How to Clean a Mountain Bike? Without Hose, Without Water
Are you an avid mountain biker looking for the best ways to keep your bike running smoothly without breaking out the hose or a bucket of water?
Maintaining your mountain bike is essential for its performance and longevity, but sometimes it can be tricky to keep it clean without making a mess. This blog post will give tips and tricks to clean your mountain bike without water or a hose.
Cleaning Without a Hose or Water
If you're an avid mountain biker, you know how important it is to keep your ride clean and well-maintained. After all, a clean and well-maintained bike will last longer and perform better than one that isn't taken care of.
But what if you don't have access to a hose or water? Does that mean you can't keep your mountain bike clean and well-maintained? The answer is no! There are several ways to clean a mountain bike without a hose or water.
The first and most basic way to clean your bike without a hose or water is to use a dry cloth or brush. You can remove dirt and debris from the frame and other components with a dry cloth or brush. You can also use a dry cloth to clean the chain and other metal components.
Check the manufacturer's instructions for the best way to clean the specific component.
You can also use a bicycle degreaser if you don't have access to a hose or water. Bicycle degreaser works to break down sticky and greasy grime that accumulates on your bike over time.
You can apply it directly to the frame, components, and chain and then use a dry cloth to wipe away the dirt and grease.
You can use a specialized bike polishing product to give your bike a nice shine. It's important to note that some polishes can be abrasive and damage the finish on your bike, so be sure to read the instructions carefully before using any product.
These are just a few ways to keep your mountain bike clean and well-maintained without a hose or water.
Always read the manufacturer's instructions for the best way to clean and maintain your bike. And, if you're unsure about anything, don't hesitate to take your bike to a professional bike mechanic for assistance.
Tools Needed
Cleaning a mountain bike without a hose or water may seem daunting, but it can be done with the right tools and a little know-how. Whether you're a weekend warrior, a professional racer, or a DIY enthusiast, having the right tools on hand is essential for keeping your ride in top condition.
You'll need a few basic items to get the job done right. A soft bristle brush, such as a toothbrush or a small paintbrush, is great for getting into the nooks and crannies of your mountain bike.
You'll also need a stiff brush for scrubbing away any caked-on dirt or grime. A soft cloth, like an old t-shirt or a microfiber cloth, is also useful for wiping away excess dirt and grime.
Finally, a pair of rubber gloves is essential for keeping your hands clean and protected while cleaning your bike.
Once you have the right cleaning tools, it's time to work. Start by brushing away any dirt and grime with your soft brush. Work in small circles to ensure you get into all the nooks and crannies.
After that, use your stiff brush to scrub away any caked-on dirt or grime. Finally, use a soft cloth to wipe away any excess dirt.
Once your mountain bike is clean, you can finish the job with light lubrication. Use a lubricant specifically designed for bicycles, such as a light oil, to keep your bike running smoothly.
Be sure to follow the directions on the product packaging for the best results.
Cleaning a mountain bike without a hose or water may seem daunting, but it can be done with the right tools and a little know-how.
The steps outlined above allow you to easily keep your mountain bike in top condition without a sweat. So, grab your cleaning tools and get to work – you'll be glad you did!
Preparation
With a little preparation and the right materials, you can get your mountain bike looking shiny and new without needing a hose and water. Here's how to do it.
Step 1: Preparation
Before you start cleaning your mountain bike, it's important to prepare the bike for the job properly. Make sure your bike is free from dirt and debris, and use a bike cleaning brush to remove any mud and grime.
Step 2: Degreasing
Once your bike is prepared, use a degreaser to remove any stubborn grease and oil. Many types of degreasers are available, so choose the right one for your bike.
Step 3: Washing
Next, you'll want to give your bike a good wash. Since you're not using a hose and water, use a high-quality bike wash. It's important to use a bike wash specifically designed for mountain bikes, as these types of washes deal with the dirt and grime that mountain bikes can create.
Step 4: Drying
After you've washed your bike, it's time to dry it off. Use a soft cloth to dry your bike, as harsh scrubbing can damage the frame.
Step 5: Waxing
To help protect your bike from the elements, you'll want to apply protective wax. This will help keep your bike looking shiny and new for longer.
Cleaning a mountain bike without a hose and water is possible, but it does require a bit of preparation and the right materials. By following these steps, you can clean your bike and look like new without needing a hose and water.
Conclusion
In conclusion, cleaning a mountain bike without a hose or water is possible. Following the steps outlined in this guide, you can easily and effectively clean your bike without having to worry about damaging the bike's components.
Regularly cleaning your bike is an important part of bike maintenance; with this guide, you can do it without using a hose or water.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the best way to clean a mountain bike without a hose or water?
The best way to clean a mountain bike without a hose or water is to use a specialized bike cleaning product designed to clean without water. You can also clean your bike frame with a soft, dry cloth or a cotton swab.
What products should I use to clean a mountain bike without a hose or water?
You can use a specialized bike cleaning product, such as a citrus-based cleaner or a degreaser. You can also use a dry cloth or a cotton swab to remove dirt and grime from the frame.
What type of cloth should I use to clean my mountain bike?
A soft, non-abrasive cloth is best for cleaning a mountain bike. Microfiber cloths are a great option because they are gentle on the bike's components and do not leave lint or dirt particles behind.
Is it possible to clean my mountain bike without water or a hose?
Cleaning your mountain bike without using a hose or water is possible. Using a dry cloth to wipe away dirt and grime, a brush to remove caked-on mud and dirt, and a soft bristle brush to remove grease and oil can be effective. Additionally, you can purchase specialized bike cleaning products to help remove dirt and grime more efficiently.
What are the best methods for cleaning a mountain bike without a hose or water?
The best methods for cleaning a mountain bike without a hose or water include using a dry cloth to wipe away dirt and grime, using a brush to remove caked-on mud and dirt, and using a soft bristle brush to remove grease and oil.
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Kim Goodson
By Kim Goodson
Meet Kim Goodson, a car enthusiast, and expert in car accessories. With a passion for cars, Kim researches and tests different accessories to provide valuable insights to fellow car owners.
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Do black bears in north east pennsylvania eat meat or vegetables?
The black bear in the United States in an omnivore, which means it eats both meat and plants. However, 80-90% of the its Spring diet is herbs and grasses. In the Summer and Autumn the bear will eat ripe berries, nuts, and acorns. When they do eat meat it is usually deer and smaller animals who did not survive the winter. In the northeast the black bear will prey on yearlings or sick deer as well as insects.
Tags: black bearvegetablesmeat
Wednesday, February 01 2012


text:
What does an advanced hydroponic vertical garden have to do with relieving food insecurity for children in Princeton?
Since SHUPPrinceton's emergence as a community resource 10 years ago, one thing that has sustained us was our ability to adapt to unanticipated events that have adversely affected members of our community. Most often those least able to weather these financial storms alone.
This has always been and will continue to be our core mission.
Today however SHUPP is pleased to announce that we are embarking on an exciting new initiative. In conjunction with the Princeton Public Schools we are installing a vertical farm in the Littlebrook Elementary School.
This pilot program will complement the already robust outdoor, raised bed garden programs that have existed for some time in a number of Princeton Public Schools. It will allow for gardening all year round. It will allow the students to continue their agricultural adventures indoor during the cold weather, allow them to study, experiment, care for and maintain a gardening pod that has the potential to grow as much as 300 pounds of produce throughout the year.
Master Gardener Nancy Nicosia, pictured above along with Martha Friend says, "We are thrilled to now have the ability to continue to grow all winter long for the children, our students!"
Ross Wishnick, SHUPP founder and chair says, "We have been preparing to grow in this direction for some time now. We're so glad it's happening now. We are proud of this effort and look forward to showing the public this new and very important aspect of our ongoing collaboration with the schools."
Empowering students with the knowledge and skills to address food insecurity in their own homes and communities is a life changing experience. SHUPP is happy and proud to be at the vanguard of this life skills education program.
If you know someone in need or if you are able to contribute please visit _URL_. SHUPP is a registered 501c3 nonprofit corporation.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


