text:
To review measuring and comparing length, we took our math lesson out to the school garden. Using pop cubes, the students took turns estimating and then measuring the various heights of plants. They compared the pop cube lengths to one another to determine which plant was the longest and which was the shortest. While we were in the garden we reviewed the parts of the plants and how bugs and plants are interdependent upon one another.
Black and White EOY Awards
2 days ago


How much has Ukraine's army changed? / ENG video
The Ukrainian armed forces have started switching to NATO standards. Medics, military police, intelligence, and general staff were the first to introduce Western terminology, ranks and equipment. Just six years ago, the Ukrainian army symbolised corruption and underdevelopment. Today, Western analysts see it as an impressive military force.
In the spring of 2014, Russian troops occupied Crimea, and Russian subversives invaded Donbas. Ukraine could only confront them with 6,000 soldiers, or 4% of its 140,000-strong army, which took three months to revitalise. Meanwhile, a volunteer army defended the country, and civilians brought them food, medicine, bulletproof vests, Jeeps, and even armoured vehicles.
The army reforms began in 2015. How much has the Ukrainian army changed?
In 2015, President Petro Poroshenko approved a new military doctrine and national security strategy, with Russia as the main opponent. Ukraine dropped its non-aligned status. The goal of the army reforms was NATO membership, which was even added to the Constitution.
Since 2013, Ukraine's defence budget has tripled. Military personnel's salaries have also tripled. Today, junior officers in the Ukrainian army earn about the same as their Belarusian counterparts, but half that of a Russian lieutenant.
Russian military's power: Fact or fiction / ENG video
Soldiers were given new uniforms. This was how Ukrainian fighters looked in 2013: a late-Soviet-type uniform, bullet-proof vest and machine gun from thirty years ago, World War II backpack and helmet. And this is how they looked in 2015: modern camouflage, Kevlar helmet, body armour, equipment vest, and tactical backpack.
Food has also improved. Before 2016, army canteens were supplied with 40 types of products, while now there are 396.
Structure and numbers
In May 2014, Kyiv brought back the draft, which had been abolished under Viktor Yanukovych. No conscripts were sent into the ATO zone, and reservists were mobilised instead. Six waves of mobilisation led to an influx of 210,000 troops. Draftees, conscripts, and contracted soldiers helped double the size of the army.
Today, 250,000 people serve in the Ukrainian armed forces, of whom 150,000 have combat experience, but only one-sixth of conscripts are in the army.
Russian aggression forced the army to change its structure. Now there are five types of Ukrainian troops: Ground Forces, the Air Force, the Navy, Paratroops as a separate force, and now there are Special Operations Forces, tasked with intelligence, sabotage, and disinformation.
In November, the forces introduced new ranks based on NATO standards. Warrant officers were replaced by professional sergeants, to command platoons, train young fighters, and assist officers, as in the West.
Ukrainian officers have become more responsive and proactive. The war has taught them not to await orders from above, but to make decisions themselves.
"The 24th Samaro-Ulyanovsk "Berdychivskaya" (awarded the Orders of the October Revolution, Red Banner, Suvorov, and Bohdan Khmelnytsky) Mechanised Brigade". Similar cumbersome Soviet unit names were discontinued in 2015.
The following year, Soviet stars disappeared from officers' epaulettes, and were replaced by diamond-shaped ones, as worn by Ukrainian People's Republic soldiers in the early 20th century. The new parade uniform was also based on traditional UPR and Western army uniforms.
And in October 2018, the Verkhovna Rada approved a military greeting, which also dates back to the times of the UPR – "Glory to Ukraine! Glory to the Heroes!"
How much does a country spend on one soldier per year? ($, in thousands)
Defence plants began operating at the start of the Donbas war, repairing Soviet-era equipment, but also supplying troops with new anti-tank missiles, armoured personnel carriers, tanks, and high-precision missile systems.
Since 2014, the United States has provided Ukraine with 1.6 billion dollars' worth of military aid. To compare, this is the cost of 250 Abrams tanks, or one-third of Ukraine's military budget this year.
But before 2018, America was supplying not tanks, but artillery radar, night-vision devices, and medical kits. Yavoriv exercise range near Lviv – where U.S. instructors train Ukrainian soldiers – was modernised using American funds.
Two years ago, Washington agreed to sell Kyiv sniper rifles and 37 Javelin anti-tank missile launchers. The government is now considering buying American fighter jets and helicopters.
The bottom line
Within a few years, Ukraine has managed to increase its defence budget several times and build up an army capable of stopping the Russian war machine. From relics of the USSR, Ukrainian troops have now become a symbol of patriotism and rapprochement with the West. The Ukrainian military is currently the most-respected state institution.
But problems remain – the Ukrainian army receives much less funding than the Russian or neighbouring NATO armies. It needs to replace 30-year-old planes and anti-aircraft systems, as well as warships, half of which were lost in Crimea.
Civil society and officers with war experience are seeking to radically alter the army, but reforms could be delayed by Ukraine's old sore points – corruption, and the generals' and politicians' unwillingness to change.
'Bored to battery'. How Russian-backed separatists torture Ukrainian captives
Alyaksandr Papko,
More stories
Who makes fake coronavirus news and why / ENG video
What future may hold for post-coronavirus world (ENG video)
How Azerbaijan buys Western sympathies (ENG video)
Сonflicts in Central Asia: Who is to blame / ENG video
China and post-Soviet states: Growing influence / ENG video
Beijing vs Moscow: Cooperation and concerns / ENG video


text:
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) is an autonomous apex body of science and technology in Nepal under the leadership of Rt. Honorable Prime Minister as Chancellor. Keeping in view the indispensable role of science and technology in overall development of the country, NAST is dedicated for promoting science and technology for over three and half decades. During this period, NAST has deeply realized that maximizing the utilization of science and technology in all sectors is attainable only through the exchange of knowledge, ideas and collaborations among scientists, experts and researchers.
With the main objective of enhancing collective effort for the development of science and technology, NAST has initiated a program - Nepali Researcher Identity (NRI) - for Nepali people living in Nepal and abroad as diaspora. NAST firmly believes that this objective can be achieved by developing and maintaining database of scientists, experts and researchers working at different parts of world through collaboration and exchange programs, which ultimately will support socio-economic transformation and overall wellbeing of the country.
In the given backdrop, scientists, researchers and experts who are working in Nepal or abroad are humbly requested to join the program (NRI) by uploading their professional details as part of the first stage of developing database. NAST will fully maintain confidentiality and privacy of all information provided for this purpose and welcomes suggestions to broaden the initiative.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


text:
VII Astana Economic Forum (further – AEF) and II World Anticrisis Conference took place on 21-23 May 2014 at the Palace of Independence and the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation in Astana.
VII Astana Economic Forum (further – AEF) and II World Anticrisis Conference took place on 21-23 May 2014 at the Palace of Independence and the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation in Astana. Kurmangazy Talzhanov, Managing Partner, and Aiman Zhekeyeva, Head of Astana Branch Office of International Law Firm Integrites, participated as delegates in this Forum.
The event was organized by the Association "Eurasian Economic Club of Scientists" and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The Astana Economic Forum is one of the largest international forums in the world. Held annually since 2008, AEF brings together world leaders of an international community of experts, from top-level political representatives, to heads of businesses, transnational companies and major international organizations, to Nobel Prize laureates and other eminent scientists and economists to find solutions to the greatest economic and social challenges of our time.
The main topics of the Forum this year were investments, infrastructure, social and cultural aspects of economic growth, Kazakhstan 2050, globalization and integrational process, GLOBAL RISK EXPO-2014, financial and economic stability, the development of trade and enhancing of competitiveness, the main aspects of energyecology complex.
Under the auspices of the Forum there were a number of important events on the development of innovation and green technologies, Investment Forum, Summit of Leaders of World Energy, Conference on the Development of the Eurasian Economic Integration, the preparation for the Expo 2017 and many others.
The Forum provided a unique opportunity for the participants to hold business meetings and conduct negotiations, while establishing and strengthening professional relationships and to obtain first-hand information about the latest developments, innovations and agreements in the fields of business, ore mining, energy and other sectors of the global economy
The Forum has become a landmark event on the eve of the signing of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEC) treaty on May 29, 2014 in Astana.


John Van Zandt
Stefan Bielinski
Johannes Van Zandt was born in 1767. He was the son of Jacobus and Maria Brooks Van Zandt. He grew up in his father's house on Union Street near the Hudson Street Park. As time passed, he was known as "John" Van Zandt.
He started out as a clerk in James Caldwell's Albany store. He then served a financial apprenticeship in New York City. During the 1790s, he was sent by Caldwell to run a store in Bennington, Vermont. In 1804, joined the Bank of Albany and was named cashier of the bank in 1814. He held that position in the office at 23 State Street until 1838. He was a notary, watch captain, assessor, and alderman for his home Fourth Ward over a long time span!
While in Bennington, he met and married Mehetabel Jones of Williamstown, Massachusetts. Living at 47 Hudson Street, their marriage lasted until her death about 1841.
John Van Zandt died in April 1858 at age ninety-one. His long life is recalled in an obituary printed in an Albany newspaper. His will passed probate in 1859.
the people of colonial Albany Sources: The life of Johannes Van Zandt is CAP biography number 286. This profile is derived chiefly from family and community-based resources. the newspaper obituary reveals that he was an accomplished storyteller as his tales of the Revolution were widely recalled! His Hudson Street houselot is shown on the Oake Map of 1800.
first posted: 8/30/02


text:
arXiv.svg (5.58 kB)
Control of a filter cavity with coherent control sidebands
preprintposted on 2023-11-30, 19:39 authored by Naoki Aritomi, Matteo Leonardi, Eleonora Capocasa, Yuhang Zhao, Raffaele Flaminio
For broadband quantum noise reduction of gravitational-wave detectors, frequency-dependent squeezed vacuum states realized using a filter cavity is a mature technique and will be implemented in Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo from the fourth observation run. To obtain the benefit of frequency-dependent squeezing, detuning and alignment of the filter cavity with respect to squeezed vacuum states must be controlled accurately. To this purpose, we suggest a new length and alignment control scheme, using coherent control sidebands which are already used to control the squeezing angle. Since both squeezed vacuum states and coherent control sidebands have the same mode matching conditions and almost the same frequency, detuning and alignment of the filter cavity can be controlled accurately with this scheme. In this paper, we show the principle of this scheme and its application to a gravitational-wave detector.


