text:
Grasses suppress shoot-borne roots to conserve water during drought.
Many important crops are members of the Poaceae family, which develop root systems characterized by a high degree of root initiation from the belowground basal nodes of the shoot, termed the crown. Although this postembryonic shoot-borne root system represents the major conduit for water uptake, little is known about the effect of water availability on its development. Here we demonstrate that in the model C4 grass Setaria viridis, the crown locally senses water availability and suppresses postemergence crown root growth under a water deficit. This response was observed in field and growth room environments and in all grass species tested. Luminescence-based imaging of root systems grown in soil-like media revealed a shift in root growth from crown-derived to primary root-derived branches, suggesting that primary root-dominated architecture can be induced in S. viridis under certain stress conditions. Crown roots of Zea mays and Setaria italica, domesticated relatives of teosinte and S. viridis, respectively, show reduced sensitivity to water deficit, suggesting that this response might have been influenced by human selection. Enhanced water status of maize mutants lacking crown roots suggests that under a water deficit, stronger suppression of crown roots actually may benefit crop productivity.
Full Text Here


text:
4TK Series Air-Oil Tanks
- Standard Bore Sizes 2-1/2" - 8"
- Operating Pressure 250 PSI Maximum
- Operating Temperature 165°F Maximum
- Lightweight Aluminum / Fiberglass Design
- Larger Bore Sizes Available Upon Request
Air-Oil Tanks – For Smoother Hydraulic Flow
Air-Oil tanks provide a means to convert shop air pressure into hydraulic pressure. Compressed air is applied directly to the oil in the air-oil tank to convert it into hydraulic pressure. The hydraulic pressure is at a 1-to-1 ratio, i.e. 80 psi air produces 80 psi hydraulic pressure.
All Parker Air-Oil tanks have a fiberglass tube which shows the proper oil level. They also contain two fluid flow baffles. The top baffle disperses the incoming air over the surface of the oil in such a way to avoid agitation and aeration. The bottom baffle insures a smooth flow pattern that minimizes oil turbulence and eliminates swirling, funneling or splashing which in turn could cause oil aeration or the oil to be blown from the tank into the exhaust air.
Air-Oil tanks are used to smooth out the cylinder piston rod travel and to prevent chatter. They are mainly used in slow speed circuits. Since each tank is designed for a specific port size, increasing the port size in a tank to lower the fluid velocity is not recommended. A tank with a larger port size should be selected.
Fluid velocity in or out of the tank through standard ports should be less than 6 feet per second to prevent aeration of the oil. To limit the fluid velocity, flow controls should be applied to the air side of the tank to restrict the exhaust. Metered-in flow controls on the air side may aid in the reduction of aeration. Additional flow controls on the oil side may aid in controlling the actuator motion.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


How can I switch between combs?
Be certain the clipper is in the OFF position.
 1. Select the comb attachment depending on the desired hair length. In the attached file you can find the settings and remaining hair lengths. The remaining hair length is also indicated on each comb.
 2. Slide the selected comb into the guiding grooves on both sides of the Clipper swivel head and push until you hear it click' into place (fig. 1). Make sure the comb attachment locks properly into position.
 3. Turn the Hair Length Setting Adjustment Ring to set the comb to the desired setting (fig. 2). Do not turn the length setting adjustment ring beyond the highest hair length setting.
 4. The arrowhead on the Clipper indicates which setting has been selected.
When you are clipping for the first time, start at the maximum clipping length setting (#5) of the regular comb to familiarize yourself with
the appliance and prevent accidentally trimming hairs too short. As you become familiar with the settings, adjust the Hair Length Selector to desired trimming length.
File name
File size
File date
Was this document helpful?
Yes No Need to try first


text:
RASS (Radio Acoustic Sounding System) Station Network
Status: Not defined
Observation stations within the RASS station network transmit their observations in the form of a RASS message. The RASS network uses backscattering of radio waves from an acoustic wave front to measure the speed of sound at various heights above the ground. From the speed of sound, the temperature of the air in the planetary boundary layer can be computed.Hourly observations from around 120 stations distributed globally, and the report is transmitted at 6-hourly intervals at the standard hours of observation which are: 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC. The RASS message contains measurements of parameters such as wind speed and temperature.
Abbreviation: Not defined
Keywords: Not defined
|location:||GeographicBoundingBox: Longitude: -180.000 to 180.000; Latitude: 90.000 to -90.000|
|Previously used record indentifiers:||
|Additional information about the RASS message|


Local elementary school students are turning nickles into homes for people in need.
It's part of the La Crescent-Hokah elementary school Nickles for Nicaragua fundraiser.
The school put collection jars in each classroom for students to drop money in with a goal of being able to build a home for a family in need. They raised more than $2,000.
Along with being able to help a family in Nicaragua, it was also a learning experience for the students.
"They're one of the poorest countries in the world, it would be nice to help them because, with their houses, we're building some so they can have a better life," said students Maya Colby and Alana Andersen.
The teachers hope the project will help the students learn the value of giving early in their lives.


text:
Join us for a webinar on Jul 30, 2019 at 3:00 PM PDT (6 PM EDT).
RGB lasers are forecast to take over as the predominant light source for displays in the future in products like projectors and head-up displays. The RGB laser market is poised to grow significantly, with forecasts calling for it to reach $91 Billion in 2020 and $636 Billion by 2040. That's why Hioki's webinar, RGB Laser Meters for an accurate colorimetric and photometric evaluation of RGB Laser Displays is so important.
To accommodate testing and adjustment of the RGB lasers, Hioki developed the Discrete Centroid Wavelength Method, a new technique for directly measuring the centroid wavelength and optical power of laser light sources. This approach makes it possible to accurately adjust the white balance of displays that use RGB lasers. Join us for a fascinating and informative webinar that delves into this groundbreaking new technique, its benefits and advantages. REgister today for RGB Laser Meters for an accurate colorimetric and photometric evaluation of RGB Laser Displays
Please join Hioki's own, Keisuke Hieda, Master of physics, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo (2013), HIOKI E.E. CORPORATION, Nagano, Japan (2013-present), Development and Design Engineer in Optical Measurement.
-developed a new measurement method of the wavelength and radiometric quantity of visible lasers
-developed photometric and colorimetric meters for laser displays
-is currently formulating international standards for the optical performance evaluation of laser displays
Who should attend: Optical Engineers, laser engineers, R&D Device Engineers, Device Scientists, Quality Assurance Engineers, Manufacturing/Production Test Engineers.
For those who can't attend our live session, we'll provide a recording.
- We will be using GoToWebinar.
- You can join our session by using a Mac, PC or a mobile device.
- Welcome and introductions
After registering, you will receive a confirmation email containing information about joining the webinar.


text:
At a sports camp, there is sufficient food for 72 athletes to last 6 days. If 18 athletes are absent from the camp, how many more days can the food last for the other athletes? State the assumption made.
There are 72*6=432 portions of food. Now there are 18 athletes absent, so there are 72-18=54 athletes. 432/54=8 days.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


Event: 'Entangled Matter' by ELASTIC NATURE at The Crypt Gallery London
ELASTIC NATURE is an art research club bringing together interdisciplinary researchers, practitioners and thinkers around the broad subject of 'the future of nature' via artificial life, sympathetic synthetics, sensory realities, materiality and speculative bodies.
Founded by artist and researcher Becky Lyon through interactive workshops, seminars, breakfast salons and screenings ELASTIC NATURE stimulate conversation around the changing shape of nature. New forms of nature, artificial versus wildlife, how sensory mediation play a role in the understanding of nature and our perceived 'reality' of it or synthetic nature versus wild nature are some of the themes around which Becky Lyon articulates the conversation involving ELASTIC NATURE.
For its fourth session, they will be discussing the topic the interconnectedness of matter and hosting an exploratory discussion group as part of the programme of the Falling Stars / Stelle Cadenti exhibition curated by LUMEN. The conversation may include some of the next topics: Jane Bennet's seminal Vibrant Matter, what are the consequences of perceiving certain materials (such as a landfill) as dead? And how would that perception change if we perceived them as lively? How else have we privileged particular types of matter? What evidence or arguments exist, either scientifically or philosophical of the ability for the non-living matter to 'self-organise'? How is the search for extraterrestrial life impacting our perception of life on Earth? And can technology be considered nature?
This fourth event titled Entangled Matter is taking place this Saturday 26 at The Crypt Gallery in Euston (London) from 12:00 pm to 1:00 pm.
Text by CLOT Magazine (Twitter _USER_)
Website _URL_
(All photos courtesy of Elastic Nature)
24 Jan 2019


text:
- 18 February 2023
The inhabitants of Ruyigi called for the preservation of their harvest and environment protection
On February 18, 2023, the Second Vice-president of the Senate, Honourable Cyriaque Nshimirimana, joined the population of the commune of Bweru, in the province of Ruyigi, in the activity consisting in the concreting of the classrooms of the basic school of Mubavu.
In his message, Honourable Nshimirimana invited the inhabitants of that locality not to squander their harvest. In addition, he urged them to sow on time during this cultivation period. Regarding cleanliness, Honourable Nshimirimana invited this population to keep their households and their bodies clean and properly latrines;
For the protection of the environment, the Second Vice-president of the Senate urged the population of Ruyigi to plant trees which live in symbiosis with crops, insisting that each family should plant at least 10 of those trees.
Furthermore, he provided them with advice related to the respect of administrative authorities, social cohesion, preservation of peace and security. He recommended them to advise each other when needed.