resources are typically not distributed between documents and don't need to be loaded separately. However it is easy to simply use the traditional web distribution model when loading application resources, and many applications often do.
Instead, you can reduce the number of HTTP requests required to load your application by bundling your images into one file. By doing this your application loads all images with one request instead of two at a time.
As of GWT 1.4 the ImageBundle interface is supported. This feature lets you define an interface with a method for each image you'll use in your application. When the application is compiled the interface is read and the compiler combines all of the images listed into one image file, with a hash of the image contents as the file name (to take advantage of caching the file forever just like the application code). You can put any number of images in the bundle and use them in your application with the overhead of a single HTTP request.
As an example, I use the following image bundle for the basic images in a couple applications I've helped build:
public interface Images extends ImageBundle {
 /**
 * @gwt.resource membersm.png
 */
 AbstractImagePrototype member();
 /**
 * @gwt.resource away.png
 */
 AbstractImagePrototype away();
 /**
 * @gwt.resource starsm.gif
 */
 AbstractImagePrototype star();
 /**
 * @gwt.resource turn.png
 */
 AbstractImagePrototype turn();
 /**
 * @gwt.resource user_add.png
 */
 AbstractImagePrototype addFavorite();
}
Notice that each method has a comment annotation specifying the image file to use and a method that returns an AbstractImagePrototype. The AbstractImagePrototype has a createImage method that returns an Image widget that can be used in the application's interface. The following code illustrates how to use this image bundle:
Images images = (Images) GWT.create(Images.class);
mainPanel.add( images.turn().createImage() );
It's very simple but provides a big startup performance boost.
4. Use StyleInjector
What about CSS files and CSS images as application resources? In a traditional web distribution model these are treated as external resources, loaded and cached independently. When used in Ajax applications they involve additional HTTP requests and slow down the loading of your application. At the moment GWT doesn't provide any way around this however there is a GWT incubator project, which has some interesting GWT code that may be considered for future versions. Of particular interest is the ImmutableResourceBundle and StyleInjector.
The ImmutableResourceBundle is much like an ImageBundle but can be used for any type of resource including CSS and CSS images. It's goal is to provide an abstraction around other resources to have them handled in the most optimal way possible for the browser running the application. The following code is an example of this class used to load a CSS file and some resources:
public interface Resources extends ImmutableResourceBundle {
 /**
 * @gwt.resource main.css
 */
 public TextResource mainCss();
 /**
 * @gwt.resource back.gif
 */
 public DataResource background();
 /**
 * @gwt.resource titlebar.gif
 */
 public DataResource titleBar();
 /**
 * @gwt.resource dialog-header.png
 */
 public DataResource dialogHeader();
}
For each resource a file and method is specified much like the ImageBundle however the return value for the methods is either a DataResource or a TextResource. For the TextResource you can use its getText method to get it's contents and for the DataResource you can use getUrl to reference the data, (for example in an IMG tag or IFRAME). How this data is loaded is handled differently for different browsers and you don't need to worry about it. In most cases the data is an inline URL using the data: URL prefix. The possibilities for this class are vast, but the most immediate use is to bundle CSS directly with your application file.
Notice in the interface that a CSS file and some images are referenced. In this case the interface is being used to bundle CSS and it's images with the application to reduce HTTP calls and startup time. The CSS text specified background images for some of the application elements but instead of providing real URL's it lists placeholders. These placeholders reference other elements in the bundle, specifically the other images. For example, the main.css file has a CSS rule for the gwt-DialogBox style name:
.gwt-DialogBox{ background-image:url('%background%') repeat-x; }
To use this CSS file and it's images in your application you need to use the StyleInjector class from the GWT incubator project. The StyleInjector class takes the CSS data and matches the placeholders to resources in a resource bundle then injects the CSS into the browser for use in your application. It sounds very complicated but it's simple to use and improves performance. The following is an example of injecting CSS from a resource bundle into your application with StyleInjector:
Resources resources = (Resources)GWT.create(Resources.class);
StyleInjector.injectStylesheet( resources.mainCss().getText(), resources );
It's important to note that this technique is part of the incubator project and will most likely change in the future.
Conclusion
Ajax applications have a big usability jump from traditional web applications and GWT provides tools that give you better Ajax performance for free. You should compare the startup speed of the GWT mail sample to other sample Ajax applications. By paying attention to the deployment differences between traditional web applications and Ajax applications we can push application performance even further. I'm excited to see the next generation of Ajax applications.
About the Author
Ryan Dewsbury has been involved with C++ and Java as a developer, architect, and consultant since 1998. Initially Ryan spent several years helping build the system framework for a semiconductor manufacturing system. More recently Ryan has been working to create great user experiences through cutting edge software with a few web start-up companies. In between contracts Ryan spends time on independent software projects including Easy Message, which was acquired in 2004, and more recently Gpokr (gpokr.com) and KDice (kdice.com), two casual web-based games based on GWT.
Note:The code/text does not address security issues or error handling
Copyright: This content is excerpted from the book, "Google Web Toolkit Applications", authored by Ryan Dewsbury, published by Prentice Hall Professional, December, 2007, Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. ISBN _PHONE_ For more information, please visit: _URL_
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Community comments
 - Compression : warning with some Internet explorer version, it doesn't work
 by Nicolas Martignole,
 Your message is awaiting moderation. Thank you for participating in the discussion.
 Just a small warning about gzip compression and the following version of Microsoft Internet Explorer: 5.x, 6.0 and 6.0 SP1. There are known bugs with gzip compression. See MSDN for more details.
 You might need to add a User-Agent verification in the filter so that the filter does not compress content for some specific browser. Have a look also at the default httpd.conf for Apache, there's more information about this.
 _URL_
 - Jetty Continuations with GWT
 by Jan Bartel,
 Your message is awaiting moderation. Thank you for participating in the discussion.
 Along the lines of performance and scalability, I thought it would be worth mentioning that GWT apps can also take advantage of Jetty Continuations:
 Jetty GWT with Continuations
 cheers
 Jan
 - Re: Compression : warning with some Internet explorer version, it doesn't w
 by Manuel Carrasco Moñino,
 Your message is awaiting moderation. Thank you for participating in the discussion.
 That's true... . But it seems the problem in IE occurs only with js compressed files, not with html. Using the default linker, GWT produces especial [...].cache.html files including the application javascript code. So you can compress the application in htmp files without problems. If you are using the gwt cross site


Is it Okay to Listen to Music While Driving a Motorcycle?
The question "is it okay to listen to music while driving a motorcycle?" is probably the most asked question to me ever since I started owning a motorcycle. It is usually asked by those people who are planning to buy a motorcycle and at the same time very fond of music, and of course my co-drivers. I have seen on my fellow drivers that prior to wearing their helmets, they will first put on their wireless earphones. Majority do this, but there are also those who preferred not to listen to music because they feel like it will be too dangerous.
Although I keep on saying that, personally, it is fine to listen to music while driving, the real question is whether it is really safe to ride a two wheeled vehicle while listening to music? or would it be more safe to ride without any form of distraction? While in some countries, it is allowed to drive while there is music, there are countries that prohibit this such as California. This is because there are lots of motorcycle accident that are caused by distractions such as music. It is either too loud or the music genre is inappropriate. Also, another possible cause is that driver was not wearing protective gears such as helmet, gloves, etc. To prevent bruises and wounds from accidents, I advise you to visit
Does Music Really Create Distraction?
There are a lot of studies about music as a form of distraction because it does not really help someone concentrate, but instead hinder you to perform properly. If you are still confused why music is dangerous, check the examples below:
1. The music is very noisy or loud– while driving, especially on open air, it is important to hear background noise such as the sound of other vehicle. Also we usually aim for relaxation, too much loud music can be a hindrance.
2. Your favorite music may cause you harm– you may find this quite hard to believe, but is some cases, this is true. If your favorite music is playing while you are driving, chances are you will make a mistake, forget something, because your focus is on the song.
November 6, 2019


text:
Pimlico to Teven - Pacific Highway upgrade
Roads and Maritime Services is upgrading the Pacific Highway between Pimlico Road and Teven Road, about 2.3km in length.
Updates and announcements
Motorists were moved onto the final alignment of the Bruxner Highway in August 2015.
Work is continuing on the new Duck Creek Bridge and the old Bruxner Highway road surface is being removed.
Reduced speed limits and traffic control will be in place and motorists are advised to allow extra travel time.
Pacific Highway motorists are continuing to use the new section of road just south of Duck Creek Bridge..
Motorists are travelling on the new section for about 750 metres, which then merges back onto the existing highway alignment.
Moving traffic off the existing highway enables further soft soil treatments to be carried out south of the Duck Creek Bridge along the alignment of the existing Pacific Highway.
- Building Duck Creek Bridge
- Removing the old Bruxner Highway pavement
- Installing soft soil ground treatment north of Duck Creek
- Removing excess material that was used for the soft soil treatments south of Duck Creek
- Start building the highway south of Duck Creek
- Sheet piling, water main and pavement works around Bruxner Highway.
Traffic management and reduced speed limits will be in place where needed to ensure the safety of workers, motorists and other road users
Every effort is being made to minimise impacts on motorists, the local community and the natural environment during this important upgrade.
- Contractors: Leighton Contractors
- Form of contract: Construct only
- Start date of major construction: Nov 2013
- Completion date: by mid 2016
- Project value: $92 million
Roads and Maritime Services is upgrading the Pacific Highway between Pimlico Road and Teven Road, about 2.3km in length. This work will facilitate the next phase of the highway upgrade, which is part of the overall Woolgoolga to Ballina Pacific Highway upgrade.
This project is jointly funded by the Australian and NSW governments.
The Pimlico to Teven upgrade is being delivered in three stages.
Stage one was completed by the Ballina Bypass Alliance. It involved soft soil treatment along a 350m section of the Pacific Highway southbound, near the intersection with Pimlico Road.
Stage two consists of:
- Building 2.3 kilometres of two lane single carriageway on the Pacific Highway (temporary tie-ins to the existing road included)
- Building 1.3 kilometres of two lane single carriageway on the Bruxner Highway
- Realignment of 300 metres of two lane single carriageway on Pimlico Road to create a new temporary intersection with the Pacific Highway
- Building a new 117 metre long bridge over Duck Creek (Pacific Highway)
- Providing a new 173 metre bridge over Emigrant Creek South (Bruxner Highway)
- Drainage alterations and landscape works
- Providing maintenance access roads on both sides of Emigrant Creek South.
At the end of stage two work, Bruxner Highway traffic will be shifted to the final traffic arrangement, and Pacific Highway traffic shifted to the final northbound carriageways.
Stage three will involve building the final southbound carriageway along the current highway alignment. This stage will be undertaken when further funding is available.
For employment opportunities contact:
Phone: 1800 778 900 (Press '4' for Pimlico to Teven)


text:
Spanish (Spain) Wheat Allergy Card
- Side 1: Spanish 🇪🇸 / Side 2: English 🇺🇸
- Free Shipping (U.S. & U.K.)
Eat Safe in Spain
"Once the waiter read our card, they immediately understood and took my daughter's food allergy seriously."
Travel with a wheat allergy can be difficult as language barriers can result in allergic reactions. Don't stress over how to say wheat allergy in Spanish.
A wheat allergy card in Spanish helps bridge the communication gap, ensuring your request is noted, remembered, and understood.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The actor registry in CAF keeps track of the number of running actors and allows
to map actors to their ID or a custom atom (see Atoms) representing a
name. The registry does not contain all actors. Actors have to be stored in
the registry explicitly. Users can access the registry through an actor system
system.registry(). The registry stores actors using
strong_actor_ptr (see Pointer).
Users can use the registry to make actors system-wide available by name. The Middleman uses the registry to keep track of all actors known to remote nodes in order to serialize and deserialize them. Actors are removed automatically when they terminate.
It is worth mentioning that the registry is not synchronized between connected actor system. Each actor system has its own, local registry in a distributed setting.
||Returns the actor associated to given ID.|
||Returns the actor associated to given name.|
||Returns all name mappings.|
||Returns the number of currently running actors.|
||Maps an actor to its ID.|
||Removes an ID mapping from the registry.|
||Maps an actor to a name.|
||Removes a name mapping from the registry.|


