text:
versions of this connector are also available. The typical insertion loss of the SC connector is around 0.3 dB.
Connector Endface Preparation
Once the optical fiber is terminated with a particular connector, the connector endface preparation will determine what the connector return loss, also known as back reflection, will be. The back reflection is the ratio between the light propagating through the connector in the forward direction and the light reflected back into the light source by the connector surface. Minimizing back reflection is of great importance in high-speed and analog fiber optic links, utilizing narrow line width sources such as DFB lasers, which are prone to mode hopping and fluctuations in their output.Figure 6Connector EndfacesFigure 7A typical F-BK3 cleave is clean, flat and perpendicular.
Flat Polish a flat polish of the connector surface will result in a back reflection of about -16 dB (4%).
PC Polish the Physical Contact (PC) polish results in a slightly curved connector surface, forcing the fiber ends of mating connector pairs into physical contact with each other. This eliminates the fiber-to-air interface, there by resulting in back reflections of -30 to -40 dB. The PC polish is the most popular connector endface preparation, used in most applications.
SPC and UPC Polish in the Super PC (SPC) and Ultra PC (UPC) polish, an extended polishing cycle enhances the surface quality of the connector, resulting in back reflections of -40 to -55 dB and < -55dB, respectively. These polish types are used in high-speed, digital fiber optic transmission systems.
APC Polish the Angled PC (APC) polish, adds an 8 degree angle to the connector endface. Back reflections of <-60 dB can routinely be accomplished with this polish.
Fiber Cleaving is the fastest way to achieve a mirror-flat fiber end it takes only seconds. The basic principle involves placing the fiber under tension, scribing with a diamond or carbide blade perpendicular to the axis, and then pulling the fiber apart to produce a clean break. Our F-BK3 or FK11 Cleavers make the process especially quick and easy. It is wise to inspect fiber ends after polishing or cleaving.
Coupling Light into Fibers
Good coupling efficiency requires precise positioning of the fiber to center the core in the focused laser beam. For multimode fibers, with their large cores, fiber positioners (e.g., Newports FP Series) can achieve good coupling efficiency. Single-mode fibers require more elaborate couplers with submicron positioning resolution, like the ULTRAlign and 562F stainless steel positioners and the F-915 and F-1015 Couplers. These are also useful with multimode fibers when maximum coupling efficiency is required.
The characteristics of the focused beam must match the fiber parameters for good coupling efficiency. For multimode fibers this is straightforward. General guidelines are:
The focused spot should be comparable to the core size.
The incident cone angle should not exceed the arcsine of the NA of the fiber (e.g. 23° for 0.2 NA and 35° for 0.3 NA).
To maximize coupling into a single-mode fiber, you must match the incident field distribution to that of the fiber mode. For example, the mode profile of the HE11 mode of a step index fiber can be approximated by a Gaussian distribution with a 1/e width w given by:
where: d is the core diameter, and
V is the V-number.
For our F-SV fiber, for which V = 2, the Gaussian width is approximately 28% larger than the core diameter, so the light should be focused to a spot size 1.28 times the core diameter at the fiber surface. For a Gaussian laser beam, the required beam diameter D incident upon focusing lens of focal length f to produce a focused spot of diameter w is D = 4λf/(πw). Given the laser beam waist and divergence, its easy to determine the distance needed between the focusing lens and the laser to expand the beam to the required diameter.
The mode field diameter is now given to provide easier matching of lens to optical fiber for a Gaussian beam.
A high numerical aperture lens must collimate the diverging output beam of a laser diode. Newports F-L Series Diode Laser Focusing Lenses, are AR-coated for high transmittance at popular laser diode wavelengths and with numerical apertures up to 0.5 are useful for collimating or focusing.
Mode Scrambling and Filtering
Many multimode fiber experiments are sensitive to the distribution of power among the fibers modes. This is determined by the launching optics, fiber perturbations, and the fibers length. Mode scrambling is a technique that distributes the optical power in a fiber among all the guided modes. Mode filtering simulates the effects of kilometer lengths of fiber by attenuating higher-order fiber modes.Figure 8Launching conditions in a multimode optical fiber.
One scrambling technique is to splice a length of graded-index fiber between two pieces of step-index fiber this ensures that the downstream fibers core is overfilled regardless of launch conditions. Mode filtering can be achieved by wrapping a fiber several times around a finger-sized mandrel; bending sheds the high-order modes.
One way to achieve both scrambling and filtering is to introduce microbending to cause rapid coupling between all fiber modes and attenuation of high-order modes. One approach is to place a stripped section of fiber in a box filled with lead shot. A more precise way is to use Newports FM-1 Mode Scrambler. This specially designed tool uses a calibrated mechanism to introduce microbending for mode scrambling and filtering.
(a) Overfilled (b) UnderfilledFigure 9A schematic of Coupling of light into an optical fiberFigure 10Mode scrambler for optical fibers. The bends tend to couple out higher-order and radiation modes and to distribute the light into a distribution of modes that will remain stable over long distances.
Cladding Mode Removal
Some light is invariably launched into a fibers cladding. Though cladding modes dissipate rapidly with fiber length, they can interfere with measurements. For example, the output of a single-mode fiber will not have a Gaussian distribution if light is propagating in the cladding. You can remove cladding modes by stripping a length of fiber coating and immersing the bare fiber in an index matching fluid such as glycerin.
Common Optical Parameters
The following is a list of common optical parameters associated with fiber optic components. Please call or visit Newports website for application notes on how to measure these parameters.Figure 11
Port Configuration: Number of input ports x number of output ports. e.g. 2 x 2
Coupling Ratio: The ratio of the power at an output port to the launched power expressed in dB. e.g. -10log (P2/P1).
Isolation: The ratio of the power at an output port in the transmitted wavelength band to that in the extinguished wavelength band, expressed in dB.
Directivity: The ratio of the power returned to any other input port to the launched power, expressed in dB. e.g.-10log (P4/P1).
Bandwidth: The range of operating wavelengths over which performance parameters are specified.
Excess Loss: The ratio of the total power at all output ports to the launched power, expressed in dB. e.g. -10log [(P2+P3)/P1].
Uniformity: The difference between maximum and minimum insertion losses.
Extinction Ratio: The ratio of the residual power in an extinguished polarization state to the transmitted power, expressed in dB.
Return Loss: The ratio of the power returned to the input port to the launched power, expressed in dB. e.g.-10log (P5/P1).
Polarization-Dependent Loss (PDL): The maximum (peak-to-peak) variation in insertion loss as the input polarization varies, expressed in dB.
Fiber Optic Communications
The theoretical bandwidth of optical fiber transmission in the 1550 nm window alone is on the order of terabits. Current fiber optic systems have not even begun to utilize the enormous potential bandwidth that is possible.
There are two methods that are employed to achieve an increase in bandwidth. The first is known as Time Division Multiplexing or TDM. Multiple channels are transmitted on a single carrier by increasing the modulation rate and allotting a time slot to each channel. However, more sophisticated high-speed electronics, at both the transmitting and receiving ends of the communications link, are required when increasing the bit rate of a system. And as the bit rate increases, inherent modulation limiting characteristics of optical fibers become dominant. Chromatic and polarization mode dispersion cause pulse spreading, which affects the signal quality over longer transmission distances.
An alternate method for increasing the capacity of fiber optic communications systems is known as wavelength division multiplexing, or WDM. By this method, capacity can be increased by using more than one optical carrier (wavelength) on a single fiber. Therefore, adding a second transmitter and receiver to an optical fiber can double the bandwidth of that communications system. This method of increasing the capacity of an optical system has appeal for a variety of reasons. If a system were to increase in capacity using TDM alone, the existing transmitter and receiver would be replaced with a faster and more expensive transmitter/receiver pair. Using WDM, the existing transmitter and receiver do not need to be replaced. A second transmitter/receiver pair of a different wavelength is simply added. This is done by coupling, or multiplexing the output of the two lasers into a single fiber. At the receiving end, the two wavelengths are then separated, or demultiplexed, and each optical carrier is routed to its own receiver. For transmission systems using a 1310 nm laser, a


