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Is it Time to Revisit Your Hedge Fund Structure?
A typical "master-feeder" private investment funds structure uses a combination of corporate entities, including companies, limited partnerships and/or limited liability companies. Investment managers should consider the consequences associated with choosing one form instead of another early in the structuring process.
This article contemplates a structure that involves both US and Cayman Islands-domiciled "feeder funds" and suggests that, because of the enhanced complexity of Cayman Islands companies, it may be a good time to consider structuring a "master-feeder" fund solely using limited partnerships. Furthermore, this article will:
 - describe a typical "master-feeder" structure;
 - discuss the role of directors in Cayman Islands companies, which are frequently used as offshore feeder funds in "master-feeder" structures;
 - briefly discuss increased scrutiny and potential regulation of directors; and
 - suggest some advantages of a "master-feeder" structure that does not employ directors.
Basic hedge fund structures
A "master-feeder" structure is used primarily by hedge fund managers to address investor tax and regulatory concerns, some of which are discussed below. In a typical structure, a master fund will be formed in a tax-efficient jurisdiction to serve as the primary trading vehicle. Investors invest in the master fund indirectly through a feeder fund that contributes all or substantially all of its assets to the master fund.
A few of the well-known advantages of a typical "master-feeder" structure include the following:
 - ease of trading — all investment assets and most counter-party and service agreements are held in and with one entity (i.e., the master fund);
 - fundraising flexibility — multiple feeder funds can be added to the structure to accommodate future investors with different terms and conditions; and
 - tax and regulatory flexibility — multiple feeders can be added to accommodate the tax requirements of different classes of investors.
Potential disadvantages can include the cost of establishing the entire structure, especially in the case of smaller hedge funds seeking a cost-efficient structure, as well as the accounting and administrative complexity involved in administering a master fund with multiple feeders.
The choice of fund entities and jurisdictions is largely driven by regulatory and tax considerations (and investment managers should consult tax counsel early in the structuring process):
 - US Taxable Investors: Feeder funds established in the United States, or for investors that are already subject to the US federal income tax regime, typically will be established as entities that provide "flow-through" income tax treatment for US federal income tax purposes. In such case, both the US feeder fund and the master fund will not be subject to US federal income tax and each investor will be allocated its allocable share of the master fund's gains, losses, income, deductions and credit. The US feeder fund would typically be structured as a Delaware limited partnership or Delaware limited liability company because each of these entities is treated as a "flow-through" entity for US federal income tax purposes (unless elected otherwise) and Delaware has proven itself to be a stable jurisdiction in which to conduct business.
 - Non-US Investors and US Tax-Exempt Investors: Non-US investors (to the extent they are not already subject to the US tax regime) typically will seek to avoid being subjected to US federal income tax on income that is "effectively connected" with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States and US tax-exempt investors typically will seek to avoid the potential US federal income tax consequences of recognizing "unrelated business taxable income". Feeder funds offered primarily to these investors typically will be established in a non-US jurisdiction as an entity that is taxed (or elects to be taxed) as a corporation for US federal income tax purposes (where limiting the activities of the master fund to alleviate these concerns is not ideal or practical).
The Cayman Islands is a popular jurisdiction in which to establish both offshore feeder funds and offshore master funds, in part for a number of reasons:
 - entities formed in the Cayman Islands are generally not subject to Cayman Islands tax;
 - as with Delaware, the Cayman Islands is generally considered to be a stable jurisdiction in which to conduct business and is familiar to both investors and to investment managers; and
 - the jurisdiction boasts a robust network of service providers thereby facilitating fund establishment, accounting and administration.
For these and other reasons, hedge fund managers may prefer to use a Cayman Islands exempted company (which is governed by the Companies Law (2012 revision), a Company) as the offshore feeder fund in a "master-feeder" structure and a Cayman Islands exempted limited partnership (which is governed by the Exempted Limited Partnership Law (2012 revision), a Partnership) as the master fund. Note that, for offshore funds, some managers may use Companies as master funds and Partnerships as offshore feeder funds. Other offshore entities, such as trusts, are sometimes used but are considered by many to be too expensive or legally rigid.
Under US federal income tax law, a Cayman Islands Partnership (as well as many other types of non-US entities that are treated as "flow-through" entities for US federal income tax purposes) may file an election with the US Internal Revenue Service (a so-called "check-the-box" election) electing to be treated as a corporation for US federal income tax purposes. A Cayman Islands Partnership that is treated as a corporation for US federal income tax purposes (i.e., by filing a "check-the-box" election) may prove, in certain situations, to be more efficient to use as an offshore feeder fund than a Cayman Islands Company. Alternatively, the investment manager may use Cayman Islands Partnerships (with no "check-the-box" elections) as the offshore master fund and offshore feeder fund and interpose an entity that is treated as a corporation for US federal income tax purposes between the offshore feeder fund and the master fund.
The role of Company Directors in a "master-feeder" structure
Companies are required to have directors (each, a Director) but investment managers, and indeed some Directors, may not understand the various legal obligations and duties associated with the position. An affiliate of the investment manager typically holds the "management shares" of a Company used in a "master-feeder" structure; "management shares" generally hold the power to appoint the Directors. Those Directors have a number of statutory duties (maintaining registers, certain reports and books of account, among others) and must approve certain actions taken by the Company. Directors (in their role as Directors) do not manage the business or make investment decisions. This is because, in the context of a Company used in a hedge fund structure, the Company hires the investment manager to run the investment program and, in the management agreement with the investment manager, the Directors delegate to the investment manager all powers permissible under governing law.
The legal role of Directors is not ministerial, however, which investment managers should consider when appointing them. Not all Director duties can be delegated to the investment manager and Directors are subject to personal liability for a breach of certain fiduciary duties, which will be discussed below. Cayman Islands case law has established a number of principles relating to Directors' fiduciary duties, perhaps the most pertinent of which is that Directors must act in what they bona fide consider to be the best interests of the Company.
This duty is owed to the Company itself, i.e. the offshore feeder fund, and not to subsidiary or affiliated entities and not necessarily to investors. In the context of a "master-feeder" structure this means that Directors primarily consider the interests of the offshore feeder fund, when structured as a Company, and not those of the master fund or any other feeder fund. If the "master-feeder" structure uses a Company for both the offshore feeder fund and the master fund, then the master fund will have Directors whose duties are owed to it and not to the offshore feeder fund. Some fund complexes use the same Directors for the offshore feeder fund and the master fund, which may give rise to irreconcilable conflicts of interest.
In the case of hedge funds, Directors are typically one of two types: "insiders" (employees of or entities controlled by the investment manager); or professional Directors that are not affiliated with or otherwise employed by the investment manager (Independent Directors). Independent Directors generally either work for a financial services company, which may perform separate administrative services to the fund complex, or work independently.
There may be costs involved in employing Directors. Independent Directors, and some insiders, are typically paid a salary for their work that is not tied to the fund's investment performance. Directors' compensation and other fees are generally paid out of the assets of the Company itself.
Increased demand for the use of Independent Directors
In the past it was fairly common for all of the Directors of a Company used in a hedge fund structure to be insiders, which is efficient because they are known to the investment manager and generally share the investment manager's views. However, investor demand for Independent Directors has increased since the financial crisis as investors seem to associate them with added security in that an Independent Director may look more carefully into the investment manager's business practices than an inside Director.
A 2011 case in the Cayman Islands, Weavering Macro Fixed Income Fund Limited (In Liquidation) v. Stefan Peterson and Hans Ekstrom, received wide attention from lawyers and investment professionals. The court found the directors of the fund guilty of a violation of their fiduciary


text:
In this article we will be seeing how to add a polygon on top of the Silverlight
Article for creating
Silverlight Bing Map Control. MapPolygon:
The MapPolygon class accepts a list of points that define its shape and location
on the map.
MapPolygon class is used to represent a polygon on the map. Namespace: Microsoft.Maps.MapControl Assembly: Microsoft.Maps.MapControl (in microsoft.maps.mapcontrol.dll)
Create Silverlight application:
Contains the altitude and coordinate values of a location on the map. Fill:
It is used to get or set the fill of the shape. Opacity:
It is used to get or set the opacity of the shape. Stroke:
It is used to get or set the stroke color of the shape.
Silverlight Bing Map Control in SharePoint 2010
Introduction to Microsoft Silverlight

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Judith Ann Braun's Fantastic Finger Art Paintings
While finger-painting may seem childish to some, artist Judith Ann Braun uses her fingers to create incredible artwork and murals that are anything but. Braun, who has been quite the force in the art world for decades, ditches traditional brushes and other tools that put a distance between the artist and the art and uses only her fingers and charcoal dust to paint beautiful pieces that have been displayed in a number of reputable museums and galleries.
Judith Ann Braun
Source: WordPress
Judith Ann Braun Fingering
Source: Wild Woods Art Studio
Black And White Finger Paint
Source: Bazooko Circus
Judith Ann Braun began painting in the 1980s as a realistic figure painter. In the years to come, she explored paternalism, sexism, racial innuendos and other complex ideas through her art, often incorporating language and text into the pieces. Her art was experimental for its time, and prompted much criticism and disgust. Financial burdens eventually forced Braun to withdraw from making her controversial art, though she returned to the craft in 2003 after a Tarot reading. Braun drew the Lover's Card, which convinced her to begin creating once again.
Finger Print Fading
Source: Give Us Art
Finger Paint Gallery
Source: Fun Cage
Finger Tip Drawings
Source: The Daily Mail
According to Braun, the drawing rules for her ongoing project, "Symmetrical Procedures", are symmetry, abstraction and a carbon medium. To make each piece, she uses her hands to finger-paint with a carbon-based medium, usually charcoal, upon the surface. Aside from "Symmetrical Procedures," which is characterized by a number of symmetrical portals, orbitals, lanternals and texts, she creates "fingerings".
Finger Painting
Source: Bloody Loud
Up Close Fingerprint
Source: Blogspot
In February 2012, Braun used her fingers to create a 50-foot mural in Waitzer Community Gallery in front of a live audience. While she was a controversial figure in the art world for decades, Braun's symmetrical designs and illustrious "fingerings" have proven much more approachable and have thus captured the attention of the world. These unique, intricate images are a grown-up take on everybody's favorite childhood medium: finger-painting.
Judith Ann Braun Yellow
Source: Bazooko Circus
Judith Ann Braun Designs
Source: Cool Hunting
Judith Ann Braun Fingerpaint
Source: Chrysler


What is an inosilicate in mineralogy ?
Inosilicates : definition
Inosilicates are silicates whose basic structure is made up of chains or ribbons of [SiO4]4- tetrahedra linked by two neighboring vertices. It is an important subclass composed of more than 200 minerals among which the two major groups of pyroxenes and amphiboles.
In the case of chains (pyroxenes), the tetrahedra are linked by two neighboring vertices. The formula of the group is then written [SiO3]2-, [Si2O6]4- or [Si3O9]6-.
The ribbons are made up of two simple chains joined together by the pooling of oxygen ions. The formula of the group is then [Si4O11]6- (amphibole group).


