Calculating different Vegetation Indices in Google Earth Engine (Sentinel -2 images)
Calculating different Vegetation Indices in Google Earth Engine (Sentinel -2 images)
In previous post, I have published the article for EVI and NDVI calculation from sentinel 2 image on Google earth engine (GEE) platform. In this article, I will be showing how various vegetation indices can be computed on GEE platforms and can be added to image collection. So, let's dive into various vegatation indices directly.
Greenness (Green Leaf Index)
The Green Leaf Index, also known as the Greenness Index, shows how the reflectance in the green channel compares to the other two visible wavelengths (red and blue).
The formula for calculation of GLI is:
 GLI = (2*GRN-RED-BLU)/(RED+GRN+BLU)
 - GRN pixel values from the GREEN band
 - RED pixel values from the RED band
 - BLU pixel values from the BLUE band
The lower the greenness index, the higher the green reflection relative to the other wavelengths. A result of -1 indicates that the green channel is fully reflected, but the remaining two wavelengths (red and blue) are not.
# GLI (Green Leaf Index)
def getGLI(image):
 # Compute the GLI using an expression.
 GLI = image.expression ('(((GREEN - RED) + (GREEN - BLUE)) / ((2 * GREEN) + RED + BLUE))', {
 'GREEN': image.select ('B3'),
 'RED': image.select ('B4'),
 'BLUE': image.select ('B2')
 }).rename("GLI")
 image = image.addBands(GLI)
 return(image)

Leaf Area Index (LAI)
The leaf area index (LAI), equal to half of the total green leaf area per unit of the horizontal ground surface, is a crucial structural feature of vegetation. Canopy interception, evapotranspiration, and gross photosynthesis are directly related to LAI since leaf surfaces constitute the primary frontier of energy and mass exchange.
This index is used to forecast crop growth and yield and estimate foliage cover. ENVI calculates green LAI using the empirical formula developed by Boegh et al. (2002):
LAI = (3.618*EVI - 0.118)
 - EVI is Enhanced Vegetation Index value. Details for calculation of EVI is here in my previous post
LAI values in the high range typically vary from 0 to 3.5. The LAI values can approach 3.5 when the scene comprises clouds and other bright objects that cause saturated pixels. Before making an LAI image, you should mask clouds and bright features from your scene.
Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI):
In places with little vegetative cover, SAVI is used to compensate for the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) due to the influence of soil brightness. Using a soil-brightness adjustment factor, SAVI seeks to reduce soil brightness impacts. It produces values between -1.0 to 1.0. SAVI is commonly used in arid locations with little vegetative cover. SAVI obtained from surface reflectance is calculated as a ratio of R and NIR values with a soil brightness correction factor (L) of 0.5 to account for most land cover types.
SAVI = ((NIR - Red) / (NIR + Red + L)) x (1 + L)
 - NIR = pixel values from the NEAR INFRARED band
 - Red = pixel values from the RED band
 - L = amount of green vegetation cover
# SAVI (Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index)
def getSAVI(image):
 # Compute the SAVI using an expression.
 SAVI = image.expression ('(((NIR - RED) / (NIR + RED + L))* (1+L))',{
 'L': 0.5, # Cobertura vegetation 0-1
 'NIR': image.select ('B8'),
 'RED': image.select ('B4')
 }).rename("SAVI")

 image = image.addBands(SAVI)
 return(image)
Green Chlorophyll Index (GCI )
Based on near-infrared and green bands, the GCI (Green Chlorophyll Index) quantifies leaf chlorophyll concentration in plants. The chlorophyll value, in general, reflects the vegetation.
 the formula for the GCI:
GCI = NIR / GRN – 1
 - GRN = pixel values from the green band
 - NIR = pixel values from the near infrared band
# GCI (Green Chlorophyll Index)
def getGCI(image):
 # Compute the GCI using an expression.
 GCI = image.expression ('(((NIR) / (GREEN)) - 1)', {
 'NIR': image.select ('B8'),
 'GREEN': image.select ('B3')
 }).rename("GCI")

 image = image.addBands(GCI)
 return(image)

SIPI (Structure Insensitive Pigment Index)
The SIPI index maximizes sensitivity to the bulk carotenoids to chlorophyll ratio while reducing the impact of canopy structural variation. It's especially effective in locations where the canopy structure, or leaf area index, is highly variable.
SIPI readings vary from 0 to 2, with healthy green vegetation falling between 0.8 and 1.8.
# SIPI (Structure Insensitive Pigment Index)
def getSIPI(image):
 # Compute the SIPI using an expression.
 SIPI = image.expression ('((NIR - BLUE) / (NIR - RED))',{
 'NIR': image.select ('B8'),
 'BLUE': image.select ('B2'),
 'RED': image.select ('B4')
 }).rename("SIPI")

 image = image.addBands(SIPI)
 return(image)
ARVI (Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index)
ARVI is especially useful in areas with high levels of atmospheric aerosols. It corrects for air scattering phenomena that affect red light reflectance using blue light reflectance data.

The formula in general:
ARVI = (NIR - RED - y * (RED - BLUE))/ (NIR + RED - y*(RED-BLUE))
 - NIR = pixel values from the NEAR INFRARED band
 - RED = pixel values from the RED band
 - BLUE = pixel values from the BLUE band

ARVI values vary from -1 to 1, with green vegetation typically falling between 0.20 and 0.80.
# ARVI (Atmospherically Resistant Vegetation Index)
def getARVI(image):
 # Compute the ARVI using an expression.
 ARVI = image.expression ('((NIR - (2 * RED) + BLUE) / (NIR + (2 * RED) + BLUE))',{
 'NIR': image.select ('B8'),
 'BLUE': image.select ('B2'),
 'RED': image.select ('B4')
 }).rename("ARVI")

 image = image.addBands(ARVI)
 return(image)
NBRI (Normalized Burned Ratio Index)
NBR is used to determine burn intensity and identify burned areas. It is traditionally calculated as a ratio between the NIR and SWIR values.
Given that vegetation reflects significantly in the NIR portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Still, poorly in the SWIR, the NIR and SWIR parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are a powerful combination of bands to utilize for this index. A fire scar that incorporates scarred woody plant and ground, on the other hand, has been demonstrated to reflect more strongly in the SWIR region of the electromagnetic spectrum and beyond.
# NBRI (Normalized Burned Ratio Index)
def getNBRI(image):
 # Compute the NBRI using an expression.
 NBRI = image.expression ('(NIR - SWIR) / (NIR + SWIR)', {
 'NIR': image.select ('B8'),
 'SWIR': image.select ('B12')
 }).rename("NBRI")

 image = image.addBands(NBRI)
 return(image)

These indices are created as a functions in python. Now we will move on to implement this in jupyter-lab environment and apply for image collections.
Sentinel_data = ee.ImageCollection('COPERNICUS/S2') \
 .filterDate("2022-03-01","2022-03-31").filterBounds(aoi) \
 .map(getNBRI).median()
In this case i have calculated NBRI (Normalized Burned Ratio Index) but you can change the function as per your required indices or you can add multiple calculation by adding .map(getARVI) in above expression. We now add visulaization parameters and add layers to map as follow:
color = ['FFFFFF', 'CE7E45', 'DF923D', 'F1B555', 'FCD163', '99B718',
 '74A901', '66A000'


text:
9 Terms For Weed From Around The World You Need To Know
How many of these slang terms from around the world are you familiar with?
Many of us have developed code words for cannabis, discrete ways to conversate about the herb without drawing unnecessary attention. Whether it's an attempt to quietly invite others to partake in a smoke session or a way of obtaining more flowers without being noticed, cannabis consumers have been creating slang terms for decades in reference to the magical plant.
Across the world, cannabis enthusiasts have developed their own terms to identify the most sought after medicinal herb on the planet. Mota, plan, and bareta are terms any traveler should add to their vocabulary if trying to score cannabis in another country is a goal. There are a few more important terms, too. Commit to memory these nine strange terms for cannabis from around the world.
1. Turkey: "Ot"
Translated into English, "ot" literally means "weed". When pronounced properly, the term sounds more like "oat," and is the most common phrase used among the cannabis cultures of Turkey.
2. South Africa: "Zol"
In South Africa, always be sure to ask for "zol." This term refers to a higher-potency strain of cannabis; the good-good, stinky buds. Cheaper, less-potent cannabis is called "jut."
3. Colombia: "Bareta"
Pronounced like the gun model, Beretta, Colombian's commonly use this term to replace the Western World's use of the word "weed". Because Beretta's are a strong type of firearm, perhaps the slang "bareta" was selected to represent their potent strains of cannabis.
4. Egypt: "Bango"
In Egypt, leaves and stems of the cannabis plant are dried, just like buds, and later rolled into joints, called "bango." This less-potent product is common among the Egyptian youth and working class, a majority of the population, adding to the terms popularity.
5. Russia: "Plan"
Used in place of "weed", Russians refer to their herb as "plan." The word is so common, it makes sense that unsuspecting persons would remain unaware of any discussion involving cannabis. It takes the secrecy to an entirely new level.
6. Mexico: "Churro"
Yes, yes, the sugary-sweet cinnamon sticks are also called churros, but lately, the term has been coined in reference to joints. Perhaps, enjoying a churro, then enjoying churros would be the proper solution. It seems to be the most logical conclusion.
7. France: L'Herbe
Ah, nothing like L'Herbe on a Monday morning. L'Herbe simply means "the grass," but everything sounds so much fancier in French. Atop the Eiffel Tower, it would be nice to enjoy L'Herbe, remember that for future visits.
8. India: "Bhang"
This specific type of cannabis found in India is more like what many of us would call an edible. Cannabis is crushed and rolled into a paste or powder and mixed with yogurt or other fruit-based concoctions, then eaten to deliver a powerfully potent mind and body high.
9. Puerto Rico: "Mota"
Puerto Rico is home to some fantastic cannabis, so be sure to know "mota" is a common term used when trying to score in the islands. The slang word is a good fallback to use while traveling through any Spanish speaking area, as it is widely understood to mean marijuana.
What are your slang terms for cannabis? Let us know on social media or in the comments below.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


