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Our 7th grade curriculum includes the rise of civilizations, early humans, Ancient Rome, Ancient Greece, Mesopotamia, and Ancient Egypt. The science curriculum is focused on biology.
What multicultural picture books should I add to this list? Thanks for sharing!
p.s. Here are all the books in this series:
- Diversity Picture Books for 4th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 5th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 6th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 7th Grade
- Diversity Picture Books for 8th Grade
Images from Lascaux II
The First Drawing by Mordicai Gerstein
Imagine life more than 30 thousand years ago, before drawing was invented! Using a burnt stick (charcoal), imagine the first human to see shapes on a wall that resemble animals and draw them. It would feel like magic! This is one version speculating why early humans created cave paintings and this story is inspired by cave paintings in Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc cave in Southern France. [picture book, ages 4 and up]
The Secret Cave: Discovering Lascaux by Emily McCully Arnold
Images from Lascaux II
In the middle of WWII, the Lascaux cave containing prehistorical cave art was discovered by boys. Sealed for about 17,000 years, it was the only cave painting where the colors had not faded. The animal shapes often followed the contours of the walls and the paintings are believed to have been used as part of trance rituals more than 35,000 years ago.
This picture book tells the story of the four young men from Montignac, France who discovered Lascaux in 1940. The cave is now closed to all but a few scholars. Lascaux II, a meticulous replica opened to the public in 1983. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
Weslandia by Paul Fleischman
Tormented by the kids in his class, Wesley decides to start his own civilization as his summer project. He would grow his own staple food crop, the root of a new civilization. Seeds blow into a plot he's prepared and a wondrous multi-purpose plant is soon thriving in his garden. The fruit is edible, the tubers filling, and the leaves highly aromatic. He successfully weaves a hat and clothes from the plant's fibers. The plant's seeds yield an oil that repels mosquitos and protects his skin from the sun.
Wesley discovers a new way to tell time based on the plant's flowers, and a new counting system as well. He decides to name his new land after himself: Weslandia. Just before school starts, Wesley creates his own language. As he returns to school, he finds that his new civilization has made him a lot of new friends. [picture book, ages 4 and up]
Mystery Of The Giant Masks Of Sanxingdui by Icy Smith
image from Wikipedia
The mysterious and ancient city of Sanxingdui is famous for its astonishing bronze-casting technology. Villagers come from faraway lands to admire the bronze masks and trade for the highly prized bronze wares. However, Sanxingdui faces danger when its people hear rumors of a foreign invasion. The chief's daughter, Min, and her newly initiated warrior brother, Wei, lead the villagers to flee their homeland. Where do they go? And what do they do with their sacred bronze masks and statues?
image from Wikipedia
Discover the lost civilization of Sanxingdui in Sichuan Province, China, over 3,000 years ago. In 1986, the discovery of monumental bronzes in Sanxingdui was hailed as "The ninth wonder of the World". The artifacts unearthed are as old as the Pyramids of Egypt and reveal an advanced and civilized society in Sanxingdui. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
Gilgamesh the King (trilogy) by Ludmila Zeman
Gilgamesh is a god-king who ruled the city of Uruk for 126 years. He's the main character in Sumerian poem, The Epic of Gilgamesh, considered the first great work of literature. In the epic, Gilgamesh is a demigod of superhuman strength who builds the city walls of Uruk to defend his people and travels to meet the sage Utnapishtim, who survived the Great Flood.
In this first picture book about Mesopotamia*, Gilgamesh is a cruel king who forces his people to build a wall around their city of Uruk, and only another demigod, Enkidu, who lives with the animals of the forest can stop him. [picture book, ages 6 and up] *Mesopotamia included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, all native to the territory of modern-day Iraq.
I am very partial to ancient Egypt and Hatshepsut is intriguing as the only female pharaoh in Egyptian history. As a ruler she made Egypt a powerful and prosperous country by focusing on expanding trade with other countries which brought in timber, horses, and other exotic treasures. One mystery still remains: why were most records of Hatshepsut wiped out? [advanced picture book, ages 6-11]
I have more on Hatshepsut and Sennenmut including artifacts from the Boston Museum of Fine Art.
Seeker of Knowledge: The Man Who Deciphered Egyptian Hieroglyphs by James Runford
Hieroglyphs from Sarcophagus of Queen Hatshepsut recut for her father, Thutmose I
Jean-François Champollion was born in 1790, around the time when General Napoleon was in Egypt. At 11 years old, when he visited a famous scientist who had been in Egypt with Napoleon, he saw Egyptian artifacts and was determined to read the hieroglyphs. At age 16, he met the scholars studying the Rosetta stone covered in Greek and Egyptian words. It wasn't until he was 30 that he was able to unlock the mystery of the hieroglyphs. [picture book, ages 6 and up]
The Buried City of Pompeii by Shelley Tanaka
The excavation of the House of the Menander, the estate of a wealthy family that lived on the island of Pompeii, is the basis for this factual and historical fiction account of what happened on August 24, 79 A.D. The story is from the point of view of Eros, the chief steward for the Menander family. He was a freedman working for the one of the richest and most respected families in Pompeii. His actual body and that of a little girl — most likely his daughter — was found preserved from the volacanic eruption. Details of day to day life in Pompeii convey what life was like in Ancient Rome from visiting the baths, the open air market, to the brutal sporting games in the amphitheater. Teachers can read aloud parts of this book but I wouldn't be surprised for students to want to finish it themselves. [advanced nonfiction, ages 9 and up]
I am an Amazon affiliate which means if you buy anything through my blog, I get a very small kickback at no cost to you. I use this money to pay for postage and handling for my giveaways.


text: The electronic transport properties of polycrystalline pentacene-based thin film transistors (TFTs) were investigated at the microscopic level using microRaman spectroscopy. All the pentacene film, which were thermally evaporated as a layer with thickness of 70 nm, featured polycrystalline structure with only "thin film" phase polymorph and grain morphology as verified by x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. We have investigated the molecular vibrational modes of pentacene in the active channel during operations the organic TFT devices using in-situ Raman spectroscopy. Extra vibrational modes resulting from vibrational coupling effect in pentacene film were studied. The interlayer and intralayer intermolecular vibrational coupling energy was calculated from the Davydov splitting using a simple coupled-oscillator model. The results suggest that the C-H in-plane bending vibrational coupling energy of pentacene molecules in solid film is affected by operating device. Additionally, the aromatic C-C stretching vibrational modes also were investigated. However, it is rather difficult to obtain the variations of lattice parameters of pentacene film in a very small active channel by using electron diffraction and XRD. At the same time, MicroRaman technique provides the capability to explore the intermolecular coupling and molecular structure modifications.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
Sitting around a table at Meyers Center BOCES in Saratoga, students, teaching assistants, and teachers were busy crocheting. They weren't making afghans or shawls– but rather, they were turning plastic into possibility. Little did they know they were also making history.
Profiles of 17 human rights defenders from around the globe, with links to accompanying lesson plans.
Browse the curriculum. Download the complete 158-page guide or individual lesson plans.
Speak Truth to Power: Voices from Beyond the Dark brings the voices of human rights defenders into your classroom.
Find out how you can support your students in their efforts to defend human rights.
The Speak Truth to Power project will enter the video documentary world with a contest challenging middle and high school students in New York to create a film based on the experience of courageous human rights defenders around the world.
It is with great sadness that the family of Professor Wangari Maathai announces her passing away on 25th September, 2011, at the Nairobi Hospital, after a prolonged and bravely borne struggle with cancer.
New to the STTP site this month is a lesson plan based on the work of Congressman John Lewis, who has dedicated his life to protecting human rights, securing civil liberties, and building what he described as "The Beloved Community" in America.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
The Cornell Alliance for Science is an initiative for science-based agricultural communications that is focused on the global public good.
- The Alliance 's network of diverse stakeholders is committed to:
- Helping un-mute voices of potential beneficiaries of agricultural science and biotechnology in developing countries;
- Forming alliances with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and other partners who share common values around poverty reduction and sustainable agriculture;
- Expanding the range of choices about plants and livestock for farmers and consumers by providing access to information about available technologies;
- Reclaiming the conversation around agricultural biotechnology so that scienceand evidence-based perspectives drive decision-making.
The Alliance will build and foster a globally coordinated communications platform to connect, equip, and empower public sector partners in their communication efforts by providing evidence-based information resources and training activities. Communication resources are accessible to a wide variety of audiences, ranging from the general public to researchers, policymakers, journalists, and other stakeholders.
The Alliance will help foster more constructive policies about biotechnology as a useful tool in the toolbox of food security and sustainability to help address global challenges such as persistent poverty, a changing and erratic climate, and the formidable task of feeding 9 billion people by 2050.
Africa | Asia
Aug 2014 – Aug 2017