text:
Tap water clean enough to treat wounds
Medical workers in disaster areas no longer have to wait for sterile equipment before they clean and dress wounds, thanks to Australian research.
Professor Rhonda Griffiths, of the University of Western Sydney's Centre for Applied Nursing, says as long as water is good enough to drink, evidence suggests it will be good enough to clean uninfected wounds.
"We've demonstrated that some of the traditional ways of doing dressings are unnecessarily expensive and labour intensive," says Griffiths.
She adds that if there is any doubt that the tap water is suitable for drinking, it can be boiled before use.
Griffiths and colleagues recently completed a systematic review of evidence for the Cochrane Collaboration comparing the use of saline versus tap water to clean uninfected wounds.
The review found that washing wounds, including leg ulcers, with water did not show an increase in infection or decrease in healing time, compared to using saline, she says.
As a result, the Cochrane Collaboration is now recommending tap water is used to clean wounds in developing countries and disaster zones, says Griffiths.
In the community
Community nurses, who treat people at home, first triggered the investigation into the use of tap water to clean wounds, says Griffiths.
While hospitals routinely use saline or sterilised water to clean uninfected wounds, community nurses have traditionally relied on people to simply shower before they dress their wounds.
"So in hospitals you had one practice," says Griffiths. "And the community had another."
Both practices were based on tradition rather than evidence, she says.
One of the studies included in Griffiths' Cochrane review was carried out by her team.
It was a six-week double blind, randomised controlled trial in southwestern Sydney that studied the healing and infection rate in 49 wounds of 35 patients washed with saline, compared with equivalent patients who were washed with tap water.
"We found that there was no difference," she says.
"That tells us that if you have got clean tap water that you can drink, it is perfectly safe to wash wounds with that tap water if those wounds aren't infected."
Griffith says the research is changing the way we think about managing some types of wounds.
"It's the cleanliness rather than the sterility [that's important]," she says.
Better for patients and cheaper
Griffiths says washing wounds with tap water would save money in hospitals, especially the cost of the disposable sterile equipment that is required when using saline.
Patients also prefer washing with water, she says, because they can get out of bed and take a shower.
While tap water may be safe and effective, Griffiths still wants to confirm the findings and find out if saline offers any advantages by carrying out a much larger randomised controlled trial.
She has applied for funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council to carry out a trial involving 400 wounds.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


text:
This article goes over how to set receipts for your recurring transactions.
Recurring transaction receipts
This article provides information about the Recurring Transaction Receipt Email settings on your Campaigns page.
Default Campaign Transaction Receipt Emails
When a transaction processes for the first time, it must have a transaction receipt. The email/letter template type for this receipt must be Transaction Receipt.
Recurring transactions must also receive a transaction receipt. Recurring transactions, when processed for the first time, will receive this receipt.
Default Recurring Transaction Receipt Email
This email is sent when a recurring transaction is initially created, in which no payment has processed yet. This template must be a Recurring Donation Receipt type.
This letter should state something like, "Dear John, thanks for becoming a recurring donor to XYZ."
Subsequent Recurring Transaction Receipt Email Template
This receipt must also have a Transaction Receipt type template.
These are meant for recurring donations that take place after the first payment has processed. The thought behind these is that your recurring donors will get a transaction notification the first time they give, and then all donations after that receive a slightly altered message. This allows you to give them extra thanks up front while being able to make your recurring receipts more simple and streamlined.
Recurring transaction processing
A donor can control the frequency of their recurring donation (1st of the month, 1st Monday of the month, etc.).
Kindful's automated recurring billing process begins at 9 AM UTC every day (which is 4 AM CDT or 3 AM CST).
For example, a donation is set up for the 1st of every month. On the 1st of July, that donor's card (or ACH) would be charged near 4 AM Central that morning.
Still have questions?
Feel free to send our support team an email, or you can call the phone number found in the lower left hand corner of your Kindful Admin account to speak to a team member.


each subsequent activity launch will use the same group id. This means files to be shared for all instances of an activity must be made group-accessible.
File Access
Home Directory
Since each activity is run as a different user, it gets a different home directory on each invocation. In release 8.2, the home directory for an activity equals the $SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT/instance/ directory (see below). For data such as config files to survive and be accessible by all future activity invocations, they must not be stored in $HOME but rather $SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT/data/ should be used.
Hint: A trick to help porting legacy software which expects its config files to be in the home directory is to export HOME=$SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT/data in an activity's launch script. --Bert
Writable Directories
All writing to the file system is restricted to subdirectories of the path given in the SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT environment variable. This directory has three subdirectories with different policies:
This directory is used similar to a traditional home directory, for persistent activity data such as configuration files. Make sure files in there are group readable and writable (see users and groups). The directory itself is group-writable. Files stored here will survive reboots and OS upgrades.
This directory is used similar to a /tmp directory, being backed by RAM. It may be as small as 1 MB. This directory is deleted when the activity exits (specifically, as soon as all children of the activity's first process die). This directory is only accessible to the activity and its children; not even to Sugar.
This directory is used similar to a /var/tmp directory, being backed by flash rather than by RAM. It is unique per instance. It is used for transfer to and from the datastore (see keeping and resuming). This directory is deleted when the activity exits (specifically, as soon as all children of the activity's first process die)
As of version 8.2, all the activity root directories are created in /home/olpc/isolation and can be examined there with the Terminal activity. However, activities MUST use the $SUGAR_ACTIVITY_ROOT variable because the isolation directory layout is expected to change.
Multiple instances of an activity may communicate with one another through their shared 'data' directory; however, since each instance runs as a different user, some care must be taken (#5476) when sending messages to other activities through this shared medium.
External Media
External media (USB drives, SD cards) are auto-mounted by the Journal and appear in /media/*. No access restrictions are applied currently (up to release 8.2). If activities use these external media directly (rather than through the Journal, see mount points), they need to take care of ensuring data integrity since the user may (and will) remove the medium at any time.
An activity will have to be cryptographically signed to allow secure activity upgrades once they are on the machines. Tools for this will be provided soon. See discussion of contents.sig.
to be detailed
Permissions Declarations
Permission declarations will enumerate which special permissions (camera access? microphone access? non-Tubes network access? etc.) your activity may need for its normal operation. See and generally Bitfrost.
to be detailed
Collaboration plays a large role in Sugar. Still, the presence and sharing APIs are still somewhat rough. There are attempts to explain sharing, see Activity sharing. The following are the bare essentials.
Activities must support sharing using the Presence Service (PS). It is accessible on the D-Bus:
Service: org.laptop.Sugar.Presence
Interface: org.laptop.Sugar.Presence
Object Path: /org/laptop/Sugar/Presence
If the activity was not yet shared but the user clicked the Share button, sharing is initiated by calling ShareActivity():
activity = PS.ShareActivity(activity_id, bundle_id, name, properties)
The bundle id is used for the icon and to launch the same activity when someone joins it. The name will be shown in the mesh view and should generally be the same as the title of the datastore object (see above). The properties argument is not used currently (but see #4660) and should be an empty dictionary.
Note that sharing will be private (invitation-only) by default, that is, the icon will not be visible in the mesh. To share publicly, set the 'private' property to False:
activity.SetProperties({'private': False})
Another way of starting a shared session is by inviting a buddy from the mesh view. The Invite() method of the activity is called (see above). Then the activity should be shared privately, and the buddy must be invited using the key that was passed to Invite():
buddy = PS.GetBuddyByPublicKey(buddy_key)
activity.Invite(buddy, message)
When launching, the PS must be consulted to see if this instance was shared by someone else, meaning it was launched by the user is trying to join it:
activity = PS.GetActivityById(activity_id)
This yields an error if this instance (identified by its activity id) was not shared, in which case a regular non-shared startup should be performed. Otherwise, the activity object held by the PS is returned, and this activity instance needs to join:
It should continue by establishing a communication channel with the originating instance (see below)
To leave a shared activity (e.g. because it is closing) you need to inform the PS:
The activity object created by either sharing the current activity or joining an existing activity is used to establish means of communication between these instances. The joined XOs can be accessed to start communicating with them:
buddies = activity.GetJoinedBuddies()
To get notified of buddies joining or leaving, listen to these signals:
BuddyJoined (o: buddy)
BuddyLeft (o: buddy)
"Tubes" are the transport medium of choice on the XO, provided by the Telepathy framework. There are "D-Bus Tubes" allowing remote D-Bus calls, and "Stream Tubes" which forward sockets (similar to ssh forwarding). Tubes are collected in a "Channel", and channels are associated with a "room", one per shared activity instance.
First, get the Telepathy connection from the shared activity object:
 (tp_service, tp_connection, channels) = activity.GetChannels()
where tp_service and tp_connection is the D-Bus service name and object path for the Telepathy connection. An array of channels pre-created in the activity room is returned, too. There is at least a text chat and a tubes channel at
Service: (tp_service)
Object path: (channels[i])
Interface: 'org.freedesktop.Telepathy.Channel'
Use GetChannelType() to tell the channels apart:
if (channel.GetChannelType() == 'org.freedesktop.Telepathy.Channel.Type.Tubes')
elseif (channel.GetChannelType() == 'org.freedesktop.Telepathy.Channel.Type.Text')
Stream Tubes
A stream tube forwards a socket to a remote host (similar to ssh forwarding, but not encrypted). The activity can set up a listening socket by whatever means and then create a tube to forward it:
tube_id = channel.OfferStreamTube( # sa{sv}uvuv -> u
 'service-name', # well-known TCP service name conforming to RFC 2782, see [1]
 {}, # dict of params
 2, # socket type (0=Unix, 2=IPv4, 3=IPv6)
 ('', 12345), # socket address (depends on type)
 0, 0) # access control & params
You can forward Unix, IPv4, or IPv6 sockets. Access control is restricted to localhost by default.
New tubes are announced by a signal:
NewTube ( u: tube_id, u: initiator, u: type, s: service, a{sv}: parameters, u: state )
and you can list all available tubes:
tubes = channel.ListTubes() # -> a(uuusa{sv}u), same as in NewTube signal
To connect to a tube:
address = channel.AcceptStreamTube( # uuuv -> v
 2, # socket type to return (0=Unix, 2=IPv4, 3=IPv6)
 0, 0) # access control & params
which returns an address struct of the specified type, e.g., ('', 45679). Then just connect a socket to that address and you are ready to share data.
D-Bus Tubes
to be continued. In the mean time, see olpc:Presence Service D-Bus API and Tubes