text:
- Use the sun to fry, bake or broil food.
- Experience and learn about solar radiation
- Great for Hunters, Hikers or Campers
Oven has reflective surfaces that concentrate heat radiation in the central chamber, resulting in temperatures up to 350 degrees or more.
Bake brownies, potatoes, hamburgers, etc. Caution: Recommend parent/teacher supervision as heat could reach 450 degrees.
Grades 3-12. Teacher's Guide gives suggestions for classroom experiments.
Ages 14 and up.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Stock Price Simulation
Larry Wasserman presents an interesting simulation in Problem 11, Chapter 3 of All of Statistics. The problem asks you to simulate the stock market by modeling a simple random walk. With probability 0.5 the price of the stock goes down $1 and with probability 0.5 the stock prices goes up $1. You may recognize this as the same setup in our two simple random walk examples modeling a particle on the real line.
This simulation is interesting because Wasserman notes that even with an equal probability of the stock moving up and down we're likely to see patterns in the data. I ran some simulations that modeled the change in stock price over the course of 1,000 days and grabbed a couple of graphs to illustrate this point. For example, look at the graph below. It sure looks like this is a stock that's tanking! However, it's generated with the random walk I just described.
stock_plot1
Even stocks that generally hover around the origin seem to have noticeable dips and peaks that look like patterns to the human eye even though they are not.
stock_plot2
If we run the simulation multiple times it's easy to see that if you consider any single stock it's not so unlikely to get large variations in price (the light purple lines). However, when you consider the average price of all stocks, there is very little change over time as we would expect (the dark purple line).
stock_plot3
Here is the R code to calculate the random walk and generate the last plot:
################################################################
# R Simulation
# James McCammon
# 2/20/2017
################################################################
# This script goes through the simulation of changes in stock
# price data.
# Load plotting libraries
library(ggplot2)
library(ggthemes)
library(reshape2)
#
# Simulate stock price data with random walk
#
 n = 1000 # Walk n steps
 p = .5 # Probability of moving left
 trials = 100 # Num times to repeate sim
 # Run simulation
 rand_walk = replicate(trials, cumsum(sample(c(-1,1), size=n, replace=TRUE, prob=c(p,1-p))))
#
# Prepare data for plotting
#
 all_walks = melt(rand_walk)
 avg_walk = cbind.data.frame(
 'x' = seq(from=1, to=n, by=1),
 'y' = apply(rand_walk, 1, mean)
 )
#
# Plot data
#
 ggplot() +
 geom_line(data=all_walks, aes(x=Var1, y=value, group=Var2), color='#BCADDC', alpha=.5) +
 geom_line(data=avg_walk, aes(x=x, y=y), size = 1.3, color='#937EBF') +
 theme_fivethirtyeight() +
 theme(axis.title = element_text()) +
 xlab('Days') +
 ylab('Change in Stock Price (in $)') +
 ggtitle("Simulated Stock Prices")
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Simple Random Walk – Method 2
Suppose we consider a simple random walk. A particle starts at initial position z_i and moves one unit to the left with probability p and moves one unit to the right with probability 1-p . What is the expected position \mathbb{E}[X_n] of the particle after n steps?
In a previous post I presented a method to solve this by iteration. I'd like to present a different method to solve the problem here.
Recall we have:
X_i = \bigg\{ \begin{tabular}{cc} p & x = -1 \\ 1-p & x = 1 \end{tabular}
We give it some thought we can see that after n steps we've simply added up our random variables to get our final location. We could define a new random variable:
Y = \sum_{i=1}^{n} X_i
So now all we need to do is take the expected value of Y . We can use rules of expected value to bring the expectation inside the summation and take the expectation of each individual X_i as we normally would.
\mathbb{E}[Y] = \mathbb{E}\big[\sum_{i=1}^{n} X_i \big]
\mathbb{E}[Y] = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \mathbb{E}[X_i]
\mathbb{E}[Y] = \sum_{i=1}^{n} -1 \cdot p + 1 \cdot (1-p)
\mathbb{E}[Y] = \sum_{i=1}^{n} 1 - 2p
\mathbb{E}[Y] = n(1 - 2p)
This is the same answer we got via the iteration method. This also makes our R simulation easier. Recall we has this setup:
################################################################
# R Simulation
################################################################
# Generate random walk
rand_walk = function (n, p, z) {
 walk = sample(c(-1,1), size=n, replace=TRUE, prob=c(p,1-p))
 for (i in 1:n) {
 z = z + walk[i]
 }
 return(z)
}
n = 1000 # Walk n steps
p = .3 # Probability of moving left
z = 0 # Set initial position to 0
trials = 10000 # Num times to repeate sim
# Run simulation
X = replicate(trials, rand_walk(n,p,z))
Our code now becomes:
################################################################
# R Simulation
################################################################
n = 1000 # Walk n steps
p = .3 # Probability of moving left
trials = 10000 # Num times to repeate sim
# Run simulation
X = replicate(trials, sum(sample(c(-1,1), size=n, replace=TRUE, prob=c(p,1-p))))
# Calculate empirical and theoretical results
empirical = mean(X)
theoretical = n*(1-2*p)
percent_diff = abs((empirical-theoretical)/empirical)*100
# print to console
empirical
theoretical
percent_diff
Notice that for our random walk we can replace this function:
rand_walk = function (n, p, z) {
 walk = sample(c(-1,1), size=n, replace=TRUE, prob=c(p,1-p))
 for (i in 1:n) {
 z = z + walk[i]
 }
 return(z)
}
X = replicate(trials, rand_walk(n,p,z))
With the simpler:
X = replicate(trials, sum(sample(c(-1,1), size=n, replace=TRUE, prob=c(p,1-p))))
Additionally, in this second method we don't need to specify an initial position since we assume from the beginning it's zero. Of course both methods complete the same task, but they use different conceptual models. The first uses an iteration model, while the latter completes the "iteration" in a single step.
Distribution Mean Convergence
Suppose we want to simulate \frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^{n} X_i for X_1, X_2, \dots , X_n \sim N(0, 1) , n = 1, \dots , 10


text:
St.Francis Herb Farm: The Source of Our Herbs
In the early years, St. Francis Herb Farm® grew many of the herbs used in production right on site near the tiny rural hamlet of Cormac, Ontario. This gave us a firsthand, practical appreciation of the importance of properly grown and harvested raw herbs as the foundation for a quality finished product.
Actually, St. Francis Herb Farm® was one of the first herbal companies to use exclusively certified organic, organically grown, and wildcrafted herbs. This remains our policy to this day. Presently, while we do not grow our own herbs anymore, our commitment to sourcing the finest and highest quality raw materials has remained unwavering. All of our herbs are imported or purchased from certified organic growers, or from conscientious wildcrafters who harvest herbs naturally occurring in the unspoiled and unpolluted "wilds" of the Canadian countryside. When we source our herbs, we support and encourage both agricultural sustainability and fair trade practices.
All our growers and suppliers are expected to meet rigorous criteria. These cover harvesting techniques, proper plant species and parts, soil conditions, and drying and storage procedures. Herbs from new and unproven sources are sampled first, examined for their proper species identification, composition, texture, colour, aroma, and tested for a range of possible contaminants.
St. Francis Herb Farm® uses only whole herb—fresh or carefully dried—identified and processed according to the most rigid GMP standards. Top quality ingredients make for top quality products.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
965 Stack Radiation Monitoring System
The Model 965 Stack Monitor is a single-channel radiation monitoring system capable of operating over the range of 10 to 107 CPM. The system monitors gamma radiation and provides indication when the radiation level decreases below a fail threshold, exceeds a warn set point, exceeds a high set point, or exceeds an overrange set point. The overrange feature provides two significant benefits. First, it prevents the system from displaying an on-scale, but inaccurate, reading should the detector become saturated. Second, it lessens the risk of damaging the detector by disabling it during an overrange condition. Relay outputs are available to activate alarm annunciators. Analog outputs are available for trend display on a strip chart recorder or computer. In addition, the monitoring system has an integral check source to verify operational integrity.
The system consists of a Model 943-36CS Gamma Scintillation Detector and a Model 942A Universal Digital Ratemeter (UDR).
- Gamma Scintillation Detector with built-in radioactive check source
- Monitors radioactivity in exhaust stacks or ducts, and in positron emission tomography (PET) applications
- Airborne 15O monitor
- For use with Model 942A UDR or Model 960 electronics
- Stack/duct flow monitoring capability
- Count Range: 107 CPM
- Energy response: 15% from 70 keV to 3 MeV
- No external power needed at detector location
- Preamplifier integral with detector
- Ratemeter may be remotely located up to 1500 feet
- Single cable between ratemeter and detector
- 8 µCi 36Cl check source
- Replaces high maintenance off-line monitoring system
- Deadtime correction < 1% at 107 CPM
- User adjustable alarm setpoints
- Seismically tested with high reliability
- Stack flow monitoring and release calculation
- Specifications, Gamma Detector
The 965 Stack Monitoring system is designed to be used in any size or shaped stack. Since the detectors are mounted directly in the stack, there is no need for an expensive or high maintenance off-line monitoring system. This monitor can be used as a single channel, stand-alone, or grouped together as a multi-channel monitoring system.
The standard UDR is factory-modified to include three option boards to allow for computer communications, an analyzer to count 15O (or other selected isotopes) only, and flow compensation to measure stack effluent releases.
Specifications, Gamma Detector
The Model 943-36CS Gamma Scintillation Detector consists of a scintillation crystal, a photomultiplier tube, a preamplifier assembly and an integral check source.
The Model 943-36CS detector is designed to be sensitive to gamma radiation. The scintillation material, photomultiplier tube and preamplifier are contained within a cylindrical housing.
The preamplifier provides pulse conditioning and cable driving capabilities to match the input characteristics of the instruments used to monitor the detector output.
The Model 943-36CS Gamma Scintillation Detector can be used with Universal Digital Ratemeters or with the 960 Digital Radiation Monitoring System (DRMS). Ratemeters are used in systems where individual control room readouts are employed, while the 960 DRMS is used when a complete digital process control system is supplied.
Specifications, Universal Digital Ratemeter
The Model 942A UDR, when connected to a Model 943 Series Scintillation Detector, comprises a monitoring system which operates over a seven decade range. The UDR provides display, control, and annunciation functions for the monitoring system, and will display readings in the range of 10 to 107 CPM.
Standard features for the instrument consist of a five digit display of the radiation value and a multicolored bargraph indicator which covers the entire range of the UDR. The bargraph will change color in the event of an alarm condition (green for normal, amber for warning and red for high). Front panel alarm indicators and rear panel relay outputs for alarm annunciation are also included. Front panel pushbuttons are provided to apply power, display alarm limit set points, acknowledge alarms, and activate the check source.
Analog outputs of 0 to 10 VDC (1) and 4 to 20 mA (2) are provided for recording and computer monitoring. The outputs may also be used to drive a remote meter or a local (i.e. near the detector) indicator.
All electronics required to interface with a Model 943 Series detector are included within the Model 942A UDR. The electronics consist of a high voltage power supply, low voltage DC power supply and the hardware/software required for UDR operation. The system also includes an overrange indicator to preclude the possibility of on-scale readings when the radiation field is beyond the range of the detector.
|| 2.5 in Ø x 16 in long (63.5 x 406.4 mm)|
|Check source housing|
|| 32º to 122ºF
(0º to 50ºC)
|| 32º to 122ºF
(0º to 50ºC)
|| 0 to 95% non-condensing|
|End window material|
|| NaI (Tl)|
|Full width half max:
|| < 9%|
|| 1.5 x 1 in|
|Energy response range:
|| 70 keV to 3 MeV|
|| 2 inch Ø, 10-stage, integral
|Maximum count rate:
|| 107 CPM|
|Output pulse polarity:
|| 50 ohms|
|| < 60 ns (preamp alone)|
|Maximum field cable length:
|| 1500 ft (457 m)|
|Maximum pulse amplitude:
|| - 6 V (terminated into
|| MHV high voltage|
|| Detector: 1400 VDC max @ 500 µA|
Preamplifier: ± 15 VDC @ 50 mA
|Specifications (Universal Digital Ratemeter)|
|| 5 digits with backlighted radiation units display and floating decimal point. 3 digits plus exponent for data entry/display|
|Bargraph display (dynamic range)|
|| 3 segments per decade, tricolor, indicating channel status. 10 to 107 CPM|
|| HIGH (red LED), WARN (amber LED), FAIL (red LED) and RANGE (red LED)|
|| HIGH-High Alarm limit, WARN-Warn Alarm limit|
|| Activates check source and associated green LED indicator. Momentary non-latching pushbutton operation|
|| Alarm acknowledgment causes alarm indicators to go to a steady on state after acknowledgment|
|| Alternate action pushbutton for AC power to unit|
|Relay outputs (fail-safe operation)|
|| 1 set. DPDT rated 5 A @ 120 VAC (one set 120 VAC powered for use with optional remote alarm)|
|| 2 sets. DPDT rated 5 A @ 120 VAC|
|| 2 sets. DPDT rated 5 A @ 120 VAC; Contact rating for all relays is 5 A @ 28 VDC|
|Check source power|
|| 4 to 20 mA (2) (500 ohms max) and 0 to 10 VDC (1 k-ohm min), logarithmic. May be scaled for any one decade (min) to the full range of the unit (max)|
|Alarm acknowledgement input|
|| Optically isolated DC input|
|| Digital pulse, up to 1500 feet from UDR, 50 ohm input impedance|
|Detector accuracy (electronic)|
|| ± 1% digit (± 1% of the displayed value), exclusive of the detector energy response|
|| 5.64 (w) x 13.73 (d) x 3.47 in (h); (14.33 x 34.87 x 8.81 cm)|
|| 120 VAC ± 10%, 50/60 Hz, 28 W|
|| 32° to 122°F (0° to 50°C)|
|| 32° to 122°F (0° to 50°C)|
|| 0 to 95%, non-condensing|
|| Model 948-1 Rack Chassis, designed to mount 3 UDRs in a 19 inch wide cabinet|
|948-1||Rack Chassis (part# 948-1)|


