on the Earth's surface where the atmosphere meets the geosphere and hydrosphere. We live in this 'critical zone' relying on our soils to grow our food and sustain the biodiversity and health of our environment.
The Soil Parent Material Model details the distribution of physiochemical properties of the weathered and unweathered parent materials of the UK to:
There are two versions of the Soil Parent Material model available:
Contact Digital Data for more information.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Social Loafing
Definition: Social Loafing is in psychology and sociology regarded as the tendency of individuals to reduce efforts when working on a collective task (i.e., when outputs are pooled with those of other group members) as compared to when the individual works alone. It happens because all members of the group are combining their efforts to reach a common goal. The group members tend to contribute less than what they would if they had to do a task alone.
The phenomenon is regarded as one of the main reasons groups are often less productive than the combined performance of their members working as individuals.
More on social loafing.
More on team management: Belbin Team Roles, Social Facilitation, Team Development Stages.


Definitions for "Sum"
Keywords: ziua, iauar, noah, shem, priestly
(bar Nu) Shem (the son of Noah); Sum Iauar Ziua name (Shem-Iauar-Radiance) of the priestly ring.
Keywords: supercardioid, resistor
Summing Resistor Supercardioid
(SQL) Aggregate function to sum the values in a column. functions.php
The sum of all values in column in all rows returned by the select statement
SUM is an interbank network network in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is comprised largely of smaller local banks and credit unions. Account holders at member institutions do not pay ATM usage fees for using ATMs of any other financial institution within the network.
Keywords: stereo, mix, phase, channels, equal
An audio signal that is the combination (mix) of two stereo channels at equal levels and in phase.
A signal that is the mix of the two stereo channels at equal level and in phase.
the whole amount
to add up.
The addition of 2 or more numbers. You can add a series of cells in a spreadsheet, which adds the numbers in those cells.
Keywords: plumage, furnish, feathers, grown, full
Sum, sumu, sumon, and sumuud are a type of administrative district used in Mongolia and nearby areas.
Keywords: utmost, completion, height, degree
Height; completion; utmost degree.
Service Unit Manager; a volunteer appointed by the membership specialist to manage Girl Scouting in the service unit
Keywords: uzbekistan, basic, money, unit
the basic unit of money in Uzbekistan
Returns the sum of a repeated Computation variable.
Returns the sum of a repeated Number variable.
Keywords: fog, noun, mass
(Mass noun) Fog.
Keywords: adding, result, numbers, example, two
the result of adding numbers Example: 6+7=13 13 is the sum
(1) The result of adding two or more numbers.
Keywords: question, total, values
The total of all the values for a question.
Keywords: let, union, members, containing, sets


Scientists Spend 27,000 Euros to Study the Ozzy Osbourne Genome
By: Jordan M - Published: • References: &
The Ozzy Osbourne genome is the target of a 27,000-euromapping procedure, making the rocker one of the few people in history to have the process done on them.
Scientists from the US company 'Knome' have chosen the Ozzy Osbourne genome because they feel his continued survival after decades of legendary drug and alcohol abuse might shed some light on how the human body adapts to drugs, and why some people like Ozzy Osbourne are more resistant to their negative long-term effects.
If they've already chosen Ozzy Osbourne, however, it definitely can't be long until Keith Richards gets the call as well. Stats for Rockstar Genome Mapping Trending: Older & Chilly
Traction: 1,066 clicks in 242 w
Interest: 4 minutes
Concept: Ozzy Osbourne
Related: 46 examples / 35 photos
Segment: Neutral, 18-55+
Comparison Set: 17 similar articles, including: 25 dna & art fusions, 40 dna and genome finds, and dr develops enzyme that destroys aids.


Streams
Stream is a new feature provided by redis.
Since not all commands related are released officially(some commands are only referred in stream introduction ), you should make sure you know about it before using the api, and the API may be changed in the future.
For now, according to command manual , only XADD, XRANGE, XREVRANGE, XLEN, XREAD, XREADGROUP, XPENDING commands are released. But commands you can find in stream introduction are all supported in aredis, you can try the new feature with it.
You can append entries to stream like code below:
entry = dict(event=1, user='usr1')
async def append_msg_to_stream(client, entry):
 stream_id = await client.xadd('example_stream', entry, max_len=10)
 return stream_id
notice - max length of the stream length will not be limited max_len is set to None - max_len should be int greater than 0, if set to 0 or negative, the stream length will not be limited - The XADD command will auto-generate a unique id for you if the id argument specified is the '*' character.
You can use use read entries from a stream using XRANGE & XREVRANGE
async def fetch_entries(client, stream, count=10, reverse=False):
 # if you do know the range of stream_id, you can specify it when using xrange
 if reverse:
 entries = await client.xrevrange(stream, start='10-0', end='1-0', count=count)
 else:
 entries = await client.xrange(stream, start='1-0', end='10-0', count=count)
 return entries
Actually, stream feature is inspired by kafka, a stream can be consumed by consumer from a group, like code below:
async def consuming_process(client):
 # create a stream firstly
 for idx in range(20):
 # give progressive stream id when create entry
 await client.xadd('test_stream', {'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 1}, stream_id=idx)
 # now create a consumer group
 # stream_id can be specified when creating a group,
 # if given '0', group will consume the stream from the beginning
 # if give '$', group will only consume newly appended entries
 await r.xgroup_create('test_stream', 'test_group', '0')
 # now consume the entries by 'consumer1' from group 'test_group'
 entries = await r.xreadgroup('test_group', 'consumer1', count=5, test_stream='1')


▼ Email Programs
▼ Webmail Providers
▼ General Tutorials
Free Email TutorialsGmailDelete an email message in Gmail
Delete an email message in Gmail
Unlike other popular webmail services like Windows Live Hotmail or Yahoo Mail, Gmail doesn't support email folders in the traditional sense: this means that unless you regularly archive your email messages (a topic we'll cover in depth in another tutorial), your Gmail inbox quickly starts overflowing with old emails you no longer need. Like other email providers though, Gmail offers a "Trash" folder where you can put messages you no longer want to keep. This tutorial explains how to delete emails in Gmail.
Delete emails from Gmail (in a web browser)
Follow these steps to delete an email or an entire conversation's worth of messages in your Gmail account: note that this tutorial explain how to do this inside a browser, not for the special case where you are checking your Gmail account from an email program (in which case you would delete your messages as is done inside that particular email client).
Caution: emails you delete in your Gmail account will be moved to the Trash, and remain there for about 30 days. After that point, deleted messages will be completely erased, and become unrecoverable. To restore delete emails before that 30-days period is up, please read the following tutorial: "Recover deleted emails in Gmail: restore / undelete messages from the Trash".
Tip: you can also delete an email message when you are inside it, reading its content. To do so, click on the "Reply" dropdown menu, and choose "Delete this message".
Delete the current email message in Gmail
If you don't like deleting emails while reading them, Gmail also lets you delete multiple emails at the same time.


Wednesday, December 7, 2011
Indexing an Array with a Variable
Sometimes, in the context of a mathematical program, someone wants to use a variable $x$ to index a vector $y$, as in \[z = y[x].\] As a starting point, we should assume that $x$ is an integer variable whose domain equals, or at least is a subset of, the index set of $y$. If you try to set $z=y[2.71828]$, or $z=y[5]$ when $y$ is indexed by ${1,\dots,4}$, you should expect Bad Things To Happen.
With that stipulation, $z=y[x]$ poses no problem in a constraint program. It cannot, however, be expressed directly in a mathematical program. If the domain of $x$ is not too large, it can be implemented somewhat obliquely in a mathematical program using binary variables.
Let's assume that $y$ is indexed over $1,\dots,N$ (with $N$ known at the outset), and that $y$ is a parameter. (We'll treat the case where $y$ is a variable in a minute.) Create $N$ binary variables $x_1,\dots,x_N$ and add the constraint \[x_1+\dots+x_N=1,\] which makes $\{x_1,\dots,x_N\}$ a type 1 special ordered set (SOS1). Then define $z$ via \[z=\sum_{i=1}^N y[i]*x_i.\]
You can do exactly this when $y$ is a vector of variables, but it adds a nonconvex quadratic constraint to the model, which likely prevents you from finding a guaranteed optimum, and greatly restricts what algorithms/software you can use. If we know a priori lower and upper bounds for $y$, say \[L_i \le y[i] \le U_i \forall i\in {1,\dots,N}\] with $L_i$ and $U_i$ parameters, we can add the $x_i$ as above and use the following set of constraints to define $z$: \[\begin{eqnarray*}y[i] -z \le (U_i - \hat{L})(1-x_i) \forall i\in {1,\dots,N}\\ y[i] - z \ge (L_i - \hat{U})(1-x_i) \forall i\in {1,\dots,N}\end{eqnarray*}\]where $\hat{L}=\min_{i=1,\dots,N} L_i$ and $\hat{U}=\max_{i=1,\dots,N} U_i$.
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What is CBD Shatter? What About CBD Crumble?
what is CBD shatter and crumble featured
Diamond CBD
For those who enjoy smoking their CBD products, a couple of different products exist that are extremely potent: CBD shatter and CBD crumble. What is CBD shatter? What is CBD crumble?
CBD shatter and crumble are both a highly concentrated form of CBD that has been extracted from hemp, and meant to be dabbed. You can smoke it from other devices too, but dabbing these items seems to be the preference of most people.
In this article, we'll explain all there is to know about shatter and crumble.
*Editor's note: New Phase Blends does not sell any inhalable CBD products, due to the unpredictable nature of laws and regulations surrounding smoking hemp-derived products, and potential health hazards. That said, we still are very much into educating people about all there is to know about CBD.
What Does the Term Shatter Mean?
Shatter is a hard and smooth textured, amber colored CBD concentrate that has a honey like consistency when heated. It is quite hard, and very brittle, like glass when not heated. The brittleness is where it gets the name 'shatter' from.
It is especially potent, containing up to 80% CBD, depending on the brand you purchase from. Because of its solid state, shatter is usually consumed via vaping or dabbing, delivering high levels of CBD to your endocannabinoid system within seconds.
What is CBD Shatter?