text:
What is a Moc?
For more than a decade, this question has puzzled many fans and observers of Chattanooga Athletics.
The UTC Athletics Department changed logos in 1997, moving away from Native American imagery to a package of logos using railroad images, the nickname "Mocs," and the Scrappy mascot. The new package emphasized UTC's connection to Chattanooga and the city's railroad heritage and incorporated the Tennessee state bird.
The term "Moc" is short for "Mockingbird." Mockingbirds are fiercely territorial creatures which protect their homes with courage, determination and skill. Those attributes reflect the intellect, spirit and character of UTC student-athletes and alumni. A Moc is a champion on the playing surface, in the classroom and, most importantly, in life.
Named after legendary football coach A.C. "Scrappy" Moore, Scrappy, the Chattanooga mascot, is a fixture for the Mocs. A re-design in 2008 puts Scrappy in the image of the State Bird of Tennessee, a Mockingbird. The mockingbird is known as a fierce protector of its nest and environment. It is sometimes seen swooping down on a dog, cat or predator that may be venturing too close to the bird's protected territory. Once described by "Late Night" host Jimmy Fallon as "a sledge-hammer wielding mockingbird with a heart of Blue & Gold," Scrappy symbolizes that competitive passion.
Faced with politically sensitive issues and in need of a stronger core identity to help establish a strong brand as Chattanooga's Team, the athletics department embarked on a comprehensive identity program in 1996. A new direction for the athletics identity was determined, moving away from the politically incorrect Native American Indian imagery.
Several identities have been used in the past. With the old nickname "Moccasins," a snake was used in the 1920s and an Indian was used until the year of major change in 1996. A moccasin shoe was even used in the 1980s.
In 1996, it was decided to adopt the State Bird of Tennessee, the Mockingbird, as the core of the new identity, while incorporating the strong regional imagery of Chattanooga's vast railroad history. The mascot "Scrappy" was born and a new emphasis was placed on the athletics department's role in the region.
The committee also recognized the need for the word "Chattanooga" to have a great emphasis in the logo. The nickname "Moccasins" was shortened to simply "Mocs." Thus established, Chattanooga could rebuild its athletics programs and initiatives around this new identity.
And rebuild it did. Quickly establishing the identity program in February 1997, combined with tremendous success in the NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament, UTC had positioned itself to reach for the next level.
From 1997 to 2007, the primary logo was the mascot, Scrappy, riding a train. The secondary logo features the front of a train with the word Mocs built into the logo. This logo is affectionately called the "Cowcatcher logo," referring to the front lower grill of the train that helped push objects from the train tracks.
In August 2007, officials at Chattanooga updated the school's marks. A new C logo, the "Power C" as it has become known to fans and alums, was created as the primary mark and is emblazoned on the side of the football team's helmets. The secondary marks were updated with a more modern look, and a new font, unique to the school, is now used on the text areas of the logos and marks.
In September 2008, Scrappy was re-branded to better match the image of a mockingbird and reflect the rich tradition of our state, our city and our University. New marks of the head as well as a full body were released. The program has also been taking special efforts to stay true to its color palette—which includes navy blue and old gold.


Preparing for Your Neighborhood Clinic Visit
The King County Bar Association, sponsor of the Neighborhood Legal Clinics, has posted a useful checklist for preparing to attend a session at one of their legal clinics. To make the best use of your time please:
1. Decide on the desired outcome or goal.
2. Schedule an appointment at a Neighborhood Legal Clinic.
3. Write a list of specific questions for the attorney.
4. Bring to the clinic appointment:
–Agreements or contracts (signed or proposed)
–Written rules or policies
–Court orders
–Court papers served on you or that you filed with the court
–All letters or emails to and from person or business with whom you have the disagreement
6. Identify all deadlines.
7. Tell the legal clinic volunteer about these deadlines.


text:
Energy-Aware Soft Real-Time Scheduling for Multi-Radio Embedded Devices
This paper presents an energy-efficient scheduling algorithm for the data-communications of soft real-time periodic tasks on multi-radio embedded devices. To cope with the dynamic fluctuation of channel conditions, a feedback mechanism that monitors radio throughput is introduced to guarantee real-time behaviors. The paper also provides a formal analysis on the scheduling, exploring the relationship between tardiness bounds and energy savings and that between network stability and (m; k)-firm deadline guarantees. This approach is applicable to real-time communication scheduling problems in which background interference and other environmental factors are not known a priori. The algorithm is evaluated in the QualNet simulator, using data measured from radio hardware.

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
Aspirin Can Prevent Hearing Loss From Ototoxic Medication
Editor: Researchers at the University of Michigan have discovered that
aspirin can prevent hearing loss that would otherwise occur in users of a
common family of antibiotics. The obvious question is whether aspirin can
prevent hearing loss from other medications. How about from noise exposure?
Around the world, inexpensive antibiotics known as aminoglycosides have
been used for the past 60 years in the battles against acute infections and
tuberculosis, as antibacterial prophylaxis in cystic fibrosis and other
patients, and in and other conditions. But for all of the good they do, the
drugs also have been widely linked to irreversible hearing loss.
Now, researchers at the University of Michigan's Kresge Hearing Research
Institute and their Chinese colleagues, working under the leadership of
Jochen Schacht, Ph.D., and Su-Hua Sha, M.D., have found that the hearing
loss can be prevented in many people with the use of another inexpensive,
widely available medication: aspirin. The results appear in the April 27
issue of The New England Journal of Medicine.
The researchers studied 195 patients in China who received 80 to 160
milligrams of gentamicin (a type of aminoglycoside) intravenously twice
daily, typically for five to seven days. Of those, 89 patients were given
aspirin along with the antibiotic, and 106 were given placebos along with
the antibiotic. The results were dramatic: The incidence of hearing loss in
the group that was given placebos was 13 percent, while in the aspirin group
it was just 3 percent, or 75 percent lower.
"We would like to see the word get around to the medical community around
the world that you can take some precautions to minimize the risk to your
patients. Aspirin is available everywhere, and it's cheap," says senior
author Schacht, professor of biological chemistry in otolaryngology at the
University of Michigan Medical School and director of the U-M Health
System's Kresge Hearing Research Institute. Gentamicin is not commonly used
in the United States.
He notes that this research builds on earlier U-M studies that showed
promise in combating drug-induced hearing loss in the laboratory.
"Previously we found that such a treatment works well in mice, but I am very
excited that this worked so well in humans," says Schacht. "Translating
animal studies into clinical practice is not an easy thing to do. We were
fortunate that our extrapolation from mice to men and women worked in the
The research is exciting, says lead author Sha, because hearing loss
caused by these antibiotics is so prevalent. The incidence of aminoglycoside-induced
hearing loss averages 8 percent but the numbers may be higher in developing
countries, she notes, where aminoglycosides are frequently the only
affordable antibiotics and are sold over the counter. No therapy currently
exists to prevent ototoxicity.
This research began in 1999 with a collaboration with Chinese hospitals.
Working with Schacht, Sha - associate laboratory director of U-M's Kresge
Hearing Research Institute's Biochemistry Laboratory - got in touch with her
colleagues in China. The two traveled to China and presented their ideas,
and ultimately began a partnership with the Fourth Military Medical
University in Xi'an, China. The third author on the paper, Jian-Hua Qiu,
M.D., represents the colleagues of the Fourth Military Medical University.
After receiving approvals from institutional review boards at U-M and the
Fourth Military Medical University, the otolaryngology department in Xi'an
conducted the prospective, randomized, double-blind trial at Xijing Hospital
and Airforce Chengdu Hospital from 1999 to 2003. All of the participants
were ages 18 to 65, and were inpatients who were scheduled for treatment
with gentamicin. Hearing damage, or ototoxicity, was defined as a shift from
a person's baseline hearing by at least 15 decibels at both the 6 and 8 kHz
frequencies, which are the first affected by the drugs. The effectiveness of
the gentamicin as an antibiotic did not lessen when it was paired with
Schacht notes that even though gentamicin has been linked widely with
hearing loss, and its use has been declining in industrial countries, it is
not practical to think that it will be replaced in the near future by other
antibiotics because it has specific applications and is so inexpensive and
available, especially in poor countries. While aspirin shows promise, and he
hopes that health care providers pair it with gentamicin, he also notes it
is not yet the perfect solution because of the potential side effects of
aspirin, including gastric bleeding. And he notes that this is an off-label
use of aspirin, which may inhibit some practitioners from giving it to
patients in such instances.
He hopes that further studies will lead to the development of new and
safer antibiotics, or another drug that can be paired with gentamicin that
has fewer side effects than aspirin. He and Sha are exploring partnerships
with other countries to conduct future research.