Uploaded image for project: 'Hadoop Common'
 1. Hadoop Common
 2. HADOOP-13204 Über-jira: S3a phase III: scale and tuning
 3. HADOOP-13654
S3A create() to support asynchronous check of dest & parent paths
 XMLWordPrintableJSON
Details
 - Sub-task
 - Status: Resolved
 - Major
 - Resolution: Won't Fix
 - 2.7.3
 - None
 - fs/s3
 - None
 Description
 One source of delays in S3A is the need to check if a destination path exists in create; this makes sure the operation isn't trying to overwrite a directory.
 #. This is slow, 1-4 HTTPS requests
 1. The code doesn't seem to check the entire parent path to make sure there isn't a file as a parent (which raises the question: shouldn't we have a contract test for this?)
 2. Even with the create overwrite=false check, the fact that the new object isn't created until the output stream is close()'d, means that the check has race conditions.
 Instead of doing a synchronous check in create(), we could do an asynchronous check of the parent directory tree. If any error surfaced, this could be cached and then thrown on the next call to: write(), flush() or close(); that is, the failure of a create due to path problems would not surface immediately on the create() call, but before any writes were committed.
 The full directory tree can/should be checked, and is results remembered. This would allow for the post-commit cleanup to issue delete() requests purely for those paths (if any) which referred to directories.
 As well as the need to use the AWS thread pool, there's a bit of complexity with cancelling multipart uploads: the output stream needs to know that the request failed, and that the multipart should be aborted.
 If the complexity of the asynchronous calls can be coped with, and client code happy to accept errors in the any IO call to the output stream, then the initial overhead at file creation could be skipped.
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text:
Economic Definition of nationalization. Defined.
Offline Version: PDF
Term nationalization Definition: The process of a national government taking over the ownership of a private business or industry, usually in conjunction with a major revolution that establishes a communistic or socialist command economy. Nationalization was a common practice, sort of a fad, during the 1950s,1960s, and 1970s. Even non-revolutionary industrialized countries in Europe jumped onto the nationalization bandwagon. The United States also took at stab at nationalizing passenger train service when Amtrak was established in 1970.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Abstract: In this paper, genetic algorithm has been investigated for the enhancement of the visible and infrared images. The algorithm was effective as the contents of the images became clear with the successive iterations. The algorithm was applied on the image for 200 random DNAs with successive iterations. The analysis of the results showed that the quality of images get enhanced with the successive iterations.
Keywords: Genetic Algorithm, Image Enhancement, DNA.


text:
Comprehensive research among preschoolers conducted
- By Dashmaa D -
- Sep 14,2023
The Mongolian Institute for Educational Research is conducting a comprehensive study of the development of three- to five-year-old children. This research aims to define comprehensive development of three- to five-year-old children or cognitive development of physical and social transition.
The research was carried out randomly with age and gender balance in five provinces. A total of 933 children aged three to five, 933 parents, guardians, and teachers from Dornod, Dornogovi, Khuvsgul, Orkhon, and Zavkhan provinces, and Ulaanbaatar city participated in the research. About 30.9 percent of children live in the capital city, 42.6 percent live in the provincial centers, and 26.6 percent live in soums.
37.9 percent of the children surveyed live in apartments, while 52.2 percent live in the ger district. 39.2 percent of children living in the capital and 53.1 to 68.9 percent of children living in the provinces live in apartments.
1.2 percent of children living in soums are underweight
A child's physical development is rapidly progressing during preschool age. It affects the child's ability to control oneself, perform special activities independently, and learn to communicate with others. In addition to speed, strength, flexibility, spatial orientation, and balance, children's physical fitness is measured by the general physical development apparatus. The body weight of boys increased by 1.4 kg at the age of three to four, and 2.6 kg at the age of four to five. The body weight of girls increased by 1.5 kg at the age of three to four, and by 1.9 kg at the age of four to five.
1.2 percent of five-year-old children are overweight, and 0.6 percent have slight obesity. Overall, 61.8 percent of children are underweight, 37.6 percent are normal, 0.5 percent are overweight, and 0.1 percent are obese.
If we look at the body mass index of children according to their location, it is noteworthy that children living in the capital have low or normal weight, while 0.8 percent of children living in the center of the province have obesity of the first degree, and 1.2 percent of children living in soums are overweight.
The heights of girls are between 99.6 and 112.3 cm, while boys are between 100.9 and 113.4 cm. The body height of girls grows at three to four years old by 7.1 cm, while boys' height grows by 6.1 cm, four to five years old girls' height grows by 7.1 cm and boys' height grows by seven cm.


text:
Adaptation Framework Tool
The Adaptation Framework is a repository of adaptation actions for small-scale agriculture, including livestock, forestry, and fisheries. It provides an approach for incorporating adaptation practices into project design.
This framework uses a multi-criterion analysis system to allow project design teams to consider factors such as cost-benefit, climate-risk relevance, farmer capacities, mitigation co-benefits, and biodiversity support. Its selection of the best adaptation measures is informed by analysis of climate change risks and impacts. It also provides a rationale that can be used in mobilizing climate finance.
For more information, contact _EMAIL_.
Crops, Climate and environment, Livestock and rangeland


Shell Script: Find Files Containing Text
Useful shell script 🙂
Find files that contain a text string:
grep -lir "some text" *
grep -lir "some text" *.php
The -l switch outputs only the names of files in which the text occurs (instead of each line containing the text), the -i switch ignores the case, and the -r descends into subdirectories.
Quoted from: _URL_
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[Solution]: element access problem when only a single radio button defined
Kor's AvatarKor: When you have a single radio button, the classical reference return, logically, a single element, not a collection. A single element has no length property. For instance, give a textbox a name, than try to find its length property. You will get undefined, logically. Same with a single radio button.
DOM method getElementsByName() returns always a collection, thus this is the reason for DOM method works, classical form's elements reference don't.
once again: getElementsByName() returns always a collection, thus it has always a length property, very much alike an array. Now if you have a single element with a certain name refered by getElementsByName() it is the same as you would have an array with a single element.
This is the reason for you need always an index when using getElementsByName() to refer a certain element.
Classical reference
Code:
document.formname.elementname
is ambiguous. It returns a collection if there are more than one element, but it returns the element itself when there is no other element with the same name.
Code:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>Radion Test</title>
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
function radio_test(){
 var str= "1. document.forms['dummy'].elements['single'].length=\n\t"+
 document.forms.dummy.elements.single.length+
 "\n\n2. document.forms['dummy'].elements['single'].type=\n\t"+
 document.forms.dummy.elements.single.type+
 "\n\n3. document.getElementsByName('single').length=\n\t"+
 document.getElementsByName('single').length+
 "\n\n4. document.getElementsByName('single')[0].type=\n\t"+
 document.getElementsByName('single')[0].type;
 alert(str);
 return false;
}
onload=function(){
document.getElementsByName('submit')[0].onclick=radio_test;
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<form name="dummy" action="" onsubmit= "return false">
 <fieldset><input type="radio" name="single" >
 <input type="submit" value="submit" name="submit">
 </fieldset>
</form>
</body>
</html>
Quoted: _URL_
Saying Goodbye to the overflow: hidden Clearing Hack
_URL_
I've been thinking of this for a while now, and it's finally time to part ways with the overflow: hidden (and overflow: auto) clearing hack. Jeff Starr's recent and excellent post – The New Clearfix Method – and the ensuing comments were enough to finally prompt me to write about it here. (And since I started writing this, Jonathan Snook has started a Twitter dialog about overflow vs. clearfix).
While the clearfix method is a tried and true hack, I've always disliked muddying up my HTML markup with crufty "clearfix" classes strewn about. So I ended up using overflow: hidden as much as I could. But overflow: hidden is not without its drawbacks. Although there is no extra class to apply in the HTML (win!), there may be situations when you want to have child elements positioned partially (or entirely) outside of their overflow: hidden wielding parent (or other ancestor) container. In these cases, the container with overflow: hidden will clip the element that you're trying to partially (or entirely) position outside of it. (Case in point: If you use suckerfish dropdowns, try setting overflow: hidden on the outermost list).
So although overflow: hidden is not usable in all situations, I used to prefer it over using the "clearfix" class method. But in reality I ended up with both: I had overflow: hidden where I could get away with it, and "clearfix" classes where I couldn't use overflow: hidden. It bothered me a bit to mix and match two different clearing methods, but I was happy to have fewer "clearfix" classes violating my otherwise semantic markup Kumbaya festival.
Then in his presentation at An Event Apart 2008 in San Francisco, Dan Cederholm suggest using the class name "group" rather than "clearfix" – a suggestion which later made it into his book Handcrafted CSS. It's a minor thing, but I do like the improved semantics (in most cases) of the "group" class name over the "clearfix" class name, so I adopted this approach and felt okay about using it as a fallback when overflow: hidden wasn't feasible.
In his talk and in his book, Cederholm also walks through the "big long list" idea of applying the rules for the clearfix (renamed to "group") class directly to the selectors that need them in the CSS.
Big Long List
This keeps the HTML more pure while avoiding the drawbacks of overflow – a total win-win. But it does mean extra bloat in the CSS. Probably okay for smaller sites, but it can quickly get unruly with larger sites. I tried this approach on a few projects and decided the CSS bloat was indeed too much, so I stuck with the mix of overflow: hidden and the "group" class.
The Catalyst
But I'm now saying goodbye to overflow: hidden and the deciding factor for me is CSS3. Specifically box-shadow. At least in the sense that box-shadow was the first property I noticed being negatively impacted by the use of overflow: hidden. Like the positioned child elements mentioned above, box-shadow can get clipped when the parent (or other ancestor) element has overflow applied.
And there are several other things to consider as we move forward using more CSS3. Text-shadow and transform can also potentially be clipped by overflow: hidden (see the demo).
Example of overflow:hidden clipping a box-shadow
As we rely more and more on CSS3 properties we can rely less and less on overflow as a clearing method. So I'll be abandoning overflow and relying upon clearfix (Jeff Starr edition) via a mix of the ".group" class in the markup and the "big long list" approach.
Suggested Reading
Quoted from: _URL_