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Question. Did you ever see inverse limits to be used (or even seriousely considered) anywhere in metric geometry (but NOT in topology)?
The definition of inverse limit for metric spaces is given below. (It is usual inverse limit in the category with class of objects formed by metric spaces and class of morphisms formed by short maps.)
Definition. Consider an inverse system of metric spaces $X_n$ and short maps $\phi_{m,n}:X_m\to X_n$ for $m\ge n$; i.e.,(1) $\phi_{m,n}\circ \phi_{k,m}=\phi_{k,n}$ for any triple $k\ge m\ge n$ and (2) for any $n$, the map $\phi_{n,n}$ is identity map of $X_n$.
A metric space $X$ is called inverse limit of the system $(\phi_{m,n}, X_n)$ if its underlying space consists of all sequences $x_n\in X_n$ such that $\phi_{m,n}(x_m)=x_n$ for all $m\ge n$ and for any two such sequences $(x_n)$ and $(y_n)$ the distance is defined by
$$ | (x_n) (y_n)| = \lim_{n\to\infty} | x_n y_n |.$$
Why: I have a theorem, with little cheating you can stated it this way: The class of metric spaces which admit path-isometries to Euclidean $d$-spaces coincides with class of inverse limits of $d$-polyhedral spaces. In the paper I write: it seems to be the first case when inverse limits help to solve a natural problem in metric geometry. But I can not be 100% sure, and if I'm wrong I still have time to change this sentence.
share|improve this question
Short map = nonexpansive = Lipschitz constant at most one? – Bill Johnson Feb 21 '10 at 1:40
Bill: yes. – Tom Leinster Feb 21 '10 at 1:58
Anton: as I understand it, "inverse system" means either functor from a cofiltered category, or functor from a (co)directed poset, according to taste (and then "inverse limit" means limit). Just to be clear, are you particularly interested in this special case of limits? Or are any types of limit of metric space interesting for you? – Tom Leinster Feb 21 '10 at 2:04
I think the topology induced by the metric is not the inverse limit topology. But maybe this is no problem. It just irratated me. – HenrikRüping Feb 21 '10 at 13:20
There is another irritating example: Consider the inverse system $X_n=\\{-n,\ldots,n\\}$ with distance $d(m,m')=|m-m'|$ and projections $\varphi_{n+1,n}:\\{-(n+1),\ldots,n+1\\}\rightarrow \\{-n,\ldots,n\\}$ defined by $\varphi_{n+1,n}(-n-1)=-n,\quad \varphi_{n+1,n}(n+1)=n,\quad \varphi_{n+1,n}|_{\\{-n,\ldots n\\}}=id$. Then the inverse limit is $\mathbb{Z}\cup\\{\pm \infty\\}$ and the metric is really just a quasimetric. – HenrikRüping Feb 21 '10 at 13:47
show 4 more comments
4 Answers
This paper by P.-E. Caprace, uses a "refined boundary" of a CAT(0) space. This boundary is constructed in the following way : given a point $\xi$ in the boundary at infinity of your space $X$, you construct a point $X_\xi$, which is the inverse limit of the horoballs centered at $\xi$. Here the maps $\phi_{m,n}$ are the CAT(0) projections. Then the space $X_\xi$ is itself CAT(0), and you can iterate the construction. Under reasonable hypotheses, the construction stops after a finite number of steps, and the refined boundary is the union of all the spaces you get.
(In the case of symmetric spaces, this construction has been already considered by Karpelevic in 1965, but with different definitions, and I don't think he saw it as inverse limits).
share|improve this answer
add comment
Take a look at this paper of Irwin and Solecki which, I think, is relevant to your question. They use a model theoretic language for inverse limits (projective Fraisse limits) and use this machinery to derive a proof of the surjective universality of the pseudo-arc among chainable continua.
The paper has appeared in: Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 358 (2006), 3077-3096.
share|improve this answer
Accidentally, that is the same paper suggested by François G. Dorais. This is topology and this is NOT metric geometry... – Anton Petrunin Feb 21 '10 at 14:47
Oh, thanks, I didn't look carefully at the comments. Do you want me to delete the answer? – Pandelis Dodos Feb 21 '10 at 14:50
_USER_. No, why should I? – Anton Petrunin Feb 21 '10 at 15:11
You are right, why should you? :-) By the way I have a similar question in Banach space theory. While inductive limits have been extensively used I am not aware whether an inverse limit costruction has been considered to build quotients of Banach spaces with special properties. – Pandelis Dodos Feb 21 '10 at 15:26
add comment
I'd be surprised if there were any applications, for the simple reason that your definition of inverse limit for metric geometry doesn't translate well into topology. It's easy to disconnect points in the limit which aren't disconnected in the terms.
For example, fix a metric space (X, d) and define (Xn, dn) = (X, 2nd), with φm, n the identity on the underlying set X. Then the inverse limit would have underlying set X (essentially), but d(x, y) = ∞ unless x = y.
Come to think of it, this seems to provide a counterexample to your statement, since the underlying space could easily be a polyhedron (with uncountable underlying set), while any discrete set which embeds into Rd is at most countable.
(Never mind, I see in your paper that you assume the space to be embedded is compact.)
share|improve this answer
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I am not sure, if you are still looking for an example, and whether you feel that my examples are artificial.
Every locally compact, almost connected group is a projective limit of Lie groups, in particular a projective limit of metrizable groups. The limit becomes metrizable itself, if and only if the limit is countable. There is a book by Hofmann and Morris about pro-Liegroups, which studies projective limits of Lie groups.
Also the vector space $C_b^\infty(X) = \cap_k C_b^k(X)$ of smooth bounded functions is a projective limit of normed spaces.
share|improve this answer
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Your Answer


text:
The 2004 Rose Revolution succeeded in part thanks to women's vibrant participation. Now the Women's Fund in Georgia is shaking up the country's legal structure and reclaiming women's historic connection to philanthropy.
For centuries, women in the Caucasus nations advanced education and culture, and created charities. However, during Soviet rule this tradition was treated as a bourgeois relic and forced underground.
The Fund grew out of the Educational Cooperation and Development Center, a women's organization formed in 1998 that built strong ties with women's groups and local businesses. The group developed experience with grantmaking when it received a $20,000 partnership grant from the Global Fund in 2002 that it regranted to 12 small women's groups in remote areas of Georgia.
To engage the private sector in funding women's organizations, the group is advocating for legislative changes that will allow individuals and companies to make tax-deductible gifts to nongovernmental organizations. Such incentives are currently nonexistent in the region.
As the Women's Fund explains, "For Georgian women, philanthropy is the power which helps them make a choice dictated by both heart and mind. Only this kind of independent choice gives women the chance to fulfill their principles, rights and responsibilities."
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source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Update: Cialfo has rolled out an updated User Experience (UX). For a limited amount of time, clients will be able to switch from using the new UX and previous UX. This article will address both types of UX.
The Tasks and Assessments section is a powerful tool that allows counselors to store and share files/documents with students and enables task automations in Cialfo. You would have access to 3 folders.
New User Experience (UX)
Previous User Experience (UX)
 1. The school shared folder. The entire counseling team has access to files/tasks added here. Tasks created in this folder can be linked to grades or groups, thereby enabling automatic task assignment.
 2. Personal - Only the creator would have access to files/tasks added here.
 3. Cialfo - These are sample tasks created by Cialfo which you can use as a template. Before editing a task list under Cialfo, it is suggested to copy it to the school folder by clicking on the task list > Actions > Copy >School shared folder. This will ensure that you still have access to the original template in Cialfo folder for future use.
Difference between a Task list and Application Config
 1. Task List - A separate list of tasks and essays that students will receive once.
 2. Application Config - a set of tasks and essays that students receive inside every school application that meets the config's criteria. Application Configs can send tasks to all students, or to students applying to particular schools or countries. EG: You would have separate Application Configs for tasks and essays pertaining to (A) all colleges in the United States, (B) all colleges in Canada, or (C) all applications to Stanford University.
Creating a Task List
To Create a task click on the Add Resources button and from the drop down select Task List. It will then open a pop-up window which will require you to give your task list a name. This is more like a category under which you can add your individual tasks. Give your task list a name and click 'Create'.
Once you click 'Create' you get the option of adding a Task or Essay. Give your task or Essay a title. Select a due date (optional) and fill in any other required information. Visible to by default is set to everyone (counselors and students). You can change to staff only if you don't want it visible to students or set a future date for when the task should be visible to students. If you would like to share any files with the students, you can upload it under'student files' and if there are any internal files that only counselors should have access to, you can upload them under'staff only files'. Click here if you need to understand the difference between a Task and an Essay.
Assigning or Publishing a task list
Resources can be assigned to students automatically (by linking it to a grade or group) or manually (by importing or bulk-assigning it to any students you choose). Students added to the linked grade or group will automatically receive the latest version of the task list.
To assign the task list by grade tick the checkbox 'assign task list to grade' and then you can select all grades if you want the task list to be linked to all the grades or you can select the individual required grade. Make sure to click 'publish' for the task list to get assigned to the students.
Creating an Application Config
To Create an Application Config click on the Add Resources button and from the drop down select Application Config. It will then open a pop-up window which will require you to give your task list a name. This is more like a category under which you can add your individual tasks. Give your task list a name and click 'Create'. Creating the tasks will be similar to how to create a task list. The main difference is that Application Configs are linked to a student's application and these tasks will appear in the student's respective school's task list. You can set the criteria for the application config by selecting one of the options in Tasks will be added to these applications. For. eg. If you select the criteria as all applications, the tasks will appear under all the student's applications. Whereas if you select the criteria as Applications to one school and select Brown University, the tasks will only appear for students that add Brown University as their applying school. The screenshot below displays a scenario wherein the selection is Applications in Region - United States. So the tasks will appear under each of the student's US school.
Assigning or Publishing a Application Config
This works similar to assigning a task list as mentioned above. Do remember that these tasks will only appear if the student's application matches the selected criteria.
Archiving a Task List
Assume that you have created a task list but not happy with it and would not want to use it any more. At Cialfo we use the term 'Archive' instead of delete. Since, this allows us to restore the file if it was accidentally deleted. This needs to be done in 2 steps.
Step 1: This step is applicable only if you have assigned the task list to any students.
Click on the task list that you would like to delete. Scroll to the bottom of the page to the 'Added Students' section. Select all the students and click on the Archive Selected button.
Step 2: Scroll to the top of the task list page. Click on Actions button and then Archive.
Assigning existing tasks to the new students at the start of the school year
The video below explains how you can use an existing task list for the next school year too with just a few tweaks.
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The grounds of the Paul Revere House, Boston's oldest building and a historic Colonial landmark, are getting an examination. But there will be no probing; the procedure is noninvasive.
Using a technology called ground penetrating radar, Allen Gontz, an assistant professor of environmental, earth, and ocean sciences at the University of Massachusetts at Boston, began a series of soil tests at the North End site on Tuesday. He is looking for gas lines, water pipes, and deep features like wells, privies, and previous foundations.
Gontz's data will help guide the Paul Revere Memorial Association as it plans the renovation of nearby Lathrop Place, a parcel and two-family house built in 1835.
"It's just an added dimension, additional information that can be considered when planning," said Ellen Burkland, the city archeologist at the mayor's office who has assisted with the project and collaborated with Gontz in the past. The Revere Association plans to renovate the Lathrop Place house for educational programs.
On Wednesday, Gontz and a few of his graduate students were creating a grid of the property. The GPR, a device that looks like a radio-controlled car, crept over the courtyard bricks, taking measurements using electromagnetic radar waves that it shoots into the ground.
"What we are looking for is historical and cultural objects or remnants," he said. "With an idea of any building that would have been standing, we can build a model.... It could help develop a better understanding of what Boston would have looked like during the Revolutionary War."