can we measure TTL output using a multimeter
Discussion in 'The Projects Forum' started by rudy123, Aug 6, 2014.
 1. rudy123
 Thread Starter New Member
 Mar 24, 2014
 Hi, i am working on a pen wand scanner (MSH-119) project. The output of the scanner is TTL data. My question is: can we measure the TTL output using a multimeter? I tried it but the output is always 5v (because I connect a pull up resistor 5.1k between the power and the TTL output) no matter where I place the tip of the pen on.
 2. Papabravo
 Feb 24, 2006
 It is better to use an oscilloscope. That way you can measure the on and off times of the signals and actually see the bits. A multimeter can tell you if the output is beating up and down or it is fixed at a high or low level.
 3. DickCappels
 Aug 21, 2008
 Yes, I used to do this regularly before I bought a scope for my second home. I still do it occasionally because its often more convenient than waiting for the scope to boot up.
 If the logic signal is faster than the meter's response time (usually on the order of half a second, depending upon the particular meter) the voltage you measure will be the logic high voltage times the duty cycle. In your present case, this applies if the pullup resistor has a low enough resistance for the signal to faithfully switch while driving the capacitance of the meter leads and meter input.


text:
CHAMBERSBURG, Pa. —Chambersburg Civil War Seminars and Tours donated $6,500 for battlefield preservation on Oct. 2, presenting $5,000 to Antietam National Battlefield and $1,500 to the Save Historic Antietam Foundation.
The Greater Chambersburg Chamber of Commerce offers the seminars with co-founder Ted Alexander. The money was raised through the auction of Civil War books and other memorabilia at a July seminar about the Battle of Antietam, as well as other fundraising efforts, according to a news release.
The seminars have raised more than $150,000 for battlefield preservation since their inception in 1989, and have attracted thousands of tourists from throughout the United States, Canada and other nations, the news release stated.
In the past decade, other recipients of preservation funds include Friends of the Monterey Pass Battlefield Inc., Gettysburg (Pa.) Foundation/Museum and Visitor Center, Gettysburg Battlefield Preservation Association, Adams County Historical Society, Civil War Preservation Trust, Western Pennsylvania Conservancy, Shenandoah Battlefield Association, Sons of Confederate Veterans, Museum of the Confederacy, Brandy Station Foundation, Falling Waters Battlefield Association, National Firearms Museum and National Museum of Civil War Medicine.
In addition, two scholarships are offered each year in July so a teacher and student can attend the largest Civil War seminar of the year tuition-free.
For more information about the Civil War seminars, call _PHONE_ or go to _URL_.
The seminars/tours in 2013 will be:
- "Chancellorsville," May 17 to 19, with tours led by historians Ed Bearss, Robert Krick and others
- "Gettysburg and Beyond," July 23 to 28, with historians Ed Bearss, Jeffry Wert, Lance Herdegen, Richard Sommers, J.D. Petruzzi, Dennis Frye and others. Tours include Pickett's Charge, the Iron Brigade at Gettysburg, the Texas Brigade, Civilian Gettysburg, off-the-beaten-path sites, Early's advance to the Susquehanna, the retreat and the Battle of Monterey Pass.
- "The Cavalry at Gettysburg," Oct. 4 to 6, with historians Ed Bearss, Eric Wittenberg, Jeffry Wert and others. Tours include the east cavalry field, Farnsworth's attack and Buford's cavalry.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


You're currently browsing the Ignition 8.0 docs. Click here to view the latest docs.
Scheduling Actions
Actions can be configured to run once the report has generated at the scheduled time. Each action has its own custom configuration interface to make adding and editing Actions simple. The Actions you can perform following report generation are Print, FTP, Save, Email, and Run Script. You can even have multiple actions on the same schedule. So you can save the report to the hard drive, as well as email it out to multiple users.
Before creating any Scheduling Actions, you must first create a schedule
To create an Action, click the Actions tab, click the plus icon and select an Action. Actions can be deleted using the trash icon, and executed immediately using the Double Arrow button.

On this page ...
Print Action
The Print Action is used to send a report to a printer that is accessible from a computer Ignition is installed on. Here are a list of property descriptions for the Print Action.
Property NameDescription
Primary PrinterThe primary method of printing the report.
Backup PrinterA backup method of printing the report. Will print using this option if the Primary Printer fails. [Optional]
Print Mode
The mode to print the report in. Can be either Vector or Raster.
Print ModeDescription
VectorUses math to draw shapes using points, lines, and curves.The most common types of vector graphics are fonts and logos. PDF is a popular vector type. Vector based graphics like SVG image files show images with no pixelation when the size is changed.
RasterAre composed of thousands of pixels or dots. Set the dpi (dots per inch). Common raster file format extensions are jpg, jpeg, png, tiff, bmp, and gif.
CopiesThe number of copies of the report that will print.
Print on both sidesWill attempt to print on both sides of a sheet of paper, if supported by the printer.
CollateOrders the pages so that a complete report prints before the next copy prints, if applicable.
Use AutoLandscape ModeEvaluates the page dimensions and determines portrait or landscape orientation.
Page OrientationThe orientation of the page. Can either be Portrait or Landscape.
FTP Action
The FTP Action can be used to automatically upload your reports to a file server for backups or storage. Here are a list of property descriptions for the FTP Action.
Property NameDescription
Server AddressThe server address where the report file will be transferred.
PortThe port of the file transfer.
Folder PathThe folder path that the report file will be transferred to.
FormatThe file format of the report.
UsernameThe username that will be used to access the FTP server.
PasswordThe password that will be used to access the FTP server.
SSLWill use SSL encryption if True.
FilenameThe name of the report file. The Filename property is constructed using the expression language.
Save File Action
The Save File Action will save a copy of the report to any folder the Ignition server has access to, such as a local folder or network shared drive. Here are a list of property descriptions for the Save File Action.
Property NameDescription
Folder PathThe folder path to save the report files to. This folder path is for the Ignition Gateway server.
FormatThe file format of the report.
FilenameThe name of the report files. The Filename property is constructed using the expression language.
IULocgo
Scheduling Actions - Save
Email Action
The Email Action distributes a report via email when the report is finished executing. There is a Recipients Source property that allows you to send emails using either Email Addresses or User Roles. The 'From Address,' 'Subject', 'Body,' and 'Attachment Filename' are all configurable. The Subject, Filename, and Body editors can utilize Expressions to dynamically add content or change names.
Email Server settings must first be configured on the Gateway webpage under Configure > Networking > Email Settings page, or in Email Actions and clicking the Create new server link. Once you create and save an SMTP profile, you can test your email settings for your mail server on the Gateway webpage under Email Settings.
IULocgo
Scheduling Actions - Email
Creating an email server
Before you setup any reports to be emailed, an email server must be configured. To create an email server if one doesn't exist, use the 'Create new server' link. This link will take you to Configure > Email Settings on the Gateway webpage. There, you will be able to create an SMTP server. For more information, refer to Gateway Settings.
Here are a list of property descriptions for the Email Action.
Property NameDescription
From AddressThe Email address from which the report is sent from.
Mail ServerThe mail server to use to email the report. If one doesn't exist, click on the Create new server link. Refer to Email Settings for more information on that page.
FormatThe file format of the report.
RetriesThe number of retry attempts if the email that was sent failed to be delivered the first time.
Address Source
Will decide how email addresses are collected. Can be either Email Addresses or User Roles.
There is a 'ReplyTo' Email function that allows you to reply to email actions using the Email Address and User Roles. This simply adds those emails to the "ReplyTo" header of the email sent to the recipient list, so that if recipients choose to reply to that email, their reply is sent to those email addresses as well.
A table of email addresses with a method that determines how those addresses will be used. Click the plus icon on the right side of the window to add additional rows.
Property NameDescription
AddressesA list of email addresses.
MethodThe corresponding method of what to do with the email addresses. Options are To, CC, BCC, and ReplyTo.
A list of roles where anyone with the given role in the specified user source with an email address will receive an email.
PropertyDescription
Recipient User SourceThe User Source to pull users from that match the Recipient Roles to get an email.
Recipient RolesA list of roles to match with users. Any user that has any of the listed roles will get an email.
ReplyTo User SourceThe User Source to pull users from that match the ReplyTo Roles that will be listed in the reply to of the email.
ReplyTo RolesA list of roles to match with users. Any user that has any of the listed roles will have their email listed in the reply to of the email that gets sent out.
SubjectThe subject of the Email. The Subject property is constructed using the expression language.
Attachment FilenameThe name of the attached report. The Attachment Filename property is constructed using the expression language.
BodyThe body of the email. The Body property is constructed using the expression language.
Configuring an Email Action
 1. In the Schedule panel, create a Schedule to automatically email a report by clicking on the plus icon , if you don't already have one.
 2. Next, click on the Actions tab.
 3. Click on the plus icon , and select the New Email Action from the dropdown list.
 4. Enter the sender's email address in the From Address field.
 5. Select the Mail Server from the dropdown list. If one does not exist, click the 'Create new server' link to create one.
 6. Select the Format from the dropdown list.
 7. Enter the number of Retry attempts in the event the email failed to be delivered the first time.
 8. You can send emails to users using either Email Addresses or User Roles. Under Address Source enter either Email Addresses or User Roles
 Note, email recipients can choose to reply to the email if they prefer, since the email address is added to the 'Reply To" header of the email.
 1. Email Addresses - enter individual email addresses under in the Recipient and ReplyTo Emails area. To add multiple addresses, click the plus icon on the right side of the window. Next, specify the Method of how to send the email: To, CC, BCC, or ReplyTo
 2. User Roles - select the User Source from the dropdown in the Recipient User Source field.
 1. In the Recipient Roles field, begin typing a configured role and Ignition will validate it.
 2. In the Reply to User Source, select the User Source from the dropdown. (Optional)
 3. In the RepyTo Roles field, enter the role(s) you want listed in the 'ReplyTo' header of the email. (Optional)
 9. Enter in values for the SubjectAttachment Filename, and Body fields, or use the defaults.
Recipients and ReplyTo Emails
Recipients Source - User Roles
Run Script Action
This Run Script Action allows you to store your report in a database, provide special email code, or anything else you can think of. Run Script exposes the function handleFinishedReport() which gives you the report name and path, a mapping of the report parameters and datasets, and the bytes in whatever format you want.
Here are a list of property descriptions for the Run Script Action.
Property NameProperty Description
Run ScriptAn area where a script can be created to do something at the scheduled time.
FormatThe file format that the reportBytes parameter should be.
IULocgo
Scheduling - Run Script
Arguments
The handleFinishedReport function has the following arguments:
 - String reportName The name of the report for which this script should run.
 - String reportPath - The path to the report in your project.
 - PyDictionary dataMap - The Python Dictionary containing the Parameters and Data Sources that were supplied to the report. This argument allows