text:
Interested in Fresno?
We'll send you updates with the latest deals, reviews and articles for Fresno each week.
Fresno's history is built on the history of Fresno County which was named for Fresno Creek which was named for the vast number of ash trees in the area ("fresno" is Spanish for "ash tree"). Whew! But it was another creek—okay, a river—that really shaped the city's history. On Christmas Eve in 1867, the San Joaquin River flooded the city of Millerton, located in the northeast corner of Fresno County. When the flood waters receded, the citizens moved back... but they didn't forget.
In 1872, the Central Pacific Railroad added a station for its Southern Pacific line to service a large farm in Fresno County; it was called the Fresno Station and was later shortened to just Fresno. Eventually, a store was added to the farm and the station and the first seeds for a town were planted. Many Millerton residents, still remembering the flood, literally packed up and moved together to Fresno. In no time, Fresno displayed the accoutrements of a typical western town, like saloons; it also displayed the effects of a typical wild western town, with a busy sheriff, frequent fires and even its own damaging flood in 1884. Before the century was over, Fresno was incorporated as a city.


text:
- Do not drop or jar the drive.
- Keep the drive in the protective anti-static container until ready to install.
- Protect the drive from static discharge by wearing a grounded wrist strap.
- Turn off the power to the host system during installation.
- Handle the drive by the edges of the frame.
- Do not apply pressure or attach labels to the circuit board or the top cover of the drive.
What you need
- Phillips screwdriver and four 6-32 UNC drive mounting screws.
- Standard interface cable and SCSI host adapter.
- An unused drive power cable for your new drive.
Most new SCSI hard drives are Ultra2/3 LVD (80 MB/s or 160 MB/s) capable. Low Voltage Differential (LVD) drives can operate in single-ended (SE) or LVD mode. This multimode capability provides backward compatibility so you can use it with or without an LVD-capable host adapter. The primary benefits of LVD include faster transfer rates, reduced power consumption, increased cable lengths, and improved device connectivity.
- SCSI ID – 0 thru 15 for Wide devices. Each device must have a unique SCSI ID.
- SE I/O – No jumper so the device can multimode (default).
- Motor Start – Disable motor start (default).
- Delay Motor Start – Disable Delay motor start (default).
- Write Protect – Write Protect Off (default).
- Parity Check – Enable Parity check (default).
- Terminator Power – Host adapter or other device provides term power (default).
Set the SCSI ID
Each SCSI device must have a unique SCSI ID. Most Seagate SCSI drives come with no jumpers on SCSI ID (SCSI ID = 0). The SCSI host adapter usually uses SCSI ID = 7. If you are installing a drive model ending in LC (uses 80-pin SCA connector), the host normally sets the ID over the I/O interface.
Only the devices at each physical end of a SCSI bus need to be terminated. The SCSI host adapter normally will provide termination for the controller end, therefore only terminate the last drive on the end of the cable. LVD drives do not have any provision for onboard termination; therefore, termination for LVD drives must come from another device or from an external terminator. Use only active SE or LVD terminators.
Configure Terminator Power
Active terminators must receive power from some source. The default configuration results in the drive not supplying termination power to the bus. Usually, the host adapter provides term power. Check the user's manual for your host adapter. Drive models ending in LC cannot be configured to provide termination power to the bus.
Attach Cables and Mount the Drive:
- Attach one end of the interface cable to the connector on the host adapter.
- Attach the interface connector and a power connector to the drive.
- Secure the drive using four 6-32 UNC mounting screws. DO NOT over-tighten the screws.
Partition and Format the Drive
All Seagate SCSI drives are low level formatted at the factory and should not need to be low level formatted. If performing a low level format, take care not to interrupt the format to avoid damaging the drive. Most operating systems provide partitioning and high level formatting utilities (i.e. FDISK, FORMAT).
- If the drive does not spin up, check that the power connector and the interface cable are securely attached.
- If the drive spins, but there is no LED on/off activity, check the SCSI ID setting. Set the ID so that each device on the SCSI chain has a unique ID.
- If the computer does not seem to recognize the drive, verify the drive is enabled by the SCSI host adapter setup utility.
- If FDISK does not detect the drive, run the FDISK program with FDISK /STATUS to verify the drive is present.
If the above steps do not solve the problem, contact your dealer, download SeaTools diagnostic tools, or contact Seagate Support.


text:
Text version of the infographic from the 2015 Annual Report.
366 billion litres of high quality drinking water supplied – that's more than 162,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools.
Our largest scheme, the Integrated Water Supply Scheme (IWSS) delivered 291 billion litres of water to more than 2 million people in Perth, the Goldfields and Agricultural Region and some parts of the South West.
Water supplied into the IWSS consisted of:
- 41% from desalination
- 42% from groundwater
- 17% from surface water from 128 dams and weirs.
The water is treated at 81 water treatment plants and pumped through 483 pump stations.
The water travels through:
- 34,424 km of water mains
- 16, 416 km of sewer mains
- 2,546 km of drains.
164 billion litres of wastewater collected, which comes mostly from baths, showers and washing machines. It's treated at 113 wastewater treatment plants and over 80 recycled water schemes.
- 817,755 customer telephone calls answered
- 1.4 million visitors to our website
- 2,852 employees
- $766 million investment in capital works
- $345 million regional projects
- $880 million in direct operating expenditure


RuneScape Wiki
Clue scroll (hard)
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[FAQ] • [doc]
Clue scroll detail
A Clue scroll (hard), sometimes called a level 3 clue scroll, is a random drop from a large variety of high-levelled monsters or it can be bought from Stanley Limelight for 45 thaler. These clue scrolls can be 1-8 steps long. If a player possesses a clue scroll, they must either complete it or drop/destroy it in order to receive a new one. Clue scrolls are the start of a Treasure Trail - a treasure hunt that sends players hunting all around RuneScape. At the end of the hunt players receive a reward of items randomly selected from a specific list, possibly including very rare and very valuable items. For a guide on how to complete a clue scroll, see: Treasure Trails Guide. Level 3 clue scrolls are usually moderately long and complex, and can give the player puzzle boxes to solve. They can also involve trips to the Wilderness, and fights with a Zamorak wizard or a Double agent. They can offer valuable rewards in return, such as Third-age armour or Gilded armour.
These clue scrolls are much harder than those of the difficulties below, due to the risk of being attacked, and the requirements for more quests to be at least partially completed.
This clue scroll may contain the following types of clue:
Completion of hard clues will either give a Scroll box (hard), containing another clue, or a Casket (hard), containing the final reward for the trail.
Dropping monstersEdit
Rewards from any levelEdit
Image Name
Coins 10000 2,500–50,000 Coins
Saradomin page 1 Guthix page 1 Zamorak page 1 Armadyl page 1 Bandos page 1 Ancient page 1 1–3 God pages for God books.
Meerkats pouch Fetch casket scroll Noted Meerkats pouches or fetch casket scrolls
Hard rewardsEdit
For a detailed breakdown of the drop mechanics and calculations involved with the drop chances, see Treasure Trails/Rewards#Hard
The items listed below are the rewards you can get from level 3 Treasure Trails. 4 to 6 items are awarded from each Casket (hard) opened. These and the elite clue scrolls are the only levels of clue scrolls from which the rare third age armour rewards may be received.
Enchanted robes equipped
A player wearing Enchanted robes
Robin hood hat equipped
A player wearing a Robin hood hat
Sack of effigies equipped
A player wearing a Sack of effigies
Gilded armour set (sk) equipped
A player wearing Gilded armour
Third-age melee armour equipped
A player wearing Third-age armour
Rare rewards table[1]
Image Name
Yew composite bow Magic composite bow Yew composite or Magic composite bow
Rune full helm (t) Rune platebody (t) Rune platelegs (t) Rune plateskirt (t) Rune kiteshield (t) A piece of Trimmed rune armour
Rune full helm (g) Rune platebody (g) Rune platelegs (g) Rune plateskirt (g) Rune kiteshield (g) A piece of Gold-trimmed rune armour
Saradomin full helm Saradomin platebody Saradomin platelegs Saradomin plateskirt Saradomin kiteshield A piece of Saradomin rune armour
Guthix full helm Guthix platebody Guthix platelegs Guthix plateskirt Guthix kiteshield A piece of Guthix rune armour
Zamorak full helm Zamorak platebody Zamorak platelegs Zamorak plateskirt Zamorak kiteshield A piece of Zamorak rune armour
Dragonhide body (t) (blue) Dragonhide chaps (t) (blue) A piece of Trimmed blue dragonhide armour
Dragonhide body (g) (blue) Dragonhide chaps (g) (blue) A piece of Gold-trimmed blue dragonhide armour
Pirate's hat Robin hood hat Pirate or Robin hood hat
Enchanted hat Enchanted top Enchanted robe Enchanted hat, top, or robe
Tan cavalier Dark cavalier Black cavalier Tan, dark, or black cavaliers
Rune helm (h1) Rune platebody (h2) Rune platelegs (h3) Rune plateskirt (h4) Rune shield (h5) A piece of Rune heraldic armour (h1—h5)
Amulet of glory (t) Amulet of fury (t) Amulet of glory (t) or Amulet of Fury (t)
Saradomin stole Guthix stole Zamorak stole Saradomin, Guthix, or Zamorak stole
Saradomin crozier Guthix crozier Zamorak crozier Saradomin, Guthix, or Zamorak crozier
Armadyl mitre Bandos mitre Ancient mitre Armadyl, Bandos, or Ancient mitre
Armadyl cloak Bandos cloak Ancient cloak Armadyl, Bandos, or Ancient vestment cloak
Saradomin coif Saradomin body Saradomin chaps Saradomin vambraces A piece of Blessed d'hide armour (Saradomin)
Guthix coif Guthix body Guthix chaps Guthix vambraces A piece of Blessed d'hide armour (Guthix)
Zamorak coif Zamorak body Zamorak chaps Zamorak vambraces A piece of Blessed d'hide armour (Zamorak)
Fox mask White unicorn mask Black unicorn mask Green dragon mask Blue dragon mask Red dragon mask Fox, white unicorn, black unicorn, green dragon, blue dragon, or red dragon animal masks
Top hat Rune cane Top hat or Rune cane
Costume-skipping ticket Puzzle-skipping ticket Knot-skipping ticket 1–4 Costume, Puzzle, or Knot-skipping tickets
 1. ^ Approximately 1 in 16 chance per item roll to receive something from this table.
Dyes & Capes reward table
Image Name
Barrows dye Shadow dye Barrows dye[1] or Shadow dye[2]
Backstab cape Sack of effigies Explosive barrel Backstab cape[3], Sack of effigies[4], or Explosive barrel[5]
Prismatic large fallen star Prismatic large fallen star
 1. ^ Approximately 1 in 1,707 chance per clue to receive a Barrows dye.
 2. ^ Approximately 1 in 3,072 chance per clue to receive a Shadow dye.
 3. ^ Approximately 1 in 4,608 chance per clue to receive a Backstab cape.
 4. ^ Approximately 1 in 9,216 chance per clue to receive a Sack of effigies.
 5. ^ Less than a 1 in 100,000 chance per item roll to receive an Explosive barrel, making it the rarest of all hard rewards.
Mega-rare table[1]
Image Name
Gilded full helm Gilded platebody Gilded platelegs Gilded plateskirt Gilded kiteshield A piece of Gilded armour[2]
Super attack (4) Super defence (4) Super strength (4) 5 (noted) Super attack, Super defence, and Super strength potions
Super energy (4) Super restore (4) Antifire (4) 15 (noted) Super energy, Super restore, or Antifire potions
Starved ancient effigy Starved ancient effigy[3]
 1. ^ Approximately 1 in 1,536 chance per item roll to receive something from this table.
 2. ^ Approximately 1 in 676 chance per clue to receive a piece of Gilded armour—approximately 1 in 3,380 for a specific piece.
 3. ^ A maximum of 5 effigies can be stored by a player. If a player does have 5 effigies stored and would have obtained this reward, 2,500 coins is rewarded in its place.
Third-age rewards table[1]
Image Name
Third-age full helmet Third-age platebody Third-age platelegs Third-age kiteshield A piece of Third-age warrior armour
Third-age mage hat Third-age robe top Third-age robe Third-age amulet A piece of Third-age mage armour
Third-age range coif Third-age range top Third-age range legs Third-age vambraces A piece of Third-age ranger armour
 1. ^ Approximately 1 in 3,380 chance per clue to receive something from this table—approximately 1 in 40,551 for a specific piece.
Common rewards table
Image Name Image Name
Rune pickaxe Rune longsword Rune 2h sword Rune pickaxe, longsword, or 2h sword Rune full helm Rune platebody Rune platelegs Rune kiteshield Rune full helm, platebody, platelegs, or kiteshield
Black d'hide body Black d'hide chaps Black d'hide body or chaps Rune arrow 5 150 Rune arrows
Mystic air staff Mystic fire staff Mystic earth staff Mystic water staff Mystic air, Mystic fire, Mystic earth, or Mystic water staffs Law rune Nature rune Astral rune Blood rune 75 Law, Nature, Astral or Blood runes
Mahogany


