ouroboros-consensus-0.1.0.1: Consensus layer for the Ouroboros blockchain protocol
Safe Haskell None
Language Haskell2010
Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
Synopsis
Block contents
class ( forall a. Show ( NestedCtxt_ blk f a), SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ blk f)) => HasNestedContent f blk where Source #
Nested content inside a block
Consider a simplified version of the hard fork combinator, defining
type HardFork a b = Either a b
Then encoding Hardfork ByronBlock ShelleyBlock is easy, in the same way that we encode any Either . The header of such a block will have type
HardFork (Header ByronBlock) (Header ShelleyBlock)
and encoding those (for example, to send them across the network) is similarly trivial. But now suppose we want to read a header from disk. We do not store headers directly, but instead store the blocks. The DB will know the offset and length (both in bytes) of the header inside the block, but how do we decode such a header? If it's a Byron block, we should use the decoder for Header ByronBlock , and similarly for Shelley, but how should we express this more generally?
Here is where HasNestedContent comes in. Continuing the example, we can unnest a Header (HardFork ByronBlock ShelleyBlock) into a pair of values, where the first value (a NestedCtxt ) tells us what type of block we have, and the second value gives us the actual header. So, if the first value says "this is a Byron block", the second value is a Header ByronBlock , and vice versa. In other words, this is a dependent pair.
This then solves the serialisation problem: we expect a dependent decoder which, given a NestedCtxt identifying the block type, decodes the raw bytes from the block into the type indicated by that NestedCtxt .
TODO: We could perhaps define this independent of blocks in DepPair .
Minimal complete definition
Nothing
data family NestedCtxt_ blk :: ( Type -> Type ) -> Type -> Type Source #
Context identifying what kind of block we have
In almost all places we will use NestedCtxt rather than NestedCtxt_ .
Instances
Instances details
SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ m f) => SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ ( DualBlock m a) f) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
CanHardFork xs => SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ ( HardForkBlock xs) Header ) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Block
Show ( NestedCtxt_ m f x) => Show ( NestedCtxt_ ( DualBlock m a) f x) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
All SingleEraBlock xs => Show ( NestedCtxt_ ( HardForkBlock xs) Header a) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Block
data NestedCtxt_ ( HardForkBlock xs) a b Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Block
data NestedCtxt_ ( HardForkBlock xs) a b where
newtype NestedCtxt_ ( DualBlock m a) f x Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
newtype NestedCtxt_ ( DualBlock m a) f x where
Flip type arguments
newtype NestedCtxt f blk a Source #
Version of NestedCtxt_ with the type arguments swapped
NestedCtxt must be indexed on blk : it is the block that determines this type. However, we often want to partially apply the second argument (the functor), leaving the block type not yet defined.
Constructors
NestedCtxt
Instances
Instances details
Isomorphic ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f)) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Embed.Unary
SerialiseHFC xs => DecodeDiskDep ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( HardForkBlock xs) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseDisk
SerialiseHFC xs => DecodeDiskDepIx ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( HardForkBlock xs) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseDisk
SerialiseHFC xs => EncodeDiskDep ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( HardForkBlock xs) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseDisk
SerialiseHFC xs => EncodeDiskDepIx ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( HardForkBlock xs) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseDisk
EncodeDiskDep ( NestedCtxt Header ) m => EncodeDiskDep ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( DualBlock m a) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
EncodeDiskDepIx ( NestedCtxt Header ) m => EncodeDiskDepIx ( NestedCtxt Header ) ( DualBlock m a) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Ledger.Dual
SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ blk f) => Eq ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f) blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
HasNestedContent f blk => Show ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f) blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
( HasNestedContent f blk, forall a. Show (g a)) => Show ( GenDepPair g ( NestedCtxt f blk)) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
( Typeable f, Typeable blk) => NoThunks ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f) blk) Source #
We can write a manual instance using the following quantified constraint:
forall a. NoThunks (f blk a)
However, this constraint would have to be propagated all the way up, which is rather verbose and annoying (standalone deriving has to be used), hence we use InspectHeap for convenience.
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
TrivialDependency ( NestedCtxt_ blk f) => TrivialDependency ( NestedCtxt f blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
Associated Types
type TrivialIndex ( NestedCtxt f blk) Source #
SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ blk f) => SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt f blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
Show ( NestedCtxt_ blk f a) => Show ( NestedCtxt f blk a) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
type TrivialIndex ( NestedCtxt f blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
Existentials
Convenience re-exports
data SomeSecond (f :: Type -> Type -> Type ) a where Source #
Hide the second type argument of some functor
SomeSecond f a is isomorphic to Some (f a) , but is more convenient in partial applications.
Constructors
SomeSecond :: !(f a b) -> SomeSecond f a
Instances
Instances details
Isomorphic ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f)) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Embed.Unary
Inject ( SomeSecond BlockQuery ) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Embed.Nary
SerialiseHFC xs => SerialiseNodeToClient ( HardForkBlock xs) ( SomeSecond BlockQuery ( HardForkBlock xs)) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.HardFork.Combinator.Serialisation.SerialiseNodeToClient
SameDepIndex ( NestedCtxt_ blk f) => Eq ( SomeSecond ( NestedCtxt f) blk) Source #
Instance details
Defined in Ouroboros.Consensus.Block.NestedContent
SameDepIndex (


samplePoints: samplePoints
Description Usage Arguments Value Author(s) Examples
View source: R/sitesProcess.R
Description
This function calculates the length of each sites and then samples the points from sites by using two sampling methods based on the number of sampling points. One sampling method is equidistant sampling, the N sampling points are sampled at equal intervals according to the length of the site. Another method is random sampling, and N sampling points are randomly distributed on the site.
Usage
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samplePoints(sitesGrangelists,
 stSampleNum = 5,
 stAmblguity = 5,
 pltTxType = c("tx","mrna","ncrna"),
 stSampleModle = "Equidistance",
 mapFilterTranscript = FALSE,
 guitarTxdb)

Arguments
sitesGrangelists
A GRangeslist object, the content of the sites information.
stSampleNum
The number of bases sampled at each Site. Default: 3.
stAmblguity
Maximum overlap between sites. Default: 5.
pltTxType
Transcript type mapped to guitartxdb.
stSampleModle
sampling "Equidistance",sampling "random". Default:"Equidistance".
mapFilterTranscript
Whether to filter the length of transcripts equal the original site. Default: FALSE.
guitarTxdb
Sites mapping on guitartxdb and finding the corresponding location on the transcript.
Value
A GRange data list, the content of the list is the sampling point, the width is 1, the total number of data is N times the input data.
Author(s)
Xiao Du<_EMAIL_>
Examples
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# read genomic features
stBedFile <- system.file("extdata", "m6A_mm10_exomePeak_1000peaks_bed12.bed", package="Guitar")
site <- blocks(import(stBedFile))
#generate GuitarTxdb
txdb_file <- system.file("extdata", "mm10_toy.sqlite", package="Guitar")
txdb <- loadDb(txdb_file)
guitarTxdb <- makeGuitarTxdb(txdb)
# sample site points
sitesPoints <- samplePoints(list(site),
 stSampleNum = 5,
 stAmblguity = 5,
 pltTxType = c("tx","mrna","ncrna"),
 stSampleModle = "Equidistance",
 mapFilterTranscript = FALSE,
 guitarTxdb)
stasaki/Guitar documentation built on Feb. 5, 2021, 12:21 p.m.