filterbend.prm
Application using this process: Adobe Premiere Pro
filterbend.prm
Application using this process: Adobe Premiere Pro
filterbend.prm
Click here to run a scan if you are experiencing issues with this process.
Application using this process: Adobe Premiere Pro
Recommended: Scan your system for invalid registry entries.
What is filterbend.prm doing on my computer?
filterbend.prm is a process belonging to Adobe Premiere Pro from Adobe Systems Incorporated Non-system processes like filterbend.prm originate from software you installed on your system. Since most applications store data in your system's registry, it is likely that over time your registry suffers fragmentation and accumulates invalid entries which can affect your PC's performance. It is recommended that you check your registry to identify slowdown issues.
filterbend.prm
In order to ensure your files and data are not lost, be sure to back up your files online. Using a cloud backup service will allow you to safely secure all your digital files. This will also enable you to access any of your files, at any time, on any device.
Is filterbend.prm harmful?
filterbend.prm is unrated
Can I stop or remove filterbend.prm?
Most non-system processes that are running can be stopped because they are not involved in running your operating system. Scan your system now to identify unused processes that are using up valuable resources. filterbend.prm is used by 'Adobe Premiere Pro'.This is an application created by 'Adobe Systems Incorporated'. To stop filterbend.prm permanently uninstall 'Adobe Premiere Pro' from your system. Uninstalling applications can leave invalid registry entries, accumulating over time. Run a free scan to find out how to optimize software and system performance.
Is filterbend.prm CPU intensive?
This process is not considered CPU intensive. However, running too many processes on your system may affect your PC's performance. To reduce system overload, you can use the Microsoft System Configuration Utility to manually find and disable processes that launch upon start-up. Alternatively, download PC Mechanic to automatically scan and identify any PC issues.
Why is filterbend.prm giving me errors?
Process related issues are usually related to problems encountered by the application that runs it. A safe way to stop these errors is to uninstall the application and run a system scan to automatically identify any PC issues.
Process Library is the unique and indispensable process listing database since 2004 Now counting 140,000 processes and 55,000 DLLs. Join and subscribe now!
System Tools
SpeedUpMyPC
PC Mechanic
Toolbox
ProcessQuicklink


required. Note that the remote service can be accessed in a variety of ways...e.g. by using a ServiceTracker (as above), by using the BundleContext.getServiceReference methods, or injection via declarative services. Because a proxy to the remote service is made available in the consumer's OSGi service registry, the consumer need not even be aware that the service is remote.
In this example, the HelloConsumerApplication.addingService method is called by the service tracker when the remote service is discovered. The example implementation of the addingService method (see line 131 of HelloConsumerApplication) demonstrates various ways of accessing the remote service...via the proxy, or via the ECF IRemoteService instance associated with the proxy...which allows asynchronous messaging with the remote service in addition. This flexibility to use either synchronous/proxy-based remote access, or asynchronous messaging to access the remote service is unique to ECF's remote service API.
Running the Example Hello Service Consumer
In the org.eclipse.ecf.examples.remoteservices.hello.consumer plugin are the following Eclipse product definition files:
products/Hello Service Consumer (activemq, zeroconf discovery).product
products/Hello Service Consumer (generic, local discovery).product
products/Hello Service Consumer (generic, zeroconf discovery).product
products/Hello Service Consumer (r-osgi, zeroconf discovery).product
These products all run the HelloConsumerApplication...and provide a different value for the containerType variable that appears in the code. As described above, the value of the containerType variable determines which provider is used to consumer the remote service.
Assuming that the host was started with the generic provider as described above, the consumer product to start is the Hello Service Consumer (generic, local discovery).product. This uses the local File-based Discovery to read the endpoint meta-data from a service description xml file, connect to and use the IHello remote service. See the File-based Discovery page for details of how to setup/use File-based discovery.
It's also possible to use other discovery protocols for dynamic network discovery using zeroconf, Service-Locator Protocol (SLP), or your own discovery protocol. ECF has a complete Discovery API, and this API can support arbitrary discovery protocols. The ECF implementation of the OSGi remote services uses the abstract ECF discovery API only, so any discovery provider can be used transparently for the OSGi remote service discovery.
If Hello Service Consumer (generic, local discovery).product is run/started, after the remote service host has been started on localhost (as described above) the client will show the following output:
osgi> IHello service proxy being added
Completed hello remote service invocation using proxy
Completed hello remote service invocation using future
Completed hello remote service invocation using async
On the service host console the following is output
Host: Hello Service Registered
hello from=org.eclipse.ecf.examples.remoteservices.hello.consumer
hello from=org.eclipse.ecf.examples.remoteservices.hello.consumer future
hello from=org.eclipse.ecf.examples.remoteservices.hello.consumer async
This indicates that the remote service was discovered, the proxy subsequently added to the OSGi service registry, and the code executed in HelloConsumerApplication.addingService that uses the remote service.
Related Topics
File-based Discovery
Customizing and Extending ECF Remote Services
Creating ECF Providers


text:
Who may enroll in galileo?
The Galileo program caters to pre-school and grade school students ages 3 to 12.
Galileo provides the following benefits for the young learners:
- Improved school grades
- Become academically competitive
- Gain lots of friends
- Nurture skills and talents
- Develop a positive attitude towards studying
When can a student start at galileo?
The best time to begin a student's journey in the Galileo program is NOW. The sooner you get him into the program, the sooner he will be able to reap the program's benefits. Once the student enters the program, he is assessed according to his skills. The student may start his Galileo experience after the assessment, which will only take 15 minutes of his time.
How many times in a week will a student attend galileo?
Students go to the Galileo Center twice a week for 30 to 45 minutes per session. The student works closely with teacher-facilitator and is given fun activities to supplement the lesson for the day. Homework is given so that learning is continuous even outside the center. Parental involvement is strongly encouraged.
How long does a student need to be enrolled in galileo?
Learning is a process that requires time and effort. Students are encouraged to be part of the Galileo program for at least a year to observe significant improvements. The program works with learners in a continuous effort and aims to teach excellent study and independence.


About insightDproject
What is beyond the art of dance? What can dancers do to improve the lives of children who live in countries affected by internal conflict or disasters? Life has taught us that when we push together towards a goal, we can move mountains. insightDproject is a dance project focused on the development of an artistic path at a young age. Children and teenagers would have the opportunity to recognise themselves as human beings capable of achieving goals through their courage, tenacity, responsibility and discipline.
A brief insight of a process that involves the world.
The project consists of 6 phases, involving dancers, choreographers, producers, musicians, psychologists and consultants from around the world. All of them have contributed to shape this process. The first phase began in NYC in April of 2016 and it took a year and a half to put together all the material needed to proceed to the next phases. I, Joe Belial, a Producer, Audiovisual Director and Journalist, passionate of the image, felt the urge to share my insight beyond the beauty of the movements, through audiovisuals and photography: Dance helps to change lives.
Shaping society through dance.
Personal satisfaction has been something that human beings have always long for, needing, without any doubt, the help or inspiration of others to achieve this. In this tenacious search, he has come to experience different arts, which have enabled him to find himself and unconsciously unload his emotions and feelings. Dance has always been one of those languages that allows human beings to communicate through movements, expressing feelings and moods.
Dancing awakens emotions and fantasies through the movement. It facilitates the expression of sensations, emotions, feelings and moods in a natural and uninhibited way. Thus, we can connect with ourselves and with those emotions that we repress, such as rage, anger, anxiety, anguish, pain, sadness, which can be channeled in a healthy way, which helps emotional control in the day by day.
The videos present an insight of what's beyond dance and how this can be a means of social transformation. The activities were carried out in Evitar and Cartagena, Colombia. The intention was to conduct pilot tests of dance workshops related to the project.
Genna Carey
Modern dancer
Katie Mattar
Modern dancer
Anthony Paul Panesso
Jazz dancer
One step at the time. Dance helps to change lives!
Assistant Producers
– Cécile Jaouen
– Glenn Westphal
Greg, Darlyn & Ronald
Contemporary Dancers
Hat off for these amazing perfomers.


text:
Significance and Use
Accurate definition of boundary conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater flow systems. This guide describes the properties of the most common boundary conditions encountered in groundwater systems and discusses major aspects of their definition and application in groundwater models. It also discusses the significance and specification of boundary conditions for some field situations and some common errors in specifying boundary conditions in groundwater models.
1.1 This guide covers the specification of appropriate boundary conditions that are an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater systems. This guide describes techniques that can be used in defining boundary conditions and their appropriate application for modeling saturated groundwater flow model simulations.
1.2 This guide is one of a series of standards on groundwater flow model applications. Defining boundary conditions is a step in the design and construction of a model that is treated generally in Guide D5447.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
2. Referenced Documents (purchase separately) The documents listed below are referenced within the subject standard but are not provided as part of the standard.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D5447 Guide for Application of a Groundwater Flow Model to a Site-Specific Problem
aquifers; boundary condition; groundwater model: Aquifers; Boundary conditions; Ground-water model; Stress-dependency; Water table;
ICS Number Code 07.060 (Geology. Meteorology. Hydrology); 13.060.10 (Water of natural resources)
ASTM International is a member of CrossRef.
Citing ASTM Standards
[Back to Top]