text:
"Accept" is a verb, an action, a receiving.
- as a preposition leaves someone or something out. Put a big "X" over what follows.
- can also be a verb, but not commonly
- sometimes functions as a conjunction between two main clauses
- not a FANBOYS, so no comma before it when combining clauses
- Everyone except (X) the teacher accepted the mouse in her drawer as funny.
- ("except" = preposition, not including; "accepted" = verb, considered)
- The club will accept all new students except (X) for Martians.
- ("accept" = verb, allowed to enter; "except" = preposition, not including)


text:
You are here
Emergency Operations Plan
To respond effectively to any emergency of a size or complexity beyond routine responsibilities, it is critical that all City of Lynchburg employees, public officials, departments, agencies, non-governmental emergency organizations and the public understand their roles and responsibilities. These non-routine responsibilities begin as the incident is recognized and response ensues, and become particularly important as command organizes beyond the initial reactive phase of "first-due" responders.
The foundation for this coordinated response is established through the City of Lynchburg Comprehensive Emergency Management Program and its component Emergency Operations Plan (EOP). The Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) identifies the departments and agencies that are responsible for providing command and coordination capabilities for large-scale or unusual events, and describes how the multiple command and response components are organized and managed. It provides the framework to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from any emergency or disaster.


Display Multiple Models
The software supports the concurrent loading and displaying of multiple models in a session.
All models that you load are listed in the Project Browser and can be displayed individually or simultaneously in multiple floating windows. When working with models in multiple windows, you can modify diagrams between the windows using the drag-and-drop and copy-and-paste operations.
Note: Though you can work on multiple models in a session, you can execute a simulation for only one model at a time.
Configure the Modeling Window
The modeling window includes a flexible layout and navigation system that lets you create multiple windows, detach and float windows, view multiple models and plots, view different parts of a model at the same time, and view the hierarchical construction of a model.
You can split the modeling window horizontally or vertically in a layout of up to four windows:
The following steps show you how to change the layout of the modeling window from one to three windows.
 1. Inside of the modeling window, right-click. Be sure to click the space just outside of and not directly on the model.
 2. From the context menu that appears, select Split Horizontal:
 The window splits into two windows that are aligned horizontally, A over B:
 3. Click window B to make it active, right-click, and then from the context menu, select Split Window.
 The B window splits into two windows:
 The windows on your screen should have the following configuration:
 Note: You can close a window at any time.
Navigate in Split Windows
After splitting a window, you can select one of the new windows and navigate through the various levels of a model. You can also resize or float a window to view a particular diagram section.
 1. Locate a model in a window that you want to work with and then click the background of the model.
 The navigation bar in the window darkens indicating that the window is active.
 2. Choose from the following:
 For this optionDo this
 Resize an active window Select and move the horizontal or vertical separators as needed to make the window larger or smaller.
 Detach or float a window Right-click, and from the context menu, select Show in new window. A duplicate of the current view is displayed in a fully detached window.
 Note that when a simulation is performed, scopes are frequently used to display results. Both scopes and plots, which can be created from OML commands, are displayed in floating windows.
 Move through the various levels in a model On the navigation bar, click , and select the section of the model you want to view.


Triskelion Symbolism: Learning its Inner Ways and Importance
triskelion symbolism
Triskelion Symbolism: How is this Emblem Important to You?
To fully comprehend the triskelion symbolism, you may need first to know the underlying meaning of the triskelion itself. It is an ancient symbol of the druids, a motif, that has triple spirals that are joint together in the middle some triangle. One can say the structure of the triskelion replicates the Archimedean spirals. In some circles, it is the representation of three human legs. This symbol comes from Sicily, and it means the Isle of Man.
Also, it has other names like Tree Cassyn Vannin. However, in the ancient lands of Brittany is the triskelion. So, like most of the other essential emblems in life, this too has meaning that is very important to us. In the Celtic culture, it bears the definition of passive and active. When you closely stare at the symbol, it seems like something that is always moving. The logo signifies the active parts of our life we invest through the aid of this symbol. Also, it represents how the cosmos gives us a response to our efforts.
On the other hand, the passive part represents the faith, belief, prayer and meditation that we invest in the hope that the universe can reply to us. It is a simple concept. The triskelion only shows you that you need the help of the heavenly beings at times. When this happens, there is a harmonious balance that will help you out.
Symbolic Meaning of the three Arms of the Triskelion
Just by the first look of the triskelion, you will notice that it has three extensions at the edges with spirals. They stand for various things depending on the culture and the belief that you hold about it. Some of these include the mind, spirit, and body. On the other hand, there is the symbolism of Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. However, in some of the cultures, they believe that it represents the past, present, and future. In short, there are several symbolic meaning of the triskelion that has a lot of purpose in life.
The combination of these arms is what brings harmony to give the life of any personal meaning. To understand this, people must know that they need to be both active and passive.
Moreover, you cannot work yourself to death or worry that much. Also, you need to have faith in the things that you are doing or working towards will work out. The moment that one of these is cut off from your life, then you will notice exact problems.
In Celtic culture, they understood that these arms of the triskelion needed to go hand in hand. Moreover, they would plant, hunt and even plunder. However, they would also take time to pray to their gods for guidance in life. Also, they knew that there is the presence of the supreme beings in their life and that they are always watching.
Representation of the Three Realms by the Triskelion
Like in most culture and beliefs the triskelion also has the three worlds that make up the entire universe. There is the spirit world that carries the life of the gods and goddesses.
On the other hand, there is the celestial world where the forces of the universe reside. Lastly, there is the world that we live in. The world of living souls, plants, and animals.
This is why the number three is always a significant number in the universe because it represents that lives of all the things in the cosmos. Also, the triskelion describes the phases of the moon and how they affect the three realms of the universe. You know that there are three primary phases of the moon those are the full, half and the new moon.
Association of the Triskelion Symbolism to the Lunar
When you are looking at the association of the triskelion symbolism to the lunar, there some of the traits that you cannot miss. Some of these are intuition, spirituality, illumination, subconscious, feminine, hidden desire and mastery. These some of the meaning of this symbolism as it touches on the matter of the lunar effect. This is one of the reasons why the triskelion's appearance is a lot in the life of the Celtic people. Moreover, it seeks to teach and guide them in ways that they can live full feelings lives.
Triskelion Symbolism in the Christian Faith
Early in the 5th Century, the Christians took up the teaching of the triskelion into the faith. This took place among the British and the Irish culture when the Romans went there to spread the word of Christianity. However, when you touch on the Christian side, the three arm stands for the Christian triplicates. Later, the triskelion would appear in most of the Celtic Christian arts. Some of these were the cross and Christian manuscripts. Moreover, there are some of the triskelia that would end up on the widows of the churches especially the roman catholic ones.
triskelion symbolism
Representation of the Triskelion in the Contemporary Society
Many people and countries adopted the symbol and are using it on things like their flags and logos. For example, the United States of America's Department of Transportation is using it on their logo. On the other hand, the flag of Sicily has it to represent the Isle of Man. Also, the coat of arm of the Füssen is also having the three extensions of the Triskelion. There are many more places that it appears meaning it represents a lot to the people that are using it.
Triskelion symbolism is an okay way to learn the inner working of the universe and how it represents itself. The people that are having belief on the methods and teaching of the triskelion are most likely to have a quiet life on this earth. Moreover, there is no way that one lifestyle can entirely work without the other.
alchemy planet symbolism
Alchemy Planet Symbols: Learning its Meaning and Significance
square symbolism
Square Symbolism: Spirit of its Significance in Our Lives


text:
The definition of bairn is the Scottish term for a child.(noun)
An example of a bairn is a reference in a book when a Scottish character says they "have a dozen bairns," which means a dozen children.
See bairn in Webster's New World College Dictionary
See bairn in American Heritage Dictionary 4
Origin: Middle English barn
Origin:, from Old English bearn; see bher-1 in Indo-European roots.
Learn more about bairn