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1st Shift Candle Safety Lab Technician
Alene Candles LLC & Midwest is a private label, contract manufacturer that produces high-quality candles for some of the world's most recognized retail, boutique, and cosmetic brands. With our headquarters in New Hampshire and locations in Ohio and New York, we've been in business for over 25 years. We are passionate about making the best products in the world, making safety our number one priority, and being an insanely great place to work.
Use standardized procedures to sample, analyze, measure, and test products and materials. Record results to assist in the safety, quality, and development of the product.
3-5 Essential Job Functions
- Conduct performance and safety testing according to laboratory test standards and customer methods.
- Collect, review, and analyze lab data, resolving any issues before submitting for review.
- Identify problems concerning equipment, process, materials, safety, etc. and consult with supervisor relative to suggested resolution.
- Basic Knowledge of MS Office, and Adobe Acrobat
- Ability to add, subtract, multiply and divide in all units of measurement, using whole numbers, fractions, percentages and decimals.
- Excellent communication skills, ability to work in a group or work unsupervised.
- Ability and ambition to help create a clean and safe laboratory work environment.
- Measure candle emissions using an electronic Densitometer and perform mathematical calculations for analysis and reporting.
Physical Demands & Work Environment
While performing the duties of this job, the employee is regularly required to stand, walk, use hands to handle or touch; reach, talk, hear and smell. The employee may be required to, kneel, crouch, sit, climb or balance. The employee may lift and/or move up to more than 50 pounds with assistance. Specific vision abilities required by this job include close vision, distance vision, color vision, peripheral vision, depth perception, and ability to adjust focus. The employee may be regularly exposed to moving mechanical parts, and aromas. The employee is occasionally exposed to airborne particles. The noise level in the work environment is usually moderate
Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential functions of the job as outlined in the physical demands and work environment.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Edit Article
Three Parts:Acting More MasculineUsing the Right WordsLooking More Masculine
Becoming more masculine when you're feminine requires dedication and hard work, but anyone at all can become more masculine. Whether you're a man who wants to be more manly or a woman who wants to take on more masculine traits, there are a number of things you can do, from altering your appearance to adjusting your mindset, that would help you become more masculine. If you want to know how to do it, just follow these steps.
Part 1 of 3: Acting More Masculine
 1. 1
 Command authority. If you want to be more masculine, then you have to command authority. How do you do that? Gain the respect of the people around you. To gain respect, you have to prove that you're hardworking, fair, kind, and a tough cookie. People will listen to you if you're honest and direct with them instead of nagging them, whining, or complaining to get people to do what needs to be done.
 - If you need someone to do something, make it clear that it's an assignment, not a favor.
 - If you ask once with respect and an even tone, you won't have to ask again.
 - It's also masculine to thank people for doing what you need them to do. Looking ungrateful is not masculine.
 2. 2
 Get physical. That's right. If you want to be more masculine, then get some dirt on your body. Don't be afraid to fix your own car, mow the lawn, paint your house, or do any household chores or recreational activities that make you get some dirt or grease on your body. This will show that you have knowhow and that you're not afraid to get down to business if it needs to be done.
 - If you know how to do the jobs that can make you a little dirty, that will make you more manly too.
 - Lift some boxes, help a friend move her heavy coffee table, or help carry trays of food into a banquet hall. Use your strength to your advantage instead of being lazy and designating others to do the dirty work.
 3. 3
 Get some masculine hobbies. If you want to act more masculine, then you should take on some more masculine hobbies. It could be carpentry, motorcycle riding, taking care of your car or truck, hunting, fishing, or playing basketball or baseball. Do whatever feels right and makes you feel more masculine; don't do something just because it's manly to do it, though.
 - Picking just one or two masculine hobbies and really getting good at them will help you become more masculine.
 - Pick up some knowledge. It's also manly to know as much as you can about sports, current events, or the latest advances in technology.
 4. 4
 Take risks. To be masculine, you can't play it safe all the time. You have to do what you need to do to get ahead and recognize a situation that has the potential to benefit you greatly. This doesn't mean that you should go gambling or skydiving, but it does mean that you should learn to think outside the box if you think the endeavor will benefit you financially, practically, or even romantically.
 - Part of being masculine is knowing which risks are worth taking. If you take too many risks, you'll end up getting yourself in trouble.
 - Don't take a risk just to impress others. Drinking too much or showing off at a party will not give you the masculine respect you want.
 5. 5
 Set goals and achieve them. Being masculine means having your eye on the prize and knowing how to bring it within your reach. If you want to be masculine, then you should figure out what you want from life, from your relationships to your career, and make a plan to making those things come your way step by step. Though you should be prepared for any curve balls that come your way, it's not masculine to ask, "What am I doing with my life?" every few weeks. Ask the hard questions, and work as hard as you can to answer them until you figure out your goals and know how to reach them.[1]
 - It's not un-masculine to make a list of what you want and to figure out how to get it.
 - It's okay for things not to go your way or to find that reaching your goals is harder than you expected. But reacting with calm and determination is what will make you masculine.
 6. 6
 Be brave. This doesn't mean that you should fight wild animals or save children from burning buildings in order to be masculine. It does mean that you should have courage to face the future and to be prepared for all of the challenges that may come your way. Being brave means knowing that there will be hard decisions in your future, and that you may be setting off into the unknown, whether you're starting college, moving across the country, or starting a relationship with a completely new person.
 - Don't whine and worry about all of the things that could go wrong; instead, have confidence in yourself and know that you will control as much as you can.
 - There's a difference between being brave and showing off. Don't start a fight in a crowd just to prove how "brave" you are.
 7. 7
 Be disciplined. Being disciplined is a key part of being masculine. If you want to be masculine, then you have to have a daily routine that leads to success. If you're a workout fanatic, then this could mean putting in hours at the gym every day. If you're career oriented, it means being able to get the job done without getting distracted. Ideally, it means being able to have fun while having an orderly and regimented way of living your life.
 - Part of being disciplined means knowing your limits. Don't have that extra beer or third slice of cake if you know you won't be feeling good later.
 - Having a planner can help you stay organized and maintain a disciplined daily schedule.
 8. 8
 Be proud of who you are. This is different from bragging and showing off to prove how masculine you are. Instead, you should just own it and be able to be comfortable with who you are as a person, even if you're far from perfect. Admitting that you're flawed and working to address your flaws is far more masculine than thinking that you're perfect.
 - Though you may feel that you want to be more masculine for whatever reason -- to make your co-workers or significant other respect you more or just to feel more self-assured -- you have to be proud of who you are on the inside. Don't try to make this change unless it's something you feel that you really want.
 - And if you're not proud of who you are yet, then set goals to help yourself be a person you can be proud of.
 - Keeping things positive can help you be proud of who you are. Having a positive perspective, even during the tough times, can help you see the good in yourself.
 9. 9
 Don't be afraid to cry. What did Rafael Nadal do right after he won the 2013 U.S. Open? He cried like a baby. Does that make him feminine? Absolutely not. Being masculine means being comfortable enough with yourself to show emotion during the meaningful moments. You shouldn't cry all the time, obviously, but you shouldn't be a stone either. Being devoid of emotion, or pretending not to have emotions, will not make you any more masculine.
 - If you want to be masculine, then you need to be in touch with yourself enough to show emotions when it's important.
 - Being overly happy is okay, too. Don't be afraid to show it when you're feeling really pumped about something.
Part 2 of 3: Using the Right Words
 1. 1
 Speak your mind. To speak your mind, if you have something constructive and useful to say, say it. Don't just blurt out the first thing that comes to you or you may annoy or even offend the people around you. If you have something important to say, however, whether you're at a work meeting, a class discussion, or even among friends, you shouldn't be afraid of voicing your opinion. Being comfortable with being heard and having an intelligent argument to back up your ideas is definitely masculine.
 - If you see a person who needs defending, stand up for him.
 - If you think the conversation people around you are having is offensive or just plain uneducated, say something.
 - This doesn't mean you have to be a loudmouth. But when you do have something to say, make it count.
 2. 2
 Don't overthink it -- at least not out loud. Being masculine means knowing exactly what to do -- or at least making it look that way. Don't air your worries, concerns, or uncertainties too much, or you won't look very sure of yourself or very masculine. Instead, check in with yourself, make a list of pros and cons of a situation, and consult a parent or a close friend when something is really eating you up. But don't spend 90% of your decision-making process thinking aloud and letting everyone see that you don't know what you're doing.
 - It's good to weigh all of the aspects of any situation -- it's doing it aloud that gets you in trouble


text:
🦏 Representing both White and Black species of Rhino, this white beaded adjustable bracelet is designed with Howlite beads and Lava Stone features a Rhino footprint pendant.
CHARITY INFO ...
50% of the sale of each rhino bracelet is donated to Nkombe Rhino, a South African 🇿🇦 Non Profit organisation that focuses on the protection of endangered species.
Nkombe Rhino believe that through the support and protection of rhino populations with Anti Poaching units, dehorning projects, detection and tracking dogs, patrol and reaction flights, better equipped entrance control and many other tools in rhino conservation, that the other protected or endangered species on reserves benefit equally.
In South Africa rhinos are being killed at an unprecedented rate for their horns, Nkombe Rhino started on the frontline protection of Rhinos in the early 2000's and have since branded out to various other endangered and threatened species
By supporting conservation on the ground, from Anti poaching units to veterinarians and helicopter pilots, the knock on effect has been a positive contribution to the survival of many protected species.
Water For Elephants is Nkombe Rhino's cross border Elephant project in Botswana.
Competition for water creates pressure on both Humans and Wildlife, as this is the key to life on these dry plains of Botswana. To mitigate these problems, Nkombe Rhino has partnered with the Water For Elephants trust to supply water to Elephants in areas with sufficient food and space.
Water is pumped from the boreholes, to a natural pan (that might be dry), creating a viable water source to the Elephants as they would have known it from years before.
Currently there are 7 operational water holes supplying enough water for around 20 elephants per hour, 480 per day and around 3000 in total. This compound impact allows us to supply conflict-free water to a large population of roaming elephants in Botswana.
STONE INFO ...
Howlite is a white mineral with fine grey or black veins in an erratic, often web-like pattern.
Lava Stone, also known as Basalt or Lava Rock is a rock formed from lava erupted from a volcano that has solidified from molten lava.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Visit the Rishengchang Former Bank, the birthplace of modern banking in China. This historic bank played a significant role in the economic development of Pingyao and the country. Explore the well-preserved bank building, learn about its history, and gain insights into the financial system of ancient China. Don't miss the opportunity to step back in time and witness the birth of modern banking.
Descárgate Klisst en un instante y empieza a guardar y compartir tus listas.
Sigue los favoritos de tus amigos y no te pierdas ninguna novedad.


text:
1. When choosing a SSR, please notice the actual load current and working ambient temperature. To use the SSR correctly, please refer to CHARACTERISTICS DATA and make sure the heat sink size when it works in full load current.
2. Apply heat-radiation silicon grease of heat conductive sheet between the SSR and heat sink. There will be a space between the SSR and heat sink Attached to the SSR. Therefore, the generated heat of the SSR cannot be radiated properly without the grease. As a result, the SSR may be overheated and damaged or deteriorated.
3. Tighten the SSR terminal screws properly. If the screws are not tight, the SSR will be damaged by heat generated when the power in ON. Perform wiring using the tightening torque shown in the following table.