text:
Definition of vigil in English:
- A mourner, fallen asleep in a late-night vigil, awakes the next morning to find that not only are his trousers missing, but the corpse has been stolen as well.
- But when I came and kept vigil in his armchair while he lay on his left ribs, his back rolled around him like an exoskeleton, all night I stared at his books neat in their shelves.
- In the old days families kept vigil and ate little 'Soul' cakes.
- N.O.W. was planning to hold a candlelight vigil outside the jail where Yates is being held.
- The local authorities' campaign headquarters plans to hold protest vigils outside the treasury every few days, each time representing two different municipalities.
- On March 27, about 200 teachers and students from the Wellington and Hutt Valley regions staged a protest vigil outside parliament.
- The Christmas pageant involving the children from Culleens and Kilglass N.S. will take place during the Gospel at the Christmas night vigil Mass in Kilglass Church.
- It is at pains to point out that much of the ceremony took place during the Christmas vigil and on the feast of the Nativity.
- The vigil Mass for Christmas will take place in Rathdowney Church on Christmas Eve at 9pm.
Vigil comes from Latin vigilia 'wakefulness', from vigil 'awake'. It was first used for the night before a religious festival, when people might stay wakeful all night in prayer. Related words include vigilant (Late Middle English); vigilance (late 16th century); and vigilante (mid 19th century) adopted from a Spanish word with the literal meaning 'vigilant'. Surveillance (early 19th century) is from the same root and is literally watching over something, also found when someone invigilates (mid 16th century) an exam.
Words that rhyme with vigilsigil, strigil
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.


text:
- freely available
Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain
AbstractThe North China Plain (NCP) is one of the places where the groundwater is most over-exploited in the world. Currently, our understanding on the spatiotemporal variability of the cones of depression in this region is fragmentary. This study intends to simulate the cones of depression in the shallow aquifer across the entire NCP during the whole period from 1960 to 2011. During the simulation, the dominant role of anthropogenic activities is emphasized and carefully taken into account using a Neural Network Algorithm. The results show that cones of depression in the NCP were formed in 1970s and continuously expanded. Their centers were getting deeper with an increasing degree of groundwater exploitation. This simulation provides valuable insights for developing more sustainable groundwater management options after the implementation of the South-to-NorthWater Diversion Project (SNWDP), which is a very important surface water project in China in the near future. The numerical model in this paper is built by MODFLOW, with pumpage data completed by neural network algorithm and hydrogeological parameters calibrated by simulated annealing algorithm. Based on our long-term numerical model for regional groundwater flow in the NCP, one exploitation limitation strategy after the implementation of SNWDP is studied in this paper. The results indicate that the SNWDP is beneficial for groundwater recovery in the NCP. A number of immense groundwater cones will gradually shrink. However, the recovery of the groundwater environment in the NCP will require a long time.
Share & Cite This Article
Zhang, Y.; Li, G. Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain. Water 2013, 5, 677-697.View more citation formats
Zhang Y, Li G. Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain. Water. 2013; 5(2):_URL_ Style
Zhang, Yuan; Li, Guomin. 2013. "Long-Term Evolution of Cones of Depression in Shallow Aquifers in the North China Plain." Water 5, no. 2: 677-697.


Just a quick note about how MSMQ reports message size.
If you look in the Computer Management snap-in you will see a column marked "size". This is not the message size; it is instead the message BODY size.
I have already populated the queue with 10 messages containing a 10-character payload in my example screenshot. As the 10 characters are in Unicode (double-byte), they take up 20 bytes instead of 10.
To get an idea of the actual message size, have a look in Performance Monitor:
As you can see, there are 10 messages taking up 2,440 bytes. So each message must be averaging 244 bytes - 20 bytes of which is the 10 character payload, 20-22 bytes for the label (again double-byte Unicode) and the rest is overhead.
To get an idea of what sort of things constitute this overhead you can look through the MSMQ API on MSDN or, more simply, have a look at what other column headings are available in Computer Management:
For example, I found after adding the various queue name lengths that both "recipient queue name length" and "destination queue format name length" were 44 bytes long (for the PUBLIC={GUID} queue name used by my application to send the messages).
If the actual message size is critical to your system then you could, if you really wanted to, track down and account for all the bytes in the message.
It is not possible to generalise about how big the overhead will be, though, without benchmarking it yourself with a wide range of representative messages.


Pompey's foreign stars take lessons to decipher Harry
October 22, 2008
Portsmouth's foreign players are being sent to language school so they can understand manager Harry Redknapp's orders.
Pompey are organising the lessons for 16 of their players so they are not left baffled by boss Redknapp's Cockney phrases.
The lessons, run by Dr Jay Kettle-Williams, will also include learning football terms using a table football game.
A spokeswoman for language school Polyglot Solutions in Southsea, Hampshire said: ''The lessons were inspired by the fact that the English level by the players and their wives was not adequate for living and working in Portsmouth.
''That was the springboard for the lessons and as well as that it is crucial for the players to understand instructions on the pitch.''


A tank of 50 ft^3 volume contains saturated ammonia at a pressure of 200 lbf/in^2. Initially the tank contains 50% liquid and 50% vapor by volume. Vapor is withdraw from the top of the tank until the pressure is 100 lbf/in^2. Assuming that only vapor (i.e., no liquid) leaves and that the process is adiabatic, calculate the mass of ammonia withdrawn.
Detailed answers to tough
homework problems


text:
The essential moisture control product for veneer. The key is proper drainage and ventilation.
The Glen-Gery Drainage Mat is an all-wall engineered rain screen drainage and ventilation mat for all sidewall applications including manufactured brick and stone. The Glen-Gery Drainage Mat creates a rainscreen concept without the cavity wall cost. It also helps neutralize the air pressure differences between the outer and inner wall, which greatly reduces the opportunity moisture has to infiltrate the wall system.
When there is a significant air pressure difference between the outside environment and the inner wall system, moisture is driven into a wall system via cracked sealant joints caused by the expansion and contraction of building materials over time. Diffusion and capillary action play a major roll in moisture migration as well. By building with the Glen-Gery Drainage Mat, the wall system will not only drain correctly, but ventilate as well. It has been proven that ventilation in a convective fashion will dry the wall out significantly quicker than conventional methods.
In residential construction the siding is often installed directly against the weather resistive barrier. Once moisture gets past the veneer it has nowhere to escape. This will often lead to call backs for moisture related issues, such as mold and rot, which become costly for both the homeowner and the contractors involved. Glen-Gery's Drainage Mat is the clear choice to avoid these moisture-related issues.
- Perfect for brick and stone.
- Creates a dedicated airspace behind veneer for enhanced drainage and ventilation.
- Helps to prevent moisture problems, mold growth, and premature wall assembly deterioration.
- Integrated insect screen.
- Class A Flame Spread Rating.
- 30-day UV exposure (max).
Drainage Mat 202
- Available Thickness: 6mm (.25")
- Roll Size: 39" x 61.5'
- Roll Weight: 16 lbs.
- Roll Diameter: 16"
- Heat bonded filter fabric with built in bug screen


text:
Project: Medical Devices
Categories: Imaging - Medical
Manager: Dr Abigail Watts
Intelligent Adaptive X-ray Imaging System
Available For: Licensing and co-development
Professor Robert Speller and his team at University College London (UCL) have developed a new X-ray imaging system that adapts to the imaging task according to the diagnostic features within the image, resulting in optimum diagnostic information. Adaptive imaging enables optimisation of the recorded information at the same time as minimising the radiation dose or duration of examination.
The Technology and its Advantages
Adaptive systems that control the X-ray source output, such as automatic exposure control in planar imaging and CT, optimize how a detector receives exposure of the radiation so as to ensure that the detector receives an exposure within its operating dynamic range. The detector may be optimally exposed but the object may not be. The results in the problems of excess exposure to radiation, increased duration of examination or reduced signal-to-noise in the image.
As part of an international consortium, inventors at University College London have designed an intelligent imaging system which addresses these issues. The image from the radiated object is firstly analysed in order to assess its diagnostic quality, and subsequently the exposure conditions are adapted accordingly in real-time. This new system will revolutionise the way in which X-ray image information is collected and processed because of the ability to respond to changing conditions during image recording and hence optimise their performance in real time. The region of high information content within the subject is investigated most closely whilst the remaining regions of low interest are recorded with the minimum amount of radiation. The result is that maximum information collected with the minimum penalty – the ideal imaging system.
-Optimum diagnostic information is recorded in a single pass of the object
-Optimises image recording therefore producing a superior image
-Minimises radiation dose or duration of examination
-Other medical imaging e.g. encephalography
Intellectual Property Status
A US patent has been granted on this novel technology. Claims cover the method and arrangement of the system which enables the subject of the x-ray imaging system to be so exposed, as to provide improved diagnostic information.
Please contact Dr Chris Williams, UCL Business PLC, T: +44 (0)20 7679 9000 E: _EMAIL_
Print friendly version of Intelligent Adaptive X-Ray Imaging SystemOur technologies RSS feed


How to Remove Leading and Trailing Zeros from String in Javascript
In this tutorial, you will learn how to remove leading and trailing zeros from string in javascript. Zeros at the end of the string are called trailing zeros and zeros at the beginning of the string are called leading zeros. From a developer perspective, it can be a bit tricky to remove leading and trailing zeros from a string.
There are numerous ways to remove leading and trailing zeros from a string. We are going to use the simplest approach which involves the usage of the regex pattern as well as replace() method. The replace() method searches the string for a particular value or a regex pattern and it returns a new string with the replaced values.
In the following example, we have one global variable that holds a string. Upon click of a button, we will remove leading and trailing zeros from the string and display the result on the screen. Please have a look over the code example and the steps given below.
HTML & CSS
 - We have 3 elements in the HTML file (div, button, and h1). The div element is just a wrapper for the rest of the elements.
 - The innerText for the button element is "Remove".
 - We have done some basic styling using CSS and added the link to our style.css stylesheet inside the head element.
 - We have also included our javascript file script.js with a script tag at the bottom.
<!DOCTYPE html>