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
to the Yancey County NC Gen Website providing online genealogical
information supplied by volunteers who are committed to sharing historical
information and data. Yancey County is located in the far western
part of North Carolina which borders Tennessee.
In December 1833,
Yancey County was established from sections of Burke and
Buncombe counties and named in honor of statesman
Bartlett Yancey. The county became smaller forming
Watauga [est. 1849], Madison [est. 1851], Mitchell [est. 1861], and Avery
[est. 1911], counties respectively. Since that time, Yancey's
boundaries are preserved.
Burnsville is the county seat, the only incorporated town, and named
after Privateer Captain
Otway Burns [pictured]. Bartlett Yancey and Otway Burns never
lived in Yancey Co. but were prominent political figures heads that
influenced the development of the area.
County is a mountainous region having the highest average of elevation of
any county in North Carolina with 19 peaks rising over 6,300 feet.
It's surrounded by the
Blue Ridge area of the
Appalachian Highlands. The
Black Mountain Range crosses the south end of the county, intersected
by the Blue Ridge and the
Unaka Ranges. Mt.
Mitchell [part of the Black Mountain chain] is the highest peak in
eastern North America with an elevation of 6,684. It was named after
Elisha Mitchell, a professor at the University at Chapel Hill who
studied the area. The South Toe and Cane rivers are the
county's major waterways feeding most of the tributaries.
COUNTY FACTS AT A GLANCE:
--Established in 1833 from Burke and
--311 Square Miles / 200,704 Acres
--Mountainous region with a unique ecosystem
of flora and fauna
--County Seat: Burnsville
2012 Facts Sheet
--Population in 2000: 18,421 [per
US Census Bureau]
--Average Temp: 22-47 degrees winter /
80 degrees summer
--Average Annual Rainfall: 44 inches;
Average Annual Snow: 21 inches
--Historical Industries: agriculture,
mining, textile, lumber, pottery
--Historical Religions: Baptist, Presbyterian
--Primary Historical Ethnicity: Irish, Scottish, German, English,
Cherokee Native American


text:
Constraint map for landfill site selection in Akure Metropolis, Southwestern Nigeria
An integration of remote sensing, soil type, geological, geoelectrical, hydrogeological and geotechnical data was carried out in a GIS environment with a view to developing a constraint map for the location of landfill (waste disposal) site(s) in Akure, Metropolis.. Geomorphological features identified from satellite images include residual hills, pediments, pediplain and etchplain . The slope (gradient) map displays surface gradients of 0 - 2.5o along river channels while areas with moderate and high relief have surface gradients of 2.5 - 6.35o and 6.35 - 29.53o respectively. Satellite-imagery-delineated lineaments predominantly trend NNW-SSE, ENE-WSW and NNE-SSW with subsidiary NW-SE and W-E trends that are typical of the Basement Complex region of Nigeria. The engineering geotechnical results show that charnockite-derived soils are very clayey and silty in nature (with % clay content > 18%) with low permeability, and are therefore more suitable for waste disposal (landfill) site than the sandy and gravely (with low % clay content < 7%) granite and migmatite gneiss-derived soils. VESderived topsoil and weathered layer are characterized by relatively low layer resistivity values (< 100 ohm-m) over basic charnockitic rocks. The synthesis of the above results enables the classification of the Akure metropolis into three landfill suitability zones – unsuitable (28.6%); moderately suitable (40.4%), and suitable (13%) for waste disposal (landfill) sitting.
Keywords: GIS, Remote Sensing, Geoelectric, Geotechnical, Constrain Map, Landfill Site.


Pavement Shops
The Effects of the Pavement shops in the boulevard of Puducherry
The boulevard area of Puducherry is attracting domestic and foreign tourists) especially through the French heritage buildings and the rock beach. However, they are littered with non-biodegradable wastes such as plastics and disposable materials, discarded by hawkers selling eatables and the pedlars who sell on the road and these non-biodegradable wastes are posing a threat to the marine life and polluting the sea. Addition to this the vegetable and fruit waste which are degradable also cause a stinks in some streets. This reports aims to provide solution for the issues faced by the Pavement shops and to creating awareness among the people for a trash-free marine environment.
 In general the Municipalities are permitted to enforce reasonable regulations concerning hawking and peddling within their borders. It may be required for such salespeople to obtain licenses; however, municipalities cannot prohibit the business through the requirement of an excessive fee. In such situations where a license is required, a pedlar or hawker must obtain it prior to the time when he or she begins to sell wares and it must be issued to the individual who is actually engaged in the peddling.
The study has the below objectives:
1. To relocate the hawkers to an alternative site.
2. To deteriorate the fees that is paid to the municipalities.
3. To validate the pavement shops to be hygienic and clean.
4. To appoint local authorities to monitor the pavement shops.
5. To eliminate parking of vehicles on either side of the road, as it causes problems to pedestrians.
According to sources, the hawkers were spoiling the beauty of the beach, and so have been asked to move. The tourists and local visitors to the beach front buy snacks etc. and leave the food waste, paper plates, and garbage and plastic cups on the beach itself. At present, there were about 125 hawkers near...


Take the 2-minute tour ×
Suppose that over an algebraically closed field $K$ of finite characteristic the numerical equivalence of cycles relation (for algebraic cycles of smooth projective varieties) coincides with the homological one (with respect to etale $\mathbb{Q}_l$-adic cohomology). Does the Hodge standard conjecture follow? Moreover, does it follow from the existence of a 'nice' motivic $t$-structure for Voevodsky's motives over $K$ (i.e. we assume that this $t$-structure'splits' Chow motives into 'numerical pieces', and that mixed motives have filtration 'by these pieces'). If the answer (even) to the second question is 'no', then why does one usually believe in the HSC?
share|improve this question
I would be surprised if the Hodge standard conjecture would follow from the others (which is not to say that it doesn't). This conjecture is true in char $0$ by Hodge theory. Perhaps that and a general sense of optimism, at the time, were sufficient, but I'm just speculating. – Donu Arapura Jan 23 '11 at 17:35
1 Answer 1
Somewhat relevant to your question: Milne has shown that the usual Hodge conjecture for complex abelian varieties of CM type implies the Hodge standard conjecture for all abelian varieties over the algebraic closure of any finite field. See Milne's paper
share|improve this answer
The Tate conjecture for varieties over finite fields implies that the motives of abelian varieties generate all motives over finite fields. Thus the Hodge standard conjecture (over all fields) is implied by the Hodge conjecture for complex abelian varieties + the Tate conjecture for varieties over finite fields. That may, or may not, be reason for believing it. – mephisto Feb 21 '11 at 4:59
Your Answer


text:
Also found in: Dictionary.
1. Discoid or coin-shaped; denoting the thick mucous or mucopurulent sputum in certain respiratory diseases, so called because of the disc shape assumed when it is flattened on the bottom of a sputum mug containing water or transparent disinfectantor shape of lesions in nummular eczera.
2. Arranged like stacks of coins, denoting the lining up of the red blood cells into rouleaux formation.
[ L. nummulus, small coin, dim. of nummus, coin]
nummiform(nŭm′mĭ-form) [L. nummus, a coin, + forma, shape]
1. Coin-shaped, said of some mucous sputum.
2. Arranged like a stack of coins.


text: Strain and Strain rate tensors can be computed from velocity encoded phase contrast imaging. The study of the variation of deformation indices with force output (% Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC)) can provide information on the aging muscle. However, such studies have been limited by the long acquisition time precluding its use at high MVCs and in older subjects. We developed a compressed sensing VE-PC technique to enable acquisitions across a range of MVCs and applicable to older subjects as well. Significant differences in the deformation indices were seen between 11 young / 8 senior subjects as well between different %MVCs.


text:
Home Our Work Programs Planning & Operations Water Resources Program
The Water Resources Program (Fiscal Years 2019-2021) presents the priority water resources needs of the basin over the next three fiscal years and the key projects
proposed to satisfy those needs, per the
Susquehanna River Basin Compact
requirements and based upon the Comprehensive Plan.
Point of Contact: Jeremy Hoffman
A comprehensive accounting of water use and availability in the basin facilitates sustainable water resources planning.
Point of Contact: Todd Eaby
Efficient and focused regulatory oversight ensures effective and appropriate water resources management.
Point of Contact: John Balay
Expansion of consumptive use mitigation measures will help offset reductions in water availability during droughts
Point of Contact: Jamie Shallenberger
Abandoned mine drainage (AMD) is a major cause of basin stream impairment and targeted restoration projects produce tangible results.
Point of Contact: Ben Pratt
The persistent challenge of flooding in basin communities requires appropriate mitigation planning to minimize ongoing risks to life and property.
Point of Contact: Andy Gavin
Chesapeake Bay states must have strategies in place by 2025 to meet pollutant reduction goals necessary to restore Bay water quality.
4423 North Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17110
8 am to 4 pm
© 2017 Susquehanna River Basin Commission | Privacy
Subscribe to our E-Newsletter