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Definition of Lazulis
1. lazuli [n] - See also: lazuli
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Lazulis Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Lazulis
Literary usage of Lazulis
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Birds of the Rockies by Leander Sylvester Keyser (1902)
"My saunterings among the mountains took me into the haunts of the lazulis, but I regret to have to confess that all my alertness was of so little avail..."
2. A History of French Painting from Its Earliest to Its Latest Practice by Clara Cornelia Harrison Stranahan (1888)
"... the gold of the yellows, the lazulis of the intense blues, in which satins shimmer and velvets tremble," says an enthusiastic admirer, Claretie...."
3. The Saturday Magazine (1836)
""Being come into the church," says Evelyn "you see nothing, and tread on nothing, but what is precious. The floor is all inlaid with agates, lazulis,..."
4. Indo-Aryans: Contributions Towards the Elucidation of Their Ancient and by Raja Rājendralāla Mitra (1881)
"... and some like elephants; some painted with gateways of lapis-lazuli, some gilt, some bedecked with rubies and pearls and lapis-lazulis, and other gems..."


text:
Articles written in Journal of Chemical Sciences
Volume 127 Issue 1 January 2015 pp 49-59 Regular Articles
We explore the potential energy landscape of structure breaking binary mixtures (SBBM) where two constituents dislike each other, yet remain macroscopically homogeneous at intermediate to high temperatures. Interestingly, we find that the origin of strong composition dependent non-ideal behaviour lies in its phase separated inherent structure. The inherent structure (IS) of SBBM exhibits bi-continuous phase as is usually formed during spinodal decomposition.We draw analogy of this correlation between non-ideality and phase separation in IS to explain observation of non-ideality in real aqueous mixtures of small amphiphilic solutes, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Although we have not been able to obtain IS of these liquids, we find that even at room temperature these liquids sustain formation of fluctuating, transient bicontinuous phase, with limited lifetime ($\tau \lesssim$ 20 ps). While in the model (A, B) binary mixture, the non-ideal composition dependence can be considered as a fluctuation from a phase separated state, a similar scenario is expected to be responsible for the unusually strong non-ideality in these aqueous binary mixtures.
Volume 135, 2023
Continuous Article Publishing mode
Click here for Editorial Note on CAP Mode


twice as less
Definition from Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Jump to: navigation, search
twice + as + less.
twice as less (not comparable)
 1. (nonstandard, proscribed) Half as much.
 - 1987, Eleanor Wilson Orr, Twice as Less[1], W. W. Norton & Co.:
 - 2015 July 27, Yaroslav Vlasov, "Electioneering games in Siberia", Open Democracy:
 The governing party receives twice as less votes here than it does on average across Russia.
 - 2002, Claude R. Phipps, editor, High-power Laser Ablation III, SPIE, page 415:
 But this[sic] two oncoming waves move with velocity approximately twice as less as previous component: [].
 - 2011, Cai Jinfa, Eric J. Knuth, editors, Early Algebraization: A Global Dialogue from Multiple Perspectives, Springer, page 83:
 The children also are able to construct a table to assist them in determining how many runs must be made by a truck and a trailer in order to transport 1080 tons of coal, if the truck can haul 30 tons per load and the trailer can carry twice as less coal per load.
Usage notes[edit]
In order for the term to make proper sense, the subject should have a quantity that is multiplicative (or at least additive). It is preferable, however, to use a positive expression for the quantity, such as in half as much or half as many.
It may be seen used colloquially when the quantity is not multiplicative, as a form of emphatic. For example: He is twice as less intelligent than his father. The 'positive' expression (in this case, half as) is still preferred.


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NASA tracks impacts of the pandemic Today's Video of the Day from NASA Goddard explains how to track some of the most significant worldwide impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
In an unprecedented collaboration, NASA, ESA, and JAXA have teamed up to create the COVID-19 Earth Observation Dashboard. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the way we interact with our environment has changed. As people everywhere increasingly stay home and make liifestlye changes and satelittes have captured the affects that this has taken on the earth.
Based on satellite data and analytical tools, users can track changes in air and water quality, climate change, economic activity, and agriculture. Therefore satellites have captured sharp declines in nitrogen dioxide emissions during pandemic-related shutdowns, associated reductions in carbon dioxide have not been as readily apparent from space. Explore how NASA scientists pioneered new techniques to detect these changes and whether they could potentially impact future climate projections.
Delays in agricultural production, restrictions on tourism, and changes in our daily routines during the COVID-19 pandemic could potentially impact regional water quality all over the world. Learn more about how NASA is observing these changes. NASA tracks impacts of the pandemic as shown in the video above showing the affects and changes that the earth has gone through due to the impact of people staying indoors more and less pollution.
Video Credit: NASA Goddard


- | Is Elite Sport Becoming a Platform for Targeting Transgender Athletes?
Is Elite Sport Becoming a Platform for Targeting Transgender Athletes?
article by Ryan Storr
Tennis champion Martina Navratilova recently called the participation of transgender women in elite female sporting competitions "insane" and "cheating".
And she's not alone. Several other prominent women athletes have also used social media, mainly Twitter, to voice their concern about the eligibility of transgender women in sport, including former British swimmer Sharron Davies, double Olympic champion Dame Kelly Holmes, and former long-distance runner Paula Radcliffe.
There is an inherent contempt that lies within these statements, and it impacts more than just trans athletes. It can impact the integrity of public discourse by reducing the debate to be about whether trans women are "real women", and we need to move past this crude and destructive rhetoric.
Here, I use the term trans as an umbrella term to include all identities within the trans community, such as transgender and transitioned athletes.
What is the debate really about?
So why have we revisited this discussion in recent weeks? We are witnessing a broader movement against the trans community.
Australian gay rights activists Dennis Altman and Jonathan Symons call it the "queer wars" in their book of the same title. They explain how resistance to LGBTI issues across the globe is being used by governments and religious leaders to uphold traditional values, and increased polarisation towards LGBTI rights.
In recent years, we saw bathrooms used as a platform for division in the US. In 2016, North Carolina became the first US state to introduce a law prohibiting transgender people from using the restroom corresponding to their gender.
Then, in Australia, the Australian Christian Lobby suggested a "yes" vote for marriage equality would lead to boys wearing dresses to the detriment of society.
And the UK saw backlash against a youth trans charity, called Mermaids, where half a million pounds of funding was disputed.
It seems sport is now being used as yet another tool to incite fear and hatred towards the trans community.
Some male commentators have raised concerns that the integrity of women's sport is at risk. But where have these so-called male champions of change been in advancing women's sport in recent years?
Another commonly-cited issue is that men might identify as women to reap rewards in competition. There have been no reported cases of men transitioning to women to earn money and dominate podiums. It is simply a myth.
Do trans polices in sport work?
The introduction of the International Olympic Committee's policy on trans athletes in 2003 – amended in 2013 to remove surgical requirements and introduce a minimal level of testosterone – has led to no publicly out trans athletes competing at the Olympic games.
At the Commonwealth Games, trans weightlifter Laurel Hubbard qualified, but had to withdraw due to injury.
Therefore, the perception that trans women are, and will, dominate women's elite sport is not supported with any clear evidence.
UK research also found, after reviewing a series of trans policies in elite sport: "the majority of these policies were unfairly discriminating against transgender people, especially transgender females".
If we are to start scrutinising the ethics and integrity around cheating and enforcing a level playing field, there are many other places we could start.
Match fixing, illegal gambling markets, substance abuse, and corruption have been found to exist within local grassroots matches in Victoria. Issues around ball tampering, match fixing at various levels of tennis, doping within various sporting codes, and salary cap breaches have also been reported at the elite level.
Particularly in women's sport, there is a disproportionate allocation of funding and resources compared to men's sport, a gross lack of media coverage, and women continue to fight for equal pay.
Advancing trans and gender diverse inclusion in sport
New guidelines and policies are being introduced from various sporting codes in the coming year in Australia.
The Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission led the way with updated guidelines last year, but the most prominent policy to be released soon will be the Australian Human Rights Commission and Sport Australia's guidelines for Trans and Gender Diverse Athletes in Sport. This will likely be adopted by most sporting codes in Australia.
But as the debate continues, it is important we hear from trans athletes. No trans person has the same transition experience and there is great diversity among the trans community. We also need to understand the wider impact of negative commentary against this community.
What we have seen so far from the Olympic movement is promising in promoting trans inclusion in sport. The International Olympic Committee released mini documentariesabout trans athletes in sport, and Tokyo 2020 is set to have gender neutral bathrooms.
We must remember that sport is a human right, and should be accessible to everybody, regardless of gender identity.
Ryan Storr is a Lecturer and Academic Course Advisor n Sport Development at Western Sydney University. He Recently completed his PhD at Victoria University, whereby his thesis explored how community sports clubs respond to diversity and engage in diversity work. He has have led several recent research projects, specifically around LGBTI+ inclusion within sport, with the most recent being a funded evaluation exploring the current level of LGBTI+ inclusion within an Australian sporting code. Ryan is also the co-founder and director of LGBTI+ sport charity Proud 2 Play.
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text:
Mother's Day Earrings: Swinging Hearts
Jewelry, designed by CREATE YOUR STYLE TEAM, Austria
STEP 1: Cut 10 cm of the silver wire (1.2 mm) and bend it around a drinking glass as shown in the illustrations.
Repeat this step again to get another bended wire piece of same length and shape.
STEP 2: Form a loop on one end of the wire using round nose pliers and cut off the excess. Measure 4 cm in on the wire and bend it using a pencil or pen as shown in the illustrations. Repeat this step to get one more similar piece.
For Steps 3 to 4 and patterns, please download the PDF instruction.


