or headquarter server and at least 1 branch server. To setup replication you need to edit the RaptorDB-Replication.config file on your HQ server and edit the RaptorDB-Branch.config file on your other servers.
 - All the action will take place in the Replication folder in RaptorDB's data directory.
 - You can do replication in embedded mode also with the above files being configured.
 - You can configure how many items to transfer in each package the default is 10,000 documents, this is to limit the file size to manageable amount for transfer over the wire.
 - You would probably configure the cron job to do replication over a period of time say every 5 minutes from midnight to 1am for example if there is a potential for more than 10,000 documents generated on a server.
Troubleshooting
Failures can occur in the event that the documents saved in the data transfer package cannot be deserialized on the target machine.
 - all operations and exceptions are logged in the log file in the data folder.
 - if the replication inbox contains a file like "0000000n.error.txt" then an error occurred and the contents will show what went wrong along with the offending json.
 - you can skip the offending document if you increment the "0000000n.counter" file (when you can't overcome the exception)
 - in the event of failures you can selectively delete files in the replication folders or even delete the entire folder and the system will restart, and given that documents are transferred and are inherently re-entrant then all should be good.
All operations are resume-able and will continue from the last point on restarts or errors.
Config files
All the configuration files in this version have a "RaptorDB-" prefix so the "users.config" file in the previous versions is now "RaptorDB-Users.config".
 - the engine starts-up and see there is no configuration file then it will create a sample file with a "-" prefix so you can edit it and restart from a template.
RaptorDB.config
Below is a sample for the general configuration file (in JSON format):
{ "BitmapOffsetSwitchOverCount" : 10, "BackgroundSaveToOtherViews" : true, "DefaultStringKeySize" : 60, "FreeBitmapMemoryOnSave" : false, "PageItemCount" : 10000, "SaveIndexToDiskTimerSeconds" : 60, "FlushStorageFileImmediatley" : false, "SaveAsBinaryJSON" : true, "TaskCleanupTimerSeconds" : 3, "BackgroundSaveViewTimer" : 1, "BackgroundViewSaveBatchSize" : _PHONE_, "RestoreTimerSeconds" : 10, "FullTextTimerSeconds" : 15, "BackgroundFullIndexSize" : 10000, "FreeMemoryTimerSeconds" : 60, "MemoryLimit" : 100, "BackupCronSchedule" : "0 1 * * *", "RequirePrimaryView" : true, "PackageSizeItemCountLimit" : 10000 }
This file is essentially the internal parameters for RaptorDB so you can fine tune the engine at runtime without recompiling the server.
 - you are advised not to change these if you are not sure.
RaptorDB-Replication.config
Below is a sample for the server side replication configuration file (in JSON format) :
{ "ReplicationPort" : 9999, "Where" : [ { "BranchName" : "b1", "Password" : "xxxxx", "What" : "default", "When" : "0 * * * *" }, { "BranchName" : "b2", "Password" : "yyyyy", "What" : "b2", "When" : "*/5 * * * *" }, ], "What" : [ { "Name" : "default", "Version" : 1, "PropogateHQDeletes" : true, "PackageItemLimit" : 10000, "HQ2Btypes" : [""], "B2HQtypes" : ["*"] }, { "Name" : "b2", "Version" : 1, "PropogateHQDeletes" : false, "PackageItemLimit" : 0, "HQ2Btypes" : [""], "B2HQtypes" : ["namespaceX.type1", "namespaceY.*"] } ] }
There are 2 main sections "where" and "what" :
 - you first define the where section for your branch servers which includes the "when" cron schedule and the "what" reference name the section below.
 - you can define a "default" what configuration if you want or a branch named "what".
 - HQ2Btypes is the types you want to transfer from your HQ to branches.
 - B2HQtypes is the types you want to transfer from you branches to HQ.
 - The types are defined as a list of .net type names.
 - "" in the type list means nothing
 - * is a place holder for multiple types matching that definition so "*" means send everything and "namespaceX.*" means send everything matching the namespace "namespaceX" etc.
 - you can limit the package document count to a number or set it to 0 which means the global limit defined in "RaptorDB.config"
 - PropogateHQDeletes controls whether a document delete occurs on the branch servers if it was deleted on the HQ.
 - the password is stored as is without any encryption etc.
RaptorDB-Branch.config
Below is a sample for the branch configuration file (in JSON format) :
{ "ServerAddress" : "192.168.1.6", "ServerReplicationPort" : 9999, "Password" : "xxxxx", "BranchName" : "b1" }
Just complete the data for your branch server and you are good to go.
 - the password is stored as is without encryption etc.
Folder Structures
DATA Folder | |- Replication > (branch mode) | |-: branch.dat | | . |- Inbox > | |-: 0000000n.mgdat.gz, | |- Outbox >
 - if inbox contains a file like "0000000n.counter" then an error occurred and the text is in "0000000n.error.txt"
 - you can skip the offending document if you increment the "counter" file (when you can't overcome the exception)
 - files will be downloaded to the inbox folder in branch mode
 - "branch.dat" in the "Replication" folder stores counter information for replication
DATA Folder | |- Replication > (HQ mode) | |- | | | |- Inbox > | | | . | |- BranchName1 > | | |-: 0000000n.mgdat.gz | | | | |- Outbox > | | | |- BranchName1 > | |- BranchName2 >
 - if inbox contains : "0000000n.error.txt" then error occurred
 - you can skip the offending document if you increment the "counter" file (when you can't overcome the exception)
 - *.last files store the branch last document transferred counters
Appendix v3.1.0 - Query Sorting
In this version the old style query model (specifing types etc.) has been removed in favour of the new model where you have generic interfaces and specify the row schema.
Also a major update is the ability to sort your data on view columns which is needed when you do paging. So the overloads now support a "orderby" string parameter in which you specify the column you want to sort on. You can sort in decrementing order by appending a "desc" to the string.
 var q = rap.Query(x => x.Serial < 100, 0, 10, "serial desc");
Appendix v3.1.3 - Dog fooding and real world usage
I recently had the opportunity to practice what I preach and use RaptorDB in a real world setting and build a business application solely on it. The details I will omit since it is not as important as the concepts and best practices.
Most of what has changed in version 3.1.1 to 3.1.3 are a direct result of the insight gained in creating that application.
It is still astounding that the heart of the application is 2 DLL's of 200kb size which is peanuts compared to the whizbang UI components used (over 30mb).
Serials and row numbers
Most applications require a sort of unique incrementing number (row number, ID etc) which is generated in the database layer, so how can this be done in RaptorDB?
Say we have :
class Invoice { InvoiceNumber : int }
in the mapping function for the invoice view the following api method was added :


University of Vermont
Taylor Ricketts Lab
Steve Posner joins lab as PhD student
How does Ecosystem Service information influence decisions?
Smiley Steve
Steve Posner has joined the lab as a PhD student (co-advised with Austin Troy).
Steve's working on how scientific information on ecosystem services has affected policies and decisions. How often has it really made a difference? How would you detect its effect? Under what conditions is this information most likely to matter.
Working closely with the Natural Capital Project, Steve is analyzing a set of cases where "NatCap" has produced maps of ecosystem services, estimated their values, and connected this information to ongoing decisions and policy debates.
Ecosystem service maps are cool, but do they help? If so, when and how? Steve will be helping us find that out.


Display pupils on a layout plot
You can easily show the Entrance and Exit Pupils in both the Lens Data Editor (LDE) and Layout Plots by using dummy surfaces and pickups to show the location of the pupils without affecting the other surfaces in your sequential system. This article walks through how to use ZPL Macro and Chief Ray Height thickness solves in the LDE as well as hiding dummy surfaces in a layout plot.
Authored By Michael Humphreys
Downloads
Article Attachments
Introduction
It is often useful to be able to visualize the location of the Entrance and Exit Pupil in order to properly calibrate your optical design. This can be easily done in OpticStudio.
In this article, we walk through setting up dummy surfaces that are representative of the Entrance and Exit Pupils for easy visualization of the full system.
Pupil information
In order to show the Entrance Pupil (EP) and Exit Pupil (XP) in the Lens Date Editor and as surfaces in a layout plot, we will insert dummy surfaces in the Lens Data Editor to simulate the pupil locations. Attached to this article is the result of this work-through. If you would like to follow along, please note that this article will be referencing the Double Gauss 28 degree field lens located in the {Zemax}\Samples\Sequential\Objectives folder.
For sequential systems, you can find the location of the pupils in the Analyze...Reports...Prescription Data report.

For this system, the pupils are as follows:
 - Entrance Pupil Diameter: 33.33 mm
 - Entrance Pupil Position: 58.93976 mm
 - Exit Pupil Diameter: 36.25844 mm
 - Exit Pupil Position: -_PHONE_ mm
In OpticStudio, the EP location is always referenced to Surface 1 and the XP location is always referenced to the Image Surface. In order to reduce the modifications to your LDE order, it is a good idea to place the dummy surfaces immediately before the first lens and before the image surface.
By definition, a pupil is where the chief ray crosses the optical axis or where the chief ray has 0 height. OpticStudio conveniently has a built-in thickness solve that will automatically determine where the paraxial chief ray height is 0 for a given surface: Chief Ray Height. The only caveat is that this ray based solve, along with any other ray based solve, has to come after the Stop surface. Therefore, we can only use the Chief Ray Height solve for the XP location. For the EP location, we can use a ZPL Macro solve. Note that OpticStudio has a Pupil Position built-in solve that uses real, differential rays rather than paraxial rays for the XP which might be useful for non-axial systems or systems where the pupil cannot accurately be determined with paraxial rays, but we will use the Chief Ray Height method in this article since the difference between the paraxial (fewer computational cycles) and real (more computationally intensive) is out to the 6th decimal place.

Insert dummy surfaces
To get started, we will need to insert four dummy surfaces - two before Surface 1 for the EP and two before the Image Surface for XP. The article will refer to these dummy surfaces as D1-D4.

Before performing the actual calculations, we will set up the pair of surfaces. Set a Pickup solve on the thickness of D2 & D4 to be a scale factor of -1 from D1 & D3 respectively. A"P" will appear next to the surface with a Thickness Pickup solve.

