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STDP AO - Eligible costs definitions
Note that until a written funding agreement is signed by both parties, no commitment or legal obligation exists on the part of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) to provide funding in the form of a grant or contribution to any successful application.
Acquisition or rental of equipment:
Consists of equipment, including software rented, acquired or constructed exclusively for the project. In order to be eligible, such equipment must be identified in the project cost estimates, and approved by the CSA. All such equipment shall be charged to the project at the net price, including all costs incurred to get the equipment operational after deducting all trade discounts, rebates and similar charges. The PST, HST and GST should be excluded.
Consultant services:
The nature of services to be acquired shall be set out in the proposal estimates. The amount eligible for a consultant shall be the actual contract amount. The CSA reserves the right to approve only a portion of the consultant fees submitted.
Data acquisition:
Can include, but is not limited to, data archiving.
Overhead (administrative) costs (not to exceed 15% of eligible costs):
This represents expenses of doing business that are not readily identified with a particular project or activity, but are necessary for the general operation of the organization and the conduct of activities it performs. In theory, costs like heat, light, accounting and personnel might be charged directly if they could be recorded specifically related to the project. Practical difficulties preclude such an approach.
Material and supplies:
A category of expenditures which includes goods that are used or consumed in achieving project objectives and can be specifically identified and measured as having been used or to be used in the performance of the project. Office supplies are excluded.
Laboratory analysis services:
Cost of services rendered to solve analytical and process problems in a building, part of a building, or other place specifically equipped to conduct experiments, tests, or investigations.
Salaries and benefits:
 1. Salaries include wages for all personnel with direct involvement in the project such as, but not limited to, engineers, scientists, technologists, researchers, project managers, students and administrative assistants. All eligible personnel must be employees on the recipient's payroll. Payment in terms of shares, stock, stock options and the like are not eligible. The amount invoiced shall be actual gross pay for the work performed and shall include no markup for profit, selling, administration or financing.
 The eligible payroll cost is the gross pay of the employee (normal periodic remuneration before deductions). Normal periodic remuneration rates are the regular pay rates for the period excluding premiums paid for overtime or shift work. The payroll rate does not include any reimbursement or benefit conferred in lieu of salaries or wages. When hourly rates are being charged for salaried personnel, the hourly rates shall be the periodic remuneration (annual, monthly, weekly, etc.) divided by the total paid hours in the period including holidays, vacation and paid sickness time.
 Labour claims must be supported by suitable records such as time sheets and records, and be held for verification at time of audit. Management personnel are required to maintain appropriate records of time devoted to the project.
 2. Benefits are defined as a reasonable prorated share of expenses associated with the direct labour cost such as the employer's portion of Canada Pension Plan, Quebec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance, employee benefits such as health plan and insurance, Worker's Compensation, sick leave and vacation plus any other employer paid payroll related expenses. Those items which have no relationship to the project or which have been charged on an indirect basis are not eligible. The determination of the fringe benefits amount shall be in accordance with generally accepted cost accounting principles. In general, fringe benefits rate provided in the project estimate shall be computed once during the life of the project and agreed on prior to the signing of the agreement. If retroactive adjustments are made, these must be indicated on claims for progress payments for the CSA's approval.
Unless stated otherwise in the funding agreement between the CSA and the recipient, Treasury Board rates shall be used in reimbursing expenses.
Date modified:


TLDR.Chat
The Significance of Usability and Human-Centered Design in Software Development
What Makes Software Good? | by Mike Bostock 🔗
The text by Mike Bostock discusses the qualities of good software, emphasizing the importance of usability and human-centered design. The author provides examples from the D3 library, highlighting the evolution of its design and usability improvements in D3 4.0. The text underscores the significance of approachability, consistency, self-explanation, and teaching capabilities in good software design. Additionally, it addresses the impact of software design on human cognition, learning, and knowledge transfer.
KEY POINTS:
Related


Mole drainage systems
Mole drainage is widely used in New Zealand and the United Kingdom in heavy soils to improve productivity of pastures and crops. Mole drainage was popular with dairy farmers in the 1960s in Victoria but these often failed due to reasons now more fully understood. Recent research has resulted in robust guidelines for installing mole drains so they are more effective for longer, with a greatly reduced failure rate.
What is a mole drain?
Mole drains are unlined channels formed in clay subsoil. They're formed by pulling a ripper blade (or leg) with a cylindrical foot (or torpedo) attached on the bottom through the subsoil. A plug (or expander) is often used to help compact the channel wall. The foot is usually chisel-pointed and the entire point is hard-faced by welding. More frequent hard-facing of the underside will increase the effective life of the torpedo. The beam is the main rail that carries the leg and torpedo.
Mole drains are used in heavy soils where a clay subsoil near moling depth (400 to 600cm) prevents downward movement of ground water. Mole drains are a more sophisticated drainage system than open drains. Mole drains do not drain groundwater but remove water as it enters from the ground surface.
Mole drains over a collector pipe system
A mole drain over a collector pipe system is recommended in:
 - soils where mole drains would have a very short lifespan due to sandy or stoney areas
 - heavy clay type soils, or
 - lengths greater than about 80 metres to reach an outfall
This system requires the installation of slotted subsurface drainage pipes at approximately 60m to 100m apart, across which mole drains are pulled. This system is useful where soil may contain stones or sandy patches in the profile, at drainage depth, which could collapse when moled. The relatively close spacing of the pipes and shorter mole drain lengths will minimise the area affected by the resultant poor drainage when the mole drain collapses.
Permeable backfill such as washed sand, small screenings or small diameter 'pea' gravel is placed (backfilled) on top of the slotted pipe in the base of the trench. The collector pipe will have been installed using a laser to ensure a constant fall in the pipe to the outfall. Depending on the clay content and its depth, this backfill must reach at least 150mm above the moling depth so that the water moves into the backfill via the mole channel.
Mole drains are then installed at an angle (often 70 to 900) to the direction of the pipes. Excess ground water flows into and along the mole drains, then drains into the porous backfill above the pipes, and is then quickly removed to outfalls via the subsurface collector pipes.
Mole plough demonstrating how a mole channel is created, in this case with a slotted drain pipe underneath. The mole channel should be between 400 mm to 600 mm below the ground surface.
Types of mole ploughs
Well-designed mole draining ploughs allow the torpedo, when properly set, to maintain itself at the set depth almost irrespective of small ground surface irregularities. The front of the mole plough usually has skids to support the front of the beam, but the body of the beam floats clear of the ground. This allows the blade and torpedo some degree of movement to produce a smooth gradient within the limits of the under-beam clearance.
Trailed mole ploughs
Trailed mole ploughs require higher horsepower tractors than other mole ploughs because this design actually scrubs the ground when being pulled. But they produce more even grades than three-point linkage ploughs because of the longer beam (greater than 1.35m). They are more difficult to manoeuvre compared to the linkage plough but are now being replaced by semi tractor-mounted designs.
This plough has been used experimentally in Victorian trials but none are available commercially. They are more expensive to build than the other plough types.
Semi tractor-mounted mole ploughs
Although mounted on the tractor three-point linkage, these act as trailing ploughs when working and even out the mole gradient despite ground variation. The longer beam, coupled to a chain with a floating top link, allows a more even mole channel to be formed.
Fully tractor-mounted mole plough
The blade is mounted directly to the three-point linkage, so this type of plough is inexpensive to build and convenient to use. This design of mole plough produces more uneven grades than the trailed ploughs because of the short beam and is one reason for many mole drain failures.
The angle of the torpedo is influenced by the draught control of the tractor, so not free to find its own level. Also, being mounted so close to the rear wheels, the torpedo forms a mole channel as dictated by the ground surface undulations.
Ideally the torpedo should be allowed to 'float' with no pressure control used to make it go deeper. When traction is lost, the linkage arms lift the mole plough to reduce downward pressure, regaining traction as a result.
Automatic draught control is used on most tractors to improve traction. The fully tractor-mounted mole ploughs are better suited for smaller tractors and small areas but are only suitable for even ground surfaces.
Gravel mole ploughs
Gravel mole ploughs incorporate a hopper to allow finely graded gravel to fall into the mole channel. These ploughs have been used successfully in the UK in heavy soils that cannot hold 'normal' mole drains.
Experimental results from north east Victoria and Gippsland show they have promise on unstable clay soils, but are expensive because of the amount of gravel and close spacing needed. Unfortunately, very few of these machines exist in southern Australia.
Tractor power requirements for installing mole drains
Four-wheel drive tractors of approximately 60 to 80kw minimum power are recommended for installing moles. Crawler tractors of lesser power (above 45kw) are also suitable. The deeper the mole drain to be installed and the drier the soil, the greater the tractor power required.
Speed of mole ploughing
Recommended speed is 2 to 4km per hour. If pulled too fast, say 5 to 6km per hour, the plug can disrupt or tear the walls of the channel resulting in failure within 1 to 2 years.
Soil suitability for mole drainage
Soils should have a clay content in the range of 30 to 35 per cent to ensure long-lasting mole channels. A soil with a clay content above this range is likely to collapse quickly due to swelling or shrinking as they 'wet up' and 'dry down'.
Clay gives the soil the ability to hold together and reduces the chances of it collapsing after the mole is pulled. Sand content should be less than 30 per cent.
Ideally, the soil should be free of stones at the mole drain depth. If not, ensure the soil at moling depth is fairly wet so stones are more easily pushed aside by the plough torpedo or plug.
Testing of suitability for mole draining
Although not always foolproof, there are simple tests can that indicate a soil's suitability for mole drainage. See 'Determine the soil's suitability for mole drainage' on the page Which subsurface drainage system to use for more information.
It is wise to consult a subsurface drainage expert and, failing that, only mole drain a small area initially to gauge the likelihood of success in the long term.
When to mole drain
To achieve satisfactory results, the soil in the vicinity of the mole channel needs to be moist enough to form a channel. The soil must not be dry enough to crack and break up, and not soft enough to slough off and form a slurry. These conditions usually occur during the drying cycle in late spring to early summer.
The action of the mole plough is to form a channel in the area of the profile with a specific clay content, yet produce upward cracking of the soil profile immediately above the mole channel. These cracks allow water flow to the mole channel.
The upper section of the soil profile needs to be dry enough to form cracks at the time of mole draining and the ground surface dry enough to allow traction. If too moist then the cracks can 'heal' over and reduce water intake. It is extremely preferable to have a warm drying period with no rain to allow the cracks to dry and the mole channel itself to harden.
Usually when the clay at mole draining depth has a moisture content of 20 to 25 per cent, conditions are satisfactory. Test the soil by kneading between the fingers. If a ribbon can be rolled out without it sticking to the fingers the moisture content is right.
Mole draining in autumn is not recommended, as the topsoil is wet and subsoil is too dry. The subsoil is difficult to mole and to dry out and it's difficult to achieve the desirable depth. Mole channels will tend to slough off and fail.
Cross section of a mole drained paddock. Mole drains installed by the mole plough at the appropriate soil moisture content to create upwards cracking into soil surrounding the mole channels. These cracks allow water to flow to the mole channel.
Length and gradient
The length of mole drains varies with the slope (gradient) of the ground (Table 1), surface evenness, soil textural changes in the profile and soil suitability. If mole channels are too long, the channels could remain wet at the lower end for too long, gradually softening over time and collapsing. If outfalls dictate long mole drains, then a collector pipe system is highly recommended.
Table 1: Recommended lengths and gradients for mole drains in pasture soils
Soil profile Surface