Synthesis of Salicylic Acid from Wintergreen Oil
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 - Published : April 22, 2011
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Experiment #04: Synthesis of Salicylic Acid from Wintergreen Oil
I. Introduction and Purpose
Until 1874 commercial salicylic acid was synthesized entirely from natural wintergreen oil. In this experiment the salicylic acid is reproduced using methyl salicylate, the major constituent of wintergreen oil and later compared to salicylic acid made from benzene. The purpose of this lab is to determine the difference between salicylic acid made from methyl salicylate and salicylic acid made from benzene comparing the melting points of the two samples.
II. Reactions and Properties
M.W.m.p.b.p.d
Methyl salicylate152.1-82231.174
Salicylic acid138.1159
III. Experimental Procedures and Results
Measure 30 ml of aqueous 6 M sodium hydroxide into the boiling flask, followed by 20.0 mmol of methyl salicylate and 2 boiling chips. Assemble condenser and start water flowing in it. Heat the mixture under reflux for 30 minutes and then, let reaction mixture cool down and transfer it to larger beaker. Slowly, add 30 ml of aqueous 3 M sulfuric acid and cool the mixture in ice water for approximate 10 minutes. Collect the salicylic acid by vacuum filtration using a small Buchner funnel, wasghing it on the filter with ice-cold water. Dry product, measure and obtain m.p. of dry product and 1:1 mix of product with salicylic acid from benzene.
Amount of methyl salicylate used: (20x10^-3) (152.1g) (ml/1.174g) » 2.5ml Melting point of salicylic acid made from methyl salicylate= 160.5 oC Melting point product mixed with salicylic acid made from benzene= 161.0 oC
IV. Observed Physical Properties of Obtained Product
The product melting point was slightly higher than the lab. Book.
V. Conclusion
After comparing the melting points from the salicylic acid made from methyl salicylate and the salicylic acid made from methyl salicylate mixed with salicylic acid made from benzene, we can conclude that they are the same.
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text:
New HD camera has »enhanced visibility« for versatile imaging
16 Aug 2013
The new sensor and a newly developed image signal processor give improved image quality in terms of picture sharpness and colour optimisation. The »visibility enhancer« is a key new feature which allows for adaptive contrast display in the captured image. Various contrast settings can be applied to different areas of the image to give best overall picture. This facility is ideal for use in mist or smoke as well as in scenes with a general wide dynamic range.
Wide dynamic range function
In addition there is a wide dynamic range function which allows 2 frames to be captured at varying exposures at full resolution in order to combine high and low contrast areas. This is extended to four frames when operating at 720p resolution. This new wide dynamic range feature is then combined with the visibility enhancer to give great results in all lighting conditions.
Ideally suited for fast moving images
In addition, the high frame rate at full 1080p resolution (previous HD modules only supported 30 fps) means that fast moving images are seen in a more natural smooth motion. 30x optical zoom is provided. Adaptive 2D and 3D noise reduction further enhances image quality whilst minimising motion blur. The new camera will automatically adapt the level of 2D/3D noise reduction in different areas of the picture depending on whether the area is static or moving. 3D noise reduction is applied to static areas by comparing multiple frames to reduce noise most effectively. 2D noise reduction is applied to areas of movement to reduce noise without trailing effects.


text:
Background: Population mental health surveillance is an important challenge limited by resource constraints, long time lags in data collection, and stigma. One promising approach to bridge similar gaps elsewhere has been the use of passively generated digital data. Purpose: This article assesses the viability of aggregate Internet search queries for real-time monitoring of several mental health problems, specifically in regard to seasonal patterns of seeking out mental health information. Methods: All Google mental health queries were monitored in the U.S. and Australia from 2006 to 2010. Additionally, queries were subdivided among those including the terms ADHD (attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder); anxiety; bipolar; depression; anorexia or bulimia (eating disorders); OCD (obsessive-compulsive disorder); schizophrenia; and suicide. A wavelet phase analysis was used to isolate seasonal components in the trends, and based on this model, the mean search volume in winter was compared with that in summer, as performed in 2012. Results: All mental health queries followed seasonal patterns with winter peaks and summer troughs amounting to a 14% (95% CI=11%, 16%) difference in volume for the U.S. and 11% (95% CI=7%, 15%) for Australia. These patterns also were evident for all specific subcategories of illness or problem. For instance, seasonal differences ranged from 7% (95% CI=5%, 10%) for anxiety (followed by OCD, bipolar, depression, suicide, ADHD, schizophrenia) to 37% (95% CI=31%, 44%) for eating disorder queries in the U.S. Several nonclinical motivators for query seasonality (such as media trends or academic interest) were explored and rejected. Conclusions: Information seeking on Google across all major mental illnesses and/or problems followed seasonal patterns similar to those found for seasonal affective disorder. These are the first data published on patterns of seasonality in information seeking encompassing all the major mental illnesses, notable also because they likely would have gone undetected using traditional surveillance.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health


text:
Students must complete the Military Social Work Culture Seminar Course. The students will
have two weeks to complete this seminar
Each instructor will provide log in information to
each student. Students must also submit a
2 page typed paper summarizing your learning from this training that may influence your future practices as a social worker. write in the first person,
specific areas( suicide rate in the military, PTSD(rate o PTSD is 11, 20 %) and women in the military) discuss how each will influence your practice as a social worker.
Provide examples of these areas and specific experiences, readings or discussions to
support your analysis.
Show an awareness of the emotional impact of these experiences, issues and topics (i.e.
counter transference, relating personally or professionally to the topic on an emotional
Specifically discuss new insights and awareness.
Clearly discuss the influence of these insights on future practices as a social worker.


text: The share of prefabricated modular residential buildings in the Australian construction market is growing mainly because they are quicker to erect on-site than traditional construction, and often cheaper; but how about their carbon footprint and more particularly their thermal performance? To bring some light on this question, this paper uses two case studies where existing prefabricated modular buildings (a detached house and a multi-storey residential building) are compared to their equivalent in traditional on-site construction methods. The thermal performance is assessed using 3D modelling and energy simulation, while carbon footprint is assessed by Life Cycle Analysis. The thermal simulations showed that these prefabricated modular buildings perform better in winter but the study also shows that low inertia modular buildings can require more cooling energy in the summer in certain climate zones. Looking at the overall carbon footprint of the construction elements, the LCA shows that prefabricated buildings are not always less carbon intensive than their traditional equivalent and a wise choice of materials remains a necessity. The discussion emphasises the importance of the local context and particularly the role of thermal inertia in summer for Mediterranean Climate. It also demonstrates the importance of operating energy in the overall carbon footprint of a building and, more generally, how prefabrication can easily achieve a lower carbon footprint than on-site construction.


text:
zzgl. 19% MwSt. zzgl. Versandkosten
Sofort versandfertig, Lieferzeit ca. 1-3 Werktage
- Artikel-Nr.: DST-50N
IMADA digital force gauge 50 Newton capacity, model DST-50N, DST Series.
Digital force gauge DST-50N is simple model with great cost performance with 50N capacity. Its light body and compact design and useful functions contribute to high usability.
- You can connect maximum 4 pcs of DST to a PC at the same time, for easier management. (You need a dedicated optional software.)
- Using a supplied software (Force Logger) and USB cable, you can easily transfer data from DST to PC.
-DST-2N/5N/20N/50N has a mechanical stopper for preventing overload.
- You can charge DST from a PC or a mobile battery.
- Battery life lasts 30 hours at maximum when its backlight is off.
Digital force gauges feature easiness for data managements and analyses, preventing from reading errors etc. The advantages of IMADA digital force gauges are the high accuracy and the high operability. The many equipped functions (Peak hold, Data memory, etc.) offer high operability for your force measurements. When using with an optional software, graph drawing is possible. You can analyze the force measurement results in detail.
A Force Gauge is a measuring instrument of force. It measures force by loading tension or compression force on the tip of the gauge. It is used in QC and R&D fields of a lot of industries such as electric/mechanical component, car, medical, food, packaging and more. See the applications on each industry:
|Function||Peak hold (Tensile or compression) / Comparator (OK Judgement) / |
Sensitivity(3 steps) / Reversible display /Overload alarm
|Accuracy||±0.2% F.S 1digit|
|Unit||N(mN,kN) , kg(g), lbf|
|Sampling rate||Max. 1000 data / sec (1000Hz)|
|Battery||Approx.30 hours (when back light is off)/ Approx. 14 hours (when back light is on)|
|Power||Nickel-Metal Hydride battery (NiMH battery) |
USB charge (PC, mobile battery, AC adapter)
|Operating environment||Temperature: 0 – 40C, Humidity: 20 – 80%RH|
|Country of Origin||Japan|


text:
The Trigger Fish gets it's name from the small fin on the top of its head.
The Trigger Fish can lock this fin into place with a "trigger" which then has to be released before the fin can be lowered. This means that the Trigger Fish can wedge itself into holes and prevent itself from being removed by predators.
These fish mainly feed on crabs and shellfish and can grow up to 60cm. You're most likely to find them among reefs in the East Atlantic and Mediterranean.
Things to Do
- Watch out for his "Trigger" in action
- The females like to dig a hole and hide their eggs at the bottom of the sea, can you spot any here?
- How many different colours can you see?
- Got any specific questions you would like answering? Ask our Animal Care Team!