Then, we need to set the Surface Properties of these 4 surfaces, along with the surface immediately following D2 (labeled D2+1 in the table below), so OpticStudio does not actually draw rays to them. These can be found in the Draw Tab of the Surface Properties.
You need to set the following check boxes for each of the surfaces:

 D1 D2 D2 + 1 D3 D4
Hide Rays To This Surface X X
Skip Rays To This Surface X X X
Do Not Draw This Surface X

Exit Pupil
Now, let's do the easier XP location first. Simply click on the Thickness Solve for D3, select Chief Ray Height and keep the Height equal to 0. A "C" will be placed in the solve box to the right of the value. All wavefront calculations are performed in the XP with respect to a reference sphere. The chief ray reference sphere curvature is just the thickness to the XP itself, so you can also set a pickup on the Radius of D4 and reference D3 Thickness with a -1 factor.

Entrance Pupil
For the EP location, we will need to use a ZPL Solve. Create a new ZPL Macro by navigating to the Programming tab:

Save the new macro as LDE_EP.ZPL. Copy and paste the following code into the macro:

SOLVEBEFORESTOP
SOLVERETURN OPEV(OCOD("ENPP"),0,0,0,0,0,0)

The SOLVEBEFORESTOP keyword is required as the first line in a ZPL Macro solve that uses ray trace data. It specifies that the solve will be placed before the Stop. Certain calculations are not valid when tracing rays are required and the Help System outlines when you can and cannot use the SOLVEBEFORESTOP. The OPEV(OCOD()) combination is a useful way of getting the same value that you would from a given Merit Function Operand without having to insert that operand into the Merit Function Editor.
Then click on the solve box for D1, select ZPL Macro and type in "LDE_EP" without the quotes (note that the name is not case sensitive).

Your layout will now have 2 new dummy surfaces at the pupils.

There are systems, such as an object space telecentric lens, where this technique might not be useful since the EP would be located at negative infinity.
KA-01619
Was this article helpful?
0 out of 0 found this helpful
Comments
0 comments
Article is closed for comments.


text:
Is the Ciliospinal reflex sympathetic or parasympathetic? In the absence of anesthesia, this response has been called the ciliospinal reflex and is primarily mediated by the sympathetic nervous system in both humans [1,2]and cats.
What type of reflex is the ciliospinal reflex? The ciliospinal reflex is pupillary dilation in response to noxious stimuli, such as pinching, to the face, neck, or upper trunk.. Pathway: The trigeminal nerve or cervical pain fibers, which are part of the lateral spinothalamic tract, carry the afferent inputs of the ciliospinal reflex.
Is pupillary reflex sympathetic or parasympathetic? The physiology behind a "normal" pupillary constriction is a balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Parasympathetic innervation leads to pupillary constriction. A circular muscle called the sphincter pupillae accomplishes this task.
How does ciliospinal reflex happen? The ciliospinal reflex (pupillary-skin reflex) consists of dilation of the ipsilateral pupil in response to pain applied to the neck, face, and upper trunk. If the right side of the neck is subjected to a painful stimulus, the right pupil dilates (increases in size 1-2mm from baseline).
Is the Ciliospinal reflex sympathetic or parasympathetic? – Related Questions
What type of reflex is the knee-jerk?
Doctors will test reflexes by tapping the tendon just below the knee, and this causes the leg to kick out. This knee-jerk reflex is an example of a simple monosynaptic reflex.
When the light reflex is taken as a positive?
When light is shone into only one eye and not the other, it is normal for both pupils to constrict simultaneously. The terms direct and consensual refers to the side where the light source comes from, relative to the side of the reacting pupil.
Is the Babinski reflex somatic?
Somatic reflex categories include motor reflex actions, movements, patterns, and schemes. Examples: Foot grasp reflex and Babinski reflex. Motor Reflex Patterns. Involve a combination of muscle groups and are considered inter-limb reflex patterns.
What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
The sympathetic nervous system is involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities; the parasympathetic nervous system is associated with returning the body to routine, day-to-day operations. The two systems have complementary functions, operating in tandem to maintain the body's homeostasis.
What does an absence of a reflex indicate?
When reflex responses are absent this could be a clue that the spinal cord, nerve root, peripheral nerve, or muscle has been damaged. When reflex response is abnormal, it may be due to the disruption of the sensory (feeling) or motor (movement) nerves or both.
Is increased salivation sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Overall, increased parasympathetic stimulation results in an increased flow of saliva that is more watery in composition. Fig 2 – Path of parasympathetic fibres to the parotid gland.
Is Breathing sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Breathing deeply, with a slow and steady inhalation to exhalation ratio, signals our parasympathetic nervous system to calm the body down. Long, deep breaths can also manage our stress responses to help decrease anxiety, fear, racing thoughts, a rapid heartbeat and shallow chest breathing.
Is the heart sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Heart rate is controlled by the two branches of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) releases the hormones (catecholamines – epinephrine and norepinephrine) to accelerate the heart rate.
What is loss of Ciliospinal reflex?
Patients may have a loss of the ciliospinal reflex (ie, afferent C2, C3), in which the pupil fails to dilate when the skin on back of the neck is pinched. If a patient has a lesion in the area of the common carotid artery, loss of sweating involves the entire side of the face.
Is knee jerk a spinal reflex?
The patellar reflex or knee-jerk (in American English knee reflex) is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord.
What causes doll's eye reflex?
The doll's eyes reflex, or oculocephalic reflex, is produced by moving the patient's head left to right or up and down. When the reflex is present, the eyes of the patient remain stationary while the head is moved, thus moving in relation to the head.
What are the 4 types of reflexes?
In our discussion we will examine four major reflexes that are integrated within the spinal cord: the stretch reflex, the Golgi tendon reflex, the withdrawal reflex and the crossed extensor reflex.
What nerve causes knee jerk?
Although the knee jerk reflex is mediated by the L3 and L4 nerve roots, evidence exists that altered knee jerk expression may occur with exclusively L5 radiculopathy.
Why do both pupils constrict in response to light in one eye?
Illumination of one eye causes reflexive constriction of both pupils: via the direct and indirect pupillary light reflexes. Fibres from these nuclei travel with the oculomotor (III) nerves to innervate the ciliary ganglia, which supply the sphincter pupillae muscles (causing both pupils to constrict).
What could an abnormal pupillary reflex indicate?
Pupillary light reflex is used to assess the brain stem function. Abnormal pupillary light reflex can be found in optic nerve injury, oculomotor nerve damage, brain stem lesions, such as tumors, and medications like barbiturates.
What does Perrla stand for?
PERRLA is an acronym used to document a common pupillary response test. This test is used to check the appearance and function of your pupils. The information can help your doctor diagnose several conditions, from glaucoma to neurological diseases.
Are somatic reflexes fast or slow?
It can be slow or fast. It uses higher and lower motor neurons, is variable and not stereotyped. A somatic reflex employs a reflex arc in which signals travel along the following pathways: 1.
Is breathing a somatic reflex?
One-third of all responses coincided with the period of stimulation, i.e., breathing started and ended at or close to the onset and cessation of stimulation. These responses, which we have called "the somatic-respiratory reflex," are described in this section.
What is an example of a parasympathetic response?
Examples of parasympathetic responses
Salivation: As part of its rest-and-digest function, the PSNS stimulates production of saliva, which contains enzymes to help your food digest. Lacrimation: Lacrimation is a fancy word for making tears. Tears keep your eyes lubricated, preserving their delicate tissues.
Is sympathetic or parasympathetic faster?
The sympathetic system prepares the body for any potential danger. The parasympathetic system aims to bring the body to a state of calm. Sympathetic system has shorter neuron pathways, hence a faster response time. Has comparatively longer neuron pathways, hence a slower response time.
What is an abnormal reflex?
Definition. An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes. [ from MeSH]

source: openbmb/Ultra-FineWeb


text:
The Proprietary Trading team at Alpiq in Olten is seeking an intern for 3 months for a project to strengthen the knowledge base and data gathering around the European gas markets.
Your main responsabilities
- Developing tools and enhancing existing and new trading models by using programming techniques, mostly applied to data scraping, storing, mining.
- Creating tools for systematic monitoring of the main European gas markets.
- Maintaining, expanding and enhancing existing tools for traders to have important information available live.
- Collaboration with Analysis teams regarding data management in order to maximize data quality.
- University degree in Data Science, Engineering, Computer Science or Quantitative Economics
- 0-5 years of experience in a similar role
- Strong Coding (R, Python, etc.) and database skills (SQL)
- Understanding of energy markets is a plus
- Fluency in English required
Um sich für diesen Job zu bewerben, besuche bitte jobs.alpiq.com.