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


1. WeatherSpark.com
 2. United States
 3. Delaware
 4. Wilmington Manor
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Average Weather in February in Wilmington Manor Delaware, United States
Daily high temperatures increase by 7°F, from 40°F to 48°F, rarely falling below 28°F or exceeding 62°F.
Daily low temperatures increase by 6°F, from 26°F to 32°F, rarely falling below 14°F or exceeding 43°F.
For reference, on July 20, the hottest day of the year, temperatures in Wilmington Manor typically range from 70°F to 86°F, while on January 30, the coldest day of the year, they range from 26°F to 40°F.
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Average High and Low Temperature in February
Average High and Low Temperature in February in Wilmington Manor181522291122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616171718181919202021212222232324242525262627272828292910°F15°F20°F25°F30°F35°F40°F45°F50°F55°F60°F65°F70°F75°FJanMarFeb 140°FFeb 140°F26°F26°FFeb 2948°FFeb 2948°F32°F32°FFeb 1143°FFeb 1143°F28°F28°FLowHigh
The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.
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The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the hourly average temperatures for the quarter of the year centered on February. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.
Average Hourly Temperature in February
Average Hourly Temperature in February in Wilmington Manor181522291122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616171718181919202021212222232324242525262627272828292912 AM4 AM8 AM12 PM4 PM8 PM12 AMJanMarfreezingvery coldcoldfreezingcoolvery cold
frigid 15°F freezing 32°F very cold 45°F cold 55°F cool 65°F comfortable 75°F warm 85°F hot 95°F sweltering
The average hourly temperature, color coded into bands. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.
Tbilisi, Georgia (5,693 miles away) is the far-away foreign place with temperatures most similar to Wilmington Manor (view comparison).
Clouds
The month of February in Wilmington Manor experiences essentially constant cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy remaining about 52% throughout the month.
The clearest day of the month is February 21, with clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy conditions 49% of the time.
For reference, on December 23, the cloudiest day of the year, the chance of overcast or mostly cloudy conditions is 53%, while on September 22, the clearest day of the year, the chance of clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy skies is 64%.
Cloud Cover Categories in February
Cloud Cover Categories in February in Wilmington Manor18152229112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829290%100%10%90%20%80%30%70%40%60%50%50%60%40%70%30%80%20%90%10%100%0%JanMarFeb 148%Feb 148%Feb 2948%Feb 2948%Feb 1148%Feb 1148%clearmostly clearpartly cloudymostly cloudyovercast
0% clear 20% mostly clear 40% partly cloudy 60% mostly cloudy 80% overcast 100%
The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds.
Precipitation
A wet day is one with at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. In Wilmington Manor, the chance of a wet day over the course of February is essentially constant, remaining around 24% throughout.
For reference, the year's highest daily chance of a wet day is 38% on July 14, and its lowest chance is 22% on October 19.
Over the course of February in Wilmington Manor, the chance of a day with only rain increases from 15% to 19%, the chance of a day with mixed snow and rain remains an essentially constant 5% throughout, and the chance of a day with only snow remains an essentially constant 3% throughout.
Probability of Precipitation in February
The percentage of days in which various types of precipitation are observed, excluding trace quantities: rain alone, snow alone, and mixed (both rain and snow fell in the same day).
Rainfall
To show variation within the month and not just the monthly total, we show the rainfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day.
The average sliding 31-day rainfall during February in Wilmington Manor is gradually increasing, starting the month at 2.1 inches, when it rarely exceeds 3.6 inches or falls below 0.6 inches, and ending the month at 2.5 inches, when it rarely exceeds 4.5 inches or falls below 0.9 inches.
The lowest average 31-day accumulation is 2.1 inches on February 7.
Average Monthly Rainfall in February
The average rainfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average liquid-equivalent snowfall.
Snowfall
We report snowfall in liquid-equivalent terms. The actual depth of new snowfall is typically between 5 and 10 times the liquid-equivalent amount, assuming the ground is frozen. As with rainfall, we consider the liquid-equivalent snowfall accumulated over a sliding 31-day period centered around each day.
The average sliding 31-day liquid-equivalent snowfall during February in Wilmington Manor is essentially constant, remaining about 0.5 inches throughout, and rarely exceeding 1.9 inches or falling to 0.0 inches.
Average Monthly Liquid-Equivalent Snowfall in February
Average Monthly Liquid-Equivalent Snowfall in February in Wilmington Manor18152229112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829290.0 in0.5 in1.0 in1.5 in2.0 in2.5 in3.0 in3.5 inJanMarFeb 10.6 inFeb 10.6 inFeb 290.4 inFeb 290.4 inFeb 110.6 inFeb 110.6 in
The average liquid-equivalent snowfall (solid line) accumulated over the course of a sliding 31-day period centered on the day in question, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted line is the corresponding average rainfall.
Sun
Over the course of February in Wilmington Manor, the length of the day is rapidly increasing. From the start to the end of the month, the length of the day increases by 1 hour, 7 minutes, implying an average daily increase of 2 minutes, 23 seconds, and weekly increase of 16 minutes, 42 seconds.
The shortest day of the month is February 1, with 10 hours, 11 minutes of daylight and the longest day is February 29, with 11 hours, 18 minutes of daylight.
Hours of Daylight and Twilight in February
Hours of Daylight and Twilight in February in Wilmington Manor18152229112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829290 hr24 hr4 hr20 hr8 hr16 hr12 hr12 hr16 hr8 hr20 hr4 hr24 hr0 hrJanMarnightnightdaydayFeb 110 hr, 11 minFeb 110 hr, 11 minFeb 2911 hr, 18 minFeb 2911 hr, 18 min
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
The latest sunrise of the month in Wilmington Manor is 7:10 AM on February 1 and the earliest sunrise is 34 minutes earlier at 6:36 AM on February 29.
The earliest sunset is 5:21 PM on February 1 and the latest sunset is 32 minutes later at 5:53 PM on February 29.
Daylight saving time is observed in Wilmington Manor during 2020, but it neither starts nor ends during February, so the entire month is in standard time.
For reference, on June 20, the longest day of the year, the Sun rises at 5:34 AM and sets 14 hours, 59 minutes later, at 8:33 PM, while on December 21, the shortest day of the year, it rises at 7:19 AM and sets 9 hours, 22 minutes later, at 4:41 PM.
Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight and Daylight Saving Time in February
Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight and Daylight Saving Time in February in Wilmington Manor18152229112233445566778899101011111212131314141515161617171818191920202121222223232424252526262727282829292 AM4 AM6 AM8 AM10 AM12 PM2 PM4 PM6 PM8 PM10 PM12 AMJanMar6:36 AM6:36 AMFeb 295:53 PMFeb 295:53 PM7:10 AM7:10 AMFeb 15:21 PMFeb 15:21 PM6:54 AM6:54 AMFeb 165:39 PMFeb 165:39 PMSolarMidnightSolarMidnightSolarNoonSunriseSunset
The solar day over the course of February. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray.
Moon
The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for February 2020. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases. The label associated with each bar indicates the date and time that the phase is obtained, and the companion time labels indicate the rise and set times of the Moon for the nearest time interval in which the moon is above the horizon.
Moon Rise, Set & Phases in February
Moon in Wilmington Manor181522291122334455667788991010111112121313141415151616171718181919202021212222232324242525262627272828292912 AM4 AM8 AM12 PM4 PM8 PM12 AMJanMarJan 102:22 PM


text:
In our eBook we cover:
- What's driving the shift towards alternative methods of construction, including social, political and environmental drivers
- Why and how CFS/LGS is a superior construction method for the future
- How CFS/LGS delivers a faster and higher ROI for construction projects
- What makes CFS/LGS buildings better than those constructed using traditional methods
- What to look for in a CFS/LGS partner
Traditional methods of construction are struggling to keep up with the international demand for better, more efficient and affordable buildings. As a result, many in the construction industry are turning to alternative methods to solve their problems. And one emerging technology is leading the way – Cold Formed Steel construction (CFS), also known as Light Gauge Steel (or LGS).


text: Concentration distributions of formaldehyde were measured in a technical fuel mixing system by Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) using a novel all solid state disk laser system. This compact and efficient laser generates tunable, narrow bandwidth pulses with kHz repetition rate and energies of up to 25 mJ around 1030 nm. After frequency conversion to the UV spectral region, laser pulses with energies of up to 4 mJ excite different combustion relevant species inside of a semi-technical reactor. This reactor generates a homogeneous fuel vapor/air-mixture using the so-called cool flame. Since the mixture of fuel and air is a key factor concerning efficiency of combustion, the fast fuel injection and mixing processes were investigated with this laser system. Directing a light sheet into the reactor and collecting the fluorescence with an intensified CCD camera, we recorded PLIF images of formaldehyde concentration distributions using an excitation wavelength of 343 nm. In this way we characterized the turbulence of the injection process close to the fuel injection nozzle with 1 kHz repetition rate, and proved the excellent homogeneity of the fuel-air mixture close to the end of the reactor, where fuel-air mixture was burned in a hot flame. By means of scattered light from fuel droplets the mean flow velocity could be estimated. In the hot flame above the reactor spectrally resolved LIF of OH radicals could be recorded.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.


text:
A bullock cart or ox cart is a two-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen (draught cattle). It is a means of transportation used since ancient times in many parts of the world. They are still used today where modern vehicles are too expensive or the infrastructure does not favor them.
Used especially for carrying goods, the bullock cart is pulled by one or several oxen (bullocks). The cart (also known as a jinker) is attached to a bullock team by a special chain attached to yokes, but a rope may also be used for one or two animals. The driver and any other passengers sit on the front of the cart, while load is placed in the back. Traditionally the cargo was usually agrarian goods and lumber.
Costa Rica
In Costa Rica, ox carts (carretas in the Spanish language) were an important aspect of the daily life and commerce, especially between 1850 to 1935, developing a unique construction and decoration tradition that is still being developed. Costa Rican parades and traditional celebrations are not complete without a traditional ox cart parade.
In 1988, the traditional ox cart was declared as National Symbol of Work by the Costa Rican government.
In 2005, the "Oxherding and Oxcart Traditions in Costa Rica" were included in UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.
In Indonesia, Bullock Carts are commonly used in the rural parts of the country, where it is used for transporting goods and carriages and also people. But it is mostly common in Indonesia that there are Horse Car than Bullock Carts on the streets of Indonesia.
Bullock carts were widely used in Malaysia before the introduction of automobiles, and many are still used today. These included passenger vehicles, now used especially for tourists. Passenger carts are usually equipped with awnings for protection against sun and rain, and are often gaily decorated.
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ox-drawn carts|