Picture Of Cbd Shatter
Cannabis use is becoming increasingly legalized in the US and its territories. As at 2022, 32 states have legalized it for medical use, while 17 have legalized it for recreational use. As a result, more and more CBD products are being availed in the marketplace, to cater for the increased demand for stronger and purer variations of the same.
One of these products is called shatter – an amber colored form of concentrated CBD that is consumed by dabbing. You can see in the image above
What is CBD Crumble?
Crumble is another form of a cannabidiol (CBD) concentrate. It has a slightly different appearance from shatter. Crumble looks more like an organic, home made soap, or even a rock. It is still hard, but will easily crumble when handled – hence the name crumble.
Cbd Crumble Picture
CBD crumble also comes in extremely potent forms, with a CBD concentration of up to 80%. Like with shatter, people will normally dab crumble since it is so potent.
What is a CBD Concentrate?
We've used the term concentrate a few times now.
CBD concentrates are substances that contain high levels of a cannabinoid – in this case, CBD, or cannabidiol. They are also rich in terpenes like humulene, myrcene, linalool and others. Terpenes and cannabinoids work together through a process known as the entourage effect' to deliver even greater health benefits to the people that use them.
These benefits include pain relief and inflammation reduction.
Cbd Rich Flowers
CBD concentrates are made by soaking hemp flowers or biomass in a hydrocarbon, alcohol or CO2 and then passing the resulting mixture through a heating process. The resulting mixture is CBD wax, shatter, budder, live resin and crumble.
Spectrums of CBD

There are also several different spectrums of CBD concentrates, and these are defined depending on the active components in the extract. The different types of CBD include;
a. Full spectrum CBD:
A full spectrum CBD contains all the extracts found hemp plant including terpenes, essential oils, and cannabinoids. It also contains trace amounts of THC.
B. Broad spectrum CBD:
A broad spectrum CBD is going to be similar to full spectrum CBD with the major difference being that it does not contain any THC.
C. CBD Isolate:
This is a CBD concentrate that contains pure CBD isolate that is left after all the other compounds in a hemp plant are removed during a process known as liquid chromatography.
How is CBD Shatter Made?
Shatter is often referred to as Butane Hash Oil (BHO) because it is extracted using butane or another solvent.
It is extracted though a closed loop system during which hemp flowers and other cannabis source are placed in a column containing butane or other hydrocarbon solvent. The process extracts compounds like cannabinoids, terpenes and others from the plant material.
Once the extraction is complete, the resulting mixture is heated to get rid of as much solvent as possible. The final liquid is allowed to cool, resulting in a yellow or amber colored substance that looks like brittle glass.
Due to the use of heat and other flammable materials, the production of shatter should be left to professionals using the right equipment. There have been incidences of home extractions that resulted in explosions and fatalities.
Benefits of CBD Shatter and Crumble

The obvious benefit here is that shatter and crumble are extremely fast acting and can offer a near instant relief (within seconds). Thanks to its high concentrations of CBD (up to 80% in some samples), shatter has some other health benefits:
Reduced Inflammation
CBD has been shown to suppress the action of cells that cause inflammation in the body. As a result it helps to treat inflammatory diseases such as IBS, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and others.
Read More: CBD and Inflammation Relief
Pain Relief
The endocannabinoid system in your brain is responsible for performing functions such as: sleep regulation, immune system response and pain relief. CBD in its various forms helps to boost these functions, resulting in improved sleep and better immune responses.
It is especially effective in the management of chronic, arthritic and migraine pain. In addition, CBD has been shown to reduce the effects of chemotherapy treatment in cancer patients.
Results from a study by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) found that CBD helps reduce chemotherapy symptoms such as nausea, pain and a lack of appetite.
Mental Health Improvement
CBD has been shown to help in the treatment and management of mental health conditions like anxiety disorders, epilepsy, depression and PTSD.
Related read: Using CBD for Sleep Disorders
This types of disorders are usually treated with prescription drugs that have a number of effects including: insomnia, weight gain, drowsiness and sexual dysfunction. In addition, a number of these drugs cause dependency, making it difficult for patients to stop using them once they are cured.
Depression And Anxiety
CBD helps in the management of these conditions by reducing the intensity of seizures in epilepsy patients, increasing serotonin levels in the brain in order to reduce the symptoms of depression and reducing flashbacks associated with PTSD.
Disadvantages of Shatter
Due to its high concentrations of CBD, shatter can cause hysteria, delusions and hallucinations in some people, especially when it is taken in high doses.
Shatter bought from non-regulated labs or from homemade sources may contain residual butane that was not burned away during the heating process. Butane has been shown to cause permanent brain damage, an increased heart rate and even loss of consciousness.
Homemade shatter may also contain high traces of THC. Not only is this illegal but it also has side effects like nausea, paranoia and anxiety.
CBD Oil vs CBD Shatter and Crumble
Shatter is consumed via vaping or dabbing. This delivers high concentrations of CBD and THC (depending on the product) to the body, causing hallucinations, paranoia and even instances of drug induced psychosis.
In addition, some shatter products, especially those made at home, contain extremely high levels of THC.
Related: CBD and Depression
Inhaling smoke from these products has the same effect as smoking. There are too many reported issues with vaping to make it safe (in our opinion) to consume regularly.
For those who want to try other forms of CBD, try a CBD oil in stead. When placed under the tongue, the CBD oils will usually kick in within a matter of minutes. While this isn't as fast as inhaling CBD, it is still very fast and it outweighs the potential risks of smoking.
Pure Cbd Oil Drops
For safe, healthy, and THC free CBD products, considering shopping at New Phase Blends for a wide selection of oils, gummies, capsules and others.
Conclusion
Shatter and crumble are a form of CBD concentrate made by extracting CBD from hemp flowers or biomass. It has some health benefits thanks to its high CBD concentration. However, it also has some serious side effects so you are better off sticking to safer products such as the oils, capsules, and gummies.
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References
Cancer.gov: _URL_
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tiny white flies when cutting the grass on the lawn
Early morning when cutting the grass tiny and I mean tiny white flys by the hundreds maybe thousands fly off the grass leaves. Are these called "White flys" and if so what do you use to get rid of them. I would assume they are laying eggs in the grass. Are they harmful to the grass or just bothersome.