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Millbuies Country Park
A favoured spot when I was a child, Millbuies Country Park (just known locally as Millbuies), is a beautiful place to go for a walk and not that far from the capital of Moray - Elgin - and the Glen Elgin Distillery. The main draw of the park is Millbuies Loch which is a man-made 16-acre fishery loch surrounded by steep hills with larch and conifer trees reflecting in the tranquil waters.
The loch was created by the original landowners by damming streams to create angling opportunities; the site was taken over by the Moray District Council in 1975 when it was gifted to Elgin. Fishing is now open to the public.
The Walk at Millbuies
Walking the lochside route is a fairly short circular route at 1.75 miles and could probably be done in 45 minutes at a leisurely pace. The walk is very sheltered with trees and high loch sides, the paths are gravel, and there are some steps. Unfortunately, the route is not suitable for wheelchairs.
Wildlife & Flowers
There is a wide variety of wildlife at Millbuies, and red squirrels are frequently seen jumping from the trees. Other inhabitants include roe deer, badgers, rabbits and the elusive pine martin. On the water, swans, moorhens, and mallard ducks go about their business. If you are very lucky, you can even watch Ospreys hunting for fish. I have often seen dragonflies here on many occasions. Along the well-trodden path are many plants, such as rhododendrons and azaleas, many of which have information boards if they catch your interest.
Millbuies is the perfect place for photography with a wide variety of subject matter on offer. Autumn is one of the best times to visit, with all the red and yellow leaves reflecting in the water.
The loch is about 10-20ft deep in areas and definitely a hidden gem for fly fishers in Moray / Scotland. Bank fishing is strictly disallowed; boats are available but must be pre-booked in advance, with keys being collected at the car park office. The fish stock contained in the loch includes Blues, Wild Brown Trout and Rainbow.
Car Park & Facilities
The dedicated free car park on-site at Millbuies is of a good size and includes an office, picnic benches and barbecue points. A large grassy area is also available for leisure activities.
Our last visit to Millbuies Country Park
We visited Millbuies at the start of June this year after a great walk to Glen Grant Distillery Gardens in Rothes. The car park was pretty quiet, and I noticed that there was now a coffee stall situated on the greens.
This visit was particularly special as there were hundreds of blue dragonflies buzzing all around the loch, especially on the far side. We took a slow walk around the main route and didn't follow the other paths leading to the other areas of Millbuies.
FAQs on Millbuies Country Park
How do I get to Millbuies?
Here are some directions from Elgin and Rothes.
Follow the A941 south, and you will see a sign marked Millbuies 1/2 mile on the left.
Turn left, then left again onto the minor road.
Look for the two signs for Millbuies, a green trout fishery sign and the white site.
Follow this road a short distance and turn left into the car park.
Leave Rothes travelling north towards Elgin on the A941 via the roundabout.
As you approach Fogwatt, look to the right for a junction with a sign marked "Millbuies 1/2 mile".
Follow this minor road for a short distance, and look to the right for a sign marked "Millbuies".
Continue on this road, and you will see the left turn to the main car park.
How can I book fishing at Millbuies?
Call 07960143498 or email _EMAIL_, a great deal more information can be found on their Moray Fly Fishing website. No shore fishing is permitted; only fly fishing from a boat is permitted.
Is there public transport to Millbuies?
You can catch a bus from Elgin to Fogwatt, and then it is a 10 - 15 minute walk south to Millbuies.
Is Millbuies suitable for disabled visitors?
No, the paths around the loch aren't suitable for wheelchairs.
Are there any other attractions near Millbuies?
Loch Na Bo is another lovely loch sidewalk further to the north east near Lhanbryde.
Millbuies video clips
Here are a few short video clips from Millbuies.
Key information on Millbuies Country Park
Millbuies Country Park is a small man-made fishery lake south of Elgin.
Streams were dammed in order to provide angling facilities.
A popular place for people looking for a short walk in nature.
There is a dedicated car park with picnic tables and barbecue points.
The walking route is unsuitable for wheelchairs and buggies.
The entire route can easily be walked in under an hour.
Millbuies Country Park is the perfect place for a quick walk in nature, only a stone's throw from the biggest settlement in Moray. Great for a short trip with the kids and the perfect location for a picnic or a mini escape on your lunch hour.
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Hi, please leave a comment below, or why not start a discussion on the forum?
12th of December 2021 @ 21:10:55
Millbuies is an exceptionally beautiful place to walk around. The paths are well-kept and every step of the way is rewarded with gorgeous views over the loch. Take a picnic and relax ... you won't regret it!

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


Layered rendering part 2, it helps solve many problems… :-)
As part of Qt 4.5, we added QGraphicsItem::opacity. Which is great! But it doesn't work as well as it could. We're receiving a few comments about how this implementation could work better. Trouble is, in Qt 4.5 we only have two ways of rendering: direct, and indirect ("cached", e.g., ItemCoordinateCache). And in order to apply opacity, you really need full composition support... :-/
Here's a rundown of the trouble with today's opacity support:
 - The current behavior modifies the input opacity of the painter
 - you can override this opacity on a per-item basis (intentionally or not!)
 -...and each primitive (line, rect, pixmap) you draw with QPainter will be composed one at a time inside the item (which is bad!)
 - The behavior is slightly different depending on whether you cache an item or not.
 -...if you use caching, the offscreen pixmap is rendered with an opacity, whereas the item itself doesn't have any opacity set on its painter.
 - Each item applies opacity locally, and even though opacity propagates to children, each item is still rendered by itself, cause each item to be transparent (as opposed to rendering one subtree as a whole with an opacity)
All these problems could have been solved if we treated opacity as an effect that you can apply to one layer as a whole, instead of on each item. I think this is how opacity should work in the first place... but that's how it goes sometimes. But fear not, we can fix this in a later release! :-)
To illustrate the current behavior, here's what you get if you construct a scene with four items, each a child of the previous item, in colors red, then green, then blue, then yellow. Logical structure in hypothetical markup:
Rect {
 color: red;
 rect: QRectF(0, 0, 100, 100);
 child : Rect {
 color : green;
 pos: QPointF(25, 25);
 opacity: 0.5;
 child : Rect {
 color : blue;
 pos: QPointF(25, 25);
 rotation: 45;
 child : Rect {
 color : yellow;
 pos: QPointF(25, 25);
 scale: 2x2;
This will in Qt 4.5 render the following output:
Opacity, in Qt 4.5
What's important to notice here is how all elements are transparent; so you can see the blue through the yellow item, the green through the blue item, and the red item through the green item. But the yellow item doesn't actually have any opacity assigned. It inherits opacity from the green item (opacity: 0.5).
By rendering the "green sub-tree" into a separate layer, we can combine all items and apply one uniform opacity as part of composing these items together. In my last blog I wrote about off-screen rendering. This work has progressed and is in quite a usable state (although the code is really ugly). It works! The rendering output for the same application as the above looks like this:
Opacity, in Qt 4.6
The essential difference is how the "green sub-tree" is treated as if it had one _combined_ opacity. The yellow item, for example, isn't transparent by itself at all. You can't see the blue through the yellow. By "collapsing" the subtree into a single layer we can both avoid unnecessary rerendering of items (i.e., if you move the green item around, the children are not repainted, not even from cache). Which is pretty cool!
(We get this at the cost of allocating and spending an extra pixmap, and the first time we render there's an extra level of indirection.)
But there's even more applications to this technique... :-) With code for handling explicit composition of layers, we can now use pixmap filters and shaders to compose one layer onto another. And this is very useful for any future effects API we might add to Qt in general. Imagine applying a gaussian blur effect to the layer represented by the green item. The result is below:
Opacity w/blur, in Qt 4.6
The result is very neat; the whole layer is blurred before it's rendered. You don't get funny artifacts that might have occurred in overlapping regions if each of the items was blurred individually.
Now none of this gives any mind-blowing screenshots (at least not yet), but it's an important step that provides faster rendering of subtrees (as sliding and transforming a complex graph of items ends up just being matrix operations on a single pixmap/texture, and in software this prevents overdrawing), a more accurate processing of the opacity property of QGraphicsItem, and it makes it very easy to apply fancy composition effects to groups of items.
Questions: Should layers be explicitly defined, or implicitly handled by logics inside Graphics View? In the example above, I've used the opacity property to detect whether an item's subtree should be rendered into a separate layer or not. This is easy to do and very clear/unsurprising. But what if you want to collapse a subtree for performance reasons? An alternative, or possibly an additional approach would be to add an explicit setting: QGraphicsItem::setLayer(true) or setCacheMode(QGraphicsItem::DeepItemCoordinateCache). I'm torn. Experimentation and feedback will show (yes I know I need to push this code out, once our SCM goes public this will be much easier!).
There's also the problem with these darn flags QGraphicsItem::ItemIgnoresParentOpacity and QGraphicsItem::ItemDoesntPropagateOpacityToChildren. There's no way to make these flags work with a layered rendering approach. But are these flags very important, or could we just (*cough* *cough*) disable/deprecate them? ;-)
Finally I still haven't found out how to handle ItemIgnoresTransformations. The most probable solution is that these items are automatically rendered into a separate layer.
Happy hacking! :-)
Blog Topics:


text: With the advancement of photo editing software, digital documents can easily be altered, which causes some legal issues. This paper proposes an image authentication method, which determines whether an image is authentic. Unlike many existing methods that only work with images in the JPEG format, the proposed method is image format independent, implying that it works with both noncompressed images and images in all compression formats. To improve the authentication accuracy, some strategies, such as overlapping image blocks only on concurrent directions, using a two-scale local binary pattern operator, and choosing the mean deviation instead of the standard deviation, are applied. A back-propagation neural network (BPNN) is used instead of support vector machines (SVMs) for classification to make online learning easier and achieve higher accuracy. In our experiments, we used the CASIA Database (CASIA TIDE v1.0) of compressed images and the Columbia University Digital Video Multimedia (DVMM) dataset of uncompressed images to evaluate our image authentication method. This benchmark dataset includes two types of image tampering, namely image splicing and copy–move forgery. Experiments were performed using both the SVM and BPNN classifiers with various parameters. We determined that the BPNN achieved a higher accuracy of up to 97.26 %.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