Resolve Transactions Manually
Updated: April 11, 2008
Applies To: Windows Server 2008
Occasionally, you may have to force transactions to commit or abort to release locks and make database resources available to other network users and applications. You can use this procedure and the Component Services snap-in to resolve transactions manually.
Membership in Administrators, or equivalent, is the minimum required to complete these procedure. Review details about using the appropriate accounts and group memberships at Local and Domain Default Groups (_URL_
 1. Open the Component Services snap-in.
 To open Component Services, click Start. In the search box, type dcomcnfg, and then press ENTER.
 2. In the console tree, double-click the computer (such as My Computer for the local computer) for which you want to view the transaction list.
 3. Double-click the Distributed Transaction Coordinator folder, and then locate the DTC for which you wish to resolve transactions manually.
 - To select the local DTC instance, click to open Local DTC, and then click Transaction List.
 - To select a clustered DTC instance, click to open Clustered DTCs, locate the clustered DTC by name, click to expand its contents, and then click Transaction List.
 4. In the details pane, right-click the transaction that you want to resolve; point to Resolve; and then click Commit, Abort, or Forget.
The In Doubt state indicates that the transaction is on a subordinate Distributed Transaction Coordinator (DTC) and that the superior DTC is not accessible. In this situation, we recommend that you verify the connection between the computers that are involved in the transaction. First, verify network connectivity between the two computers, and, if there is a firewall involved, verify that an exception for the DTC is enabled on the firewall. For more information, see Enable Firewall Exceptions for MS DTC.
The In Doubt state indicates that a transaction is managed by a different DTC. The transaction is prepared, but a commit or abort decision is not received yet, indicating that the coordinating DTC is not accessible. You can force a transaction in this state to either commit or abort, using the following procedure to resolve the transaction manually.
In this situation, we recommend that you verify the connection between the computers. First, verify network connectivity between the two computers, and if there is a firewall involved, verify that an exception for the DTC is enabled on the firewall. For more information, see Enable Firewall Exceptions for MS DTC.
 1. Use the Transaction List to locate the in-doubt transaction's immediate parent. For information about viewing transaction properties, see View Transaction Information.
 2. Locate the superior DTC system. To do this, you need to know the topology for the application that is using the transaction. Use the Transaction List on that computer where the superior DTC is running to determine the outcome of the in-doubt transaction, as follows:
 - If the transaction does not appear on the Transactions page, the transaction has been aborted and you can abort the transaction on the subordinate system manually.
 - If the transaction appears on the superior DTC system as Cannot Notify Commit, the transaction has committed and you can commit the transaction on the subordinate system manually.
 - If the transaction appears on the superior DTC system as Cannot Notify Abort, the transaction has aborted and you can abort the transaction on the subordinate system manually.
 - If the transaction is shown as In Doubt on the superior DTC system, use the Transactions page on that system to locate the transaction's next immediate superior. Continue to follow the transaction up the commit tree until you locate the superior system on which the transaction is not shown (indicating that it aborted), is in the Cannot Notify Abort state (indicating that it aborted), or is in the Cannot Notify Commit state (indicating that it committed). If the transaction is aborted on the superior DTC system, manually force the transaction to abort on that computer's immediate subordinate. If the transaction is committed on the superior system, manually force the transaction to commit on the subordinate system. Follow this method all the way down the transaction tree until all transactions are resolved.
 3. When you have either manually committed or manually aborted the transaction on the subordinate system, manually force the immediate superior to forget the transaction. This deletes the transaction from its local Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator (MS DTC) log file.
The Cannot Notify Abort state indicates that the transaction has aborted but that a subordinate transaction manager has not been notified of the transaction's outcome. You can use the following procedure to resolve the transaction manually.
CautionCaution
Do not manually forget a transaction until all subordinate DTCs have been notified of the transaction outcome. Otherwise, the result might be corruption or loss of transaction related data.
 1. Open the Component Services snap-in, and navigate to the transaction list for the transaction in question. For more information, see the procedure "To resolve transactions manually" earlier in this section.
 2. In the Transaction List dialog box, right-click the transaction that is in the Cannot Notify Abort state. This displays the superior DTC and subordinate transaction managers for the transaction.
 3. After you locate the subordinate transaction managers, force the transaction to abort on each of the subordinate systems.
 4. When you have manually aborted the transaction on all subordinate systems, return to the DTC that shows the transaction in the Cannot Notify Abort state, and then force that DTC to forget the transaction.
The Cannot Notify Commit state indicates that the transaction has committed but that some subordinate DTC transaction managers or resource managers have not been notified of the transaction's outcome. You can use the following procedure to resolve the transaction manually.
CautionCaution
Do not manually forget a transaction until all subordinate DTCs have been notified of the transaction outcome. Otherwise, the result might be corruption or loss of transaction related data.
 1. Open Component Services and navigate to the transaction list for the transaction in question. For more information, see the procedure "To resolve transactions manually" earlier in this section.
 2. In the Transaction List, right-click the transaction that is in the Cannot Notify Commit state. This displays the superior DTC and subordinate transaction managers for the transaction.
 3. After you locate the subordinate transaction managers, force the transaction to commit on each of the subordinate systems.
 4. When you have manually committed the transaction on all subordinate systems, return to the DTC that shows the transaction in the Cannot Notify Commit state, and then force that DTC to forget the transaction.
 noteNote
 There can be more than one computer operating as a subordinate DTC. Make sure to manually resolve the transaction on all subordinates before you force the superior system to forget the transaction.
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text:
Take this example, which uses the Leaflet mapping library. When viewed in Firefox, the map fails to appear, so the immediate response is to press F12 and view the Console, which tells me I have a syntax error and in particular there is a missing closing parenthesis after an argument list:
This sounds promising, so I click on the line number (56) on the right hand side and the debugger is opened at the problem line:
However, the debugger points to the line where the the closing script tag appears rather than where the missing parenthesis should be. This is probably no more than what we can expect from Firefox but it is not enough to help us identify the problem. We could work our way through the code looking for the missing parenthesis but if the code is long, and not all our own work, this will not be easy.
One way to resolve this is to use some of the features of the free and open source Atom text editor. The first thing to do, after opening the problem HTML file in Atom, is to check for an inbalance in the parentheses. This can be done by using the Find in Buffer tool:
Here there are 35 instances of the left parenthesis but there were only 33 instances of the right parenthesis. So, in fact, I have two missing. But where should they go?
From the Bracket Matcher, I select Select Inside Bracket. If the code within the function is sound then all of that code will be highlighted. That it isn't shows that there is a problem within the function and I can iterate towards a solution.
I put the cursor at the start of the first block of code (a call to the JQuery getJSON method) within my main init function (line 29) and repeat the process:
Again, the editor fails to recognise the bracket pair, but this time there is a lot less code to examine manually. In fact the error was caused by a failure to close a list of arguments in the call to the Leaflet geoJSON object (line 30), as hinted at by the original Firefox error. A new line (35 below) was added:
Now if I put the cursor inside my function and use Select Inside Bracket, the whole function is highlighted, which shows it is balanced out:
Remember I had two missing parenthesis, so I repeat the Select Inside Brackets for my next major code block:
Here I have a slightly different problem – the two calls to getJSON (line 39 and line 47) should be separate, whereas here they are nested. So I need to add some code to separate them (line 47 below):
Repeating the Select Inside Brackets will now show two separate code blocks and my script is finally fixed; I can check this by repeating the search for opening and closing parentheses – the totals should match.
Finally, another useful feature of Atom that does a similar thing is the matching bracket/parenthesis highlighter:
Here I have put the cursor to the right of a curly bracket (line 49) and Atom underlines it and its matching pair (line 54). If the two are not where you expect them to be then you have a problem. This technique also works with parentheses.
Nick Gould – February 2017


text: An experimental study was conducted to compare performance and efficiency between fluidic oscillators and steady jets with respect to numerous well established flow control coefficients (e.g., momentum, mass flow, energy, etc.) in support of the development of active flow control technology. Different actuation modules were tested on an existing model of the NASA hump geometry. Time-averaged pressure measurements were conducted with high spatial resolution along both the chord and span of the model. Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry is performed downstream of the actuation location to investigate the performance differences in more detail. Fluidic oscillators are superior to steady jets with respect to any flow control coefficient at a given spacing. This superiority is due to the existence of more coherent streamwise vortices for fluidic oscillators in comparison to steady jets.