Can You Build Your Own Gaming Laptop?
Short Answer
You can customize a barebones laptop, but we'd always advise against it since it will end up costing you more money and a lot of time and energy, all the while there are virtually no merits to customizing such a laptop today.
If you're a gamer, then you've definitely seen those flashy custom PCs, with their fancy RGB lighting and cutting-edge liquid cooling. Now, you also might have asked yourself the question: can you build your own gaming laptop? Well, you've definitely asked yourself that if you went and Googled it.
In this article, we'll answer that question and elaborate more on it, as well as mention a few more points that are relevant to the subject and that you may find interesting.
How to Build Your Own Gaming Laptop
How To Build A Laptop
One of the reasons as to why gaming laptops are as awesome as they are is the sheer power that they pack inside a relatively compact frame. As you might have guessed, fitting a massive GPU and all the other components inside a laptop is nowhere near as easy as it is to install them in your run-of-the-mill ATX computer case.
So, can you build a gaming laptop the same way that you can build a desktop gaming PC? Well, the answer is: no.
Fitting all the components inside a laptop chassis is difficult in itself, and combining that with adequate cooling that would actually allow them to function properly without overheating is a whole other level of difficult. This is why gaming laptops (and laptops in general) are assembled in factories.
However, barebones laptops do exist, and if you're dead-set on building your own custom gaming laptop, that would be as close as you could get. As the term "barebones" implies, these laptops have only the most basic components and can be customized more easily than most other laptops.
Should You Build Your Own Gaming Laptop?
Building A Laptop
So, in a sense, you can have a customized gaming laptop. The better question, though, is should you even bother with one?
Our answer would have to be no, you shouldn't, and here's why:
 1. Getting the parts can be difficult and expensive. Unlike with desktop PCs, the components that go into laptops are not standardized and are often customized in order to physically fit a chassis and/or to generate less heat. Because of this, you could go through a lot of trouble and spend a lot of money to get, say, a mobile version of a GPU or a motherboard that you've got in mind and that's not readily available for purchase in stores.
 2. Putting it all together can be an arduous task. As already mentioned, putting a laptop together is difficult. Putting together a desktop PC is a breeze for most people since all you need is a screwdriver and there's usually never a lack of space. With a laptop, even if you get all the parts and components you need, they'd still need to fit the chassis properly and would need to be installed with utmost precision.
 3. Upgrading would be an even bigger problem. One of the main advantages of custom PCs is their upgradeability. When you want to upgrade your GPU, you just pop out the graphics card, sell it, and buy a new one. Considering that finding the proper parts for a custom gaming laptop is not an easy task, as we've already established, it makes long-term upgradeability even more problematic.
 4. Pre-built laptops are an easier and more cost-effective solution. Today, you can find a wide range of gaming laptops to suit everyone's needs and fit into everyone's budget. What's more, a pre-built laptop will not only save you the time and energy that you'd invest in building a custom laptop, but it will also cost you less money and potentially include some extra features that you'd be hard-pressed to find in a barebones laptop.
Those would be all the key reasons why we think trying to build a custom gaming laptop is a bad idea. However, there are some ways to customize/upgrade a gaming laptop without needing to resort to meddling with the internals…
External GPUs
external gpu
External GPU cases have only become popular relatively recently, so what's the deal with those?
Essentially, an external GPU case is just what the name implies: a compact case that houses a graphics card and a power supply for said graphics card. They connect to a laptop or a PC via a Thunderbolt 3 port, ensuring a stable high-speed connection.
That said, many are also quite portable, and the fact that they use desktop graphics cards means that they will usually offer better performance than a mobile version of that GPU, though Thunderbolt 3 isn't quite as fast as a PCIe connection. As such, it poses a bottleneck that some might find problematic.
In any case, if you're looking for a way to upgrade your laptop's graphics solution, an external GPU would be the best way to do that. Check out our buying guide where we go over several of the best external GPUs that you can get right now.
So, while an external GPU is upgradeable, relatively portable, and offers improved performance compared to mobile GPUs, it's still not a flawless solution. For one, it requires a Thunderbolt 3 connection, and not every laptop has this. Furthermore, they are usually on the pricey side, and as we've mentioned above, they still can't match desktop performance due to the connection bottleneck. Which brings us to our next point…
Laptop vs Desktop – Which Is Better For Your Needs?
Build Your Own Laptop
To be perfectly frank, the only reason to get a gaming laptop over a desktop gaming PC is the portability that it offers. If you travel a lot or if you want a device that can serve both as a gaming machine and a laptop that you'd also use for work or for school, then a gaming laptop would be a good choice.
However, if this doesn't apply, a desktop will always be a better solution than a laptop, period.
And why is that? It's simple:
 1. They cost less and offer better value for your money. You'll find that a gaming laptop that has specs identical to those of a pre-built gaming PC will cost significantly more, all the while it will be lagging behind the desktop in terms of performance.
 2. They offer better performance. As we've already stated, gaming laptop cooling can be problematic. Powerful graphics cards and CPUs generate a lot of heat, and as the cramped chassis of a laptop offers very limited airflow, laptops usually resort to thermal throttling in order to avoid overheating. As a matter of fact, a cooling pad is almost always a must-have when it comes to gaming laptops, and even then, this only constitutes a limited improvement.
 3. They are easier to upgrade. Once again, we get to the subject of upgradeability, and upgrading a desktop is a whole world easier than upgrading a laptop, for all the reasons that we've already mentioned in the article. When you want to upgrade a certain component, you can just sell the old one and install a new one without having to worry too much about hardware compatibility.
If you want to build a custom desktop instead of a custom laptop, check out this article or the video below where we go over the basics. We've also put together several configurations to fit various budgets, including $300, $600, $1000, and $1500 gaming PCs.
Conclusion
Build A Laptop
So, in the end, building a customized laptop is technically possible with barebones laptops, but for all the reasons listed in the article, we strongly advise against it.
Chances are, you'd probably be better off with a desktop PC, and if you do need the portability that a gaming laptop offers, getting a pre-built one would save you time, money, energy, and you'd have a laptop that actually looks good and potentially packs some neat extra features.
You Might Also Be Interested In These


text:
Paper info: Mediated category management: understanding how third parties enable value creation by fostering integration between sellers and buyers
Mediated category management: understanding how third parties enable value creation by fostering integration between sellers and buyers
Place of Publication
The paper was published at the 24th IMP-conference in Uppsala, Sweden in 2008.
In the past, scholars convincingly argued that integrating manufacturers and distributors facilitates value creation. Various techniques have been proved to suit this integration purpose. Among them, Category management (CM) has raised growing interest in scholarly research as well as practice, becoming one of the most diffused and controversial.In this paper, we tackle the issue of the integration of manufacturers' and distributors' CM activities by pointing out the conditions that facilitate CM implementation. In doing so, we focus on the intervention of third parties - which we label CM mediators - that facilitate the integration process and allow the coordination of CM strategies. We present an in-depth case analysis of an under-performing dyad in which, despite the existence prior relationships between the manufacturer and the distributor, CM was only realized through the intervention of a third party. The integration of CM is analyzed in respect of its key mechanisms and process phases. Crucial steps are indicated in which the intervening CM mediator identified failure in value exploitation, brought together the exchanging organizations, geared the knowledge sharing processes, moderated relational conflicts, and allowed the parties' strategies to be coordinated in the marketplace. A framework for CM-mediated integration is developed from the case analysis, and discussed in the light of current theory and practice. The emerging framework is presented with regard to two main dimensions of integration in CM: the mediated CM architecture and the mediated CM process.