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Hopi Symbols and their Meanings
Hopitu-shinumu (Hopi) means Peaceful People; this serves as a background to understanding their use of symbols.
The Hopi are expert craftspeople, and possess uncommon agricultural skills.
Their connection with the land, cultivating, and harvesting is truly superior. Specifically, their ability to skillfully coax yielding corn from the desert sands is to be commended. This connection to earth, and nature is constantly exhibited in Hopi symbols.
Art is a way of life for the Hopi; it expresses their visions, beliefs and dreams to themselves and others. As artisans, they incorporated their Hopi symbols into an array of dazzlingly beautiful baskets, weavings, and pottery.
Hopi are also the crafters of kachina dolls and costumes. For more information on this are of Hopi tradition, click on:
A few Hopi symbols and their meanings are provided here with an aim to bring about understanding and respect to these diverse and skillful people.
Mother Earth or Maze Symbol:
This is a common symbol among many Native American tribes, including the Hopi. One of its representations is that of mother and child (see Mother Symbolism. page) In a broader sense, the connection of earth mother to us as her children. The beginning, straight center-line represents the child – or our philosophical beginnings – the surrounding maze represents the enfolding energies of mother earth. Note the maze does not enclose the center –line representing the child. The symbolism then is strong when we realize the support of the mother is constantly around yet our ability to venture out on our own is always available. Also reference my page on Earth Symbols here.
Hopi World Symbol:
This symbol signifies world to the Hopi The "cosmic cross" or four bars represent north, south, east and west correspond to the outermost points on the horizon where the sun passes through the year; the solstice and equinox points. The four circles inside the outer outline represent the four nations (the first four tribes of mankind), which came to the world to keep balance. See also my blogpost on Cosmic Direction and Compass Symbolism.
Hopi Sun Symbol:
A symbol of creative and natural energy. The supreme god due to the Hopi's dependence upon it for the growth of corn, and other sustaining crops. The sun symbol represents the heart of the cosmos and deals with vitality, growth, and passion.
Hopi Spiral Symbol:
This rendition of the Hopi spiral is also common among North, South and Central Native American Indian tribes. The spiral represents the number of journeys or treks a tribe or nation has made to the four corners of the earth. Engraved on stones, the spiral suggests an intricate journey made to the Otherworlds on back. Generally, the spiral represents a broadening of consciousness, which is the destination arrived after a long journey.
Hopi Kachina Sun Symbol:
Also known as a Tawa kachina, it is a spirit symbolizing of life, growth, strength of spirit, and abundance. The likeness of this spirit is donned during the solstice ceremony to beckon the sun's return, and begin the growing season. See Kachina Properties for more information on Hopi kachinas and their meanings.
I hope you enjoyed these Hopi Symbols. Be sure to check out the in-site links at the end of this page for more Native American symbols and their meanings. Thanks for reading!


text:
When the world was still young, some 3 500 million years ago, molten rock forced its way through the earth's crust and solidified to form the spectacular granite outcrops where Pretoriuskop Rest Camp is now nestled. The impressive granite dome known as "Shabeni Hill" is not far from the camp, which is found in the south-western corner of the Kruger National Park. It is immediately apparent to any visitor that Pretoriuskop is unique as brilliant red trees adorn the camp, pre-dating the decision to make exclusive use of indigenous plants in laying out rest camp gardens. Nostalgia prompted an exception to the rule for Pretoriuskop, the Kruger National Park's oldest rest camp, and exotic flowering plants were allowed to stay, enhancing the strong sense of the past that is so pervasive.
Giving geographical context to places of interest in South Africa


Silvia Binet
Senior Consultant
Silvia is an expert in climate and development finance and impact strategies
Silvia Binet is a Senior Consultant with specific expertise on climate change and development in emerging markets. She has a focus on developing and evaluating mitigation and adaptation approaches of climate finance mechanisms and development finance institutions. She is based in the Netherlands.
Silvia has experience advising organisations on their impact strategies and has contributed to several complex evaluations for institutions ranging from climate and impact funds to development finance institutions and non-profit. She also helps clients quantifying their socio-economic and environmental impact and climate risks through value chain analysis and economic modelling. She has grounded knowledge of climate finance, infrastructure and the agri/food sector.
Before joining Steward Redqueen, Silvia was a trainee at the European Commission Joint Research Centre, in the Directorate for Energy, Climate and Transport. Prior to that she attended a Climate-KIC professional development program. Silvia holds a MSc and BSc in Chemistry from the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne with a specialization on energy technologies for a sustainable transition. She is fluent in English, Italian, French, Spanish and has a basic knowledge of German.
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_USER_{NBERw14349, title = "Real-Time Measurement of Business Conditions", author = "S. Boragan Aruoba and Francis X. Diebold and Chiara Scotti", institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research", type = "Working Paper", series = "Working Paper Series", number = "14349", year = "2008", month = "September", doi = {10.3386/w14349}, URL = "_URL_ abstract = {We construct a framework for measuring economic activity at high frequency, potentially in real time. We use a variety of stock and flow data observed at mixed frequencies (including very high frequencies), and we use a dynamic factor model that permits exact filtering. We illustrate the framework in a prototype empirical example and a simulation study calibrated to the example.}, }


Today on Blogcritics
Home » Books » Book Reviews » Book Review: The Shipwreck Of A Nation by H. Peter Nennhaus
Imagine for a moment you were born in 1929, the youngest of a loving family in Germany. Hitler came to power when you were five, and you would have reached the age of conscription, which was 16, a mere two months before the end of World War II.
The Shipwreck Of A Nation is unlike any history of World War II I have ever read. Author H. Peter Nennhaus became a US citizen in 1961, and is a retired surgeon. He has no real political axe to grind, and his story is a fascinating one.
What makes this book so unique to me is Nennhaus' vivid descriptions of even the most banal events of his young life. Although his country, and indeed his own family were being ripped apart during these years, he remembers such small things as going fishing, and trading found pieces of shrapnel with his friends.
It sounds as if his family were a typical working class family of the time. Unaware of the true horrors of the Holocaust, and helpless to stop anything from happening in any case. The Shipwreck Of A Nation is no revisionist text, but rather an honest account of one little boy growing up amidst one of the worst chapters of human history.
The book certainly provided cause for reflection on my part. What would my life have been like under such circumstances? How could a 12 year old boy know what was really occurring in the world in 1941? What would one make of the air raids over Berlin?
If there is a political contention to The Shipwreck Of A Nation, it is in Nennhaus' oft repeated statements that the average German thought they were fighting a war against Stalin, and the threat from the East. In numerous cases he quotes his peers, and elders wondering why the West were interfering in "their" war at all.
Of course, this is qualified later, when the world learned the truth about the Final Solution. But Nennhaus contends that the death camps really were kept from the general population at the time, and the average German was ignorant of them.
For those interested in a view from the inside of Germany during those fateful years, The Shipwreck Of A Nation is highly recommended.
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TY - JOUR AU - Barbara Kornacka PY - 1970/01/01 Y2 - 2021/04/12 TI - Tra legge, corpo e simbolo. La paternità omosessuale e la cultura androcentrica in Sei come sei di Melania G. Mazzucco JF - Romanica Silesiana JA - RS VL - 12 IS - 1 SE - DO - UR - _URL_ AB - The following paper analyzes the theme of homosexual paternity. It analyzes Mazzucco's novel on three different levels: the legal and social context, the gender perspective, and the level of literary and artistic symbols. In each of these areas we can observe the importance given to traditional paternity, seen as legal power or divine creation of the men. On the contrary, homosexual paternity is excluded by law, denied as containing maternal elements, and endowed with modest symbolic power. ER -


text:
Science Fair Project Encyclopedia
Vermontville Township, Michigan
The Village of Vermontville is located within the township.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 94.2 km² (36.4 mi²). 94.1 km² (36.3 mi²) of it is land and 0.2 km² (0.1 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 0.22% water.
As of the census2 of 2000, there are 2,100 people, 749 households, and 588 families residing in the township. The population density is 22.3/km² (57.8/mi²). There are 807 housing units at an average density of 8.6/km² (22.2/mi²). The racial makeup of the township is 97.29% White, 0.05% African American, 0.29% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 1.57% from two or more races. 1.29% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 749 households out of which 38.1% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.8% are married couples living together, 9.6% have a female householder with no husband present, and 21.4% are non-families. 17.5% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.4% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.80 and the average family size is 3.15.
In the township the population is spread out with 30.3% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 36 years. For every 100 females there are 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 95.5 males.
The median income for a household in the township is $45,848, and the median income for a family is $51,167. Males have a median income of $38,971 versus $25,972 for females. The per capita income for the township is $17,998. 7.0% of the population and 5.1% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 8.2% of those under the age of 18 and 10.6% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
The contents of this article is licensed from _URL_ under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details