What is u in military alphabet
What is U in the phonetic alphabet?
NATO Phonetic Alphabet
Symbol Code Word Phonic (pronunciation)
V Victor VIK TAH
W Whiskey WISS KEY
What does Charlie Tango Foxtrot mean?
What is the meaning of the military alphabet?
The military alphabet, officially the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet, consists of 26 code words. Each represents one letter of the English alphabet. For instance, "Alpha" means "A," "Bravo" means B, and so on. Multiple code words often are combined to form words or expressions.
What is Oscar Tango Mike?
What is Alpha Beta Charlie?
The Nato Phonetic Alphabet, also sometimes referred to as Alpha Bravo Charlie is actually officially called the International Radiotelephony Spelling Alphabet. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) created code words that it connected to the letters of the English alphabet.
What does Oscar Charlie mean?
What is Lima Charlie?
You might be interested: What is the hardest branch of the military to get into
What does Hotel Sierra mean?
What does Bravo Zulu mean?
well done
What is Y in military?
Why is Bravo Zulu well done?
Bravo Zulu is a naval signal originally sent by semaphore flags, and, in English, simply means " Well done." Now, why Bravo Zulu? Its origins are in the Allied Naval Signal Book, which for decades has been used by members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which was created in 1949.


text:
|Označení normy:||ČSN EN 13141-6|
|Harmonizace:||Norma není harmonizována|
ČSN EN 13141-6This European Standard specifies laboratory methods for measuring the aerodynamic and acoustic performance characteristics and energy consumption of assembled exhaust ventilation system packages for a single dwelling. If a component of the package is not physically linked to the others (e.g. air inlets), then it is assumed to have been tested according to the test method related to this component. The object of this European Standard is to provide tested characteristics for a ventilation system package in worst case conditions. It is assumed that better values are achieved on site when the ventilation system package is installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction and within the limits of the test conditions given in this standard.


Definitions for coal gas
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word coal gas
Princeton's WordNet
 1. coal gas(noun)
 gaseous mixture produced by distillation of bituminous coal and used for heating and lighting
Wiktionary
 1. coal gas(Noun)
 The poisonous gas, used domestically for cooking etc and formerly for lighting, prepared by heating coal with steam; it is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide; synthesis gas or town gas.
Freebase
 1. Coal gas
 Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made by the destructive distillation of coal and contains a variety of calorific gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane and volatile hydrocarbons together with small quantities of non-calorific gases such as carbon dioxide and nitrogen. It was the primary source of gaseous fuel for the United States and the UK until the widespread adoption of natural gas during the 1940s and 1950s in the US, and the late 1960s and 1970s in the UK. It was used for lighting, cooking, and heating and was often supplied to households via a municipally owned piped distribution system. Originally created as a by-product of the coking process, its use developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries tracking the industrial revolution and urbanization. By-products from the production process included coal tars and ammonia, which were important chemical feedstock for the dye and chemical industry with a wide range of artificial dye colours being made from coal gas and coal tar. Facilities where the gas was produced were often known as a manufactured gas plant or a gasworks. The discovery of large reserves of natural gas in the North Sea off the UK coast during the early 1960s led to the expensive conversion or replacement of most of the nation's gas cookers and gas heaters, with the exception of Northern Ireland, from the late 1960s onwards.
Translations for coal gas
From our Multilingual Translation Dictionary
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text:
The Church of England's lead bishop on education has defended the government's new relationships and sex education lessons while stating that parents should have the right to withdraw their children.
The Church of England was part of the government's consultation into the lessons, which will become mandatory across schools in 2020.
Writing for Tes, the teachers' forum, Bishop Stephen Conway sought to allay the fears of some critics about the contents of the lessons.
"It is pleasing to see a focus for primary school children on families of different types and healthy relationships, within the context of a set of shared values," he wrote.
"Primary aged children will not – as has been suggested – be expected to learn about intimate sexual relationships, which rightly comes at the secondary stage."
He said that the Church of England had been "robust" in calling for the lessons to be "carefully targeted and age-appropriate" and for all schools, including those of a religious nature, to be able to teach about faith perspectives on the issues raised in the classes.


UC MagazineUniversity of CincinnatiUC Magazine
UC Magazine
Obesity: Does one potato chip really matter?
Does one potato chip really matter?
by Dama Ewbank
The body is a finely tuned machine. So fine-tuned, in fact, that the difference between maintaining body weight and gaining one pound a year could be as little as a single potato chip per day.
Randy Seeley, professor of medicine and director of the Cincinnati Diabetes and Obesity Center, estimates that an adult man would need only 11 extra calories per day to gain a pound each year.
Let's do the math:
A typical adult male consumes 900,000 calories each year.
To gain just one pound each year, he would need to eat about 4,000 calories more than he burns.
4,000 calories divided by 365 days = approximately 11 extra calories per day, or about one potato chip.
"When you look at how obesity has affected our country," says Seeley, "and you realize that the average person — someone who may be considered overweight — is gaining less than one pound per year, it's easy to see how accurate our bodies are at matching our caloric intake to caloric expenditure. Relatively small mismatches over time are all that are necessary to gain weight."
So, yes, Seeley says, one chip really could matter, but he's quick to caution that his calculations don't take into account variability be-tween individuals and environmen-tal and genetic factors that contribute to weight-gain susceptibility.
More from UC's obesity expert


text:
Works with the vision of providing a better quality of life for individuals living in rural areas by improving access to healthcare, education and voc Read moreational training. It works by hosting fundraising events to fund various causes, including sponsoring cataract surgeries of those individuals who are not able to afford them, supporting orphanages & its charitable hospital and providing for medical care & education of children. ABLE Youth is its educational initiative which operates through eight informal education centers which provide basic education to children to ease their transition into a formal schooling system. Through its healthcare initiative, ABLE Charitable Hospital, it aims to improve access of rural communities to healthcare services and provides free medical treatment through medical camps. It also provides accommodation, healthcare, food and education to girls through its initiative Prem Ghar.
- Child & Youth Development
- Specially Abled
Registration IDS/25077 of 1993
VO ID / Darpan IDHR/2016/_PHONE_
885, Sector 15
West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Delhi
Type & Sub Type


Ordained (or Company) Space
Space controlled by the Ordained, or Company depending on who you ask. Planets include Saddat, Chibbink, and Locostwa. Tupra is not under the control of the Ordained.
A planet nearly unknown to those near Ordained Space, known for such numerous metal deposits that the mountains are gray from the metal. It is home to the bird-like Derbs and a colony of Earth Humans. The Derbs live on one continent, where the mountains are mostly sandstone, while the Humans took the steel mountains. There is some trading between the Derbis Humans and the Company Space, but most of this is done through smugglers and pirates.
The native planet of the Gorkam and Torfs. It's very barren and dry. The season differences are minimal, with slightly warmer summers and cold winters. The moisture comes regularly, but is still very little.
The home planet of the Ordained. Scallan are the native species.
Most vegetation on the planet is grass-based and there are very few trees. Saddat also has very little in the way of metals, but it makes up for this in agricultural productivity. Most of the planet is farmland or desert, with a few oceans. Days are 23 hours long and years are 380 days long. The Company uses Saddat years and days for telling time.
An independent planet near Ordained Space. Tupra repelled the Ordained when they invaded. It is home to Elbas and Varsillians. The humid but cold planet is mountainous and has huge corral trees covering it. The clouds rarely lift enough to see the stars, or even the sun. The planet is orbited by an asteroid field, which aids it during wars because the defending ships can use the asteroids as cover.


text:
The primary tool to capture detailed level information about individual transactions is SQL Profiler. Profiler...
has can be configured to capture all of the transactions on a server or only a subset based on filtering by application name, host, etc. The information captured by Profiler can be stored in a SQL Server table or a flat file for future reference. This image shows a snippet of Profiler's results.
Process-related information can also be captured by the following commands:
- Sp_monitor: Snapshot of SQL Server statistics
- Sp_who: Snapshot of SQL Server processes
- Master.dbo.sysprocesses: System table storing the SQL Server process-related information
- DBCC OPENTRAN:Open transactions internal to SQL Server
- DBCC INPUTBUFFER: Last set of statements sent by the client machine to SQL Server
Hunt down SQL Server performance problems
Step 1: CPU usage
Step 2: Disk IO queuing
Step 3: Memory consumption
Step 4: Network bandwidth
Step 5: Transaction-level performance
|ABOUT THE AUTHOR:|
| Jeremy Kadlec
Jeremy Kadlec is the Principal Database Engineer at Edgewood Solutions, a technology services company delivering professional services and product solutions for Microsoft SQL Server. He has authored numerous articles and delivers frequent presentations at regional SQL Server Users Groups and nationally at SQL PASS. Jeremy is also the SearchSQLServer.com Performance Tuning expert. Ask him a question here.
Copyright 2005 TechTarget