text:
- Main article : Zine
A zine - pronounced zeen - derived from magazine - is an independentlyor self-published booklet, often created by a single person. Zines are customarily created by physically cutting and gluing text and images together onto a master flat for photocopying, but it is also common to produce the master by typing and formatting pages on a computer. The end product is usually folded and stapled. Zines can be printed and bound in any manner. Offset printing is a relatively common alternative to photocopying, though there is some controversey among zine writers as to whether professionally printed products may be defined as zines.
(previous 200) (next 200)
Pages in category "Zine"
The following 200 pages are in this category, out of 3,216 total.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Wondering Why?
Why Do Ducks Migrate?
Why do ducks migrate?
There are some places like New York where small lakes, ponds and lagoons exist with the formation of heavy snow in them. The ducks will not be able to survive in these lakes when there is snow formation. Ducks were observed to be migrating like that of birds to the warmer places where they can keep their bodies warmer. But there is no pattern for their migration and will not move from one place if the weather is good.
Duck migration is the traveling of some duck and bird species every year from their original and permanent homes in the North of United States towards the south during the winter for surviving better. There are some reasons for the ducks to move every year to a new place. The reasons include feeding, breeding and avoiding cold winter. It is found that all the duck species will not migrate every year. Nearly 380 species of birds and ducks will carry out the migration every year towards the South from North.
Some of the ducks will be able to live in the North even in the coldest months while few cannot live. During the fall season the day light will be decreased and the day will become short. Hence, the place also starts becoming cooler slowly. This makes the ducks and birds to start migration. The American species of birds and ducks will move towards South during the fall to the Southern states, Central America, Caribbean and Mexico.
During the spring when the days are longer and the climate is hot in the North, the ducks will find the environment congenial for breeding in the North and hence they migrate towards North. It is probably the biological clock that is internal to their body which tells them to change their place in seasons and make them to move from one place to the other. They move many hundreds of miles towards South during the winter. It is more surprising that ducks move all through the distance on water for 50 hours without taking any break.
1 Star2 Stars3 Stars4 Stars5 Stars (No Ratings Yet)
Do you think the article can be improved? Share Your Expertise
You must be logged in to post a comment.


text:
Through analysis and visualization of existing data sources such as the US Census data, Neighborhood Indicators provide information to contextualize factors impacting the West Philly Promise Neighborhood. This may include neighborhood context such as housing, safety, and the demographic characteristics of residents. We also summarize between—and within—neighborhood information about population-level outcomes such as education and health, with the added purpose of detecting any change over time as a result of Promise Neighborhood or other programs. The data snapshots created by our team help to achieve the above purposes but are created to share with community-based organizations and leaders to advance their own community programming and advocacy goals.
If you want access to the data used to create the briefs or the dashboard, please fill out a brief survey.
Click on the links below each brief if you would like to download the graphics for a grant or report.


text:
The Global PI Hub is recruiting!
Mission & Vision
Through the Global PI Hub, we seek to create a group of enthusiastic iGEM Community PI's interested in creating a space to listen to and encourage members who have supported their teams at iGEM with so much effort and still have so much to contribute to the global synthetic biology community.
We would like to hear and address the great experiences that PIs have had through their opportunities in iGEM, as well as identify the wide and different profiles that make up this important community in synthetic biology. Additionally, we would like to follow them closely and invite them to inspire through their experience and work with hundreds of students that are constantly involved in iGEM around the world.
We are planning to have more engaging activities with more iGEMers and iGEM stakeholders in different formats, including having an event for iGEM PIs at the Grand Jamboree.
Finally, we would like to develop new resources that may be helpful in their involvement in iGEM and the synthetic biology community; provide a place to share their knowledge with others; and be part of the development of a wide variety of programs and initiatives of the iGEM Community. We invite all PIs to join this new initiative for this iGEM 2022 season.
Projects & Goals for 2022
- Listen to and understand the needs of the wide diversity of PIs that make up the iGEM Community.
- Search and identify the different profiles of PIs in the community, their areas of interest, expertise, and lines of research.
- Encourage the iGEM Community PIs to keep in touch and get involved in the different activities during the iGEM season, such as webinars, meetups, podcasts, etc.
- Establish communication channels between PIs and students in the Community with the aim of sharing experiences that inspire new generations of synthetic biologists.
- Create a space where PIs can share their knowledge in order to develop new resources, programs, or initiatives in the iGEM Community.
- Identify and guide the development of new useful resources and activities for PIs during the iGEM Grand Jamboree season with the aim of making their experience much more enriching.


text:
The Black Soldier Fly Market is expected to grow 30.5% CAGR from 2022 to reach $3.96 billion by 2033. In terms of volume, this market is expected to grow 36.9% CAGR from 2022 to reach 8,003.7 thousand tons by 2033. Rising global meat demand, growing aquaculture industry, increasing demand from the animal feed industry for alternative proteins due to rising prices of soymeal and fishmeal, and increasing government support for the application of insect meal in livestock feed are some of the major driving factors that help to boost the demand for black soldier flies.
Impact of COVID-19 on the Black Soldier Fly Market
The outbreak of COVID-19 significantly impacted public health, all stages of the supply chain, and various industries. Since the COVID-19 virus outbreak in December 2019, the disease has spread to almost 100 countries worldwide, with the World Health Organization declaring it a public health emergency. The global impacts of the COVID-19 significantly affected the black soldier fly market in 2020.
According to WHO, the COVID-19 might have originated in bats. In contrast, others say the virus was transmitted to humans in Wuhan, China, at a wet market, where animals like bats, snakes, rabbits, and birds are illegally sold. So, the fear and delusion of coronavirus transmission from the animals and the use of animal-based products have hit hard the consumption of animal proteins. The global export of chicken, beef, and pork meat trade was reduced due to the emerging threats from the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. This trend plummeted the demand for animal-based products, including black soldier flies.
Furthermore, as the U.S. government implemented stay-at-home orders, many farmers resorted to panic-buying of animal feed in anticipation of potential shortages. Several concerns, such as truck shortages, reduced deliveries, and employees contracting COVID-19, compelled farmers to stock their animal feed supplies. In addition, truncated air freight capacity, port congestion, roadblocks, and logistic disruptions in Southeast Asia are expected to escalate as stricter measures are implemented by governments. The consumption of fish, poultry, pork, and beef is expected to decline in Southeast Asian economies through the second quarter. Thus, the decline in fish consumption, poultry, pork, and beef is expected to decrease the demand for black soldier flies in the market.
However, in some regions, lockdowns were announced to control the pandemic, impacting the movement of vehicles carrying livestock, feed, and feed ingredients. Due to the risk of animal feed, suppliers limited their production or closed altogether. Farmers are concerned they may need to slow or stop slaughterhouse operations and keep their animals for longer due to lower demand, requiring them to use more feed than usual. Even delivery trucks were difficult to procure. These factors have led to livestock farms building up two-week supplies of feed when normally they might only keep enough for one or two days. For example, Purina Animal Nutrition LLC, which uses black soldier fly as a feed ingredient, has seen a slight increase in its livestock business sales. In addition, Cargill had seen its global feed sales volume grow by 10% or more in March 2020.
Increasing demand from the animal feed industry for alternative proteins due to rising prices of fish and soy meal
The developing geographies, such as Asia, Africa, and Latin America, will be experiencing a human population increase along with economic growth and changing dietary patterns. This will account for a 70% increase in the demand for livestock products by 2050. Further, the prices of livestock-based products have increased due to a rise in feed costs. The feed cost currently contributes ~60–70% of the total livestock production cost. Fish and soybean meal are the major acting protein sources for the feed. However, these sources compete with food production for humans. Moreover, fishmeal availability has become limited due to the over-exploitation of marine, causing a rapid increase in the cost of these feed ingredients. As a result, the search for sustainable alternatives has led to a growing interest in insects as feed ingredients.
Insects have high protein levels, and their production has a small footprint. Mass-reared insect species, such as the black soldier fly, have received significant attention mainly due to their ability to feed on different substrates, including organic waste streams. The ability of BSF to convert organic waste into high-quality nutrients has rapidly opened commercial opportunities with the development of products, such as protein meal, which is a cheaper alternative protein source as compared to fishmeal or soybean meal for pig, poultry, and fish feeds.
According to the FDA study, when soybean and fishmeal were replaced with BSF larvae meal in proportions of 10–56%, the broiler quails and chickens had a satisfactory taste, aroma, and nutritional composition meat. This experiment by Van Heugten, Martinez, McComb, and Koutsos (2019), showed that BSF oil is a valuable product for nursery pigs. It concluded that adding BSF oil at a maximum percentage of 6% to the diets of 21-day-old pigs, replacing corn oil (another replacer of soybean oil), has positive effects on the nursery pigs. In addition, BSF insects are also used as fish feed in Nile tilapia with different BSF meal levels, which results in similar growth performance and feed conversion.
Therefore, owing to factors such as the high growth performance of BSF meals and rising prices for fishmeal and soya meals, animal feed manufacturers have increasingly started incorporating BSF ingredients into their feed products as an alternative source of protein, thereby driving the growth of the global black soldier fly market.
Key Findings in the Black Soldier Fly Market Study:
The BSF Protein Meal Segment to Grow with the Highest CAGR During the Forecast Period
Based on product type, in terms of value and volume, the protein meals segment is expected to witness rapid growth during the forecast period. The growing demand for alternative protein meals from animal feed manufacturers, increased fish meal and soy meal prices, and government support and approval for an insect meal are some of the major drivers for this segment. Moreover, some fish feeding trials have successfully demonstrated the BSF meal as a better substitute for fish meal in aquafeeds.
The Animal Feed Segment is Expected to Dominate the Black Soldier Fly Market in 2022
Based on application, the animal feed segment is expected to account for the largest share of the global black soldier fly market in 2022. The large share of this market is mainly attributed to the growing population and the rapidly increasing demand for meat products. Also, the adoption of an alternative source of protein such as insects for animal feed offers a great opportunity during the forecasted period.
Europe: Growing at the fastest pace among all regions
In 2022, Europe is estimated to account for the largest share of the global black soldier fly market. The major share of this market is mainly attributed to the growing aquaculture industry, rising awareness of an alternative protein source for use in animal feed, and increased fish meal prices. This region is expected to grow at the fastest CAGR during the forecast period. The rapid growth of this region is mainly attributed to the high demand for protein-rich animal feed; large supply of waste, including pre-consumer food waste from agriculture and food and beverage sectors; government approval for BSF products to be used in animal feed and pet food; and presence of supportive policies for BSF farming. Moreover, in terms of volume, this region is also expected to command the largest share of the global black soldier fly market in 2022.
The report includes a competitive landscape based on an extensive assessment of the key strategic developments adopted by leading market participants in the industry over the past three years. The key players profiled in the global black soldier fly market report are Protix B.V. (Netherlands), Enterra Feed Corporation (Canada), InnovaFeed (France), EnviroFlight LLC (U.S.), Bioflytech (Spain), Entobel Holding PTE. Ltd. (Singapore), Entofood (Malaysia), Sfly (France), Hexafly (Ireland), F4F (Chile), Nutrition Technologies Group (Malaysia), nextProtein (France), and Protenga Pte Ltd (Singapore), among others.
Scope of the Report:
Black Soldier Fly Market, by Product Type
- Protein Meal
- Biofertilizers (Frass)
- Whole Dried Larvae
- Larvae Oil
- Others (Live, Larvae, Adult, Cocoon, & Pupa)
Black Soldier Fly Market, by Application
- Animal Feed
- Pet Food
Black Soldier Fly Market, by Geography
- North America
- Rest of Europe (RoE)
- Asia-Pacific (APAC)
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia-Pacific (RoAPAC)
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa


text:
Translation of angora in Spanish:
- (before noun) (sweater/scarf)Angora cat/goat/rabbit
de angoragato (masculine) /cabra (feminine) /conejo (masculine) de angoraExample sentences
- Fabrics that are derived from animal hair (including angora, cashmere and basic wool blends) are most susceptible to insect damage.
- I do not have experience dyeing wool, cashmere, angora, or other similar hair fibers, so I cannot speak directly.
- Mohair, angora, wool, cashmere, camel, alpaca, etc. are all your allies against the wind and cold.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


End of Summer - hours only!Up to 80% off on all courses and bundles.-Close
Recap
Iterating over a list
Modifying lists
Working with multiple lists
14. Merging two sorted lists
Congratulations
Instruction
Very well done! Another typical problem is merging two sorted lists into a common sorted list. Suppose we have sleep duration times for two weeks in two separate, sorted lists:
sleep_durations_week_1 = [301, 346, 378, 410, 420]
sleep_durations_week_2 = [289, 317, 367, 414, 454]
We now want to create a common list containing all values from week 1 and week 2, sorted by amount. Take a look:
i, j = 0, 0
sorted_two_weeks = []
while i < len(sleep_durations_week_1) and j < len(sleep_durations_week_2):
 if sleep_durations_week_1[i] < sleep_durations_week_2[j]:
 sorted_two_weeks.append(sleep_durations_week_1[i])
 i += 1
 else:
 sorted_two_weeks.append(sleep_durations_week_2[j])
 j += 1
sorted_two_weeks += sleep_durations_week_1[i:]
sorted_two_weeks += sleep_durations_week_2[j:]
We use the temporary variables i and j. Here, i represents the current index in sleep_durations_week_1, and j does the same for sleep_durations_week_2.
We create a while loop that continues until the end of either of the two lists. Inside the loop, we compare sleep_durations_week_1[i] and sleep_durations_week_2[j]. If sleep_durations_week_1[i] is smaller, then we add this value to the list and increment i by 1. Otherwise, we add sleep_durations_week_2[j] to the list and increment j by 1.
At some point, either i or j will point to the end of its respective list, but the other variable will still point to some remaining values in the other list. That's why we need to add those remaining elements after the while loop terminates.
merging_sorted_lists merging_sorted_lists
Exercise
Now it's your turn! You are given two lists: one of Martha's monthly spending in 2017 and another of her spending in 2018. Both lists are sorted in descending order. Merge these lists into a new list named all_sorted_spendings. The new list should also be sorted in descending order.
Stuck? Here's a hint!
The solution is very similar to the one in the explanation. Inside the while loop, change the less-than sign to a greater-than sign.


Does Charles Manson Have Any Children?
Charles Manson had a son who goes by the name Charles Manson Jr. He was born in March 1956. His wife was Rosalie Willis, who was a waitress.
Q&A Related to "Does Charles Manson Have Any Children?"
Most are near or over the age of 60. Nearing retirement age. Some are still in prison.
Charles Manson is a well known criminal who formed his own type of cult, the "Manson Family". This group of people are responsible for several violent murders. Look here
I think he ate them.
Charles Manson is at Corcoran State Prison in California where he is serving a life sentence. He is now 74 years old. This August marked the 40th anniversary of the Manson killings.
Explore this Topic
Charles Manson had a son, Charles Manson, Jr., who committed suicide in 1993. He was in his late 30's when he died. He likely had other children from...
Charles Dickens had ten children namely: Charles Culliford Dickens, Mary Dickens, Kate Macready Dickens, Walter Savage Landor Dickens, Francis Jeffrey Dickens,...
Charles Darwin was a British naturalist and is famous for introducing the theory of evolution. He had ten children two of whom died while still infants. The other...


text:
UC San Diego researchers have
developed a novel technique to perform
information mediation across
heterogeneous sources, even when the sources
to integrate. This is accomplished by a novel
architecture that allows information sources
to be converted
into "knowledge sources." Such a knowledge
source not only exports its logical structure
capabilities to the mediator, but exports its
domain constraints, and any relationships not
obvious from the data.
The mediator also allows a domain expert to provide additional domain knowledge in a declarative manner—this domain knowledge serves as the "glue" that the mediator uses to logically compute how two seemingly unconnected information sources are related. The "glue knowledge" is represented as a graph called the domain map. When a mediator answers a query against an integrated view, it places the results in the context of the domain map—thus the partial results searched out from different data sources are all represented in the domain map and connected through a commonly accepted domain knowledge framework. This architecture has been successfully applied to different application areas, including neuroscience.
See patent 7,533,107.
|United States Of America||Issued Patent||7,533,107||05/12/2009||2001-037|
Additional Patent Pending


How to Open Bak File | What is Bak File
Last Updated on July 30, 2020
A file that has been saved as BAK extension is said to be a backup file of an application mainly used to store a copy of files for backup purposes. Most of the BAK files present in a computer system are automatically generated by a program into the system folders. Such BAK files can hold onto anything, starting from the bookmarks of a web browser to files of a software application that needs to be periodically backed up. When an application is said to be saving the recently made changes to the data stored in the computer, it does rename the older file extension BAK with a new one, so that even if the application crashes in one way or another, the lost data can be recollected. This way, minimal data loss can be guaranteed in the first place.
Most of the.bak files that are created and stored automatically are database backups representing the SQL Server databases; yet, other programs such as Word and Excel can also create such backup files. There is no kind of standard program available to import or extract information directly from files that are saved with BAK extension. Restoring the.bak file is the only way to view and edit the content that is backed up through a software application. If you have XLS extension file then you need to use the excel application to open XLS file.
Steps to Open.bak file
As discussed above, the.bak files can either be automatically or manually created by multiple programs and if you have no clue about the file's history, then you need to follow few steps that can help in rightly extracting the information present within the backed up file.
If at all you do know anything regarding the file's history related to the program from which it has been backed up and exported form, then you need to open up the desired program and search for restoring options through them.
Possible ways to open SQL saved BAK file
The following is a set of instructions that you need to follow to open the BAK file that is stored as a backup from SQL Server. To access the information stored as a backup file, it must be restored to its original state. If you try to open.bak saved file using Notepad like text editors, then you can only end up witnesses a list of messed up characters.
 1. Open up SSMS (SQL Server Management Studio).
 2. From the database that you are about to restore BAK file, right-click upon it and then navigate to Tasks and then click Restore and then Database, as mentioned the BAK file
 3. Select 'From Device' option and then click on it to browse and load the.bak file from the destined folder the BAK file
 4. A 'Specify Backup' window shall pop-up, in which you need to click upon the 'Add' button to choose the previously saved file extension BAK.
 file extension BAK
 5. The next screen will hold on the directory of the local drive that is present in your computer system. Navigate to the folder that has the.bak file and select it to start with the restoring process.file extension BAK
 6. Once the file has been selected, click upon the 'OK' button and then again press the 'OK' button to get back to the initial screen.
 7. Make sure to tick upon both 'emptyTransaction Log Backup' and 'Full Database Backup' to successfully restore the file.file extension BAK
 8. Once both these options are selected, press upon the 'OK' button and wait until the below-mentioned window pops up.file extension BAK
Now all the backed-up databases are online and you can easily access them at your convenience.
Renaming the extension:
If you do know the appropriate extension of the program that has created the.bak file, then it can be restored by renaming them to its original extension format. For example, if you are looking forward to opening the BAK file that has been identified as a Word document, then then you must remove the bak extension and rename it using DOC extension.
If the desired file name has been saved as "mydocument.bak", then you need to change the file type by renaming it to "mydocument.doc". After renaming it, you can directly open the file using Microsoft Word and access the saved content. The same process applies for.bak files that are saved as a backup file of a Notepad document. You need to rename the.bak file extension as.txt to view the data saved in them.
Finding the original file format of a backed-up.bak file:
If you are clueless about a.bak file present in your laptop or personal computer, and not able to figure out the exact program that created them, then you need to open it as a text document using text converter software like Best Free Text Editors. By trying to open the BAK file through such text editors, you can find the exact program that has backed up the data in the first instance. All you need to do is to read through the loaded text file and search for the extensions that can indicate the original file extension in one way or another.
For example, if at all the file has been named "file.bak" and said to be found in an odd folder in your hard drive, then you need to open it up using text editor software at first. The below-mentioned image showcases an opened.bak file using Notepad++ text editor. You can witness letters like "ID3" present within the loaded file. If you tend to search online, then you can understand and be clear that it is a metadata container that is widely used in MP3 file formats. Now, all you need to do is to rename the "file.bak" to "file.mp3" to immediately restore and access the BAK file.
open the BAK file
Similarly, if at all the BAK opened in a text editor shows various a bunch of tables or text like elements, then you need to realize that the original file format is said to be CSV. Follow the same renaming process by adding.csv in the place of.bak and then open it using Microsoft Excel to get to know more about the saved data files.