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Definition of unsterile in English:
Not sterile or sterilized: unsterile needles
More example sentences
- He believes that AIDS may have its origin in unsterile hypodermic needles and antibiotics.
- Panicky use of unsterile needles may transmit HIV, hepatitis C, or other infections.
- I always have been taught that the back of the gown is considered unsterile and that personnel in sterile attire should not have their back to sterile supplies or fields.
Definition of unsterile in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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In 1959 the institution changed its name to the University of Transport and moved to Žilina. As a result of the increasing role of communications within the curriculum and research orientation of the University, the name was amended to the University of Transport and Communications in 1980.
Following wide-ranging changes at the beginning of the nineties, it was renamed again to the University of Žilina pursuant to the law passed by the Slovak National Council on November 20, 1996. This change reflected the University's educational restructuring, which is based on effective theoretical and professional preparation, communications skills, use of information telecommunication technologies, marketing, economics and law emphasizing the future demands of customers.
The University of Žilina is the only university located in the northwest region of the Slovak Republic. In terms of professional profile, the University is unique in Slovakia as it has a long tradition of providing education in the fields of transport and communications. Furthermore, during the last period of development the University became an educational institution with a broad profile in many areas of science, technology, economics, management, and recently, educational and natural sciences.
The University enjoys a very close cooperation with transport, telecommunication and industrial companies as well as public and private institutions across the region and country. Further, the University contributes to the technological and operational development of transport and telecommunication systems, networks and services as the main conditions for the future economic, and the social development of the Slovak Republic.
The University of Žilina provides education at all three levels of higher education both in full-time and part-time forms (Bachelor's degree, Engineer/Master's degree and Doctoral degree).
Finally, all of the University's faculties provide a supplementary course of pedagogical studies for students and graduates. Over the last 57 years more than 52 000 students have graduated from the University; 1662 of them have been awarded the Ph.D. degree.


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This smartboard game allows your students to build a termite tower. The students can draw shapes on the smartboard and then drop the shapes to build the tower. The whole class can even challenge the computer to see who finishes the tower first. Just make sure you draw with your fingers on the left and not the smartboard pens.
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I learn about CUBE and ROLLUP function today and I found it really usefull for generating reports. Let me give you one example where we can use ROLLUP and CUBE. Lets say you are developing the E-Commerce application and administrator wants the report which shows products purchased by all user group by product and buyer. You will say that's really easy and can write the query as shown below,
Fig – (1) Group By clause.
Which will returns the result as shown below,
Fig – (2) Result of GROUP BY clause
However what if you want result as display below,
Fig – (3) Desire result
Here ROLLUP and CUBE comes into the picture and help us. The above result is generated using ROLLUP. ROLLUP adds new row for each column used in GROUP BY clause. First have a look at the query and then we will discuss more,
Fig – (4) Query for output shown in fig – 3
As you can see in query we have used ROLLUP after GROUP BY clause. Here ROLLUP has added new row at line 3,5 and 6 in fig 3. If you have used only one columns in GROUP BY clause then only row will have been added. The new clause in query is GROUPING. GROUPING clause add new column in result set. The value in new column can either be 0 or 1. If the new row is added by the ROLLUP or CUBE then the value of GROUPING column is 1 else 0.
In fig – 3 we have total price by user name, wow lets assume you want the total price by item name also. Here you have to use CUBE as shown below,
Fig – (5) CUBE clause
Fig – (6) Result of CUBE
Happy Programming!!!!


text: We consider a hypercube view to perceive the label space of multilabel classification problems geometrically. The view allows us not only to unify many existing multilabel classification approaches but also design a novel algorithm, principal label space transformation (PLST), that captures key correlations between labels before learning. The simple and efficient PLST relies on only singular value decomposition as the key step. We derive the theoretical guarantee of PLST and evaluate its empirical performance using real-world data sets. Experimental results demonstrate that PLST is faster than the traditional binary relevance approach and is superior to the modern compressive sensing approach in terms of both accuracy and efficiency.


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In the early 20th century, fireplaces were not very efficient at keeping homes warm. Frustrated with this situation, a young woman named Alice H. Parker decided to design a new heating system. The design she eventually patented is considered the first heating system with independently controlled units and fueled by natural gas.
Creating a new comfort zone
By Parker's time, thousands of patents had been issued for heating stoves and furnaces, but hers may have been the first using a zone control approach. This was a fine achievement for any inventor, but all the more remarkable considering that Parker was an African-American woman. When she applied for the patent in July 1918, few opportunities were open to women of color. Women didn't even have the right to vote!
It took more than a year to earn the patent, which was finally granted in December 1919. It read: "To provide a comparatively simple, reliable and efficient heating furnace in which gas is employed for the fuel, whereby economy of labor and fuel cost is effected and greater flexibility in the operation obtained."
Parker's heating furnace had several unique features:
- Cool air was drawn into the furnace and then sent through a heat exchanger.
- Warm air was delivered throughout the home via air ducts.
- A multiple, individually controlled burner system used natural gas.
- The temperature could be adjusted in different areas of the building.
According to the patent, each combustion chamber contained a gas burner connected to a gas manifold with a pipe. A regulating valve was operated using pull chains from a point remote from the furnace. A pilot burner lighted the main burner as soon as the gas was turned on. Baffle plates at the bottom of each unit arranged alternately at opposite sides produced more effective heating.
Discovering a little-known inventor
Not much is known about Alice Parker's life. She lived in Morristown, New Jersey, when she submitted her patent. She may have attended classes at the Howard University Academy in Washington D.C., a high school connected to Howard University. The academy was established to prepare students for attending Howard's College of Liberal Arts.
Parker is said to have earned a certificate with honors from the academy, another remarkable achievement for an African-American woman at that time. There is little additional information available about her education or career, except for a March 1920 announcement in a Seattle paper, Cayton's Weekly, that she had been issued the patent.
Parker's invention could be considered the precursor of the forced-air central heating systems used today. She was finally recognized for her invention almost a century later. In 2014, the New Jersey State Chamber of Commerce named Parker one of the state's 25 greatest innovators — one of only five women to make the list.


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Alice Maze is a very hard online maze puzzle game.
Game play is easy, you start Alice maze on the red square, and your current position is always shown in red. You must make a series of moves that will take you to the goal. Begin each move by following one of the arrows in the red square, travel in a straight line for a distance equal to d, and then click on the square where your move ends.
When the maze begins, d equals 1. When you land on a square with a red arrow, 1 is added to d. When you land on a square with a yellow arrow, 1 is subtracted from d. Two of these mazes have blank squares, which you may not land on. There are twenty different mazes to solve. Happy Puzzling!
Tags: Maze | Puzzle Game


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The IE parole program provides a temporary immigration pathway for foreign entrepreneurs who have founded companies in the United States attracting venture capital or other funding that may benefit the nation by growing and adding jobs to the U.S. economy.
Under the IE program, parole may be granted to up to three entrepreneurs per start-up entity, as well as their spouses and children. Parole authorizes the beneficiary the right to enter and stay in the United States, for a specific period of time granted by DHS. The IE program is not a typical immigration pathway, but it fills a gap for entrepreneurs that more common immigration statuses do not satisfy. Entrepreneurs granted parole are eligible to work only for their start-up business, and their spouses may apply for employment authorization in the United States, though their children are not eligible for such authorization based on this parole.
International Entrepreneur parole program applicants must show that they:
- Possess a substantial ownership interest in a start-up entity created within the past five years in the United States that has substantial potential for rapid growth and job creation.
- Have a central and active role in the start-up entity such that they are well-positioned to substantially assist with the growth and success of the business.
- Will provide a significant public benefit to the United States based on their role as an entrepreneur of the start-up entity by showing that:
- The start-up entity has received a significant investment of capital from certain qualified U.S. investors with established records of successful investments;
- The start-up entity has received significant awards or grants for economic development, research and development, or job creation (or other types of grants or awards typically given to start-up entities) from federal, state, or local government entities that regularly provide such awards or grants to start-up entities; or
- They partially meet either or both of the previous two requirements and provide additional reliable and compelling evidence of the start-up entity's substantial potential for rapid growth and job creation.
- Otherwise merit a favorable exercise of discretion.