text:
Table of Contents
The OPC DataHub can log data to any ODBC compliant database or text file.
With this feature of the DataHub you can:
Log data to any ODBC-compliant database, such as MS Access, MS SQL Server, MySQL, Oracle, and many more
Log data to an ODBC database (or soon, text file) from any other data source connected to the DataHub.
Log to existing database tables, or create new tables as necessary.
To write data from a database into the OPC DataHub, please refer to Tutorial 3: Writing data from a database to the DataHub in the DataHub ODBC Scripting manual.
The OPC DataHub's ODBC Data Logging interface provides an easy way to connect to a DSN, create or select a table, assign data point properties to table columns, and assign a trigger and conditions for logging points. The fastest way to learn how to use the interface is by watching the web-site video or by using the Quick Start.
In general, a database is a collection of information. Computerized databases store data in tables, which are accessed through a database management system or DBMS, such as SQL Server, MS Access, MySQL, Oracle, etc. All of these are capable of storing data in related, linked tables, which taken together are called a relational database. Most modern computerized databases are relational databases.
A database table is a logical grouping of related data, organized by the common attributes or characteristics of individual data items. Each column or field in the table contains a particular attribute, and is of one particular data type. Typical data types include boolean, string, numeric, date/time, etc. Each row or record in the table contains a complete set of every data value related to a single item.
For example, a table containing data from the OPC DataHub might have columns (fields) for a point name, value, timestamp, and quality. Each row (record) would show the various data values logged for that point at different times:
A different kind of table might have one column for a timestamp, and then additional columns containing the values of different DataHub points logged at each time, like this:
A database table may require each row (or record) to be uniquely identified. This is commonly done through a key column, whose main and (sometimes only) purpose is to provide a unique identifying value to the row. Most DBMSs allow this value to be assigned manually by the database user, or automatically through an auto-incrementing counter or other mechanism. It is possible for a table to have multiple key columns, but some funtions in the OPC DataHub will only write to tables with a single key column. For more information about configuring database tables with the OPC DataHub, please refer to Section 6.4, "Configuring a Database Table"
Connecting to a database is done through the DBMS, which normally offers two possibilities: native drivers and ODBC (Open Database Connectivity). Native drivers are inconvenient to use because each requires its own programming interface. ODBC, on the other hand, specifies a standardized, common interface that is available from almost every database vendor, including SQL Server, MS Access, MySQL, Oracle, and many, many more. The OPC DataHub uses ODBC to connect to databases.
ODBC supports communication with a DBMS locally or across a network, using an ODBC driver. Every ODBC-compliant DBMS provides an ODBC driver, which needs to be installed on the user's machine. For example, there is an ODBC driver for MS Access, for SQL Server, for MySQL, and so on.
You can use the Windows ODBC Data Source Administrator to configure a connection between the ODBC driver and the specific database you want to work with. That configuration is called the Data Source Name, or DSN. For example, the OPC DataHub references the DSN and uses the configured connection for the ODBC driver to connect to the database.
Configuring the DSN is straightforward, varying slightly depending on the ODBC driver you are working with. Usually you need to select an ODBC driver, create a name for the DSN, and select a database. Other information, such as a login name or password may be required or optional. For more information, please refer to Section 6.3, "Setting up the DSN (Data Source Name)"
Once connected to a database, any queries (requests) to retrieve, modify, add, or delete data must be made through a language. The most popular database query language is SQL (Structured Query Language), pronounced "sequel" or "ess-kyu-el". Created in the 1960s, this language has become a widely-used standard supported by most DBMSs, although there are some minor variations in certain commands offered.
The OPC DataHub uses SQL to write to and read from databases. When you configure the Data Logging interface to write DataHub point values, under the hood the commands used are written in SQL. The DataHub scripts also use SQL commands to write and read data. For example, the following line from the ODBCTutorial3.g script uses an SQL SELECT command to pull all of the data from a database table.
result =.conn.QueryToClass (.tableclass, string ("select * from ",.tablename));
The SELECT command is often used with the FROM and WHERE operators, in queries such as this:
SELECT data_element_1 FROM table_1 WHERE data_element_1 > 32 and data_element_1 < 212;
The syntax of SQL is fairly simple, and there are many books and online tutorials that can help you learn. The information presented here about SQL, ODBC, and databases in general should be enough to get started logging data with the OPC DataHub.
Copyright © _PHONE_ by Cogent Real-Time Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.


PCI Scope
PCI Readiness Series: Scoping the Assessment
How to Scope a PCI Assessment
Knowing how to scope a PCI assessment is crucial to your organization's compliance. Defining a correct scope is the first and most important step. Scoping is so vital that assessors should not even begin the assessment until they have fully determined the scope. So, how does your organization determine if an asset is in scope? Any people, process, or technology that stores, processes, or transmits cardholder data is considered to be within your cardholder data environment and in scope for your PCI assessment. If your people, processes, or technology has the ability to impact the security of account data and sensitive authentication data, then your organization needs to have the appropriate controls applied in the appropriate places.
This webinar will help you understand why something would be considered out of scope. For an asset to be considered out of scope, there must be absolutely no connectivity to the cardholder data environment; it must have no ability to impact the security of the data.
This webinar will also help you to understand topics such as:
 - Defining the scope and the cardholder data environment
 - Determining what is considered out of scope
 - Identifying what documents an assessor will collect and review during a PCI assessment
 - Discussion on how wireless networks affect scope
 - Discussing on the impact of sampling
Whether it be ePHI, cardholder data, financial information, or any other type of data, you need to understand where your assets reside and what controls you have in place to protect them. If you don't know where your assets are, how do you expect to them?
To learn more about scoping a PCI assessment, watch the full webinar, watch Establishing Scope, or contact us today.


Has the U.S. Been Too Strict With Kidney Donations?
— Organ discards twice as common than in France; did this cost American patients' lives?
From 2004 to 2014, the U.S. was twice as likely to discard potential donor kidneys than was France, with researchers suggesting the latter country had the better approach.
In a head-to-head comparison, the U.S. discard rate for deceased-donor kidneys during this period was 17.9% versus 9.1% in France, reported Alexandre Loupy, MD, PhD, of the Paris Translational Research Center for Organ Transplantation, and colleagues.
Utilizing a French-based allocation prediction model, the researchers determined that 62% of the discarded kidneys in the U.S. would have been transplanted in France. This translated to nearly 17,500 missed opportunities for kidney transplantation, they wrote in JAMA Internal Medicine.
"This finding indicates that the U.S. kidney transplantation system, which has driven innovations in donor utilization in the domains of kidneys obtained after cardiac death and from hepatitis C virus-infected donors, still has substantial potential for growth by accepting more organs from donors who are older and have comorbidities including diabetes and hypertension," the researchers stated.
This more liberal approach "could provide major survival benefits to the population of U.S. wait-listed patients," they added.
"In the U.S. alone, approximately 95,000 individuals are waiting for a kidney transplant. New, creative solutions to address this concern are needed," co-author Olivier Aubert, MD, PhD, told MedPage Today in 2018 when preliminary findings were presented at Kidney Week. "The French transplant system offers a useful contrast, because French transplant programs face less regulatory scrutiny than U.S. programs and do not use donor kidney biopsies in organ acceptance decisions."
Notably, however, U.S. procedures governing kidney donations were changed in 2012 and again in 2014, introducing use of the Kidney Donor Risk Index (KDRI) and making lower-quality kidneys available to more areas of the country. But the French researchers cited data that suggest no subsequent reduction in the discard rate had occurred by 2016.
The study looked at validated registries of kidneys recovered from donors dying from either circulatory or brain death for the intention of transplantation. Living donor transplants, kidneys offered to transplants centers that were not harvested, and recipients of multi-organ transplants were excluded from the analysis.
During 2004-2014, there were 78,517 deceased U.S. donors, resulting in 156,089 kidneys harvested for potential transplant. Only 128,102 kidneys were actually transplanted, whereas nearly 28,000 kidneys were discarded. During the same period in France, there were 15,500 deceased donors, resulting in nearly 30,000 kidneys recovered, of which 27,252 were eventually transplanted and 2,732 discarded.
Comparing donor kidneys transplanted in the two countries, U.S. donors were significantly younger (mean 37 vs 51 in France over the full study period; 39 vs 56 in 2014) and they were significantly less likely to have hypertension or die from cerebrovascular causes.
Trends in the KDRI -- in which lower numbers reflect higher organ quality -- indicated a steady increase over the 10-year period in France, suggesting a move towards more aggressive donor kidney use (1.37 in 2004 vs 1.74 in 2014). On the other hand, the U.S. didn't show significant change in the KDRI during this time, with values suggesting stricter standards for quality (1.30 in 2004 vs 1.32 in 2014).
In an accompanying commentary, Ryoichi Maenosono, MD, and Stefan Tullius, MD, PhD, both of Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, pointed out that population differences could account for the disparity in discard rates.
"The U.S. donor population has a different racial mix, with more African Americans, more donors after circulatory death, and more hepatitis C-positive donors," the commentators noted.
Notably, they pointed out that, due to the 2014 change in U.S. organ allocations, "younger recipients with a longer estimated post-transplant survival have a higher probability of receiving a younger organ, increasing the likelihood that older recipients would receive an older organ."
Maenosono and Tullius also suggested that "regulatory, financial, or medical assessments appear to be the driving force" of this high discard rate in the U.S., as some hospitals may be averse to more aggressive organ use, for fear it could hurt their publicized rankings.
"[W]e should focus more on the needs of the potential recipients and less on the donor kidneys," the pair concluded.
The study was supported in part by French national research agency ATIP Avenir, Fondation Bettencourt Schueller and the French organ allocation authority, the Agence de la Biomédecine, and in part by the Health Resources and Services Administration.
Aubert reported no disclosures. Other study authors did report disclosures.
Commentary authors Maenosono and Tullius reported grants from the National Institutes of Health.