What Size Breaker for Vacuum Cleaner: Determining the Right Circuit Breaker Size
Author:
Published:
Updated:
what size breaker for vacuum cleaner
Affiliate Disclaimer
As an affiliate, we may earn a commission from qualifying purchases. We get commissions for purchases made through links on this website from Amazon and other third parties.
When it comes to using a vacuum cleaner, ensuring the right circuit breaker size is crucial for safety and efficiency. The size of the circuit breaker depends on the amount of electrical current your vacuum cleaner requires. Using a breaker that is too small can cause frequent tripping and inconvenience, while a breaker that is too large may not offer optimal protection.
To determine the right breaker size for your vacuum cleaner, you need to consider its amperage rating and the capacity of the electrical wiring. The amperage rating indicates the amount of electrical current the vacuum cleaner needs to operate. The wire size, measured in gauge (AWG), should match the amperage rating to ensure proper circuit protection and safety.
Key Takeaways:
 - Choosing the right breaker size is essential for safety and efficiency when using a vacuum cleaner.
 - Match the amperage rating of the vacuum cleaner with the appropriate wire size and breaker.
 - Consider consulting with a certified electrician and following electrical codes for optimal circuit protection.
 - Using a breaker that is too small can cause frequent tripping, while a breaker that is too large may not provide optimal protection.
 - Determining the right breaker size ensures hassle-free vacuuming and maintains electrical safety in your home.
Understanding Amperage Ratings and Wire Sizes
The amperage rating of a vacuum cleaner is a crucial factor in determining the appropriate circuit breaker size. This rating indicates the amount of electrical current that the vacuum cleaner requires to operate effectively. Typically, the amperage rating is stated in amps (A).
To ensure the safety and efficiency of your vacuum cleaner, it is important to match its amperage rating with the appropriate wire size. Wire size, often referred to as gauge or American Wire Gauge (AWG), plays a significant role in handling electrical currents.
The wire size is inversely related to the gauge number—higher gauge numbers represent smaller wire sizes. Different wire gauges have corresponding amperage ratings, allowing you to choose the right wire size for your vacuum cleaner's electrical needs.
For instance, a 14-gauge wire is common in residential electrical setups and can typically handle a maximum current of 15 amps. On the other hand, a 12-gauge wire, which is slightly thicker, can handle up to 20 amps.
Understanding the relationship between amperage rating, wire size, and electrical current is essential when choosing the right circuit breaker for your vacuum cleaner.
"Choosing the correct wire size and matching it with the amperage rating of your vacuum cleaner is crucial for maintaining electrical safety and preventing potential hazards."
Choosing the Right Breaker Size for Your Vacuum Cleaner
When it comes to ensuring the safety and efficiency of your vacuum cleaner, selecting the right breaker size is crucial. The breaker size determines the amount of electrical current that can flow through the circuit, providing adequate protection and preventing potential hazards. To make the right choice, you need to consider the amperage rating of your vacuum cleaner and ensure that the breaker can handle the electrical load.
For instance, let's say your vacuum cleaner has an amperage rating of 14.5 amps. In this case, it is recommended to use a 15-amp breaker, as it matches the electrical requirements of the device. However, if you want to add an extra layer of circuit protection and minimize the risk of frequent tripping, you might consider upgrading to a 20-amp breaker. This higher-rated breaker will provide an additional capacity margin and help safeguard against potential overloading.
It is important to note that choosing a breaker size alone is not enough. You also need to ensure that the electrical wiring can safely handle the electrical load. Electrical codes dictate specific guidelines for wire gauge (thickness) that is appropriate for different breaker sizes. It is crucial to adhere to these codes to maintain safety and compliance.
To clarify, let's take a look at a table that outlines the recommended breaker sizes based on different amperage ratings and wire gauges:
Vacuum Cleaner
Amperage Rating
Recommended
Breaker Size
Recommended
Wire Gauge
Less than 15 amps 15 amps 14-gauge (AWG)
Between 15 and 20 amps 20 amps 12-gauge (AWG)
Remember, always consult with a certified electrician or refer to local electrical codes to ensure that you make the appropriate breaker size selection for your vacuum cleaner. By following these guidelines, you can maintain electrical safety in your home and prevent any potential issues that may arise from an improper breaker size.
breaker size image
Conclusion
In conclusion, ensuring the right breaker size for your vacuum cleaner is crucial for maintaining electrical safety and maximizing efficiency. By matching the amperage rating of the vacuum cleaner with the appropriate wire size and breaker, you can avoid frequent tripping and potential damage to the device.
Consulting with a certified electrician and following electrical codes is essential in order to guarantee proper circuit protection and adhere to safety guidelines. They can help you determine the optimal breaker size and ensure that your electrical wiring can handle the necessary amperage.
Selecting the right breaker size not only prevents inconvenience but also contributes to a safer home. By prioritizing electrical safety and making informed choices, you can enjoy hassle-free vacuuming and maintain a secure environment for you and your family.
FAQ
What factors determine the right circuit breaker size for a vacuum cleaner?
The appropriate circuit breaker size for a vacuum cleaner is determined by its amperage rating and the capacity of the electrical wiring.
How do I determine the amperage rating of my vacuum cleaner?
The amperage rating of a vacuum cleaner is usually stated in amps (A) and can be found in the product's specifications or label.
What is wire size, and how does it relate to the breaker size?
Wire size, also known as gauge or AWG, refers to the diameter of the electrical wire. Each wire gauge has a corresponding amperage rating, which determines the appropriate breaker size for the vacuum cleaner.
Can I use a breaker that has a higher rating than my vacuum cleaner's amperage?
It is generally safe to use a breaker with a higher rating than the vacuum cleaner's amperage. However, it is important to ensure that the electrical wiring can safely handle the higher amperage.
Should I consult with a professional electrician when choosing the breaker size?
Yes, it is recommended to consult with a certified electrician to ensure proper circuit protection and adherence to electrical codes for safety and compliance.
About the author
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
Latest posts


Checkbox
Import
import { Checkbox, CheckboxGroup } from "reshaped";
import type { CheckboxProps, CheckboxGroupProps } from "reshaped";
Related components
Supports indeterminate state
Full keyboard navigation
Can be controlled and uncontrolled
Supports checkbox groups with custom rendering
Usage
Checkbox component works like native checkboxes, which means you can use its value property to define what will be passed to the form when submitted. Note that it's required to pass a name to the Checkbox.
<Checkbox name="animal" value="dog" onChange={({ value, name, event }) => {}}>
Dog
</Checkbox>
Like all native inputs in React, Checkbox supports controlled and uncontrolled options. It becomes controlled when you use checked property, which means you have to control it with your state. An uncontrolled variant is used when you use the defaultChecked property, which lets you define the default state but let the browser handle the rest.
Note: You shouldn't be using both properties simultaneously, and React will throw a warning if that happens.
<View gap={3}>
<Checkbox name="animal" value="dog" checked={true}>
Controlled
</Checkbox>
<Checkbox name="animal" value="cat" defaultChecked={true}>
Uncontrolled
</Checkbox>
</View>
States
If there is an error related to the checkbox field, you can use a hasError flag.
<Checkbox hasError={true} name="animal" value="dog">
Dog
</Checkbox>
To make Checkbox non-interactive, you can use the disabled flag. Like in a native checkbox, it will prevent onChange handler from triggering.
Note: Disabled state fades the component content. Even though it's not required to have a regular contrast ratio for disabled elements, make sure not to use it on gray background.
<Checkbox disabled name="animal" value="dog">
Dog
</Checkbox>
When Checkbox is used as a parent field for another checkbox group, you can use an indeterminate flag to display that some items in that group are selected. The JS API of the inputs controls the indeterminate state, so by default, it will check the Checkbox when you click it. If you want to avoid that — use a controlled component variant.
<Checkbox indeterminate name="animal" value="dog">
Dog
</Checkbox>
Composition
In products, we sometimes work with checkbox groups to select multiple values from a list of options. CheckboxGroup handles this kind of interaction and lets you work with multiple checkboxes represented with an array of values. At the same time, it doesn't enforce any specific layout, so you're free to use it with any layout components.
<CheckboxGroup
name="animalComposition"
onChange={({ value }) => console.log(value)}
>
<View gap={3}>
<Checkbox value="dog">Dog</Checkbox>
<Checkbox value="cat">Cat</Checkbox>
</View>
</CheckboxGroup>
As you can see, name and onChange properties apply to all Checkbox components within its scope. You will get an array with the selected value logged into the console by choosing a specific Checkbox.
Same way as Checkbox can define its checked property, CheckboxGroup supports value and defaultValue to control the selection in the options list.
<CheckboxGroup name="animalValue" defaultValue={["cat"]}>
<View gap={3}>
<Checkbox value="dog">Dog</Checkbox>
<Checkbox value="cat">Cat</Checkbox>
</View>
</CheckboxGroup>
If you need to provide a label for a group of checkboxes, you can use the FormControl utility with the group flag turned on. That will resolve FormControl HTML tags correctly for a group of input fields.
<FormControl group>
<FormControl.Label>Favorite animals:</FormControl.Label>
<CheckboxGroup name="animalGroup">
<View gap={3}>
<Checkbox value="dog">Dog</Checkbox>
<Checkbox value="cat">Cat</Checkbox>
</View>
</CheckboxGroup>
</FormControl>
Both Checkbox and CheckboxGroup support content composition. Since CheckboxGroup doesn't provide any markup, you can use it with any layout components. For the Checkbox component, you can render multiple elements as its children.
<CheckboxGroup name="animalCustom" defaultValue={["cat"]}>
<View gap={3}>
<Card as="label">
<View gap={3} direction="row" align="center">
<Checkbox value="dog" />
<View.Item grow>
<Text variant="body-strong-1">Dog</Text>
<Text variant="body-2">
The dog is a domesticated animal of the family Canidae.
</Text>
</View.Item>
</View>
</Card>
<Card as="label">
<View gap={3} direction="row" align="center">
<Checkbox value="cat" />
<View.Item grow>
<Text variant="body-strong-1">Cat</Text>
<Text variant="body-2">
The cat is a domesticated animal of the family Felidae.
</Text>
</View.Item>
</View>
</Card>
</View>
</CheckboxGroup>
Accessibility
 - When using Checkbox without children, wrap it with a label element.
Previous