text:
I have made a simple script here to move the points branches of a divided surface towards the z direction using a graphmapper as show to achieve a sort of curtain effect.
It works fine on a flat surface but once I apply it to the adjacent freeform surface it will fail obviously becos of the direction of movement.
I would hope to make the points move in the same way as the Graphmapper but following the surface curvature and isocurve (V) direction.
Would any experts there have any advice for me please?
Please find the attached file for your reference.
Thank you so much!
Thank you so much, I see that you have moved the points in the Normals direction which produced an offsetted result and what I really need is to move them along the curve surface so they produce a draw curtain effect on the freeform surface.
I have attached the image I need to achieve, which is done by morph. You can see that the points should move along the surface according to the Grahmapper. I just wonder if you would know a way to make this translation on the actual surface instead of using morph (made from a flat surface)?
Thank you so much its almost there, if you see my image and also the original flat surface, at the end of the surface, the curves will merge upwards which produces a partial open curtain effect. Can this be achieved? Thanks!


text:
Dating Back to the 5th Century
While the public use of bells dates back to the middle ages, the first recorded use of church bells is often attributed to Paulinus, the bishop of Nola in Campania, Italy, around the 5th century. Historical writings document the appearance of church bells throughout Europe over the course of the next several centuries.
Some of the oldest church bells still in existence are located in and around Europe, including the Bell of St. Patrick in Belfast, Ireland. The earliest bells tend to be square, and constructed of hammered iron plates riveted together. Early church bells were much smaller than bells cast in more recent years. For example, a bell made for the church at Orleans, France in the 11th century was considered large at a weight of 2,600 lbs. By the late 19th century, much larger church bells were being commissioned, such as the 15-ton bell cast for Saint Francis de Sales in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Traveling Bell Foundries
The first church bell foundries were located in monasteries. Eventually a professional business emerged in Europe, and the construction process was perfected and refined. As records indicate the purchase of church bells in areas where no foundries were located, it is believed that many early bell artisans traveled the country, setting up temporary foundries as needed. Learn more about Verdin's unique Bell Foundry on Wheels.
The impact of church bells throughout history extends from their community and religious use to the influence they have on church architecture. Some of the most beautiful towers in the world were constructed to house church bells.


File Exchange
image thumbnail
Device Drivers
version 1.6.0.1 (1.88 MB) by Giampiero Campa
Developing Simulink Device Driver Blocks: Step-By-Step Guide and Examples
110 Downloads
Updated 01 Sep 2016
View License
Editor's Note: This file was selected as MATLAB Central Pick of the Week
This package contains a guide that explains, in a step-by-step fashion, how to develop device driver blocks (blocks that perform target-specific functions when executed on a target platform).
Example drivers for:
-) Arduino digital output
-) Arduino digital input
-) Arduino analog output
-) Arduino encoder read
are included.
While the examples are built using the Arduino as the hardware platform (specifically relying on the Simulink Support Package for Arduino), the method applies to any other supported target.
In this guide, the first method to develop device drivers is based on the S-Function Builder block. Following chapters also describe different methods based respectively on the Legacy Code tool, the MATLAB function block, and the System Object block. Advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed in the guide.
Finally, note that for MATLAB 2013b you will need to apply a fix for the S-Function builder to develop blocks with no input. To do so, go to the following page: _URL_ , scroll down to the bottom, and follow the instructions therein.
Cite As
Giampiero Campa (2020). Device Drivers (_URL_ MATLAB Central File Exchange. Retrieved .
Comments and Ratings (139)
Saipraveen
chengbo XU
tony tonx
Hello
i Need your Help:
i want to make device Driver for TFT Nextion. how can i do it?
many thanks.
Has anyone created a block for I2C communication for PX4 Autopilots? I need a light in what should be the best approach.
Perry, yes something similar should work provided you know which library to include and functions to call. For Simulink Real Time in general I would contact our Technical Support, and tell them exactly what you need to accomplish (with examples), they are in general better equipped to help you.
Perry
I am able to use the System Object block method to implement a driver for Raspberry Pi that links a static library. Will this method work with Simulink Realtime? One difference is compilation is done on the Pi whereas for Simulink Real Time, compilation is done on the host.
Amanda P
Hi,
I'm using the encoder S-Function and have modified it so that it'll only trigger on the rising edge of my reference signal to count pulses. I know this has less resolution, but I want to verify carry over functionality from my hand code, to the model I'm creating.
I'm finding that my output results in the same sign, no matter which direction the motor is turning.
Below is the modified code, if any one has thoughts as to why I'm getting the same sign, please share!
Modified "update" code:
if (xD[0]!=1) {
/* don't do anything for MEX-file generation */
# ifndef MATLAB_MEX_FILE
/* enc[0] is the encoder number and it can be 0,1 or 2 */
/* if other encoder blocks are present in the model */
/* up to a maximum of 3, they need to refer to a */
/* different encoder number */
/* store pinA and pinB in global encoder structure Enc */
/* they will be needed later by the interrupt routine */
/* that will not be able to access s-function parameters */
Enc[enc[0]].pinA=pinA[0]; /* set pin A */
Enc[enc[0]].pinB=pinB[0]; /* set pin B */
/* set encoder pins as inputs */
pinMode(Enc[enc[0]].pinA, INPUT);
pinMode(Enc[enc[0]].pinB, INPUT);
attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(Enc[enc[0]].pinA), irsPinAEn0, RISING);
# endif
/* initialization done */
xD[0]=1;
}
Modified Library Code:
# ifndef MATLAB_MEX_FILE
# include <Arduino.h>
typedef struct { int pinA; int pinB; int pos; int del;} Encoder;
volatile Encoder Enc[3] = {{0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0}, {0,0,0,0}};
/* auxiliary debouncing function */
void debounce(int del) {
for (int k=0;k<del;k++) {
/* can't use delay in the ISR so need to waste some time
perfoming operations, this uses roughly 0.1ms on uno */
k = k +0.0 +0.0 -0.0 +3.0 -3.0;
}
}
/* Interrupt Service Routine: change on pin A for Encoder 0 */
void irsPinAEn0(){
/* read pin B right away */
int drB = digitalRead(Enc[0].pinB);
/* possibly wait before reading pin A, then read it */
//debounce(Enc[0].del);
int drA = digitalRead(Enc[0].pinA);
/* this updates the counter */
if (drB == HIGH) { /* check pin B */
Enc[0].pos++; /* going clockwise: increment */
} else {
Enc[0].pos--; /* going counterclockwise: decrement */
}
/* end counter update */
} /* end ISR pin A Encoder 0 */
#endif
Hi, any one, who can guide me how to creat custom block for my code. I am totally new to custom Blocks.
unsigned long lastTime;
double errsum, E;
int j=0;
int a;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0x06;
ICR1=199;
OCR1A=100;
OCR1B=100;
TCNT1=0;
TCCR1A=0x50;
TCCR1B=0x19;
}
void loop() {
int sensorValue = analogRead(A4);
float val = sensorValue* (4.7 / 1023.0);
if(val>= 2.5){
Serial.println("Low to High");
unsigned long now=millis();
double timeChange = (double)(now-lastTime);
int sensorValue = analogRead(A1);
float voltage = sensorValue* (4.9 / 1023.0);
float voltage2 = (9.2*voltage);
Serial.println(voltage2);
float vr = 25;
double E=vr-voltage2;
errsum +=(E*timeChange);
errsum=abs(errsum);
E=abs(E);
if (errsum>50){
errsum=50;
}
j =2.5*E+(0.5*errsum);
if(j>199) j=199;
lastTime= now;
//update ocr registers with the value
TCCR1B=0x18;
if((PINB&0x02)!=00) TCCR1C=0x80;
if((PINB&0x04)!=00) TCCR1C=0x40;
TCNT1=0;
OCR1B = j;
if(j==0) TCCR1C=0x40;
TCCR1B=0x19;
Serial.println(j);
}
else{
Serial.println("High to Low");
unsigned long now=millis();
double timeChange = (double)(now-lastTime);
int sensorValue = analogRead(A2);
float voltage = sensorValue* (4.9 / 1023.0);
// float voltage2 = (9.2*voltage);
float voltage2 = (10.3*voltage);
Serial.println(voltage2);
float vr = 5 ;
double E=vr-voltage2;
errsum +=(E*timeChange);
errsum=abs(errsum);
E=abs(E);
if (errsum>50){
errsum=50;
}
j =2.5*E+(0.5*errsum);
if(j>199) j=199;
lastTime= now;
//update ocr registers with the value
TCCR1B=0


text:
Published Nov 30, 2015
This study evaluated lactic acid production through batch fermentation in a bioreactor with Thermoanaerobacter sp. strain USBA-018 and a chemically defined culture medium and with hydrolyzed pressed extract of Aloe vera peel (AHE). The strain USBA-018 fermented various sugars, but its primary end-product was L-lactic acid. Factors which influenced L- lactic acid production were pH, addition of yeast extract (YE) and manganese chloride. Under the most favorable growing conditions for the production of lactic acid, yield (Yp/s) increased from 0.66 to 0.96 g/g with a productivity (Qp) of 0.62 g.l-1.h and a maximum lactic acid concentration of 178 mM at 26 hours of fermentation. When AHE was used, 93.3 mM, or 0.175 g.h/L, was obtained. These results show the potential for transformation of sugars that strain USBA-018 offers, but additional studies are needed to find out if different strategies using AHE as carbon source can produce large enough quantities of lactic acid to allow AHE to become a low-cost alternative substrate.
Aloe vera, lactic acid, Thermoanaerobacter sp. USBA-018, thermophilic fermentation
How to Cite
Gómez-Gómez, J. A., Giraldo-Estrada, C., Habeych, D., & Baena, S. (2015). Evaluation of biological production of lactic acid in a synthetic medium and in Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. processing by-products. Universitas Scientiarum, 20(3), 369–385. _URL_
Microbiología / Microbiology / Microbiologia