- Origin of Name
 - Facts & Statistics
 - National Anthem
 - Flags
 - Geography
abstract composition of Libya
hieroglyphic name Rebu
The Berber name Rebu in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics.
The Origin of The Name Libya:
There are several theories attempting to explain the origin of the name, but it is almost certain that it comes from the ancient Berber tribe known to the ancient Egyptians as Rebu or Ribu; from which the Greeks derived "Libya", and which the Arabs of today's Egypt know as Lubia, whence Lubians, in line with their relatives and neighbours the Nubians. The name "Libia", as found in the archaeological site of "Qaser Libia", in Cyrenaica, is widely thought to have been derived from the ancient village of Olbia. Some sources also derive the names "Libya" and "Lubda" (Leptis Magna) from Lewwa, one of the Berber ancestors given by Ibn Khaldun. However, the Greek form Leptis itself was derived from the Berber and Punic Libqi, which Bates linked to the Berber Ribu.
According to the Berber Leo Africanus (1600, p.13), it was called "Libya" by the Greeks, "Because it was in old time conquered by Libs the king of Mauritania. In the holie scriptures it is called Chamesis, by the Arabians and Ethiopians Alkebulam, and by the Indians Besecath." In the Bible the Libyans appeared as the Lubim, or Lebahim, the son of Mizraim; which Oric Bates was the first to identify with the modern variant Ta-Mazigh-t -- an appellation widely applied to the proud Berbers of North Africa.
The proposed etymology of 'Libya' being moisture has no support other than the "Libyan wind" which brought rain to Greek mainland; and as it is obvious that Greek Libu is the same as Egyptian Ribu one does not need to propose a Greek etymology for a name that is not Greek. The proper etymology must be sought in the mother language of the given word - the ancient Libyan language: Tamazight, others know as 'Berber'. Egyptian and Berber languages are both members of the Hamitic branch of the Hamito-Samitic linguistic family, and many of the ancient Egyptian and Berber mythical gods and goddesses are still represented on the rock art of the great Mother Sahara, in what is known as the largest collection of prehistoric art in the world: well over one hundred thousand sites.
ancient Libyans in Egyptian drawings
Ancient Libyans, as pictured by the ancient Egyptians.
The Mythology of The Name Libya:
Libya was also the name of the Goddess known to the Greeks as the Goddess Libya, and also of the whole continent before the Romans named it Africa after the Berber Goddess Afri. In mythology, the "Goddess Libya" had three sons by the Libyan Sea-God Poseidon: Belus, Agenor and Lelex. King Belus ruled at Chemmis or Chamesis of Leo Africanus, Agenor migrated to Cana'an (the Middle East), and Lelex became king of Megara. The wife of Belus Anchinoe, daughter of the Nile-god Nilus, bore him three sons: Aegyptus, Danaus and Cepheus, and one daughter: Lamia, the Libyan Snake-goddess. The myth relates an interesting "deception tale" in which Danaus was sent to rule Libya where he had fifty daughters, and Aegyptus, who had fifty sons, ruled over Egypt.
The Political Name of Libya:
The following map shows how the country looked like during the colonial periods. A look at the map of Egypt (bordered red) shows traces of the ancient Libya, as in the "Libyan Desert", the site of the Libyan Desert Glass, and the "Libyan Plateau". No much was left of Libya then; just an Italian-occupied regency called TRIPOLI.
Map of Libya
Map of Libya & North Africa in 1914, showing The Country Tripoli (in green).
From: Harmsworth's Atlas of The World And Pictorial Gazetteer With An Atlas of The Great War,
Edited by J. A. Hammerton, The Amalgamated Press, LTD., London, pp. 284-285.
In 1912 the Ottoman Turks surrendered control of Tripoli to Italy in accordance with the Treaty of Lausanne. In 1918 the Tripolitanian Republic was created to become the first ever republic in North Africa & the Middle East; only to be destroyed by the Italians a few years later. Following the Benyadem Peace Accord the constitution (known as The Primary Law) was created for the republic on May 1919, and an 8-member government was appointed for the Republic. Unfortunately the Tripolitanian Republic never gained the full support in the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, and subsequently it disappeared from the pages of history.
libya map during imperial military geography
1920's Italian Tripoli, from:
"Imperial Military Geography", by D. H. Cole, London, 1928, p. 78.
This map shows how Tripoli was enlarged by the colonial powers in 1919 to arrive at the current map of Libya: the area between the dotted lines and the actual borders (on the left) was given to Italy by France in accordance with the secret treaty of London; while the area between the dotted lines and the actual borders (on the right) was given to Italy by Britain. Note how the borders with Sudan were before 1935, when Italy received the "Aouzou Strip" as a result of the Mussolini-Laval agreement. The Libyans fiercely resisted the Italian takeover (from the Turks) and continued to fight the Italians until 1931, when the fascists hanged the leader of the resistance Omar Almukhtar, in humiliation before his conquered people.
libya map under Italian occupation in 1934
Libya under Italian occupation, 1934.
Image based on the image from: Administrative subdivision of Italian Libya, from "Atlantino storico" (1938),
by professor Arcangelo Ghisleri (_PHONE_),
via _URL_
The actual name "LIBYA" as a state (or a country) came into effect for the first time around 1934 when the provinces of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were united during the Italian occupation; initially Fezzan was not included. In 1943 Italian Tripoli came under the control of the Allied forces: the British took Tripolitania and Cyrenaica (the British Military Administration of Libya), while France took Fezzan (the Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames). However, all the three provinces were united into one country (namely Libya) on the 24th of December 1951, when Libya was granted its (so-called) independence to become the United Kingdom of Libya.
Shortly after the installation of Colonel Mua'mmar al-Qaddafi (Gaddafi) in 1969, Libya became known as the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, where the last word became synonymous with Libya. Many Libyans feel the introduction of the term "Arab" by the government into the name of Libya does not democratically represent all the true populations of Libya, originally inhabited by the Berbers ('Imazighen'), and still is inhabited by the Berbers in various parts of the country, including most of Nafousa Mountain, Zuwarah, Ghadames, Jalo, Awjlah, and most of the Sahara, the home of the Berber Tuareg confederacies.
However, "Libya" is back as the official name of the country after the installation of the National Transitional Council (NTC) in 2011; only to be changed once more on the 8th of January 2013 by the GNC to: "The Country Libya", or "The State of Libya" (دولة ليبيا); until the final name is decided by the forthcoming constitution. No one knows why the word "state" was added to the official name - maybe to distinguish it from "The Goddess Libya"!
map of ancient Libya during the Egyptian empire
Map of Ancient Libya, showing the locations of the native Berber tribes of Ancient Egypt.
The above ancient map, which is over 2000 years older than the colonial map, shows there was no Egypt, just a huge expanse of land known to classical geographers and historians as Libya, to the extent that the name Libya also came to designate the whole continent of Africa. When the Romans arrived through the western gates (Tripolitania and Tunisia), they adopted the name Aprica or Africa, originally from the Berber name of the local tribes who inhabited the region, as in Yefren today, and thereafter Libya became known as Africa. This means that the names "Libya" and "Africa" are both Berber in origin.
Facts & Statistics
 - Name: Libya (ليبيا).
 - Nationality: Libyan (لیبی, ليبيية).
 - Capital: Tripoli.
 - Area: 1.759.540 sq. km.
 - Coastline: 1,770 km.
 -


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We present a method for performing face recognition based on the fractal neighbor distance (FND). The FND has previously been used for face recognition. What distinguishes our method from others is that we incorporate the use of localized weights with the FND. In a local-to-global feature matching approach, a set of localized weights is used with an algorithm based on the FND that searches for local features. A global score is then derived from each localized score. This set of weights is designed to concentrate around the eyes and nose region of the face, because they contain more discriminating features.


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Easter - Teaching Resources
Explore our collection of Easter-themed teaching resources for use in your primary or secondary classroom. Here you will find short films, audio stories and assembly packs.
In 2022, Easter Day falls on Sunday, 17 April.
The Christian Story of Easter
A short animated film narrating the Christian story of Easter. The animation is bright and colourful to immerse pupils in the story through a clear, friendly narrative.
Forgiveness: The Story of Easter
The Easter story is told in a bold, 3D animation for KS2 - with a focus on Jesus' forgiveness for his persecutors.
Assemblies KS1: Dan the Donkey
An assembly for Palm Sunday - featuring Dan, a small donkey with a very big job to do!
Assemblies KS1: The Easter Story
An assembly for Easter focusing on Jesus' death, resurrection and ascension.
Britain in Springtime
An inspiring short film for primary schools looking at the seasonal changes that occur during springtime. Set to classical music, we see children taking part in an Easter egg hunt, a variety of native birds displaying seasonal behaviour, and plants bursting into leaf and flower.
Audio Stories KS2: At the foot of the cross
A Roman soldier recounts his part in Jesus' crucifixion - and the events that followed.
Audio Stories KS2: Peter's Story 1: And then the cock crowed
The disciple, Peter, recounts Jesus' arrest...and his shame at denying their friendship.
Audio Stories KS2: Peter's Story 2: Feed my sheep
Peter recounts how the risen Jesus appears to him and his brother at the Sea of Galilee.
An engaging animated short film looking at some significant religious festivals including Easter, Yom Kippur, Eid-Ul-Fitr and Diwali.
When is Easter? Well, it depends...
Why is Easter a movable feast? Why are there two Easter dates and how did Easter influence the calendar we use today?