Lab for Automated Reasoning and Analysis LARA
About phantm
What is phantm?
phantm is a tool written in Scala that can be used to detect potential programming errors inside PHP applications. It will both work for small isolated script as well as full-blown applications. phantm stands for "PHp ANalyzer for Type Mistakes".
What does it do?
phantm does multiple things: it first parses your php files, then try to resolve both constants and included files, from that point it will do name analysis, ensuring basic language restrictions. From that stage, it will perform data-flow analysis for every scopes in your applications. This data-flow analysis will be focused on checking whether the types of the values are used in a sound way.
How does it do that?
First, a stronger type system have to be used. For instance, not all type juggling should be allowed, since some of them are most of the time a manifestation of a type error. By default, phantm will be picky and report nearly all implicit type conversions. With those rules in place, it will look at the uses of your multiple flowing values and try to reconstruct and refine types. Type refinement is necessary to reduce the number of errors generated as a result of a false positive. For more technical details, check out _URL_
Why do types matter?
PHP type juggles for a reason: most people don't want to care about types. So why should they? To illustrate, let's take two small examples of programming errors that would be avoided with a strong type system:
if ($a & MY_FLAG === 0) {
 // ...
}
In fact, this code is understood by PHP as if ($a & (MYFLAG === 0)). Since & expects two integers, it would have rejected that code as the right hand side is a boolean.
if (strtolower(trim($var) == 'foo')) {
 // ...
}
In this case, we see that the parenthesis closing strtolower is mis-placed. A strong type system would have rejected that, complaining that strtolower expects a string but got a boolean.
Those are not made-up examples to illustrate the point. They are real bugs that phantm found in some PHP applications.

phantm/about.txt · Last modified: 2010/05/04 15:32 by ekneuss


PROGRAMMING
Databases
Date Published:
Last Modified:
MariaDB
To change the position of a column:
ALTER TABLE tbl_name MODIFY COLUMN col_name column_definition AFTER col_name;
More info at _URL_
PostgreSQL
PostgreSQL is a object-orientated database. The main feature of a object-orientated database is that tables can inherit from other tables, which means they automatically get all the data columns of the table they inherit from (similar to object inheritance in object-orientated programming languages).
Inheritance is defined when creating tables with the INHERITS clause with the CREATE TABLE statement:
CREATE TABLE people (
 name text,
 age int
);
CREATE TABLE student (
 student_id text,
) INHERITS (people);
If a table already exists, you can inheritance via the INHERIT variant of the ALTER TABLE statement.
Working With PostgreSQL In Python
One of the most popular PostgreSQL libraries for Python is psycopg2. To install it on Ubuntu you will also need the libpg-dev package on your system:
sudo apt install libpq-dev
pip install psycopg2
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text:
Technical Information Bulletin
EASTMAN EKTRACHROME films are color reversal films which require KODAK VNF-1 processing chemistry. The VNF-1 process consists of a ten-step sequence with both B&W and color development, as well as a critical coupler stabilizer bath. This process chemistry is necessary to achieve the correct color balance and image quality for the films.
A significant concern exists for the short and long term dye stability of EASTMAN EKTACHROME films when processed through a KODAK ECN-2 process. Normal VNF-1 processing requires stabilization of the magenta dye. The ECN-2 process provides only a surfactant in the final rinse. If stabilization is not provided, the product suffers magenta dye fade in a relatively short time. Long term dye stability information on EASTMAN EKTACHROME films processed in an ECN-2 process does not exist.
Kodak does not have specific processing data for the EASTMAN EKTACHROME films processed through an ECN-2 process. However, seasoning effects from EASTMAN EKTACHROME films could adversely affect the performance of the ECN-2 chemistry. This could result in potential speed loss (decreased developer activity) as well as curve shape distortion due to color balance differences. The amount of change depends on the quantity of color reversal film processed at any one time.
Based upon the information above and a lack of understanding regarding long term seasoning effects and dye stability, Kodak does not recommend using EASTMAN EKTACHROME films processed through ECN-2 chemistry. If this combination is pursued, create a master positive as soon as possible after processing the film, for archival purposes.
Kodak, ECN, and Ektachrome are trademarks of Eastman Kodak Company.
Technical Information Bulletins provide information of limited or specific application. Responsibility for judging the applicability of the information for a specific use rests with the end user.


How to make a metal melting furnace (with pictures)
Table of contents:
How to make a metal melting furnace (with pictures)
How to make a metal melting furnace (with pictures)
Anonim
If you want to melt metal and shape it in different shapes, you will need a furnace that can be hot enough to melt the metal. You can buy a ready-made oven or make your own from an airtight garbage bin. First, cut the bucket to a suitable size and line the inside with heat-resistant insulating material. Then cover the lid with thermal insulation and fit it tightly to trap heat and excess pressure. Finally, install the heating element and you can melt the metal!
Steps
Part 1 of 3: Oven body
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 1
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 1
Step 1. Use an angle grinder to trim the steel waste bin to a height of 45 centimeters
Find a steel bin that is at least 45 centimeters high and at least 40 centimeters in diameter. If the bucket is taller than 45 centimeters, place the cutting wheel on the angle grinder and turn it on. Carefully trim the top edge of the bucket to the desired height.
 - When working with an angle grinder, wear safety glasses to protect your eyes from metal shavings.
 - Be careful not to cut yourself on the sharp cut edges of the bin.
 - If you don't have an angle grinder or want to make a smaller oven, you can use a 10 liter steel bucket with a height of about 30 centimeters.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 2
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 2
Step 2. Drill a hole in the side wall of the bin at a distance of 10 centimeters from the bottom
Attach a 2.5cm hole saw to the drill and clamp it firmly. Mark the hole on the side of the bucket about 10 centimeters above the bottom. Drill through the side of the bucket.
 - Air or other gas will enter the oven through the side opening.
 - Do not make a hole near the bottom, otherwise it may clog if liquid spills in the oven.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 3
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 3
Step 3. Line the inside of the bucket with a 5 cm layer of ceramic fiber cotton wool
Ceramic fiber wool has thermal insulation and refractory properties and is well suited for homemade stoves. Using a utility knife, cut out a round piece of ceramic fiber cotton that is the same diameter as the bottom of the bin. Push this piece into the bucket and press it firmly to the bottom. After that, wrap cotton wool tightly around the inside of the sidewalls of the bin.
 - Ceramic fiber cotton wool can be purchased at a hardware store or ordered online.
 - Ceramic cotton wool may cause irritation on contact with skin. To avoid this, wear long sleeves and work gloves.
A warning
Cutting ceramic fiber wool produces dust that can be harmful if it gets into your lungs, so be sure to wear a respirator.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 4
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 4
Step 4. Cut the cotton wool where it covers the hole in the bin
Find the hole you made in the side of the bin and cut out the cotton wool with a utility knife. To do this, walk with a knife along the edge of the hole. After you have cut the cotton around the entire circumference, pull it out of the hole.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 5
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 5
Step 5. Spray the cotton with hardener and wait 24 hours
A hardener is a chemical compound that activates ceramic wool particles, making it harder and retain its shape. Pour the hardener into a spray bottle and apply it all over the cotton wool. Wait at least 24 hours for the hardener to air dry and harden the cotton wool layer.
 - The hardener can be ordered online.
 - Mark the bottle you used for the hardener to avoid confusion with other bottles.
 - Some types of ceramic wool are already treated with a hardener and begin to harden in air. Check if there is any indication on the cotton wool packaging about this.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 6
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 6
Step 6. Apply oven cement to the surface of the cotton wool and allow it to fully cure
Stir the kiln cement with a stick to get a homogeneous mixture. Then apply the cement to the surface of the cotton wool using a paint brush with 5cm bristles. It is necessary to cover the entire surface so that heat does not escape from the oven. Wait at least 24 hours for the cement to harden before using the oven.
 - Kiln cement that has already been diluted can be purchased at a hardware store or ordered online.
 - Kiln cement can be dispensed with, but it will help extend the life of the kiln and get a smooth, clean surface.
Part 2 of 3: Insulating the Cover
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 7
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 7
Step 1. Drill a 5cm vent hole in the bin lid
Take the lid to the bucket you used for the oven body. Attach a 5cm hole saw to the drill and clamp it firmly. Drill a ventilation hole in the lid 7, 5-10 centimeters away from the handle.
 - Use a hole saw designed for metal drilling to avoid damaging the tool.
 - Never use a cover that does not have a ventilation hole, otherwise the increased pressure inside the oven may lead to its explosion and destruction.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 8
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 8
Step 2. Fill the bottom of the lid with a 5 cm layer of ceramic wool
Cut a round piece of ceramic fiber cotton with a diameter of 2.5–5 centimeters larger than the underside of the lid. Press the cotton wool into the bottom of the lid so that it snuggles against the sides and holds firmly in place. Continue adding layers of ceramic wool until it is 5 centimeters thick to ensure maximum heat resistance.
 - When handling ceramic wool, wear long sleeves and an N95 or better respirator to prevent irritation and itching.
 - Be sure to read the ceramic wool label and follow all recommended precautions.
 - If the ceramic wool does not stick to the bottom of the lid, heat-resistant glue can be sprayed onto it first. Heat-resistant glue can be purchased at a hardware store or ordered online.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 9
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 9
Step 3. Cut out the cotton wool where it covers the hole in the lid
Turn the lid upside down and find the hole you drilled in it. Slide a utility knife along the edge of the hole and pierce the cotton wool with it. Cut the cotton wool along the edge of the hole and remove the cut piece.
The hole in the lid must not be covered with cotton wool, otherwise the oven will not have adequate ventilation
Advice
If you find it difficult to cut the cotton wool in the hole with a utility knife, try using a serrated bread knife - it may be easier for them to cut the cotton wool.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 10
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 10
Step 4. Apply hardener to the cotton and leave to cure for 24 hours
Pour the hardener into a spray bottle and apply it directly to the ceramic wool at the bottom of the cap. Coat the entire surface of the cotton with hardener so that it hardens properly. After applying the curing agent to the cotton wool, leave the lid for at least 24 hours in a well-ventilated place to harden.
If you don't have a spray bottle on hand, you can apply the hardener with a paint brush
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 11
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 11
Step 5. Apply kiln cement all over the cotton wool for better thermal insulation
Stir the kiln cement with a stick to create a homogeneous mixture. Using a 5 cm brush, apply the cement to the outside of the cotton wool. Smooth out the cement with a brush and let it cure for at least 24 hours.
Before applying the cement, place a piece of cardboard or tissue under the lid to avoid staining the work surface
Part 3 of 3: Heating Element
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 12
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 12
Step 1. Pass a steel pipe or nozzle through the hole in the oven wall
The type of pipe depends on what you intend to use as your heat source. If you want to heat the stove with charcoal, pass a steel pipe 30 centimeters long and 2.5 centimeters in diameter through the hole. In this case, the pipe should protrude from the inner wall of the furnace by at least 3 centimeters. If you are going to use propane gas, place the burner inside the oven and thread the end of the valve through the side opening. Position the end of the burner inside the oven so that it points out from the center.
 - A propane burner for ovens can be ordered online.
 - Do not use a regular steel pipe for propane, as this will make it difficult to control the flame.
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 13
Build a Metal Melting Furnace for Casting Step 13
Step 2. Attach the blower to the end of the pipe with a connecting piece if you are going to use charcoal
The branch pipe allows you to connect pipes without welding. Slide one end of the nipple over the end of the steel pipe outside the oven. Place the other end of the nozzle over the end of the blower to increase the air flow through the oven and thereby improve heating.
 - Couplings are available at a hardware store


text: Experimental data available in the literature are used in this study for the investigation of threshold condition and sediment transport in incipient deposition condition. Using data from three different rigid boundary channel cross-sections, namely, rectangular, circular and U-shape, a unique equation is obtained for calculating flow velocity at the moment of sediment incipient deposition. The sediment transport models for incipient deposition condition are proposed in general and for different cross-section of channels. The derived equations are compared with other models in the literature. It is concluded that threshold condition of sediment motion has a range its higher and lower boundaries are related to the incipient deposition and incipient motion of particles, respectively. Results seem to be efficient to hydraulic engineers for designing drainage systems.