Re: Issue 516: [...] summary review
From: Al Gilman
Date: Thu, 12 Jul 2001 10:57:06 -0400
Message-Id: <_EMAIL_>
To: _EMAIL_
For reference.
 2.4 Allow time-independent interaction. (P1)
 1. For [92]content where user input is only possible within a finite
 time interval controlled by the user agent, allow
 [93]configuration to make the time interval "infinite". Do this by
 pausing automatically at the end of each time interval where user
 input is possible, and resuming automatically after the user has
 explicitly completed input.
 2. In this configuration, alert the user when the session has been
 paused and which [94]enabled elements are time-sensitive.
 3. When the user pauses a real-time presentation, the user agent may
 discard packets that continue to arrive during the pause.
My sense of the SVG objections, here, can be summarized in two main points:
a. Pausing the individual sensitive element in the context of a larger
animated SVG does not make sense.
b. What determines the time window in which the actions on an element in an
animated SVG are actually available to the user, with occlusion and indirect
binding taken into account, is possible, but hard, to determine in time to
pause the presentation at the end of sensitivity. Order of magnitude to add
this function might be twice the effort as to create the module (SVG player)
that the functionality is being added to. [Because it is technically
it is not clear that it is excused under the 'determinability' language of
[Just my sense of what they said, to make the response clearer.]
a. Yes. When one stops or pauses a time-based presentation, what is stopped
or paused is the entire synchronized presentation. One is not assumed to be
able to do a'stop' or 'pause' of sub-objects that the user cherry-picks
out of
the onrushing ensemble of presentation. This is a communication glitch
UA WG and SVG WG that is shared with the comments about Checkpoints 4.4 and
(see issue 417).
Where the UAAG talks about stopping or pausing 'elements' the 'elements'
intended were independenly playable media objects (including synchronized
ensembles) concurrently embedded in an asynchronous context such as an HTML
b. The proper test of P1 in this context is access to outcomes. As in the
first, summary statement of the checkpoint,, "Allow time-independent
It is desirable that this required outcome be performed in a way that minimzes
changes in how the access to outcomes is mediated to the user. Change the UI
as little as possible, that makes it work for them. The specific method, of
pausing the presentation on the fly, as described in the sub-bullets starting
with "Do this by pausing..." is offered in this spirit.
However, that is not the only way to achieve time-independent access to the
outcomes. A static menu of controls (probably with a web page look and feel)
that grants access to the same range of outcomes should be recognized as
meeting the P1 test in this regard.
There is plausible risk that the currently stated method, applied to an
animated SVG, would not only be a bear to implement, but would result in a
presentation that is of no earthly use to anyone, because of the incessant
pausing for too many incidental events.
In a classical SMIL context where the syncronized ensemble is composed of a
relatively small number of independently playable media objects, it may make
sense to employ the on-the-fly pausing technique. But it should be
admitted in
the checkpoint that this is not the only way to accomplish the required
The idea that this specific method is not readily achievable in implementing
animated SVG is prima_facie plausible, and we are not the experts who could
second-guess the implementers with regard to this assertion. Under the
circumstances, since the stated method is sufficient but not necessary to
remove the P1 barrier, the implementers should be given the benefit of the
doubt on the implementation unreasonableness and we should reword the
checkpoint to give implementers more latitude in which to effect equivalent
Received on Thursday, 12 July 2001 10:46:46 GMT


Why AISM? Our Unique Approach to Education.
Australian International School Malaysia (AISM) is amongst the top international schools in Malaysia.
Here, our teaching methods equip our students to embark on a life-long journey of learning and discovery. AISM is committed to delivering high quality pre-school, primary, secondary and pre-university education, though the internationally recognised Australian curriculum. All our students are taught using the Visible Learning™ Approach, that is proven the world over.


Introduction to Microsoft Com Link ===
Microsoft Com Link is an innovative platform that provides a wide range of services to users. It has proven to be an essential tool for individuals and businesses alike. The platform is designed to offer a seamless experience to its users, and it has been successful in achieving that goal. This comprehensive guide will provide essential information about the Microsoft Com Link platform, including its features, benefits, how to use it, and troubleshooting common issues.
Features and Benefits
Microsoft Com Link is a feature-rich platform that offers users a range of benefits. One of the primary features of the platform is its ability to connect users to the Microsoft support team. This means that users can get instant assistance with any issues they may encounter while using Microsoft products. Additionally, the platform provides a range of resources, including articles, videos, and tutorials, that can help users enhance their knowledge and skills with Microsoft products.
Another notable feature of Microsoft Com Link is its ability to enable users to manage their Microsoft accounts. This includes the ability to view account details, manage subscriptions, and update personal information. Additionally, users can access and manage their OneDrive and Office 365 accounts through the platform, making it a one-stop-shop for all Microsoft-related needs.
How to Use Microsoft Com Link
Using Microsoft Com Link is an easy and straightforward process. Simply visit the website, and you will be directed to a homepage that contains all the essential features and services offered on the platform. From there, you can select the service you require, such as support or account management, and follow the prompts to get the assistance you need.
Microsoft Com Link also offers a range of resources, including articles, videos, and tutorials, that can help users enhance their knowledge and skills with Microsoft products. These resources are available for free and are accessible to anyone who visits the platform.
Troubleshooting Common Issues
Despite its many benefits, users may encounter common issues while using Microsoft Com Link. Some of the most common issues include problems with account management, difficulty accessing support services, and issues with software updates. However, Microsoft Com Link provides a range of resources, including articles, videos, and tutorials, that can help users troubleshoot these issues and get back to enjoying the benefits of the platform.
In addition to these resources, Microsoft Com Link also provides a support team that users can contact for assistance. The team is available 24/7 and can be reached via phone, email, or chat, depending on the user's preference.
In conclusion, Microsoft Com Link is a comprehensive platform that offers a range of essential services to users. Its features and benefits make it an indispensable tool for individuals and businesses alike. However, users may encounter common issues while using the platform, but with the help of the resources and support provided by Microsoft Com Link, these issues can be resolved quickly and easily. Whether you need support with Microsoft products or want to enhance your knowledge and skills with the platform, Microsoft Com Link is the go-to destination for all your Microsoft-related needs.
By Manali


text:
Emmet Till's original casket will be put on display in the Smithsonian after it was found rusting in a cemetery shed.
Emmet Till's original casket will be put on display in the Smithsonian.
The Associated Press reports that The glass-topped coffin is headed to the museum to be preserved as part of American history. This news comes exactly 54 years after he was lynched in Mississippi for whistling at a White woman. The men responsible for Emmett's death were never convicted.
"Part of the responsibility of a national museum is to help people to remember," said Lonnie Bunch, who heads the Smithsonian's planned National Museum of African American History and Culture, "and through this donation we will ensure that future generations will remember how the death of a child, a mother's courage, helped to transform America."
The casket was found rusting in a shed at Burr Oak Cemetery in suburban Chicago. It was turned up during an investigation into the illegal resale of burial plots at the facility. More than 300 bodies were found disinterred and tossed into a mass grave.
In 2005, Emmett had been dug up for a new investigation into his death and he was re-buried in a new casket.
– Sonya Eskridge

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Computer to Computer Communication Via GPIB
Updated Dec 29, 2017
Reported In
Driver
 - NI-488.2
Issue Details
How can I set up two computers to communicate with each other via GPIB?
Solution
Below is a sequence of events that you can use as a guideline for computer to computer communication. Complete the following steps to communicate from computer to computer using GPIB:
 1. Leave both computers with their default GPIB settings. We are going to define one computer as the Controller and the other computer as the Non-Controller. You do not have to change any settings.
 2. On the Controller computer, you will need to make sure that you open a session to an instrument with primary address of 1 (as set above). Complete the following steps to open an instrument session in IBIC:
 1. Use the command ibfind GPIB0 to open a session to the GPIB board.
 2. Use the ibsic to send an interface clear message to the bus.
 3. Use the ibsre 1 to assert the Remote Enable line whenever you address instruments.
 4. Use ibdev 0 1 0 13 1 0 to to open a session to the Non-Controller. The first parameter is the index of the access board. Second is the primary GPIB address for the device. Third is the secondary address of the GPIB device (generally 0). Fourth is the I/O timeout value. Fifth is the EOI mode of the device. Sixth is the EOS character mode for the device. All of these settings can be found in NI-MAX for a specific GPIB device.
 5. Use the ibwrt "HELLO" to send a string of data, in this case the word HELLO to the Non-Controller.
 3. Use the Interactive Control (IBIC) to test these commands. Later, you can implement these steps in your program. Complete the following steps on the Non-Controller:
 1. Use the command ibfind GPIB0 to open a session to the GPIB board.
 2. Use the command ibrsc 0 to release system control. This is where you make it the computer a non-controller.
 3. Use the command ibpad 1 to change the primary GPIB address of the Non-Controller from 0 to 1.
 4. Check to see if the ATN line is unasserted and the computer is addressed as a listener. The LACS line goes high in the Status Word when the computer is addresses as a listener. You can create a loop which constantly checks this.
 5. Read the command sent from the Controller using the ibrd #, where # is the number of bytes you expect to receive. In this case we are expecting 5 bytes to be read since we sent HELLO.
For the Controller steps, you should enable readdressing to make sure that the Non-Controller is readdressed to listen every time. Otherwise, you will get an ENOL error, which means no listener is found. To enable readressing, you can use the command ibconfig ibcreaddr 1; this is something you only need to do on the Controller. This step is required if you want to modify the above code to run in a loop.
For the Non-Controller steps, you would perform step 4 in a loop, until the Non-Controller is addressed to listen. This will happen when the Controller sends a data message, and then you perform step 5 and read the message. You would use a similar approach on writes, but instead of waiting to see if you were told to listen, you would wait to see if you were told to talk which happens when the TACS line goes high in the Status Word.
For programmatic control follow this sample source code created in C that performs these operations:
static int noncontroller;
static char buffer[100];
static int panelHandle;
int main ()
{
 // Open a session to the GPIB board
 noncontroller = ibfind ("gpib0");
 // Release system control
 ibrsc (noncontroller, 0);
 // Change primary address from 0 to 1
 ibpad (noncontroller, 1);
 while (1)
 {
 // Update Status variable
 ibwait (noncontroller, 0);
 // Wait until non-controller is listener and ATN line is dropped.
 if ((ibsta&LACS)&&(!(ibsta&ATN)))
 {
 ibrd (noncontroller, buffer, 100); // Read data bytes
 buffer[ibcnt] = '\n'; // Add linefeed and 0 to string.
 buffer[ibcnt + 1] = 0;
 printf ("%s",buffer); print buffer
 return 0;
 } // first if
 // If addressed to talk, send the response "I am a talker"
 if ((ibsta&TACS)&&(!(ibsta&ATN)))
 {
 // Send data across the bus.
 ibwrt (noncontroller, "I am a talker", strlen("I am a talker"));
 return 0;
 } // second if
 } // while
} // main
In order to run this code, be sure to complete the following steps:
 1. Include the windows.h header file.
 2. Include the ni488.h header file.
 3. Link your application with the appropriate language interface file.
 1. For Microsoft C/C++, link with gpib-32.obj.
 2. For Borland C/C++, link with borlandc_gpib-32.obj
For more information about these GPIB functions and the Status Word, see the related links section.