 <meta charset="UTF-8">
 <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
 <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
 <title>Document</title>

 <button>Remove</button>

Result

.container {
 text-align: center;
}
button {
 margin-top: 10px;
 padding: 10px 20px;
}
Javascript
 - We have selected the button element and h1 element using the document.querySelector() method and stored them in btnRemove and output variables respectively.
 - We have attached a click event listener to the button element.
 - We have a global variable myString which holds a string as its value.
 - We are displaying the original string in the h1 element using the innerText property.
 - In the event handler function, we have regex variable that holds a regex pattern /^0+|0+$/g as its value.
 - We are calling replace() method and passing regex and empty string as parameters. As a result, it will remove leading and trailing zeros from a string. The new string returned by this method will be stored in the result variable.
 - We are displaying the result in the h1 element using the innerText property.
let btnRemove = document.querySelector("button");
let output = document.querySelector("h1");
let myString = "00008014254400000";
output.innerText = myString;
btnRemove.addEventListener("click", () => {
 let regex = /^0+|0+$/g;
 let result = myString.replace(regex, "");
 output.innerText = result;
});


Art, mythological art, women of mythology
The Sleep of Venus and Cupid by Constance Mayer
Constance Mayer was a French artist who painted portraits, miniatures, genre works and allegorical themes. Mayer was one of the successful women artists following the French Revolution. She had the opportunity to study with Joseph-Benoît Suvée and Jean-Baptiste Greuze, it explains that she adopted soft brush strokes and that she painted some sentimental scenes like her instructors.
In 1802 she began to study with Pierre-Paul Prud'hon; however, they did not have the typical pupil-master relationship, they were more like peers. After 1804 her works were very influenced by Prud'hon.
The Painting
The Sleep of Venus and Cupid by Constance Mayer (1806)
Venus as the goddess of love and sexuality became a popular subject of art during the Renaissance in Europe; since she was a classical figure for whom nudity was the natural state, it was socially acceptable to depict her unclothed and it was allowed a certain degree of erotic beauty in the depiction too.
This painting is today part of the Wallace Collection (London). It was property of the Empress Josephine at Malmaison before being brought by the fourth Marquess of Hertford in 1856. The Marquess lived in Paris during a very important period of French painting, between the years _PHONE_. Analysing his purchases, in general, they reflected the taste of a regular visitor of the annual Salon.
The torch of Venus by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon
It follows a previous drawing of Prud'hon, however Mayer's style, by that time, was very influenced by her teacher. Here the use of atmospheric sfumato and the profusion of putti is inspired in Corregio and Albani, some of Prud'hon's favourites.
It is the subject of the awakening of love, which in here was complemented by The torch of Venus by Prud'hon as a symbol of 'Constancy in Love'.
As in many other cases of women artists who were associated with better known male artists, some of her works were in a first moment attributed to Prud'hon and until today is not completely clear exactly what was hers and what was his. This confusion is especially due to fact that they collaborated on several works (he sketched and she made the painting). That is the case of this painting in particular, which was initially attributed to Prud'hon.


text:
Love this super easy, super pretty idea from The Glitter Guide Collaborating with Hey Look! Simply apply spray glue or double-sided tape to desired object, and sprinkle with glitter. Presto, cute little centrepiece!
Glitter Votive Jars
- glass jars, vases or simple drinking glasses
- paper glue or spray glue
- double-sided tape
- glitter powder in the color(s) of your choice
Instructions for the glitter votive:
-Apply paper glue or spray glue to jar. You can make shapes or simply apply it all over.
-Sprinkle the jar with a good amount of glitter. Make sure you don't leave any glue spots uncovered.
-Tap on the glitter particles carefully, then shake off excess glitter and you're done.
-Place a votive candle in the jar or use it as vase
Instructions for the sparkle-striped votive:
-Stick double sided-tape strip onto jar as shown in the picture. You can use tapes of different widths if you like, and apply several stripes per jar.
-Sprinkle generously with glitter then clean off excess sparkles.
-If you want your stripes to be of different color, place 2nd strip of tape on votive only after cleaning off the glitter from the first stripe. Repeat step 2 and you're done.


text:
Uncle Bob's Bowling Game Kata
August 11, 2009
Someone mentioned Uncle Bob's Bowling Game Kata to me a few days ago; it is apparently famous as a tutorial on object-oriented programming and test-driven development, though I had never heard of either Uncle Bob or his Bowling Game Kata.
A game of tenpins bowling lasts ten frames, in each of which the bowler makes one or two attempts to knock down ten pins arranged in a triangle. If the bowler knocks down all ten pins on the first attempt (that's called a "strike"), he scores ten pins plus the number of pins knocked down on his next two rolls. If the bowler knocks down all ten pins after two attempts (that's called a "spare"), he scores ten pins plus the number of pins knocked down on his next roll. If the bowler fails to knock down all ten pins (that's called an "open frame"), he scores the number of pins he knocked down. The scores accumulate through all ten frames. At the last frame, if necessary, the pins are reset for one or two additional rolls to count the final bonus. The sample scoresheet below shows how the calculations work:
For instance, the score in the second frame is 9, the sum of the two balls in the open frame. The score in the third frame is 15, which is 10 for the spare plus 5 on the next ball. The score in the ninth frame is 20, which is 10 for the strike plus 10 for the spare on the first two balls of the tenth frame. The score in the tenth frame is 16, which is 10 for the spare plus 6 for the extra ball, which is a bonus ball not really part of any frame (the two balls of the tenth frame have already been rolled).
Your task is to write a function that calculates the score of a tenpins bowling game. When you are finished, you are welcome to read or run a suggested solution, or to post your solution or discuss the exercise in the comments below.
Pages: 1 2


text: Steel-fiber-reinforced concrete is a composite material which is becoming more and more widely employed in building construction, due to its better resistance to cracking and to crack propagation with respect to plain concrete. Its mechanical behavior strongly depends on the choice of fiber properties and their volume fraction in the concrete mixture. As any material used in building construction, the "on-site" test of its properties represents a very important task. Often, this requires the employment of noninvasive and nondestructive measurement procedures that have to be carried out directly in situ. In this paper, a new method for the estimation of the fiber density and their average orientation is presented. The measurement technique is based on the employment of a probe that is sensitive to the magnetic properties of the steel fibers. The performance of the method has been theoretically and experimentally analyzed.


Data Practices Policies
Minnesota Statutes, Chapter 13, requires that each government entity establish a number of policies that govern the treatment of government data.
Right of access to government data
Each government entity is required to have two policies about access to government data.
 - One policy must explain the rights of the public (Model Policy for the Public). NOTE: Data about a member of the public requesting access to public data are presumptively public. Entities are not required to note that in their policy, but may choose to do so.
 - The other policy (Model policy for Data Subjects) must explain the rights of data subjects.
IPAD developed a worksheet to help create the policies.
Not public data inventory
A government entity is required to create a document that identifies and describes any private or confidential data maintained by the entity. The Department of Administration's Data Inventory meets this requirement.
Ensuring appropriate access to not public data
Effective August 1, 2014, section 13.05, subd. 5, includes a requirement that government entities create procedures "ensuring that data that are not public are only accessible to persons whose work assignment reasonably requires access to the data." This requires government entities to create procedures to identify which employees have access to not public data and develop a policy incorporating these procedures.
Other suggestions to implement this requirement:
 - Incorporate access to not public data in all employee positions descriptions (sample from Admin).
 - Utilize SharePoint or other shared folders or networks to catalog data access and/or security roles.
 - Create a data access approval form for each employee that lists authorized files/folders with appropriate security acknowledgement by employee and manager/supervisor.
 - Implement a security matrix similar to what is required by the federal HIPAA Privacy Rules (resource: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services-Security 101 for Covered Entities).


text:
Professional Development Workshops
When you go to hear a jazz group play, you're witnessing the creative process of a group of individuals who feed each other ideas and feelings. The group works as a whole to inspire its members to explore their own voice while also supporting the other opinions within the group. It's a democratic process – cooperative learning at its finest – the crossroads of creativity and curiosity.
Jazz in Schools is active in providing professional development workshops for teams of teachers, teaching staffs and individual teacher training. We work with arts and classroom teachers, college music education majors and school administrators.
Engaging teachers in the creative process gives them a fresh approach to the delivery methods used to meet the academic mandates of their teaching.
Jazz is a process that is structured and provides space for creativity. It's the "poster child" for best teaching practices including Cooperative Learning, Setting Goals, Bloom's Taxonomy in Cognitive, Psychomotor, and Affective Domains, and the use of the Artistic Method.
Jazz in Schools collaborates with BalletMet, Opera Columbus and the Greater Columbus Arts Council to provide teachers with the tools to address Best Teaching Practices while also learning how to offer the arts to their students.
Over a span of four years, Columbus City Schools have sponsored arts integrated professional development to more than over 100 teachers and have documented more than 500 lesson plans to include music, visual art, drama and dance. Jazz is the genre of music included and teachers receive practical applications of how to learn about jazz, talk about jazz and use jazz to teach the elements of music.
This workshop is delivered to college music education majors. During the workshop, students are given the tools to include jazz in the music curriculum (K-12) and are encouraged to value jazz as a vehicle to interact with their school's general student body and staff.