text:
posted by jasmine .
How do the boiling points of 3.0 m C6H12O6 and 3.0 m CaCl2 compare?
A. The boiling point of 3.0 m C6H12O6 is higher.
B. The boiling point of 3.0 m CaCl2 is higher.
C. They are the same.
D. The difference cannot be determined from the information given.
I think the answer is D. Is that correct?
delta T = i*Kb*m
Since Kb is the same for both, the differences are due to i*m and since m is the same the differences are due to i.
i for C6H12O6 = 1
i for CaCl2 = 3
Look up the van't Hoff factor.


text:
Hsr Layout to Indiranagar distance, location, road map and direction
Hsr Layout is located in India
at the longitude of 77.65 and latitude of 12.91. Indiranagar is located in India
at the longitude of 77.64 and latitude of 12.97.
- Driving Distance : 10 KM and 10 meters / 6.2 miles.
- Straight Line Distance : 7 KM and 100 meters / 4.4 miles.
- Travel time : 0 hours and 10 minutes.
- Direction and bearing : North side, 354 degree.
Distance between Hsr Layout and Indiranagar
The total straight line distance between Hsr Layout and Indiranagar is 7 KM
(kilometers) and 100 meters. The miles based distance from Hsr Layout to Indiranagar is 4.4
miles. This is a straight line distance and so most of the time the actual travel distance between Hsr Layout and Indiranagar may be higher or vary due to curvature of the road.
The driving distance or the travel distance between Hsr Layout to Indiranagar is 10 KM and 10 meters. The mile based, road distance between these two travel point is 6.2 miles.
Time Difference between Hsr Layout and Indiranagar
The sun rise time difference or the actual time difference between Hsr Layout and Indiranagar is 0 hours, 0 minutes and 1 seconds
Hsr Layout and Indiranagar time calculation is based on UTC time of the particular city. It may vary from country standard time, local time etc.
Hsr Layout To Indiranagar travel time
Hsr Layout is located around 7 KM away from Indiranagar so if you travel at the consistent speed of 50 KM per hour you can reach Indiranagar in 0 hours and 10 minutes. Your Indiranagar travel time may vary due to your bus speed, train speed or depending upon the vehicle you use.
Hsr Layout to Indiranagar Bus
Bus timings from Hsr Layout to Indiranagar is around 0 hours and 10 minutes
when your bus maintains an average speed of sixty kilometer per hour over the course of your journey. The estimated travel time from Hsr Layout to Indiranagar by bus may vary or it will take more time than the above mentioned time due to the road condition and different travel route. Travel time has been calculated based on crow fly distance so there may not be any road or bus connectivity also.
Bus fare from Hsr Layout to Indiranagar
may be around Rs.8.
Midway point between Hsr Layout To Indiranagar
Mid way point or halfway place is a center point between source and destination location. The mid way point between Hsr Layout and Indiranagar is situated at the latitude of 12.939994469816 and the longitude of 77.644379812594. If you need refreshment you can stop around this midway place, after checking the safety,feasibility, etc.
Hsr Layout To Indiranagar road map
Indiranagar is located nearly North
side to Hsr Layout. The bearing degree from Hsr Layout To Indiranagar is 354 ° degree
. The given North direction from Hsr Layout is only approximate. The given google map shows the direction in which the blue color line indicates road connectivity to Indiranagar. In the travel map towards Indiranagar you may find en route hotels, tourist spots, picnic spots, petrol pumps and various religious places. The given google map is not comfortable to view all the places as per your expectation then to view street maps, local places see our detailed map here.
Hsr Layout To Indiranagar driving direction
The following diriving direction guides you to reach Indiranagar from Hsr Layout. Our straight line distance may vary from google distance.
Travel Distance from Hsr Layout
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Quick Answer: What Are 60 Year Olds Called?
How often do 70 year olds make love?
Sexual frequency did decrease with age for women, although almost a quarter of partnered women over age 70 had sex more than 4 times a week, according to the survey.
Even if men and women do have sex more frequently, it doesn't mean they are happier..
What age is middle age for a woman?
This time period in the life of a person can be referred to as middle age. This time span has been defined as the time between ages 45 and 60. Many changes may occur between young adulthood and this stage.
Can I retire and collect Social Security at 55?
You can start receiving your Social Security retirement benefits as early as age 62. However, you are entitled to full benefits when you reach your full retirement age. If you delay taking your benefits from your full retirement age up to age 70, your benefit amount will increase.
What do you call a person in their 60's?
Sexagenarian: Someone in his or her sixties. Septuagenarian: Someone in his or her seventies. Octogenarian: Someone in his or her eighties. Nonagenarian: Someone in his or her nineties.
What are 70 year olds called?
A septuagenarian is someone in their 70s (70 to 79 years old), or someone who is 70 years old.
Is 55 considered elderly?
Note that by these definitions, "old" in the 1920s — 55 — is now considered "middle aged" today, and "very old" in the 1920s — 65 — is now considered merely "old" today. … By these measures, women today transition out of middle age around 65, a number that has increased from the late 40s in the 1920s.
What do you call a 60 year old woman?
Noun. sexagenarian (plural sexagenarians) A person who is 60 years old or between the ages of 60 and 69.
What can you do at 60 years old?
Be HealthierRide horseback.Learn a new recipe.Take a Zumba or dance class.Try going vegetarian.Learn yoga.Take a self-defense course.Learn to meditate.Grow your own fruits and veggies.
What is the age range for the elderly?
Although there are different ways to classify this population, some studies have classified elderly adults between the ages of 65 and 74 years as youngest-old, those between ages 75 and 84 years as middle-old, and those aged over 85 years as oldest-old [5].
What are old people called?
Senior citizen Synonyms include old age pensioner or pensioner in British English, and retiree and senior in American English. Some dictionaries describe widespread use of "senior citizen" for people over the age of 65.
What are 50 year olds called?
A person between 50 and 59 is called a quinquagenarian. A person between 60 and 69 is called a sexagenarian. A person between 70 and 79 is called a septuagenarian. A person between 80 and 89 is called an octogenarian.
Is 60 years old considered elderly?
The term "senior citizen" typically refers to someone who is retired and above the age of 60 or 65.
What age is over the hill?
Some sites proclaim that, as soon you turn 40, you're over the hill. Apparently, forty is the average mid-point in life. Before that, you were a high-achieving young person. But after your 40th birthday, you are on the slow, irreversible decline to boring, musty old-age.
What should I expect at 60 years old?
Your skin turns drier and itchier and may look like crepe paper or tissue. Wrinkles, age spots, creases, and bruises become more noticeable. Your sweat glands also get less active. That means you might not sweat as much, but wounds on your skin may take longer to heal.
How do you age gracefully in your 60s?
Tips for aging gracefullyBe kind to your skin. Your skin is your body's largest organ. … Exercise. … Mind your diet. … Mental health matters. … Stay physically active. … Lower your stress. … Quit smoking and decrease alcohol consumption. … Get enough sleep.More items…•
What is the politically correct term for senior citizens?
Pensioners is just okay. And elders is a term embraced by those that see it as a sign of respect. Over-55, over-65, and of course, the ever-popular baby boomers (for the younger old people) are phrases that are widely accepted. Unless you're referring to a frail 99-year-old, please, oh please, do not use elderly!
At what age are you considered over the hill 40 or 50?
To consider that age 50, you are old and past your prime is a matter of judgement. To someone else age 40 or may be age 60 may be considered as being over the hill.
Is 50 a old age?
The World Health Organisation believes that most developed world countries characterise old age starting at 60 years and above. However, this definition isn't adaptable to a place like Africa, where the more traditional definition of an elder, or elderly person, starts between 50 to 65 years of age.