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


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Difference Between Sea and Lake
Sea Vs Lake
Almost anybody knows the difference between a lake and a sea. However, when asked about the true nature of other seas like the Caspian Sea, people will already have second thoughts. Yes, the confusion sets in when identifying some bodies of water which are called seas but are actually lakes. An example of which is the very popular Dead Sea which happens to be the lowest level lake in the world, not to mention one of the saltiest there is. So how come the Dead Sea is a lake and not a sea?
First, a lake is an inland water body. This means that it is surrounded by land. The body of water is usually moderate to big in size with the water surface being exposed towards the atmosphere. Thus, most lakes in the world have a surface area of below 100 sq. mi. although there are dozens of other lakes that even spans to more than 1,500 sq. mi. in area. With regard to depth, the majority of lakes are shallower than the seas.
As mentioned, the confusion sets in because there are some lakes that are named as seas. Aside from the Dead Sea, the Caspian Sea is another lake that is called sea. It is treated by many as a sea because of its size. This lake is so huge that from whatever angle you'll try to look at, it would seem as if you're looking at a long stretch of shore. This is because the Caspian Sea is the biggest or largest lake in the world. It is bordered by several countries including Iran and Southern Russia. Another lake that is called a sea is the Aral Sea.
On the contrary, seas are different from lakes because they are not enclosed by land. They have a relatively bigger volume of water and are usually connected to the wide open ocean. Seas are undoubtedly deeper as compared to lakes. It is a continuous stretch of salt water. There's an exemption to this definition however because a sea can also be a landlocked (like a lake) immense body of saline (salty) water which doesn't have an outlet towards an ocean. This definition can best be applied to the case of the Caspian Sea.
Lakes are shallower than the seas
Lakes are enclosed by a body of land.
With regard to the volume of water, lakes can be small, moderate to big in size whereas seas are often always a lot bigger in size.
Lakes can either be salt water or fresh water while seas are always salt water in nature.
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Lava Lake Nyiragongo
The eruption of the Democratic Republic of the Congo volcano, Mount Nyiragongo in 2021 started on 22 May 2021. The eruption threatened the 2 million people populated area of Goma city, the provincial capital on the northern shore of Lake Kivu. Lava flow reached Goma International Airport.
Residence try to douse fire from lava
Lava reaches homes in Goma
Mt Nyiragongo Eruption
Other eruptions
2002 Eruption
The eruption started on 17 January 2002 and reached the outskirts of the city of Goma. Warnings had been given and 400,000 people were evacuated from the city across the Rwandan border during the eruption. Lava reached the runway at Goma International Airport. 250 people died as a result of the eruption.
1977 Eruption
On 10 January 1977, the crater walls of the volcano cracked and lava flowed down the mountainof the volcano at speeds of up to 60 km/hr (37 mph), the fastest lava flow recorded to date. Within 30 minutes, the lava lake had emptied, flowing north, south, and west of the volcano. At least 600 people died as a result of the eruption.


text: The previous study has shown that repeated D domain-like (Rdd) proteins, a group of novel secretory proteins consisting of repeated domains of a cysteine-rich sequence, are involved in the process of blood vessel formation in Xenopus embryo. We performed further experiments to examine the localization of Rdd proteins in embryogenesis. Detection of tagged Rdd proteins expressed in blastomeres showed that Rdd proteins formed a high molecular weight complex and existed in the extracellular space. A rabbit antibody against the Rdd synthetic peptide identified a single band of 28 kD in embryonic tissue extract. By whole-mount immunostaining analysis, signal was detected in the regions of inter-somites, vitelline veins, and branchial arches at the tailbud stage. Staining of Rdd was remarkably reduced in the embryos injected with vascular endothelial growth factor Morpholino. We suggest that Rdd proteins interact with a molecule(s) associated with vascular precursor cells.


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Aaron Caladium
Aaron Caladium
Garlic
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Aaron Caladium
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Scientific Classification of Aaron Caladium and Garlic
1 Classification
1.1 Kingdom
Plantae
Plantae
1.2 Phylum
Tracheophyta
Magnoliophyta
1.3 Class
Liliopsida
Liliopsida
1.4 Order
Alismatales
Liliales
1.5 Family
Araceae
Liliaceae
1.6 Genus
Caladium
Allium
1.7 Clade
Angiosperms, Monocots
Monocotyledonous
1.8 Tribe
Not Available
Not Available
1.9 Subfamily
Aroideae
Lilioideae
1.10 Number of Species
Orchid Scientif..
Not Available
Rank: N/A (Overall)
500
Rank: 33 (Overall)
Calla Lily Scientific Classification
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Aaron Caladium and Garlic Kingdom
The scientific classification of Aaron Caladium and Garlic includes the entire classification chart that includes kingdom, family, clade, tribe etc. A kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank. A taxonomic rank is the level that a living organisms are placed in hierarchical level of arrangement of life forms. All the living organisms are divided into kingdoms. Plant kingdom is a main classification of living organisms that include all plants. There are six kingdoms which are: Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Aschaea/Archaeabacteria and Bacteria Eubacteria. Aaron Caladium and Garlic kingdom and all other plants kingdom is Plantaea.
Aaron Caladium and Garlic Family
Plant family is the group of plants which have something in common. Aaron Caladium and Garlic family is a major factor of Aaron Caladium and Garlic Scientific Classification. Plant family helps you narrow the search of your plants. It also gives you idea about, how the plant looks, how the seed will be like etc. These two plant families can be different or same. Aaron Caladium belongs to the family Araceae and Garlic belongs to the family Liliaceae.
Aaron Caladium and Garlic Genus and Other Classification
While comparing scientific classification, Aaron Caladium and Garlic genus and other classification are also important. Also, when you compare Aaron Caladium and Garlic, other factors should also be taken into considerations like order, subfamilies, tribe, clade etc. First plant's genus is Caladium and other plant's genus is Allium. Aaron Caladium tribe is Not Available and Garlic tribe is Not Available. Aaron Caladium clade is Angiosperms and Monocots and order is Alismatales whereas Garlic clade is Monocotyledonous and order is Liliales. Every plant have subfamilies. Aaron Caladium subfamilies are, Aroideae and Garlic subfamilies are Lilioideae. In this way you can compare scientific classification of Aaron Caladium and Garlic and other products also.
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What is keep-alive request?
HTTP keep-alive, a.k.a., HTTP persistent connection, is an instruction that allows a single TCP connection to remain open for multiple HTTP requests/responses. By default, HTTP connections close after each request.
What is a TCP keep-alive?
The TCP Keepalive Timer feature provides a mechanism to identify dead connections. When a TCP connection on a routing device is idle for too long, the device sends a TCP keepalive packet to the peer with only the Acknowledgment (ACK) flag turned on.
What is keep-alive in Apache?
Keep-Alive (also known as HTTP Keep-Alive or persistent connection) is a bit of communication (message) between the client and server that says: "You may grab many files." These are extremely small messages that consume very little bandwidth. The following method assumes Apache web server.
How do you use keep-alive?
How to enable keep-alive connections
- Edit or create an. htaccess file in your site's document root directory.
- Copy the following lines and paste them into the.htaccess file: Header set Connection keep-alive
- Save your changes to the. htaccess file.
How do you use keep alive?
To enable Keep-Alive, you need to explicitly request it via the HTTP header by accessing. htaccess or the main configuration file of your web server. If you turn on Keep-Alive, the HTTP response header will show Connection: keep-alive.
What is persistent timer?
Persistent Timer – To deal with a zero-window-size deadlock situation, TCP uses a persistence timer. When the sending TCP receives an acknowledgment with a window size of zero, it starts a persistence timer. When the persistence timer goes off, the sending TCP sends a special segment called a probe.
Where do you put keep alive?
HTTP Keep-Alive settings It is recommended to set this number to 100 as that is satisfactory in most scenarios. In the case that the server needs to deliver more files, you will want to increase this setting. For an unlimited amount of request during a single connecting, set this to 0.
What is TCP RTO?
An RTO occurs when the sender is missing too many acknowledgments and decides to take a time out and stop sending altogether. After some amount of time, usually at least one second, the sender cautiously starts sending again, testing the waters with just one packet at first, then two packets, and so on.
How does keep alive work?
The KeepAlive mechanism does this by sending low-level probe messages to see if the other side responds. If it does not respond to a certain number of probes within a certain amount of time, then it assumes the connection is dead and the process using the socket will then detect this through an error indication.
What is tcp_retries1?
tcp_retries1 variable just controls the number of retries before the system signals a lower level to try verifying that networking is available.
What is TCP timer?
TCP Timers are used to avoid excessive delays during communication. TCP Timers areTime Out Timer, Time Wait Timer, Keep Alive Timer, Persistent Timer. Time out timer is used for retransmission. Time Wait Timer is used during connection termination.
What is Max SYN retransmissions?
The Maximum Syn Retransmissions setting specifies the maximum number of times that the system resends a SYN when it does not receive a corresponding SYN-ACK. In BIG-IP version 10. x, the TCP profile supports values of more than 12 for either setting.
What is Tcp_max_syn_backlog?
tcp_max_syn_backlog represents the maximal number of connections in SYN_RECV queue. I.e. when your server received SYN, sent SYN-ACK and haven't received ACK yet. This is a separate queue of so-called "request sockets" – reqsk in code (i.e. not fully-fledged sockets, "request sockets" occupy less memory.
What is Sol_socket?
SOL_SOCKET is the socket layer itself. It is used for options that are protocol independent.
What is socket address?
A socket address is defined by the IP address of the socket and the port number allocated to the socket.
How do you modify the TCP IP Max retransmission timeout?
From the Edit menu select New – DWORD value. Enter a name of InitialRtt and press Enter. Double click the new value and set to the number of milliseconds for the timeout, e.g. 5000 for 5 seconds (the old default was 3 seconds). Click OK.
What is Tcp_fin_timeout?
tcp_fin_timeout. This parameter determines the length of time an orphaned (unreferenced) connection will wait before it is aborted at the local end. This parameter is especially helpful for when something happens to the remote peer which prevents or excessively delays a response.
What is Somaxconn?
SOMAXCONN defines the maximum number you're allowed to pass to listen() which is 128 on my system.