text:
How many calories does one Amrit Peda have?
One Amrit Peda gives 117 calories. Out of which carbohydrates comprise 38 calories, proteins account for 18 calories and remaining calories come from fat which is 61 calories. One Amrit Peda provides about 6 percent of the total daily calorie requirement of a standard adult diet of 2,000 calories.
See Amrit Peda recipe.
Is Amrit Peda Healthy?
Amrit peda is an Indian mithai and that is not healthy. Made of Mawa, sugar and pistachios.
Let's understand the ingredients.
Mawa is made from Milk
: 1 cup of milk provides 70% of the Recommended Daily Allowance of Calcium
. Milk promotes strong bones. Milk low in carbs and therefore does not raise blood glucose levels. One cup of Milk gives 10 grams of carbs. Low fat milk has lower fat and the same benefits of milk
What's bad with Amrit Peda.
: Sugar is also called white poison. It is a simple carbohydrate
with zero nutritional value. On intake, sugar will cause inflammtion of the body which will last for many hours. It will spike your blood sugar level and shut down the fat burning process. To live a healthy life, try and cut sugar which from your diet. It requires a slow and deliberate attempt to do it. Find hidden sugar in packaged foods and drinks and stop having those products. Did you know that a can of your favourite soft drink is estimated to have 1/2 cup of sugar.
Can diabetics, heart patients and over weight individuals have Amrit Peda?
No, this recipe has usage of full fat milk and lots of sugar. Not safe for diabetics, heart issues and overweight individuals. We suggest you try a low fat carrot halwa recipe which is made with of dates, carrots and low fat milk. So we always have a solution for diabetics.
Low Fat Carrot Halwa, Healthy Gajar Halwa
Can healthy individuals have Amrit Peda?
No, Amrita peda is not good if you want to live a healthy life style. While one peda is only 117 calories, it's what happens to the human body after eating it. Sugar can cause havoc in your body for 4 hours after consumption. Why would you want to do that. Opt for a healthy option instead.
Amrit Peda is high in
is a mineral that makes bones stay strong. Required from kids to adults.
Note : a recipe is deemed high in a Vitamin or mineral if it meets 20% and above the recommended daily allowance based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
How to burn 117 calories that come from one Amrit Peda?
Walking (6 kmph) =
Running (11 kmph) =
Cycling (30 kmph) =
Swimming (2 kmph) =
Note: These values are approximate and calorie burning differs in each individual.


text:
William Sharp, one of the first chromolithographic printers in the U.S., created these extraordinary illustrations for the large folio Victoria Regia (1854) by John Fisk Allen. Allen, a well-known horticulturalist, cultivated a specimen of the rare, huge (up to 8 feet in diameter), fast-growing (up to an inch an hour!) water lily, native to the Amazon. After months of careful tending, the plant—named in honor of the recently-crowned Queen Victoria—blossomed on the evening of July 21, 1853. Sharp's depictions of this exotic wonder—in various stages of bloom—were masterpieces and elevated the then-nascent art of chromolithography to spectacular new heights.
image captions: All images are from a copy of Victoria Regia in our collections. Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
News & Blog
RESOLVE to Observe National Infertility Awareness Week®
National Public Education Initiative Takes Place April 19-25, 2020
(April 6, 2020, McLean, VA) – RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association will recognize National Infertility Awareness Week®, April 19 through April 25, 2020. The movement brings together millions of Americans who want to remove the stigmas and barriers that stand in the way of building families. RESOLVE will rally the infertility community to raise awareness about the significant lack of access to family building options and emotional support for millions of women and men struggling to build a family.
RESOLVE is committed to hosting the 2020 National Infertility Awareness Week. With so many live events cancelled because of COVID-19, people with infertility and those struggling to build a family need support more than ever," said Barbara Collura, RESOLVE's President/CEO. "Let's use NIAW to raise our voices, talk about the issues facing this community and make sure we continue to support those most in need.
Throughout NIAW, members of the infertility community will take to the internet to share their stories and lead the conversation about challenges to family building and methods of resolution. Through national media, social media, and fundraising, the infertility community will take action to increase awareness of infertility in order to remove stigmas and improve access to family building options.
RESOLVE's National Infertility Awareness Week 2020 is supported by its NIAW Partners: EMD Serono, Ferring Pharmaceuticals, First Response, Guerbet, Merck, and ORM Fertility.
NIAW became a federally recognized health observance by the Department of Health and Human Services in 2010. RESOLVE can provide experts for interviews on all aspects of infertility, as well as personal patient stories from women and men living with infertility. Find out more about NIAW at infertilityawareness.org.
About RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association: Established in 1974, RESOLVE: The National Infertility Association is a non-profit organization with the only established, nationwide network mandated to promote reproductive health and to ensure equal access to all family building options for men and women experiencing infertility or other reproductive disorders. One in eight U.S. couples of childbearing age has trouble conceiving or carrying a pregnancy to term. RESOLVE addresses this public health issue by providing community to these women and men, connecting them with others who can help, empowering them to find resolution and giving voice to their demands for access to all family building options. For more information, visit _URL_.


text:
Weight loss and active lifestyle can help to counteract the effects of obesity, a new study has suggested.
Our skin secretes an antibiotic called dermcidin, which could act as a potent weapon against tuberculosis (TB) and dangerous bugs, says a study.
A natural antibiotic created from human sweat could fend off deadly strains of tuberculosis and other dangerous superbugs, researchers claim. Dermcidin is produced by our skin when we sweat, and it fights off germs when skin is injured by a cut, scratch or bug bite.
An international team of scientists has discovered how an important natural antibiotic called dermcidin, produced by our skin when we sweat, is a highly efficient tool to fight tuberculosis germs and other dangerous bugs.


A product spreadsheet import to create products with variants has created each variant as a separate product
Separate products were created for each variant after importing a.csv,.xlsx or.xls product file instead of creating a parent product with variants under it.
 - Vend for Mac or PC
Not having handles/having different handles for product families
 1. Delete the individual products that have been created by the file import
 2. Open the product file
 3. Enter an identical handle into the handle column for each product family (a parent product and its variants)
Additional Information
How to Bulk Delete Products in Vend
Managing Variants in Vend
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Ted Pedersen > WordNet-Similarity > WordNet::Similarity::GlossFinder
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Module Version: 2.04 Source
WordNet::Similarity::GlossFinder - module to implement gloss finding methods for WordNet::Similarity measures of semantic relatedness (specifically, lesk and vector)
 use WordNet::QueryData;
 my $wn = WordNet::QueryData->new;
 defined $wn or die "Construction of WordNet::QueryData failed";
 use WordNet::Similarity::GlossFinder;
 my $obj = WordNet::Similarity::GlossFinder->new ($wn);
 my ($err, $errString) = $obj->getError ();
 $err and die $errString;
 my $wps1 = 'england#n#1';
 my $wps2 = 'winston_churchill#n#1';
 # get the glosses of these two synsets, since we are not using a
 # configuation file to specify relations, we will only get the
 # immediate glosses of the two wps entries. The default weight and
 # relation appear in $weight and $relation - these can be modified
 # via a configuration file.
 my ($wps1gloss, $wps2gloss, $weight, $relation ) = $obj -> getSuperGlosses ($wps1, $wps2);
 print "$wps1gloss->[0]\n";
 print "$wps2gloss->[0]\n";
 print "$weight->[0]\n";
 print "$relation->[0]\n";
This class is derived from (i.e., is a sub-class of) WordNet::Similarity. Two of the measures of similarity, provided in this package, viz. WordNet::Similarity::lesk and WordNet::Similarity::vector deal with WordNet glosses. This module provides methods for easy access to the required glosses.
This module inherits all the methods of WordNet::Similarity. Additionally, the following methods are also defined.
Public methods
Specifies the parts of speech that measures derived from this module support (namely, nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs).
parameters: none
returns: true
Overrides method of same name in WordNet::Similarity. Prints module-specific configuration options to the trace string (if tracing is on). GlossFinder supports module specific options: relation, stop and stem.
Parameters: none
Returns: nothing
Overrides the configure method in WordNet::Similarity. This method loads various data files, such as the stop words and relations.
Parameters: $file -- path of the configuration file.
Returns: nothing
$self->getSuperGlosses($wps1, $wps2)
This method returns a list of large blocks of concatenated glosses (super-gloss) for each specified synset. A super-gloss is the block of text formed by concatenating the glosses of a synset with glosses of synsets related to it in WordNet. "Related" synsets are identified by specific relations specified in the "relations" file. If no relations file was specified in the configuration, only the gloss of that synset is returned.
Parameters: wps1 and wps2 -- two synsets.
Returns: List of superglosses for both synsets (2-D array).
Private Methods
This method loads relations from a relation file.
Parameters: none
Returns: nothing
Many of the methods in this module can work with either offsets or wps strings internally. There are several interesting consequences of each mode.
 1. An offset is not a unique identifier for a synset, but neither is a wps string. An offset only indicates a byte offset in one of the WordNet data files (data.noun, data.verb, etc. on Unix-like systems). An offset along with a part of speech, however, does uniquely identify a synset.
 A word#pos#sense string, on the other hand, is the opposite extreme. A word#pos#sense string is an identifier for a unique word sense. A synset can have several word senses in it (i.e., a synset is a set of word senses that are synonymous). The synset {beer_mug#n#1, stein#n#1} has two word senses. The wps strings 'beer_mug#n#1' and'stein#n#1' can both be used to refer to the synset. For simplicity, we usually just use the first wps string when referring to the synset. N.B., the wps representation was developed by WordNet::QueryData.
 2. Early versions of WordNet::Similarity::* used offsets internally for finding paths, hypernym trees, subsumers, etc. The module WordNet::QueryData that is used by Similarity, however, accepts only wps strings as input to its querySense method, which is used to find hypernyms. We have found that it is more efficient (faster) to use wps strings internally.
 Ted Pedersen, University of Minnesota Duluth
 tpederse at d.umn.edu
 Siddharth Patwardhan, University of Utah, Salt Lake City
 sidd at cs.utah.edu
WordNet::Similarity(3) WordNet::Similarity::vector(3) WordNet::Similarity::lesk(3)
Copyright (c) 2005, Ted Pedersen and Siddharth Patwardhan
 The Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
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GEF and UNEP Launch Global Platform for Efficient Lighting
25 September 2009: The Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) have launched the "Global Market Transformation for Efficient Lighting Platform," a public-private partnership directed at reducing global energy demand for lighting.
The Platform aims to transform lighting markets, primarily in developing countries, by fostering the usage and production of energy efficient lighting while gradually discontinuing use of incandescent lighting, and substituting traditional fuel-based lighting with modern, efficient alternatives such as solid-state lighting (SSL) and Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamps. It is hoped that, through these efforts, global demand for lighting energy can eventually be reduced by up to 18 percent.
In attendance for the event was UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner, who noted that "in terms of climate change, this is among the lowest of low-hanging fruit. Eight percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are linked with lighting; this project can by 2014 make a big dent in these while saving people money too." [UN News Centre] [GEF press release]