text:
Definition of 'figure on'
Example sentences containing 'figure on'
A NASTY DOSE OF DEATH
Susie's hysterical cry was followed by a wild sob as she saw the figure on the grass begin crawling towards them.MIDNIGHT IS A LONELY PLACE
There was no doubt in his mind that the naked figure on the screen had been that of his wife, Louise.CODE BREAKER
Anything to draw her attention away from the tantalizing figure on the driving range.LADY BE GOOD (1999)
Trends of 'figure on'
View usage over:
Definition of figure on from the Collins English Dictionary


text:
You may have situations, especially when your app requires user interaction with the map, that call for displaying some sort of instructions. Have a look at this Esri sample and note the bit of text along the top of the map enclosed within a semi-transparent box.
This text box is created through two steps:
- In the HTML, a div element is defined and assigned an id. Within the div, the desired text is placed inside a p element.
- In the CSS, the div is placed through absolute positioning 10 pixels from the top of the page and 62 pixels from the left. A padding of 12 pixels is added to the left and right of the div so that the text isn't rendered too close to the edge. The text is given a white color, while the background of the element is made black with a transparency value of 0.5. This allows the text to be displayed to the user without completely obstructing the view of the map underneath.


text:
Analysis of Labour Productivity and Constraints of Rubber Latex Exploitation among Smallholder Rubber Farmers in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria (Published)
The objective of the study was conducted to analyze labour productivity and constraints of small holder rubber farmers in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Primary data were collected from 300 rubber farmer using purposive and random sampling techniques. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Likert scale and labour productivity model. Result of the analysis revealed that wage tapping and share arrangement accounted for 43.33 percent and 36.33 percent respectively. Labour productivity analysis revealed a yield of 826,434.31 kg dry rubber per year and gross income of N81, 949,226.18 per year while the output per man day was 22.58 kg. Wage / man day was N377.78, while an average plantation owner reaps N1,860.56 after adjustments were made to wages and other costs of operation. The major constraints of rubber farmers included shortage and high cost of labour ranked the first major problem, inadequate credit as the second most important and significant constraint of rubber farmers while poor rubber prices and storage facilities problem were the third and the fourth most important significant problems faced by respondents. The study however recommended that rubber farmers should form cooperative societies and associations to enable them access production credit from commercial and Nigerian Agricultural Cooperative and Rural Development Bank (NACRDB) for rubber production.


text:
|(1781 - 1851)||Aristocrat, mathematician and inventor|
After his studies at the Vienna and Prague universities where he studied mathematics, natural science, philosophy and economy he devoted his time from 1803 to taking care of the family possessions. He tried to apply his knowledge gained during his studies, and in 1810 he constructed a steam engine and did his best to apply it in practice. Most of all, he was engaged in the glass works in Nové Hrady region that had had a long tradition from the mid 1600\'s. On the basis of many experiments he succeeded in inventing an original process technology of a black opaque glass called hyalite (1817), as well as completing the production process for red hyalite (1819). In 1834 he established the natural reservation called Žofín old growth forest (Primeval Forest Žofín).


Constitution & Bylaws
The name of the society is Canadian Hemochromatosis Society | Société canadienne de l'hémochromatose.
The purposes of the Society are:
a. To promote the awareness and knowledge of hemochromatosis, particularly on the importance of early diagnosis;
b. To provide support, information, encouragement and resources for individuals, families and organizations afflicted by hemochromatosis;
c. To develop partnerships, relations and affiliations that fit the Society's purposes
d. To encourage research on treatment advances and insights into the health economic costs and burden of disease caused by hemochromatosis
e. To liaise with relevant professionals
f. To work with individuals and organizations that complement the Society's purposes
g. To stimulate and support the formation of volunteers;
h. To generate and distribute money and property in the furtherance of the Society's purposes; and
i. To perform such acts and things as are incidental to or necessary for the advancement of the purpose of the Society.
Please click here to view the bylaws (PDF).


Room criteria curves
From WebRef.org
Jump to navigationJump to search
(RC) A set of contours that serves as optimum spectrum shapes for background sound in buildings. Octave band spectra that align with a single RC curve are considered neutrally balanced. Neutrally balanced spectra have the proper amounts of low-, mid- and high-frequency sound energy to cause them to be perceived as innocuous, even though audible. RC curves are straight lines set at -5 dB/octave slopes. The RC rating of a spectrum is determined through methods defined in ANSI S12.2. The rating method arrives at a single-number rating with other designators identifying neutral, rumbly or hissy characteristics.
Sponsor: Download ASME ANSI Accredited Standards
Sponsor: CuriosityStream


- Research Paper on:
 Late Bill Payment Research Paper
 Number of Pages: 5
 Summary of the research paper:
 This 5 page paper uses data supplied by the student to examine if there is a correlation between the lateness of a bill and the amount of the bill. The paper presents a background to the research, hypothesises, data analysis and a conclusion. The bibliography cites 6 sources.
 Name of Research Paper File: TS14_TElatebill.rtf
 Buy This Research Paper »
 Unformatted Sample Text from the Research Paper:
 bill payments 5 Figure 3 Pattern of late residential bill payments 6 1. Background to the Problem The timing of payments on loans or amounts due are key to the cash flow of a company to whom the money is loaned. It is known that as loans become later it the payment may become increasingly difficult to collect and the potential for a default increases (Greenberg, 1997). For companies wishing to avoid taking on collections of more risky debts and for those who already have them, the ability to understand patterns of payments and the ability to predict the way in which these patterns will move will enable better decisions making to take place and increased the effectiveness of any risk assessments that take place (Howells and Bain, 2004). 2. Aims of Research The aim of the research is to look at the different patterns seen with overdue bill payments. The paper will seek to answer the following questions in order to increase the understanding with which late bill payment collections can be managed more efficiently and bill collections company can use to determine which risks they can afford to take on (Blazenko and Vandezande, 2003). The specific questions will include; * Is there any correlation between the amount and lateness of a bill? * Is there any difference between the residential ands the commercial bill payment patterns? * If there is a correlation for either the residential or the commercial costumers, to what extent does the correlation hold. The hypothesis is that First Hypothesis H1 There will be different patterns in payments seen with commercial bills being more likely to be paid later than the residential bills. H0 There is no difference between the bill paying patterns of
 Back to Research Paper Results