text:
Daily high temperatures decrease by 9°F, from 94°F to 86°F, rarely falling below 79°F or exceeding 102°F.
Daily low temperatures decrease by 8°F, from 70°F to 62°F, rarely falling below 57°F or exceeding 75°F.
For reference, on July 20, the hottest day of the year, temperatures in Juhaynah typically range from 78°F to 101°F, while on January 18, the coldest day of the year, they range from 46°F to 69°F.
Average High and Low Temperature in October
The daily average high (red line) and low (blue line) temperature, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands. The thin dotted lines are the corresponding average perceived temperatures.
The figure below shows you a compact characterization of the hourly average temperatures for the quarter of the year centered on October. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the color is the average temperature for that hour and day.
The month of October in Juhaynah experiences increasing cloud cover, with the percentage of time that the sky is overcast or mostly cloudy increasing from 5% to 16%.
The clearest day of the month is October 1, with clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy conditions 95% of the time.
For reference, on December 12, the cloudiest day of the year, the chance of overcast or mostly cloudy conditions is 26%, while on September 8, the clearest day of the year, the chance of clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy skies is 98%.
The percentage of time spent in each cloud cover band, categorized by the percentage of the sky covered by clouds.
Over the course of October in Juhaynah, the length of the day is decreasing. From the start to the end of the month, the length of the day decreases by 45 minutes, implying an average daily decrease of 1 minute, 29 seconds, and weekly decrease of 10 minutes, 26 seconds.
The shortest day of the month is October 31, with 11 hours, 9 minutes of daylight and the longest day is October 1, with 11 hours, 54 minutes of daylight.
Hours of Daylight and Twilight in October
The number of hours during which the Sun is visible (black line). From bottom (most yellow) to top (most gray), the color bands indicate: full daylight, twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and full night.
The earliest sunrise of the month in Juhaynah is 5:46 AM on October 1 and the latest sunrise is 16 minutes later at 6:02 AM on October 31.
The latest sunset is 5:40 PM on October 1 and the earliest sunset is 28 minutes earlier at 5:12 PM on October 31.
Daylight saving time is not observed in Juhaynah during 2021.
For reference, on June 21, the longest day of the year, the Sun rises at 5:01 AM and sets 13 hours, 49 minutes later, at 6:50 PM, while on December 21, the shortest day of the year, it rises at 6:38 AM and sets 10 hours, 28 minutes later, at 5:06 PM.
Sunrise & Sunset with Twilight in October
The solar day over the course of October. From bottom to top, the black lines are the previous solar midnight, sunrise, solar noon, sunset, and the next solar midnight. The day, twilights (civil, nautical, and astronomical), and night are indicated by the color bands from yellow to gray.
The figure below presents a compact representation of key lunar data for October 2021. The horizontal axis is the day, the vertical axis is the hour of the day, and the colored areas indicate when the moon is above the horizon. The vertical gray bars (new Moons) and blue bars (full Moons) indicate key Moon phases. The label associated with each bar indicates the date and time that the phase is obtained, and the companion time labels indicate the rise and set times of the Moon for the nearest time interval in which the moon is above the horizon.
Moon Rise, Set & Phases in October
The time in which the moon is above the horizon (light blue area), with new moons (dark gray lines) and full moons (blue lines) indicated. The shaded overlays indicate night and civil twilight.
We base the humidity comfort level on the dew point, as it determines whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid. Unlike temperature, which typically varies significantly between night and day, dew point tends to change more slowly, so while the temperature may drop at night, a muggy day is typically followed by a muggy night.
The chance that a given day will be muggy in Juhaynah is essentially constant during October, remaining around 0% throughout.
For reference, on August 24, the muggiest day of the year, there are muggy conditions 2% of the time, while on January 1, the least muggy day of the year, there are muggy conditions 0% of the time.
The percentage of time spent at various humidity comfort levels, categorized by dew point.
This section discusses the wide-area hourly average wind vector (speed and direction) at 10 meters above the ground. The wind experienced at any given location is highly dependent on local topography and other factors, and instantaneous wind speed and direction vary more widely than hourly averages.
The average hourly wind speed in Juhaynah is decreasing during October, decreasing from 9.9 miles per hour to 8.7 miles per hour over the course of the month.
For reference, on June 18, the windiest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 11.6 miles per hour, while on December 31, the calmest day of the year, the daily average wind speed is 7.8 miles per hour.
Average Wind Speed in October
The average of mean hourly wind speeds (dark gray line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
The hourly average wind direction in Juhaynah throughout October is predominantly from the north, with a peak proportion of 90% on October 1.
Wind Direction in October
The percentage of hours in which the mean wind direction is from each of the four cardinal wind directions, excluding hours in which the mean wind speed is less than 1.0 mph. The lightly tinted areas at the boundaries are the percentage of hours spent in the implied intermediate directions (northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest).
Definitions of the growing season vary throughout the world, but for the purposes of this report, we define it as the longest continuous period of non-freezing temperatures (≥ 32°F) in the year (the calendar year in the Northern Hemisphere, or from July 1 until June 30 in the Southern Hemisphere).
Temperatures in Juhaynah are sufficiently warm year round that it is not entirely meaningful to discuss the growing season in these terms. We nevertheless include the chart below as an illustration of the distribution of temperatures experienced throughout the year.
Time Spent in Various Temperature Bands and the Growing Season in October
The percentage of time spent in various temperature bands. The black line is the percentage chance that a given day is within the growing season.
Growing degree days are a measure of yearly heat accumulation used to predict plant and animal development, and defined as the integral of warmth above a base temperature, discarding any excess above a maximum temperature. In this report, we use a base of 50°F and a cap of 86°F.
The average accumulated growing degree days in Juhaynah are rapidly increasing during October, increasing by 806°F, from 6,840°F to 7,646°F, over the course of the month.
Growing Degree Days in October
The average growing degree days accumulated over the course of October, with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
This section discusses the total daily incident shortwave solar energy reaching the surface of the ground over a wide area, taking full account of seasonal variations in the length of the day, the elevation of the Sun above the horizon, and absorption by clouds and other atmospheric constituents. Shortwave radiation includes visible light and ultraviolet radiation.
The average daily incident shortwave solar energy in Juhaynah is decreasing during October, falling by 1.2 kWh, from 6.5 kWh to 5.3 kWh, over the course of the month.
Average Daily Incident Shortwave Solar Energy in October
The average daily shortwave solar energy reaching the ground per square meter (orange line), with 25th to 75th and 10th to 90th percentile bands.
For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Juhaynah are 26.673 deg latitude, 31.498 deg longitude, and 210 ft elevation.
The topography within 2 miles of Juhaynah contains only modest variations in elevation, with a maximum elevation change of 131 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 218 feet. Within 10 miles contains only modest variations in elevation (1,247 feet). Within 50 miles also contains very significant variations in elevation (1,709 feet).
The area within 2 miles of Juhaynah is covered by cropland (84%), within 10 miles by cropland (52%) and bare soil (43%), and within 50 miles by bare soil (85%) and cropland (12%).
This report illustrates the typical weather in Juhaynah, based on a statistical analysis of historical hourly weather reports and model reconstructions from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2016.
Temperature and Dew Point
There are 2 weather stations near enough to contribute to our estimation of the temperature and dew point in Juhaynah.
The estimated value at Juhaynah is computed as