Local Attractions of Arusha you should not miss
First-Timers Guide to a Perfect Tanzania Vacation
April 15, 2021
Safari Holiday Guide 2021/2022 by Flightlink
April 15, 2021
Arusha is one of the most beautiful destinations that tourists can visit in Tanzania. The region is lush green, and home to spectacular birds and wildlife. With scenic views of Mount Meru, this heavenly spot is a must-see for travel lovers. Here are some of the top local attractions that travellers should not miss on a trip to Arusha.
 1. Arusha National Park
The most popular attraction of the region is the amazing Arusha National Park, where tourists can enjoy safaris, bird watching, and game viewing. Tourists can spot buffaloes, giraffes, zebras, monkeys, warthogs, bushbucks, elephants, hippopotamus, gazelles, hyenas, apes, woodpeckers, flamingoes, geese, herons, parrots, and eagles! They can go on walking tours, or game drives, or enjoy camping!
 1. Ngurdoto Crater
The swampy Ngurdoto Crater is covered with a dense rainforest, and is a great spot for nature lovers to visit. Tourists can explore the area on foot, and observe the vivid greenery. The crater is home to birds such as hornbills, geese, and herons, as well as animals like warthogs, elephants, buffaloes, colobus monkeys, and hyenas!
 1. Mount Meru
Located about one hour (from car) away from Arusha, Mount Meru is a spectacular spot for tourists to visit. Standing at 4566m, the active volcano is the fifth highest mountain in Africa. Tourists can enjoy the enchanting view, or have an adventurous hiking trip.
 1. Momella Lakes
The Momella Lakes are situated near Arusha, and are named Tulusia, Small Momella, Kusare, Lekandiro, Rishateni, El Kekhotoito, and Big Momella. These seven shallow, alkaline lakes are home to a variety of birds, including flamingoes, pelicans, ducks, herons, and eagles! Tourists can enjoy birdwatching, canoeing, or spotting wildlife such as giraffes, dik diks, waterbucks, and zebras
 1. Tululusia Waterfall
On the slopes of Mount Meru, visitors can find a stunning 28m high waterfall. Tourists can hike up to the spot, and can hear the sound of the gushing water from at least 100m away! The breathtaking spot is filled with greenery, flowers, and lush vegetation. Visitors can find wildlife such as buffaloes, warthogs, and giraffes on their way.
 1. Lake Duluti
The majestic Lake Duluti can be reached after a 30 minute drive from Arusha. The lake is unique, because it used to be a mountain between Mount Meru and Kilimanjaro, but it collapsed and became a crater lake! Visitors can walk around the gorgeous region, look for birds, hike up to the forest, or enjoy a canoeing experience. They can find birds such as ospreys, eagles, egrets, kingfishers, and herons!
 1. Meserani Snake Park
In Arusha, a great local attraction that guests must visit is the unique Meserani Snake Park where guides show dangerous snakes such as the Black or Green Mamba, Puff Adders, and Egyptian Cobra. Visitors can even hold snakes, or baby crocodiles, and learn about them.
 1. Lake Manyara
Tourists can take a day trip to Lake Manyara, which is a 90 minute drive away. At this tranquil location, tourists can relax and observe the stunning flora and fauna, enjoy a picnic, or go on a serene boat tour. They can spot leopards, giraffes, elephants, wildebeests, zebras, lions, blue monkeys, and over 400 bird species including pelicans, flamingos, hornbills, crowned eagles, guinea fowl, egrets, and storks!
 1. Chemka Hot Springs
Chemka Hot Springs are an extraordinary tourist spot where one can enjoy a picnic, relax in the breathtaking scenery, or swim in the hot springs. This geothermal oasis is one of the most glorious tourist spots in Arusha, and is famous because of its unforgettable beauty.
 1. Tarangire National Park
Tourists can take a day trip to the amazing Tarangire National Park, one of the top safari parks of the country. Visitors can enjoy game viewing, bird watching, or wildlife viewing, as they can spot elands, leopards, cheetahs, giraffes, impalas, waterbucks, wild dogs, gazelles, mongooses, badgers, lions, monkeys, and baboons! The park is home to huge herds of elephant herds, and is famous for the extraordinary elephant migration that travellers can witness during their trip!
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Tumors of the External Ear
Tumors of the ear can be benign or malignant. They can occur on the external ear, or in the ear canal, the middle ear or inner ear. Tumors in different areas of the ear behave differently. Thus, it is necessary to describe tumors based on their site of occurrence, as well as their behavior and treatment.
Tumors of the External Ear Canal
The external ear canal begins at the opening of the cup-shaped portion (concha) of the ear and extends downward to the ear drum. Tumors that occur in the ear canal can be benign or malignant. Malignant tumors of the external ear canal are very serious. Immediate biopsy of any suspicious lesion in the external ear canal should be performed immediately.
Causes of Ear Cancer
The exact cause of ear cancer is not known. Individuals with history of chronic ear infections (>10 years) are at a higher risk for developing ear cancer.


Folker is a boy name and means people's guard. It is a Norse name and its pronunciation is \f(o)-lker, fol-ker\. Other similar names and variants include: Folke, Volker, Vollker. Folker is not a popular first name for men but a somewhat popular surname or last name for both men and women (#47415 out of 88799).
Discover other Famous boy names that start with f
Folker VIP rank
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Actor masks
Actors named Folker
Movie Director
Directors named Folker
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Famous people named Folker
Here's a list of VIPs named Folker:
 - Folker Bohnet (actor)
Famous actors named Folker and their movies
Folker Bohnet
Folker Bohnet
 - No. of movies: 1
The Bridge
The Bridge
Directed by: Bernhard Wicki
Starring: Folker Bohnet, Fritz Wepper, Michael Hinz, Frank Glaubrecht
Country: United States of America
Discover other Famous actor names that start with letter F
Frequently Asked Questions
Is Folker a popular name?
Over the years Folker was most popular in None. According to the latest US census information Folker ranks _TAG_ while according to Folker ranks #2nd.
Who is a famous person named Folker?
There a several famous people named Folker, for example actor Folker Bohnet.


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Earth, Moon and Sun | Fujitsu Planetarium
May 14 @ 2:45 pm - 3:45 pm$10.00
Today: Earth, Moon and Sun at Fujitsu Planetarium at De Anza College.
Description: Explore the relationship between the Earth, Moon and Sun with the help of an amusing character adapted from Native American oral traditions who has many misconceptions about our home planet and its most familiar neighbors. How do the Earth, Moon and Sun work together as a system and what is the myth and science behind it? Why does the Sun rise and set? Why do we see different constellations during different seasons? What is an eclipse? Learn about the Moon's phases and orbit. Explore past and future space travel to our Moon and beyond.
Family Audience/ Children 6yrs and older.


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The Berlin Zoo is celebrating the first birth of Rusty-Spotted Cats in its 168-year history. Rusty-Spotted Cats are the world's smallest wild cats, weighing only 2.0 to 3.5 lb (0.9 to 1.6 kg) as adults.
The two kittens were born on August 5, and have only recently begun to leave their den to explore their exhibit. Playful, clumsy, and a little awkward, the two female youngsters are a delight to zoo guests. At birth, kittens typically weigh just 2.0-2.7 ounces (60-77 g).
Native only to Sri Lanka and India, these diminuitive cats are classified as Vulnerable due to habitat loss and the conversion of wild lands to farms. Rusty-Spotted Cats prefer dense forests and grasslands, emerging at night to hunt for rodents, birds, and lizards.
Little is known about these secretive cats, and few zoos display this species, making these two kitttens especially important for the captive population.
Photo Credits: Berlin Zoo


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WDPG 3.8 Resource assessment
WDPG 3.8.1G
1To achieve the objective of winding-down in an orderly manner, a firm needs to have adequate financial and non-financial resources to do this and may ask itself a range of questions.
WDPG 3.8.2G
What non-financial resources, such as premises, IT, key employees, external advisors etc., does it need to carry out the steps identified in the operational analysis and for how long might it need them? (See WDPG 3.7 (Operational analysis: what happens during the wind-down process?)) Firms that are part of a larger group may need to consider issues of inter-connectedness, and in particular between regulated and unregulated parts of the group.
WDPG 3.8.3G
If a firm relies on outsourced services, will these services still be available during the wind-down period, or are contingency measures in place? When negotiating outsourcing agreements, firms may wish to consider the possible invocation of their wind-down plan and the impact this would have on the contractual relationship.
WDPG 3.8.4G
If a firm is part of a larger group, and is depending on group resources, would it still have adequate resources to wind down in an orderly manner if the group failed?
WDPG 3.8.5G
This guide does not provide any rule or interpretation in relation to the financial resources requirements applicable to a firm. Rather, it highlights some of the factors which a firm may want to consider in its wind-down planning.
WDPG 3.8.6G
It is important that firms monitor their solvency on a regular basis to ensure they continue to be able to meet their obligations as they fall due. If a firm becomes uncertain of its ability to do so, it may seek professional advice, such as from an auditor or insolvency practitioner to assist.
WDPG 3.8.7G
A firm in wind-down will likely have non-routine cash inflows and outflows, which are best monitored on a daily basis. These will include:
 1. (1)
 inflows, i.e. predicted revenue and other inflows that are likely to be limited after the triggering event and/or if a wind-down decision is made;
 2. (2)
 ordinary outflows, i.e. the cost of maintaining operational premises and systems; and
 3. (3)
 extraordinary outflows associated with winding down, such as extra closure costs, legal fees, professional services and insolvency practitioner fees, redundancy payments, retention payments, pension fund deficits, lease and other termination penalties and the costs of breaking contracts.
WDPG 3.8.8G
A firm might then consider if it would have enough cash or cash-equivalent investments to meet operating expenses and any other obligations during the wind-down period.


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2, 1830 – December 9, 1921)
J. [Jared] Bliss
Sidney J. Bliss was born in Borset, Vermont, September 2, 1830, and departed this life, December 9, 1921, in Long Beach California. He was the youngest of a family of 12 [actually 14] children, of David and Samantha Bliss, who moved to Michigan with their family in 1848, and settled on section nine, Riley Township, Clinton county, Michigan, then a dense wilderness. Here he grew up to manhood and helped clear away the forest and endured the hardships of the early settlers. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted in Co. G. 23rd Michigan infantry. He was wounded in action, but joined his regiment as soon as his wounds were healed and served to the end of the war with distinction and was honorably discharged in May 1865. He came home and settled on his farm on section nine Riley Township. In 1867, he was married to Helen Jones of the same place. Five children were born to this union. In the spring of 1890, the family moved to Lansing, Michigan, where the mother died in the fall of 1896. In October 1907, he went to Long Beach, California where he taught music until his age no longer permitted. After leaving his farm in Riley Township he devoted his time to music. His home was always an attraction to lovers of music, for the entire family of seven were musicians. The family will be well remembered by the music loving public of Lansing.
The remains were brought to Lansing, where short funeral services were held at the home of Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Davenport, 223 S. Walnut Street, a niece of Mr. Bliss. Rev. G. H. Ashworth of First Universalist church, officiating. Interment in Mt. Hope. He is survived by his five sons. Dean, Irvin, and Earl of Detroit, Michigan, Roy of Toledo, Ohio, and Herman of Long Beach, California, and one brother, Henry W. Bliss, of Riley, Clinton County, and a host of other relatives and friends.