2, len NUMBER, wth NUMBER) RETURN SELF as RESULT,
 CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION rectangle(SELF IN OUT NOCOPY rectangle,
 name VARCHAR2, side NUMBER) RETURN SELF as RESULT);
/
SHOW ERRORS
CREATE TYPE BODY rectangle IS
 CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION rectangle(SELF IN OUT NOCOPY rectangle,
 name VARCHAR2, len NUMBER, wth NUMBER) RETURN SELF AS RESULT IS
 BEGIN
 SELF.name := name;
 SELF.area := len*wth;
 SELF.len := len;
 SELF.wth := wth;
 RETURN ;
 END;
 CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION rectangle(SELF IN OUT NOCOPY rectangle,
 name VARCHAR2, side NUMBER) RETURN SELF AS RESULT IS
 BEGIN
 SELF.name := name;
 SELF.area := side * side;
 SELF.len := side;
 SELF.wth := side;
 RETURN ;
 END;
END;
/
CREATE TABLE shape_table OF shape;
INSERT INTO shape_table VALUES(shape('shape1'));
INSERT INTO shape_table VALUES(shape('shape2', 20));
INSERT INTO shape_table VALUES(rectangle('rectangle', 2, 5));
INSERT INTO shape_table VALUES(rectangle('quadrangle', 12, 3));
INSERT INTO shape_table VALUES(rectangle('square', 12));
The following query selects the rows in the shape_table:
SELECT VALUE(s) FROM shape_table s;
VALUE(S)(NAME, AREA)
---------------------------------------------
SHAPE('shape1', 0)
SHAPE('shape2', 20)
RECTANGLE('rectangle', 10, 2, 5)
RECTANGLE('quadrangle', 36, 12, 3)
RECTANGLE('square', 144, 12, 12)
The following PL/SQL code calls the constructor:
s shape := NEW shape('void');
Constructors for SQLJ Object Types
A SQLJ object type is a SQL object type mapped to a Java class. A SQLJ object type has an attribute-value constructor. It can also have user-defined constructors that are mapped to constructors in the referenced Java class.
Example 8-12 Creating a SQLJ Object
CREATE TYPE address AS OBJECT
 EXTERNAL NAME 'university.address' LANGUAGE JAVA
 USING SQLData(
 street VARCHAR2(100) EXTERNAL NAME 'street',
 city VARCHAR2(50) EXTERNAL NAME 'city',
 state VARCHAR2(50) EXTERNAL NAME 'state',
 zipcode NUMBER EXTERNAL NAME 'zipcode',
 CONSTRUCTOR FUNCTION address (SELF IN OUT NOCOPY address, street VARCHAR2,
 city VARCHAR2, state VARCHAR2, zipcode NUMBER)
 RETURN SELF AS RESULT AS LANGUAGE JAVA
 NAME 'university.address (java.lang.String, java.lang.String,
 java.lang.String, int) return address');
/
A SQLJ type of a serialized representation can have only a user-defined constructor. The internal representation of an object of SQLJ type is opaque to SQL, so an attribute-value constructor is not possible for a SQLJ type.
Transient and Generic Types
Oracle database has three generic (that is, generically programmed) SQL data types that enable you to dynamically encapsulate and access type descriptions, data instances, and sets of data instances of any other SQL type, including object and collection types. You can also use these three types to create anonymous types, including anonymous collection types.
The three SQL types are implemented as opaque types. In other words, the internal structure of these types is not known to the database; their data can be queried only by implementing functions (typically 3GL routines) for the purpose. Oracle database provides both an OCI and a PL/SQL API for implementing such functions.
Of the three types, ANYTYPE is transient, and ANYDATA and ANYDATASET are not transient, but rather persistent. Transient types cannot be persistently stored because their structures are opaque to the database. You cannot create columns of transient types or make them attributes of persistent types.
The three generic SQL types are described in Table 8-2.
Table 8-2 Generic SQL Types
Type Description
SYS.ANYTYPE
A type description type. A SYS.ANYTYPE can contain a type description of any SQL type, named or unnamed, including object types and collection types.
An ANYTYPE can contain a type description of a persistent type, but an ANYTYPE itself is transient: in other words, the value in an ANYTYPE itself is not automatically stored in the database. To create a persistent type, use a CREATE TYPE statement from SQL.
SYS.ANYDATA
A self-describing data instance type. A SYS.ANYDATA contains an instance of a given type, with data, plus a description of the type. In this sense, a SYS.ANYDATA is self-describing. An ANYDATA can be persistently stored in the database.
The following cannot be stored in an ANYDATA column:
 - Another opaque type except XMLTYPE
 - LOB types (BLOB/CLOB/NCLOB)
 - VARRAY types with maximum size greater than 4K
 - Transient types
SYS.ANYDATASET
A self-describing data set type. A SYS.ANYDATASET type contains a description of a given type plus a set of data instances of that type. An ANYDATASET can be persistently stored in the database.
The following cannot be stored in an ANYDATASET column:
 - Another opaque type such as ANYDATA or XMLTYPE
 - LOB types (BLOB/CLOB/NCLOB)
 - VARRAY types with maximum size greater than 4K
 - ADTs that contain any of the above types
 - Transient types
Each of these three types can be used with any built-in type native to the database as well as with object types and collection types, both named and unnamed. The types provide a generic way to work dynamically with type descriptions, lone instances, and sets of instances of other types. Using the APIs, you can create a transient ANYTYPE description of any kind of type. Similarly, you can create or convert (cast) a data value of any SQL type to an ANYDATA and can convert an ANYDATA (back) to a SQL type. And similarly again with sets of values and ANYDATASET.
The generic types simplify working with stored procedures. You can use the generic types to encapsulate descriptions and data of standard types and pass the encapsulated information into parameters of the generic types. In the body of the procedure, you can detail how to handle the encapsulated data and type descriptions of whatever type.
You can also store encapsulated data of a variety of underlying types in one table column of type ANYDATA or ANYDATASET. For example, you can use ANYDATA with Advanced Queuing to model queues of heterogeneous types of data. You can query the data of the underlying data types like any other data.
Example 8-13 defines and executes a PL/SQL procedure that uses methods built into SYS.ANYDATA to access information about data stored in a SYS.ANYDATA table column.
Example 8-13 Using SYS.ANYDATA
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE dogowner AS OBJECT (
 ownerno NUMBER, ownername VARCHAR2(10) );
/
CREATE OR REPLACE TYPE dog AS OBJECT (
 breed VARCHAR2(10), dogname VARCHAR2(10) );
/
CREATE TABLE mytab ( id NUMBER, data SYS.ANYDATA );
INSERT INTO mytab VALUES ( 1, SYS.ANYDATA.ConvertNumber (5) );
INSERT INTO mytab VALUES ( 2, SYS.ANYDATA.ConvertObject (
 dogowner ( 5555, 'John') ) );
commit;
CREATE OR REPLACE procedure P IS
 CURSOR cur IS SELECT id, data FROM mytab;
 v_id mytab.id%TYPE;
 v_data mytab.data%TYPE;
 v_type SYS.ANYTYPE;
 v_typecode PLS_INTEGER;
 v_typename VARCHAR2(60);
 v_dummy PLS_INTEGER;
 v_n NUMBER;
 v_dogowner dogowner;
 non_null_anytype_for_NUMBER exception;
 unknown_typename exception;
BEGIN
 OPEN cur;
 LOOP
 FETCH cur INTO v_id, v_data;
 EXIT WHEN cur%NOTFOUND;
 v_typecode := v_data.GetType ( v_type /* OUT */ );
 CASE v_typecode
 WHEN Dbms_Types.Typecode_NUMBER THEN
 IF v_type IS NOT NULL
 THEN RAISE non_null_anytype_for_NUMBER; END IF;
 v_dummy := v_data.GetNUMBER ( v_n /* OUT */ );
 Dbms_Output.Put_Line (
 To_Char(v_id) || ': NUMBER = ' || To_Char(v_n) );
 WHEN Dbms_Types.Typecode_Object THEN
 v_typename := v_data.GetTypeName();
 IF v_