text:
|Home | Headlines | New Gas Process for Controlled Ripening|
New Gas Process for Controlled Ripening- 11/27/2012
Materials scientists from The University of Queensland (UQ) are set to revolutionise the fresh fruit industry with a new technology that converts gases into a powder form.
Professor Bhesh Bhandari and PhD student Mr Binh Ho, from UQ's School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, have developed a technology that will dramatically improve the safety, efficiency and effort involved in controlled ripening of fruit.
Compressed ethylene gasis used extensively to control ripen fruit such as bananas, mangoes, avocadoes, citrus and tomatoes that are picked at "commercial maturity," which is a hard green, but mature stage, before ripening has started.
Professor Bhandari said the compressed ethylene gas, which is stored in cylinders, was highly volatile and explosive accidents have occurred in the past. Read more about ths new technology here.


text:
What properties of urethane make it uniquely applicable to its products?
1 Answer | Add Yours
Based on its unique characteristics, Urethane products have been designed to cater to various needs. For example, Urethane excels in mechanical strength – hence used in the making of high tensile strength adhesives. It can endure extreme conditions such as exposure to severe temperatures, salt water, and UV light - used in the making of marine industrial products, making of skateboards, buoys, mining and water treatment applications. It is resistant to cigarette fire – thus used in making bedding materials. It is water repellent – used in a wide range of coating and waterproofing membranes.
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text: Explore Space through lectures at the National Air and Space Museum. On March 28, 7:30 p.m., explore how the Sea of Tranquility was chosen for the moon landing. On April 24, 7:30 p.m., dive into the ever-growing knowledge of the Moon. On May 22, 7:30 p.m., explore how Apollo program research informs the understanding of the Moon today. On June 19, learn what's next for human exploration of the Moon. Get free tickets at airandspace.si.edu/events/future-lunar-exploration.


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Can someone please tell me how to determine all $\mathbb{Q}$-automorphisms of some splitting field $F$ of $X^3-3 \in \mathbb{Q}[X]$ and to determine $[F:\mathbb{Q}]$?
I think $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=3$, since I can construct a specific splitting field containing the three (complex) roots of the polynomial $X^3-3 $, but I don't know how to prove that it equals $3$. And for the automorphisms, I don't even know how to approach it.
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the reason why you can't prove $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=3$ is that $[F:\mathbb{Q}]=6$ – user8268 Nov 6 '12 at 22:12
yes, once you have in hand one of the roots of the polynomial, you need to write down explicitly what the other roots are. Then you need to notice what other irrationality needs to be adjoined to the setup to get all three in any field. You'll see that there is a unique quadratic extension of $\mathbb Q$ there, and three different cubic extensions. This is an exercise that everyone must do for her/himself. – Lubin Nov 7 '12 at 2:27
1 Answer 1
up vote 4 down vote accepted
Let $F$ be a field. Let $F^\times$ be the multiplicative group of $F$. Let $(a, b) \in F^\times \times F$. We denote by $\lambda(a, b)$ the permutation $x \rightarrow ax + b$ on $F$. Let $(a, b), (c, d) \in F^\times \times F$. Since $a(cx + d) + b = acx + ad + b$, $\lambda(a, b)\circ\lambda(c, d) = \lambda(ac, ad + b)$. Hence $\{\lambda(a, b) | (a, b) \in F^\times \times F\}$ is a permutation group on $F$. We call this group the affine general linear group of degree $1$ on $F$ and denote it by $AGL(1, F)$. Since $\lambda(a, b)(0) = b$ and $\lambda(a, b)(1) - b = a$, $(a, b)$ is uniquely determined by $\lambda(a, b)$. Hence $|AGL(1, F)| = |F^\times \times F|$.
Proposition Let $p, q$ be prime numbers which may or may not be equal. Let $a$ be an integer which is divisible by $q$, but not not divisible by $q^2$. $X^p - a$ is irreducible in $\mathbb{Q}[X]$ by the Eisenstein's criterion. Let $K$ be the splitting field of $X^p - a$ in $\mathbb{C}$. Then the Galois group $G$ of $K/\mathbb{Q}$ is isomorphic to $AGL(1, F)$, where $F = \mathbb{Z}/p\mathbb{Z}$.
Proof: Let $\zeta$ be a primitive $p$-th root of unity. Let $\alpha$ be a root of $X^p - a$ in $\mathbb{C}$. $\alpha,\alpha\zeta,\dots,\alpha\zeta^{p-1}$ are distinct roots of $X^p - a$. Hence $K = \mathbb{Q}(\alpha,\alpha\zeta,\dots,\alpha\zeta^{p-1})$. Since $\zeta = \alpha\zeta/\alpha \in K$, $K = \mathbb{Q}(\alpha, \zeta)$.
Let $\sigma \in G$. Since $\sigma(\zeta)^p = 1$, there exists an integer $b$ such that $\sigma(\zeta) = \zeta^b$. Clearly $b$ (mod $p$) is uniquely determined by $\sigma$ and $b$ (mod $p) \in F^\times$. On the other hand, there exists an integer $c$ such that $\sigma(\alpha) = \alpha\zeta^c$. Clearly $c$ (mod $p$) is uniquely determined by $\sigma$. We denote $\phi(\sigma) = \lambda(b$ mod $p、c$ mod $p) \in AGL(1, F)$. Hence we get a map $\phi\colon G \rightarrow AGL(1, F)$. Let $\sigma, \tau \in G$. Suppose $\phi(\sigma) = \lambda(b$ mod $p, c$ mod $p$) and $\phi(\tau) = \lambda(d$ mod $p, e$ mod $p$). Then $\sigma\tau(\zeta) = \zeta^{bd}$ and $\sigma\tau(\alpha) = \sigma(\alpha\zeta^e) = \alpha\zeta^c\zeta^{be} = \alpha\zeta^{be + c}$. Hence $\phi(\sigma\tau) = \phi(\sigma)\phi(\tau)$. Hence $\phi$ is a homomorphism. It is easy to see that $\phi$ is injective.
It remains to prove that $\phi$ is surjective. Since $[\mathbb{Q}(\zeta) \colon \mathbb{Q}] = p - 1$, $[K \colon \mathbb{Q}(\zeta)] > 1$. Let $H$ be the Galois group of $K/\mathbb{Q}(\zeta)$. Let $\tau \in H$. There exists an integer $c$ such that $\tau(\alpha) = \alpha\zeta^c$. We define a map $\psi\colon H \rightarrow F$ by $\psi(\tau) = c$ mod $p$. It is easy to see that $\psi$ is an injective homomorphism. Hence $|F| = p$ is divisible by $|H|$. Since $|H| > 1$, $|H| = p$, Hence $[K \colon \mathbb{Q}] = p(p-1)$. Hence $\phi$ is surjective. QED
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Seems to me that OP is a real beginner, and that your explanation will be too highfalutin for her/him. – Lubin Nov 7 '12 at 2:29
_USER_ It is a proof rather than an explanation. I believe anyone who knows basics of Galois theory and group theory can understand it. – Makoto Kato Nov 7 '12 at 3:18
Makoto, you may be right. But, reading between the lines, I bet OP doesn't know what a semi-direct product is, and won't derive much benefit from your efforts, at least, not this year. – Gerry Myerson Nov 7 '12 at 5:42
_USER_ If there are people(including the OP or otherwise) who can understand the proof and learn something from it, that would be my pleasure. – Makoto Kato Nov 7 '12 at 21:32
_USER_ +1 for your answer, but it would be good if you added a section that addressed beginners. For example, state all the automorphisms of the extension (in the usual way that we show that the Galois group of the polynomial above is $S_3$). Even for me reading your post takes some time to fully digest what is going on, what about for a beginner? – user38268 Dec 15 '12 at 14:04
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The bottom of the lowest log, is just above the normal flow height, so it isn't restricting any water flow in normal times. When we have periods of heavy rain and the water level in the water coarse rises it is held by these small dams to create small natural reservoirs to slow the flow of water down stream, potentially reducing the risk of flooding downstream.
As the waterflow reduces the dams release their captured water and gradually the flow of water in the stream returns to normal. The timber will also help to capture debris and silt higher up the water catchment, cleaning the water before it reaches some of the larger streams, in our case the Carrant Brook.
Our trial is over above Beckford Court Farm and so it should directly reduce the amount of water heading towards Beckford. In time, and if successful we will be rolling more of these out across the Estate, so if you see piles of logs in our streams don't worry they are meant to be there.