Deep Dive Into OutSystems Plugins
Stuart Harris - 07/11/2019
This is Part II of a three part blog series on OutSystems development and how to create plugins. You can read Part I here.
As mentioned in my previous post, OutSystems allows users to create open source plugins and publish them to a community component registry called the forge. For Part Two, I'm explaining the creation of a FilePondUpload user interface forge plugin for Web Applications.
This is relevant to those interested in building a user interface forge component for an OutSystems web application. We'll cover configuration, integrating a JavaScript library, some sneaky tricks and cleaning up temporary files.
The FilePondUpload plugin exposes two webblocks providing drag and drop file upload, with the actions, entities and structures to support them. The plugin essentially integrates with OutSystems the FilePond JavaScript library by Rik Schennink.
When included on a page, to use the FilePondUpload control is straight forward. The upload process goes like this:
 - Either click browse or drag file/s onto the page.
 - The file/s will upload, show progress and if configured, will show a thumbnail if the file is an image.
 - The user clicks submit on the form to save their data.
 - On the server, the uploaded file/s are available to store.
Using the Control in Development
At development time, the developer drops the FileUpload webblock onto the page. It requires a text input control and configuration.
The webblock has a placeholder area which expects a text input control associated with a text variable. The webblock makes this input box hidden. The input box is used to pass the list of uploaded file identifiers to the server when the user submits the form.
The developer also passes a FilePondUploadConfig structure to configure the webblock. When the page is first displayed, the upload library is configured and initialized. The upload control is then displayed.
Then when the form is submitted, the developer must call FilePondUpload_GetUploadedFiles(UploadTokens) to retrieve the uploaded files.
The AutoUpload webblock is even easier. It just has an event that returns a file whenever one is uploaded.
This is a very quick and easy way to get multiple file upload to work in your OutSystems application.
Getting Started
Before even starting, make sure you search the forge for a similar plugin. If you find one that does not quite meet your needs, know that you can request to join the dev team for the plugin.
A forge component is an OutSystems application, so the first step is to create an application. This requires a bit of thought, ask yourself, when developers use your plugin, what dependencies will your plugin bring into their environment? What UI framework will they be using? Silk UI or the newer OutSystems UI?
For a component for (non-react) web apps, choose Traditional Web Application for OutSystem UI or Website for Silk UI. If you can, make your plugin independent of the UI framework. This way developers using either framework can use the plugin.
The FilePondUpload plugin it does not depend on either OutSystems UI or Silk UI. So I chose Traditional Web, but Website would have been ok too.
You are able to upload a logo for your plugin here, but you can also do this later.
Next, create a module. As FilePondUpload does not depend on a framework, I chose Blank.
Now we have an application and an empty module for the plugin.
Create a HTML Test Harness
Before diving head-on into OutSystems, it is a good idea to first check that the library you intend to use works.
For this plugin I created a simple HTML page with a form. For other libraries I create whatever mark-up is needed to exercise the JavaScript library. Then I manually included all the JavaScript and CSS files. At this point you can directly reference the online copies of the files, but I like to download them and keep a note of which versions I am using. Then write any JavaScript you require to initialize, configure and work with the library.
Remember to check all the browsers that you expect your component will need to support. This practice has saved me many hours, potentially days of frustration.
The UploadBlock Webblock
The UploadBlock webblock as four components:
 - a placeholder for the input text box,
 - a container to hold the file upload control,
 - a static image to show what the upload control looks like (only displayed at development time), and
 - webblocks which load the CSS and Javascript for the control.
The configuration JavaScript locates the input text control for file tokens using the HiddenUploadContainer's HTML id. The UploadContainer is where the FilePond upload control will be created.
The static image is displayed at development time, by putting it in the True fork of an If statement that is hardcoded to the value False. This static image is never displayed at runtime, but only to developer using the control. It's a handy technique.
The webblocks at the bottom ensure CSS and JavaScript required by the control are loaded.
Integrating the Library
In order for the configure function to do its work, all the minified JavaScript for the FilePond control must be inserted on the page.
The FilePondUploadJS webblock contains the FilePond library JavaScript in it's JavaScript attribute. The FilePondUploadCSS webblock contains the FilePond library CSS in its Style Sheet attribute. These webblocks have no user interface, but by placing these webblock on the page, their JavaScript and CSS will be available on the page.
The FilePondConfigureJS webblock contains configuration JavaScript in an Expression with Escape Content = No set. This webblock simply calls the configure function.
You could put all the files in the one webblock. I have only separated them so I can reuse the same JavaScript and CSS in another webblock.
So how does the FilePondUpload plugin work? The JavaScript library must be initialized and configured, then it must call an endpoint on the server, store the uploaded files, and provide an action to retrieve the uploaded files later. Additionally, files that are never retrieved must be removed from the system, when the user does not click submit for instance.
There are a few common tricks to make the configuration work. First, to pass configuration to the library, the configuration structure is converted to JSON using JSONSerialize and passed to a custom configuration function. The FilePondIdOptions_ToJSON() and FilePondConfig_ToJSON() actions handle the serialization. These functions just use the standard OutSystems JSON serialization widget to serialize configuration structures.
The configuration function is loaded on the page via the JavaScript in the FilePondUploadJS webblock.
The configure function accepts JavaScript objects, then initializes and configures the FilePond control. This function is exposed on a JavaScript variable called FilePondUpload. The rest of the configuration functionality happens within a JavaScript "closure".
Notice how the configure function is the only function exposed by the closure. If you need to expose more functions, just add them to the object returned at the bottom.
Notice also that the configure function sets up all the watches and call-backs necessary. This is important but can be subtle. Apart from initialization, try to write JavaScript that references the webblock, rather than trying to make the webblock call functions in the plugin. This helps decouple the webblock from the JavaScript.
When the File Reaches the Server
For each file dragged on, a file upload is triggered. The FilePond upload library takes care of this, as well as the display of upload progress.
The FilePond library is configured to upload the file to the /FilePondUpload/Upload.aspx web page. This web page is restricted to only registered users, meaning only logged in users can upload files.
When a file is uploaded, the Upload.aspx page's preparation action runs which retrieves the file using HTTPHandler.GetRequestFiles() and temporarily stores it in the UploadedFile entity. The session id is retrieved using the HTTPRequestHandler.GetSessionId() action and stored with the file. This will be used to ensure the uploaded file is only available to the user who uploaded it. Lastly a unique text identifier, or token, is generated, assigned and stored with the file.
Sneaky text/plain Trick
The FilePond library sent a HTTP POST to the Upload.aspx page, and expects a simple text response, which is an identifier for the uploaded file. However, OutSystems will normally return a whole web page. So here is what we do. By using a Download widget in the Preparation, setting the Mime-Type to "text/plain" the web page will return a text response rather than the HTML of the web page. We then use the BinaryData API to convert the file's text identifier to UTF-8 and pass it as binary data.
As there may be multiple file uploads, multiple text tokens may be appended to the hidden input box.
When the user clicks the submit button for the form, the text tokens stored in the value of the hidden input box is sent along with any other form data. The text tokens can then be used to retrieve the uploaded files, via the service side action FilePondUpload_GetUploadedFiles(UploadTokens).
And voila, you have the uploaded files to do with as you wish!
Auto Upload
So that's great, but the user still has to click on a button to submit the form, even though the file is already being held in temporary storage on the server.
This is why the plugin has a second file upload webblocks; AutoUpload.
The AutoUpload block will make the uploaded files available as soon as they have been uploaded. This block


text:
A crowbar, also be known as a pry bar, wrecking bar, gorilla bar or pinch bar, is a metal bar tool that has flatted points at each end, often with a small fissure to help remove nails or prise two materials or objects apart. One end of the bar is curved into a hook shape, which is a first-class lever and is usually the end most commonly used, and the straighter flat end is a second-class lever. (It is commonly believed this hooked end is where the tool gets its name from, as it resembles the beak of a crow.)
Crowbars are usually made from medium carbon steel to offer sustained strength and durability, but can also be made from titanium, which creates a lighter tool. They are forged from long steel products, such as rods and rails, and commonly have either cylindrical or hexagonal shapes to their bodies.
Our range of crowbars features products from industry leading brands, such as Bahco, GearWrench and RS PRO, and has tools ranging from 200mm to 1000mm or 8in to 48in.
The simplicity of a crowbar allows it to be considered a very versatile tool, enabling a wide range of work to be performed across multiple industries and their varied environments. The most common applications for crowbars are prising open nailed wooden crates, separating materials, such as boards, and can sometimes be used to remove nails from wooden surfaces.
Crowbars can be used in a vast multitude of projects that require a tool that can help exact leverage to separate materials, such as opening crates and pallet breaking in warehousing. They are also used commonly in renovation projects, used to remove panelling or lift flooring boards.
You might expect to see crowbars being used by any of the following industries:


Public Landscaping / Pavilion
GIA Competition Entry - FINALIST
A collaboration with Alison Hesketh.
An entry for the Seven Loch's Wetland Park Green Link competition organised by the GIA.
This competition sought to create a 'green link' across the M74 at Drumpellier Country Park just outside of Glasgow which would connect areas of the wider Wetland park. The link would provide both a physical connection for visitors to the park but also to wildlife.
The proposal sees the link as only a small part of a wider series of interventions across the primary routes of the park. This intervention reuses and expands an existing road bridge while creating a visitor viewpoint and landmark, clearly visible from the existing country park. The primary goal for this structure is to highlight, through a combination of its form, mass and materiality the continuation of the Wetland Park across the barrier of the motorway. The structure will allow the visitor to orientate themselves within the wider park before continuing their route.
Landscaping on the widened bridge continues the park's vegetation and wildlife across the motorway.
This proposal was shortlisted and reached the final of the design competition.


July 4, 2008
Watermelon Reportedly Has a (Very Mild) Viagra-Like Effect
By Betsy Blaney
The Associated Press
A slice of cool, fresh watermelon is a juicy way to top off a Fourth of July cookout and one that researchers say has effects similar to Viagra's - but don't necessarily expect it to keep the fireworks going all night long.
Watermelons contain an ingredient called citrulline that can trigger production of a compound that helps relax blood vessels, similar to what happens when a man takes Viagra, said scientists in Texas, one of the nation's top producers of seedless watermelons.
Found in the flesh and rind of watermelons, citrulline reacts with the body's enzymes when consumed in large quantities and is changed into arginine, an amino acid that benefits the heart and the circulatory and immune systems.
Todd Wehner, who studies watermelon breeding at North Carolina State University, said anyone taking Viagra shouldn't expect the same result from watermelon.
"It sounds like it would be an effect that would be interesting but not a substitute for any medical treatment," Wehner said.
The nitric oxide can also help with angina, high blood pressure and other cardiovascular problems, said the study, which was paid for by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
More citrulline - about 60 percent - is found in watermelon rind than in the flesh, Patil said, but that can vary. Scientists may be able to find ways to boost the concentrations in the flesh, he said.
"The problem you have when you eat a lot of watermelon is you tend to run to the bathroom more," Perkins-Veazie said. Watermelon is a diuretic and was a homeopathic treatment for kidney patients before dialysis became widespread.
Also, the sugar in that much watermelon would spill into the bloodstream - a jolt that could cause cramping, Perkins-Veazie said.
Patil said he would like to do studies on how to reduce the sugar content.
The relationship between citrulline and arginine might also prove helpful to those who are obese or have type-2 diabetes.
Citrulline is present in other curcubits, such as cucumbers and cantaloupe, at very low levels, and in the milk protein casein. The highest concentration is in walnut seedlings, Perkins-Veazie said.
"But they're bitter."
how it works
Watermelon contains citrulline, which reacts with the body's enzymes and changes to arginine, which helps circulation.
Originally published by BY BETSY BLANEY.