text:
Table of Contents
- 1 Types of Bonds
- 1.1 Stretcher Bond.
- 1.2 Header Bond
- 1.3 English bond
- 1.4 Flemish Bond.
- 1.5 Dutch Bond.
- 1.6 Raking Bond.
- 1.7 Garden Wall Bond.
- 1.8 Facing Bond.
- 1.9 Share this:
- 1.10 Like this:
- 1.11 Related
Content of this article :
Types of bonds, Stretcher bond, Header bond, English bond, main features of English bond,Arrangement of Bricks in English Bond, Flemish bond, Dutch bond, Garden wall bond, Raking bond,Two varieties of raking bond viz., Diagonal bond and Herring bone bond, Facing bond.
See also :
Types of Bonds
The bricks being uniform in size can be arranged in a variety of ways. The following are the various types of bonds used in brick masonry :
In this type of Bond all the bricks are laid as stretchers, that is length wise, as shown in Fig. 2.29. This bond is used-in half brick thick walls.
In this bond, all the bricks are laid all headers. The elevation of the wall laid in header bond is shown in Fig. 2.30. This bond is used for curved surfaces in work such as well lining or well foundation etc.
This is the most common and popular bond and is used in most of the structures. The English bond consists of alternate layers of headers and stretchers. That is to say, one layer will be of stretchers and the other layer of headers.
The following are main features of English bond :
- The alternate courses are of headers and stretchers.
- Each alternate header is centrally supported over a stretcher.
- If the thickness of a wall is an uneven or odd number of half bricks, there will be best stretchers on the face and headers on the back, similarly headers on the face and stretchers on the back of the wall in every course.
- If the thickness of the wall is an even number of half bricks, there will be stretchers on the face and stretchers on the back ; similarly, headers on the face and headers on the back every course of the wall.
- The walls having a thickness of two bricks or more will have stretchers or headers on the face and back of the wall whereas the interior will be filled with header only.
Arrangement of Bricks in English Bond
Two, one brick thick walls meeting at right angles at the corner. Fig. 2.32.
Two one and a half brick walls meeting at right the corner. Fig. 2.33
Two, two bricks thick walls meeting at right angles at the corner. Fig. 2.34
Two walls, one brick thick and one and a half brick thick, meeting at right angles at the centre (T-junction). Fig. 2.37.
Two brick and one and a half brick T-junction, (e) Two, one and a half brick thick walls crossing each other at right angles. Fig. 2.39.
In this type of bond, each course consists of header and structures alternately arranged. The Flemish bond as of two types, viz, Single Flemish and Double Flemish, The single Flemish bond consists of Flemish bond on the face of the wall and English bond on the back of the wall. Whereas the double Flemish bond consists of Flemish bond on the face as well as on the back of the wall.
Flemish bond admits the use of greater number of brick bats and hence it is economical. But English bond is stronger than Flemish bond. It is also claimed that Flemish bond is better in appearance than the English bond.
It is a modification over the English bond and consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers, except that every stretcher course starts with a three-quarter brick and in every alternate stretcher course in header is placed after the three quarter brick as shown in Fig. 2.46.
The walls which are more than two-brick thick will become weaker in longitudinal strength, as the headers being used in the interior of the wall to increase the transverse strength. This defect is removed by using raking bond (rake means inclination). In this bond the bricks are laid at some inclination to the face of the wall.
There are two varieties of raking bond, Diagonal bond and Herring bone bond.
(i) Diagonal bond.
This type of bond is employed in walls, which are 2 to 4 thick. In this bond, the face bricks are first laid and then the bricks are laid diagonally. The inclination of the bricks should be so adjusted that the bricks may be filled without cut ting.
(ii) Herring bone bond.
This bond is best suited for walls which are at least 4 bricks thick. In this case, the bricks are laid at an angle of 45° in both directions, commencing from the center line as shown in Fig. 2.47.
Raking bond pattern of laying bricks is also sometimes used for laying bricks on the floors.
Garden Wall Bond.
There are two types of garden wall bond viz. English Garden Bond and Flemish Garden Bond. In the English garden bond, one course of headers is used after every three to four courses of stretchers, whereas in the Flemish garden bond, in each course one header is used after every three or four stretchers
This bond is used when the bricks for the face work are costlier than the other bricks and as such the number of face bricks is economized by using more stretchers. This bond is also used when the thickness of the face and back bricks is different. There are a number of stretcher courses followed by header courses. The thickness of stretcher courses should be multiple of the thickness of thinner bricks. For example, the thickness of face bricks is 5 cm and that of back bricks in 3 cm. Then after three courses of face bricks and five courses of back bricks the height of face and back bricks will become the same. Now at this height header course should be provided.


Sign up ×
I have a huge log file of around 3.5 GB and would like to sample random sections in the middle of say 10 MB for the purpose of debugging what my application is doing.
I could use head or tail commands to get the beginning or end of the file, how can I grab an arbitrary portion from the middle of the file? I guess I could do something like head -n 1.75GB | tail -n 10MB but that seems clumsy and I'd need to determine line numbers for the midpoint of the file to get 1.75GB and 10MB line counts.
share|improve this question
3 Answers 3
up vote 6 down vote accepted
$ dd if=big_file.bin skip=1750 ibs=1MB count=10 of=big_file.bin.part
You might want to spend some time reading and understanding dd.
share|improve this answer
As dd is not aware of lines, you may want to trim of the first and last one, so as only complete lines are included, e.g.: dd... | head -n-1 | tail -n+2 or with sed: dd... | sed '1d; $d'. – Thor Feb 22 '13 at 10:19
You can use use tail, but by specify a byte offset.
tail -c +$START_BYTE $file | head -c $LENGTH > newfile
That way tail can jump directly to the starting point (without counting new lines) and once head matches the correct length, it stops running.
share|improve this answer
Nice one. This works with arbitrary byte offsets and sizes, which dd can't do. – Mike Jan 9 at 0:06
You just have to write a little program to seek to some random spot and read some amount of lines.
An example in Python (reads one line, but you can modify it):
def get_random_line():
 """Return a randomly selected line from a file."""
 import random
 fo = open("/some/file.txt")
 point = random.randrange(fo.size)
 c =
 while c!= '\n' and fo.tell() > 0:
 , 1)
 c =
 line = fo.readline().strip()
 return line
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I changed name server of one domain.
Then I flush dns
root@host [~]# /etc/init.d/named restart
Stopping named: [ OK ]
Starting named: [ OK ]
root@host [~]# ping wallpaperx.org
PING wallpaperx.org ( 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from icmp_seq=1 ttl=53 time=36.0 ms
64 bytes from icmp_seq=2 ttl=53 time=36.7 ms
64 bytes from icmp_seq=3 ttl=53 time=35.9 ms
64 bytes from icmp_seq=4 ttl=53 time=35.9 ms
Well, ping still points to the old server.
share|improve this question
Pretty sure it takes time (up to a few hours) for a DNS change to propagate to all DNS servers, and there's nothing you can do about it. – Kevin Feb 16 '13 at 17:16
2 Answers 2
You first need to understand Time to Live ( TTL ) in DNS
TTL is an acronym for Time To Live and refers to the capability of the DNS servers to cache DNS records. It represents the amount of time that a DNS record for a certain host remains in the cache memory of a DNS server after the latter has located the host's matching IP address.
If your DNS is cached by your ISP DNS server or Public DNS Server then you can to wait as per TTL values. If you restart the local DNS Server then it will not affect because it's taking the answer from another DNS server.
If you want to override that urgently then then you can add those entry in /etc/hosts file and run rndc flushname wallpaperx.org.
You don't need to restart the whole DNS server, it will flush all other sites from memory, and it will increase load on your server.
share|improve this answer
If you have nscd running, you have to flush its name-resolver-cache as well: nscd -i hosts. Apart from that a named-restart will not do much.
Is this a primary DNS-server? Then the generation-number has to be raised after you changed the contents of a zone.
A secondary DNS-server? Then you might force to reload the corresponding zones before the TTL expires.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


text:
Origins of Gamburtsev Sublacial Mountains Explained
17.11.2011 - Land & Geology, Antarctic
An international team of scientists from seven nations recently published in Nature their findings regarding the origins of the Gamburtsev Subglacial Mountains, located 3 km beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. How the mountains formed is a mystery that has interested scientists since they were first discovered in 1958 as they are high, located in the middle of an ancient craton, yet have a youthful appearance for mountains.
During the International Polar Year (2007-2008), researchers from the Antarctica's Gamburtsev Province (AGAP) project flew two twin-engine aircraft equipped with ice penetrating radars, gravity meters and magnetometers over the part of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet where the Gamburtsev Mountains lie. Analyzing the data they gathered, the team was able to describe the geological processes that have taken place over the past billion years to create the East Antarctic Rift System (a 3,000 km fracture extending from Antarctica to India).
One billion years ago, several landmasses collided, pushing the oldest rock of the Gamburtsevs together and forming a thick, crustal root deep beneath the mountains. Later, when the Gondwana Supercontinent (what is now South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia and the Indian subcontinent) began to break up 250 – 100 million years ago, this caused the old crustal root to warm once again. Together with the East Antarctic Rift, the crustal root pushed the land upwards again, reforming mountains and thus creating the modern Gamburtsevs.
Intricate glacier and river systems carved deep valleys in the Gamburtsevs, giving them a spectacular landscape, resembling that of the Alps. Ever since the Antarctic Ice Sheet formed some 34 million years ago, the Gamburtsevs have been protected from further erosion.
According to the article's lead author, Dr. Fausto Ferraccioli from the British Antarctic Survey, the key to piecing together the puzzle of their origin was discovering similarities between the East Antarctic and East African Rift Systems. Co-author Carol Finn from the US Geological Survey, these findings have significant implications for understanding mountain formation and ice sheet evolution within continental interiors, as the formation of the Gamburtsevs involved more than one tectonic event.
The next steps will be to retrieve the first rock samples from the Gamburtsevs to find out exactly when the mountain range formed, according to co-author, Dr. Robin Bell of Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.


text:
Skip to Main Content
The impact of a 60 MeV proton irradiation on the static characteristics of 0.13 μm CMOS transistors is investigated, as a function of the device length and width. It is shown that the degradation of the threshold voltage and of the transconductance exhibits a marked length dependence, with more pronounced changes for shorter devices. From the independence on the device width and the 2 nm gate dielectric (nitrided or reoxidized nitrided oxide), it is concluded that the basic damage mechanism is not related to the isolation or gate dielectric. The origin of the observed changes will be discussed in view of the two-dimensional doping profile, produced by lowly doped drain and pocket or halo implantations used to control the short-channel effects.


text:
distance to mother unit
The unit of measuring the distance between the present object (daughter) and its mother object.
This feature is present on objects of types subphrase, phrase_atom, phrase, clause_atom, clause.
||distance measured in words|
||distance measured in phrase_atoms|
||distance measured in clause_atoms|
For explanation of what the mother of an object is, see mother. The mother is always a word, a phrase or a clause and we measure distances between mothers and daughters in words, phrase_atoms and clause_atoms respectively.