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Upper limb recovery prediction after stroke rehabilitation based on regression method
- Publication Type:
- Conference Proceeding
- 2019, 21 pp. 380 - 384
- Issue Date:
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of a machine-learning algorithm using the Support Victor Machine Regression (SVMR) to predict the motor functional recovery of moderate post stroke patients during their rehabilitation program. To train the model, we used the recorded electromyography (EMG) signals from the upper limb muscles of the patients during their initial rehabilitation sessions. Then we tested the trained model to predict the later muscles performance of the patient during the same sessions. The results of this pilot study were promising; data were, to some extent, predictable. We believe such research direction could be essential to motivate the patient to complete the designed rehabilitation program and can assist the therapist to innovate proper rehabilitation menu for individual patients.
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:


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At present, the orchard ditching and fertilizing technology has a series of problems, such as easy tree roots damage, high energy consumption and uneven fertilizing. In this paper, a gas explosion subsoiling and fertilizer injection machine was designed, which used high pressure gas to shock soil body and then injected fertilizer. The drill pipe mechanism with pneumatic chipping hammer excitation and hydraulic assistance was designed to drill the soil. The operation of gas and liquid fertilizer supply was controlled by PLC system. The 3D model of the whole machine was established by using SolidWorks software. The machine prototype was produced, and field experiments were carried out. The results showed that soil fractures were created and diffused by gas explosion, and the subsoiling effect radius reached 40 cm under the condition of 0.8 MPa gas pressure and 30 cm drilling depth. What's more, the work efficiency is 0.048 hm2/h at least. This machine could meet the agronomic requirements of orchard, garden and city greening fertilization, and the tree roots were not easily damaged and the fertilizer evenly distributed, which was conducive to nutrient absorption of root growth.
Paddy being cultivated since about 10,000 years B.C in Ganga Valley in India, its production reached up to 99 million tons in the year 2012. BGA are of much ecological importance for maintaining the soil fertility and reclaiming the alkalinity. In present investigation attempts were made to identify the local cyanobacterial genera from the paddy fields, BGA application for green farming enabling the paddy to utilize more amount of nitrogen released and to examine its impact along with Urea upon growth and yield responses of the Paddy crop. It was observed that combined treatment of BGA with Urea proved better response in almost all growth parameters and yield attributes except number of tillers/ Plant and grains/ panicle as compared to application of either Urea or BGA alone. The Paddy growers should be encouraged to adopt BGA along with Urea as source of Nitrogen for Paddy cultivation.


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Responding to Local Poverty (completed)
The project investigates the moral significance and practical implications of the principle of association in relation to poverty in India.
About the project
The Norwegian Programme for Research Cooperation with India (INDNOR) is part of the government's broader "Opportunities in Diversity" strategy. That strategy recognizes that cooperation with India presents rich opportunities for both countries. However, cooperation also presents real and difficult challenges, including complex ethical questions about poverty and its eradication. Responding to Local Poverty is a collaborative project, involving experts from both countries, designed to tackle these challenges head on.
Three types of moral reasons are often invoked to support the claim that particular agents have responsibilities to address poverty.
First, if the agents are able to assist the poor at relatively moderate cost they have a duty to do so—the principle of assistance. Second, if the agents have contributed to the poverty they have a responsibility to address it—the principle of contribution. A third moral reason is the presence of special associative ties between moral agents—the principle of association.
It is often thought that people do not generally have associative responsibilities to unrelated foreigners. However, the significant and expanding cooperation between the two countries may well give rise to such responsibilities. Responding to Local Poverty investigates the moral significance and practical implications of the principle of association in relation to poverty in India. The project will examine the nature of association-based responsibilities to alleviate poverty, their relation to contribution-based and assistance-based responsibilities, and discuss practical issues of particular importance for India and Norway.
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, Centre for the Study of Law and Governance, New Delhi
- Research and Information System for Developing Countries, New Delhi
In 2010, the Norwegian Research Council called for proposals for "pre-projects", projects whose raison-d'etre is to design and plan a full project. Responding to Local Poverty is funded as such a pre-project, taking place in 2011. An application for a full project, running from 2012 – 2015 is being planned. The project is hosted by Centre for the study of Mind in Nature.


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Medical Term:
Pronunciation: har-mon'ik
Definition: A component of complex sound, the frequency of which is a multiple of the fundamental frequency, which is also called the first harmonic; the second harmonic has twice the frequency of the fundamental, and so forth.


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What Is a Letter of Intent?
Letters of intent, commonly referred to as 'heads of agreement', are used to indicate the terms under which two or more people intend to enter into a contractual relationship when doing business together.
The term 'letter of intent' has no legal significance. However, the courts have often treated so-called letters of intent as contracts capable of being enforced, so care must be taken when drafting them.
One legally binding clause that is normally included in a letter of intent is the confidentiality clause in which it is agreed that confidential information acquired during negotiations will not be disclosed to any third party or otherwise used.
Why Use Letters of Intent?
Many letters of intent are really a mechanism by which the parties to a deal give each other reassurance of their intentions. They provide strategic guidance as to how a deal is to be done. They are also useful when outsiders need to be brought into the picture. For example, a takeover deal may need to be financed by institutional investors. The letter of intent is a valuable tool for them in their decision-making.
A letter of intent can be submitted to the relevant authorities in order to obtain a clearance that a particular way of structuring a deal will not cause problems: for example, obtaining a tax clearance from the Inland Revenue.
What Problems Might Arise?
Letters of intent can present problems. Unless drafted carefully, a letter of intent can create a contract, enforceable in the courts. For example, the use of the words'subject to contract', which normally operate to show that contractual relations will be created later, are not always effective in this regard. Similarly, the courts have ruled on several occasions that work done following agreement of a letter of intent should be paid for at a reasonable rate, when the anticipated contract did not materialise.
If negotiations fail, there may be a damaging 'loss of face' if details have been disclosed to third parties.
In addition, UK tax law will often catch 'arrangements' in which a series of predetermined steps is carried out with the effect that tax payable is reduced. The existence of a letter of intent could justify the tax authorities arguing that an arrangement was in effect. This can be of particular importance in management buyouts, sales of businesses and similar deals.
What Should be Included?
Normally, letters of intent should contain the following clauses:
- a statement of the law under which the letters are drafted;
- a statement that they are not binding, or clear identification of any parts that are intended to be contractually binding;
- any provisions for non-completion (e.g. where one side must do work to progress the deal, and whether they will be compensated for this);
- a 'lock out' clause is common, in which the parties agree not to have negotiations with competitors for a period;
- a non-disclosure ('confidentiality') clause defining to whom (if anyone) disclosure of terms can be made.
Recently, the court issued guidance regarding when letters of intent might most usefully be used in construction agreements. In the court's view, letters of intent are most suitable for use when the following are agreed or there is little chance of dispute regarding them:
- the scope of the works;
- the price of the works;
- the date of completion of the works and any 'milestones' prior to final completion; and
- the main contract terms.
The use of letters of intent is also most appropriate when there are good reasons to commence the works prior to the formal contract documents being in place.