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the code that didn't work:
login_form = page.form_with(:method => 'post')
and code that works
login_form = page.form_with(:method => 'POST')
I inspected the form object via puts page.forms.inspect and got
 {name nil}
{method "POST"}
html source:

Members Login
Username
Password
Forgot your password?
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1 Answer
up vote 1 down vote accepted
Looking at the source, it could be that Mechanize is supposed to work like that. It forces the form method to uppercase when it fetches the form; you are expected to supply the method in uppercase when you want to match it. You might ping the mechanize person(s) and ask them if it's supposed to work like that.
Here in Mechanize.submit, it forces the form method to uppercase before comparing it:
def submit(form, button=nil, headers={})
 case form.method.upcase
 when 'POST'
 when 'GET'
and here again in Form.initialize, the method is forced to uppercase:
 def initialize(node, mech=nil, page=nil)
 _USER_ = (node['method'] || 'GET').upcase
But in page.rb is the code where mechanize is matching a form (or link, base, frame or iframe) against the parameters you gave, the parameter you passed in is not forced to uppercase, so it's a case sensitive match:
 def #{type}s_with(criteria)
 criteria = {:name => criteria} if String === criteria
 f = #{type}s.find_all do |thing|
 criteria.all? { |k,v| v === thing.send(k) }
 yield f if block_given?
Well, it's a case sensitive match if you pass in a string. But if you pass in a regex, it's a regex match. So you ought to be able to do this:
login_form = page.form_with(:method => /post/i)
and have it work fine. But I would probably just pass in an uppercase String, send the Mechanize person(s) an email, and move on.
share|improve this answer
_USER_ Conrad: thank you Wayne. Very nice explanation, even myself understood :-) – Radek Jan 30 '10 at 2:23
_USER_, My pleasure. – Wayne Conrad Jan 30 '10 at 2:31
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text: This paper mainly describes the influence factors of the captured energy power by huge wave energy harvesters, in which the vertical motion of buoy can transform ocean's potential energy into piezoelectric energy power by undulating waves. Firstly, related environmental coefficients are analyzed by means of the incident wave theory. Besides, the geometric structural parameters are also analyzed and compared under optimal environmental coefficients with semi-analytical solutions. Thirdly, the numerical results also show the impact trend of hydrodynamic parameters and geometric volume on motion, voltage and power with qualitative agreement. The numerical simulation confirms that the improved structure parameters could markedly deliver sufficient power under the same conditions with long-time stability.


text:
It's almost encoded in your Jewish DNA: How you make your stuffed cabbage all depends on where your grandmother came from.
For many, the delicacy is served on the holiday of Simchat Torah much the same way that latkes are associated with Chanukah, hamentaschen tag along with Purim and Shavuot comes with a plethora of dairy dishes.
So how did the overcooked, gelatinous, rolled-up dish become associated with the last festival of the High Holidays season?
"Most of the traditional foods we eat on Jewish holidays start out with a seasonal reason as to why we eat them, and later a religious significance is tacked on," says Gil Marks, a Jewish food historian and author of the "Encyclopedia of Jewish Food." "Vegetables like cabbage were in season during the fall and very cheap, so stuffed cabbage became one of the most popular traditional foods eaten. Cabbage was the odor of the shtetl."
Travel back some 500 years to the 16th century, when Jews first started living in shtetls. The Jews mostly kept to themselves, but the food they ate often was a kosher adaptation of what their non-Jewish neighbors were eating, Marks says.
Stuffed cabbage was a staple dish for peasants during the cold season in places such as Turkey and Persia, and it arrived to the Jews of Europe from the south and the east, according to Marks. Jews living in places like Russia and Poland learned the dish from the Tatars, a Turkish group that ruled the area in the 16th century, while Jews living in southern European countries such as Hungary and the Balkans learned it from their Turkish neighbors, who then were under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
Eastern European Jews adapted the dish with cabbage and kosher meat, naming it after a dove because the rolled up item resembled a bird in a nest. So in Russian it was called golub, in Ukraine holub and in Yiddish teibel—all words for dove.
Those living in the Ottoman Empire made the dish using local grape leaves. They gave the dish a more literal name in Turkish, like sarma, which means wrap, yaprak for leaf, or dolma for stuffed.
From here, Jewish communities added their variations. Many Hungarian Jews use a dash of marjoram, Syrians add cinnamon, Persians throw in some dill and mint, and Romanians toss in lots of garlic and paprika.
As meat was expensive, many Jews in the Middle East and Romania would add rice to reduce the share of meat needed, while Eastern European Jews would add bread, barley or kasha. Some Middle Eastern varieties use only rice for the stuffing.
"They didn't always have money to buy meat, but when they did, they saved it for special occasions and served their best dish on Simchas Torah," Marks said, using the Ashkenazic pronunciation for the holiday.
When Jews began to immigrate to America in the 19th and 20th century, the dish took on new variations, like cooking it in a tomato stew or a sweet-and-sour sauce.
"I've met so many people over the years that like to make their own little variation of the dish, adding a little sour cream or parmesan cheese," Joan Nathan, a Jewish cuisine author and television producer, told JTA. "But honestly, why change a recipe that has been through so many generations and is perfect the way it is? We use the same recipe, year after year, and that's what makes it so special."
With the dish appearing at the end of Sukkot year after year—Simchat Torah comes the day after Sukkot ends, and some American Jews spend the holiday's first day, called Shemini Atzeret, eating in the sukkah—Jews began ascribing new meanings to stuffed cabbage. (Or, perhaps, those points of significance were hidden in the folds of the cabbage all along.)
"Some believe stuffing a food represents the time of harvesting, since Sukkot marks the fall harvest. More importantly, it was easily transferable in and out of the sukkah," Marks said. "It also has an interesting visual. One stuffed cabbage on a plate noticeably resembles a rolled up Torah scroll—and two, side by side, also looks like a Torah, rolled up halfway."
Tori Avey, a Jewish convert who writes the culinary blog Shiksa in the Kitchen, says readers from all over the world have sent recipes to her. Some were identical.
"For a sweet and sour flavor, readers wrote to add sour salt, although some opt for lemon juice or apple cider vinegar," Avey told JTA via email. "One reader with Russian ancestors uses lemon peels. Some readers said they use sauerkraut for the sauce, and others use convenience ingredients like cranberry juice, V-8, and even grape jelly."
Whether you stew it, boil it, saute it or steam it, there's no right or wrong when it comes to preparing stuffed cabbage. The important thing, Marks says, is to remember your roots.
"People remember the different variations of stuffed cabbage based on their mothers and grandmothers," he said. "It's not just about food. Eating something as traditional as this is a cultural experience, one that is spiritual and nostalgic. It manages to transcend time, its food for the soul."
Stuffed recipes: cabbage with meat and vegetarian grape leaves
By Chavie Lieber
Below are recipes for Sweet and Sour Stuffed Cabbage and Vegetarian Stuffed Grape Leaves:
Joan Nathan's Sweet and Sour Stuffed Cabbage
1 head of cabbage, frozen (2 pounds)
2 pounds ground beef
1 medium onion, grated
1 clove garlic, minced (about 1 teaspoon)
Salt and freshly ground pepper to taste
2 tablespoons canola or vegetable oil
1 medium onion, peeled and diced (about 1 cup)
1/2 cup brown sugar
Juice of one lemon
1/2 cup raisins
1/2 cup chili sauce
Salt and pinch of freshly ground black pepper
Defrost cabbage the night before cooking. When completely defrosted, separate leaves. Preheat oven to 350. Mix ground beef, grated onion, garlic with salt and pepper in large bowl. Place 1 heaping tablespoon of meat mixture on each cabbage leaf. Tuck ends in and roll up. Arrange cabbage rolls seam side down in a 6-quart, ovenproof casserole. Heat oil in a small frying pan and saute the diced onion for 10 minutes. Stir in brown sugar, lemon juice, raisins, chili sauce and simmer for a few minutes. Pour over cabbage and bake, covered, for an hour. Place stuffed cabbage pieces onto serving platter, spoon sauce over and serve.
Tori Avey's Vegetarian Stuffed Grape Leaves
1/2 cup pine nuts
1 1/2 cups long grain white rice
1 medium onion, minced
1/2 cup fresh minced dill
1/4 cup fresh minced mint
6 tablespoons freshly squeezed lemon juice, divided
1 tablespoon lemon zest
1 3/4 cups vegetable broth, divided
50 large grape leaves (fresh or jarred)
Salt and pepper
1/2 cup extra virgin olive oil, divided
Fresh mint leaves, lemon slices, and olives (for garnish, optional)
Lightly toast pine nuts in medium skillet until brown; reserve. In medium pot, saute onion in 1/4 cup olive oil until brown. Add rice and 3/4 cup vegetable broth, simmer for 10 minutes or until rice is cooked al dente and liquid is absorbed. Do not cook rice completely to avoid mushy grape leaves. Remove pot, add dill, mint, pine nuts, 2 tablespoons fresh lemon juice and lemon zest. Season with salt and pepper, let mixture cool to room temperature. Boil second pot of salted water, trim grape leaves by cutting stems and trimming any large veins. Place leaves in boiling water for 3-5 minutes until they soften. Drain, cover leaves with cold water. Drain and pat leaves dry. Place shiny side of grape leaf down on flat surface. Place 2 tablespoons of rice filling at base of leaf and fold up like a cigar. Do not roll too tightly. Place any damaged leaves at bottom of saute pan to create bed of stuffed leaves. Place stuffed leaves in saute pan in layers. Pour 1 cup of broth, 1/4 cup of extra virgin olive oil, and 1/4 cup of fresh lemon juice. Invert heat-safe plate on top of leaves, cover pot. Simmer gently, covered, for 30-40 minutes. Serve warm or cold.