6 Reasons Your Washing Machine Won't Spin and How to Fix Them
Author
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Mark Jardine
Date
August 08, 2024
Theme
Home appliances
Views
9929
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Is your laundry day turning into a nightmare because your washing machine refuses to spin? Before you panic or call for professional help, take a moment to troubleshoot the issue. From simple fixes to more complex solutions, we've compiled six common reasons why your washing machine might be refusing to spin. Stay tuned as we delve into each reason and provide you with step-by-step guidance to get your machine back in action.
Faulty Lid Switch
 - Signs
If your washing machine won't spin, a faulty lid switch could be the culprit. Signs include the machine not spinning even though it's filled with water or the spin cycle not initiating after the wash cycle completes. Additionally, if the machine stops spinning when you open the lid, the lid switch may be malfunctioning.
 - How to Fix It
Before doing any repairs, ensure that the appliance is unplugged. Then, follow these steps:
 1. Locate the lid switch, usually found near the door frame or under the lid.
 2. Remove any covers or screws securing the switch in place.
 3. Disconnect the wires attached to the switch.
 4. Replace the faulty lid switch with a new one compatible with your washer model.
 5. Reattach the wires and secure the switch back into place.
 6. Test the machine to ensure the issue is resolved before regular use.
 7. If the problem continues, calling a licensed technician for washing machine repair services is much better.
Broken Door Latch
 - Signs of a Broken Door Latch
A broken door latch can prevent your washing machine from spinning. Signs include the door not locking properly, leading to the machine not starting the spin cycle, or the door popping open during operation, halting the spinning process prematurely.
 - Repairing the Door Latch
Before starting repairs, unplug the washer to ensure safety. Follow these steps:
 1. Identify the location of the door latch, typically near the door frame.
 2. Check the latch for visible damage or misalignment.
 3. If the latch is damaged, remove it carefully using the appropriate tools.
 4. Purchase a replacement latch compatible with your washing machine model.
 5. Install the new latch securely, ensuring it aligns correctly with the door mechanism.
 6. Test the machine to confirm the issue is resolved, ensuring the door locks properly before starting a cycle.
 7. Ask for help from licensed and experienced technicians for accurate appliance repair services.
Motor Coupler Issues
 - Indications of Motor Coupler Problems
Motor coupler issues in your washing machine can manifest through various signs. Look out for signs such as a humming sound during the spin cycle without any movement, or the agitator functioning but the drum not spinning. Additionally, if you find small pieces of rubber or plastic under the washing machine, it could indicate a deteriorating motor coupler.
 - Steps to Replace the Motor Coupler
Before beginning, disconnect the washing machine from the power source. Follow these steps for replacing the motor coupler:
 1. Tilt the washing machine backward to access the underside.
 2. Locate the motor and the pump, typically found at the bottom of the machine.
 3. Disconnect the motor from the pump and remove any retaining clips or screws.
 4. Slide the old motor coupler off the motor shaft and transmission input shaft.
 5. Install the new motor coupler by aligning it with the motor and transmission shafts.
 6. Reattach any retaining clips or screws removed earlier.
 7. Restore the washing machine to its upright position.
 8. Test the machine to ensure proper functioning before using it regularly.
 9. If needed, seek assistance from certified technicians for further help.
Worn Drive Belt
 - Identifying a Worn Drive Belt
A worn drive belt can cause your washing machine to fail to spin. Signs include a squealing or screeching noise during operation, the drum not turning despite the motor running, or visible signs of wear and tear on the belt itself, such as cracks or fraying.
 - Replacing the Drive Belt
Before replacing the drive belt, disconnect the washing machine from the power source. Follow these steps to replace it:
 1. Access the back or bottom panel of the washer to reach the drive belt.
 2. Remove any covers or panels necessary to expose the drive belt.
 3. Take note of the belt's position and orientation for installation.
 4. Reduce the tightness of the belt by making adjustments to either the motor or the idler pulley.
 5. Remove the existing drive belt from the pulleys and the motor shaft by sliding it off.
 6. Install the new drive belt by looping it around the motor shaft and pulleys according to the noted orientation.
 7. Adjust the tension on the belt by adjusting the motor or idler pulley.
 8. Replace any covers or panels removed earlier.
 9. Reconnect the washer to the power outlet and test it to ensure proper spinning functionality.
 10. If you're unsure about replacing the drive belt on your own, it's best to seek professional assistance from expert technicians.
Clogged Drain Hose
 - Detecting a Clogged Drain Hose
A clogged drain hose can impede your washing machine's ability to spin. Signs include water failing to drain properly during the wash cycle, leading to excess water pooling in the drum post-cycle. Additionally, water leakage from underneath the machine could indicate a blockage.
 - Clearing the Drain Hose
Before you start, make sure to unplug the washing machine for safety purposes. Follow these step-by-step instructions:
 1. Find the drain hose positioned at the rear of the washing machine and where it connects to the drain pipe.
 2. Place a bucket or towel under the hose to catch any water that may spill out.
 3. Carefully disconnect the drain hose from the drain pipe and inspect it for clogs or obstructions.
 4. Use a plumber's snake or a straightened wire coat hanger to carefully remove any debris blocking the hose.
 5. Flush the drain hose with water to ensure it's clear of any remaining debris.
 6. Securely reattach the drain hose to the drain pipe.
 7. Plug it back and test it to ensure proper drainage and spinning functionality.
 8. If the issue persists, contact expert technicians for further assistance.
Malfunctioning Control Board
 - Signs of a Malfunctioning Control Board
A malfunctioning control board can disrupt the spinning function of your washing machine. Signs include the display showing error codes, the machine not responding to commands, or erratic behavior during operation, such as starting and stopping unexpectedly.
 - Troubleshooting and Fixing Control Board Issues
Before beginning any repairs, disconnect the washer from the power source. Use these detailed instructions to troubleshoot and resolve control board problems step by step:
 1. Check for loose connections or damaged wiring on the control board.
 2. Inspect the control board for any signs of burnt components or visible damage.
 3. Reset the control board by unplugging the machine for a few minutes and then plugging it back in.
 4. If the issue persists, consider replacing the control board with a new one compatible with your washing machine model.
 5. Consult the manufacturer's manual or seek assistance from a qualified technician if unsure about the replacement process.
 6. After replacing the control board, plug in the machine and test it to ensure proper functioning.
 7. If you're not confident in troubleshooting the control board yourself, seek help from expert technicians for professional assistance.
Need Expert Help?
Is your washing machine refusing to spin? Don't let laundry pile up! Home Alliance is here to help. Our licensed technicians have years of experience providing top-notch appliance service in Los Angeles, CA. From faulty belts to electrical problems, we've got you covered. Don't wait - contact us today and get your washer back in action!
Conclusion
In conclusion, when faced with a washing machine that won't spin, there are several potential culprits to consider. From faulty lid switches to worn drive belts and clogged drain hoses, each issue requires specific troubleshooting steps outlined above. While DIY repairs are possible for some, seeking expert help is advisable for complex problems like a malfunctioning control board.
Remember, safety comes first, so always unplug the machine before attempting any repairs. Don't hesitate to contact licensed technicians for professional assistance and ensure your laundry routine runs smoothly once again.
FAQs
 - Why is my washing machine making a loud noise during the spin cycle?
Loud noises during the spin cycle may result from unbalanced loads, worn-out drum bearings, loose parts, or a malfunctioning drive belt.
 - Can I repair my washer myself, or should I call a professional?
It depends on your comfort level with repairs. Simple issues like clogs can be DIY, but complex problems warrant professional assistance.
 - How often should I clean my washing machine to prevent issues?
Clean it every 1-3 months to prevent issues like odors, mold, and detergent buildup, ensuring optimal performance and longevity.
 - What should I do if my washing machine is leaking water?
First, turn off the machine. Then, inspect hoses for leaks, check the door seal, and examine the pump for damage or blockages.
 - Is it worth repairing an older washing machine, or should I invest in a new one?
Consider the repair cost compared to the age and condition of the machine. If repairs are costly, investing in a new one might be preferable.


Skip to definition.
Noun: chips chips
 1. Strips of potato fried in deep fat
 - french fries, french-fried potatoes, fries
Noun: chip chip
 1. A small fragment of something broken off from the whole
 "a chip of rock caught him in the eye";
 - bit, flake, fleck, scrap
 2. (seafaring) a triangular wooden float attached to the end of a log line
 3. A piece of dried bovine dung
 - cow chip, cow dung, buffalo chip
 4. [N. Amer] A thin crisp slice of potato fried in deep fat
 - crisp [Brit], potato chip [N. Amer], Saratoga chip, potato crisp [Brit]
 5. A mark left after a small piece has been chopped or broken off of something
 - check
 6. A small disk-shaped counter used to represent money when gambling
 - poker chip
 - microchip, micro chip, silicon chip, microprocessor chip
 8. (golf) a low running approach shot
 - chip shot
 9. The act of chipping something
 - chipping, splintering
Verb: chip (chipped,chipping) chip
 1. Break off (a piece from a whole)
 "Her tooth chipped";
 - chip off, come off, break away, break off
 2. Cut a nick into
 - nick
 3. (golf) play a chip shot
 4. Form by chipping
 "They chipped their names in the stone"
 5. Break a small piece off from
 "chip a tooth"; "chip the glass";
 - knap, cut off, break off
Derived forms: chipses
See also: chip at
Type of: aloo [Asia], approach, approach shot, blemish, break, breakage, breaking, counter, cut, defect, divide, droppings, dung, float, forge, form, fragment, Irish potato, mar, mold [N. Amer], mould [Brit, Cdn], muck, murphy, part, potato, scat, semiconductor, semiconductor device, semiconductor unit, separate, shape, shoot, snack food, spud, tater, tatie [UK, dialect], tattie [UK, dialect], white potato, work
Encyclopedia: Chips, cheese and gravy


Speaking out about charities 19-10-06
Published in Real Issues No. 227, 19 October 2006
Charities expressed concern this week that under the Charities Act they could lose their charitable status if they become too vocal. The law has always allowed charities to engage in advocacy, as long as it is secondary to their main charitable purposes. The Charities Act preserves this position, and rightly so. As Green MP, Sue Bradford, points out, "Caring for the victims is essential work. But so is speaking out on their behalf...".
So what has changed, and why are charities concerned? From February 2007, the Act will require charities to register with the Charities Commission to claim certain benefits, such as tax privileges, and charities will face regular monitoring. If a charity does more than an incidental amount of advocacy, the Commission will not register it, or, if it is registered, will remove it from the register. But deciding when a charity passionately advancing a cause crosses the line will be an extremely difficult judgement for the Commission to make. This will mean that charities are likely to think twice before speaking out.
The government is attempting to encourage charitable giving through increased tax privileges announced this week. While this is a praiseworthy initiative, it would also mean that charities would have even more to lose from de-registration.
While de-registration could be more of a fear than a reality, it is likely the fear itself will have a dampening effect, and the public square needs an involved and vocal charitable sector. The Commission must be scrupulous in ensuring that the legitimate advocacy of charities is not at risk. Charities advocate in accord with their purpose, and on all sides of the debate. In doing so, they add immeasurably to the richness of public discourse.
Read the Charities Act here


text:
Netflix is now streaming Bigger than Africa, a documentary highlighting the Yoruba Culture by African filmmaker Toyin Ibrahim Adekeye. The doc "dives into how the culture tradition and the religion of the Yoruba's of West Africa survived the transatlantic slave trade and remain the most prominent African culture in the New World."
Here's the description:
Bigger Than Africa documents the journey of enslaved Africans through the lens of these surviving West African cultures. This historical documentary takes you through 6 countries, Brazil, Cuba, Nigeria, Trinidad & Tobago, The United States and back to where it all began in West Africa. The well-researched documentary will expose the international audience to how Yoruba culture transcends continents and connects the Black diaspora.
"I am extremely excited that my first project was picked up by the global streaming network," said the filmmaker in a statement. 'This film provides a fresh and innovative perspective into the history of our ancestors that isn't typically represented in mainstream Hollywood. My hope is for this film to become a unifying documentary for all people of African descent irrespective of their countries. It's a film that uniquely tells the stories of our commonalities rather than our differences.
Debuting globally at several film festivals in 2018 including African Movie Academy Awards, Festivals International du Film Panafricain de Cannes, AFI World Peace Initiative Cannes 2019, Silicon Valley African Film Festival and more, where it had several wins and nominations.
Watch the trailer below:


text:
A SelectorMap encapsulates a number of Regions that all have the same number of axes and represent the same coordinate Frame. The number of inputs (Nin attribute) of the SelectorMap equals the number of axes spanned by one of the encapsulated Region. All SelectorMaps have only a single output. SelectorMaps do not define an inverse transformation.
For each input position, the forward transformation of a SelectorMap searches through the encapsulated Regions (in the order supplied when the SelectorMap was created) until a Region is found which contains the input position. The index associated with this Region is returned as the SelectorMap output value (the index value is the position of the Region within the list of Regions supplied when the SelectorMap was created, starting at 1 for the first Region). If an input position is not contained within any Region, a value of zero is returned by the forward transformation.
If a compound Mapping contains a SelectorMap in series with its own inverse, the combination of the two adjacent SelectorMaps will be replaced by a UnitMap when the compound Mapping is simplified using AST_SIMPLIFY.
In practice, SelectorMaps are often used in conjunction with SwitchMaps.
AST A Library for Handling World Coordinate Systems in Astronomy

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Dew warning - Wikiwand
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Dew warning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A dew warning, also known as a dew alarm or dew signal, is an error indication on VCRs and camcorders if the VCR/camcorder develops dew inside the unit from being exposed to extreme temperature and/or humidity changes.[1]
The presence of moisture between the tape and the rotating head drum increases friction which prevents correct operation and can cause damage to both the recording device and the tape. In extreme cases, if the dew sensor fails to function and stop the video recorder, moisture can cause the tape to stick to the spinning video head. This can pull a large amount of tape from the cassette before the head drum stops spinning. The tape will be extensively damaged, the video heads will often become clogged, and the mechanism may be unable to eject the cassette.
The dew sensor itself is mounted very close to the video head drum. Contrary to how one might expect this to behave, the sensor increases its resistance when moisture is present. Poor contacts on the sensor can therefore be a cause of random dew sensor warnings.
Usually, a "DEW" indicator or error code lights up on the display of most VCRs/camcorders, and on some, a buzzer may sound.
References
 1. ^ Almost every tape based video recorder's user manual or service manual.
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Dew warning
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how long do optima batteries last
How Long Do Optima Batteries Last?
Optima batteries are perfect start applications in a car engine that requires high amperage outputs in short bursts. However, what disturbs many car owners is how long these batteries last. Although there is no exact lifespan, several factors determine how long your Optima battery lasts.
Since Optima batteries are costlier, you might be concerned about how you can elongate their lifespan and save on battery costs. If these are your worries, then you are in a safe place. This article will summarize Optima batteries, types, and what affects their lifespan.
Optima Battery Overview
Over the past four decades, Optima batteries have been the ultimate power source for cars, trucks, SUVs, commercial vehicles, and boats.
Thus, it is normal for any automobile user to discern an Optima battery over other battery types. It remains the only battery to feature spiralcell technology, thus giving each battery a unique form and shape.
Optima batteries are not preferred for their vibrant colors and shapes, but also their unique SpiralCell Technology. This technology offers enough area with excellent resistance and extreme vibrations.
Therefore, they can crank out a lot of power for an extended period. Unfortunately, Optima batteries are expensive.
What Makes Optima Batteries Unique?
The vibrancy of Optima batteries is due to top-notch creativity and skill. Although we have different variants, they all have an identical proprietary design.
Whereas ordinary batteries have flat and square plates, Optima batteries have a spiral-wound design. This spiral wound design guarantees optimal vibration resistance and efficient power output.
Optima batteries feature an Absorbent Glass Mat design, which satisfies more electrical demands of modern vehicles. Given these unique designs, Optima batteries perform exceptionally in both cold and weather.
Optima batteries charge quickly, i.e., five times faster, and can last longer since you can cycle down 80% of their DoD (Depth of Discharge).
Types of Optima Batteries
There are three types of Optima batteries;
Optima YellowTop
Optima RedTop batteries are the commonest starting batteries. Since they offer to 800 CCAs, they offer more igniting power for a single click start regardless of the weather. In addition, they have a 100-minute reserve capacity.
Optima RedTops are exemplary for crossovers, sedans, SUVs, diesel trucks or machinery, and other standard modern vehicles. They can cost as low as $220, depending on the size.
Optima RedTop
While RedTop is an all-around battery, the YellopTop is an ideal vehicle with more electrical accessories. It has less internal resistance and is suitable for high-performance trucks, muscle cars, sport sedans, hot rods, and streetcars.
YellowTop Optima batteries are excellent for tractors, and other vehicles with many inverters, winches, LED floodlights, and other electrical accessories. YellowTop Optima batteries come in various sizes at a price range of between $265 and $365. It provides up to 750 CCA.
Optima BlueTop
The Optima BlueTop batteries come in two versions, one with a dark gray casing for RVs and the other for marine applications. It not only recharges quickly but also offers to 900 CCA. It is an inevitable option, especially if you enjoy boat racing or taking your RV out.
What Is The Life of Optima Batteries?
The primary concern of people interested in Optima batteries is how long they last. Unfortunately, the answer to this question isn't straightforward; it depends on some factors. Since Optima batteries aren't the same, some can last for years while the other bad Optima batteries last several months.
Optima RedTop Longevity
Depending on driving habits, battery size, and weather, you can use it for around five years. However, if your battery is still working, it doesn't guarantee it operates at an optimal level.
Optima YellowTop Longevity
Like other Optima batteries, a YellowTop can last two to three times the lifespan of a flooded battery. If a flooded battery lasts two years, this one can last 4-6 years, depending on the driving habits and the weather.
Optima BlueTop Longevity
A BlueTop Optima's longevity depends on how you use it, i.e., the weather and driving conditions under which they operate.
For instance, I know of three BlueTop Optima, one 13 years and two others at 10 and 6 years. However, most BlueTop lasts six years in optimal working conditions.
What Affects Optima Batteries Longevity?
Quality of Materials
Optima batteries last long, thanks to the quality of materials that make them. Instead of using recycled lead used in ordinary batteries, manufacturers use pure lead, which lasts longer. Pure lead offers a stronger inter-cell weld linkage than recycled lead.
Climatic Conditions
Extreme climatic conditions can be detrimental to Optima batteries. For instance, freezing or hot temperatures destroy AGM batteries compared to Optimal temperatures, i.e., around 24 degrees Celsius.
We have observed that Optima batteries in San Diego last longer than those of Alaska and Alabama.
Driving Habits
Suppose you drive your car for 20 miles at 50 mph daily most of the year, then it won't harden as a battery that is used occasionally.
In addition, leaving your battery in partially discharged condition for long reduces its life span. This habit affects both AGM (Optima) batteries and flooded batteries.
FAQs
Do Optima Batteries Have a Lifetime Warranty?
Optima batteries have no lifetime warranty; therefore, if you replace your battery under a warranty policy, its warranty period will still expire based on the initial purchase date. There is no new warranty.
Does an Optima Battery Need a Special Charger?
Regular or OE chargers that come with brand new vehicles are designed for lead batteries. However, you can still use them to charge Optima batteries.
Can You Overcharge an Optima Battery?
Overcharging an optima battery is unsafe since it can expose safety valves and leakage of flammable gases. In these circumstances, premature failure is inevitable.
Sum up
In conclusion, Optima batteries are the ultimate batteries for automobiles. Although they are costlier, they are long lasting and more efficient than the flooded batteries. It doesn't matter the vehicle you drive; the three types are designed for different cars.
Depending on driving habits, climatic conditions, and manufacturing materials, Optima batteries can last 2-3 times the lifespan of flood batteries. Optima batteries charge quickly and do not have a designated charger; you can still charge them with the normal lead battery chargers.
Indeed, this is the battery package that your car needs for long-lasting engine power.


Last updated: August 03, 2015
Sugar, the sweetest decision maker at work
Eating sugar
Having trouble with a work decision? Have a hit of sugar then. Picture: ThinkStock Source: AAP
WE'VE all been there. It's that time of the day when our energy levels slump and we just can't seem to make that all important work decision.
The solution according to one online author and marketing guru is to eat - and have sugar.
Canadian Herbert Lui reckons the key to better and more level-headed decision making is glucose.
Mr Lui says studies have repeatedly shown the link between constant glucose levels in people's blood and the ability to make good decisions.
Citing one study from Willpower, written by university professors Roy F. Baumeister and John Tierney, Mr Lui said research showed how people became less angry with glucose in their systems.
In this study, participants were given lemonade mixed either with sugar or with a diet sweetener while playing a virtual game - with neither told which they were drinking. Those given the artificial sweetener were far more likely to become angry than those given sugar.
"It has been proven that when our glucose levels are replenished, it becomes much easier to consistently endure trials and to make tough decisions," he writes.
And workers shouldn't underestimate their need for sleep either, Mr Lui adds, writing that sleep is the first activity that gets sacrificed as entrepreneurs find their workloads picking up.
Getting enough rest helps reduces "the body's demand for glucose and improves its overall ability to make use of the glucose in the bloodstream" he adds.