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Excerpts from this Manual
17.2.4.3 memcached Item Statistics
To get the items statistics, use the stats items command, or the API equivalent.
The items statistics give information about the individual items allocated within a given slab class.
STAT items:2:number 1
STAT items:2:age 452
STAT items:2:evicted 0
STAT items:2:evicted_nonzero 0
STAT items:2:evicted_time 2
STAT items:2:outofmemory 0
STAT items:2:tailrepairs 0
...
STAT items:27:number 1
STAT items:27:age 452
STAT items:27:evicted 0
STAT items:27:evicted_nonzero 0
STAT items:27:evicted_time 2
STAT items:27:outofmemory 0
STAT items:27:tailrepairs 0
The prefix number against each statistics relates to the corresponding chunk size, as returned by the stats slabs statistics. The result is a display of the number of items stored within each chunk within each slab size, and specific statistics about their age, eviction counts, and out of memory counts. A summary of the statistics is given in the following table.
StatisticDescription
numberThe number of items currently stored in this slab class.
ageThe age of the oldest item within the slab class, in seconds.
evictedThe number of items evicted to make way for new entries.
evicted_timeThe time of the last evicted entry
evicted_nonzeroThe time of the last evicted non-zero entry1.4.0
outofmemoryThe number of items for this slab class that have triggered an out of memory error (only value when the -M command line option is in effect).
tailrepairsNumber of times the entries for a particular ID need repairing
Item level statistics can be used to determine how many items are stored within a given slab and their freshness and recycle rate. You can use this to help identify whether there are certain slab classes that are triggering a much larger number of evictions that others.
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Function
GeometryType
Introduction: Returns the type of the geometry as a string. Eg: 'LINESTRING', 'POLYGON', 'MULTIPOINT', etc. This function also indicates if the geometry is measured, by returning a string of the form 'POINTM'.
Format: GeometryType (A: Geometry)
Since: v1.5.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('LINESTRING(77.29 29.07,77.42 29.26,77.27 29.31,77.29 29.07)'));
Output:
 geometrytype
--------------
 LINESTRING
SELECT GeometryType(ST_GeomFromText('POINTM(0 0 1)'));
Output:
 geometrytype
--------------
 POINTM
ST_3DDistance
Introduction: Return the 3-dimensional minimum cartesian distance between A and B
Format: ST_3DDistance (A: Geometry, B: Geometry)
Since: v1.2.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_3DDistance(ST_GeomFromText("POINT Z (0 0 -5)"),
 ST_GeomFromText("POINT Z(1 1 -6"))
Output:
1.7320508075688772
ST_AddPoint
Introduction: RETURN Linestring with additional point at the given index, if position is not available the point will be added at the end of line.
Format:
ST_AddPoint(geom: Geometry, point: Geometry, position: Integer)
ST_AddPoint(geom: Geometry, point: Geometry)
Since: v1.0.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_AddPoint(ST_GeomFromText("LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0)"), ST_GeomFromText("Point(21 52)"), 1)
SELECT ST_AddPoint(ST_GeomFromText("Linestring(0 0, 1 1, 1 0)"), ST_GeomFromText("Point(21 52)"))
Output:
LINESTRING(0 0, 21 52, 1 1, 1 0)
LINESTRING(0 0, 1 1, 1 0, 21 52)
ST_Affine
Introduction: Apply an affine transformation to the given geometry.
ST_Affine has 2 overloaded signatures:
ST_Affine(geometry, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, xOff, yOff, zOff)
ST_Affine(geometry, a, b, d, e, xOff, yOff)
Based on the invoked function, the following transformation is applied:
x = a * x + b * y + c * z + xOff OR x = a * x + b * y + xOff
y = d * x + e * y + f * z + yOff OR y = d * x + e * y + yOff
z = g * x + f * y + i * z + zOff OR z = g * x + f * y + zOff
If the given geometry is empty, the result is also empty.
Format:
ST_Affine(geometry, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, xOff, yOff, zOff)
ST_Affine(geometry, a, b, d, e, xOff, yOff)
ST_Affine(geometry, 1, 2, 4, 1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 5, 4, 8, 3)
Input: LINESTRING EMPTY
Output: LINESTRING EMPTY
Input: POLYGON ((1 0 1, 1 1 1, 2 2 2, 1 0 1))
Output: POLYGON Z((9 11 11, 11 12 13, 18 16 23, 9 11 11))
Input: POLYGON ((1 0, 1 1, 2 1, 2 0, 1 0), (1 0.5, 1 0.75, 1.5 0.75, 1.5 0.5, 1 0.5))
Output: POLYGON((5 9, 7 10, 8 11, 6 10, 5 9), (6 9.5, 6.5 9.75, 7 10.25, 6.5 10, 6 9.5))
ST_Affine(geometry, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2)
Input: POLYGON EMPTY
Output: POLYGON EMPTY
Input: GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (MULTIPOLYGON (((1 0, 1 1, 2 1, 2 0, 1 0), (1 0.5, 1 0.75, 1.5 0.75, 1.5 0.5, 1 0.5)), ((5 0, 5 5, 7 5, 7 0, 5 0))), POINT (10 10))
Output: GEOMETRYCOLLECTION (MULTIPOLYGON (((2 3, 4 5, 5 6, 3 4, 2 3), (3 4, 3.5 4.5, 4 5, 3.5 4.5, 3 4)), ((6 7, 16 17, 18 19, 8 9, 6 7))), POINT (31 32))
Input: POLYGON ((1 0 1, 1 1 1, 2 2 2, 1 0 1))
Output: POLYGON Z((2 3 1, 4 5 1, 7 8 2, 2 3 1))
ST_Angle
Introduction: Computes and returns the angle between two vectors represented by the provided points or linestrings.
There are three variants possible for ST_Angle:
ST_Angle(point1: Geometry, point2: Geometry, point3: Geometry, point4: Geometry) Computes the angle formed by vectors represented by point1 - point2 and point3 - point4
ST_Angle(point1: Geometry, point2: Geometry, point3: Geometry) Computes the angle formed by vectors represented by point2 - point1 and point2 - point3
ST_Angle(line1: Geometry, line2: Geometry) Computes the angle formed by vectors S1 - E1 and S2 - E2, where S and E denote start and end points respectively
Note
If any other geometry type is provided, ST_Angle throws an IllegalArgumentException. Additionally, if any of the provided geometry is empty, ST_Angle throws an IllegalArgumentException.
Note
If a 3D geometry is provided, ST_Angle computes the angle ignoring the z ordinate, equivalent to calling ST_Angle for corresponding 2D geometries.
Tip
ST_Angle returns the angle in radian between 0 and 2\Pi. To convert the angle to degrees, use ST_Degrees.
Format: ST_Angle(p1, p2, p3, p4) | ST_Angle(p1, p2, p3) | ST_Angle(line1, line2)
Since: v1.5.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_Angle(ST_GeomFromWKT('POINT(0 0)'), ST_GeomFromWKT('POINT (1 1)'), ST_GeomFromWKT('POINT(1 0)'), ST_GeomFromWKT('POINT(6 2)'))
Output:
0.4048917862850834
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_Angle(ST_GeomFromWKT('POINT (1 1)'), ST_GeomFromWKT('POINT (0 0)'), ST_GeomFromWKT('POINT(3 2)'))
Output:
0.19739555984988044
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_Angle(ST_GeomFromWKT('LINESTRING (0 0, 1 1)'), ST_GeomFromWKT('LINESTRING (0 0, 3 2)'))
Output:
0.19739555984988044
ST_Area
Introduction: Return the area of A
Format: ST_Area (A: Geometry)
Since: v1.0.0
Spark SQL Example:
SELECT ST_Area(ST_GeomFromText("POLYGON(0 0, 0 10, 10 10, 0 10, 0 0)"))
Output:
10
ST_AreaSpheroid
Introduction: Return the geodesic area of A using WGS84 spheroid. Unit is square meter. Works better for large geometries (country level) compared to ST_Area + ST_Transform. It is equivalent to PostGIS ST_Area(geography, use_spheroid=true) function and produces nearly identical results.
Geometry must be in EPSG:4326 (WGS84) projection and must be in lon/lat order. You can use ST_FlipCoordinates to swap lat and lon.
Note
By default, this function uses lon/lat order since v1.5.0. Before, it used lat/lon order.
Format: ST_AreaSpheroid (A: Geometry)
Since:


text: Water may be the main sculptor of rock and the surface of the planet, but wind is also a carver and shaper. On a beach, wind can scoop out a hollow in hours, pushing and tossing away one grain of sand at a time until a bank or ridge or dune appears hollowed out, deﬂated. Inland, wind also carves a slope to its fancy, as sure as it can carve a drift of snow. Wind abrades and blasts one particle of the slope at a time, over centuries, over millennia, until the soil or rock is hollowed out by the prevailing draft of air armed with abrasive grit, tiny wind-carried teeth. On the high mountain peaks of the southern Appalachians prevailing winds not only bend and stunt the growth of trees, but also hollow out bins and wallows, sometimes called tumbles by the local people, on the balds and high unprotected ground. The largest deﬂation hollow in the contiguous United States is Big Hollow in Albany County, Wyoming. It's forty square miles and a perfectly suitable sight in a state known for wind.


Salmon: Correcting the Record
It wasn't that long ago Dr. Sanjay Gupta told audiences that farmed salmon was "injected" with dye. He later devoted an extraordinary amount of time and research into an expose for 60 Minutes about farmed salmon where he explained that the dyed salmon narrative was simply a myth that needed rebutting:
 - Some people use that as a point to criticize farmed salmon that there are these artificial dyes—"It's not accurate to call these artificial dyes. I think people conjure up this image of the farm salmon being injected with something that causes it to turn that pink color. That's not what's happening here. It's a much more natural occurring process where the farmed salmon eat a type of food that causes a reaction in the body, just like the wild salmon does, and that causes that more pinkish color."
While we take our hats off to Dr. Gupta for correcting the record and doing it in a science-based manner, we also have to say good job to Cooks Illustrated. The venerable cooking magazine made the very same mistake Gupta once did but has done a service to its readers by also correcting the record:
 - In our March-April 2017 issue, we state that farmed salmon is "dyed pale pink by synthetic astaxanthin and carotenoid pigment in [the] feed." To be clear, farmed salmon is not dyed. The pinkish color of the flesh is created by compounds in the feed. A similar process occurs in wild salmon, which get their pink color from eating shrimp and other sea creatures rich in carotenoids.
Getting accurate information out about the food we all eat is important. Misinformation, especially about healthy food like salmon, can actually hurt public health. Whether its chefs or doctors who are helping to set the record straight they should be applauded.