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text:
19th Century Subdivision Map of Planned Bartow Village
Located at _URL_
Please Click Here for Index to All Blog Postings.
During the mid to late 19th century, there was an area in the Town of Pelham known as Bartow. The hamlet of Bartow was a quaint and small collection of residences located on the mainland near City Island. The entire area -- as well as City Island -- was annexed by New York City, effective in 1896. Before then, however, the little area known variously as Bartow, Bartow-on-the-Sound, Bartow Station and Bartow Village became an important part of Pelham and its history.
Detail of 1895 Map by Julius Bien & Co.
Showing Bartow, Northwest of City Island.
All that remains today of the little hamlet of Bartow are the remnants of a once beautiful stone train station designed by famed architect Cass Gilbert and built in 1908 to replace the little wooden station built on the branch line in the 1870s. The station was known as Bartow station. Today the stone station is a collapsed and decrepit shell covered with vandals' graffiti.
in Pelham Bay Park
I have published to the Historic Pelham Blog a number of postings about the hamlet of Bartow and the remnants of its train station. See:
Thu. March 24, 2005: The Bartow Area of Pelham in the 19th Century: Where Was It?
Thu. July 21, 2005: Today's Remnants of the Bartow Station on the Branch Line Near City Island?
This "Map of Bartow Village" shows a planned subdivision thwarted by New York City's acquisition and annexation of the lands as part of its development of Pelham Bay Park during the late 19th century. The map offers an interesting insight into the area. The railroad tracks cross the map from left to right in its very center. The small black rectangle at the center of the map represents the Bartow Station. A photograph of the remnants of that station appears above.
Today's pathway leading to the remnants of the station appears to lie approximately where "Third Street" was planned in the little Village. On the Long Island Sound side of the railroad tracks, there were a number of streets planned to lead from today's Shore Road toward the railroad tracks: First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Streets. Third Street was the only such street planned to cross the railroad tracks. Bishop Avenue was planned for construction parallel to the railroad tracks on the Sound side immediately in front of the Railroad Depot.
On the side of the railroad tracks away from the Long Island Sound (opposite the Railroad Depot) two streets were planned for construction parallel to the railroad tracks: Oak Avenue and Chestnut Avenue.
Interestingly, the map seems to reflect that a number of the properties near the Railroad Depot were reserved by the Bartow Estate involved in the development of the subdivision -- presumably because the properties likely were among the most commercially valuable. A few others appear to have been reserved for -- or owned by -- others including J.H. Byron.
Today the area sits near the Pelham Bit Stables in Pelham Bay Park. Rarely do those who pass even realize that a residential village once was planned where today there is little more than trees, brambles and a lovely bridle trail.


From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Cheshirisation)
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Sound change and alternation
Cheshirization, or cheshirisation, is a term coined by James Matisoff to refer to a type of sound change where a trace remains of a sound that has otherwise disappeared from a word. The term is a neologism, i.e. it is not an established scientific term. It is used here to describe a process that is real but so far has no generally accepted name. The term rephonologization has sometimes been used to describe this process; see below.
Essentially, a distinction between two sets of words that was formerly expressed through one phonological feature (e.g. a particular sound) is preserved (or partly preserved) through being re-expressed using a different phonological feature. This typically occurs through two sound changes: One that introduces a modification of some sort, conditioned on the presence or absence of a particular feature, followed by another change that deletes or changes the conditioning feature.
A common example is Germanic umlaut. In many Germanic languages around 500–700 AD, a sound change fronted a back vowel when an /i/ or /j/ followed in the next syllable. Typically, the /i/ or /j/ was then lost, leading to a situation where a trace of the original /i/ or /j/ remains in the fronted quality of the preceding vowel. Alternatively, a distinction formerly expressed through the presence or absence of an /i/ or /j/ suffix was then re-expressed as a distinction between a front or back vowel.
As a specific instance of this, in prehistoric Old English, a certain class of nouns was marked by an /i/ suffix in the (nominative) plural, but had no suffix in the (nominative) singular. A word like /muːs/ "mouse", for example, had a plural /muːsi/ "mice". After umlaut, the plural became pronounced [myːsi], where the long back vowel /uː/ was fronted, producing a new subphonemic front-rounded vowel [yː], which serves as a secondary indicator of plurality. Subsequent loss of final /i/, however, made /yː/ a phoneme and the primary indicator of plurality, leading to a distinction between /muːs/ "mouse" and /myːs/ "mice". In this case, the lost sound /i/ left a trace in the presence of /yː/; or equivalently, the distinction between singular and plural, formerly expressed through a suffix /i/, has been re-expressed using a different feature, namely the front-back distinction of the main vowel. This distinction survives in the modern forms "mouse" /maʊs/ and "mice" /maɪs/, although the specifics have been modified by the Great Vowel Shift.
Before disappearing, a sound may trigger or prevent some phonetic change in its vicinity that would not otherwise have occurred, and which may remain long afterward. For example :
 - In the English word night, the gh sound disappeared, but before or perhaps as it did so it lengthened the vowel i, so that the word is pronounced /ˈnt/ "nite" rather than the /ˈnɪt/ "nit" that would otherwise be expected for a closed syllable.
 - In French, a final n sound disappeared, but left its trace in the nasalization of the preceding vowel, as in vin blanc [vɛ̃ blɑ̃], from historical [vin blaŋk].
Other examples:
The term cheshirization refers to the Cheshire Cat, a character in the book Alice in Wonderland, who "vanished quite slowly, beginning with the end of the tail, and ending with the grin, which remained some time after the rest of it had gone."
Other names[edit]
In a 1994 paper, Norman used the term rephonologization to refer to the same type of process, in the context of a proposed Old Chinese sound change that transferred a distinction formerly expressed through putative pharyngealization of the initial consonant of a syllable to one expressed through presence or absence of a palatal glide /j/ before the main vowel of the syllable.[1] Note that rephonologization is occasionally used with another meaning,[2] referring to changes such as the Germanic sound shift or the Slavic change from /ɡ/ to /ɦ/, where the phonological relationships among sounds change but the number of phonemes stays the same. This can be viewed as a special case of the broader process being described here.
See also[edit]
 1. ^ Norman, Jerry (July–September 1994). "Pharyngealization in Early Chinese". Journal of the American Oriental Society 114: 397–408. doi:10.2307/605083. Specifically, the glide /j/ occurred whenever the initial consonant was not pharyngealized.
 2. ^ Trask, R.L. (1995). A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-11261-1.


text:
Definitions for quechuaˈkɛtʃ wɑ, -wə
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
Quech•ua*ˈkɛtʃ wɑ, -wə(n.)(pl.)-uas; -ua
a group of closely related American Indian languages spoken in Andean South America, from S Colombia and Ecuador to NE Argentina.
the form of Quechua spoken in Cuzco and its environs that served as the administrative language of the Inca state.
an American Indian speaker of Quechua.
* for 2..
a member of a South American Indian people in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Inca empire
a community of South American Indians in Peru who were formerly the ruling class of the Incan Empire
Quechua, Quechuan, Quechuan language, Kechua, Kechuan(noun)
the language of the Quechua which was spoken by the Incas
A member of one of several South American ethnic groups that spans Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, northern Chile, and in Ecuador and southern Colombia.
The language spoken by these people.
Origin: from qichwa


text:
Parametric Investigation of Factors Influencing the Mechanical Behavior of Large Space Structures.
Final technical rept. 1 Nov 82-30 Jun 85,
MASSACHUSETTS UNIV AMHERST DEPT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Pagination or Media Count:
The investigation has two objectives I To investigate the relative importance of factors such as thermal gradients, differential gravitational effects, solar radiation pressure, albedo effects, and spatial pressure gradients on structural behavior of large space structures and II To investigate structural behavior of a very thin membrane subject to combined internal pressure as well as mechanical and thermal loadings.
- Unmanned Spacecraft


Advanced Solid State Physics
Outline
Electrons
Magnetic effects and
Fermi surfaces
Magnetism
Linear response
Transport
Crystal Physics
Electron-electron
interactions
Quasiparticles
Structural phase
transitions
Landau theory
of second order
phase transitions
Superconductivity
Quantization
Photons
Exam questions
Appendices
Lectures
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Course notes
TUG students

Electrochemical potential
The electric current density can be expressed in terms of the band structure $E(\vec{k})$, the externally applied electric field $\vec{E}$, and the temperature gradient $\nabla_{\vec{r}}T$.
\begin{equation} \vec{j}_{\text{elec}}= \frac{e}{4\pi^3\hbar^2}\int \tau (\vec{k}) \frac{\partial f_0}{\partial \mu}\nabla_{\vec{k}}E(\vec{k})\left( \nabla_{\vec{k}}E(\vec{k})\cdot\left(e\vec{E}+ \nabla_{\vec{r}}\mu+\frac{E(\vec{k})-\mu}{T}\nabla_{\vec{r}}T \right) \right) d^3k. \end{equation}
The quantity $e\vec{E} + \nabla_{\vec{r}}\mu$ is the gradient of the electrochemical potential. The electrochemical potential for electrons is $\tilde{\mu}= -e\phi+\mu$ where $\phi$ is the electrostatic potential and $\mu$ is the chemical potential. This is the appropriate potential energy to use in a problem where there is a concentration gradient of electrons and an electrostatic field present. Generally, the force is minus the gradient of the potential energy, $\vec{F} = -\nabla \tilde{\mu} = e\nabla_{\vec{r}}\phi - \nabla_{\vec{r}}\mu= -e\vec{E} - \nabla_{\vec{r}}\mu$. This force has an electrostatic component $-e\vec{E}$ that is in the opposite direction of the electric field and a component $- \nabla_{\vec{r}}\mu$ corresponding to the driving force for diffusion that points from high concentration to low concentration. The work required to move an electron from $\vec{r}_1$ to $\vec{r}_2$ in this force field is $\tilde{\mu}(\vec{r}_2)- \tilde{\mu}(\vec{r}_1)$.
A voltmeter with two contacts (red and black) measures the difference in electrochemical potential divided by the elementary charge, $(\tilde{\mu}(\text{red})-\tilde{\mu}(\text{black}))/e$. If a voltmeter is used to measure the voltage across a charged capacitor, it measures the difference in electrostatic potential. If a voltmeter is used measure the voltage on a battery, it measures the difference in chemical potential. Often there are both electric fields and concentration gradients present so a voltmeter measures a combination of both the difference in electrostatic potential and the difference in chemical potential. For experiments where a voltmeter is used, or experiments where a voltage source is used, it is convenient to write the electric current density in terms of the electrochemical potential.
\begin{equation} \vec{j}_{\text{elec}}= \frac{e}{4\pi^3\hbar^2}\int \tau (\vec{k}) \frac{\partial f_0}{\partial \mu}\nabla_{\vec{k}}E(\vec{k})\left( \nabla_{\vec{k}}E(\vec{k})\cdot\left(\nabla_{\vec{r}}\tilde{\mu}+\frac{E(\vec{k})-\mu}{T}\nabla_{\vec{r}}T \right) \right) d^3k. \end{equation}
More generally, a voltmeter measures an electromotive force $\mathcal{E}$. Unfortunately, the terminology is not very clear. Electromotive force is measured in volts and is the potential energy of an electron at the red contact minus the potential energy of an electron at the black contact divided by $e$. In addition to electric fields and concentration gradients, changing magnetic fields can produce an electromotive force. A difference in the electrostatic potential $\phi(\text{red})-\phi(\text{black})$ is an electromotive force, a difference in the chemical potential $(\mu(\text{red})-\mu(\text{black}))/e$ is an electromotive force, and a difference in the electrochemical potential $(\tilde{\mu}(\text{red})-\tilde{\mu}(\text{black}))/e$ is an electromotive force.
In terms of the electrochemical potential, the current densities are,
$$\vec{j}_{\text{elec}}= \frac{e}{4\pi^3}\int \tau (\vec{k}) \frac{\partial f_0}{\partial \mu}\vec{v}_{\vec{k}}\left( \vec{v}_{\vec{k}}\cdot\left(\nabla_{\vec{r}}\tilde{\mu}+\frac{E(\vec{k})-\mu}{T}\nabla_{\vec{r}}T \right) \right) d^3k.$$ $$\vec{j}_n= -\frac{1}{4\pi^3}\int \tau (\vec{k}) \frac{\partial f_0}{\partial \mu}\vec{v}_{\vec{k}}\left( \vec{v}_{\vec{k}}\cdot\left(\nabla_{\vec{r}}\tilde{\mu}+\frac{E(\vec{k})-\mu}{T}\nabla_{\vec{r}}T \right) \right) d^3k.$$ $$\vec{j}_U= -\frac{1}{4\pi^3}\int \tau (\vec{k}) \frac{\partial f_0}{\partial \mu}E(\vec{k})\vec{v}_{\vec{k}}\left( \vec{v}_{\vec{k}}\cdot\left(\nabla_{\vec{r}}\tilde{\mu}+\frac{E(\vec{k})-\mu}{T}\nabla_{\vec{r}}T \right) \right) d^3k.$$ $$ \vec{j}_Q= -\frac{1}{4\pi^3}\int \tau (\vec{k}) \frac{\partial f_0}{\partial \mu}\left( E(\vec{k}) - \mu \right)\vec{v}_{\vec{k}}\left( \vec{v}_{\vec{k}}\cdot\left(\nabla_{\vec{r}}\tilde{\mu}+\frac{E(\vec{k})-\mu}{T}\nabla_{\vec{r}}T\right) \right) d^3k.$$