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Here are some interesting points from a study of over 775 fiat currencies.
- Shortest life span: 1 month
- Average life span: 27 years
- Longest life span: 317 years (pound sterling). However, the pound sterling has lost 99.5% of its original value.
So, what happened to these currencies?
- 20% failed through hyperinflation
- 21% were destroyed by war
- 12% destroyed by independence
- 24% were monetarily reformed
- 23% are still in circulation
So… 41% of fiat currencies were destroyed by the very policies NATO countries are undertaking every day? That sounds promising for economic stability and recovery!


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PaperCut includes Find Me printing which solves the problem of locating the closest printer from a host of available devices. It is a roaming print service that allows print jobs to find users based on their physical location. It is sometimes referred to as "Pull Printing", "Push Printing" or "Follow Me" printing. It is an ideal solution for large sites operating a common printer fleet.
Users simply print to a single global virtual queue then go to a print release station and release their print job(s).
Printer Load Balancing
Printer load balancing automatically distributes print jobs between two or more printers. Load balancing is generally used to equally distribute print jobs across a pool of printers saving valuable time in document output for the user and at the same time balancing the wear and tear among printer devices. Load balancing can be implemented in PaperCut as part of Find Me Printing or separately without the need for release stations in a direct printing environment.
Clustering allows your organisation to ensure your printing services are not affected if anything should happen to your main server. PaperCut is a cluster compatible application and is supported under Windows (Microsoft Cluster Server / MSCS, Microsoft Failover Cluster Manager / MSFCM, Vetitas Cluster Server / VCS) and Linux (Novell Cluster Services / NCS, Linux-HA) at all levels of the application, including:
- Clustering at the print spooler service layer by integrating with clustering services
- Failover based clustering at the Application Server layer using clustering services
- At the database layer by utilising cluster aware databases such as Microsoft SQL Server, PostgreSQL or Oracle


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My Last Duchess
My Last Duchess
by Robert Browning
My Last Duchess Theme of Art and Culture
"My Last Duchess" is a piece of art about a piece of (fictional) art – a poem about a pretend painting. The speaker of the poem, the Duke of Ferrara, is a connoisseur and collector of objets d'art, or art objects, which he displays privately in order to impress people. In this poem, art and culture become tools for demonstrating social status – and ways to reduce unstable elements, like the Duchess herself, to things that can be physically controlled.
Questions About Art and Culture
 1. Why does the Duke have a private art gallery? To whom do you think he usually shows the objects in his collection?
 2. Why is there a curtain over the portrait of the "last Duchess"? (Hint: can the portrait be moved?)
 3. Why is it so important that the portrait of the Duchess is full-length and extremely lifelike? How does the replacement of the real Duchess with her portrait work? What does the Duke gain by this replacement? What does he lose?
 4. How does the bronze statue of Neptune taming a seahorse relate to the portrait of the Duchess? Why does the Duke make a point of showing this second object to the Count's servant?
Chew on This
Even though the Duke is a collector of art objects, he doesn't really appreciate them; he only cares about the way they increase his status and demonstrate his power.
People who Shmooped this also Shmooped...


text:
The Venturi assembly is responsible for cycling water through the entire softener, making this an essential part to maintain. We recommend peforming this quick cleaning once a year.
Cleaning the Venturi
1.Take the top cover off your unit by unhooking the 2 clips in back of the cover. Place the cover to the back or side of the unit, being careful not to disconnect any wires.
2.Bypass the water softener by pushing the handle in on the back of your unit. This will stop water from coming in or out of the softener while you work:
3. Locate the Venturi hanging off the left-hand side of softener head. The venturi is a gray plastic base with a white cone cap (pictured below).
4. Unscrew the cone cap and take out all seven (7) internal pieces, so you are left with just the empty gray housing. Make sure to keep these pieces in order!
5. Clean the internal parts with warm, soapy water. Feel free to use a paper clip or similar tool to clear any debris from the two black circular flow plugs, as they both have a small hole in the center.
6. Reassemble the internal parts using the exploded view (pictured below). *Please note that some parts have numbers or letters printed on them – these should face UP when reassembling.
7. Return the top cover to the unit and pull the bypass back out.


use tube in a sentence, make example sentences of the word a cardboard tube in,
English words and Examples of Usage
Example Sentences for "tube"
We put a cardboard tube in our pet hedgehog's cage for her to play withWe need to buy another tube of toothpaste.
We put a cardboard tube in our pet hedgehog's cage for her to play with.
I can't believe you paid $15 for that small tube of face moisturizer.
I have to buy a new inner tube for my bicycle because my tire is flat.
He was lying unconscious in his hospital bed, and had to be fed through a tube inserted in his nose.
Something is caught in the vacuum tube and I can't clean the carpet.
She looked at about 50 different tubes of paint before finding the colors she wanted.
The bicycle wagons are made with a very strong tubular steel frame.
I bought a handy little pocket-sized tube of toothpaste to take when we go camping.
He was lying in the hospital bed with various tubes running in and out of his nose, mouth and arms.
We're going to stay home, and watch the hockey game on the tube tonight.
There is a Japanese proverb which notes that you can't see the whole sky through a bamboo tube.
H. R. Haldeman observed that once the toothpaste is out of the tube, it is awfully hard to get it back in.
Astronaut John Glenn ate the first meal in space when he ate applesauce squeezed from a tube aboard a rocket in 1962.
B.F. Goodrich announced the development of the tubeless tire in May of 1947.
Example sentences with the tube, a sentence example for tube, and how to make tube in sample sentence, how do I use the word tube in a sentence? How do you spell tube in a sentence? spelling of tube
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text:
Spanish Point, in Osprey, Florida, is an historic site and museum preserving some of the life and death of indigenous people who lived in the area over five thousand years ago, the pioneer settlers, the early developers, and the native plants, and the coastal landscape. It makes for an interesting mix along the walking tour.
This is the pioneer cemetery for the Webb family who arrived in the 1860's. The land juts into the Gulf of Mexico and is raised by a large burial ground and shell middons that were created by the detritus of daily life from earlier inhabitants thousands of years ago. Graves on top of graves. The fuzzy looking log is covered with resurrection fern. When it rains, the ferns turn a bright green.
A glimpse of the packing house, where the Webb family who farmed this area for many years packed the citrus fruit for shipping:
The dock from the packing house:
Mangroves in the cove:
A gnarly tree near the old boat yard.
Farming must have been fairly good to the Webbs. One of the children built this house with her husband. It has been restored to reflect it 'pioneer' flavor. It was built in 1901 and the couple rented rooms to early snow birds--winter residents.


text:
CER model 10 was the vacuum tube, transistor and electronic relay based computer developed at IBK-Vinca and Mihajlo Pupin Institute (Serbia) in 1960.[Ref.lit. #1, #2, #4, #8] This was the first digital computer developed in the SFR Yugoslavia (also in the South Europe).
CER-10 was designed by prof.dr Tihomir Aleksić and his sci.associates (acad.dr Rajko Tomović, dr Vukašin Masnikosa, dr Ahmed Mandžić, dipl.ing. Dušan Hristović, dipl.ing. Petar Vrbavac and dr Milojko Marić) and was developed over four years. The team included: 10 engineers, 10 technicians and many others. After initial prototype testing at Vinca and redesign at the M. Pupin Institute, it was fully deployed at the Tanjug Agency building and worked there for the SKNE from 1961. and the Yugoslav government's SIV , from 1963. to 1967. [Ref.lit. #1, #3, #7]
The first CER-10 system was located at the SKNE-Federal secretary of internal affairs building in 1961, which later belonged to the Tanjug. The M. Pupin Institute gave the computer-case and some computer's parts and documentation of the CER-10, in March 2006, to the Museum of Science and Technology in Belgrade, where computer's CPU is now displayed.
- 1750 vacuum tubes;
- 1500 Germanium transistors;
- Magnetic core primary memory: 4096 of 30-bit words;
- Secondary memory: punched tape;
- Capable of performing min. 1600 additions per second [see Ref.lit. #1, #3, #6, #7].
CER-10 at the Tanjug building, Belgrade 1963
- CER Computers
- Mihajlo Pupin Institute
- History of computer hardware in the SFRY
- List of vacuum tube computers
- Rajko Tomović
- CIFARSKI EL.RAČUNAR CER-Vinča, by dr Rajko Tomović et al., from the Proc. Conf.ETAN-1960, pp. 305–330, Beograd Nov.18th 1960, in Serbian language
- Review and Analysis of the Computers CER, by Vladislav Paunović, Dušan Hristović, from the Proc.Conf.ETRAN-2000, vol.3, pp. 79–82, Sokobanja June 26, 2000, in Serbian language.
- Computer History: CER-10, by Dusan Hristovic, from IT Star Newsletter, vol.7, no.1, pp. 6–7, Spring 2009.
- IMP Riznica znanja, by Vladan Batanovic(Ed), IMP-PKS edition, Belgrade 2006, in Serbian language.
- Sa CER-10 je SFRJ postala svetska elita,by B.Vukovic,BLIC pp. 18–19, Belgrade June 12, 2011,in Serbian language
- Development of the Computing Technology in Serbia (Razvoj računarstva u Srbiji), by Dušan Hristović, PHLOGISTON journal, No 18/19, pp. 89–105, Museum MNT-SANU, Belgrade 2010/2011, In Serbian language.
- Building Computers in Serbia,by Jelica Protic et al., ComSIS, vol.8, No 3, pp. 549–571, Belgrade June 2011.
- HRONIKA DIGITALNIH DECENIJA (50 Years of Computing in Serbia),by D.B.Vujaklija, N.Markovic Ed, PC-press edition, Belgrade, 2011. In Serbian.