Lesser goldfinch
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 (Redirected from Lesser Goldfinch)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Lesser goldfinch
♂ lesser goldfinch.jpg
Intermediate male
Note mottled back and cap
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Fringillidae
Subfamily: Carduelinae
Genus: Spinus
Species: S. psaltria
Binomial name
Spinus psaltria
(Say, 1823)
Subspecies
2-5, see text
Synonyms
Carduelis psaltria
Astragalinus psaltria
The lesser goldfinch (Spinus psaltria) is a very small songbird of the Americas. Together with its relatives the American goldfinch and Lawrence's goldfinch, it forms the American goldfinches clade in the genus Spinus sensu stricto.
The American goldfinches can be distinguished by the males having a black (rarely green) forehead, whereas the latter is (like the rest of the face) red or yellow in the European goldfinch and its relatives. North American males are markedly polymorphic and 5 subspecies are often named; at least 2 of them seem to represent a less-progressed stage in evolution however.
Description[edit]
This petite species is not only the smallest North American Spinus finch, it may be the smallest true finch in the world.[2][3] Some sources list more subtropical Spinus species as slightly smaller on average, including the Andean siskin.[4] This species ranges from 9 to 12 cm (3.5 to 4.7 in) in length and can weigh from 8 to 11.5 g (0.28 to 0.41 oz).[4][5][6] Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 5.5 to 7 cm (2.2 to 2.8 in), the tail is 3.9 to 4.7 cm (1.5 to 1.9 in), the bill is 0.9 to 1.1 cm (0.35 to 0.43 in) and the tarsus is 1.1 to 1.2 cm (0.43 to 0.47 in).[4] There is a slight NW-SE cline in size, with the largest birds from Mexico and south being up to one-fifth larger than the smallest from the extreme NW of its range; this effect is more pronounced in females. There is also considerable variation in the amount of black on head and back in males, and thus three subspecies have been proposed. But this variation too seem to be simple and clinal changes in allele frequency, and thus the "subspecies" might be better considered morphs or geographical forms.[7]
"Arkansas goldfinch" male from Borrego Springs (California, 116°22′19″W).
Ear region is usually dark in typical psaltria.
Males are easily recognized by their bright yellow underparts and big white patches in the tail (outer rectrices) and on the wings (the base of the primaries). They range from having solid black from the back to the upper head including the ear-coverts to having these regions medium green; each of the back, crown and ear regions varies in darkness rather independently though as a rule the ears are not darker than the rest. In most of the range dark psaltria birds (Arkansas goldfinch) predominate. The light birds are termed hesperophilus and are most common in the far western U.S. and northwestern Mexico.[7]
The zone in which both light and dark males occur on a regular basis is broadest in the north, and extends across the width of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Madre Occidental ranges. It reaches the Pacific coast in southern Sonora to northern Sinaloa, roughly between area of Ciudad Obregón to Culiacán. In the United States, the most diverse array of phenotypes can be found in Colorado and New Mexico. East of the 106th meridian west in southwestern Texas as well as in most of Mexico, almost all males have black backs. Spinus psaltria colombianus, east and south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, is richer yellow below in males. This as well as the even yellower S. p. jouyi from the Yucatán Peninsula and adjacent regions and S. p. witti from the Islas Marías off Nayarit[8] require more study, especially as at least the former two seem also to be significantly larger and longer-billed.[7]
Female
Females' and immatures' upperparts are more or less grayish olive-green; their underparts are yellowish, buffier in immatures. They have only a narrow strip of white on the wings (with other white markings in some forms) and little or no white on the tail. They are best distinguished from other members of the genus by the combination of small size, upperparts without white or yellow, and dark gray bill. In all plumages this bird can easily be taken for a New World warbler if the typical finch bill isn't seen well.
Like other goldfinches, it has an undulating flight in which it frequently gives a call: in this case, a harsh chig chig chig.[9] Another distinctive call is a very high-pitched, drawn-out whistle, often rising from one level pitch to another (teeeyeee) or falling (teeeyooo). The song is a prolonged warble or twitter, more phrased than that of the American goldfinch,[10] often incorporating imitations of other species.
Distribution and ecology[edit]
Lesser Goldfinch Landing, Santa Fe.jpg
This American goldfinch ranges from the southwestern United States (near the coast, as far north as extreme southwestern Washington) to Venezuela and Peru. It migrates from the colder parts of its U.S. range.
The lesser goldfinch often occurs in flocks or at least loose associations. It utilizes almost any habitat with trees or shrubs except for dense forest, and is common and conspicuous in many areas, often coming near houses. It is common at feeders in the Southwest United States and will come almost anywhere with thistle sock feeders. Flocks of at least six birds will often be seen at feeders. It feeds mostly on tree buds and weed seeds; geophagy has been observed in this species.[11]
The nesting season is in summer in the temperate parts of its range; in the tropics it apparently breeds all-year round, perhaps less often in September/October.[12] It lays three or four bluish white eggs in a cup nest made of fine plant materials such as lichens, rootlets, and strips of bark, placed in a bush or at low or middle levels in a tree.
The moult occurs in two different patterns which coincides with the blackness of the upperparts quite well. Here too is a broad zone of intergradation. Pacific birds moult after breeding, and females shed a few body feathers before breeding too. Juvenile males shed more remiges than females when moulting into adult plumage. East of the 106th meridian west, birds moult strongly before breeding and replace another quantity of feathers afterwards, and post-juvenal moult does not differ significantly between the sexes. However, this seems dependent on the differing rainfall regimes; simply put, birds at least anywhere in the North American range moult most of their plumage at the end of the dry season and may replace more feathers at the end of the wet season.[7]
Considered a Species of Least Concern by the IUCN due to its vast range, it nonetheless seems to be declining locally. For example, it is rare in the Ecuadorean Andes foothills.[12]
Phylogeny and evolution[edit]
Molecular genetics and phylogeny together with other Carduelis/Spinus species relatedness has been established by Antonio Arnaiz-Villena et al. Also, its appearance on Earth was calculated approximately.[1][2]
This siskin is the North American species which has expanded more widely. It reaches from EEUU to North Peru through Andean spine.[3]
References[edit]
 1. ^ BirdLife International (2012). "Carduelis psaltria". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
 2. ^ Peterson et al. (1990), Sibley (2000)
 3. ^ Hilty, Steven L., Birds of Venezuela, 2002, Princeton University Press
 4. ^ a b c Finches and Sparrows by Peter Clement. Princeton University Press (1999). ISBN 978-_PHONE_.
 5. ^ Birds of the World blog
 6. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
 7. ^ a b c d Willoughby (2007)
 8. ^ Quatro (2007)
 9. ^ Sibley (2000)
 10. ^ Peterson et al. (1990)
 11. ^ Delgado-V. (2006)
 12. ^ a b Cisneros-Heredia (2006)
Further reading[edit]
External links[edit]


text:
- Vertex Specification
- Vertex Processing
- Vertex Post-Processing
- Primitive Assembly
- Fragment Shader
- Per-Sample Processing
Vertex Post-Processing is the stage in the OpenGL Rendering Pipeline where the vertex outputs of the Vertex Processing undergo a variety of operations. Many of these are setup for Primitive Assembly and Rasterization stages.
Primitives generated by previous stages are collected and then clipped to the view volume. Each vertex has a clip-space position (the gl_Position output of the last Vertex Processing stage). The viewing volume for a vertex is defined by:
This volume can be modified by depth clamping as well as the addition of user-defined clip-planes. The total volume that primitives are clipped to, including user-defined clip planes, is the clipping volume.
The way primitives are clipped to this clipping volume depends on the basic Primitive type:
- Points are not really "clipped". If a point is in any way outside of the clipping volume, then the primitive is discarded (ie: not rendered). Points can be bigger than one pixel, but the clipping remains; if the center of the point (the actual gl_Position value) is outside of the clipping range, it is discarded. Yes, this means that point sprites will disappear when the center moves off-screen.
Platform Issue (NVIDIA): These cards will not clip points "properly". That is, they will do what people generally want (only discard the point if it is fully off-screen), rather than what the OpenGL specification requires. Be advised that other hardware does what OpenGL asks.
- If the line is entirely outside of the volume, it is discarded. If the line is partially outside of the volume, then it is clipped; new vertex coordinates are computed for one or both vertices, as appropriate. The end-point of such a clipped vertex is on the boundary of the clipping volume.
- A triangle is clipped to the viewing volume by generating appropriate triangles who's vertices are on the boundary of the clipping volume. This may generate more than 1 triangle, as appropriate. If a triangle is entirely outside of the viewing volume, it is culled.
When primitives are clipped, new per-vertex outputs must be generated for them. These are generated via linear interpolation (in clip-space) of the output values. Flat-shaded outputs don't get this treatment.
The clipping behavior against the Z position of a vertex (ie: ) can be turned off by activating depth clamping. This is done with glEnable(GL_DEPTH_CLAMP). This will cause the clip-space Z to remain unclipped by the front and rear viewing volume.
The Z value computations will proceed as normal through the pipeline. After computing the window-space position, the resulting Z value will be clamped to the glDepthRange.
|This section needs to be filled in.|
The clip-space positions returned from the clipping stage are transformed into normalized device coordinates (NDC) via this equation:
The viewport transform defines the transformation of vertex positions from NDC space to window space. These are the coordinates that are rasterized to the output image.
The viewport is defined by a number of viewport parameters. These parameters are set by these functions:
void glDepthRangef(GLfloat nearVal, GLfloat farVal)
The second two functions set the same parameters, the near and far values of the depth range.
Given the viewport parameters, we compute the window-space coordinates via these equations:
Where x, y, width, height, nearVal, and farVal are the viewport parameters.
|Core in version||4.3|
|Core since version||4.1|
|Core ARB extension||ARB_viewport_array|
Multiple viewports can be used in OpenGL. The specific viewport for a particular primitive can be set by the Geometry Shader. If the GS does not specify a viewport, then viewport number 0 is selected. The computation works as above, except where it says "the viewport parameters", it means "the viewport parameters for the primitive's viewport index".
There are sets of viewports, indexed on the half-open range [0, GL_MAX_VIEWPORTS). Each index has its own depth range and viewport coordinates. The previously defined functions will only set the value for viewport index 0.
To set the viewport parameters for a particular index, use this pair of functions:
void glDepthRangeIndexed(GLuint index, GLdouble nearVal, GLdouble farVal)
Multiple viewport indices can be set with a single function, via these APIs:
The first index is the first viewport index to set. count is the number of viewport indices to be set by the function. v is an array of viewport values, which contains count * 4 or 2 values, depending on the function being called. The values for a single viewport index are in the same order as the arguments in the regular function calls.

source: HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu


Item Importer (Project Red)
This page is about the Item Importer added by Project Red. For other uses, see Item Importer.
Item Importer
ModProject Red
TypeSolid block
Required modulesExpansion
The Item Importer is a machine added by Project Red which works like a diode for the Pressure tube and the Pressure Resistance tube. When activated by redstone, this machine blocks items from passing through, redirecting them instead to an alternate route. If none is found, it will route back to its source until either a new route is created or the machine is deactivated. It can also be used to pull items out of an inventory and put them into a pressure tube network if both a redstone pulse is applied, and the wooden part is facing a valid inventory.
If the mod MineChem is installed, then the Item Importer can be decomposed with the Chemical Decomposer into different chemical compounds of MineChem.
Example of a tube system. The item passes from Block Breaker (left) to an Item Importer (middle) into a chest (right) connected with Pressure tubes.
The Item Importer allows items to pass in the tube system of Project Red, but only in one direction. The sides can not be used. The machine pumps automatically from the wooden side to the cobblestone side. When provided with a redstone signal, this machine will not allow items to pass, nor will the path be considered valid by the routing logic. This gives it functionality similar to a relay, allowing you to control when an inventory is connected to the pipe network. This is especially useful if you want to count the contents of a chest designed for automation without its inventory constantly changing.
It is also possible to use a comparator to ensure that chest is only filled up to a certain point with a product, before moving on to the next.