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The Visual Processing Library contains a set of optic flow algorithms that are usually provided as C code separated in a header and a source file. For most algorithms there exists a test implementation which can be integrated in the visual filter test program. The visual filter test program loads CDS files and runs the selected algorithms on this data.
The following algorithms are present in the library:


Proposal #3456: Add FilePath -> String decoder
Johan Tibell johan.tibell at
Wed Aug 26 04:38:30 EDT 2009
Hi Judah,
A few comments:
- I would spell 'filePathToString' as just 'toString' and use the
module system to provide a namespace (i.e. stick it in
- A function that takes the encoding as a parameter instead of
fetching it from the current locale seems more useful. However,
creating such a function is a bit problematic since passing an
explicit encoding doesn't really make sense on Windows where a path is
already represented as Unicode. Perhaps the only solution is to have
System.FilePath.Posix.toString and System.FilePath.Windows.toString
with different type signatures.
- As long as FilePath is just a type synonym the function is unsafe as
it's equivalent to decodeWithCurrentLocale :: String -> IO String
which fails if the argument string is actually used to store Unicode
data (rather than bytes stored as code points < 256). This is probably
intentional but it might be worth mentioning it in the Haddock
More information about the Libraries mailing list


*obj, Efl_Canvas_Object *eo_obs);
/**
 * @brief Removes @c eo_obs from observation during text layout.
 *
 * @param[in] obj The object.
 * @param[in] eo_obs Obstacle object
 *
 * @return @c true on success, @c false otherwise.
 *
 * @since 1.18
 *
 * @ingroup Evas_Object_Textblock_Group
 */
EAPI Eina_Bool evas_object_textblock_obstacle_del(Efl_Canvas_Text *obj, Efl_Canvas_Object *eo_obs);
/**
 * @brief Triggers for relayout due to obstacles' state change.
 *
 * The obstacles alone don't affect the layout, until this is called. Use this
 * after doing changes (moving, positioning etc.) in the obstacles that you
 * would like to be considered in the layout.
 *
 * For example: if you have just repositioned the obstacles to differrent
 * coordinates relative to the textblock, you need to call this so it will
 * consider this new state and will relayout the text.
 *
 * @param[in] obj The object.
 *
 * @since 1.18
 *
 * @ingroup Evas_Object_Textblock_Group
 */
EAPI void evas_object_textblock_obstacles_update(Efl_Canvas_Text *obj);
#endif


Mathematics and Clinical Concepts, Part V: Using Relations to Organize Clinical Information
We saw in the last post that taking the Cartesian product of two sets results in a collection of ordered pairs. Now, we are going to explore how ordered pairs and larger groupings can be used to organize information using relations.
Here is the definition of a relation taken from Discrete Mathematics with Applications, by Epp:
Let A and B be sets. A relation R from A to B is a subset of A x B. Given an ordered pair (x, y) in A x B, x is related to y by R, written x R y, if, and only if, (x, y) is in R. The set A is called the domain of R and set B is called its co-domain. (1)
This definition makes it clear that a relation R is a subset of the Cartesian product of two sets. It further clarifies that the subset of ordered pairs contained in the relation is determined by whatever R is. Here is an example. Suppose we have two sets: A= {1, 2, 3}, B = {2,3,4}. The Cartesian product of these two sets is the set of ordered pairs:
A x B = {(1, 2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,2), (2,3), (2,4), (3,2), (3,3), (3,4)}
From here, we can define a relationship on A x B that selects out the type of ordered pairs we are interested in. Let's say we are interested in a relation x R y where R = x < y. Analyzing A x B, we can see that the ordered pairs that fulfill the x < y relation are:
x R y = {1,2), (1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4), (3,4)}
Using relations
Even though relations are defined as a subset of a Cartesian product, there is no requirement that they be generated in that way. Here is a clinical example. Suppose we are building a clinical app and the goal is to track patients and their diagnoses. We can began by defining a relation from the set of patients to the set of diagnoses – specifically that a patient x has diagnosis y. We will call this relation Problem List (PL). (The ellipses indicates that there are many more pairs than are listed.)
PL = {(Doe, headache), (Smith, chest pain), (Green, asthma), …}
This relation could have been created by taking a list of patients and a list of diagnoses, generating the Cartesian product, then checking each pair to see if it actually represents a real situation (i.e., Mr. Doe actually has complained of headaches). However, it could just as easily have been generated by clinicians adding patient problems into our app. The important thing is that relations obey certain mathematical rules, and we can make use of those rules for any relation regardless of how it was created.
Databases and relations
Since we know that relations are derived from sets, we can use a relation to generate a set. For example, we know that ordered pairs in the relation PL have a patient's name for the first value and a diagnosis for the second. With this knowledge, we could reconstruct the set of all known ailments (at least among this patient population) by simply collecting into a set all of the diagnosis elements from the ordered pairs. We could do the same with the patient elements and find everyone who has at least one problem. Assuming the pairs exist in our software as a collection of PL objects, we could generate the list of all ailments using code similar to this:
Add_SecondValue to Ailment_List
Of course, there is no reason to limit the relation to ordered pairs (referred as a binary relation); relations may have an arbitrary number of elements. Such relations are referred to as n-ary relations, and they are the starting point for relational databases.
We can expand our PL relation to contain more elements by adding DOB, diagnosis date and doctor.
Expanded PL = (Name, DOB, Diagnosis, Diagnosis_Date, Doctor)
(Doe, 12/15/1967, headache, 03/15/2013, Jones)
(Smith, 06/07/1949, chest pain, 05/11/2013, Brown)
(Green, 10/09/1988, asthma, 09/25/2013, Smythe)
Using this relation, we can ask more complex questions such as: "How many doctors are there?"; "Who has asthma"; "When was Mr. Doe diagnosed with a headache?" Relational algebra, the mathematical basis of relational databases, provides the formal rules for manipulating n-ary relations (queries, joins, selections, projections, etc.).
Equivalence relations
Thus far, I have discussed relations between two or more sets. However, relations on a single set are interesting and useful as well. Using relations on a single set, we can explore general relation properties such as reflexivity, symmetry, and transivity (1). Let's start with a clinical example. Suppose we have a set of terms for medical ailments.
A = {MI, myocardial infarction, hypertension, HBP, high blood pressure, …}
We will apply the relation: x R y such that R= x is a synonym for y. A set of ordered pairs that meet this requirement is listed below.
x R y = x is a synonym for y = {(MI, MI), (myocardial infarction, myocardial infarction), (MI, myocardial infarction), (myocardial infarction, MI), (hypertension, HBP), (HBP, high blood pressure), (HBP, hypertension), (hypertension, high blood pressure), (high blood pressure, hypertension), high blood pressure, HBP), (HBP, HBP), (hypertension, hypertension), (high blood pressure, high blood pressure) }
Pairs such as (MI, MI) and (high blood pressure, high blood pressure) demonstrate reflexivity because each term is synonymous with itself. This is the same as saying x is a synonym for x.
Symmetry is illustrated by pairs such as (MI, myocardial infarction), (myocardial infarction, MI), which demonstrate that the relation is bi-directional. In other words, it shows that just as x is related to y, y is related to x. In plain English: MI is a synonym for myocardial infarction (MI, myocardial infarction) and myocardial infarction is a synonym for MI (myocardial infarction, MI).
The pairs (hypertension, HBP), (HBP, high blood pressure), (hypertension, high blood pressure) demonstrate the link between terms. Namely, hypertension is a synonym for HBP; HBP is a synonym for high blood pressure; therefore, hypertension is a synonym for high blood pressure.
Any relation that exhibits reflexivity, symmetry, and transivity is referred to as an equivalence relation (1).
If a relation is an equivalence relation, it can be used to generate equivalence classes. An equivalence class is the set of all terms that are related to a specific term in the relation (1). An equivalence class is represented symbolically as [a] (1). Thus the equivalence classes for hypertension and myocardial infarction are represented as:
[hypertension] = {HBP, high blood pressure, hypertension}
[myocardial infarction] = {MI, myocardial infarction}
Equivalence classes can be useful in a number of situations. For example, using the above synonym relation, we could create a thesaurus that could automatically map synonyms to a preferred term. One possible use case would be mapping various terms in an EHR to the preferred SNOMED term for that ailment.
Partial-order relations
Mathematically speaking, partial order relations are relations on a single set that are reflexive, transitive, and anti-symmetric. Partial order relations are useful for organizing things into hierarchies. A good example of a partial order relation for real numbers is "<=". Using this relation, numbers can be sorted in ascending order: 1<=2<=3<=4…
Partial order relations are everywhere. Courses for a college major have prerequisites and must be taken in a specific order. If we say that for a biology degree, the courses that must be completed are the set {101, 102, 115, 201, 202, 234, 267, 301, 305, 410, 421, 431}, and lower-numbered courses must be completed before those with higher numbers, this represents a type of less-than relation.
This prerequisite relation will contain pairs such as (101,101), (202,202), thereby demonstrating reflexivity. (Of course, we can ignore this property when advising students.)
Anti-symmetry enters the picture because pairs such as (101, 201) and (201, 301) are included, indicating that 101 must be taken before 201 and 201 must be taken before 301. However, it is impossible to take 201 before 101 or 301 prior to 201. Therefore, these relations are not symmetric; they go only one way—from lower to higher.
Finally,


text:
haulm definition by Webster's New World
- the stalks or stems of cultivated cereal plants, beans, peas, etc., esp. after the crop has been gathered
- straw or hay used for thatching, bedding, etc.
- a stem of grass or grain
Origin: Middle English halm ; from Old English healm, halm, straw, akin to German halm ; from Indo-European an unverified form olemos, reed, cane from source Classical Greek kalamos, Classical Latin culmus
haulm definition by American Heritage Dictionary
noun Chiefly British
Origin: Middle English halm, straw, from Old English healm.


text:
A guided-mode resonance (GMR) filter with the same material (Ta2O5) for both the grating layer and the waveguide layer is designed and fabricated. This simple structure is easy to fabricate and can avoid the defects at the grating/waveguide interface using different materials. The spectral response measured with a Lambda 900 spectrophotometer under normal incidence for TE waves exhibits a peak reflectance exceeding 80% at the wavelength of 1040 nm with a full-width half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth of 23 nm. We evaluate the deviations of the fabricated structure from the designed parameters.
© 2010 Chinese Optics LettersPDF Article