text:
Continuous sealing machine for sale
- 1. What is a continuous sealing machine
- 2. How does a continuous band sealer work
- 3. Machine parameters
- 4. What kind of bags can the continuous band sealer be used to seal
- 5. The structure of the continuous sealing machine
- 6. The details of the continuous band sealer
- 7. Why do we need a continuous sealing machine
What is a continuous sealing machine
A continuous sealing machine is used to seal bags of powders, granules, liquids, etc. This band sealer is novel in structure, simple in operation, and complete in function, pushing and sealing at one time. It has a high degree of automation, which can significantly reduce the workload of workers.
How does a continuous band sealer work
|Maximum load of conveyor table||10kg|
What kind of bags can the continuous band sealer be used to seal
In fact, our machines are suitable for sealing thermoplastic materials (PP, PE, laminates) of any size and length. We offer both horizontal band sealers (where the bag is flat on the conveyor belt) and vertical band sealers (where the bag is in a standing position on the conveyor belt). Our band sealers can be used in a wide range of applications and industries, such as pharmaceutical, food, agriculture, daily chemical, etc. Besides, you also should notice the bags used for the vacuum sealer, granule packaging machine for 5-50kg.
The structure of the continuous sealing machine
The details of the continuous band sealer
Why do we need a continuous sealing machine
In Taizy Company, our continuous sealing machine has the following advantages:
- The body is made of stainless steel, with beautiful appearance and strong stability. Small machine size makes it easy to maintain and portable.
- The operation panel is simple and easy to operate, and the temperature can be adjusted at any time.
- The heating block and cooling block of the machine are made of pure copper block. The pure copper heating block makes the bag sealing area heated evenly, and the cooling block dissipates heat with cold air to help the sealing set quickly. By the way, the heating block is attached with a heat insulation cloth, so there is no need to worry about the melting of the bag due to the high temperature.
- The metal embossing wheel seal is firm and beautiful, and the pattern is clear and the indentation is flat. Ink wheel with printing wheel can meet the manufacturers' needs for printing the production date and shelf life, etc.


ARTWORK > Secret Codewords of the NSA
Woodblock print by Annie Bissett depicting an X with a fingerprint inside
Japanese woodblock (mokuhanga)
6" x 6" (15.24 x 15.24 cm)
XKEYSCORE is a computer system used by the NSA to search and analyze internet data from many sources worldwide, enabling almost unlimited surveillance of anyone anywhere in the world. According to a Glenn Greenwald article in The Guardian, XKeyscore is a sort of custom search engine that allows analysts to search through vast databases containing emails, online chats and the browsing histories of millions of individuals. The data can be sorted by typing in a name, email address, or IP address, or extracted through queries, such as "My target speaks German but is in Pakistan -- how can I find him?"
One of the limitations of XKeyscore is storage. The database only has the capacity to store the massive volume of the data it collects for a few days, so essentially the XKeyscore system is best used for real time tracking of targets. In that short time frame, however, it seems to provide a very accurate digital fingerprint of any designated target in the world.
3 applications of color, with blind emboss
Kochi Kozo paper
edition: 20


Creating a nested array from items with parent IDs
In this tutorial I will show you a way of Creating a nested array from items with parent IDs.
This is useful for when you have a website working with multiple categories with parent categories. But it can be applied anywhere, really!
The original array
For this code example, we will suppose we have an array of the following structure:
 [ID] => array(
 'name' => [NAME],
 ... //Other optional variables like description, ... can go here
 'parent_id' => [NULL or NUMERIC PARENT_ID]
 ),
With that in mind, this is the array I will be using for this example:
$source = array(
 1 => array(
 'name' => 'Parent One',
 'parent_id' => null
 ),
 2 => array(
 'name' => 'Parent Two',
 'parent_id' => null
 ),
 3 => array(
 'name' => 'Child One',
 'parent_id' => 1
 ),
 4 => array(
 'name' => 'Child Two',
 'parent_id' => 1
 ),
 5 => array(
 'name' => 'Child Three',
 'parent_id' => 2
 ),
 6 => array(
 'name' => 'Child Four',
 'parent_id' => 5
 ),
 7 => array(
 'name' => 'Child Five',
 'parent_id' => 2
 ),
 8 => array(
 'name' => 'Child Six',
 'parent_id' => 3
 ),
 9 => array(
 'name' => 'Child Seven',
 'parent_id' => 6
 )
);
 Creating a nested array
We can now use the following code for creating a nested array from items with parent IDs.
function makeNested($source) {
 $nested = array();
 foreach ( $source as &$s ) {
 if ( is_null($s['parent_id']) ) {
 // no parent_id so we put it in the root of the array
 $nested[] = &$s;
 }
 else {
 $pid = $s['parent_id'];
 if ( isset($source[$pid]) ) {
 // If the parent ID exists in the source array
 // we add it to the 'children' array of the parent after initializing it.
 if ( !isset($source[$pid]['children']) ) {
 $source[$pid]['children'] = array();
 }
 $source[$pid]['children'][] = &$s;
 }
 }
 }
 return $nested;
}
This function makes use of references to assign the children and store the result in the nested array variable.
Basicly what it does is check if the item has a parent. If it doesn't have a parent ID it will store it in the root of the array.
Otherwise it will put it into the children variable of the nested array.
The result
As a result, the output of this function would be something like this:
Array
(
 [0] => Array
 (
 [name] => Parent One
 [parent_id] =>
 [children] => Array
 (
 [0] => Array
 (
 [name] => Child One
 [parent_id] => 1
 [children] => Array
 (
 [0] => Array
 (
 [name] => Child Six
 [parent_id] => 3
 )
 )
 )
 [1] => Array
 (
 [name] => Child Two
 [parent_id] => 1
 )
 )
 )
 [1] => Array
 (
 [name] => Parent Two
 [parent_id] =>
 [children] => Array
 (
 [0] => Array
 (
 [name] => Child Three
 [parent_id] => 2
 [children] => Array
 (
 [0] => Array
 (
 [name] => Child Four
 [parent_id] => 5
 [children] => Array
 (
 [0] => Array
 (
 [name] => Child Seven
 [parent_id] => 6
 )
 )
 )
 )
 )
 [1] => Array
 (
 [name] => Child Five
 [parent_id] => 2
 )
 )
 )
)
This code should be easy enough to modify to your own needs.
That's all, folks!
I hope this small code snippet has been useful. I am certain the theory behind it can also be applied in Java, C, …!
If you liked the article, please feel free to share it on Twitter, Facebook, StumbleUpon, or any other social media of your choice
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text:
What is a conservation covenant?
The legal definition of a covenant is: A promise contained in a deed to land or real estate which is binding upon the current owner and all future owners. It defines the limitations, conditions or restrictions on the use of that land.
A conservation covenant is a voluntary agreement made between a landholder and an authorised body (such as a Covenant Scheme Provider) that aims to protect and enhance the natural, cultural and/or scientific values of certain land. The owner continues to own, use and live on the land while the natural values of an area are conserved by the landholder in partnership with the Covenant Scheme Provider.
Covenant Scheme Providers can be not-for-profit organisations, government agencies or local Councils that can enter into conservation covenants with landholders to protect land with conservation values.
Covenants agreed through approved programs can be eligible for taxation concessions.
More information on tax concessions:
- Tax concessions for landowners who enter into conservation covenants
- Tax incentives for conservation.
If your organisation is a Covenant Scheme Provider and you would like your covenant scheme to be approved for the purposes of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, read our guidelines for approval of a covenanting program.


text:
Champion of England
A person whose office it is to ride up Westminster Hall on a Coronation Day, and challenge any one who disputes the right of succession. The office was established by William the Conqueror, and was given to Marmion and his male descendants, with the manor of "broad Scrivelsby." De Ludlow received the office and manor through the female line; and in the reign of Richard II. Sir John Dymoke succeeded through the female line also. Since then the office has continued in the Dymoke family.
These Lincoln lands the Conqueror gave, That England's glove they might convey To knight renowned amongst the braveThe baron bold of Fonteney.
An Anglo-Norman Ballad modernised.
Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, E. Cobham Brewer, 1894
More on Champion of England from Infoplease:


text:
Mapping Marblehead: From Founding to Freedom
Learn about Marblehead's 17th and 18th Century History
Join Marblehead Historical Commissioners Pam Peterson, Chris Johnston, and David Krathwohl to learn about Marblehead history through maps on Thursday, June 17 at 7 p.m. The Marblehead Museum will host the presentation via Zoom. Register at marbleheadmuseum.org to receive the link to the free lecture. Booklets about the exhibit will also be available at the Marblehead Museum and at the Abbot Hall giftshop to those signing up for the lecture.
Marblehead is a town that is unusually rich in history. With five centuries of stories to tell, this is just the beginning. Maps from the 17th and 18th centuries set the framework for the town and its development. The 17th century founding of a small fishing settlement laid the groundwork for a stable governing body and a strong economy. This foundation allowed the town to grow and prosper in the 18th century, becoming independent and strong enough to be a part of the creation of the new United States.
The presentation will recap the highlights of the exhibit presented by the Marblehead Historical Commission at the Old Town House in 2019. The next exhibit, Mapping Marblehead: The Nineteenth Century, will open on July 7th at the Old Town House. Descriptive panels, artifacts, and interactive computer maps will illustrate Marblehead's growth. A photo opportunity will allow visitors to step back in time, and inspire them to take their interest out into the town, to see and explore all that Marblehead has to offer.


text:
Skip to Main Content
Vertical few-layer graphene (FLG) is an excellent field emission material, with an atomically thin edge and a 2-D heat dissipation area. A pulse voltage driving operation was used to achieve a high field emission current. The pulsewidth and duty ratio affected the field emission characteristics of the FLG due to the current heating effect. The optimal pulse parameters were obtained. A maximum current of 32 mA in 3-μs pulsing operation was achieved from a 5-mm diameter FLG film, which was 10 times greater than the maximum current achieved in continuous current operation. The current fluctuation was 4.1%. A method for further increasing the emission current is proposed.