br />> (r*s)^4
[]
> cayleyGraphS (['r','s'],[("rr",""),("ss",""),("rsrsrsrs","")])
G ["","r","rs","rsr","rsrs","s","sr","srs"] [["","r"],["","s"],["r","rs"],["rs","rsr"],["rsr","rsrs"],["rsrs","srs"],["s","sr"],["sr","srs"]]

So the point to emphasize is that this graph and the one shown previously are Cayley graphs of the same group. The vertices represent the same elements (considered as permutations). However, because we have taken different sets of generators, we get different edges, and hence different graphs.

Ok, so what does the Cayley graph tell us about the group? Well, as an example, consider the Cayley graph of the Rubik cube group, as generated by the face rotations f, b, l, r, u, d (as defined <a href="_URL_ The vertices of the graph can be identified with the possible positions or states of the cube. The group element 1 corresponds to the solved cube. The edges correspond to single moves that can be made on the cube. If someone gives you a scrambled cube to solve, they are asking you to find a path from that vertex of the Cayley graph back to 1.

Given any graph, and vertices x and y, the distance from x to y is defined as the length of the shortest path from x to y. On the Rubik graph (ie, the Cayley graph of the Rubik cube), the distance from x to 1 is the minimum number of moves needed to solve position x. The HaskellForMaths library provides a distance function on graphs. Thus for example:

> let graphD8rs = cayleyGraphS (['r','s'],[("rr",""),("ss",""),("rsrsrsrs","")])
> distance graphD8rs "" "rsr"
3
The distance from 1 to an element g is of course the length of the reduced word for g.

The diameter of a graph is defined as the maximum distance between vertices. So the diameter of the Rubik graph is the maximum number of moves that are required to solve a scrambled position. It has <a href="_URL_ been shown that this number is twenty.

> diameter graphD8rs
4
The diameter of a Cayley graph is the length of the longest reduced word.

That's really all I wanted to say for the moment. Next time, we'll take some of these ideas further.http://haskellformaths.blogspot.com/2010/09/_EMAIL_ (DavidA)0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5195188167565410449.post-5426688105890175338Sun, 18 Jul 2010 19:56:00 +00002010-07-18T21:10:10.284+01:00Group presentations<a href="_URL_ time we looked at string rewriting systems and the Knuth-Bendix completion algorithm. The motivation for doing that was to enable us to think about groups in a more abstract way than before.

The example we looked at last time was the symmetry group of the square. We found that this group could be generated by two elements a, b, satisfying the relations:
a^4 = 1
b^2 = 1
a^3 b = b a

This way of thinking about the group is called a group presentation, and the usual notation would be:
<a,b | a^4=1, b^2=1, a^3 b = b a>

In our Haskell code, we represent this as:

( ['a','b'], [("aaaa",""),("bb",""),("aaab","ba")] )

We saw how to use the Knuth-Bendix algorithm to turn the relations into a confluent rewrite system:

> :load Math.Algebra.Group.StringRewriting
> mapM_ print $ knuthBendix [("aaaa",""),("bb",""),("aaab","ba")]
("bb","")
("bab","aaa")
("baa","aab")
("aba","b")
("aaab","ba")
("aaaa","")

The rewrite system itself isn't particularly informative. Its importance lies in what it enables us to do. Given any word in the generators, we reduce it as follows: wherever we can find the left hand side of one of rules as a subword, we replace it by the right hand side of the rule. If we keep doing this until there are no more matches, then we end up with a normal form for the element - that is, another word in the generators, which represents the same group element, and is the smallest such word relative to the shortlex ordering. Several things follow from this.

First, the ability to find the shortest word is sometimes useful in itself. If we could do this for the Rubik cube group (taking the six face rotations as generators), then we would be able to code "God's algorithm" to find the shortest solution to any given cube position.

Second, any two words that represent the same group element will reduce to the same normal form. Hence, given any two words in the generators, we can tell whether they represent the same element. This is called "solving the word problem" for the group.

Third, this enables us to list (the normal forms of) all the elements of the group - and hence, among other things, to count them.

Fourth, it enables us to do arithmetic in the group:
- To multiply two elements, represented as words w1, w2, just concatenate them to w1++w2, then reduce using the rewrite system
- The identity element of the group is of course the empty word ""
- But what about inverses?

Strings (lists) under concatenation form a monoid, not a group. So what do we do about inverses?

Well, one possibility is to include them as additional symbols. So, suppose that our generators are a,b. Then we should introduce additional symbols a-1, b-1, and consider words over the four symbols {a,b,a-1,b-1}. (For brevity, it is customary to use the symbols A, B for a<sup


Maximum Segment Sum, Agda Approved
To practise using the Logic.ChainReasoning module in Agda, Josh proved the foldr-fusion theorem, which he learnt in the program derivation lecture in FLOLAC where we used the maximum segment sum (MSS) as the main example. Seeing his proof, I was curious to know how much program derivation I can do in Agda and tried coding the entire derivation of MSS. I thought it would be a small exercise I could do over the weekend, but ended up spending the entire week.
As a reminder, given a list of (possibly negative) numbers, the MSS is about computing the maximum sum among all its consecutive segments. Typically, the specification is:
 mss = max ○ map⁺ sum ○ segs
where segs = concat⁺ ○ map⁺ inits ○ tails computes all segments of a list.
A dependent pair is defined by:
 data _∣_ (A : Set) (P : A -> Set) : Set where
 sub : (x : A) -> P x -> A ∣ P
such that sub x p is a pair where the type of the second component p depends on the value of the first component x. The idea is to use a dependent pair to represent a derivation:
mss-der : (x : List Val) -> (Val ∣ \m -> (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ segs) x ≡ m)
mss-der x =
 sub ?
 (chain> (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ segs) x
 === ?)
It says that mss-der is a function taking a list x and returns a value of type Val, with the constraint that the value returned must be equal to (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ segs) x.
My wish was to use the interactive mechanism of the Agda Emacs mode to "derive" the parts marked by ?, until we come to an implementation:
mss-der : (x : List Val) -> (Val ∣ \m -> (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ segs) x ≡ m)
mss-der x =
 sub RESULT
 (chain> (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ segs) x
 === ...
 === ...
 === RESULT)
If it works well, we can probably use Agda as a tool for program derivation!
Currently, however, I find it harder to use than expected, perhaps due to my being unfamiliar with the way Agda reports type errors. Nevertheless, Agda does force me to make every details right. For example, the usual definition of max I would use in a paper would be:
 max = foldr _↑_ -∞
But then I would have to define numbers with lower bound -∞. A sloppy alternative definition:
 max = foldr _↑_ 0
led me to prove a base case 0 ↑ max x ≡ max x, which is not true. That the definition does work in practice relies on the fact that segs always returns empty list as one of the possible segment. Alternatively, I could define max on non-empty lists only:
 max : List⁺ Val -> Val
 max = foldr⁺ _↑_ id
where List⁺ A is defined by:
 data List⁺ (A : Set) : Set where
 [_]⁺ : A -> List⁺ A
 _::⁺_ : A -> List⁺ A -> List⁺ A
and refine the types of inits, tails, etc, to return non-empty lists. This is the approach I took.
Eventually, I was able to give a derivation of mss this way:
mss-der : (x : List Val) -> (Val ∣ \m -> (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ segs) x ≡ m)
mss-der x =
 sub ((max ○ scanr _⊗_ ø) x)
 (chain> (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ segs) x
 === (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ concat⁺ ○ map⁺ inits ○ tails) x
 by refl
 === (max ○ concat⁺ ○ map⁺ (map⁺ sum) ○ map⁺ inits ○ tails) x
 by cong max (sym (concat⁺-map⁺ ((map⁺ inits ○ tails) x)))
 === (max ○ map⁺ max ○ map⁺ (map⁺ sum) ○ map⁺ inits ○ tails) x
 by max-concat⁺ ((map⁺ (map⁺ sum) ○ map⁺ inits ○ tails) x)
 === (max ○ map⁺ max ○ map⁺ (map⁺ sum ○ inits) ○ tails) x
 by cong (\xs -> max (map⁺ max xs)) (sym (map⁺-compose (tails x)))
 === (max ○ map⁺ (max ○ map⁺ sum ○ inits) ○ tails) x
 by cong max (sym (map⁺-compose (tails x)))
 === (max ○ map⁺ (foldr _⊗_ ø) ○ tails) x
 by cong max (map⁺-eq max-sum-prefix (tails x))
 === (max ○ scanr _⊗_ ø) x
 by cong max (scanr-pf x) )
 where _⊕_ : Val -> List⁺ Val -> List⁺ Val
 a ⊕ y = ø ::⁺ map⁺ (_+_ a) y
 _⊗_ : Val -> Val -> Val
 a ⊗ b = ø ↑ (a + b)
where max-sum-prefix consists of two fold fusion:
max-sum-prefix : (x : List Val) -> max (map⁺ sum (inits x)) ≡ foldr _⊗_ ø
max-sum-prefix x =
 chain> max (map⁺ sum (inits x))
 === max (foldr _⊕_ [ ø ]⁺ x)
 by cong max (foldr-fusion (map⁺ sum) lemma1 x)
 === foldr _⊗_ ø x
 by foldr-fusion max lemma2 x
 where lemma1 : (a : Val) -> (xs : List⁺ (List Val)) ->
 map⁺ sum (ini a xs) ≡ (a ⊕ (map⁺ sum xs))
 lemma1 a xs = ?
 lemma2 : (a : Val) -> (x : List⁺ Val) ->
 max (a ⊕ x) ≡ (a ⊗ max x)
 lemma2 a x = ?
The two lemmas are given in the files attached below. Having the derivation, mss is given by:
mss : List Val -> Val
mss x = depfst (mss-der x)
it is an executable program that is proved to be correct.
The complete Agda program is split into five files:
 - MSS.agda: the main program importing all the sub-modules.
 - ListProperties.agda: some properties I need about lists, such as fold fusion, concat ○ map (map f) = map f ○ concat, etc. Later in the development I realised that I should switch to non-empty lists, so not all of the properties here are used.
 - List+.agda: non-empty lists and some of its properties.
 - Derivation.agda: the main derivation of MSS. The derivation is parameterised over any numerical data and operators + and such that + is associative, and a + (b ↑ c) = (a ↑ b) + (a ↑ c). The reason of this parameterisation, however, was that I did not know how to prove the properties above, until Josh showed me the proof.
 - IntRNG.agda: proofs from Josh that Data.Int actually satisfy the properties above. (Not quite complete yet.)
2 thoughts on "Maximum Segment Sum, Agda Approved"
 1. John, thanks for pointing that out. In fact, Int in Agda is more like Integer in Haskell (arbitrary precision integers). It's defined by
 data Int : Set where
 pos : Nat -> Int
 neg : Nat -> Int
 while Nat is the unary representation of natural numbers
 data Nat : Set where
 zero : Nat
 suc : Nat -> Nat
 Therefore there won't be overflowing.
 I did get the name of the module wrong, however, it should be Data.Integer.
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text:
The trivial ring, or zero ring, is the ring with a single element, which is both and. We usually denote the trivial ring as or, even though or would make as much sense. It is the only ring in which, by the proof
x = 1 x = 0 x = 0.
The trivial ring is the terminal object in Ring. It is both terminal and initial (hence a zero object) in the category of nonunital rings, but it is not initial in itself (defined as the category of unital rings and unital ring homomorphisms). In fact, there are no unital ring homomorphisms from the trivial ring to any nontrivial ring!
The trivial ring is an example of a trivial algebra.