The benefits and harms of The valuy
The valuy is a fungus, which belongs to the genus Russula. Sometimes called mushroom goby, swenor, pig-face and a lot of other names found in the lexicon of avid mushroom pickers. Oddly enough, but in many countries this type of mushroom is considered poisonous. And in any case not eat. In our country, the mushroom is considered poisonous edible, and, in spite of this, quietly used as an ingredient for cooking.
Valuy – small size, pileus will dostigaet about six to eight inches. The color of the mushroom is yellow to yellow-brown color. At the beginning the pileus, has a spherical shape, but eventually she opens up and becomes more flat. And in the center of the cap, a recess is formed. The skin of this mushroom is very smooth, slimy, shiny, and very well removed. The flesh of the fungus is white, but the cut is noticeably darkens. The smell of mushroom is not very pleasant, taste bitter. But it is not necessary to check it, as it can be very dangerous.
Properties valuy
The fungus is not of great value to humans. He is more a danger than many other mushrooms. This type of mushroom is better to leave in the woods.
Use valuy
This is one of the few products, about which virtually nothing to say. Since the mushroom is considered poisonous to eat. From this fungus, you can get more harm than good. Of course it is used in food, but it does not contain any useful and valuable substances. In addition, the fungus, before use undergoes a thorough heat treatment. It is boiled, soaked and then salted. So it's safe to say that everything that could be useful, disappeared after cooking. But do not worry, there are fungi from which man can benefit.
The application of the valuy
The valuy growing in our country in the Far East, Western Siberia. In these places the pickers, collecting this type of mushrooms, they make them for winter harvesting. Basically, the mushrooms are first soaked, boiled, and then salted. There are times when this type of mushroom is marinated. But before this procedure, you must remove the skin and thoroughly soak it in water.
Some people believe that the infusion of this mushroom can be used as polishing. That is, this tool will wipe that area of the body that causes pain, or has any pathology. But it is necessary to warn readers, do not apply this type of treatment, without proper authorization of your doctor.
The dangers of valuy
As mentioned above, the fungus is considered in many countries toxic. And its use in food. And this is not a fictional fact. In 1944, the German mycologist, was in the hospital after eating mushroom. It is unknown exactly how much he ate mushrooms, but the result was disastrous. Soon after eating, he felt an attack of weakness, dizziness. Soon came the vomiting. In the hospital are unable to help the patient, as he had kidney failure. Unfortunately, this story is not the last, every year in different parts of our country from mushroom poisoning kills tens of people. Unfortunately, no one can with accuracy and confidence to say that the mushroom will not be for you poisonous. Therefore, before use, you should consider whether there is a need to use this mushroom. In fact, besides this species of mushrooms in the woods enough. Among them, there are not only tasty but also healthy mushrooms.
Cases of poisoning from valuy, appear every year.


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Alf Torp (September 27, 1853 – September 26, 1916) was a Norwegian philologist and author. He is most known for his work with Indo-European and Nordic language history and meaning of ancient languages.
Alf Torp was born in Stryn, Sogn og Fjordane, Norway. He became cand. philol. in 1877 at the Bergen Cathedral School. He was a student of Sophus Bugge, and during a stay in Leipzig in 1878-80 a student of Georg Curtius and Ernst Windisch. In 1881 he got his doctorate at the University of Leipzig with the dissertation Die Flexion des Pali in ihrem Verhältnis zum Sanskrit.
He taught at the University of Oslo from 1883 and in 1894 he became professor in Sanskrit and comparative linguistics. He published numerous papers about the inscriptions in various languages including Etruscan, Phrygian, Venetic, Lycian and Hittite. In 1905, he was appointed Knight of 1 Class of Order of St. Olav 1905
Among many other works, in 1903-06 he published Etymologisk ordbog over det norske og det danske sprog (Etymological dictionary of the Norwegian and Danish languages) together with Norwegian linguist, Hjalmar Falk (_PHONE_). It was the only Norwegian etymological dictionary for nearly a hundred years, until it was replaced in 2000 Våre arveord - etymologisk ordbok by Harald Bjorvand and Fredrik Otto Lindeman.
- Die Flexion des Pali in ihrem Verhältnis zum Sanskrit, 1881
- Vokal- og Konsonantstammer, 1889
- Zu den phrygischen Inschriften aus römischer Zeit, 1894
- Zum Phrygischen, 1896
- Indogermanische Forschungen, 1897
- Etruskische Monatsdaten, 1902
- Bemerkungen zu der etruskischen Inschrift von S. Maria di Capua, 1905
- Gamalnorsk ordavleiding, 1909
- Nynorsk etymologisk ordbok, 1919


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Monte Carlo Simulation of Line-of-Sight Distance Measurements
This Monte Carlo simulation of line-of-sight distance measurement is based on the small angle formula (SAF), which has two arguments: (1) measured width of a reference object, and (2) measured angular diameter of the reference object from the standpoint of the observer. In this example, the reference object is 5 feet in diameter; its measurement errors are normally distributed with a mean of 5 feet and 0.95 quantile of feet. The angular diameter of the reference object from the observer's standpoint is ; its measurement errors are triangularly distributed with limits of. One hundred pseudorandom argument sets based on those distributions are mapped to the SAF and scatter-plotted using their 0.9 ellipsoid quantile against a set of SAF results. The correlation plots indicate that these results are loosely correlated with the measured reference object width and highly correlated with the measured angular diameter.


Australian Professor Denies Existence of the Pied Piper
Sydney Morning Herald: Was the Pied Piper real or a myth created to explain the outbreak of the plague? A Sydney University professor has a theory. The Pied Piper of Hamelin, the allegorical figure who led the town's children away after being denied his just pay, is celebrated throughout the world as a warning to "Pay the Piper," but is it a true story? Sydney University professor Alex Jones says no.
"It is most unlikely that a figure like the Pied Piper of Hamelin ever existed," said Jones. "The story is a myth most likely constructed to represent an outbreak of the plague."
Jones has other theories too, including the pagan origins of the figure, possibly as the German god Woden.
To read the entire story, visit the website.
Pied Piper
Interesting, I had always figured it was an allegory for the Children's Crusade. Randy Colby


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Cyclone record reveals drop in activity
Downward trend Rain captured in ancient stalagmites shows Australian tropical cyclone activity is at its lowest level for the past 500 to 1500 years.
The finding by a team of Australian and Dutch researchers, published in today's edition of the journal Nature, implies climate change is impacting on weather systems in the region earlier than global models predict.
Co-author Professor Jonathan Nott, of James Cook University in Cairns, says the discovery was made possible by tracking the presence of an isotope, oxygen-18, in two stalagmites.
Lower levels of oxygen-18 in the stalagmite are a result of high levels of recycling of water within the cyclone system, high condensation efficiency and the longevity of cyclones as intense convective systems.
When cyclone rainwater drips through the roof of a cave it becomes incorporated into the layers of the stalagmite, leaving a record of the storm.
Nott says the ratio of oxygen-18 and the more common form oxygen-16 are dependent on the intensity of the storm, its source region and the site's distance from the cyclone's centre.
The researchers collected stalagmites from Chillagoe in North Queensland and Cape Range in Western Australia and sliced them in half lengthwise.
The stalagmite layers record rainfall dating back 1500 years with each layer about one-tenth of a millimetre wide.
The team milled each of these layers and analysed the oxygen and carbon isotopes present and were able to reconstruct an accurate long-term picture of tropical cyclone activity.
Nott says one of the problems in determining Australian cyclone trends and the impact of climate change is the lack of a historical record.
Long-term records are needed to gain a better understanding of "true cyclone climatology", he says.
Prior to this research, the instrumental record for cyclone activity extended back only 50 years, with some doubt cast on the accuracy of recording instruments before 1990.
Nott says this latest study allows a comparison to be made between sedimentary and instrumental records and provides a "seamless record" dating back to about 1500 years.
This comparison reveals between 1960 and 1970 there was a dramatic decline in tropical cyclones activity in Australia; that cyclone activity is today at its lowest in 1500 years, and cyclone activity is cyclical.
Nott says the research does not reveal why the drop in cyclone activity is occurring, however global modelling predicts cyclone activity will decline as a result of climate change.
He says the models say this dramatic decline should happen closer to the end of this century. However their data indicates this pattern is occurring earlier than expected.
While a drop in cyclone activity is to be welcomed, the models do show those cyclones that occur will be more severe in intensity, Nott warns.
Their approach, when applied to other regions and in combination with improved models, may lead to improved forecasts of future trends in tropical cyclone activity under changing climate conditions, according to Nott.
He says the study also suggests town planners and governments may have under-estimated the natural variability of tropical cyclones.
The study shows cyclone activity occurs on a "multi-centennial cycle" with the current cycle starting around 1700.
"Where it is safe to build is all based on the recent historical record," he says.
"We have underestimated where it is safe to live," he adds, saying many Queensland coastal developments could be in high-risk zones for cyclones.


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Union learning has an impact on everything that unions stand for. It can help improve Heath and Safety, equality of opportunity, job security and pay.
Trade unions can play a major role in making sure members have the skills needed to compete in the jobs of the future. Many of our future economic challenges, such as digitalisation and automation, can be addressed through learning and skills.
The Wales TUC has led the way in union learning for over 20 years. We support our affiliated unions and their Wales Union Learning Fund (WULF) projects. These learning projects range from Essential Skills and reading to plumbing and make-up artist qualifications. Because they work through unions and the workplace, WULF projects find learners which other funds can't reach. They support those who need help the most.
The Wales TUC is currently campaigning to make learning and skills part of making Wales a 'Fair Work Nation'. By supporting members with their learning we improve their job prospects and they gain the skills they need. But there are also wider benefits - WULF can create a more skilled workforce and improve the economy.
Watch our video about WULF to find out more.
Union Learning Reps (ULRs) are the invaluable asset that helps unions reach learners. Together with WULF they can support a range of learning opportunities including digital literacy, bespoke professional courses and help during career or organisational change. Within their workplace a ULR will:
raise awareness about the value of learning
help organise courses
support and encourage members to take part in learning
promote equality and health and wellbeing through learning
If you are interested in becoming a Union Learning Rep talk to your branch secretary.