Conjunctive normal form
related topics
{math, number, function}
{law, state, case}
In Boolean logic, a formula is in conjunctive normal form (CNF) if it is a conjunction of clauses, where a clause is a disjunction of literals, where a literal and its complement cannot appear in the same clause.[citation needed] As a normal form, it is useful in automated theorem proving. It is similar to the canonical product of sums form used in circuit theory.
All conjunctions of literals and all disjunctions of literals are in CNF, as they can be seen as conjunctions of one-literal clauses and conjunctions of a single clause, respectively. As in the disjunctive normal form (DNF), the only propositional connectives a formula in CNF can contain are and, or, and not. The not operator can only be used as part of a literal, which means that it can only precede a propositional variable.
Examples and counterexamples
All of the following formulas are in CNF:
The last formula is in CNF because it can be seen as the conjunction of the two single-literal clauses A and B. Incidentally, this formula is also in disjunctive normal form. The following formulae are not in CNF:
The above three formulae are respectively equivalent to the following three formulas that are in CNF:
Conversion into CNF
Every propositional formula can be converted into an equivalent formula that is in CNF. This transformation is based on rules about logical equivalences: the double negative law, De Morgan's laws, and the distributive law.
Since all logical formulae can be converted into an equivalent formula in conjunctive normal form, proofs are often based on the assumption that all formulae are CNF. However, in some cases this conversion to CNF can lead to an exponential explosion of the formula. For example, translating the following non-CNF formula into CNF produces a formula with 2n clauses:
Full article ▸
related documents
Axiom of regularity
Generalized Riemann hypothesis
Monotonic function
Cartesian product
Algebraic topology
Laurent series
Isomorphism theorem
Kolmogorov space
Tree (data structure)
Diophantine set
Differential topology
Knight's tour
Goodstein's theorem
Carmichael number
Lebesgue measure
Group representation
Mean value theorem
Local ring
Convex set
Spectrum of a ring
Product topology
Theory of computation
De Morgan's laws
Euler's totient function
Kruskal's algorithm
Cauchy-Riemann equations


text:
On 24th February 2016 our very own Dr Shabnam Beheshti, Lecturer in Mathematics at QMUL will be delivering an interesting talk at the Hampstead Gardens Suburb (HGS) Astronomical Society on "Einstein's (Mathematical) Legacy: Past and Present". The talk will take place in the Free Church Hall Oriel Room near Golders Green at 19:30.
During her talk, Dr Beheshti will look at how the 100 years following the discovery of Einstein's Equations, elegant interplay between mathematics and physics has shaped modern cosmology and provided the framework for astounding results from observational astronomy. This will include a tour of key discoveries and conjectures from these disciplines and contemplate what the next 100 years might reveal.
If you'd like to attend, please contact Andrew Gledinning at _EMAIL_ for further information.


text:
pos: print debugging on steroids
pos, short for position, is a hyperlink based print debugging library designed to work with any IDE or text editor that supports stack trace highlighting. Using compile-time macros in Scala to extract file names and line numbers, pos makes your print statements, assertions, and log statements easier to locate. Use it to append a "smart" hyperlink to your sourcecode, avoiding the need to "grep" or use "Ctr + F" to locate print statements. Use pos instead of System.out.println or System.err.println. Also supports logging.
Table of Contents
- Locate Print Statements
- Getting Started
- Instructions for IDEA
- Scala Examples
- Developer's Guide
Locate Print Statements:
^ Clicking on the compile-time generated file name and line number will cause you to jump to that line in your source code.
Better than using println! Also, it is safe to pass in null.
Use "TraceLogging" instead of "StrictLogging". Click image to enlarge:
Or you can wrap your logger in a helper method like so to capture the compile time stack trace:
Or manually append the compile time stack trace as a String:
logger.warn("This is a warning" + pos())
This functionality "does not rely on runtime reflection or stack inspection, and is done at compile-time using macros. This means that it is both orders of magnitude faster than e.g. getting file-name and line-numbers using stack inspection, and also works on Scala.js where reflection and stack inspection can't be used." - taken from Li Haoyi's sourcecode
Add these two lines to your build.sbt file:
resolvers += Resolver.bintrayRepo("johnreed2","maven")
libraryDependencies += "com.github.johnreedlol" %% "pos" % "2.2.0"
To avoid having deprecated stuff, this library only works for Scala 2.10 and up.
pos is a stripped down version of scala-trace-debug.
Instructions (for IntelliJ IDE):
Add the appropriate dependency from Getting Started
Make sure that you have IntelliJ run configuration set up to run from the IntelliJ console
Run > Edit Configurations... > SBT Task
Click the green "+" (Add new configuration)
Place some calls to scala trace debug and click the green 'Debug' (Shift+F9) button and follow the stack traces in the console.
Use the IntelliJ console arrows to navigate up and down the stack traces.
The way this is intended to be used is, assuming you don't have a debugger set up, you just click on your code and press Command + Alt + Down on Mac or Ctr + Alt + Down on Non-Mac to scroll through the print statements in the order in which they are executed. This is a convenient way to trace the execution of your code.
See this file and run it yourself with "sbt test:run".
- git clone _URL_ master
- cd master/
- sbt compile
- sbt test:run
- sbt package
$ sbt [info] Loading project definition from /home/.../pos/project [info] Set current project to pos (in build file:/home/.../pos/) > + clean > + compile > + test:compile > + test:run > + package
- "+" means "cross-building"
Java 8 and up
pos is currently licensed under the Apache 2.0 License, a permissive license that also protects against patent patent claims.


text:
We propose that recently realized T-shaped semiconductor quantum wires (T wires) could be exploited as three-terminal quantum interference devices. T wires are formed by intersecting two quantum wells (QWs). By use of a scattering matrix approach and Landauer-Buttiker theory, we calculate the conductance for ballistic transport in the parent QWs and across the wire region as a function of the injection energy. We show that different conductance profiles can be selected by tailoring the widths of the QWs and/or by combining more wires on the scale of the Fermi wavelength. Finally, we discuss the possibility of obtaining spin-dependent conductance of ballistic holes in the same structures.
Quantum interference in nanometric devices: Ballistic transport across arrays of T-shaped quantum wires / Goldoni, Guido; F., Rossi; Molinari, Elisa. - In: APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS. - ISSN 0003-6951. - STAMPA. - 71:(1997), pp. _PHONE_.


text:
is a term that is applied mostly to jazz improvisation
. Technically, it can be applied to any style in which there is improvisation
, but it is most commonly used in a jazz
Trading fours usually means that two soloists 'trade' four bars each. So one of them improvises for four bars and then the other improvises for four bars, and so on, until the latter ends the 'duet'. Any instruments can trade fours, but it is commonly done either between two lead instruments (saxophone, trumpet, etc.) or between a lead instrument and drums.
The concept of trading fours, like many elements of jazz, comes from the work songs of African slaves. Often, these songs incorporated a 'call and response', when the leader would sing a phrase and the rest would chorus it back. This 'question and answer' is the founding structure of the blues, and is also the main idea behind trading fours. Good jazz players will turn their trading fours into a conversation. It shouldn't sound like two seperate entities, but rather two players responding to each other. Sometimes it sounds like one solo played on two instruments (listen to Sonny Rollins and Sonny Stitt trade eights and then fours on The Eternal Triangle - see if you can even tell when one stops and the other starts). Sometimes (more often) it sounds more like a question and answer (Sonny Rollins Quartet in Blue Seven).
You do not have to trade fours. It is possible to trade any number of bars. The most common after fours is eights, which I already briefly mentioned. This means that the soloists play eight bars each. This is usually done on up tempo tunes (Dave Weckl, Softly, as in a morning sunrise). Also, it is possible to change the amount of bars you are trading. This almost always comprises of shortening the amount of bars that are traded, as this builds up intensity. The first time I heard this was on Charlie Mingus' No Private Income Blues from Mingus in Wonderland, where Booker Ervin and John Handy trade fours, then twos, then play one bar each, and then just two measures each. Wow!
Often, a lead instrument will trade fours with a drummer to allow the drummer a solo without the drummer going into a whole chorus, which can be a bit long. It is sometime difficult for the audience to listen to a long drum solo, so this is a good way for the drummer to express himself.
Usually, the solos are played in the regular fashion, i.e. if a saxophone plays a solo, the whole rhythm section accompanies him/her, and if the drummer plays a solo, s/he is left alone. Sometimes, though, both players can be left alone, with the rhythm section staying silent, or the rhythm section plays a vamp, over which the soloists trade. It is also possible for more than two players to trade fours, playing four bars each in succession (for example - piano, drums, bass, piano, drums, bass... - Bill Evans, Twelve Tone Tune, from Blue In Green - Bill, Eddie Gomex and Marty Morell trade 12 bars each this way). The possibilities are endless!
Things to pay attention to when trading fours:
- When trading fours on songs whose length isn't divisible by 8 (i.e. four bars each), be careful, as the cycle doesn't complete in one chorus. Trading fours almost always ends after the second player's solo, so however many choruses you trade, you have to make sure that the second player ends it. For example, on a twelve bar blues, if a trumpet trades fours with the drums, the trumpet plays four bars, then the drums, then the trumpet. We have now completed one chorus. But this would be a bad time to play the head, as it doesn't feel complete. They must trade another chorus (drums, trumpet, drums), and then the trades end on the drummer.
- When trading fours with a drummer, it is nice to play rhythmic phrases, to let him respond to.
- Listen to the other player! You are having a conversation, not each one speaking separately. If you don't listen, that's exactly what it will sound like.
* trading fours is referred to in many languages other than English as four / four.


Optimising the mitigation of epidemic spreading through targeted adoption of contact tracing apps
Impact of CT strategy and adoption rate on the epidemic peak of SIR+CT in real-world networks.
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is the first epidemic in human history in which digital contact-tracing has been deployed at a global scale. Tracking and quarantining all the contacts of individuals who test positive to a virus can help slowing-down an epidemic, but the impact of contact-tracing is severely limited by the generally low adoption of contact-tracing apps in the population. We derive here an analytical expression for the effectiveness of contact-tracing app installation strategies in a SIR model on a given contact graph. We propose a decentralised heuristic to improve the effectiveness of contact tracing under fixed adoption rates, which targets a set of individuals to install contact-tracing apps, and can be easily implemented. Simulations on a large number of real-world contact networks confirm that this heuristic represents a feasible alternative to the current state of the art.
Publication
Physical Review Research
Related


text:
Shell Scripting case
A case construct helps us to simplify nested if statement. You can match several variables against one variable. Each case is an expression matching a certain pattern.
Look at the above snapshot, you can write one pattern or more than one pattern together according to the situation. Let's see an example to understand it more clearly.
Look at the above snapshot, we have shown a script to show the capital of different states. States Punjab and Haryana are written together as they share same capital.
Look at the above snapshot, user can enter a state name and script will display its capital respectively.