text:
The definition of a mime is a performer who expresses himself using body movements and no words.(noun)
An example of a mime is the French actor Marcel Marceau's character Bip the Clown.
Mime is defined as to perform using only body movements and no words.(verb)
An example of mime is crouching down while putting your hands on all four sides and on top of you, as if you're trapped in a box.
See mime in Webster's New World College Dictionary
Origin: L mimus < Gr mimos, imitator, actor
See mime in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Origin: Latin mīmus
Origin:, from Greek mīmos.
Origin: M(ultipurpose) I(nternet) M(ail) E(xtensions).
Learn more about mime


FreeBSD* Driver for Intel(R) Ethernet ===================================== August 7, 2019 Contents ======== - Overview - Identifying Your Adapter - Building and Installation - Additional Features and Configurations - Known Issues/Troubleshooting - Support - License Overview ======== This file describes the FreeBSD* driver for Intel(R) Ethernet. This driver has been developed for use with all community-supported versions of FreeBSD. For questions related to hardware requirements, refer to the documentation supplied with your Intel Ethernet Adapter. All hardware requirements listed apply to use with FreeBSD. Identifying Your Adapter ======================== This release includes two gigabit FreeBSD base Drivers for Intel(R) Ethernet. These drivers are em and igb. - The igb driver supports all 82575 and 82576-based gigabit network connections. - The em driver supports all other gigabit network connections. - Gigabit devices base on the Intel(R) Ethernet Controller X722 are supported by the ixl driver. For information on how to identify your adapter, and for the latest Intel network drivers, refer to the Intel Support website: _URL_ Building and Installation ========================= NOTE: This driver package is to be used only as a standalone archive and the user should not attempt to incorporate it into the kernel source tree. In the instructions below, x.x.x is the driver version as indicated in the name of the driver tar file. 1. Move the base driver tar file to the directory of your choice. For example, use /home/username/igb or /usr/local/src/igb. 2. Untar/unzip the archive: # tar xzf igb-x.x.x.tar.gz This will create the igb-x.x.x directory. 3. To install man page: # cd igb-x.x.x # gzip -c igb.4 > /usr/share/man/man4/igb.4.gz 4. To load the driver onto a running system: # cd igb-x.x.x/src # make # kldload ./if_igb.ko 5. To assign an IP address to the interface, enter the following, where X is the interface number for the device: # ifconfig igbX 6. Verify that the interface works. Enter the following, where is the IP address for another machine on the same subnet as the interface that is being tested: # ping 7. If you want the driver to load automatically when the system is booted: # cd igb-x.x.x/src # make # make install Edit /boot/loader.conf, and add the following line: if_igb_load="YES" Edit /etc/rc.conf, and create the appropriate ifconfig_igbX entry: ifconfig_igbX="" Example usage: ifconfig_igb0="inet 192.168.10.1 netmask 255.255.255.0" NOTE: For assistance, see the ifconfig man page. Additional Features and Configurations ====================================== Speed and Duplex Configuration ------------------------------ In addressing speed and duplex configuration issues, you need to distinguish between copper-based adapters and fiber-based adapters. In the default mode, an Intel(R) Ethernet Network Adapter using copper connections will attempt to auto-negotiate with its link partner to determine the best setting. If the adapter cannot establish link with the link partner using auto-negotiation, you may need to manually configure the adapter and link partner to identical settings to establish link and pass packets. This should only be needed when attempting to link with an older switch that does not support auto-negotiation or one that has been forced to a specific speed or duplex mode. Your link partner must match the setting you choose. 1 Gbps speeds and higher cannot be forced. Use the autonegotiation advertising setting to manually set devices for 1 Gbps and higher. Caution: Only experienced network administrators should force speed and duplex or change autonegotiation advertising manually. The settings at the switch must always match the adapter settings. Adapter performance may suffer or your adapter may not operate if you configure the adapter differently from your switch. An Intel(R) Ethernet Network Adapter using fiber-based connections, however, will not attempt to auto-negotiate with its link partner since those adapters operate only in full duplex and only at their native speed. By default, the adapter auto-negotiates the speed and duplex of the connection. If there is a specific need, the ifconfig utility can be used to configure the speed and duplex settings on the adapter. Example usage: # ifconfig igbX media 100baseTX mediaopt full-duplex NOTE: Only use mediaopt to set the driver to full-duplex. If mediaopt is not specified and you are not running at gigabit speed, the driver defaults to half-duplex. If the interface is currently forced to 100 full duplex, you must use this command to change to half duplex: # ifconfig igbX media 100baseTX -mediaopt full-duplex This driver supports the following media type options: Media Type Description ---------- ----------- autoselect Enables auto-negotiation for speed and duplex. 10baseT/UTP Sets speed to 10 Mbps. Use the ifconfig mediaopt option to select full-duplex mode. 100baseTX Sets speed to 100 Mbps. Use the ifconfig mediaopt option to select full-duplex mode. 1000baseTX Sets speed to 1000 Mbps. In this case, the driver supports only full-duplex mode. 1000baseSX Sets speed to 1000 Mbps. In this case, the driver supports only full-duplex mode. For more information on the ifconfig utility, see the ifconfig man page. Jumbo Frames ------------ Jumbo Frames support is enabled by changing the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) to a value larger than the default value of 1500. Use the ifconfig command to increase the MTU size. For example, enter the following where X is the interface number: # ifconfig igbX mtu 9000 To confirm an interface's MTU value, use the ifconfig command. To confirm the MTU used between two specific devices, use: # route get NOTE: The maximum MTU setting for jumbo frames is 9216. This corresponds to the maximum jumbo frame size of 9238 bytes. NOTE: Using jumbo frames at 10 or 100 Mbps is not supported and may result in poor performance or loss of link. NOTE: Packet loss may have a greater impact on throughput when you use jumbo frames. If you observe a drop in performance after enabling jumbo frames, enabling flow control may mitigate the issue. VLANS ----- To create a new VLAN interface: # ifconfig create To associate the VLAN interface with a physical interface and assign a VLAN ID, IP address, and netmask: # ifconfig netmask vlan vlandev Example: # ifconfig vlan10 10.0.0.1 netmask 255.255.255.0 vlan 10 vlandev igb0 In this example, all packets will be marked on egress with 802.1Q VLAN tags, specifying a VLAN ID of 10. To remove a VLAN interface: # ifconfig destroy Polling ------- NOTES: - Device Polling is only valid for non-SMP kernels. - The driver has to be built into the kernel for Device Polling to be enabled in the driver. To enable polling in the driver, add the following options to the kernel configuration, and then recompile the kernel: options DEVICE_POLLING options HZ=1000 At runtime use: # ifconfig igbX polling (to turn polling on) and: # ifconfig igbX -polling (to turn it off) Checksum Offload ---------------- Checksum offloading is not supported on 82542 Gigabit adapters. Checksum offloading supports both TCP and UDP packets and is supported for both transmit and receive. Checksum offloading can be enabled or disabled using ifconfig


text:
Chemoenzymatic synthesis of glycopeptides bearing rare N-glycan sequences with or without bisecting GlcNAc†
N-Linked glycopeptides have highly diverse structures in nature. Herein, we describe the first synthesis of rare multi-antennary N-glycan bearing glycan chains on 6-OH of both α1,6- and α1,3-linked mannose arms. To expedite divergent generation of N-glycan structures, four orthogonal protective groups were installed at the branching points on the core tetrasaccharide, which could be removed individually without affecting one another. In addition, the synthetic route is flexible, allowing a bisecting glucosamine moiety to be introduced at a late stage of the synthesis, further expanding the diversity of sequences that could be achieved. The bisecting glucosamine unit significantly reduced the glycosylation yields of adjacent mannoses, which was attributed to steric hindrance imposed by the glucosamine based on molecular modelling analysis. The N-glycans were then transformed to oxazoline donors and ligated with a glycopeptide acceptor from haptoglobin promoted by the wild type Arthrobacter endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Endo-A). Endo-A exhibited interesting substrate preferences depending on donor sizes, which was rationalized through molecular dynamics studies. This is the first time that a glycopeptide bearing a bisecting N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), the rare N-glycan branch, and two LewisX trisaccharide antennae was synthesized, enabling access to this class of complex glycopeptide structures.
- This article is part of the themed collection: 2018 Chemical Science HOT Article Collection