Carbon/Glass and Rule of Mixtures
Maybe once a week I hear a suggestion that someone wants to slightly punch up a glass laminate with a bit of carbon. Or even a bit of Kevlar. I have even seen laminates on a roll with a small bit of carbon mixed in with the largely glass roll. It is seen like a vitamin I guess.
Bad news, it doesn't work that way. The problem is the difference between each material's stretch to failure percentage. E-glass is around 6%. Carbon is typically around1%. So, for example, if you had half of each in a laminate, when the carbon started to fail, the e-glass would be only contributing some 17% of its possible strength. Another way I have heard to visualize this is to imagine two boards several feet apart. A steel wire, and a rubber band connect them to each other. Imagine that each will fail at 100 lbs pull. The rubber band is doing nothing yet, as the steel fails and breaks.
E-glass can be laminated with carbon, if they are not both oriented in the zero degree axis for example. The carbon could be on the 0 degree and e-glass could be on the off axis. The off axis will contribute almost nothing to the strength, but will help keep the zeros in column and add some shock absorbing ability to the laminate.
3 thoughts on "Carbon/Glass and Rule of Mixtures"
 1. Is it also safe to assume that it's best to use carbon fiber in conjunction with woods (& other materials) which have the same/similar moduli of stiffness? Unless, of course, the wood will be totally encapsulated with carbon, & only be functioning as a core, not as a structural componnent of the part in question?
 1. Yes plywood works very well with carbon. Both have similar stretch to failure. Is called a live core as it also helps with the loads. I have a paper on that I will publish soon. Based on lecture I gave to SCCC Boatbuilding School.
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text: Spectral diffusion as a result of both the transitions between different molecular conformers and the "molecular softness" of quasi-free perylene diimides on a SiO2 surface is investigated by means of single-molecule spectroscopy, which reveals the time dependence of both the fluorescence spectra and the three-dimensional orientation. Spectral wavelengths of all single emitters cover a wide energy range of about 0.27 eV, which is due to different types of conformers with large differences in optical transition energy. Time-dependent spectral trajectories of single emitters within this wavelength manifold are evaluated with a model transcribed from the analysis of spatial diffusion. Spectral diffusion processes are closely correlated with fluorescence emission and excitation power. The overall analysis of spectral diffusion reveals, similar to proteins, a hierarchy of energy barriers in a broad energy landscape.


Dr. Zach LaBoube
//you're reading...
HCG Diet Blog
HCG injections or Compounded HCG Sub-lingual Tablets?
Why is it that most people associate pharmaceutical grade HCG with injections only?
Cynthia before and after hcgdiet 300x300 300x300 HCG injections or Compounded HCG Sub lingual Tablets?
HCG Diet Success
There are probably several answers to that question. First, anyone that has read Dr. Simeon's manuscript, Pounds and Inches; A New Approach to Obesity, has learned that Dr. Simeon used only HCG injections when treating his patients. Another reason could be that the Homeopathic HCG drops, which are widespread on the internet, have somewhat confused the marketplace so HCG injections have become a way to differentiate the prescription HCG product from the homeopathic HCG product. However, injections are not the only delivery system of HCG, or any bio-identical hormone, for that matter. Hormones are very large molecules. Because of their size, they're not readily absorbed through the GI, so they're typically injected subcutaneously. Although injections are the most efficient mechanism for delivery, HCG can be absorbed through the oral cavity using a sublingual tablet that dissolves under the tongue, as well. HCG injections are prescribed in dosages ranging from 175 units to 250 units and close to 100% of that dosage is then absorbed into your system. With the sublingual HCG tablets, studies have shown absorption rates ranging from 45-60%. As a result, pharmacies simply double the dosage of the tablets to accommodate for what is being lost. Simply put, the typical dosage of the HCG sublingual table is 500 units, while the typical dosage of an HCG injection is 200 units, however the amount actually consumed is about equal. So, the big question is do the tablets work? The answer is a definitive YES! Sometimes even more so as is evidence from an email from a patient of one of our practitioners (see below). If you would like to consult with one of our practitioners regarding the sublingual tablets call _PHONE_.
Injections vs tabs HCG injections or Compounded HCG Sub lingual Tablets?
HCG Injections vs HCG Sublingual Tabs
Additional benefits to the sublingual HCG tablets are listed below…
 1. The shelf-life of the HCG tablets is 12 months, compared to 60 days for the HCG injections.
 2. The HCG tablets do not need to be refrigerated.
 3. HCG tablets are easier to travel with.
 4. HCG tablets are safer as there in no risk of infection.
 5. You don't have to stick yourself everyday.

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text:
Thursday , March 06, 2014 - 12:41 PM
The American Civil Liberties Union is bringing national attention to a growing issue in the privacy vs. safety debate. According to a report released by the organization, law enforcement agencies around the country are using license plate readers to record the movements of everyday Americans.
This issue is not new to Utah, which is in fact ahead of the curve, as far as limiting access to this data is concerned.
The debate over license plate scanners began in early 2012 after the Drug Enforcement Administration proposed installing some in Southern Utah along Interstate 15 for the purpose of catching drug traffickers. This spurred a debate in the Utah Legislature over the ethical use of the scanners and the massive amounts of data they collect.
The license-plate readers, which police typically mount along major roadways or on the backs of cruisers, can identify vehicles almost instantly and compare them against "hot lists" of cars that have been stolen or involved in crimes. Ogden is among cities that have used the scanners.
But the systems collect records on every license plate they encounter — whether or not they are on hot lists — meaning time and location data are gathered in databases that can be searched by police. Some departments purge information after a few weeks, some after a few months and some never, said the report, which warns that such data could be abused by authorities and chill freedom of speech and association.
Sen. Todd Weiler, R-Woods Cross, spearheaded legislation to limit government access to the data collected by scanners.
The law states that government agencies can only keep the data for a maximum of 90 days and that a specific record can only be accessed with a court order.
Utah is one of five states to have legislation that places limits on the data. The ACLU's report says there is little to no oversight in other states for the use of records collected by scanners.
"We're better off than 45 other states," said Marina Lowe, legislative council for the ACLU's Utah branch.
Lowe said although the state has made progress with the legislation, more should be done.
"The state needs to go further and limit the amount of time," Lowe said, mentioning that the 90 days the records are kept on file is too long. New Hampshire's law requires that data be kept for less than 30 days, which Lowe said is an acceptable time.
Utah's law enforcement agencies have argued that the license plate readers are an invaluable tool and that limiting their use and access is the wrong way to go.
Police said they've recovered stolen vehicles using license plate readers and can immediately flag unregistered or uninsured motorists. Utah sheriffs have told legislators that scanner information kept for long periods can help solve homicides or kidnappings.
"We'd like to be able to keep the data as long as possible, because it does provide a rich and enduring data set for investigations down the line," said David Roberts, senior program manager for the Technology Center of the International Association of Chiefs of Police.
But the ACLU argues that data collection by most police departments is unnecessarily broad. In an analysis of data collected in Maryland, the report found that license plate readers recorded the locations of vehicle plates 85 million times in 2012.
Based on a partial-year analysis of that data, the ACLU found that about one in 500 plates registered hits. In the overwhelming majority of cases, it said, the alleged offenses were minor, involving lapsed registrations or failures to comply with the state's emission-control program.
For each million plates read in Maryland, 47 were associated with serious crimes, such as a stolen vehicle or a wanted person, the report said. Statistics collected by the ACLU in several other jurisdictions around the country also found hit rates far below 1 percent of license plates read.
Maryland officials have defended their program, which collects data from departments across the state in a fusion center, which shares intelligence among federal, state and local agencies. In a recent three-month period, state officials said, license plate readers contributed to 860 serious traffic citations and the apprehension of 180 people for crimes, including stolen autos or license plates.
The center deletes the data one year after they are collected, in what officials said was a compromise between investigative needs and privacy rights.
"We don't want to retain more information … than is necessary," said Harvey Eisenberg, an assistant U.S. attorney who oversees Maryland's Anti-Terrorism Advisory Council. "You strike the balance, because people are legitimately concerned."
The license plate readers are also widely used in Washington and the Virginia suburbs, where they are mounted on many of the major roadways entering and leaving the city.
Private companies also are using license-plate-reading technology to build databases, typically to help in repossessing cars.
The Associated Press and Washington Post contributed to this story.
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text:
The incorporation of Ni and Co in aragonite was experimentally investigated as a function of mineral growth rate using the constant addition technique at 25 °C and 1 bar pCO2. The distribution coefficients of Ni and Co (i.e., DMe=[Formula presented]) exhibit a linear correlation with mineral growth rate in the range −9.1 ≤ Log rp ≤ −7.5 mol/m2/s. The obtained results suggest a stronger dependency of DNi to growth rate compared to that observed for DCo. These dependencies can be described as: Log DNi = 1.247 (±0.152) Log rp + 7.448 (±1.212); R2 = 0.82 Log DCo = 0.312 (±0.047) Log rp + 1.664 (±0.383); R2 = 0.81 The DMe-aragonite values for both Ni and Co are systematically lower than unity and their increase with increasing growth rate is in agreement with the incorporation of elements incompatible with the host mineral structure. Using the dependency of DNi and DCo to the saturation indices (SI) of the reactive solution with respect to aragonite, the DMe under equilibrium were estimated. These estimates yield equilibrium Log DMe values of −3.9 and − 1.0 for Ni and Co, respectively. These experimentally defined Deq values are 1.3 to 4.3 orders of magnitude lower compared to theoretical estimates that were earlier published in the literature. Similar to other incompatible elements, the observed increase of DNi and DCo values with degree of saturation, points towards incorporation related to the density of defect sites on the mineral surface. Finally, the dependencies recorded in this study suggest that DNi and DCo have the potential to be used as a proxy for saturation degree of the reactive solution.
|Publication status||Published - 30 Jun 2022|
- Distribution coefficient
- Growth rate
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Geochemistry and Petrology