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This example uses a script action to check if the database server is online before running the database operation. In the first step the script creates a field called is_database_server_online. If it is online the value of this field is set to "yes", otherwise it is set as "no".
Copy and paste this URL into your WordPress site to embed
Copy and paste this code into your site to embed


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How to train Siberian Husky – tips
Here are some tips on how to train your Siberian Husky. Be the pack leader. Avoid using the same command over. Be consistent with your training methods and avoid giving the same command repeatedly. If your dog chews on your shoes, never let it get away with it. The same punishment will make him understand that chewing is not acceptable. Also, try to encourage him to sing as much as possible.
Be the leader of the pack
Be the pack leader when training your Siberian Husky. Siberian Husky's respond best to leadership, and if you lack confidence, your dog will try to take the lead. It will feel insecure, and may start to overprotect itself. If your dog does not feel secure in its leadership role, it may become overly shy or may even try to take control of the household.
Huskies are very intelligent creatures, but they're not as biddable or intelligent as other breeds. Because of this, training a Siberian Husky can be a challenge. Nevertheless, they're not as difficult as other breeds, and the rewards for a well-trained dog will last a lifetime. And as long as you know how to reward them well, your dog will become a good member of the pack.
Avoid repeating commands
The first step in teaching your Husky the stay command is to make sure you don't repeat the command too much. Often, people who join gyms in January will quit before February even arrives. The key is to gradually increase the length of time a Husky must wait before getting up. To make the training process more effective, try teaching the command to your Husky over several training sessions. Ultimately, you want your Husky to stay in one position and come when you say it.
If you're trying to teach your Husky a new command, don't make it too simple. Huskys are pack animals and they only follow their leaders. Therefore, repeating the command too often can cause your dog to become aggressive. A good solution is to show your dog who is the pack leader by demonstrating your dominance over the dog. Don't force the dog to perform the command if you want to avoid conflict or punishment.
Be consistent with training methods
When training your Siberian Husky, consistency is key. Your Husky will associate your actions with your words and movements, and training methods should be the same no matter how your Husky responds to them. If you train a Husky with different methods, you might confuse him and make him confused about what you want. Be consistent with your methods and be patient. Consistency is important because dogs don't understand everything and will not respond well to inconsistent training methods.
Huskies are highly intelligent and physically strong, and require more training than other breeds. The same problem behaviors in small dogs can become unacceptable in large dogs. For this reason, reward-based training techniques are essential for success. In addition to reward-based training, dog-friendly training methods are most effective for training your Siberian Husky. If you can't afford a trainer, take your dog to a training class or seek out a dog trainer.
Encourage Siberian husky to sing
As a first step to encouraging your Siberian husky to sing, trigger the singing behaviour by calling it. Then reward your pup with a treat if it does so. Soon your husky will be able to imitate the same behaviour. You can use a clicker or whistle to train your dog to respond to this command. The trick is to make sure you use the same command every time.
Huskies are naturally quite vocal and should get at least one hour of exercise each day. However, you can train your husky to imitate singing by playing high-pitched noises on your stereo. You can also try playing a husky video on Youtube so it will learn to howl when you call for it. Once he understands the correct way to howl, he'll be more likely to do so.
Provide a safe, structured, comfortable environment
A safe, structured environment is essential for training your Siberian Husky. Huskies are highly intelligent and learn well when conditioned over time in a predictable setting. By creating routines, you can make the most of your time together, while minimizing the stress of a sudden change in routine. Here are some tips for successfully training your Siberian Husky:
– A fenced yard is a must for this breed. Siberian Huskies love to run and must be exercised daily. Siberian Huskys are active dogs and should be walked several miles per day. During their daily exercise, they will release pent-up energy and minimize excessive howling. They also have the reputation of being „escape artists" and will try to sneak out of the yard if they get bored.
Avoid punishing aggressive chewers
If you're looking for tips to stop your Siberian Husky from being aggressive, you've come to the right place. While chewing is a normal part of puppyhood, you should understand that it's a natural behaviour that needs to be curbed. Siberian husky chewing can be beneficial to your dog's health, as it massages its gums and exercises its jaws. It's best not to punish or discourage aggressive chewing, but rather, provide the dog with appropriate toys to engage in. For instance, large dogs can chew on strong nylon bones. It's important to choose toys that are durable and safe for your dog to chew on.
It's important to be consistent when training your dog. Avoid punishing aggressive chewers by withholding treats. It's also important to reward good behaviors. Punishing bad behavior will only encourage your dog to repeat bad habits. As a result, your dog will start to associate the treats you give to good behavior with the things that you want them to do. If you have a good dog, reward it and ignore bad behavior, your dog will eventually realize that it doesn't need to chew on things for rewards anymore.
- How to train Samoyed – tips
- Is the Siberian Husky an intelligent dog
- Does Siberian Husky like other dogs?
Here are some tips on how to train your Siberian Husky. Be the pack leader. Avoid using the same command over. Be consistent with your training methods and avoid giving the same command repeatedly. If your dog chews on your shoes, never let it get away with it. The same punishment will make him understand…


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Making a model of DNA is a great way to learn about how this magnificent
structure builds our genes. Using common household materials, you can make
_URL_ to Make DNA Models&v=IN3tBkk8UjQ
Jan 30, 2013 ... This video shows you how to create a model of DNA using a paper towel ... My
teacher assigned us a project that required us to make a DNA ...
How to Make a DNA Model Out of Beads & Straws. DNA contains the genetic
code that make us who we are. Formally known as deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA is
_URL_ to Make DNA Models&v=y01Rp2GlIoA
Aug 10, 2011 ... Demonstration Video: _URL_ STEPS ON HOW TO
CREATE A DNA MODEL... STEP 1: Get a total of 8 fuzzy sticks on ...
Making a model is the best way of learning about the elements of a DNA
molecule. You can use ... These pairs form the steps of the ladder in a DNA
Learn about DNA and its role in life, then grab some scissors and make your own
paper DNA model.
Making DNA Model with Beads and Wire. This video shows you how to make a
DNA molecule from wire and beads. (I don't know who the woman in this tutorial ...
Make all of your nucleotides. 4. Build the following DNA molecule AGGCTAG. 5.
Attach the phosphate of one nucleotide to the sugar of another nucleotide.
DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid. It contains the genetic instructions used in the
functioning and development of all living orgainisms and some viruse.Bored with
Students would learn about the structure of a DNA strand and about how the four
chemicals (Guanine, Adenine, Thymine ... Just draw it out, scan it directly as a
PDF, and include it in one of the steps. .... How to Make a DNA Model Out of


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How to Type Em Dash (or Long Dash) in Word
Em Dash or Em Rule is also sometimes referred to as Long Dash. It is a type of dash that is three times as long as a hyphen or minus sign (-). This dash is called em dash because it is one em wide.
In today's article, you'll learn about all the available methods you can use to type the Em Dash Symbol in Word using Windows or Mac.
Without any further ado, let's get started.
Em Dash [—] Quick Help
The table below contains all the information you need to type the Em Dash symbol in Word using either your Mac or Windows PC. If you are lazy to use the keyboard, you can as well copy and paste the symbol into your document.
|Symbol Name||Em Dash|
|Shortcut for Windows||Alt+0151|
|Shortcut for Mac||[Option] + [Shift] + [-]|
|Shortcut in Word (Win)||[Alt] + [Ctrl] + [Num -]|
To type the Em Dash symbol in Word for Mac, press [Option] + [Shift] + [-] on your keyboard. If you are on Windows, press and hold the Alt key and type the Em Dash alt code which is 0151 on the numeric keypad, then release the alt key.
The above quick guide provides some useful information about the Em Dash symbol including shortcuts and alt codes you can use on both Windows and Mac. However, below are some other methods you can also employ to insert this symbol into your Word document.
5 ways to type an Em Dash [—] symbol in Word
Microsoft Word provides several methods for typing or inserting symbols that do not have dedicated keys on the keyboard.
In this section, I will make available for you five different methods you can use to type or insert the Em Dash symbol in Word for both Mac and Windows users.
Without any further ado, let's get started.
Using the Em Dash [—] Alt Code (Windows Only)
The Em Dash Symbol alt code is 0151.
Even though the Em dash symbol does not have a dedicated key on the keyboard, it can still be typed using the Alt Numpad Input Method which is also known as the Alt code method. This can be done by pressing and holding the Alt key whilst pressing the Em dash symbol Alt code (0151) using the numeric keypad. This method is for Windows only. And your keyboard must also have a numeric keypad.
Obey the following instructions to type the em dash symbol using the alt code method:
- Place your insertion pointer where you need the symbol.
- Press and hold the Alt key on your keyboard.
- Whilst holding on to the Alt key, press the symbol's alt code (0151). You must use the numeric keypad to type the alt code. If you are using a laptop without the numeric keypad, this method may not work for you. On some laptops, there's a hidden numeric keypad which you can enable by pressing Fn+NmLk keystrokes on the keyboard.
- Release the Alt key after typing the Alt code to insert the Symbol into your document.
This is how you may type this symbol in Word using the Alt Code method.
Using the Em Dash Shortcut (Mac and Windows)
The keyboard shortcut for the Em Dash Symbol is [Option] + [Shift] + [-] for Mac. For Windows users, use the Alt Code method or press [Alt] + [Ctrl] + [Num -]. The [Num -] key means the minus key on the numeric keypad on the Windows Keyboard. This shortcut won't work if you use the minus key that's in line with the Backspace key.
To type the em dash symbol on Mac, obey the instructions below:
- First of all, place the insertion pointer where you need to type the Em Dash symbol.
- Press and hold the Option and the Shift key and hit once on the [-] (Minus or Hyphen) key.
With this keyboard shortcut, you can type the Em Dash symbol anywhere on your Mac computer.
- For windows users, press [Alt] + [Ctrl] + [Num -]. The [Num -] means the minus key on the numeric keypad.
- Alternatively, press and hold the alt key and type 0151 on the number pad.
These are the steps you may use to type this symbol in Microsoft Word.
Copy and Paste Em Dash
Another easy way to get the Em Dash symbol on any PC is to use my favorite method: copy and paste.
All you have to do is to copy the symbol from somewhere like a web page or the character map for windows users, and head over to where you need the symbol (say in Word), then hit Ctrl+V to paste.
Below is the symbol for you to copy and paste into your Word document. Just select it and press Ctrl+C to copy, switch over to Microsoft Word, place your insertion pointer at the desired location and press Ctrl+V to paste.
For windows users, obey the following instructions to copy and paste the em dash symbol using the character map dialog box.
- Click on the Start button and search for Character Map. The Character Map app will appear in the search results, click on it to open.
- The Character Map dialog will appear. Click on the Advanced view check box to expand the dialog box for more options.
- On the advanced view, type Em Dash in the Search box.
- You should now see only the Em Dash on the character map dialog. Double click on the symbol to select it. Alternatively, click on the Select button.
- After you select the symbol by double-clicking on it, it should appear in the Character to copy: field, then click on the Copy button to copy the symbol.
- Switch to your Microsoft Word document, place the insertion pointer at the desired location and press Ctrl+V to paste.
This is how you may use the Character Map dialog to copy and paste any symbol on Windows PC.
Using insert Symbol dialog box
The insert symbol dialog box is a library of symbols from where you can insert any symbol into your Word document with just a couple of mouse clicks.
Obey the following steps to insert the Em Dash Symbol in Word using the insert symbol dialog box.
- Open your Word document.
- Click to place the insertion pointer where you wish to insert the symbol.
- Go to the Insert tab.
- In the Symbols category, click on the Symbol drop-down and select the More Symbols button.
- The Symbol dialog box will appear. In the Subset drop-down list, select General Punctuation to display symbols in this category which includes the Em Dash symbol.
- Select the symbol and click on the Insert button. Alternatively, double click on the symbol to insert it into your Word document.
- Close the dialog.
The symbol will then be inserted exactly where you place the insertion pointer in the beginning.
These are the steps you may use to insert the Em Dash symbol in Word.
Using AutoCorrect to Type Em dash in Word
Another approach you may use to obtain this symbol is through the AutoCorrect feature in Word.
AutoCorrect in MS Word is a facility designed for correcting spelling mistakes like thsi to this.
With this feature, you can assign your own short code to the em dash symbol. This way, you can easily type the em dash symbol using the short code. For instance, if you happen to frequently type the Em Dash symbol, you can assign a short code like EMDASH to this symbol. This way, whenever you type the text EMDASH, Word will think that you actually wanted to type — and will convert it into the Em Dash Symbol automatically.
Without any further ado, below are the steps.
- Go to the insert tab.
- In the Symbols category, click on the Symbol drop-down and select More Symbols.
- The Symbol dialog box will appear. In the Subset drop-down list, select General Punctuation from the list to display the General Punctuation symbols which include the Em Dash symbol.
- Select the em dash symbol and click on the AutoCorrect button.
- The AutoCorrect dialog box will appear. Select the 'Replace text as you type' checkbox.
- In the Replace: box, type EMDASH.
- By default, the With: box will contain the em dash sign. Just in case it is not there, please paste it there.
- Now click on the Add button and hit on OK.
At this point, whenever you type the text EMDASH in Word, it'll convert to the Em Dash symbol.
However, below are some things you should note when you are using the AutoCorrect Method to type this symbol in Word.
- AutoCorrect is case sensitive. Meaning if you type emdash (in lowercase), Word will not autocorrect it for you unless you type EMDASH (in uppercase). Whatever case you used to assign the AutoCorrect text is what Word will recognize.
- If there is any text before or after the AutoCorrect text, Word will consider the AutoCorrect text as part of the text and hence will not do any autocorrection. For example, XEMDASH will not get converted since the EMDASH is joining with another character X. However, X EMDASH will convert to X — since the X is separated from the EMDASH.
As you can see, there are several different methods you can use to type the Em Dash Symbol in Microsoft Word.
Using the shortcuts for both Windows and Mac makes the fastest option for this task. Shortcuts are always fast.
Thank you very much for stepping on this blog.
If you have anything thing to say or questions to ask about the em dash symbol, please drop it in the comments below.