Husaby church with its impressive triple spire dating from the 11th century is Sweden's first bishop's church and one of the oldest buildings in Sweden today.
The interior of the church still has a medieval atmosphere. The font and triumphal cross inside the church date from the 13th century, as does the bishop's chair, which is one of the oldest pieces of Swedish furniture.
Husaby is best known for the fact that Olof Skötkonung was baptised here around 1000 CE. He was the first Christian king of Sweden. He ruled from the 990s until his death in 1022, and is said to have been the first king to rule over both Svealand and Götaland.
Next to the church we can see the remains of the bishop's castle. The castle was probably the royal farm of Olof Skötkonung, and later became the Husaby residence of the bishops of Skara, until the start of the Reformation in 1527. The castle has undergone several stages of reconstruction. The oldest part probably dates from the 12th century, but there are remains that are considerably older.
Hitta Hit


Quick Answer: When I Double Click A Program Nothing Happens?
What is right clicking?
Sometimes abbreviated as RMB (right mouse button), the right-click is the action of pressing down on the right mouse button.
The right-click provides additional functionality to a computer's mouse, usually in the form of a drop-down menu containing additional options..
How can I double click faster?
Description:Open the mouse control panel.Go to the Double-click speed slider.Drag the slider all the way to the right (fastest).Click OK.
Why is my double click not working?
Double-click speed set too low The most common culprit of the double-clicking issue is the double-click speed setting for your mouse is set too low. When set very low, clicking at two different times may be interpreted as a double-click instead.
How do I double click?
Double clicking involves clicking your mouse button quickly two times. To perform a double click, and not just two clicks, the mouse button must be pressed twice within a very short time, typically about half a second.
How do I enable double click on app store?
If you can't get Apple Pay working, make sure it's toggled on in your "Face ID & Passcode" settings. If you don't see the "Double Click to Install" prompt, make sure "iTunes & App Store" is toggled on in your "Face ID & Passcode" settings.
Which finger do we use to double click?
index fingerIf there's a middle button or wheel on the mouse, use your index finger (for right and left handers) to manipulate it. It's important that you keep the mouse stationary when you double-click.
How can I increase my clicking speed?
Put both of your fingers on your mouse, and alternate clicking between your hands. Get a rhythm in your head, and put it into your fingers. If you still are not clicking fast enough try an auto-clicker, if it's allowed in what you are doing. Some gaming servers don't allow auto-clickers.
What happens when we double click an EXE?
When we double click a.exe file, windows will first read this file and gets to know what Address space is required,whether 32 or 64 bit. Also it checks whether CPU architecture is met. After all these checks, windows will load the appropriate version of MScoreEE. dll (32 or 64 bit) into the process address space.
What is double click speed?
Many actions in Windows require that you click the left mouse button twice in quick succession to work. This is called a 'double click'. Windows 8.1 – Slowing down double click speed. Many actions in Windows require that you click the left mouse button twice in quick succession to work. This is called a 'double click'.
How do I turn off double click on iPhone?
Therefore, to re-enable single tap usage, disable VoiceOver.Touch the "Settings" app on your iPhone's home screen.Select "General," and then tap the "Accessibility" option.Touch "VoiceOver," and then move the slider to the "Off" position.Exit the Settings menu by pressing the Home button.
How do you double click on a phone?
To switch the behavior of a single click between left click and right click, tap the Mouse button. A double tap acts as a double click. A double tap and hold allows you to grab and then drag. A two-finger tap acts as a right click.
Is it double click or double click?
A double-click is the act of pressing a computer mouse button twice quickly without moving the mouse. Double-clicking allows two different actions to be associated with the same mouse button. It was developed by Bill Atkinson of Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.)
How do I get my mouse to double click when I single click?
Here, go to the "Click items as follows" section and choose the option that says "Single-click to open an item (point to select)." To apply this setting, click or tap OK. From now on, the mouse double clicks on a single click when opening files and folders.
Why do you have to double click?
Because Steve Jobs wanted a mouse with a single button. The double-click was invented by an Apple engineer, Bill Atkinson, for the Apple Lisa computer. The Lisa was one of the first PCs to have a GUI. While it used a lot of ideas that had been learned from Xerox Parc, Steve Jobs presented them with a novel problem.
Why is my double click not working on Iphone?
Go to Settings -> Apple Pay & Wallet and make sure the switch next to Double-Click Side Button is turned on. If the switch is white and positioned to the left, tap it to turn it on. You'll know the double-click feature is on when the switch is green.
How can I increase my double click speed?
Under Related settings in the right column, click Additional mouse options. In the Mouse Properties window that appears, select the Buttons tab. In the Double-click speed section adjust the speed slider to set a more comfortable speed. You can test your setting by double-clicking on the folder icon.


text:
Borger REVISITED, de nederzetting op de Daalkampen (Dr.)
The Daalkampen, east of Borger in Drenthe is a Plaggen-soil area with settlement traces dating from the Bronze and IronAges. The first excavations were carried out by GIA during the years 1994–1997, followed by a new one in 2002 as a joint enterprise by GIA and ARC. The results during this last excavation came up to expectations: 10 house plans, 38 granaries, fences and several pits. The oldest house plans, of the Emmerhout and Elp types, can be dated between 1400 and 800 BC; the youngest, of Hijken and related types, can be dated between 800 and 100 BC. The majority of the the pits were probably in use for storage and for dumping garbage. The datings are partly confirmed by sherds of pottery as found in nos. 86 and 107 from about 900 BC; no. 218: Harpstedter Rauhtopf, and no. 282: Ruinen-Wommels I and R-WII, covering a period from 700 up till 250 BC. Combination of the dates for house types and pottery makes it clear that habitation on this part of the Daalkampen took place between about 900 and 250 BC.


text:
As a workaround, follow this workflow:
1. Cap the top with a planar surface
2. Knit the 2 surface bodies and for a solid
3. Shell the solid with.5 mm
You will get this warning:
The Thickness value is greater than the Minimum radius of Curvature. The shell may succeed, but could cause undesirable results, such as bad geometry. To find the Minimum radius of Curvature, use Tools, Check.
That being said, the end result might be close enough to what you need:
BTW, there si an interesting warning on the shell feature in the tree:
OMG thank you so much! Finally got it to work!
It's cool that Alin solved your problem by using the Shell command. We often end up using Surfacing commands to work our way around failures of the Shell command and now the Shell command has the crowing rights. On the other hand, the warnings that the command gives you are worth listening to and thinking about, even if you decide to forge ahead. (Which I invariably do.)
You can often track down the problem areas in your part by using a smaller value for the thicken, doing a binary search to nail down the maximum thickness that will work. Visual examination of the maximum thickness part will often show where are an edge or surface is about to disappear. Sometimes you might find that a thicker part works, in which case you can do a similar binary search for the thinnest part that will build. Another approach is offset a surface from groups of faces to see if certain boundaries are causing the difficulty.
You might also want to run the stringent Check tool on your part to make sure that it is OK. Even a part that checks good may go bad later as you add more features. You might have to return to the early features to "fix" them so that the later features will work.


text:
Synthesis, Monitoring, and Molechanical Action of Light-Driven Motorized Nanomachines
Garcia Lopez, Victor
Tour, James M.
Doctor of Philosophy
This dissertation describes the design and synthesis of a series of unimolecular nanomachines bearing a fast light-driven rotary motor (3 MHz at 25 °C) as a power unit and fluorophores for their monitoring. A well-tailored structural design that unifies the mechanism of propulsion and the requisite monitoring component, made possible the investigation of the diffusion of these nanomachines in solution and on surfaces, and their molechanical action in biological systems. To investigate the diffusion of nanomachines in solution, a series of Unimolecular Submersible Nanomachines (USN) bearing the light-driven rotary motor and cy5 fluorophores were synthesized. Through careful design of control molecules with no motor and with a slow motor (2 rph at 60 °C), we found using single molecule fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) that only the molecules with fast rotating speed (MHz range) show an enhancement in average diffusion by 26% when the motor is fully activated by UV light. A non-unidirectional rotating motor also results in a smaller, 10% increase in diffusion. Although USNs can increase their average diffusion in solution, little is known about their trajectories, mainly because the cy5 fluorophores are prone to photobleaching. Thus, new photostable USNs were synthesized as a first step towards the analysis of their trajectories in solution. The new USNs have the fast light-driven motor for propulsion and photostable cy5-COT fluorophores for their tracking. It was found that these cy5-COT fluorophores provide an almost twofold increase in photostability compared to the previous USN versions. By analyzing the rotation of a control molecule, it was demonstrated that the cy5-COT fluorophores do not affect the rotation of the motor. This improvement in photostability will further the study of the behavior of light-driven molecular machines in solution. To investigate the diffusion of motorized nanomachines at room temperature on non-conductive surfaces, a series of motorized nanocars were synthesized. The design includes a fast rotary light-driven motor, four adamantane wheels, and BODIPY fluorophores for their tracking by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Spectroscopy (SMFM). Through a series of iterations, the nanocars were optimized such that the motor keeps its fast rotation frequency in the presence of BODIPY. The high quantum yields and the photostability of the BODIPY make these nanocars suitable for SMFM tracking. A new molecular mechanical method or "molechanical" effect to open cellular membranes was developed. The molechanical action of several nanomachines was investigated. We demonstrated that molechanical action can induce the diffusion of analytes out of synthetic vesicles, the introduction of analytes into cells, rapid necrosis and enhanced diffusion of traceable molecular machines within cells.
Nanomachines; nanocar; light-driven motor; diffusion coefficient; fluorophore