text:
I am a visual artist contemplating a project that is inspired by the collaborative approach of r/Place (for those who frequent Reddit). In short, it is a 2000x2000 pixel canvas that users can fill with pixels in collaboration with each other. A pixel can only be placed by a user every five minutes, and everyone is limited to a predetermined set of 16 colors to choose from.
I was thinking of creating a similar, relational art activity for children in a following manner:
1: Four (or more) joysticks with arcade-type buttons (four buttons for each joystick/user) choosing one of four colours. Each joystick (user) will have four different type colours to choose from (thus opening for collaboration and interaction).
2: A projector is showing a canvas of, say, 230x200 pixels. The joystick will move the colored pixel chosen by the child, until a button is pressed and that places the pixel on the screen. It is like a 2D version of Minecraft, in a way. So its a known format for children these days.
3: In line with the idea of r/Place, a short time delay (10 sec?) before the person can place a new pixel. Children are known to be very patient so this should be no problem ;)
The object is to create dialogue between the users, and a collaborative effort to create "something". I have been working with joysticks/buttons and USB-adaptors a bit on the Raspberry Pi, so the physical input should be fine.
Now, my question is - is this something you guys think VVVV is suitable to create? I have only dabbled a little in the program, but if you think VVVV is the way to go for this type of project, I will get my hands dirty(er). I am not a programmer, so Im hoping a visual, node based approach might make it slightly easier.
Any input on my first baby steps into this type of venture (or on the concept itself) is greatly appreciated.
Oh my! You are amazing. Yes - there is so much potential here. And I can tell already its quite a lot more involving than I thought. I will look at this and understand whats going on. If I choose to build on this, is it OK with you? its not a commercial project, so I will in that case credit your work as "Based on framework by " and then whatever credit you would want me to use.
I have several ideas - such as the option to press two color-buttons to blend them (also teaching some color-theory) but thats down the line. I will get back to this thread when I have gone through this in detail and unravel it :)
Hi, just a small notice this unoptimized version, because it would be a little bit harder to read if i optimize it…
But what you should to is to split parts on patches e.g. grid patch, controller patch, so then you can repeat controllers… Controllers should connect to a SetSlice node, so of you wanna add second controller you should add extra SetSlice on top op previous one, also if you want to block input you can do that using monoflop node and AND node connected to binsize pin of setslice…
about credits, antokhio (aka Anton Kalabukhov)
about logic, post a screenshot i'll explain you what nodes do, this one would be nice for a video tut, but i had no time yet…
I have had a little time to look at the layout, and I found that I didnt have the Direct X 11 plugins installed, which now works (yay, renders). I still cant find your color modules anywhere. By the way, some really nice visuals on your Vimeo account!


text:
|Conducting Needs Assessment|
|Framework for Program Development|
|The Logic Model for Extension|
Developing and conducting research-based educational programs that result in a demonstrated impact on clients is the premise of extension work.
Planning extension programs offer an opportunity to learn more about our communities and set our work's direction. Planning programs is about understanding our community situation. This involves identifying community needs and assets, and identifying priorities.
The program design includes planning the learning environment and experience through conceptualizing change and selecting program activities to achieve desired results.
Learn more about extension program development by accessing the following resources:
The LSU AgCenter and the LSU College of Agriculture


partially applied constructors. Any term of an appropriate type will allow the tactic to successfully solve the goal. Those additional arguments can be given to congruence by filling in the holes in the terms given in the error message, using the with clause.
Setting Debug "congruence" makes congruence print debug information.
Tactic btauto
The tactic btauto implements a reflexive solver for boolean tautologies. It solves goals of the form t = u where t and u are constructed over the following grammar:
btauto_term::=ident|true|false|orb btauto_term btauto_term|andb btauto_term btauto_term|xorb btauto_term btauto_term|negb btauto_term|if btauto_term then btauto_term else btauto_term
Whenever the formula supplied is not a tautology, it also provides a counter-example.
Internally, it uses a system very similar to the one of the ring tactic.
Note that this tactic is only available after a Require Import Btauto.
Error Cannot recognize a boolean equality.
The goal is not of the form t = u. Especially note that btauto doesn't introduce variables into the context on its own.


How to Create a Custom LinkedIn Profile URL
Close up of a laptop with the Linkedin homepage open.
Justin Sullivan / Getty Images
 For home business owners and freelancers, LinkedIn offers a tremendous opportunity to promote your business, network with influencers, and build your professional online presence. However, when you initially join LinkedIn, you're given a long, difficult to remember profile URL. This can be a problem when trying to share it with others you want to network with. The solution is to create a custom URL for your LinkedIn Profile that can make it more recognizable and easier to use.
By customizing your URL, you'd change:
(The caps are to show you what you can change. Your Linkedin Profile URL doesn't require caps.)
Why You Might Want a Custom LinkedIn URL
There are several reasons to create a custom URL on LinkedIn. One is for search engine optimization (SEO). Search engines, including Google, use keywords within a URL to help it decide what web pages to deliver in search results. A URL of would have a better chance of ranking well in Google for a search using the keywords "freelance writer Ohio" than would the first URL of
Another reason to create a custom Linkedin URL is ease of use and recognition. Having a line of numbers at the end of a URL looks messy and difficult, and it's more likely to be ignored. Whereas, a URL with your or your business' name at the end will be clear what it's linking to. While LinkedIn URLs aren't as straightforward as they could be, the custom URL is still easier to remember than the default one.
Choosing Your Custom URL Profile Name
You have a few options in creating your custom URL. One is to use your given name, such as Joe Smith. The other option is to use your business name. Finally, you can use a combination of the two, such as Joe Smith Freelance Writer. Some things to consider when deciding what to use include:
 - What are you branding? Do you want you or your business name to be the focus of your endeavor? How do you want to be known in the professional world?
 - How easy is it to use? While combining your name and business allows you to use both, it also creates a long URL that can be difficult to use if people have to type it in (i.e. off of a business card).
 - Will your name change? Traditionally, this is more of a problem for single women who get married and decide to take their husband's name. However, I've seen many couples hyphenate both their names, in which case, it impacts men, as well. In this case, using your business name might be better.
You are allowed to change your LinkedIn customer URL up to five times in a 180-day period; however, this is not advised. First, changing your URL means you have to update it everywhere you used the old URL. Further, people with the old URL will have difficulty finding you. Finally, after 180 days, someone else can use your old URL, which could potentially lead your clients and customers to the other person instead of you. For this reason, pick a name you know you can live with for a long time.
How to Create a Custom URL for a LinkedIn Profile
The instructions below work on your public profile.
 1. Log into LinkedIn.
 2. On the main menu bar at the top of the page, hover over Profile with your mouse and select Edit Profile.
 3. Hover your cursor over the current profile URL under your profile picture. The settings icon will appear next to the URL. Click it.
 4. On the right-hand side of the page, you'll see a section that says, Your Public Profile URL. Click on the edit icon next to it.
 5. In the edit box, type the custom name you'd like in your URL. You can have five to 30 letters or numbers, but no symbols or special characters (i.e. you can't use "*" or "!"). Your custom name is NOT case sensitive, so JoeSmith and joesmith will both work in the URL. When you're done, click Save.
 6. If your custom URL isn't already in use, you're all set. If it is in use, you'll need to submit a new custom URL. You can add your middle initial or your business name or type to create a unique URL. For example, if JoeSmith is taken, you can use, "JoeQSmith," "JoeSmithSellingWords," or "JoeSmithCopywriter."
Be sure to update your new LinkedIn URL on your website, blog, and other marketing materials.