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Out with the wood, in with the new
Denver crews recently removed portions of two abandoned 8-foot-diameter pipes made of wood planks and banded together with steel,
In 1913, these wood-stave pipes were installed at the intersection of High Line Canal and Cherry Creek in south Denver. The pipes ran underneath the creek, moving irrigation water in the canal from one side of the creek to the other.
The only evidence that the two abandoned pipes still existed was that one pipe was starting to become exposed in Cherry Creek.
One of the pipelines also had a 5-foot-diameter concrete pipe inside, which was installed in the 1990s so the High Line Canal water could continue to flow under Cherry Creek. The other wooden pipe was taken completely out of service.
At one time, wood-stave pipelines were considered some of the best, and several had been installed by private water utilities long before Denver Water was established, according to Devin Shable, Denver Water project engineer.
"Today, Denver Water's water lines are made of concrete, steel, ductile iron or cast iron, which are far more effective to transport water because of the material's ability to handle higher pressure and resist deterioration," he said.
While the wooden pipes in this project were in operation into the '90s, the last wood-stave pipe used to deliver drinking water to customers was decommissioned more than 50 years ago, ending an era of pipe that had at one time carried almost all of Denver's water.
In 1963, wood-stave pipes in the drinking water distribution system were shut off and abandoned, or replaced with concrete or steel pipes as part of a $1.15 million project to improve the capacity and reliability of the system.
Denver Water operates and maintains more than 3,000 miles of pipe, enough to stretch from Los Angeles to New York.


Peg and hole puzzle: Solution
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Peg and hole puzzle: Solution
Which gives a tighter fit: a square peg in a round hole or a round peg in a square hole? (The tighter fit is the one for which the ratio of peg area to hole area is greater.)
Solution
Consider the following picture:
key
Suppose that the side length of the large square is $a,$ so its area is $a^2.$ Then the circle has radius $a/2,$ so its area is $\pi a^2/4.$ By Pythagoras' theorem the small square has side length $\sqrt{a^2/2}$ so it's got area $a^2/2.$ The square peg in round hole fit is given by the ratio of the area of the small square to the area of the circle, which is $2/\pi.$ The round peg in square hole fit is given by the ratio of the area of the circle to the area of the large square, which is $\pi/4.$ Since $\pi > 3$ we have $\pi^2>8$ so $\pi > 8/\pi.$ Dividing by 4 gives $\pi/4 > 2/\pi$ so the round peg in a square hole gives the better fit.
Back to original puzzle
This puzzle was contributed by Colm Mulcahy, Associate Professor of Mathematics at Spelman College in Atlanta, Georgia. Colm's own puzzles have appeared in Math Horizons and in the New York Times. He is a long-time columnist for the Mathematical Association of America and has his own blog. You can follow Colm on Twitter.
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Couldn't you also consider this problem from the direction of a pressure fit?
In this case, if the height of each peg is the same then the "pressure fit" is equal for both the rectangular prism and the cylindrical hole described above.
A peg is a cylinder with a height, h. The peg would contact the sides of the square hole at the cylinder's tangents lines of length,h. Pressure = force*area. Pressure =force*(4h*negligible width of each contact line)
A rectangular prism peg with the same height, h would contact a cylindrical hole at it's 4 edges. Again the pressure would be equal. Pressure = force*4h*negligible width of each contact line.
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A related problem which is fun, is to design a peg which fits into a triangular hole, a square hole, and a circular hole leaving no gaps.
Tim Davis
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The entire puzzle is rendered invalid inasmuch as the puzzle asked which gives a 'tighter fit', while the answer suggested a 'better fit'. Details, details, details...
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I thought the answer is just intuitive than mathematical: a round peg in a square hole can rotate about its axis. Whereas, a square peg in round hole cannot. (this is why manhole covers are square, though the hole itself is round)
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I've read this 5 times and it still doesn't make sense. Which axis are you talking about? If the z-axis, you are wrong, both can rotate. Any other, you are still wrong, neither can rotate as they are pegs.


25 U.S. Code § 283 - Regulations for withholding rations for nonattendance at schools
The amount and value of subsistence so withheld shall be credited to the tribe or tribes from whom the same is withheld, to be issued and paid when in the judgment of the Secretary of the Interior they shall have fully complied with such regulations. The Secretary of the Interior may in his discretion withhold rations, clothing and other annuities from Indian parents or guardians who refuse or neglect to send and keep their children of proper school age in some school a reasonable portion of the year.
(Mar. 3, 1893, ch. 209, § 1,27 Stat. 628, 635.)
25 CFR - Indians


text:
Developed by The DIAGRAM Center, the Poet image description tool is an open-source, web-based tool for creating and providing guidelines to writing image descriptions for images in existing DAISY and EPUB books. With Poet, it is possible to crowd source the creation of image descriptions, which can reduce both the cost for content creators and delivery time for end-users.
Easy, Intuitive User Interface
Using Poet is easy. Take any DAISY 3 or EPUB3 book file and upload it to Poet. Then, follow simple steps to write a description for each image. The descriptions will then be available to assistive technology for voicing whenever the next reader downloads the file. See this two-minute introductory video that shows you just how easy Poet is to use.
- Math Editor (beta) – transcribes math into a machine-readable format (MathML or text description). For more information about accessible math, see the DIAGRAM webinars on tools and techniques for making math accessible. You may also be interested in Benetech's MathML Cloud project.
- Image Description Training Module – reference guides and hands-on practices to help cultivate skills for writing image descriptions. The module is available from a drop-down menu in Poet and provides guidance for common types of complex images such as flow charts and Venn diagrams, following an expanded list of NCAM guidelines. For each one, you will see an example, description guidelines, and even a template (if it applies).
- Image Coverage Checker (click here for this stand-alone tool) – generates a report that summarizes the images in a given file that already have descriptions. This is a great tool for quick assessment of how much time might be required to provide image descriptions in a given book and where the descriptions can be found in a file. This free web-based tool can be used on any DAISY 3 or EPUB3 file.
Obtaining the Open Source Code for Poet
If you want to obtain or contribute to the open source Poet code, or set up your own instance of Poet, go to the Benetech's Poet GitHub repository. You can view the source, submit issues or comments, and/or make your own modifications. The Readme section contains licensing information and guidelines for setting the environment variables. Alternatively, if would like to host your own instance, the code may be downloaded, installed, and managed in your own hosting environment.