History of Newton
ornate letter in 975, Edric, a thegn of Essex, left land at Newton and Hauxton to his lord, King Edgar. The King promised these lands to Bishop Aethelwold for the newly founded Ely Abbey, but died before the completion of the transaction. Edric's brother Alwold, having the deeds in his possession, seized the Newton land, saying that it was distinct and separate from Hauxton. The monks maintained that the Newton and Hauxton lands were inseparable and there were prolonged disputes. Eventually, Ealdorman Beorhtnoth, who felt he owed a debt to the monks, purchased the land for them. In the reign of King Cnut (_PHONE_), Newton was obliged to supply enough food to support the Abbey for two whole weeks each year - a kind of rent for the land.
In 1086, the manor was called Hauxton; Newton was not separately named in the Domesday Book. The land remained with Ely Abbey throughout the Conquest. When the See of Ely was founded in 1109, the former Abbey estates were divided between the Bishop and the Prior and monks. Hauxton-Newton was given to the Prior and monks. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1539, the Dean and Chapter of Ely Cathedral were allowed to have the manor and the lordship was vested in them and nowadays rests with the Church Commissioners. Because the manor farm was in Newton, the name of the manor became Newton-Hauxton. But the earlier church was that of Hauxton, so the joint parish name put Hauxton first. Hauxton must have been the earlier settlement.
stained glass image of a king
Home | Church | Parish Council | Photo | History | Notice Board | Community | Contact Us


text:
Who needs smart windows when you can have smart curtains? University of California-Berkeley researchers have created a material that can bend or straighten when exposed to light, no batteries required. It could be integrated into objects like curtains or even robots to add an automatic response to light. The Berkeley team published their work in Nature Communications this week.
"The advantages of this new class of photo-reactive actuator is that it is very easy to make, and it is very sensitive to low-intensity light," associate professor Ali Javey said in a release. "The light from a flashlight is enough to generate a response."
The researchers created a series of small "curtains" by layering carbon nanotubes on top of a disc of flexible plastic. The nanotubes, which are rolled up tubes of carbon atoms that are highly efficient at absorbing light, were exposed to a light source. They turned the light into heat and passed it on to the plastic disc. The heat caused the plastic to bend while the nanotubes maintained their shape, leading the disc to bend.
The size or orientation of the nanotubes can be tweaked to coax the discs to respond to different wavelengths of light. The plastic can also be altered to give its resting state a flat or curled shape.
"We envision these in future smart, energy-efficient buildings," Javey said in the release. "Curtains made of this material could automatically open or close during the day."


text:
Skip to Main Content
In this paper we consider the problem of designing load balancing protocols in distributed systems where the participants (e.g. computers, users) are capable of manipulating the load allocation algorithm in their own interest. Using techniques from mechanism design theory we design a mechanism for fair load balancing in heterogeneous distributed systems. We prove that our mechanism is truthful and satisfies the voluntary participation condition. Based on the proposed mechanism we derive a fair load balancing protocol called FAIR-LBM. Finally, we study the effectiveness of our protocol by simulations.

source: m-a-p/FineFineWeb


The Government of Trinidad & Tobago National Library And Information System Authority
Queen of the Sheba Imperial African Kingdoms Descendant Nations
Trinidadian born North-African Royal, Her Imperial Majesty Empress Shebah 'Ra – Queen Shebah lll was born in 1963 in Diego Martin, Trinidad, the 4th generation of migrated Nubian-Kushites of Nubia-Sheba Sudan, North-African Royals Ancestry. Queen Shebah III, as all of the family, lived a normal unassuming life in Trinidad and Tobago, and attended the Diego Martin Girls Roman Catholic School, and later Providence Girls Convent in Belmont, Trinidad.
Shebah III was born on September 19th 1963 to Asere - Kasambu 'Ra lines descendants, H.R.M Prince Michael I and H.R.M Queen Meryre/Mary 'Ra VII, the daughter of the late Nubian Imperial Matriarch Iris Meryre II, in Trinidad and Tobago, holding in accordance to Imperial Kingdoms tradition at birth as future Matriarch, the title of Imperial Queen, Shebah lll. Shebah III is the Sovereign Imperial Empress of the African Nubian Nations' Imperial Empire Kingdom of Sheba. The Sheba Imperial Empire Kingdoms is the Matriarchal Empire of Nubian Royal Kingdoms Nation throughout East, West, North, Southern and Central Africa Sheba/Nubia descendant Nations Lines of Africa's over 350 Major Empire Kingdom Nations and several thousand Royal Kingdom and Chiefdoms Nations on the African Continent.
H.I.M. Empress Shebah 'Ra – Queen Shebah III is the firstborn Grand-daughter of the late Imperial Empire Matriarch Iris Meryre II and a great-descendant Grand-daughter of the Royal Throne lines of King Abdul Shibah III. Shebah III is of the Northern Shibah Lines House of 'Ra - Asere Kasambu'Ra, 2nd Millennium 7th Dynasty Kingdoms Lineage of the Empire Kingdom Lines Nations of Sheba Imperial Empire of the descendant Empires and Royal Kingdoms Nations of Africa, of the House of Ra, Matriarchal Throne Line. The House of Ra is not an Islamic line, though the Empire Kingdom has both Islamic and non-Islamic Kingdom Nations under the Matriarchal Throne. It is from origin the Christian and traditional spiritual practices and beliefs lines. The Imperial Empire lines were a separate family line/branch of the Thrones' Islamic Royal lines of the Kingdom of Nubia descendants of present-day Nubia. The lines separated several centuries ago. ( Nalis BIOGRAPHIES S-Z )
Empress Shebah 'Ra - III Queen Of Sheba
SHEBAH III was born in Sierre Leone Diego Martin, Trinidad of its Northern Range St.Anns, Maraval and Paramin Family lines.
The island of Trinidad was a Spanish colony from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 to the capitulation of the Spanish Governor, Don José María Chacón, on the arrival of a British fleet of 18 warships on 18 February 1797.[12] During the same period, the island of Tobago changed hands among SpanishBritishFrenchDutch and Courlander colonizers, more times than any other island in the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago (remaining separate until 1889) were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens.[13] The country Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962, becoming a republic in 1976.
Trinidad and Tobago is the third richest country by GDP (PPP) per capita in the Americas after the United States and Canada. Furthermore, it is recognised as a high-income economy by the World Bank. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, the country's economy is primarily industrial,[14] with an emphasis on petroleum and petrochemicals. The country's wealth is attributed to its large reserves and exploitation of oil and natural gas.[15][16]


text:
Research & Publication
Abstract:Internet is one of the imperative explosion in communication and information retrieval. This massive development of web prompts host millions of web pages in heterogeneous platform. Due to the lack of a standard mechanism to guarantee the nonexistence of a web page before hosting them in the server leads to increases the near duplicate pages in the internet. These near duplicate contents can exist either by intentional or accidental. The issue of finding near-duplicate web pages has been a subject of research in the database and web-scan groups for a few years. Since most winning content mining strategies received term-based methodologies, they all experience an issues of word synonym and substantial number of comparison. In this paper we propose a method, which deal with the detection of near and duplicate web pages detection by using an extended term document weighting scheme, sentence level features and simHash technique. The existence of these near and duplicate web pages causes the problems that range from network band width utilization, storage cost, reduce the performance of search engines by duplicated content indexing and increase load on a remote host.


text:
What role can Fundshop play in supporting entrepreneurship in Iowa? This report describes the current state of entrepreneurship and small business support in the heartland state, as well as fundshop's initiatives to foster entrepreneurial development. It then discusses the impact of these efforts on local businesses and explores some challenges that Iowa entrepreneurs are facing.
The Significance of Fundshop in Supporting Small Businesses
Fundshop's role in entrepreneurial development:
Fundshop is a nonprofit organization that provides microloans to Iowa small businesses. Since its establishment, Fundshop has provided more than $6 million in capital to more than 500 businesses across the state. These loans range from $500-$30,000 and are used for business expansion or working capital purposes (e.g., purchasing inventory). In addition to providing funds for new ventures, Fundshop offers training workshops on topics such as marketing strategies and financial planning for entrepreneurs who receive funding through their program. The goal being that these skills will help them grow their businesses successfully over time.
Fundshop's Initiatives and Impact on Entrepreneurial Growth
Fundshop's initiatives to promote entrepreneurship
The Entrepreneurship in Action program, which is an intensive four-day workshop that provides participants with the skills needed to start and grow a business. It also provides them with access to mentors who have been successful in entrepreneurship.
The Iowa Small Business Development Center (SBDC), which offers free consulting services for small businesses through its network of local partners across the state of Iowa. In addition, Fundshop employees act as resources for SBDC clients by providing advice on financial matters or helping navigate legal issues that may arise when starting up or growing a company.
Challenges and Opportunities in Iowa's Entrepreneurial Landscape
The entrepreneurial landscape in Iowa is one that needs to be improved. The state has a strong history of entrepreneurship and innovation, but there are still challenges ahead for small businesses in the state. One challenge is funding for local businesses. Smaller firms often have difficulty accessing capital because they don't have enough collateral or equity to back their business plans.
Future Prospects and Innovations in Small Business Support
In order for small businesses to thrive, we must embrace new ideas and technologies. Small businesses are the backbone of our economy, and they need the support of all levels of government in order to be successful.
Innovation is one area where Iowa can improve its entrepreneurial climate. We have seen great strides in this area with companies like Fundshop. Fundshop has created an online marketplace that helps individuals invest their money into local Iowa businesses, while also providing funding for those same businesses through small business loans in Iowa or equity investments.
I hope this article has given you a better understanding of the role that Fundshop plays in Iowa's entrepreneurial landscape. As I mentioned earlier, we're constantly looking for ways to improve our services and make them more accessible to small businesses in need of capital. If you have any suggestions or feedback on how we can do this better, please let us know!