You are here
Donald Mackinnon
Donald Mackinnon
Donald Mackinnon (_PHONE_) was a son of Duncan Mackinnon and Mary Macleod, 7 Cromore.
He joined the Royal Naval Reserve, S/N AX20733, on February 21, 1939. His record indicates that he was 5ft 8½ in tall with dark brown hair, brown eyes and a fresh complexion. Donald was a fisherman on Stornoway registered fishing boats incuding the Welcome Home.
He was Mobilised on July 28, 1939 and served in the Royal Navy for only one year. He was based at HMS Victory and aboard HMS Wren. Donald lost his life HMS Wren was sunk by German dive bombers.
Donald died aged 19 and his name is commemorated on the Portsmouth Naval War Memorial.
Title: Donald Mackinnon
Record Type: People
Gaelic Name: Dòmhnall Dhonnchaidh Uilleam
Also Known As: Doilean Dhonnchaidh
Date of Birth: 12-09-1920
Date of Death: 27-07-1940
Occupation: Fisherman, Royal Naval Reservist, Royal Navy
Sex: Male
Bk Reference: CEP 3429
Record Maintained By: CEP
Subject Id: 44579


VUnit projects in Sigasi Studio
Posted on 2021-01-12 by Wim Meeus
Tagged as: VUnit
VUnit is an open source unit testing framework for VHDL/SystemVerilog that helps to write, and automatically run, tests. The VUnit project was started by Lars Asplund from Synective Labs and Olof Kraigher. The source code is hosted at GitHub. VUnit automatically scans your projects for unit tests (aka test benches), runs them with your favorite simulator and reports the results. This automation helps to run tests frequently and iterate faster.
Installing VUnit
VUnit scripts are written in Python, so first make sure Python is installed on your system. A recent version of Python 3 is recommended. Windows users must install a full version of Python, not from the Windows Store.
The recommended way to install the latest stable release of VUnit is via pip or pip3. On most systems running the following command should do the trick:
pip install vunit_hdl
Make sure you use vunit_hdl and not vunit. The latter is a completely different Python library.
You can check that VUnit is installed correctly by for example running:
pip freeze
In the list of installed Python packages you will find a vunit-hdl entry and its version number.
Using VUnit
Running VUnit tests requires two elements: VHDL or SystemVerilog testbenches and a Python script which controls the execution.
VUnit will recognize a VHDL entity or a SystemVerilog module as a testbench if it has a runner_cfg generic (VHDL) or parameter (SV). Testbench entity and module names should have either a tb_ prefix or a _tb suffix. VUnit will warn if that is not the case.
A VHDL VUnit test bench has the following structure. Note that VHDL 2008 is required, a.o. for support of a VHDL context. The main process has function calls to set up and terminate the simulation. Between these function calls, one or more tests may be run.
library vunit_lib; -- VUnit library and context (VHDL2008 required!)
context vunit_lib.vunit_context;
entity tb_example is -- Entity name with tb_ prefix
 generic (runner_cfg : string); -- Generic indicates that this is a VUnit testbench
end entity;
architecture tb of tb_example is
 main : process
 test_runner_setup(runner, runner_cfg); -- Set up and start simulation
 report "This test will pass!"; -- Single, trivial test in this example
 test_runner_cleanup(runner); -- Simulation ends
 end process;
end architecture;
In SystemVerilog it looks a bit different. The runner_cfg parameter, which marks the module as a VUnit testbench, is defined in TEST_SUITE.
'include "vunit_defines.svh" // Include VUnit definitions
module tb_sv_example;
 'TEST_SUITE begin // Includes the definition of parameter runner_cfg
 // which makes this module a VUnit testbench
 // Note: Do not place any code here.
 $display("Running test suite setup code");
 // Start clocks, assert resets etc. here
 'TEST_CASE_SETUP begin
 $display("Running test case setup code");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 'TEST_CASE("Test that a successful test case passes") begin
 $display("This test case is expected to pass");
 'CHECK_EQUAL(1, 1);
 'TEST_CASE("Test that a failing test case actually fails") begin
 $display("This test case is expected to fail");
 'CHECK_EQUAL(0, 1, "You may also optionally add a diagnostic message to CHECK_EQUAL");
 $display("Cleaning up after a test case");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 $display("Cleaning up after running the complete test suite");
 // Leave empty for simple cases
 // Optional, but recommended.
Note the presence of the watchdog near the end of the above example. The watchdog ensures that hanging tests terminate as failed rather than keep on running forever.
Finally, a Python script is required to control the VUnit tests. In it simplest form, for a VHDL project could look like this. The script creates a VUnit instance, adds libraries and design files to it, and runs the tests.
# The following line works for VHDL
from vunit import VUnit
# If your project is SystemVerilog, use the following one instead:
# from vunit.verilog import VUnit
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# Create library 'lib'
lib = vu.add_library("lib")
# Add all files ending in.vhd in current working directory to library
# Run vunit tests
Note that VUnit does not support a library named work. In VHDL, work is a keyword which means the same library where this element is defined. While in many VHDL projects, the work library is called work, a different name must be chosen in VUnit. In the above example, the work library is named lib. Given the special meaning of work, this won't break any references to work in the VHDL code.
VUnit's user guide offers further details on how to use VUnit.
If your project has multiple source code directories and/or libraries, will need to reflect that. is meant to be stored in revision control. For that reason, generating (e.g. from other scripts) is discouraged. However, the full power of Python is available to configure VUnit's libraries and source files from within We'll give a few examples later.
Using VUnit in Sigasi Studio
Sigasi Studio can help you manage VUnit projects and enables you to run and inspect test results straight from the IDE. VUnit support in Sigasi Studio requires an XPRT license.
Details of how to run VUnit tests in Sigasi Studio can be found in the Sigasi manual. Once your tests are running, Sigasi Studio opens the VUnit view from where you can see test results and inspect the details.
Complex VUnit projects: Python to the rescue
VUnit makes use of a single script which configures libraries and controls the execution. It is not desirable to duplicate the library configuration from other tools in First of all, the library configuration would need regular updates as the project evolves, which means additional work for the designers and a possible source of errors. Generating from other scripts or tools is not recommended either, because is meant to be kept in revision control.
Fortunately, the full strength of the Python programming language is available to help manage VUnit's configuration. We present a few examples of how Python can be used to automate the VUnit setup.
Determine libraries from folder names
In this example, we have a VHDL project with one level of subfolders. Each subfolder is mapped to a library with the same name. Over the course of the project, subfolders may be added or renamed.
The following script extracts the libraries from the folder names. The designer doesn't need to change anything to the script when the folder / library structure is changed.
from vunit import VUnit
import os
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# For each folder, create a library with the same name as the folder.
# Map all VHDL files in the folder into the library.
for fpath in os.scandir('.'):
 if fpath.is_dir() and not'.'):
 vu.add_library(, "*.vhd"))
# Add all files ending in.vhd in the top level directory to library "libwork"
# Run vunit function
Find all SystemVerilog files in a folder hierarchy
In this example, libraries are not the problem because SystemVerilog uses one single library. The difficulty here is that design files are present at various depths in the file hierarchy.
Again, Python proves to be a powerful tool to find the design files and configure VUnit tests.
from vunit.verilog import VUnit
import glob
# Create VUnit instance by parsing command line arguments
vu = VUnit.from_argv()
# Create library 'lib'
lib = vu.add_library("lib")
# Hierarchically add all files ending in.v and.sv in current working directory to library
for file in glob.glob("**/*.v", recursive=True):
for file in glob.glob("**/*.sv", recursive=True):
# Run vunit function
Obviously, the example could be extended. For example, one could read a list with files to exclude from a file, and not add those files to the library.
Read VUnit configuration from Sigasi Studio project files
Oftentimes, information about design files, libraries, excludes etc. is available in other design tools, e.g. Sigasi Studio. With some clever use of Python, can retrieve this information from Sigasi Studio's project files, making the configuration of VUnit tests entirely automatic. Just use this vunit…logo in your project, sit back and run your tests.
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I'm trying to figure out if some emerging markets change over time.
 - First of all I am going to check for changes in volatility. What would be a good method to do this. And do you suggest comparing the first half of the time series with the second or comparing the first 1/3 with the last 1/3.
 - Secondly, for the correlation. I would like to check if the correlation between one emerging market and the SPX or FTSE100 changes over time, because the correlation should increase as the market 'emerges' and integrates with the emerged markets. Here as well, I wonder whether I should use halves or thirds.
I'm trying to figure out what would be a good method to test this. Do you have any suggestions?
 - $\begingroup$ Why don't you use a rolling window for each? $\endgroup$ – SachaTheBrave Oct 5 '20 at 11:40
As mentioned in a response to a different question, there are a number of academic papers that use non-parametric tests for determining changes in variance/volatility in financial time series. Whether or not these are "good methods" depends on how you define "good" as they have some obvious drawbacks.
This depends on your objectives, but for a cursory examination look at the changes of volatility and correlation over time as suggested by _USER_. The rolling (or sliding) window is quite helpful in locating the intervals of particular interest.
Here's an example which shows 1-day returns for three ETFs (SPY, EEM, and EWZ) and a 1-month sliding standard deviation of the returns:
SELECT symbol, time, daily_return, stddev(daily_return) as volatility
 SELECT symbol, time, close, close/LAG(close)-1 AS daily_return
 FROM atsd_session_summary
 WHERE symbol = 'SPY.US'
 AND datetime BETWEEN '2020-01-01' AND current_day
enter image description here
This type of sliding window (preceding-to-current) is not centered, with the volatility visually lagging the deviations observed in the 1-day return series. Centered windows are possible but used less often.
Your Answer