Skip to main content
About Astro
Astro is a fully-managed SaaS application for data orchestration that helps teams write and run data pipelines with Apache Airflow at any level of scale. The infrastructure to run Airflow is managed entirely by Astronomer, enabling you to shift your focus from infrastructure to using data to grow your business.
This document provides an overview of the architecture and key concepts in Astro that enable your team to make the most of your data pipelines. See Astro Features to learn more about Astro functionality. To get started with Astro, see Start a trial.
Architecture
Astro, also known as Astro Hosted, is built to both simplify and optimize Airflow so you can customize the parts of your environment that matter most to you, with Astro taking care of the rest. Whether you use Astro to power internal analytics or to train machine learning models, learning how Astro works can help you decide which deployment and connectivity model works best for you and enables your team to start running DAGs.
You can work with Astro using the Astro UI in your web browser, the Astro CLI, or the Astro API. Astro makes it easy for Airflow environments, called Deployments, to securely connect to external data services.
The Astro Hypervisor is an Astronomer-managed component of the Astro platform that scales and optimizes your Deployments and the clusters they're hosted on.
The following diagram shows how these components work together to help you manage Airflow on Astro.
Astro Hosted architecture overview
Key concepts
The following sections give a detailed explanation of key concepts that you need to understand in order to work with Astro. You can find definitions for additional Astro-specific terminology in the Astro glossary.
Astro CLI
The Astro CLI is an open source interface you can use to test Airflow DAGs locally, deploy code to Astro, and automate key Astro actions as part of a CI/CD process. Using the Astro CLI to run Airflow locally requires Docker or an alternative container management tool, like Podman.
An Airflow project created with the Astro CLI is also known as an Astro project. It contains the set of files necessary to run Airflow, including dedicated folders for your DAG files, Python packages, utility files, and more. Astronomer recommends that you create a dedicated Git repository for each Astro project. To run a DAG, you add the DAG to your Astro project and deploy your Astro project to Astro.
See Run your first DAG with the Astro CLI to create your first Astro project.
Astro UI
The Astro UI, hosted at _URL_, is the primary interface for accessing and managing Astro from your web browser. You can use the Astro UI to:
 - Manage users, teams, and permissions.
 - Create and configure Deployments, including infrastructure resources and compute.
 - View all of your organization's Deployments, DAGs, and tasks in a single place.
 - Monitor the health of your Airflow environments with a variety of alerts, logs, and analytics interfaces.
 - Stay up to date with the latest Astro features.
 - Create and edit DAGs in the Astro Cloud IDE.
Deployment
An Astro Deployment is an Airflow environment hosted on Astro. It encompasses all core Airflow components, including the Airflow webserver, scheduler, and workers, along with additional tools for reliability and observability. It runs in an isolated Kubernetes namespace in an Astro cluster and has a set of attached resources to run your Airflow tasks.
Compared to an open source Airflow environment, an Astro Deployment is easy to create, delete, and modify through either the Astro UI or with the Astro CLI. You can fine-tune resources and settings directly from the Astro UI, see metrics and analytics for your DAGs, review your deploy history, and more. The infrastructure required to run a Deployment is managed by Astronomer.
To run DAGs in a Deployment, you must either deploy an Astro project manually from your local machine or configure an automated deploy process using a third-party CI/CD tool with the Astro CLI. Then, you can open the Airflow UI from the Astro UI and view your DAGs. See Run your first DAG to get started with examples of either workflow.
Astro Runtime
Astro Runtime is a debian-based Docker image that bundles Apache Airflow with optimized configurations and add-ons that make your Airflow experience reliable, fast, and scalable. Astronomer releases an Astro Runtime distribution for each version of Apache airflow.
Every Deployment and Astro project uses Astro Runtime at its core. Astronomer provides extended support and bug fixes to Astro Runtime versions, so that you can keep your DAGs running for longer without disruption.
See Astro Runtime Architecture and features for a complete feature list.
Workspace
A Workspace is a collection of Deployments that can be accessed by a specific group of users. You can use a Workspace to group Deployments that share a business use case or environment trait. For example, your data science team might have a dedicated Workspace with two Deployments within it. Workspaces don't require any resources to run and are only an abstraction for grouping Deployments and configuring user access to them. All Deployments must belong to a Workspace.
You can assign new users Workspace roles that include varying levels of access to your Deployments.
Cluster
A cluster in Astro is a Kubernetes cluster that hosts the infrastructure required to run your Airflow environments, also known as Deployments in Astro. There are two types of clusters in Astro:
 - A standard cluster is a multi-tenant cluster that's pre-configured by Astronomer. It's the default cluster type and the quickest way to get an Airflow environment up and running on Astro. Each Deployment in a standard cluster exists in its own isolated Kubernetes namespace. To run a Deployment in a standard cluster, you select a cloud provider and region when you create the Deployment. Then, Astro automatically creates your Deployment in an existing standard cluster based on your configuration. See Standard cluster configurations for a list of all cloud providers and regions where you can use standard clusters.
 - A dedicated cluster is a single-tenant cluster that's used exclusively by Organizations with additional security and networking requirements. Compared to standard clusters, dedicated clusters provide more configuration options for cloud providers and regions, as well as private network connectivity and security. Note that due to expanded resource usage, dedicated clusters cost more than standard clusters. See Create a Dedicated cluster to get started with dedicated clusters.
For both cluster types, Astro manages all underlying infrastructure and provides secure connectivity options to all data services in your ecosystem.
Organization
An Astro Organization is the highest level entity in Astro and represents a shared space for your company on Astro. An Organization is automatically created when you first sign up for Astronomer. At the Organization level, you can manage all of your users, Deployments, Workspaces, and clusters from a single place in the Astro UI.
To securely manage user access, you can integrate your Organization with an identity provider (IdP) and set up SCIM provisioning to have new users automatically join Astro with the correct permissions.
Access control architecture
Astro uses role-based access control (RBAC) to define which users are permitted to take certain actions or access certain resources. For example, you can assign a user or automation tool permission to deploy DAGs, but not to delete a Deployment. Roles in Astro are defined at the Workspace and Organization levels.
Each Astro user has a Workspace role in every Workspace they belong to, plus a single Organization role. Users can also belong to Teams, which apply the same role across a group of users. To automate managing user roles or deploying code, you can create API tokens with specific roles to automate most actions on Astro.
Use the following diagram as a reference for how these components interact with each other in Astro.
A diagram showing how all Astro RBAC components fit together
Was this page helpful?
Sign up for Developer Updates
Get a summary of new Astro features once a month.
You can unsubscribe at any time.
By proceeding you agree to our Privacy Policy, our Website Terms and to receive emails from Astronomer.


text:
American Community Survey Profiles
Single Year Estimates
These are general profiles of counties with populations over 65,000, including information on population and housing.
County Population Estimates
This table includes the annual population estimates from July 1, 1970 through July 1, 2012 for the U.S., Kansas and Kansas counties.
These tables show the most recent County Population Estimates (July 1, 2012) and the estimates of Components of Change, such as births, deaths and migration:
Population estimates for Kansas Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Combined Statistical Areas.
Tables of population change 2010-2012. The tables include numeric and percent change, as well as ranking by change.
The following tables present county population estimates by demographic characteristics for July 1, 2012 estimates.
- County Demographic Details (Age, Sex, Race, Hispanic ancestry)
- Estimate of Population under 18, over 65 and Median Age by County
|County||July 1, 2012 Population Estimate|
Please note that when the Census Bureau releases new population estimates, the previous estimates are often revised.
County Population Projections
The Center for Economic Development and Business Research at Wichita State University has created the following projections by Kansas County by age for 2000-2030.
Historic Census Data
This table shows the decennial Census count of the state and current counties from _PHONE_.
The following table includes the decennial count for the state and counties, including historic county names in use at the time of the Census.
These are the notes from the 1920 Decennial Census that explain the name and boundary changes to counties between 1860 and 1920.
The US Census Bureau's QuickFacts page provides the most recent information on the State, Counties and about 50 cities. You can access QuickFacts here, then use the drop down menu to find the county you are interested in.
If you need information not found here, please contact the State Data Center at _EMAIL_.