text:
Difference Between Fixtures and Jigs
The words fixtures and jigs are common terms used in machine shops. Although both are used as tools to mass-produce parts, they have two distinct functions.
Fixtures are used to hold work pieces in at specific location. For example when parts are machined on a machining center or wire EDM, they are clamped into a fixture which reduces the amount of set up time. This eliminates set up errors and brings down production cost. As all machine shops owners are aware of, the best machine tool is one that is making parts and not sitting idle. Fixtures need to be heavy and rigid, and machined with precision in order to have consistent results.
A jig is a tool that guides another tool in order to improve the accuracy of the part during machining. Often a jig is used in drilling, boring, and tapping operations so the drill doesn't wobble or stray away from the location where it's suppose to be. They are also used to make sure a part is drilled to a specified depth without the need constantly check and re-drill if needed.
At Precision Technologies, we specialize in the design and manufacturing of custom jigs and fixtures. Since we incorporate the latest machine tool technology and employ experienced machinist, we can ensure your jigs and fixtures will have the accuracy that will meet your expectations. We design and build the following types of fixtures and jigs: welding & assembly fixtures, checking fixtures, work holding fixtures and welding/ assembly fixtures.
Contact Precision Technologies


text:
About arm attacks
Arm attacks are those that use the hand, wrist, forearm, or elbow as the striking surface. The primary arm attack is the punch.
A punch is a simple thing, even babies punch when upset. When a person is angered, a punch is usually the first physical thing that happens, usually directed at something or someone. Usually, the punching hand is injured as much as that which was struck, sometimes more. Punching may be highly effective if done properly. Some Taekwondo organizations, such as the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF), want to separate Taekwondo from its karate roots so they stress kicks and practically neglect the punches that are stressed in karate. However, to be a well-rounded fighter, you must be proficient with both your arms and legs.


text:
Posts Tagged 'South African history'
My husband makes our own Biltong right here at home in the USA. It is the favorite cured meat snack of almost all South Africans and we cannot live without it!
It is really quick and easy to make with fresh beef that we find at Shoprite or Sam's Club. Since he makes it in small batches, the quality is really exceptional and it is ready to be eaten (the way l like it – fairly rare) within a couple of days after he has hanged it to cure.
The perfect high protein snack! Here is a bit of history about it and the method for making it
Biltong is a kind of cured meat that originated in South Africa. Many different types of meat are used to produce it, ranging from beef through game meats to fillets of ostrich from commercial farms. It is typically made from raw fillets of meat cut into strips following the grain of the muscle, or flat pieces sliced across the grain. It is similar to beef jerky in that they are both spiced, dried meats, but differ in their typical ingredients, taste and production process. The word biltong is from the Dutch bil ("rump") and tong ("strip" or "tongue").
The Dutch settlers who arrived in South Africa in the 16th century brought recipes for dried meat from Europe. Preparation involved applying vinegar, then rubbing the strips of meat with a mix of herbs, salts and spices. The need for preservation in the new colony was pressing. Building up herds of livestock took a long time. There was native game about but it could take hunters days to track and kill a large animal such as an eland and they were then faced with the problem of preserving a large mass of meat in a short time in a hot climate during a period of history before iceboxes had been invented. Desiccation solved the problem.
Biltong as we understand it today evolved from the dried meat carried by the wagon-travelling Voortrekkers, who needed stocks of durable food as they migrated from the Cape Colony (Cape Town) north-eastward (away from British rule) into the interior of Southern Africa during the Great Trek. The raw meat was preserved from decay and insects within a day or two, and within a fortnight, would be black and rock-hard after it had fully cured.
The most common ingredients of Biltong are:
- Black pepper
- Sugar or Brown sugar
Other ingredients often added include: balsamic vinegar or malt vinegar, dry ground chili peppers, garlic, bicarbonate of soda, Worcestershire sauce, onion powder, and saltpetre (saltpeter).
Prior to the introduction of refrigeration, the curing process was used by pioneers to preserve all kinds of meat in South Africa. However today biltong is most commonly made from beef, primarily due to its widespread availability and lower cost relative to game. For finest cuts, sirloin is used or steaks cut from the hip such as topside (top round) or silverside (bottom round). Other cuts can be used, but are not as high in quality.
Biltong can also be made from:
Game such as Kudu and Springbok
Ostrich meat (bright red, often resembling game)
Chicken, simply referred to as 'chicken biltong'
Fish in this case, known as bokkoms (shark biltong can also be found in South Africa).
Bokkoms should not be confused with other cured fish such as dried angelfish and dried snoek (snook).
Ideally the meat is marinated in a vinegar solution (cider vinegar is traditional but balsamic also works very well) for a few hours, and finally poured off before the meat is flavored.
The spice mix traditionally consists equal amounts of: rock salt, whole coriander, black pepper and brown sugar. This mix is then ground roughly together, sprinkled liberally over the meat and rubbed in. Saltpetre is optional and can be added as an extra preservative (necessary only for wet biltong that is not going to be frozen).
The meat should then be left for a further few hours (or refrigerated overnight) and any excess liquid poured off before the meat is hung in the dryer.
It is typically dried out in the cold air (rural settings), cardboard or wooden boxes (urban) or climate-controlled dry rooms (commercial). Depending on the spices used, a variety of flavors may be produced. Biltong can also be made in colder climates by using an electric lamp to dry the meat, but care must be taken to ventilate, as mold can begin to form on the meat.
A traditional slow dry will deliver a medium cure in about 4 days.
An electric fan-assisted oven set to 40-70 °C (100-160 °F), with the door open a fraction to let out moist air, can dry the meat in approximately 4 hours. Although slow dried meat is considered by some to taste better, oven dried is ready to eat a day or two after preparation.
Comparison to Jerky
Biltong differs from jerky in two distinct ways:
* The meat used in biltong can be much thicker; typically biltong meat is cut in strips approx 1 inch wide – but can be thicker. Jerky is normally very thinly sliced meat.
* The vinegar and salt in biltong, together with the drying process, cures the meat as well as adding texture and flavor. Jerky is traditionally dried without vinegar.
Biltong is a common product in Southern African butcheries and grocery stores, and can be bought in the form of wide strips (known as stukke, meaning "pieces"). It is also sold in plastic bags, sometimes shrink-wrapped, and may be either finely shredded or sliced as biltong chips.
There are also specialized retailers that sell biltong. These shops may sell biltong as "wet" (moist), "medium" or "dry". Additionally, some customers prefer it with a lot of fat within the muscle fibers, while others prefer it as lean as possible.
While biltong is renowned for being chewed as a snack, it can also be used in all kinds of recipes such as stews, or add in the fine form to muffins and pot bread. Biltong-flavored potato chips have also been produced.
Biltong's popularity has spread to many other countries, notably the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand which have large South African populations, and also to the United States. Biltong is also produced within South African expatriate communities across the globe, for example in Germany and even South Korea.
Here is one of our favorite ways to eat it, on whole grain bread, butter and cheese…yummy!


text:
Enter the face value, bond yield rate, and time to maturity into the calculator to determine the zero-coupon bond.
- Bond Equivalent Yield Calculator (+ Formula)
- Modified Duration Calculator
- Yield To Maturity Calculator
- Imputed Interest Calculator
Zero Coupon Bond Formula
The following formula is used to calculate the value of a zero-coupon bond.
ZCBV = F / (1+r)^t
- where ZCBV is the zero-coupon bond value
- F is the face value of the bond
- r is the yield/rate
- t is the time to maturity
Zero Coupon Bond Definition
A zero-coupon bond is a security that does not pay interest but trades at a discount and renders a profit at maturity when the bond is redeemed for its face value.
Zero Coupon Bond Example
How to calculate a zero coupon bond value?
- First, determine the face value.
Calculate or determine the face value of the bond.
- Next, determine the yield.
Determine the rate/yield of the bond.
- Next, determine the time to maturity.
Calculate the number of years until maturity.
- Finally, calculate the value.
Calculate the value of the bond using the equation above.
A zero coupon bond is a bond that does not pay interest but can be redeemed from a profit at it's time of maturity.


text:
"Thank you for showing me that I have options and for helping me put together a plan to stay safe." Carla, SCH Patient
Health care providers are in a unique position to identify and respond to victims of domestic violence, sexual assault and human trafficking. Many victims of abuse will present within healthcare settings such as general medicine practices, prenatal clinics and hospital emergency departments due to a direct link between interpersonal violence and overall health. Medical providers may be the only professionals with an excuse to speak with a patient alone that an abuser will accept. They also are privy to highly sensitive information that can provide red flags that a patient is experiencing abuse.
The Violence Prevention Program at Swedish Covenant Hospital was developed in 2015 to strengthen the hospital's capacity to identify and respond to patients who are victims of violence. Medical professionals continue to face barriers to identifying and addressing interpersonal violence including a lack of knowledge regarding subtler signs and symptoms of abuse and the community resources available to support victims. This critical program trains healthcare providers to identify victims through patient screenings, assess their immediate needs and connect them with community-based partner agencies. The program is completely funded through generous gifts to Swedish Covenant Hospital Foundation.
Your philanthropic support of the Violence Prevention Program provides critical resources to help Swedish Covenant Hospital identify and respond to victims of violence. Your charitable gift of:
- $1,000 will provide crisis assessment, options counseling and safety planning in the emergency room for 10 survivors of domestic violence or human trafficking.
- $600 will support the training of 10 staff through workshops to identify, assess safety and refer patients who are current victims of domestic violence or human trafficking with a focus on the emergency room, obstetrics, Women's Health Center, in-patient psychiatric unit, and outpatient practices.
- $250 will help to produce multi-lingual patient education materials to teach at-risk patients about the dynamics of domestic violence and human trafficking, and offer contact information and services provided by our domestic violence partner agencies in our community.
- $100 will provide safe transportation for a victim to emergency shelter and streamlined referrals to north side domestic violence and human trafficking service providers most suited to their language and cultural identities.
- $50 will provide comfort care packages for five victims of violence who present in the emergency department following a traumatic event.
Your secure online donation will make a lasting impact on the lives of others. Thank you.
If you have a question please contact us at _PHONE_ or _EMAIL_.