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I would like to express the integral of the absolute value of a real-valued function $f$ (over a finite interval) in terms of the Fourier coefficients of $f$. Failing that, I would like to know of any constraints or statistical correlations (in a sense explained in the motivation) relating these quantities.
Motivation: This comes from a biophysics application, but is perhaps best explained as follows. If a rubber band of tension $t$ is stretched along the $x$ axis from $0$ to $L$, then it is easy to calculate the thermal fluctuations of its arc-length by letting $z(x)$ be the (small) deviation from the $x$ axis, and then writing the energy (arc-length times tension) in terms of the Fourier coefficients of $z(x)$. The Boltzmann weight turns out to be a Gaussian since in the limit of small deviations the arc-length becomes a sum of squares of the Fourier coefficients. My problem is more complicated: We have two rubber bands stretched over the same interval, with deviations $z_{1}(x)$ and $z_{2}(x)$. The energy includes not only the stretching of the rubber bands, but also a term proportional to the (positive) area enclosed between them, which is
$\int_{0}^{L}|z_{1}(x) - z_{2}(x)|dx$
Hence my question. So it would be nice to know how this area can be related to the Fourier coefficients of $z_{1}$ and $z_{2}$ or perhaps just to the arc-lengths of the rubber bands. By "statistical correlations" I am referring to the Boltzmann probability distribution with energy equal to the stretching energy plus the area-energy.
Edit: Specifics on the Boltzmann probability distribution, more motivation.
The state of the system is the pair of functions $z_{1}(x)$ and $z_{2}(x)$ describing the deviation of the two rubber bands from the x axis. Let's say it's the set of pairs of functions defined on [0,L] and that these functions are identified with a finite number of Fourier coefficients - I am a physicist and would like to avoid nasty functions or mathematically honest discussions of path integrals.
The probability of occurrence of a state (z_{1}, z_{2}) is (before normalization)
$\exp(-\beta E\left[z_{1},z_{2}\right])$
where $E\left[z_{1},z_{2}\right]$ is the energy of the system, which in this case is the functional
$E\left[z_{1},z_{2}\right] = \frac{t}{2}\int_{0}^{L}\left[(\frac{dz_{1}}{dx})^{2}+(\frac{dz_{2}}{dx})^{2}\right]dx + \kappa \int_{0}^{L}|z_{1}(x)-z_{2}(x)|dx$
Where the tension t and the "surface tension" $\kappa$ are just numbers; set them equal to 1 if you wish. The first integral is the energy cost of stretching the rubber bands (in a linearized regime) and the second is the strange term proportional to the area enclosed between them. Without the second term, it is easy to diagonalize this functional in terms of the Fourier series of the two functions. That is why I was interested in writing the second term in terms of Fourier coefficients. That may be too much to ask, but perhaps it is still possible to calculate some quantities such as the statistical average of $z_1(x)^{2}$ - that is the kind of thing I ultimately want to know.
I realize this is an unnatural-looking problem, so I will just mention that it's not really about rubber bands, but rather about fluctuating interfaces which occur in lipid bilayers with coexisting phases. There are two phase boundaries (one for each monolayer) with their respective "tensions" but there is also a term proportional to the area between them.
share|improve this question
A comment in passing before proper answers appear: I do not think you can write L$_1$ norm in terms of the Fourier transform but L$_1$ norm is upper bounded by the L$_2$ norm which would be related to the length of the FT vector. I don't think it is possible to have an analogue of FT for L$_p$ norm for $p<2$. – Kaveh Khodjasteh Apr 23 '10 at 1:13
Can you be a bit more specific about what you mean by "Boltzmann probability distribution with energy equal to the stretching energy plus the area-energy". What exactly are the space of states and the density function here? – fedja Apr 23 '10 at 15:17
Yes, I'll add that to the question. – Gregory Putzel Apr 23 '10 at 16:10
2 Answers 2
up vote 6 down vote accepted
This sounds difficult. For instance, a long-standing open problem of Littlewood used to be this. Let A be a set of integers of size n, and let f be the characteristic function of A. How small (up to a constant) can the sum of the absolute values of the Fourier coefficients of f be? The conjecture was that the smallest was $C\log n$, which is what you get when A is an arithmetic progression. This conjecture is now known to be correct, but plenty of closely related questions are still open. So at least sometimes the relationship between the $L_1$ norm of a function and the Fourier transform of that function is quite hard to understand.
share|improve this answer
Could you possibly recommend any good book/survey article on the subject? – Andrey Rekalo Apr 23 '10 at 17:22
Well, the question was actually whether one can write any decent expression that gives an essentially equivalent measure on the set of states (whatever that means), so we do not need an equality that is always true, just an approximation that is accurate enough most of the time. Unfortunately, as far as I can tell, this is also rather hard if not impossible... On the other hand, some averages like the one mentioned in the post may still be possible to compute. Let me think a bit... – fedja Apr 24 '10 at 4:04
I walked down the hall to where the high-energy physicists are and my friend pointed out that this is probably equivalent to the path-integral formulation of a single quantum mechanical particle in a V-shaped potential - which can be solved analytically in terms of Airy functions. I think he is exactly right and the averages can be worked out that way. So the specific question about L_1 norms is probably misguided (but prompted an interesting connection above), while the statistical problem which seemed more difficult to me might be surprisingly tractable analytically... – Gregory Putzel Apr 24 '10 at 4:35
That last comment is about the statistical problem, by the way. – Gregory Putzel Apr 24 '10 at 4:51
This answer really has to do with the physics of it: are you sure about the area energy term?
Let me simplify a little bit: Consider a case where $z_1(x)=0$ and $z_2(x)=w(x)$. According to your formula I should get a term proportional to $w'(x)^2$ for the kinetic term which is typical and no one will object to you for that. You potential energy would then be proportional to $\int_0 ^L |w(x)| dx$. That does raise an alarm: nonlinear problem.
Unless you really have nonlinear physics going on (which is likely, see below) you should have had $w(x)^2$. That would bring back the $L_2$ norm and everything will be very simple. Just transform $z_2(x)=z_1(x)+w(x)$, get rid of $z_2$ and you will get two uncoupled (continuum of) modes, one (corresponding to $z_1$) is a free particle and the other a Harmonic oscillator. Your Boltzmann statistic will determine how these modes are filled up as you know.
If you think of your rubber band as a collection of springs and masses, $w(x)^2$ is the actual term but collections of springs and masses hardly exist outside textbooks and problem sets. As a physicist you know: molecules interact. The actual expansion (if you are still interested in writing an effective field theory) will involve (interacting) terms of the type $w(x)^2+O[w(x)^4]$. Quantitative results in this model might involve renormalization. See the wikipedia page on quartic interaction that even describes how you should quantize it (Fourier transform). My field theory is rusty so you might already know more than I do.
What if $|w(x)|$ is what you have: If $|w(x)|$ is not too small or too large, just approximate it with $[w(x)]^2$ to linearize the problem. People might point out that this is not a mathematically good approximation but it will physically make sense: very small stretchings are not physically possible and very large stretchings would be ruled out by the Boltzmann statistics as they would correspond to exponentially rare high energy modes. So I would just introduce a factor so that $w(x)$ and $w(x)^2$ coincide where


Protecting Your Property: Fire Damage Prevention in Minneapolis, MN
Fire damage can be devastating, both emotionally and financially. In Minneapolis, MN, where the risk of fire is a real concern, proactive measures to prevent fire damage are essential. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN understands the importance of fire prevention and offers expertise in safeguarding properties against this threat. Let's explore some key strategies for protecting your property from fire damage.
Assessing Fire Risks
Understanding the potential fire risks specific to your property is the first step in effective fire prevention. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN conducts comprehensive fire risk assessments, identifying potential hazards such as faulty wiring, overloaded circuits, flammable materials, and inadequate fire suppression systems. By pinpointing these vulnerabilities, they can develop targeted strategies to mitigate the risk of fire.
Fire Alarm Systems
Early detection is critical in minimizing the damage caused by fire. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN recommends installing state-of-the-art fire alarm systems that provide early warning of smoke or heat. These systems are equipped with advanced sensors and notification capabilities, alerting occupants and emergency responders at the first sign of trouble. Regular maintenance and testing ensure the reliability of these systems, giving you peace of mind knowing that your property is well-protected.
Fire Suppression Systems
In the event of a fire, having effective suppression systems in place can mean the difference between minor damage and total devastation. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN specializes in the installation and maintenance of fire suppression systems, including sprinklers, extinguishers, and fire blankets. These systems are strategically positioned throughout the property to suppress flames quickly and prevent the spread of fire. By investing in robust suppression systems, property owners can significantly reduce the risk of fire damage.
Electrical Safety Measures
Electrical malfunctions are a leading cause of residential and commercial fires. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN emphasizes the importance of practicing electrical safety to prevent fire hazards. This includes avoiding overloading circuits, using surge protectors, and regularly inspecting electrical appliances and wiring for signs of damage. Additionally, they recommend hiring licensed electricians for any electrical work to ensure compliance with safety standards and regulations.
Fire Safety Education
Knowledge is a powerful tool in fire prevention. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN offers fire safety education programs designed to empower property owners and occupants with the information they need to prevent fires and respond effectively in an emergency. These programs cover topics such as fire extinguisher usage, evacuation procedures, and fire prevention best practices. By equipping individuals with the knowledge and skills to protect themselves and their property, Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN aims to create safer communities.
Fire damage is a significant threat to property owners in Minneapolis, MN, but with the right precautions and expertise, it can be mitigated. Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN offers comprehensive fire damage Minneapolis MN services, helping property owners identify and address fire risks proactively. By implementing strategies such as fire alarm systems, suppression systems, electrical safety measures, and fire safety education, property owners can protect their investments and ensure the safety of their occupants. With Service Restore Pro Minneapolis MN as your partner in fire prevention, you can have confidence in the resilience of your property against this formidable threat.
Service Restore Pro
3300 County Rd 10 Minneapolis MN, 55429
_PHONE_
_URL_
Similar Posts
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *


@article{0ffc19518e4e485eac56590c34ee58f1, title = "Fully sequential procedures for large-scale ranking-and-selection problems in parallel computing environments", abstract = "Fully sequential ranking-and-selection (RandS) procedures to find the best from a finite set of simulated alternatives are often designed to be implemented on a single processor. However, parallel computing environments, such as multi-core personal computers and many-core servers, are becoming ubiquitous and easily accessible for ordinary users. In this paper, we propose two types of fully sequential procedures that can be used in parallel computing environments. We call them vector-filling procedures and asymptotic parallel selection procedures, respectively. Extensive numerical experiments show that the proposed procedures can take advantage of multiple parallel processors and solve large-scale RandS problems.", keywords = "Asymptotic validity, Fully sequential procedures, Parallel computing, Statistical issues", author = "Jun Luo and Hong, {L. Jeff} and Nelson, {Barry L.} and Yang Wu", year = "2015", month = sep, doi = "10.1287/opre.2015.1413", language = "English", volume = "63", pages = "1177--1194", journal = "Operations Research", issn = "0030-364X", publisher = "Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (I N F O R M S)", number = "5", }


Fungus makes violins sound 'like Stradivarius'
10 September 2012, 10:42 | Updated: 30 September 2014, 14:20
Fungi can make a new violin sound like a Stradivarius, a Swiss wood researcher has discovered. His research has shown that treating the wood of a new violin with a specific fungus (Physisporinus vitreus and Xylaria longipes) can increase the elasticity and change acoustics of the instrument's body.
Stradivarius violins were made from a kind of wood particular to the late 17th century violin-maker's environment. The wood was said to have lower density and higher elasticity, exactly the same qualities that the fungus-treated wood aims to recreate.
Professor Schwarze of the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology made the discovery, commenting: "The unique feature of these fungi is that they gradually degrade the cell walls, thus inducing a thinning of the walls. But even in the late stages of the wood decomposition, a stiff scaffold structure remains via which the sound waves can still travel directly."
It is hoped that the discovery will mean student players will in the future be able to learn on instruments with a higher-quality sound than standard beginner models.
Professor Schwarze also said it would "give young musicians the opportunity to play on a violin with the sound quality of an expensive - and for most musicians unaffordable - Stradivarius."


Genealogy Friday: 9 Reasons to Check Out Printed Family Histories
Printed family histories are a great place to start when you're stuck.
Many families have printed their family histories over the years. Some provide more detail and sources than others.
However, these can be a great resource. They may even help you to break a brick wall.
So why use printed family histories:51rgmhJO6uL._SX258_BO1,204,203,200_
 1. Family stories you may have never heard before
 2. For cluster genealogy
 3. To find missing relatives
 4. To go back farther in your line
 5. To discover what other researchers have done. Double check their sources, but this can save you a lot of time.
 6. To discover sources you never knew were available
 7. For family pictures you've never seen
 8. To discover the history of the family or clan
 9. To connect with other researchers on this line
How have printed family histories helped your genealogical journey?
Click here for my articles on the Positives and Negatives of Printed Family Histories