text:
The Scunthorpe problem occurs when a spam filter or search engine blocks e-mails or search results because their text contains a string of letters that are shared with an obscene word. While computers can easily identify strings of text within a document, broad blocking rules may result in false positives, causing innocent phrases to be blocked.
Origin and history
The problem was named after an incident in 1996 in which AOL's dirty-word filter prevented residents of the town of Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire, England from creating accounts with AOL, because the town's name contains the substring cunt. Years later, Google's filters apparently made the same mistake, preventing residents from searching for local businesses that included Scunthorpe in their names.
Other examples
Mistaken decisions by obscenity filters include:
Refused web domain names and email addresses
- In April 1998, Jeff Gold attempted to register the domain name
shitakemushrooms.com, but he was blocked by an InterNIC filter prohibiting the "seven dirty words" which was active between 1996 and the transfer of control to ICANN. (Shitake is from the Japanese name for the edible fungus Lentinula edodes.)
- In 2000, a Canadian television news story on web filtering software found that the website for the Montreal Urban Community (Communauté urbaine de Montréal, in French) was entirely blocked because its domain name was its French acronym CUM (_URL_); "cum" (among other meanings) is English-language slang for "semen".
- In February 2004, in Scotland, Craig Cockburn reported that he was unable to use his surname (pronounced "Coburn") with Hotmail. Separately he had problems with his workplace email because of the string cialis within his job title of software specialist. He was told by Hotmail to spell his name C0ckburn (with a zero instead of the letter "o"); Hotmail later reversed the ban. In 2010 he had a similar problem registering on the BBC site where again the first four characters of his surname caused a problem for the content filter.
- In February 2006, Linda Callahan, a resident of Ashfield, Massachusetts, was initially prevented from registering her name with Yahoo! as an e-mail address as it contained the substring Allah. Yahoo! later reversed the ban.
- In July 2008, Dr. Herman I. Libshitz was initially unable to get the e-mail address he wanted from Verizon because it contained the substring shit. A spokesperson commented: "As a general rule (since 2005) Verizon doesn't allow questionable language in e-mail addresses, but we can, and do, make exceptions based on reasonable requests. The one from Dr. and Mrs. Libshitz certainly is reasonable and we regret the inconvenience and frustration they've been caused."
Blocked web searches
- The filter of the free wireless service of the town of Whakatane in New Zealand blocked searches involving the town's own name, because the phonetic analysis used by the filter deemed the "whak" to sound like fuck. The town name is Maori, and in the Maori language "wh" is most commonly pronounced as "f".
- Gareth Roelofse noted: "We found many library Net stations, school networks and Internet cafes block sites with the word'sex' in the domain name. This was a challenge for RomansInSussex.co.uk because its target audience is school children."
- In July 2011, web searches in China on the name Jiang were blocked following claims on the Sina Weibo microblogging site that former president Jiang Zemin had died. Since the word "Jiang" also means "river" in Chinese, searches related to rivers including the Yangtze (Cháng Jiāng) produced the message "According to the relevant laws, regulations and policies, the results of this search cannot be displayed."
Blocked emails
- In October 2004, it was reported that the Horniman Museum in London was failing to receive some of its e-mail because filters mistakenly decided that its name was a version of the words horny man.
- Problems can occur with the words socialism, socialist, and specialist because they contain the substring Cialis, the brand name for an erectile dysfunction medication commonly advertised in spam e-mails. Blocking of the word specialist is liable to block emailed résumés and curricula vitae and other material including job descriptions.
Blocked for word with two meanings
- In May 2006, Ray Kennedy from Manchester in the UK found that e-mails that he had written to his local council to complain about a planning application had been blocked as they contained the word erection when referring to a structure.
- In October 2004, e-mails advertising the pantomime Dick Whittington sent by a teacher from Norwich in the UK were blocked by school computers because of the use of the word Dick, sometimes used as slang for penis.
- In February 2003, members of Parliament at the British House of Commons found that a new spam filter was blocking e-mails to them. It blocked e-mails containing references to the Sexual Offences Bill then under debate, and some messages relating to a Liberal Democrat consultation paper on censorship. It also blocked e-mails sent in Welsh because it did not recognise the language.
- Resumes of magna cum laude graduates have been blocked by spam filters because of inclusion of the word cum, which here is Latin for with but in English is sometimes used as slang for semen.
- Blocked e-mails and web searches relating to The Beaver (based in Winnipeg) caused the publisher to change its name to Canada's History after 89 years of publication. Publisher Deborah Morrison commented: "Back in 1920, The Beaver was a perfectly appropriate name. And while its other meaning is nothing new, its ambiguity began to pose a whole new challenge with the advance of the Internet. The name became an impediment to our growth".
- A councillor in Dudley found an email flagged for profanity by his council's security software after mentioning the Black Country dish faggots.
- In 2007, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds blocked ornithological terms such as cock (male bird) and tit, Shag and Booby from its discussion forums.
- Residents of Penistone in South Yorkshire.
- Lightwater in Surrey suffered similarly because its name contains the substring twat.
- Residents of Clitheroe (Lancashire, England) have been repeatedly inconvenienced because their town's name includes the substring clit, which (among other meanings) is short for "clitoris".
News articles damaged
- In June 2008, a news site run by the American Family Association filtered an Associated Press article on sprinter Tyson Gay, replacing instances of "gay" with "homosexual", thus rendering his name as "Tyson Homosexual".
- The word "ass" may be replaced by "butt", resulting in "clbuttic" for "classic" and "buttbuttinate" for "assassinate".
- In December 2011, it was reported that software used by Virgin Media had filtered words including "Arsenal" (for "arse"), and "Canal" (for "anal").
See also
- Censorship by Google
- Cupertino effect
- Detecting spam
- Medireview – arose as blindly replacing "eval" with "review" in the word "medieval"
- Clive Feather (25 April 1996). In Peter G. Neumann. "AOL censors British town's name!". ACM Committee on Computers and Public Policy.
- Declan McCullagh (23 April 2004). "Google's chastity belt too tight".
- Paul Festa (27 April 1998). "Food domain found "obscene"". News.com.
- "Foire aux questions". radio-canada.ca. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- Barker, Garry (26 February 2004). "How Mr C0ckburn fought spam". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- Cockburn, Craig (9 March 2010). "BBC fail – my correct name is not permitted". blog.siliconglen.com. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- "Is Yahoo Banning Allah?". Kallahar's Place. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- "When your name gets turned against you". Archived from the original on 5 August 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.
- "F-Word Town's Name Gets Censored By Internet Filter". Retrieved 27 July 2011.
- Chin, Josh (6 July 2011). "Following Jiang Death Rumors, China's Rivers Go Missing". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
- Kwintner, Adrian (5 October 2004). "Name of museum is confused with porn". News Shopper. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- "Comment headaches". The Peking Duck. 21 November 2004. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
- BBC E-mail filter blocks 'erection' 30 May 2006
- Sam Jones Panto email falls foul of filth filter The Guardian 14 October 2004
- BBC E-mail vetting blocks MPs' sex debate 4 February 2003
- BBC Software blocks MPs' Welsh e-mail 5 February 2003
- Maher, Kris. "Don't Let Spam Filters Snatch Your Resume". Career Journal. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- "Canada's The Beaver magazine renamed to end porn mix-up". Agence France-Presse. 12 January 2010. Retrieved 12 January


Elon University Home
Elon Computing Sciences
Extending the ID3 Algorithm to Handle Confidence Values
Presentation at Elon Student Undergraduate Research Forum, Spring 2009
Thomas William Porter (Dr. Shannon P. Duvall) Department of Computing Sciences
An expert system is a computer application that performs a task that would otherwise be
performed by a human expert. For example, there are expert systems that can diagnose medical illnesses,
make financial forecasts, and provide strategy in video games. ID3 is an algorithm that uses inductive
inference from examples to create an expert system. For example, given several accounts of a doctor's
diagnosis based on patients' symptoms, the program can attempt diagnoses of its own. In many real-world
applications, some pieces of information could be more relevant or more credible than other pieces of
information in a given database. For our medical diagnoses example, a patient may or may not know he has
a symptom or may give irrelevant or imagined symptoms.
A confidence measure is a real number, between 0 and 1, dictating how one piece of information
should weigh in making the decision. ID3 in its current form cannot handle this distinction and weighs
each piece of information the same, perhaps providing skewed results in the presence of erroneous
information. My work uses Bayes' Theorem to create a new algorithm to handle this measure of
confidence. This new algorithm was tested on data sets and compared against the original algorithm and
showed to be more effective when in the presence of erroneous information. As a result, the new learning
program can be applied to more varied and real-world applications.


text:
The Castle of Good Hope is a historic fortress located in the heart of Cape Town, South Africa. It is an iconic landmark that has stood the test of time, and it is no surprise that it is a popular tourist attraction. In this article, we will explore the history of the Castle of Good Hope, its architecture, the various attractions on offer, and how to plan your visit.
Table of Contents
The Castle of Good Hope was built by the Dutch East India Company between 1666 and 1679. It was built to serve as a replenishment station for ships sailing to and from the Dutch East Indies. Over the years, the Castle of Good Hope served many purposes, including as a prison, military barracks, and military headquarters. Today, it is a cultural and historical landmark that attracts thousands of visitors every year.
The Castle of Good Hope is a fine example of Dutch colonial architecture. The building is made up of five bastions, namely the Leerdam, Oranje, Catzenellenbogen, Nassau, and Buuren. The castle walls are made of stone, and the roofs are made of thatch. The main entrance of the Castle is the famous Dolphin Pool Gate, which is adorned with the coat of arms of the Dutch East India Company.
The Castle of Good Hope is home to several attractions, including the William Fehr Collection, the Military Museum, the Castle Forge, and the Castle Military Tattoo. The William Fehr Collection is a display of artworks and artefacts that date back to the early Cape colonial period. The Military Museum is dedicated to showcasing the history of the South African Military from 1652 to the present day. The Castle Forge is a working blacksmith shop that produces items used in the castle's maintenance. The Castle Military Tattoo is a ceremony that takes place every Wednesday and Friday.
Plan Your Visit
Planning a visit to the Castle of Good Hope is easy. The Castle is open every day of the week, and visitors can purchase tickets online or at the entrance. Guided tours are available, and visitors can also opt for an audio tour. The Castle is wheelchair accessible, and there are several parking options available. Visitors are advised to wear comfortable shoes and bring along sunscreen and hats as the Castle is an open-air attraction.
The Castle of Good Hope is a must-visit attraction for anyone visiting Cape Town. Its rich history, beautiful architecture, and numerous attractions make it an unforgettable experience. hopefully, this comprehensive guide has provided you with all the information you need to plan your visit to the Castle of Good Hope.
Address: Darling St & Buitenkant St, Cape Town, 8001
Phone Number: _PHONE_
1 Q – What is the Castle of Good Hope?
A – The Castle of Good Hope is a historic fortress located in Cape Town, South Africa. It is the oldest existing colonial building in the country and was built by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th century.
2 Q – What is the significance of the Castle of Good Hope?
A – The Castle of Good Hope played a crucial role in the establishment of Cape Town as a maritime refreshment station for ships travelling between Europe and Asia. It served as a defensive fortification, administrative centre, and residence for colonial officials.
3 Q – Can visitors explore the Castle?
A – Yes, the Castle of Good Hope is open to the public and serves as a popular tourist attraction. Visitors can explore various sections of the castle, including the ramparts, the Military Museum, the William Fehr Collection, and the Castle Dungeon.
4 Q – What can visitors expect to see at the Castle of Good Hope?
A – The Castle of Good Hope offers a glimpse into the history and architecture of the colonial era. Visitors can view the Castle's distinctive pentagonal shape, visit the iconic Dolphin Pool, see the Castle's cannons, and explore the various rooms and exhibits that showcase the history of Cape Town.
5 Q – Are there any events or activities held at the Castle?
A – Yes, the Castle of Good Hope hosts a range of events throughout the year. These include cultural festivals, historical reenactments, art exhibitions, concerts, and educational programs. It's a vibrant venue that offers a blend of history, entertainment, and cultural experiences for visitors.