PM/MABS server, couldn't you just select a single one, create the Storage Space Virtual Disk, and then be able to expand it with the additional disks post-creation?
A: Yes, you can do that. But remember that a single VHDX can support maximum up to 1TB of data, therefore the Storage Space Virtual Disk will be 1TB. So you need to be quick and add additional disks post-creation before DPM storage runs out of disk space.
Q: Can you elaborate on DPM Consistency Check (CC) schedule, Dedup Garbage Collection, and Dedup Scrubbing optimization. What are the defaults, and what are the best practices around these components?
A: As mentioned in this article, backup jobs including Consistent Check (CC) and deduplication operations are I/O intensive. If they were to run at the same time, additional overhead to switch between these operations could be costly and result in less data being backed up or deduplicated on a daily basis. In this case, you can set up DPM/CC schedule Window into non-overlapping Dedup Window. Please refer to Step 6: Optimize DPM backup and Dedup scheduling for more information.
Q: For the VM that's running DPM, it's a Generation 1 or Generation 2 Hyper-V VM?
A: The VM that running DPM is a Generation 2 Hyper-V VM.
Q: In the article, I used a separate NTFS Parity volume to hold the VHDXs that are attached to the DPM server. Can you explain what do you mean by "Parity" term? Could it just be a dedicated LUN attached to the Hyper-V host?
A: Parity is a Resilient Setting used by Storage Spaces like RAID-5 or RAID-6. You could have a single Hyper-V host with local Direct Attached Storage (DAS) and then create Storage Spaces with "Parity" virtual disk. The Parity setting is storage efficient than Mirror but less performant. The Parity volume is recommended for Backup and Archive. You could also use a dedicated LUN attached to the Hyper-V host with RAID-5 or RAID-6 volume.
Q: How does the Protection Group short-term goal's scheduled backup time relate to the DPM Backup Schedule mentioned in Step 6? In that step all Protection Group's DPM Backup Window are set to the same time and duration. Why is that? You also set the Consistency Check Window to the same as well, why?
A: I've set DPM Backup Window and Consistency Check (CC) Window into non-overlap with Dedup Window on the Hyper-V host. Because if they were to run at the same time, additional I/O overhead will impact the storage and switching between these operations could be costly and result in less data being backed up or deduplicated. You must set these operations with minimum to non-overlap time with Dedup schedule.
Q: Is there a recommend or best practice to set the Consistency Check (CC) Window to the same time and duration as the DPM Backup Window? Is there also a best practice for recommended duration?
A: When Dedup is being enabled on the Hyper-V host, it's recommended to set DPM Backup Window and Consistency Check (CC) Window into non-overlap time with Dedup schedule on the host. In this example, we set Backup jobs and CC to run at the same time (4.00 PM until 4.00 AM). When CC is being scheduled to start at 4.00 PM and run for a duration maximum 12 hours. This will make sure that DPM will check for inconsistent replicas at a specified time (4.00 PM) every day only and then run a consistency check if it finds one. Thus will free the storage IO for Dedup to complete during the day.
Q: Why is the Disk Storage to be provisioned on DPM is twice the size of Total Disk Size on the host?
A: In this example, we provisioned 12 X 1 TB logical data for DPM storage while we have 9 TB actual disk size on the Hyper-V host, it's NOT twice the size of Total disk size. As mentioned in this article, with Dedup the storage savings is very high for VHDX files and the approximate savings rate is very large 60-90%+ range. Thus we can store more than the actual storage that we have 9TB. In this example, I've provisioned (9 TB + 35% = 12 TB). This will guarantee that we can store 12 TB of data on top of 9 TB volume. If the savings percentage resulting from deduplication is high enough, all 12 VHDX files will be able to reach their maximum logical size but still fit in the 9 TB volume (potentially there might even be additional space to allocate additional VHDX files for DPM server to use in the future).
Q: Why is it suggested to disable the Background Optimization deduplication schedule?
A: Data deduplication with Backup Optimization will run always at low priority and pause data deduplication when the system is busy to minimize the impact on system performance. It's recommended to disable the Dynamic behavior of Background Optimization job and have Dedup to run on specified schedule Window which will minimize the impact on Backup performance.
And as always we would love to hear your feedback and results. Please add your comment to this post and let us know about your experience with these configurations and, of course, any questions you may have.
__
Thank you for reading my blog.
If you have any questions or feedback, please leave a comment.
-Charbel Nemnom-
About Charbel Nemnom 391 Articles
Charbel Nemnom is a Cloud Solutions Architect and Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP), totally fan of the latest's IT platform solutions, accomplished hands-on technical professional with over 17 years of broad IT Infrastructure experience serving on and guiding technical teams to optimize performance of mission-critical enterprise systems. Excellent communicator adept at identifying business needs and bridging the gap between functional groups and technology to foster targeted and innovative IT project development. Well respected by peers through demonstrating passion for technology and performance improvement. Extensive practical knowledge of complex systems builds, network design and virtualization.
9 Comments
 1. When creating the Storage Pool and Virtual disk in step 4, is there a reason that you format it as NTFS? Or is it just because it's simple and DPM is going to re-format it as ReFS anyway?
 2. Hi Charbel, I followed the process you provided and everything worked great but I haven't been able to add a new disk to the Virtual Disk. I was able to add the disk to the Storage Pool and then tried to extend the Virtual Disk but that failed. I wonder if you have the process or a script to add a new physical disk into the Storage Pool and Virtual Disk.
 - Hello Gomez,
 Please note that in the article above, I've created the simple storage space virtual disk with Number of Column equal to "1", because when a virtual disk is created without specifying the NumberOfColumns, storage spaces will set the NumberOfColumns property automatically according to the number of physical disks used to create the virtual disk and cannot be changed after the virtual disk has been created. If for example, the NumberOfColumns is 8, you can only extend the simple fixed virtual disk is to add 8 more 1TB VHDXs to the storage pool!!! so for this reason, I specified the NumberofColumns equal to 1, so we can add 1 disk at a time in the future as needed.
 Hope this helps!
 Cheers,
 -Charbel
 3. Hi Charbel, thanks for getting back with me. I did setup everything the way you did and it works better than I expected. The setup includes the number of columns to be 1 but I can't find a way to extend the Storage Pool. Here is what I tried, I created a new 1TB disk and attached it to the iSCSI controller. This created a new Storage Pool called Primordial. Then, I ran this command to add the disk to the Storage Pool: Add-PhysicalDisk -PhysicalDisks (Get-StorageSubSystem -FriendlyName "Windows Storage on xxxx" | Get-PhysicalDisk | ? CanPool -NE $false) -StoragePoolFriendlyName "DPM Storage Pool01". The disk was added to the Storage Pool successfully but things don't look right. The Storage Pool Free Space went from Free Space 0 Bytes to Free Space 1,023 GBs. Also the new disk Media Type is Unknown even after running command (Get-StoragePool "DPM Storage Pool01" | Get-PhysicalDisk | Where MediaType -eq "Unknwon" | Set-PhysicalDisk -MediaType HDD). So, at this point, I ran the Add-PhysicalDisk command and that added the disk to the Virtual Disk but the capacity never changed. I tried to Extend command but that didn't work either. So, my question is, what is the process to add a new virtual disk? Should it be added to the Storage Pool first? Should it be added to the Virtual Disk first? Should the disk be added to the Virtual Disk or should the Virtual Disk be extended? I think I understand the process fairly well but unfortunately, I haven't been able to add


text:
English text: Ottoline and the Yellow Cat
Every child has been given the book Ottoline and the Yellow Cat to read on Bug Club.
There is a lot of work based around this book as it would have been a text we would study in depth at school. It would be very useful to have a discussion with your child about the book after each chapter to ensure they fully understand what is happening in order to complete the tasks.
Please follow these instructions.
- Complete the Book Cover task before reading it.
- Read Chapter 1. (If the text is difficult to understand then feel free to read it with them.)
- Complete the tasks: Ottoline's Collection, Diary Entry, Overheard Story 1, Overheard Story 2 and Comprehension Chapter 1.
- Read Chapter 2.
- Complete the tasks: Ottoline's Disguise and Comprehension Chapter 2.
- Read Chapter 3.
- Complete the tasks: Sentence Starters, Postcard and Comprehension Chapter 3.
- Read Chapter 4.
- Complete the tasks: Character Profile, Mr. Munroe Goes Missing and Comprehension Chapter 4.
After this, the rest of the book can be read.
Work for all children:


Sub or Hoagie? Regional Foods Quiz
By: Staff
4 Min Quiz
Image: refer to hsw
About This Quiz
Depending on where you are in the United States, you might have a hard time ordering some of your favorite foods. Here's a quiz that will test your knowledge of some regional food names.
If you're in the South, you'd call a long sandwich with all the trimmings a sub. If you lived in New Jersey, you might call it what?
While New Jersey is the Garden State, you'd call a long sandwich a hoagie.
When ordering a soda in the Midwest, you'd probably ask for a pop -- true or false?
Pop is the word of choice for a soda in the Midwest.
The "Krystal Burger" of the South is known as what in the Northern states?
Sammy Davis was Mr. Bojangles, and as far as we know wasn't a fan of sliders.
In Southern states, pancakes are often referred to as what?
There is only one correct answer, and that answer is flapjacks.
Southerners love their cornbread, even though someone from Rhode Island might call it what?
All of these sounds reasonable, but the correct answer is Johnny Cake.
This mushy dessert cake was called Indian pudding by Native Americans, but something else by New Englanders.
The New Englanders called it hasty pudding.
People in some parts of the world might call this spoon-dipped fruit dessert a Pandowdy. It's really just another name for what?
While there are some differences, a pandowdy is really just the same as a cobbler.
This specialized roast beef sandwich is called what in Buffalo, N. Y.?
Stacked beef chip sounds pretty yummy, but it's known as a beef weck sandwich.
A steak sandwich in Philadelphia is called what?
Who wants to eat something called a "loinwich"? Cheesesteak sounds a lot more appetizing as the correct answer.
The Pennsylvania Dutch call their version of coffee cake what?
Famous for cooling in the kitchen windowsill, shoo-fly pie gets its name for a most obvious reason.
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The Edition
President to seek parliamentary consideration to join IUCN
24 February 2021, MVT 09:28
President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih. PHOTO: PRESIDENT'S OFFICE
24 February 2021, MVT 09:28
President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih on Tuesday decided to seek parliamentary consideration for Maldives to join the "International Union for Conservation of Nature" (IUCN).
As per the President's Office, the decision was made after deliberations by the Cabinet on a paper, proposed by the Ministry of Environment on the topic during today's session.
Joining the organization will present Maldives with various partnership and networking opportunities in relevant areas.
Additionally, the ICUN will provide assistance to enhance efforts towards conserving nature.
Maldives will also get the opportunity to develop technical capacity towards conservation and sustainability in nature, an area that needs much development in the country.
IUCN is a membership Union and it is the largest international conservation body comprised of representatives from government and civil society organisations (CSO's).
The democratic union harnesses the experience, resources and reach of more than 1,400 member organisations and the input of over 17,000 experts from 170 countries across the globe.
The organization's diversity and vast experience in the field make it the global authority on the status of the natural world and the measures needed to safeguard it.