text:
From 1900 to the early 1920s, an unusual community existed in America's
heartland: Buxton, Iowa, established by the Consolidation Coal Company.
The majority of Buxton's five thousand residents were African Americans -- a
highly unusual racial composition for a state which was over 90 percent white.
At a time when both southern and northern blacks were disadvantaged and
oppressed, blacks in Buxton enjoyed true racial integration -- steady
employment, above-average wages, decent housing, and minimal discrimination. For
such reasons, Buxton was commonly known as "the black man's utopia in
Iowa." Now, eighty years after the town's demise, this truly
interdisciplinary history of a unique Iowa community remains a compelling story.
Buxton: A Black Utopia in the Heartland
by Dorothy Schwieder, Joseph Hraba, and Elmer Schwieder
Publisher: University of Iowa Press
Publication Date: 2003
Format: Trade Paperback, 256 pages
Book Type: New


Image Map Generator
Demo to preview the plugin:
Introduction
The plugin is designed to enhance user interaction by displaying a responsive image map with invisible clickable zones. Each zone, when clicked, triggers an event that records the zone's number or name into the state, ensuring precise tracking of user activity. This feature is ideal for creating interactive images, allowing for seamless data collection and user engagement.
The plugin's invisible zones ensure the visual integrity of the image remains intact while providing a robust mechanism for capturing user interactions. Perfect for applications requiring detailed user interaction mapping, this plugin offers an intuitive and efficient solution for developers and designers alike.
How to setup
1. Prepare content
2. Plugin element
Plugin Element Properties
Image without caption
Fields:
Title
Description
Type
Image
Image
Image
Content
Text
Keep Aspect Ratio
Enabling this option ensures that the image maintains its original aspect ratio, preventing distortion or stretching
Checkbox (yes/no)
Show title on hover
Show title when a region is hovered
Checkbox (yes/no)
Show cursor on hover
Change cursor when a region is hovered
Checkbox (yes/no)
Exposed states
Title
Description
Type
Clicked ID
ID of the last clicked region
Number
Clicked Title
Name of the last clicked region
Text
Element Events
Title
Description
Region is clicked
Triggers when region is clicked
Changelogs
Update: 12.06.24 - Version 1.0.0
 - First release


text:
NASA's Patents API gives users access to a dataset of NASA patents. This includes both held and pending patents. Possible queries include searches by name, status, patent number, patent expiration date, application information, and case number. NASA open data supports NASA's scientists and engineers with information technology such as infusion, procurement, and future IT workforce development.
The following is a list of sample source code snippets that matched your search term. Source code snippets are chunks of source code that were found out on the Web that you can cut and paste into your own source code. Whereas most of the sample source code we've curated for our directory is for consuming APIs, we occasionally find something interesting on the API provider side of things. If you know of some sample source code that would be of interest to the ProgrammableWeb community, we'd like to know about it. Be sure to check our guidelines for making contributions to ProgrammableWeb.


Long delayed echo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Long delayed echoes (LDEs) are radio echoes which return to the sender several seconds after a radio transmission has occurred. Delays of longer than 2.7 seconds are considered LDEs.[1][2] LDEs are considered anomalous and have a number of proposed scientific origins.
History[edit]
These echoes were first observed in 1927 by civil engineer and amateur radio operator Jørgen Hals from his home near Oslo, Norway.[3] Hals had repeatedly observed an unexpected second radio echo with a significant time delay after the primary radio echo ended. Unable to account for this strange phenomenon, he wrote a letter to Norwegian physicist Carl Størmer, explaining the event:
At the end of the summer of 1927 I repeatedly heard signals from the Dutch short-wave transmitting station PCJJ at Eindhoven. At the same time as I heard these I also heard echoes. I heard the usual echo which goes round the Earth with an interval of about 1/7 of a second as well as a weaker echo about three seconds after the principal echo had gone. When the principal signal was especially strong, I suppose the amplitude for the last echo three seconds later, lay between 1/10 and 1/20 of the principal signal in strength. From where this echo comes I cannot say for the present, I can only confirm that I really heard it.[4]
Physicist Balthasar van der Pol[5] helped Hals and Stormer investigate the echoes, but due to the sporadic nature of the echo events and variations in time-delay, did not find a suitable explanation.[6]
Long delayed echoes have been heard sporadically from the first observations in 1927 and up to the present day.
Five hypotheses[edit]
Shlionskiy lists 15 possible natural explanations in two groups: reflections in outer space, and reflections within the Earth's magnetosphere.[7][8] Vidmar and Crawford suggest five of them are the most likely.[9] Sverre Holm, professor of signal processing at the University of Oslo details those five;[10] in summary,
Signals may pass the ionosphere and then be conducted in the magnetosphere out to a distance of several Earth radii over to the opposite hemisphere where they will be reflected on top of the ionosphere. The round-trip time varies with the geomagnetic latitude of the transmitter and is typically in the 140–300 ms range. The further north the station, the larger the delay. Due to the short delay, this cannot be considered to be a real long-delayed echo. For completeness it is still included here.
Radio waves of frequency less than about 7 MHz can become trapped in magnetic field-aligned ionization ducts with L values (distance from the center of the Earth to the field line at the magnetic equator) less than about 4. These waves after being trapped can propagate to the opposite hemisphere where they become reflected in the topside ionosphere. They can return along the duct, leave it, and propagate to the receiver.[12]
 - Travel many times around the world. Signals can travel around the Earth seven times in one second. Such signals are also not uncommon.
"Goodacre[13][14] reports that he pointed his antenna towards the horizon and received his own 28 MHz signal delayed by up to about 9 seconds.... His measurement implies travel up to 65 rounds around the earth." Probably the upper frequency limit for such effects.
The most popular current theory is that the radio signals are trapped between two ionized layers in the atmosphere and then are guided around the world many times over until they fall out of a gap in the bottom layer. (Ducting propagation between air layers in the lower atmosphere is a well-understood phenomenon. See Radio propagation.)
 - Mode conversion: Signals couple to plasma waves in the upper ionosphere.
Investigated experimentally by Crawford et al., they recorded echoes with delays up to 40 seconds at 5–12 MHz.[9][15]
The signals from two separated transmitters T1 and T2, T2 transmitting CW or quasi-CW signals, interact nonlinearly in the ionosphere or magnetosphere. If the wave vector and frequency of the forced oscillation at the difference frequency of the two signals satisfies the dispersion relation for electrostatic waves, such waves would exist and begin to propagate. This wave could grow in amplitude due to wave-particle interaction. At a later time it could interact with the CW signal and propagate to T1.[16]
 - Reflection from distant plasma clouds coming originally from the Sun.
Freyman[17] did experiments at 9.9 MHz and detected several thousand echoes of delay up to 16 seconds at times when solar plasma probably entered the magnetosphere.
 - Non-linearity in addition to mode conversion. Two transmitted signals combine to generate a difference frequency, which travels with a plasma wave, and then it is converted back.
It could explain amateur VHF/UHF echoes. Hans Rasmussen found echoes delayed by 4.6 seconds at 1296 MHz,[18] and Yurek recorded a 5.75 second delay at 432 MHz.[19]
Alternative hypotheses[edit]
Some believe that the aurora activity that follows a solar storm is the source of LDEs.
Still others believe that LDEs are double EME (EMEME) reflections, i.e. the signal is reflected by the Moon and that reflected signal is reflected by the Earth back to the Moon and reflected again by the Moon back to the Earth.
When discussing the use of automated probes as a potential means of contact with extraterrestrial civilizations, American physicist Ronald Bracewell proposed that such probes might try to attract attention by sending back to us our own signals, citing the long delayed echoes as a possible case.[20] This concept was expanded upon by Duncan Lunan,[1] and also addressed by Holm.[10]
Deception[edit]
Volker Grassmann writing in VHF Communications noted the possibility of individuals hoaxing LDEs, saying, "Attempts at deception can in no case be ruled out, and it is to be feared that less serious radio amateurs contribute to deliberate falsification.... Short transmissions using different frequencies are a relatively simple procedure for excluding potential troublemakers."[6] To reduce the possibilities of errors or hoaxes a worldwide logging system has been developed.[21]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
 1. ^ a b [1] ARRL: Stan Horzepa, Radio Ghosts (dead link. use _URL_
 2. ^ ARRL: Stan Horzepa,Long-Delayed Echoes Again (dead link. use _URL_
 3. ^ Alv Egeland; William J. Burke (20 October 2012). Carl Størmer: Auroral Pioneer. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 103–. ISBN 978-3-642-31457-5.
 4. ^ Carl Stormer, "Short Wave Echoes and the Aurora Borealis," Nature, 122, 681, (1928)
 5. ^ Balthus van der Pol, "Short Wave Echoes and the Aurora Borealis," Nature, 122, 878-879 (1928)
 6. ^ a b [2] V. Grassmann, Long-delayed radio echoes, Observations and interpretations, VHF Communications, vol. 2, pp. 109-116, 1993.
 7. ^ Sverre Holm summary, Shlionskiy's 15 possible explanations for Long Delayed Echoes
 8. ^ A. G. Shlionskiy, "Radio echos with multisecond delays," Telecommunications. and Radio Engineering, Vol 44, No. 12, pp. 48–51, December 1989.
 9. ^ a b R. J. Vidmar and F. W. Crawford, "Long-delayed radio echoes: Mechanisms and observations," Journal of Geophysical Research, vol. 90, no. A2, pp. 1523–1530, February 1985.
 10. ^ a b Sverre Holm, The Five Most Likely Explanations for Long Delayed Echoes
 11. ^ Sverre Holm, Unusual HF Propagation Phenomena - MDE
 12. ^ [Muldrew, D. B., Generation of long delay echoes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 5199–5215, 1979; Villard Jr., G. O. (W6QYT), D. B. Muldrew and F. W. Waxham (K7DS), The magnetospheric echo box -- a type of long-delayed echo explained, QST, 11-14, October, 1980]
 13. ^ A. K. Goodacre (VE3HX), "Observations of long-delayed echoes on 28 MHz," QST, March 1980, pp. 14–16.
 14. ^ A. K. Goodacre (VE3HX), "Some observations of long-delay wireless echoes on the 28-MHz amateur band," Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 85, No. A5, pp. 2329–2334, May 1980.
 15. ^ F. W. Crawford, D. M. Sears, R. L. Bruce, "Possible observations and mechanism of very long delayed radio echoes," Journal of Geophysical Research, Space Physics, vol. 75, no. 34, pp. 7326–7332, Dec. 1970.
 16. ^ [Muldrew, D. B., Generation of long delay echoes, Journal of Geophysical Research, 84, 5199–5215, 1979.
 17.