Amino Acid Science
Targeted Cellular Technology
Targeted Cellular Technology is a patented formulation that allows reduced concentrations of amino acids and other ingredients in the milligram range to stimulate the production of neurotransmitters to treat the nutritional deficiencies associated with certain diseases and conditions.
TCT is a unique five phase mechanism of action used in TRGM medical foods to improve the uptake of amino acids and synthesis of specific neurotransmitters.
Phase 1:
Neurotransmitter Precursors: Specially formulated set of amino acids, nutrients and other natural ingredients.
Phase 2:
Uptake Stimulator: Stimulates the neuronal uptake of milligram quantities of amino acids and nutrients into target cells to be synthesized into neurotransmitters. Flavonoids and Ginkgo biloba are examples of agents used to stimulate neurotransmitter activity.
Phase 3:
Adenosine Brake Antagonist: inhibits adenosine brake allowing the neuron to release neurotransmitters.
Phase 4:
Neuron Activator: Stimulatory amino acids like glutamate cause the releases the neurotransmitter from the neuron.
Phase 5:
Attenuation Inhibitor: Amino acids and botanicals protect neuron from oxidative stress and damage
Unlike pharmaceutical agents that lose their effectiveness over time, our patented technology allows TRGM medical foods to maintain effectiveness without attenuation. We use hawthorn berry with amino acid precursors to activate adenylyl cyclase without down regulation, so patients don't build up tolerances to our medical foods.


text:
While the longest partial government shutdown in history is over for now, the potential for a second round looms large. The agreement reached will only reopen the government until February 15th. To avoid delays or downtime, owners and operators should act now to address any structure or operational changes that may require FAA approval.
How the Shutdown Impacted Business Aviation Transactions
During the shutdown many FAA departments were only partially operational, and this level of service could return if we face another partial shutdown in February. The FAA Aircraft Registry is an example of how the shutdown affected routine business aviation transactions. The Registry itself remained open, but the Aeronautical Center Counsel's office was closed. The ACC normally provides opinions on aircraft registration matters involving owner trusts, certain LLCs, and other complex ownership structures. The lack of these opinions impacted closings and structure changes during the shutdown.
Operational Impacts of the Shutdown
Even though aviation safety inspectors were recalled to work on January 15th, their focus was on safety surveillance, not new certification. Requests to add new aircraft to Part 135 Operations Specifications, for new Letters of Authorization for certain types of operations, and for other new operational authorizations were not accepted during the shutdown. For some owners and operators this meant that aircraft were essentially grounded, or were only partially available for use.
What To Do To Prepare for February 16th
If you are contemplating the purchase of an aircraft, or any changes to the ownership structure for your aircraft, you should work with aviation counsel to identify any FAA review or authorization you may need now. If you act quickly, requests for these reviews or authorizations may be able to be submitted and processed prior to February 16th.
Lori McGee is a Partner with the aviation law firm of Jetstream Aviation Law, P.A. and counsel clients on the acquisition, financing and operation of corporate jets operated under Part 91 and Part 135 of the US Federal Aviation Regulations. Jetstream Aviation Law can be found at _URL_.


text:
Monitoring of underground coal fires using thermal infrared data
Mansor, S. B. and Cracknell, Arthur P. and Shilin, B. V. and Gornyi, V. I. (1994) Monitoring of underground coal fires using thermal infrared data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 15 (8). pp. _PHONE_. ISSN 0143-1161
Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: _URL_
The potential utility of thermal infrared and short wavelength infrared data for detecting and mapping sub-surface high temperature sources is analysed. In this study, NOAA-9 AVHRR data and Landsat-5 TM data were used to detect and map sub-surface coal fires. Brightness temperature depicted by AVHRR band 3 illustrated high thermal anomalies in the suspected area. Due to the relatively low spatial resolution of the AVHRR data, only TM data is used in detailed analysis. The short wavelength infrared sensors (bands 5 and 7) have been used to locate the positions of the most intense burning. The thermal band (band 6) has been useful in distinguishing gross thermal anomalies from the background of solar warming, The resultant surface temperature anomalies are compared to surface temperatures derived from thermal infrared aerial survey and ground measurements. Correlation of these data indicate that the relatively coarse resolution of the thermal TM data enabled the detection, delineation and quantifying of sub-surface coal fire zones. However, the capability of the short wavelength infrared bands to locate the position of the fire fronts is only preliminary. The research shows that the information gathered from the TM data could only be used as a basis for planning the detailed ground geothermal operation. The investigation also reveals the potential capability of the AVHRR band 3 to detect sub-surface high temperature sources such as coal fires.
Repository Staff Only: Edit item detail


Take the 2-minute tour ×
The following is an excerpt from Paul Cohen's "The Discovery of Forcing", pp 1091, in which he explains why we do not want to add new ordinals to a countable transitive model $M$ when extending it using forcing:
Suppose $M$ were a countable model. Up until now we have not discussed the role countability might play. This means that all the sets of $M$ are countable, although the enumeration of some sets of $M$ does not exist in $M$. The simplest example would be the uncountable ordinals in $M$. These of course are actually countable ordinals, and hence there is an ordinal $I$, not in $M$, which is countable, and which is larger than all the ordinals of $M$. Since $I$ is countable, it can be expressed as a relation on the integers and hence coded as a set $a$ of integers. Now if by misfortune we try to adjoin this $a$ to $M$, the result cannot possibly be a model for ZF. For if it were, the ordinal $I$ as coded by $I$1 would have to appear in $M(a)$. However, we also made the rigid assumption that we were going to add no new ordinals. This is a contradiction, so that $M(a)$ cannot be a model. From this example, we learn of the extreme danger in allowing new sets to exist. Yet $a$ itself is a new set. How then can we satisfy these two conﬂicting demands?
1 I think this is a typo and he meant to write $a$.
What I understand: If $M$ is countable then it cannot contain all countable ordinals (since the set of all countable ordinals is itself uncountable) hence there is at least one countable ordinal not in $M$. Since it is countable it is a subset $a$ of $\omega$. If we adjoin $a$ to $M$ then in particular $a \in M(a)$ so that we have added an ordinal that was previously not in $M$.
What I don't understand:
Why can't $M(a)$ possibly satisfy ZF? If $M$ is a countable model of ZF and we add an ordinal $a$ not in $M$, why is it impossible for $M(a)$ to still satisfy ZF?
Thank you for your help.
share|improve this question
add comment
1 Answer
up vote 3 down vote accepted
Note that part of the working assumption is that passing from $M$ to $M(a)$ does not add ordinals; earlier on that page P. Cohen states:
An important decision is that no new ordinals are to be created.
and also in the text you quoted:
So $M(a)$ cannot satisfy ZF because it does not contain the ordinal that $a$ encodes.
share|improve this answer
Thank you! I'm sorry but I still don't understand. My current understanding of Cohen's text is "Assume adjoining $a$ to $M$ does not add any new ordinals. Let $a$ be an ordinal not in $M$. Then $M(a)$ contains $a$ and hence an ordinal that was not previously in $M$ which is a contradiction to $M(a)$ does not contain any new ordinals. Hence $M(a)$ cannot satisfy ZF." What am I missing? – Matt N. Jan 24 '13 at 12:19
_USER_: The text you quoted was really about some of the technical problems related to the discovery of forcing. Once he made the decision that ordinals should not be added he had to ensure that the sets he did add did not somehow encode new ordinals. But these new sets also had to be... new. This is (I believe) what he means by "these two conflicting demands." – Arthur Fischer Jan 24 '13 at 12:36
_USER_. The way I read Cohen's text, $M(a)$ is the result of adding $a$ to $M$ in some unspecified way. What he wants from it is that it contains $a$ and has no ordinals that weren't already present in $M$. He then argues that if $M(a)$ satisfies all of this it cannot be a ZF model; if it were, we could decode $a$ and a new ordinal would appear. – Miha Habič Jan 24 '13 at 12:37
_USER_: (This is a correction of my previous comment; lots of errors there.) Also note that $a$ is not an ordinal in the text quoted. As $I$ is assumed to be a countable ordinal, there is a well-ordering on $\omega$ of order-type $I$. We can then encode this well-ordering (via, say, a nice pairing function) as a subset of $\omega$. The new set $a$ is then this encoding in this example. – Arthur Fischer Jan 24 '13 at 12:59
_USER_: If $a$ codes a well-ordering of $\omega$, then by Replacement any model of ZF containing $a$ must contain the order-type of the well-ordering it codes. – Arthur Fischer Jan 24 '13 at 17:07
show 2 more comments
Your Answer


text:
Haiti Google Slides Themes and PowerPoint Template
This Trendy Country PowerPoint Template is a nice and captivating presentation for multipurpose uses, you are free to use for school, colleges, corporal meeting presentations. Also, can be used by teachers, businessman, employees, startups to show professional look in their presentation. You can use it to present the Nation's demographical, cultural and geographical topics along with their Flags icons which can be used as various Powerpoint Presentations.
Companies or startups can also easily use these Free google slides themes to market, Report and demonstrate their new product's launch and the services they provide in a specific country or their growth in international markets. This Powerpoint template can also be used to create projects of school, colleges on History, Geography or report on the country.
The Free Haiti Powerpoint template features:
1. Intro and History slide: Start your presentation by adding the introduction about the country, it's history and evolution that is how are the people evolve in the country their tradition, culture, religion, dressing sense, etc. Add an image to enhance the quality of your presentation.
2. Famous Personalities: Include the names of some of the famous persons, explorers, reformers, noble people, democrats, elite members, etc.
3. Geography and Climate: Add points regarding the climatic conditions, geographical locations – latitudes & longitudes, etc. You can always use various Icons and shapes to make a presentation more interactive.
4. Government and policies: This free learning presentation can be used to include the running political party and its policies. Also, add few points regarding the economy and expenditure on different fields of the country that is education, sports, poverty, cleanliness, and environment, welfare for people, scientific research and technological improvement, defense and military, etc.
5. Extras: Powerpoint world map template slide to show the location, fun facts about the country, medical improvements, demographic slides, about (add population, capital, city details etc), Quotation slide, Title slide, etc.