text:
Here is what Wikipedia says about self live a CA glues.
Cyanoacrylate adhesives have a short shelf life. Date-stamped containers help to ensure that the adhesive is still viable. One manufacturer supplies the following information and advice: when kept unopened in a cool, dry location such as a refrigerator at a temperature of about 55 °F (13 °C), the shelf life of cyanoacrylate will be extended from about one year from manufacture to at least 15 months. If the adhesive is to be used within six months, it is not necessary to refrigerate it. Cyanoacrylates are moisture-sensitive, and moving from a cool to a hot location will create condensation; after removing from the refrigerator, it is best to let the adhesive reach room temperature before opening. After opening, it should be used within 30 days. Open containers should not be refrigerated. Another manufacturer says that the maximum shelf life of 12 months is obtained for some of their cyanoacrylates if the original containers are stored at 35 to 40 °F (2 to 4 °C). User forums and some manufacturers say that an almost unlimited shelf life is attainable by storing unopened at −20 °C (−4 °F), the typical temperature of a domestic freezer, and allowing to reach room temperature before use. (Rechilling an opened container is not advisable as it will cause moisture from the air to condense in the container, causing deterioration.)
As cyanoacrylates age they polymerize, become thicker, and cure more slowly. They can be thinned with a cyanoacrylate of the same chemical composition with lower viscosity.
In a past life I had to deal with CA alot on a project and this seems to match up what the different manufactures I dealt with said.
The interesting thing is to let the glue warm up after the frig so you don't get condensation. I knew they used moisture to cure but didn't think about condensation.


From: nCipher Support (supportnCipher.com)
Date: Mon May 13 2002 - 10:44:29 CDT
 In certain circumstances, the nCipher MSCAPI CSP Install Wizard support
 software on Windows 2000 will set the nCipher CSP key generation
 behavior incorrectly. Despite the user requesting Operator Card Set
 protection for keys ('cardset protected keys') that are generated using
 the nCipher CSP, a software error might result in keys being protected
 by the module alone.
 1. Security world
 nCipher's key management modules (nForce/nShield) are generally
 used with nCipher's suite of utilities for managing a 'security
 world'. A security world is a collection of cryptographic keys,
 smart cards, modules and associated data stored on host computers.
 A security world is designed to prevent unauthorized access to
 application keys while maintaining scalability and key availability.
 The core security world secrets are protected by Administrator Cards
 written by the initialization software and kept safe by the user.
 Application keys can either be made available to any nCipher module
 appropriately programmed with the user's Administrator Cards (module
 protected keys) or they can be protected by further smart cards known as
 Operator Cards that provide an additional layer of security.
 2. The nCipher CSP
 If the CSP is set up to use module-protected keys, when applications
 tell the CSP to create a key, it needs no input from the user. If the
 CSP is set up to use Operator Cards and is told to create a key, it
 first looks to see if there are any cards which it can load
 automatically, and uses those if any are present. If not, it prompts
 the user to choose which Operator Card Set to use.
 1. Cause
 The Install Wizard for the nCipher CSP support software on Windows 2000
 offers a check box for controlling whether a key to be generated is
 module protected or to be additionally protected by an Operator Card
 When the Install Wizard is used to create an Operator Card Set then the
 nCipher CSP key generation behaves as requested by the user.
 If cardset protection is selected from the Install Wizard but a new
 Operator Card Set is *not* created, the wizard incorrectly sets the
 nCipher CSPs up to use module protection for all keys that they
 subsequently create.
 2. Impact
 If the user is affected by this issue, any application key generated
 by the nCipher CSP will be incorrectly protected by the module alone,
 rather than by a combination of operator card set and module.
 This means that an attacker, who gains control of any nCipher module,
 has been programmed into the key's security world can gain unauthorized
 access to this key, since no further smart card authorization is
 3. Who May Be Affected
 This problem only affects keys that have been generated by the nCipher
 CSP after the Install Wizard from CD version 5.50 has been run.
 The problem does not affect keys that were
 * generated by any software other than the nCipher CSP, or
 * generated by the nCipher CSP using the Install Wizard from any CD
 other than version 5.50.
 4. How To Tell If You Are Affected
 To find out whether you're affected, run 'c:\nfast\bin\csputils.exe -d'
 from the command line. This will give you a detailed summary of all your
 containers and information for the keys they contain.
 Each key (key exchange and/or signature) will have a description
 including whether or not it was generated by the nCipher CSP, its hash,
 and its protection method.
 A cardset protected key (here stored in a container called 'expimptst')
 will have an entry like the following (lines have been truncated for
 Detailed report for container ID _TAG_...
 Filename: key_mscapi_container-cbfb7b11909b40ddc50da759d6...
 Container name: expimptst
 User name: NCIPHER\james
 User SID: s-1-5-21-_PHONE_-719136693-34565100-1111
 CSP DLL name: ncsp.dll
 No signature key.
 Filename for key exchange key is key_mscapi_expimptst-ncsp-ujam...
 Key was generated by the CSP
 Key hash: 92c60edf376c26e9ee76db3a2a70dd031636a218
 Key is recoverable.
 Key is cardset protected.
 Cardset name: mscapi-grimsby
 Sharing parameters: 1 of 1 shares required.
 Cardset hash: 4eb80f966c13bd735cb50f29ef19e5e...
 Cardset is persistent.
 and a module protected key will have one like the following:
 Filename: key_mscapi_container-32a16394a3ffe52eb4db1127d8...
 Container name: james
 User name: NCIPHER\james
 CSP DLL name: ncsp.dll
 No signature key.
 Filename for key exchange key is key_mscapi_6fa4c59efefb6c01db6...
 Key was generated by the CSP
 Key hash: 6fa4c59efefb6c01db6eca9f1eadbb17158fc2a8
 Key is recoverable.
 Key is module protected.
 If you have keys unexpectedly module protected when they should be
 cardset protected you are affected by this bug.
 1. Users who have NOT already created a key with the wrong protection
 In order to force MSCAPI applications to generate cardset protected keys
 a file 'wizardfix.reg' should be created containing the following text:
 Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
 This file can then be run by the user to change the appropriate registry
 entry that determines the behavior of key generation using the nCipher
 Alternatively, the user can edit the registry value specified above
 directly using 'regedit'.
 The registry setting must be reset using either of the above methods
 after each invocation of the affected nCipher CSP Install Wizard.
 2. Users who have already created a key which is erroneously module
 Users who have already generated keys which were intended to be cardset
 protected, but due to this error are not, are advised to apply the above
 registry fix and generate new keys. nCipher recommends against
 converting existing module-protected keys to cardset-protected status,
 since it is extremely difficult to do this in a way that increases
 You can obtain copies of this advisory, advice on obtaining a patch kit,
 and supporting documentation from the nCipher security advisories Web
 Further information
 General information about nCipher products:
 nCipher Developer's Guide and nCipher Developer's Reference
 nCipher Support
 nCipher customers who require support or further information regarding
 this problem should contact supportncipher.com.
 (c) nCipher Corporation Ltd. 2002
 $Id: advisory3.txt,v 1.19 2002/05/10 17:18:11 mknight Exp $


text:
Note that this article is intended for those people who are technical and can modify their form code. If you'd prefer to use a form builder that does the work for you, you can learn about form builders that Autopilot supports here.
Some indicators that the form you are capturing may require modifications to be compatible with Autopilot are:
- no form is found when scanning the page; or
- you've setup the form, but submissions are not being captured.
How to make your form compatible with Autopilot
Please ensure you form meets the following requirements to make it compatible with Autopilot:
- Use a tag, not just tags
- Use an tag rather than a or any other way of submitting the form. It needs to work as a standard HTML form. You can still define custom onclick and onsubmit handlers to get client-side validation or any other events you want to happen when the form is submitted, it just needs to be in the form of a submit button.
- tags must have statically named 'Name' attribute
- tags must be the direct children elements of a element in the HTML
This is a correctly formatted form submission example which meets this criteria:
Unsupported Form Submissions
This list covers the forms that are currently not supported by Autopilot:
- iframes: Or any third party form services that use them.
- Ajax: Ajax disrupts the way we capture information that is being submitted.
- Privately facing forms, i.e. forms that require a login in to navigate to. In these cases, use the session association method.
- Some forms embedded in pop-up boxes.
- Some multi-step forms.