text: А relatively inexpensive instrument (for fog density control), which works in the visible specter, is presented. Its purpose will be to alert the occurrence of fog or visible pollution in the air. It can also detect, if the cleaning fog has reached all areas. This equipment can be used to assess the density of fog. The device is designed for continuous monitoring of the atmospheric air and detection of dispersed agents in the form of aerosols. The total concentration of aerosols is measured and if it exceeds the pre-set threshold, an indication is given via a LED and the information can be exported to external systems. The principle of operation of the device is based on the spectrophotometric method. A beam of monochromatic light is passed through the investigated environment and its intensity is attenuated by the presence of pollutants. The hardware of the device is described, as well as its construction, software and the measuring procedure.


text:
By Niamh Casey
The Students' Union launched their #SustainableMonday campaign at the beginning of February with the aims being to offer NUI Galway students advice and encouragement to live more sustainably and to highlight the small changes we can all make that will have a big impact on our planet.
Helping students take environmentally-sound action is a priority for the Students' Union, and so each Monday in February they will be setting challenges, through which they will highlight tips and information on ways to live more climate-friendly. Speaking with Róisín Nic Lochlainn, the Welfare and Equality officer and the head of the campaign, she said "The climate crisis is possibly the biggest challenge facing our generation which is why I felt having dedicated days to sustainability is so important! We recently launched the SU environmental and sustainability working group which helped massively in the planning of the sustainable Mondays."
Students' Union President Pádraic Toomey spoke of his delight at the launch of the new initiative,
"We are delighted to launch our #SustainableMonday campaign this month. This year we introduced our SU Clean Ups and they were a huge success showing how much our students care about the world they live in. This campaign will show that by making small changes in our lives, like our choice of toothbrush, we can be part of the move to a sustainable future."
The campaign has been launched as a replacement to the pre-existing sustainability themed week. This way the SU hopes to achieve a more lasting effect by drawing attention to the cause throughout the month. Each Monday will have a specific theme, with the first one being dedicated to sustainable eating. The goal was to encourage students to cut down on the amount of meat in their diets. Nic Lochlainn spoke about this, telling SIN, "We used the #meatfreemondays on our social media posts and others tagged us in their veggie food stories (they can win a Keep Cup if they tag us with their hashtag). We want to encourage students to try and go without meat at least once a week and SULT had some cheap, easy vegan recipes up on their social media."
The following Monday was a two-minute beach clean-up challenge, which NUI Galway students have shown great participation for in the past. Last Monday was the Get Walking challenge, where people were asked to tag the SU in photos of their walk. This also tied in with the Students' Union's February Kilometre Challenge, where students walk, run, or cycle a set distance throughout the month in order to raise funds for different Galway charities like Galway Rape Crisis Centre, Galway Autism Partnership and Helplink Mental Health.
Next Monday the SU will be posting general tips for students on their social media on how to live more sustainably. Some of the tips include getting a reusable water bottle/Keep Cup, carrying reusable shopping bags, do a local area clean up and try not to buy into fast fashion. However, Nic Lochlainn added, "it is emphasised that fast fashion is a necessity for most students, and the wider population, so we won't be pressuring anyone at all in that regard."
The Students' Union will also have lists of eco-friendly period products, cheap yet sustainable shopping lists and different charity shops around Galway, as well as online classes on how to make your own clothes.
To sum up, Nic Lochlainn added "This campaign is very much about thinking globally by acting locally. We will be encouraging our students to look at sustainable food and transport choices." Overall, the movement is about bringing awareness to eco-friendly and sustainable living habits that students can incorporate into their everyday lives and use going forward into the future.


text:
the dove is a symbol of peace.
These doves can be made
and hung as if flying around your room,
or sent with a message to your Peace Pal.
You will need:
- Start with a square piece of paper which you can make from any rectangle simply by folding up a short edge diagonally to meet the long side and cut off extra. Open flat.
- Fold square paper in half into rectangle and unfold again to lay flat.
- Fold (2) corners in to center line.
- Fold paper in half with triangles inside.
- Fold head down about 1/4 of top edge, creasing well.
- Fold head backwards on the same crease again creasing well.
- Fold (2) Return head to original position and push down on top fold, reversing the middle crease.
- Draw triangle shape and cut away shaded area to make wing and tail.
- Fold up wing. Turn Dove over and fold up other wing.
- Completed Dove can be decorated or hung just like this.


You are currently viewing Freewheel vs Cassette – How To Choose A Freewheel Or Cassette For Your Bike?
Are you deciding on a bike for your commute? Have you thought about what kind of drivetrain it has? Freewheel vs cassette is two different types of transmissions that many commuters think about when they are shopping. A freewheel has one gear and can be used on any terrain, while cassettes come in many different gears that are better suited for specific terrains. You need a product that will enhance riding performance and not cause any problems down the line. The freewheel vs cassette debate can be an intense one, so we have put together this side-by-side comparison to help you decide which option makes sense for your needs!
The difference between Freewheel and Cassette Bikes:-
What Are They?
Freewheel:-The Freewheel is a new type of bike hub that replaces the traditional cassette. It is designed to be more durable, lighter weight, and easier to maintain than a cassette. And because it doesn't have any gears or cogs, it's also quieter and smoother-running. It's also called a freehub because there's no need to pedal backward before changing gears like other bikes with derailleur systems. This means that riders can change gears without pedaling backward or even stopping at all!
If you're looking for an upgrade on your current bike – or want something different – then give the Freewheel a try.
Cassette:- The cassette is a type of bicycle hub gear that consists of two or three sprockets and an enclosed chain. It's been around for over 100 years and was initially designed to be more durable than the freewheel. But with advances in technology, we now know that this isn't always true.
Freewheel:-The Freewheel is a lightweight wheel made up of aluminium that's easy to install on any bike frame with quick-release axles. It also has an integrated hub gear system that makes it easier to pedal up hills or go faster when needed.
Cassette:- The cassette can be installed on any bike frame but doesn't have the same gearing options as the freewheel does. It's also heavier than a freewheel because it includes gears in its design, whereas the freewheel doesn't need them since it has an integrated hub gear system built-in.
Freewheel:-If you're looking for durability in your bike, then Freewheel will be your best bet! With its high-quality materials and construction methods, this type of hub offers superior performance over time.
Cassette:-The cassette requires more maintenance than the freewheel as it contains moving parts like cogs and chains; therefore, it tends to be less durable than Freewheel.
Freewheel:-Freewheels don't require any tools to change gear ratios but tend to be more expensive than cassettes.
Cassette:-Cassettes are cheaper than freewheels but can be challenging to maintain because they require tools to change gear ratios though some models come with an internal gear hub.
Freewheel:-Freewheels offer fewer gearing options, so they are best suited for riders who only need one set of low gears. They are more popular than cassettes because they allow riders to coast without pedaling while retaining control over steering and braking. They also have less friction than cassettes, making them easier on your bike's drivetrain components like chains, sprockets, derailleurs, and chainrings.
Cassette:-It has the ability to provide multiple gearing options without changing sprockets or chainset components; this makes them ideal for riders who need lots of low gears when climbing hills or tackling rough terrain like gravel roads or trails where there may not be many opportunities for coasting downhills on flat ground as well as those who want high gears for fast descents on smooth surfaces such as tarmac roads with few steep inclines.
Freewheel vs Cassette
Freewheel:-If you're looking for an easy-to-maintain bike with less upkeep, then we recommend going with the freewheel option! You won't have any trouble with your gears wearing out as long as you take care of them properly and make sure they get cleaned regularly.
Cassette:-There are many more options available with cassettes, including 7-, 9-, 10-speed versions. They require more maintenance because they use external cogs on the wheel hub, which can get dirty from dirt or water splashing up from the ground during riding.
Bottom Line
The cassette and freewheel are two different types of drivetrain systems that have been used on bicycles since the late 1800s. They both offer pros and cons, but which one is right for you? The aforementioned comparison will let you make an easy decision. If you ride your bike on rough terrain, then a cassette may be best because they have stronger teeth than freewheels; but if you live in an area where roads are smooth, then a freewheel might work better. They don't require any maintenance as cassettes do.
So if you're looking for something lightweight that's easy to maintain, go with a freewheel; if you want something heavier duty that offers more range of gearing options, then go with a cassette!
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1.How should I use Freewheel and Cassette?
If you want to ride at high speeds or use your bike as a commuter vehicle, then a cassette is better for you because it will give you more options with gearing choices. A freewheel would be best if all of your ridings are done at lower speeds or if you're using your bike primarily for recreational purposes like mountain biking or touring around town on weekends.
Q2. What kind of cassette do I need for my bike?
Cassettes come in different sizes and gear ranges. The size you need depends on the riding you plan to do, where you live, how steep your hills are, and what level of rider you are. For example, if you're a casual rider who rides primarily flat terrain with few or no big hills, then a 7-speed cassette will be perfect for your needs. If you ride in hilly areas or have an aggressive riding style (racing or mountain biking), then we recommend an 11-speed cassette