#1
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 Optimizing Query that calculates, groups, and groups again
 Seeing if there's any bright optimization ideas out there on a particular query need.
 To simplify, imagine that we want to know how many kids in a class are present (P) between 0 and 50 percent of the time, and how many are present 50 to 100 percent of the time. Call the kids with under 50% attendance "bad" and the other ones "good".
 The data in the attendance table may look like:
 studentid | mark
 -------------------
 JACK | P
 JACK | A
 JACK | A
 JACK | A
 JACK | A
 JACK | P
 JILL | P
 JILL | P
 JILL | P
 JILL | A
 Now, Jack is a "bad" kid because he is absent over half the time, while Jill is a "good kid".
 The resulting output should simply look like
 array(
 'bad' => 1,
 'good' => 1,
 )
 1 bad kid, and one good kid.
 While a simple concept, the steps are expensive. The SQL first needs to calculate a percentage for each and every kid (not cheap in itself) and then aggregate the counts of those.
 For just the first part - calculating the percentages - I've found that:
 SELECT *, ((SELECT COUNT(*) FROM attendance WHERE mark = 'P' AND studentid=a.studentid)/(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM attendance WHERE studentid=a.studentid)) AS percentage FROM attendance AS a ... (join filters) ... GROUP BY studentid
 works, but is very expensive (and I have hundreds of thousands of marks). And of course, this would still require either PHP manipulation of the results or more CASE syntax for the second step of aggregation.
 Any thoughts on a different strategy? Of course, PHP manipulation from the start is also a possibility, but I'm again finding that solution is taking too long.
 Thanks for any input,
 Jeremy
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 Code:
 SELECT CASE WHEN percentage >= 50
 THEN 'good'
 ELSE 'bad' END AS category
 , COUNT(*) AS total
 FROM ( SELECT studentid
 , 100.0 * COUNT(CASE WHEN mark = 'P'
 THEN mark END) /
 COUNT(*) AS percentage
 FROM attendance
 GROUP
 BY studentid ) AS t
 GROUP
 BY category
 Comments on this post
 - daprezjer agrees
 rudy.ca | @rudydotca
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 Good stuff. Really simple follow up.
 There's a portion of the actual script that requires some calculation of db values to do multiple comparison values with the CASE statement. For simplicity sake, let's just say:
 CASE
 WHEN num/total > 5 OR num/total <=10 THEN 'top'
 WHEN num/total > 0 OR num/total <=5 THEN 'bottom'
 END
 Is there a way to write this script without using num/total twice for each WHEN statement? I've seen something like:
 WHEN num/total >5 <= 10 around as a shorthand, though I don't believe I ever got it to work. My (perhaps misplaced) worry is that it has to calculate num/total twice for just the one WHEN statement.
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 Originally Posted by daprezjer
 My (perhaps misplaced) worry is that it has to calculate num/total twice for just the one WHEN statement.
 i would be very surprised if the optimizer failed to recognize the opportunity to do one calculation instead of two
 rudy.ca | @rudydotca
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It is safe to say, that the ceiling is the culmination of the interior decoration of any accommodation. Not so long ago the problem of adjusting the ceiling surface irregularities was insoluble. But now it is very easy to amend such situation.
Drop ceilings are ceiling constructions, whose strength members are fastened directly to the basic ceiling. This is the main difference between a drop and suspended ceiling (whose strength members are fastened to the basic construction). This peculiarity of the drop ceiling allows diminishing floor-to-ceiling height only by the thickness of its frame. According to the materials, used in the construction of the drop ceilings system, they are divided into two groups:
 1. gypsum panel ceilings
 2. finishing decorative panel ceilings (wood particleboard, fiberboard, medium density fiberboard, etc.)
The most popular materials for making drop ceilings are:
 1. Expanded polystyrene plates. This material is heatand soundinsulating and moisture-proof. It creates a comfortable microclimate in any accommodation.
 2. Decorative plates from wood particleboard and fiberboard, covered with natural wood veneer.
 3. Plastic panels. Such panels have no disadvantages: they are light, firm, waterproof and stylish designed.
 4. Gypsum cardboard panels. Gypsum cardboard is the most common material for making drop ceilings. It is extremely heatand soundinsulating.


text:
Savannah Energy PLC, the British independent energy company focused around the delivery of Projects that Matter is pleased to announce the signing of a Memorandum of Agreement ("MOA") by Savannah Energy RCM Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Savannah, with the Government of the Republic of Cameroon (the "Government") for the development of the Bini a Warak Hydroelectric Project (the "Bini Project") located in the northern Adamawa Region of Cameroon.
A signing ceremony was held today in Yaounde, attended by Gaston Eloundou Essomba, Minister of Water and Energy for the Republic of Cameroon, His Excellency Dr Christian Dennys-McClure, British High Commissioner to the Republic of Cameroon and Andrew Knott, Chief Executive Officer of Savannah.
The 75 megawatts ("MW") Bini Project is expected to provide clean, stable and affordable power to Cameroon's northern region. This is anticipated to support both existing local electricity demand and enable a number of energy-intensive industrial projects, principally in the cement and metallurgy industries, within the region. The Bini Project is expected to increase current on-grid electricity generation capacity in northern Cameroon by over 50%. There is also the potential for power to be dispatched into Cameroon's southern electricity grid, upon completion of the interconnection, financed by the World Bank, of the northern and southern electricity networks currently planned by the Government for 2026.
The Bini Project involves the construction of a dam on the Bini River, together with an 82km2 reservoir and associated tunnels, powerhouses, substations and a 225 Kilovolt transmission line connecting the Bini Project to Cameroon's northern electricity grid. It is intended to be developed on an independent power project basis with project sanction expected in 2024 and first power targeted in the 2027 to 2028 window.
Under the terms of the MOA, Savannah plans to supplement existing feasibility studies and work with power industry authorities and development finance institutions to finalise the development, financing and resumption of construction of the Bini Project.
Savannah expects to fund the Bini Project from a combination of its own internally generated cashflows and project-specific debt.
The Minister of Water and Energy for the Republic of Cameroon, Gaston Eloundou Essomba said: "The Government is delighted to partner with Savannah Energy in order to deliver clean and affordable electricity to support our industrialisation plans for northern Cameroon. The Bini Project will address the current electricity shortages caused by the hydrology deficit of the Ladgo Dam and reduce the consequent reliance on expensive thermal generated power in the region.
Our partnership with Savannah is in line with our long-term "Vision 2035″ Master Plan for increasing the electrification in the country and the National Strategy for Development 2020-2030. The decision to invest in the Bini Project is a clear indication of the confidence Savannah has in our country's potential and our legal frameworks for investment. As a government, we will provide all the support needed to enable Savannah to deliver first power from this exciting project in the 2027 to 2028 window."
The British High Commissioner to the Republic of Cameroon, Christian Dennys-McClure said: "I am delighted that a British company, Savannah Energy, is making such a substantial investment in renewable energy in Cameroon. Cameroon has plentiful hydropower resources which, through investments like this, can be harnessed to develop the economy and improve the lives of millions of Cameroonians. This is a further example of the United Kingdom's commitment to Cameroon."
The CEO of Savannah Energy, Andrew Knott said: "I am delighted to announce the signing of the Bini a Warak MOA. The Bini Project is expected to provide clean, stable and affordable power to northern Cameroon that will support both households and industrial projects in the region. It is exactly the sort of high developmental economic impact project that our renewable power division is seeking to deliver. I would like to thank the Government of Cameroon and, in particular, His Excellency Gaston Eloundou Essomba Minister of Water and Energy for the strong support we have received in relation to Savannah taking over the development of the Bini Project. We look forward to working with the Government of Cameroon and our intended developmental finance partners as we move this project through the development and construction phases towards the intended first power in 2027 to 2028.
As a company, Savannah is seeking to continue to expand in Cameroon and we will continue to review other potential investment opportunities in the energy and sector. We expect the Bini Project will make a key contribution towards the attainment of Savannah Group's targeted 1GW of renewable energy projects in motion by the end of 2023."


text:
Abnormally Dangerous Activities
Abnormally Dangerous Activity:
An undertaking that cannot be performed safely even if reasonable care is used while performing it and for which the actor may face strict liability for any harm caused. The courts currently use a list of standards to determine whether or not an abnormally dangerous activity has been undertaken so that strict liability applies.
Ultra Hazardous Activity:
The definition is the same as that for abnormally dangerous activities. However, this is the old standard that the court used to determine strict liability.
The general rule is that if someone maintains an abnormally dangerous condition on his property or engages in an action that poses an unavoidable risk of harm to other people or property, that person may be liable for the harm caused under the theory of Strict Liability, even if he used reasonable care to prevent the harm.
Examples of this include making and using explosives, storing dangerous chemicals or fuel and other such things that have the potential to cause extensive damage if mishandled.
The question that different courts confront in cases like this is determining what an abnormally dangerous condition or activity is.
Under the original Common Law, strict liability was applied if an action was "ultra-hazardous" An activity was deemed "ultra-hazardous" if it necessarily involved a risk of serious harm to the person, land or property of another person that could not be eliminated by the exercise of even the utmost care. See Rylands v. Fletcher, L.R. 3 H.L. 330 (1868).
Today, the courts have eliminated the "ultra-hazardous" determination in favor of the presently used method of determining what an "abnormally dangerous activity" is. This involves looking at specific activities and analyzing them based on six factors in order to determine whether or not the activity is abnormally dangerous. Those six factors are:
(1) whether the activity involves a high degree of
risk or harm;
By including these six factors into its analysis, courts no longer look to an activity's inherent danger alone to determine whether or not strict liability attaches. Rather, context is considered as well. See Langan v. Valicopters, Inc., 567 P.2d 218.
We'll use this example to contrast the Common Law view with the modern view:
For reasons unclear to an investigator, a storage tank at the local gas station explodes. Before the six factors were used in analyzing strict liability, such an explosion might garner strict liability simply because storing gasoline was considered an ultra hazardous activity. However, by virtue of the six factors used in considering whether or not activities are abnormally dangerous, strict liability may not apply here. While it is clear that the storage of gasoline involves a high degree of risk, and that the gravity of that risk is high as well, it can also be argued that, given that this was a gas station, and thus, a professional seller of fuel, they knew how to eliminate or minimize risks so that the risk could be eliminated by the exercise of reasonable care. Further, it could be argued that the storage of the gasoline was a matter of common usage since hundreds of gas stations store gasoline and thousands of customers come and buy gasoline every day. It could also be argued that a gas station is an appropriate place to store gasoline and that the value of gasoline storage to the community is quite high. That being the case, storing the gasoline might not be considered an abnormally dangerous activity and strict liability might not attach in such an accident.
Extent of Strict Liability:
Once again, strict liability is imposed for the injuries suffered by the plaintiff himself or by his property, even if no one was at fault for the injuries. However, the duty to avoid causing harm is only owed to foreseeable plaintiffs. Further, the harm that the plaintiff suffers must come from a danger or risk that is foreseeable from the abnormally dangerous condition, activity or animal propensity.
In order for strict liability to attach, the defendant's activity must also be the actual and proximate cause of plaintiff's injuries. Both actual cause and proximate cause in strict liability cases are determined using the same rules of actual and proximate cause in negligence cases.
Defenses to Strict Liability:
Usually, contributory negligence is not a defense to strict liability unless the plaintiff knew of the risks and his own actions were the very cause of his injuries. For example:
Leon lights a cigarette inside Jay Paul's oil refinery causing an explosion. Ordinarily Leon's lighting of the cigarette would not supply Jay Paul with a defense to strict liability. However, if Leon knew of the danger of lighting up the cigarette in an oil refinery, contributory negligence would be a defense because Leon knew of the danger and because Leon's own actions were the very cause of his injuries.
Courts that apply comparative negligence as a defense have reduced plaintiff's recovery in strict liability cases where plaintiff's own careless actions were partially to blame for his injuries.
Finally, assumption of risk is a valid defense to a strict liability case. Thus, the plaintiff may be barred from recovering under strict liability theory if he voluntarily undertakes an activity whose risks are known to him.
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