text:
Catalyst Semiconductor Inc. has expanded its family of solid-state illumination products with the white LED driver targeted at LED indicator and interior lighting applications. The CAT310 drives up to 10 color or white LEDs and safely handles load-dump transients to 40 V, making it ideal for automotive systems.
A serial to parallel shift register accepts up to a 10-bit datastream, stores the state condition of each output channel, and upon command, latches the input data to enable, or disable, the outputs. This provides LED blanking and pattern control for signal indication in applications such as diagnostic tools or control panels. A serial output allows the user to cascade multiple CAT310 drivers to illuminate systems of LEDs in applications such as signboards or interior lighting systems.
Each channel is comprised of a low on-resistance open drain FET, which can sink up to 50 mA, with the current through each LED being set by a series resistor. Manufactured on high-voltage CMOS technology, the CAT310 operates with input voltages as high as 17 V. Overvoltage detection, undervoltage lockout and overcurrent detection each serve to protect the device and output LEDs during fault conditions.
The CAT310 offers a robust solution for driving multicolor LEDs across the full automotive temperature range of -40 °C to +125 °C, and in harsh system environments. The integrated suite of features reduces external component count and minimizes the traditional reliance on upstream protection devices.
The CAT310 is available in a 20-pin SOIC package and is priced at $0.95, in 1,000 piece quantities. The CAT310 is available in environment-friendly packages that are halogen- and lead-free with RoHS compliance. Samples and production quantities are available.
Catalyst Semiconductor Inc. • _PHONE_ • _URL_


text:
Iowa schools are governed by various rules, laws and regulations set by local (community), state and federal policymakers and lawmakers.
Proposed Administrative Rules must follow a strict timeline --including public hearings, approval by the State Board of Education, and approval by the Administrative Rules Review Committee -- before they become effective. More Information
When an appeal is filed with the Department, and a hearing is held, an administrative law judge writes a proposed decision based on testimony and evidence presented during the hearing. A final decision is then issued by either the Director (CACFP, Transportation, and Athletic) or the State Board of Education (all others except Special Education).
When an appeal is filed with the Department about a special education issue, an administrative law judge writes a final decision based on testimony and evidence presented during the hearing.
The term "Iowa Code" refers to any statute that is enacted by the legislature and signed by the Governor. At times, Iowa Code dictates that a state agency should develop additional Iowa Administrative Code (also simply called rules) to further define or operationalize a given piece of Iowa Code. Both have the force of law once put in place.
Administrative Rules are written by state agencies to implement laws passed by the Legislature. Proposed Rules must have a public hearing and be approved by the Administrative Rules Review Committee. Upon approval, they have the force of law.
A series of items of interest of a legal nature included in each issue of the School Leader Update. The topics listed below are ones that are universally true and always relevant. More Information


text:
MALAKOFF DIGGINS STATE HISTORIC PARK
Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park is the site of California's largest "hydraulic" mine. Visitors can see huge cliffs carved by mighty streams of water, results of the gold mining technique of washing away entire mountains to find the precious metal. Legal battles between mine owners and downstream farmers ended this method. The park also contains a 7,847 foot bedrock tunnel that served as a drain. The visitor center has exhibits on life in the old mining town of North Bloomfield.
Established in 1965, the park located near Nevada City, California is famous for its historical significance related to gold mining. It was named after Malakoff Diggins which was a large hydraulic mine during the Gold Rush era of mid-19th century. The site became infamous due to environmental damage caused by hydraulic mining leading to America's first legal restraint against this method in 1884.
The ghost town of North Bloomfield found within the park boundaries provides visitors with an insight into life during that period. Today, it serves as a popular tourist attraction offering camping facilities and hiking trails while preserving important aspects of Californian history.
Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park is located near Grass Valley, Nevada City
Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park in California offers several picnicking options for visitors. The park has designated picnic areas with tables and grills where you can enjoy a meal amidst the natural beauty of the area. These spots are perfect for family outings or group gatherings, providing ample space to relax and dine outdoors. Some sites even offer stunning views of scenic landscapes like forests, cliffs, or historic mining structures that make your experience more enjoyable. Remember to pack out what you bring in as there may not be trash facilities available at every site.
1. Diggins Loop Trail: This 3-mile trail is the most popular in Malakoff Diggins State Historic Park, offering a comprehensive view of the historic hydraulic mining pit and its surrounding landscapes.
2. Rim Trail: A moderate level hiking path that runs along the rim of an old mining site for about 4 miles with panoramic views over diggings area and forested hillsides.
3. Blair Lake Pathway: An easy to moderately difficult hike leading you through lush greenery towards Blair Lake; it's approximately two miles long one-way trip from park headquarters.
4. North Bloomfield Town Site Walks - These are short walks around this preserved Gold Rush town which includes several historical buildings like churches, schoolhouse etc., providing insights into California's gold-mining history
5. Humbug Creek Falls Hike - It is a challenging but rewarding trek down steep slopes to reach these beautiful falls on Humbug creek within dense forests covering roughly three-quarters mile round-trip distance.
6 .Chute Hill Campground Trails- Several trails originate or pass by Chute hill campground including ones going up to scenic overlook points as well as connecting other parts of state park making them ideal base camp hikes
7 .Missouri Bar Trail-This strenuous five-mile loop takes hikers across rugged terrain featuring remnants from past mining operations giving unique perspective into region's rich history
8.Hiller Tunnel & Cemetery Route - Short half-a-mile walk leads visitors both above ground cemetery where miners were buried during Gold rush era and below surface via tunnel dug out by miners themselves
9.Badger Hill Road Track - Easy walking route following former road used during peak days of hydraulic mine operation stretching little more than mile each way
10.South Yuba River Canyon Viewpoint Trek - Moderate difficulty pathway taking hikers downhill all way till South Yuba river canyon floor while also passing multiple viewpoints overlooking stunning vistas
The park offers a variety of birding options, with over 100 species recorded. It is home to birds like the Pileated Woodpecker and Northern Pygmy Owl that can be spotted in its mixed coniferous forest. The Blair Lake area within the park provides opportunities for waterfowl observation while Humbug Creek attracts riparian-loving species such as American Dippers and Belted Kingfishers. Birdwatchers may also spot raptors including Red-tailed Hawks or Golden Eagles soaring above open areas.
From Nevada City, travel 11-miles north on highway-49 toward Downieville. North Bloomfield Road is not recommended. Turn right on Tyler Foote Rd. turnoff from Highway 49 and follow the main paved road to the park.The main road changes names a few times (Cruzon Grade Road, Back Bone Road, Derbec Road, North Bloomfield Road). You will stay on paved roads all the way to the park. These are not high-speed roads. The park is 26-miles (50 min drive time) from Nevada City.


text:
First Alaska Native on US currency revealed as Alaska Native Heritage Month becomes official
Elizabeth Peratrovich is considered a civil rights icon by Alaska Natives. The Petersburg native led the fight to create the state's anti-discrimination law in 1945. Soon, the rest of the nation can learn about her.
A representative of the U.S. Mint joined others Saturday at Alaska Pacific University's Atwood Center as they unveiled the new $1 coin at a ceremony that took place during the Alaska Native Brothers and Alaska Native Sisters Convention.
"This is a game changer. Elizabeth is still a game changer. This is really, really a good day," said ANS Grand President Paulette Moreno.
Peratrovich is the first Alaska Native to be on U.S. currency.
"The coin will be a lasting tribue to Elizabeth Peratrovich to tear down the wall of discrimination against Alaska Natives," said U.S. Mint Chief Administrative Officer Patrick Hernandez. "Perhaps Elizabeth was like the raven, crying out until the darkness of discrimination was dispelled."
The new coins will be available next year. Peratrovich passed away in 1958.
Meanwhile, Gov. Mike Dunleavy put pen to paper earlier in the day at the convention, as he signed House Bill 126 to formally establish November as Alaska Native Heritage Month.
"The history of Alaska's native peoples is the history of Alaska," Gov. Dunleavy said. "Without it, Alaska's history is not complete. Eleven distinct cultures encompass every part of this great state."
Sen. Elvi Gray-Jackson of Anchorage and Rep. Tiffany Zulkosky of Bethel were among those on hand for the ceremony. The House passed the bill with a 36-to-1 vote, while the Senate passed the bill unanimously.
Correction: This story has been edited to correct a typo.
Copyright 2019 KTVA. All rights reserved.
YOU MAY ALSO BE INTERESTED IN:


Archived:Why Won't My WSN Node Connect to the Network?
Updated May 4, 2021
National Instruments does not actively maintain this document.
Reported In
 - Analog Input Node for WSN
 - Strain/Bridge Node for WSN
 - Serial Interface Node for WSN
 - Thermocouple Input Node for WSN
 - WSN-9791
 - WSN-9792
 - RT Controller with Integrated Gateway for WSN
 - NI-WSN
Issue Details
I have a wireless sensor network (WSN) node that is consistently indicating that it is trying to connect to a network and is not returning any data. Why won't the node connect to the network?
A node may fail to connect to the network for a variety of reasons. Use the following guide to help troubleshoot this problem:
 1. Make sure that the node has been added to the gateway.
In order for a node to connect to a network, the gateway must expect it to be a member. It is possible that the node has not been properly added to the gateway in MAX. Also check that your configuration settings have been applied. For more information on how to add a node to the gateway, refer to Start»All Programs»National Instruments»Wireless SensorNetwork 1.0»Configuring WSN in MAX.
 1. Verify that the node is in communication range of an available gateway or router.
It is possible that the node is simply not able to communicate with the gateway or any routers. The node's outdoor range is up to 300 m for American models. Europe/Asia models have an outdoor range up to 150 m. Make sure that the node is within this distance to its desired parent. Also keep in mind that even though the nodes have this listed specification, it is possible for sources of interference to significantly limit this range. If possible, first place the node close to its parent and allow it to connect, then move it to its desired location and see if it can maintain its connection.
 1. Verify that your network configuration properly avoids the possibility for a stranded node.
Gateways and routers can only facilitate the communication of 8 end nodes at a time. If your network contains more than 8 end nodes, it is possible for some of them to become stranded and fail to join. For more information on how to prevent stranded nodes, refer to pg. 15 the NI WSN-9791 Ethernet Gateway user manual or page 22 of the NI 9792 WSN Real-Time Gateway user manual.
 1. Make sure the node is not searching on the wrong channel.
If a node was previously connected to a network on a different communication channel it may still be attempting to join on that channel. To ensure that this is not an issue, hold the Communication Button on the node for at least 5 seconds to allow it to restart the connection process.
 1. Check that the node is not simply asleep.
After failing to join a network, an end node will sleep before trying to reconnect. This is done to help conserve power. The node will sleep an increased amount of time between failed attempts. The nodes use the Fibonacci sequence (1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55) to determine wait times. The nodes can wait up to 55 minutes between connection attempts. As result the end node may simply be asleep and may not be actively trying to join the network. To force joining attempts from the node, either hold down the Communication Button on the node for at least 5 seconds or press the Reset button.
 1. Check that other nodes that have not been added to the gateway are not currently trying to connect.
Connection problems can occur if multiple nodes are attempting to connect to the network but are not being allowed by the gateway because they have not been added in MAX. When this happens, there is a chance that nodes that are permitted to join will not be able to. This problem should resolve itself eventually on its own. However, the best way to prevent this behavior is to ensure that all of your nodes have either been added to the gateway in MAX or have been powered down.
 1. If after verifying the above the node still will not connect, it may have incompatible or corrupt firmware.
It is possible that the node firmware is incompatible with the gateway or is corrupt. It is also possible for a user-created program running on the node to prevent the node from communicating regularly. This will cause the node to drop from the network and can prevent it from rejoining. To resolve this problem, reset the node to its factory firmware by pressing and holding the Reset button for at least 5 seconds. The node should then reconnect and allow the appropriate firmware to be reinstalled.


Take the 2-minute tour ×
I was wondering if someone can explain what is informal protocols in Objective C? I try to understand it on apple documentation and some other books but my head is still spinning so i will really appreciate that if someone can explain with example.
share|improve this question
7 Answers 7
up vote 48 down vote accepted
An informal protocol was, as Jonnathan said, typically a category declared on NSObject with no corresponding implementation (most often -- there was the rare one that did provide dummy implementations on NSObject).
As of 10.6 (and in the iPhone SDK), this pattern is no longer used. Specifically, what was declared as follows in 10.5 (and prior):
_USER_ NSObject(NSApplicationNotifications)
- (void)applicationWillFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)notification;
_USER_ NSObject(NSApplicationDelegate)
- (NSApplicationTerminateReply)applicationShouldTerminate:(NSApplication *)sender;
Is now declared as:
_USER_ NSApplicationDelegate
- (NSApplicationTerminateReply)applicationShouldTerminate:(NSApplication *)sender;
- (void)applicationWillFinishLaunching:(NSNotification *)notification;
That is, informal protocols are now declared as _USER_ with a bunch of _USER_ methods.
In any case, an informal protocol is a collection of method declarations whereby you can optionally implement the methods to change behavior. Typically, but not always, the method implementations are provided in the context of delegation (a table view's data source must implement a handful of required methods and may optionally implement some additional methods, for example).
share|improve this answer
One of the common examples given of informal protocols is to define callbacks. Suppose you are using a library that lets you download something in the background. This library lets you register a callback object to be called when complete.
- (void)download:(NSURL*)url whenComplete:(id)callback
When the download is complete, it will call a particular method on your callback object:
- (void)downloadComplete:(NSURL*)url
Of course, there is no guarantee that your callback object actually implements this method. Informal protocols provide trivial implementations of these methods on NSObject, using a category. As a result, all objects in the system will respond to the downloadComplete: method, though they will do nothing in response to that method by default. Classes that override the downloadComplete: method can provide more useful functionality.
So far, you can accomplish the same thing with a formal protocol. However, informal protocols allow you to have optional methods. A class that implements a formal protocol must provide an implementation for every method in the protocol. A class implementing an informal protocol can omit implementation for any method - it has already inherited an implementation from NSObject.
Since Objective-C 2.0, formal protocols can contain optional methods. In addition, Apple might be moving away from informal protocols for new APIs - UIAccelerometerDelegate is a formal protocol.
share|improve this answer
The use of the term callback is potentially confusing here, especially in a world where blocks exist. What you're talking about is delegation. (I realize that this answer probably made more sense in 2010.) – lwburk Nov 21 at 20:07
We define an informal protocol by grouping the methods in a category declaration,
_USER_ NSObject ( MyXMLSupport )
- initFromXMLRepresentation:(NSXMLElement *)XMLElement;
- (NSXMLElement *)XMLRepresentation;
Informal protocols are typically declared as categories of the NSObject class, Since that broadly associates the method names with any class that inherits from NSObject.
Because all classes inherit from the root class, the methods aren't restricted to any part of the inheritance hierarchy. (It would also be possible to declare an informal protocol as a category of another class to limit it to a certain branch of the inheritance hierarchy, but there is little reason to do so).
When used to declare a protocol, a category interface doesn't have a corresponding implementation. Instead, classes that implement the protocol declare the methods again in their own interface files and define them along with other methods in their implementation files.
share|improve this answer
Informal protocols are a way to add optional methods to an object by means of category.
So one doubt may arise
Will it become informal protocol if there are any optional methods on protocol itself?
The answer is no.
If the methods are declared in protocol and it is said to be conforming to a class without any usage of category then it's formal protocol.
Optional methods in protocol were introduced in objective c 2.0 so before that the purpose was achieved through informal protocol I.e by means of category.
It is a language level feature meant to be alternative for sub classing aka inheritance.
I hope it sheds some lime light on this..
share|improve this answer
All an informal protocol is is a category on some class (often NSObject) that states the interface for the protocol. AppKit uses this a lot for its delegation.
A subclass that you write can implement these methods. The difference between this and a formal protocol is that formal protocols are declared using the _USER_... _USER_ notation. There is no checking whether a class implements a given informal protocol.
I almost always use formal protocols, but I suppose an informal protocol is useful if you want to provide default behavior (just provide an implementation for your category that can be overridden).
share|improve this answer
So its about "Subclassing" thing and then implement them? I was trying syntax. – itsaboutcode Jan 6 '10 at 0:22
Based on "Jonathan Sterling" answer, can i say the following code represent informal protocol?
Apple documentation:
_TAG_
_USER_ Cat1 : NSObject {
- (void) simpleMethod;
_USER_ Cat1
- (void) simpleMethod
 NSLog(@"Simple Method");
_USER_ Cat1 (Cat2)
- (void) addingMoreMethods;
_USER_ MYClass : Cat1
_USER_ MYClass
- (void) addingMoreMethods
 NSAutoreleasePool * pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init];
 MYClass *myclass = [[MYClass alloc] init];
 [myclass addingMoreMethods];
 [myclass release];
 [pool drain];
 return 0;
share|improve this answer
Sorta. The method declared in Cat2 is an informal protocol, more or less. The usage, though, is not -- typically, you would see if([myclass respondsToSelector: _USER_(addingMoreMethods)]) [myclass addingMoreMethods];. – bbum Jan 6 '10 at 0:31
Thanks bbum, i am not interested if its used too much, but i really wanted to understand the whole concept! – itsaboutcode Jan 6 '10 at 0:35
The point, though, is that an informal protocol is composed of methods that may optionally be implemented. Thus, the calling site must check to see if it is implemented or else the call will crash! – bbum Jan 6 '10 at 0:46
Yah you are right, we should check if it respond to. Why? because lets say NSObject has a category named "NSCoderMethods", since i dont know if it implement or not (i dont have its code), so i should always check it. Infact all the category methods should be check if they respond or not using respondsToSelector. – itsaboutcode Jan 6 '10 at 1:01
an informal protocol defines which methods an object must understand. This is called "conforming to a protocol". Conforming to a protocol is independant from the class hierarchy. When declaring a pointer to hold the reference to an object you may define to which protocols this object should conform. If you write code that assigns an object which doesn't conform to all the required protocols, you'll get a warning at compile time. Informal protocols help you to rely on a set of methods that an object understands. You don't have to invoke isKindOfClass: or respondsTo: in your code to check wether objects passed in will be suitable for your processing. Protocols are sort of aspect oriented programming.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer


Changing Movement
How the player moves is a big part of how your game feels. nes-starter-kit tries to pick reasonable defaults, but if the movement is too fast or slow, it's not hard to change. In addition, you may want to make your character move faster in certain circumstances – such as when you press a button or get a powerup. This chapter should help!
Adjusting the player's base speed
Your player's speed is mainly controlled by a few constants, as well as some logic in the player sprite file. To adjust your base speed, we simply have to tweak these constants. To start, open up source/sprites/player.h. About halfway through the file, you should see something like this:
// Handles player movement - we start slow and accelerate/decelerate up to a max speed. As a player,
// you probably won't notice this outright, but it feels a lot more natural like this.
// NOTE: The max velocity needs to be evenly divided by the acceleration. (Eg 20/4 = 5)
_TAG_ PLAYER_MAX_VELOCITY 20 // Max speed of the player; we won't let you go past this.
_TAG_ PLAYER_VELOCITY_ACCEL 4 // How quickly do we get up to max velocity?
These two constants are what we have to change. Make sure to read and understand the NOTE message here - if these two variables are adjusted in a way where acceleration does not divide cleanly into the max velocity, the player will move erratically.
Let's speed the player up a bit - let's add two more increments to PLAYER_MAX_VELOCITY (bringing it to 28), then try the game to see how it feels.
_TAG_ PLAYER_MAX_VELOCITY 28 // Max speed of the player; we won't let you go past this.
If you rebuild the game, the player's movement should feel a bit faster. Now, let's explore the acceleration a bit. We can slow it down by reducing PLAYER_VELOCITY_ACCEL to 2. (Which still evenly divides 28, so it is ok.)
_TAG_ PLAYER_VELOCITY_ACCEL 2 // How quickly do we get up to max velocity?
This should make the player's controls a bit less responsive - the player takes longer to get to their max speed, then decelerates more slowly as well. It will feel sort of like ice physics in some games.
Before moving on, adjust these variables back to something that seems right to your game. You can use the built-in defaults, or something a little faster if you like.
Adding a "run" button
Next, let's adjust some of these things during gameplay! As an example, we are going to adjust your speed when a button is pressed. That said, you should be able to tweak this code to run in other cases, such as when a powerup is picked up for a short time.
Let's start by adding a second max speed constant to source/sprites/player.h for run speed. Make sure that both speeds can be evenly divided by PLAYER_VELOCITY_ACCEL!
_TAG_ PLAYER_MAX_RUNNING_VELOCITY 36 // Max speed of the player when running.
Next up, we have to change how we use these constants a bit. Open up source/sprites/player.c and look for the handle_player_movement() method. At the top of it, you should see a familiar constant being used.
void handle_player_movement(void) {
 // Using a variable, so we can change the velocity based on pressing a button, having a special item,
 // or whatever you like!
 int maxVelocity = PLAYER_MAX_VELOCITY;
 lastControllerState = controllerState;
 controllerState = pad_poll(0);
 // If Start is pressed now, and was not pressed before...
 if (controllerState & PAD_START &&!(lastControllerState & PAD_START)) {
 gameState = GAME_STATE_PAUSED;
All that we need to do is alter maxVelocity based on whether or not the player is running. The code is set up to automatically shift the player's speed up or down based on maxVelocity. We just need to change it when B is pressed… here's what it looks like:
// Put this under the if statement for PAD_START
 if (controllerState & PAD_B) {
 maxVelocity = PLAYER_MAX_RUNNING_VELOCITY;
That's really all there is to it. Rebuild the game and run it, and when you hold B you should move a lot faster than without.
Adjusting the player's hitbox
One other thing that matters is the player hitbox. If you change the player sprite at all, you may find that parts of it overlap the walls, or perhaps don't get as close to the walls as you expect. You might also find that sprite collisions are too small. If so, the reason is your hitbox.
If you aren't familiar with the concept, a hitbox is like an imaginary rectangle around your sprite that is used for collisions. We do this because testing each pixel is far too slow, as are many other methods. This is a quick and simple method to implement, and also easy to visualize and understand.
Our case is a little special though - we calculate position and size using larger numbers than the number of pixels shown on the screen. Our sprites are 16 pixels wide and 16 pixels tall, and the screen is 256 pixels by 240 pixels. We use larger numbers to make movement more fluid - so you can move 1.5 pixels per frame, for example. In our case, the main sprite is 256 units wide, and 256 units tall. The screen is actually 4096 units by 3840 units.
Here are the values that make up the hitbox of the main character - we cut a number of units off on all 4 sides, just to make collisions feel more accurate. The constants for this are in source/sprites/player.h. Look for the following:
// This is the width and height of player as used in collisions. This is shifted by 4 to allow for sub-pixel
// sizes. (And smoother acceleration/deceleration.) A 16px wide sprite is 256 units here.
This basically means that on the Y axis, we're starting your hitbox 8.5 pixels below the main sprite, and ending it at the bottom of the sprite itself. We're cutting just shy of 2 pixels off the left of the sprite, and a little bit less on the right. You can change these values to suit any different character sprites you add.
As an example, let's dramatically increase the player's hitbox to the height of the full sprite. Let's use 15px as the height. We also have to adjust the Y offset to be much smaller. (in this case 1px) Here is what that could look like:
If you build your game and run it like this, you should see the player sprite collide with walls at its full height, instead of the half height that we use by default. Hopefully this makes it a little clearer.
Breaking out of the grid
By default, the engine guides the player onto an 8px grid when moving. This allows the player to navigate around objects more consistently. A similar tactic is used in the original Legend of Zelda. If you change the size of the main sprite, or otherwise tweak the hitbox in the above section, this might not work.
We make this configurable with a piece of configuration named PLAYER_MOVEMENT_STYLE in source/sprites/player.h:
// This is simple movement style that leaves everything up to the player.
// This is a movement style that guides the player onto an 8px "grid", to make it harder to get
// stuck on edges.
// This define changes how the player moves to be one of the two movement styles above.
If you swap that last line to be:
the player will no longer be confined to the grid. For the curious, the code this effects is in source/sprites/player.c - search for PlAYER_MOVEMENT_STYLE to find it.
With that, you've made it through chapter two! (Or at least this part of it.) Next up, we'll start adding some new features in.
Improve this page


Definition of mid-parent in English:
Pronunciation /ˈmɪdˌpɛːrənt/ /ˈmɪdˌpɛːr(ə)nt/
Anthropology Genetics
 - Originally: a hypothetical parent of composite sex whose height is the average of the actual height of the father, and the height of the mother multiplied by the ratio of male to female height in the population. Later: a notional individual having the value of some property or trait equal to the average of the value of each parent.
Late 19th century; earliest use found in Francis Galton (1822–1911), biostatistician, human geneticist, and eugenicist. From mid + parent.


text:
The Catalog Manager allows you to filter the data resources in a catalog and show only the selected resources to you.
To filter resources in a catalog:
- In the Catalog Manager, select Filter View on the toolbar. The Filter View dialog appears.
- Provide a filter condition in the Filter Expression text box. Use "*" to stand for any string, and use "?" to stand for any character. Also you can leave this text box blank.
- Select the Case Sensitive checkbox if you want Logi JReport to distinguish between uppercase and lowercase characters when filtering.
- In the Select the elements to include in the view box, check the resource types you want to remain in the catalog resource tree.
- If you want to select/deselect all the resource types under one certain data source, check/uncheck the checkbox of the data source node.
- If you want to select/deselect all the resource types in the box, select the Select All/Deselect All button.
- Select the OK button to filter the resources.
The filter result will be the union of the resources that match the filter condition and the selected resource types.


text:
mIRage IR Microscope: New Partnership with Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp
We're proud to announce a new partnership with Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp as their official distributor in the UK, Ireland and Nordic region. Their mIRage IR microscope uses a proprietary O-PTIR technique to break the IR diffraction limit and overcome the greatest problems of IR spectroscopy.
Blue Scientific is the official distributor for Photothermal Spectroscopy Corp in the UK, Ireland and Nordic region (Norway, Finland, Sweden, Iceland, Denmark). For more information or quotes, please get in touch.
mIRage IR Microscope
mIRage changes the field of IR spectroscopy by overcoming its two greatest problems: poor resolution and demanding sample preparation.
With the mIRage IR microscope you can:
- Achieve sub-micron spatial resolution
- Measure thick samples in reflection mode
- Without the contact limitations of ATR
- No dispersive artifacts
Perform IR imaging and spectroscopy with a spatial resolution improvement of over 20x. mIRage uses photothermal IR spectroscopy (PTIR) to acquire transmission quality FTIR spectra, even in reflection mode.
Measure Thick Samples
PTIR also overcomes another key limitation of IR microscopy: the inability to analyse thick samples. Without the contact limitations of ATR, this opens up a whole range of new applications.
This also means that sample preparation is less demanding, so results can be acquired faster, with lower costs.
Breaking the IR Diffraction Limit
mIRage overcomes the IR diffraction limit by combining a pulsed, tunable laser with a proprietary optical technique that measures the sample's photothermal response. The system is fast and easy to use. Results can be correlated to industry standard FTIR databases.
If you'd like more information about the O-PTIR technique or mIRage, please get in touch:


text:
As we mentioned before, habitual smoking and learning styles go hand in hand. One of the greatest predictors of whether a person will become a smoker is their preference in the Intake and Tactile elements of the LSA Pyramid (Learning Style Analysis Pyramid).
However, Malcolm Gladwell mentions other elements in his bestselling book, "The Tipping Point". Backed by British psychology research, he identifies the following traits of quintessential hard-core smokers:
- is sociable, likes parties (and therefore probably has a Learning Style with a preference for learning within a group)
- needs to have people to talk to (probably has a Learning Style with a preference for External Auditory Input)
- takes chances and acts on the spur of the moment (a preference for Impulsive Thinking)
- prefers to keep moving (a preference for Mobility)
- and doing things (a preference for Kinesthetic Input)
- not always a reliable person (a non-preference for Reliability).


Work with composite state shapes in UML statechart diagrams
Add a history indicator to a state region
 1. In a statechart diagram, create a state region by dragging a Composite State shape onto the drawing page.
 2. Double-click the new statechart drawing page icon in the tree view to navigate to the drawing page that represents the composite state.
In the diagram that represents the composite state or state region, drag a Shallow History or Deep History shape onto the drawing page.
 - Use Transition shapes to indicate the transitions that come from outside the state region. Glue the endpoints of the Transition shapes with arrowheads to connection points Connection point image - blue X on the history indicator shape. Double-click the Transition shapes to add transition strings.
 - Use a Transition shape to indicate the outgoing transition from the history indicator shape. Glue the Transition shape endpoint without an arrowhead to a connection point Connection point image - blue X on the history indicator shape. Glue the Transition shape endpoint with an arrowhead to the destination state shape.
Create a composite or nested state in a statechart diagram
 1. In a statechart diagram, drag a CompositeState shape onto the drawing page.
The composite state icon appears in the tree view and a new statechart drawing page appears that represents the composite state.
 1. Double-click the new statechart drawing page icon in the tree view to navigate to the drawing page that represents the composite state.
 2. Drag State, Transition, Shallow or Deep History indicators, and other shapes onto the drawing page to represent concurrent, mutually exclusive, or nested substates within the composite state.
Share Facebook Facebook Twitter Twitter Email Email
Was this information helpful?
Great! Any other feedback?
How can we improve it?
Thank you for your feedback!
×


Sign up ×
I need to show specifically using transfinite induction that given two well-ordered sets $\left(A,<_{1}\right)$ and $\left(B,<_{2}\right)$ there is only one isomorphism between them. To do this I want to show by induction that there is only one way to define the mapping and that is: $$\forall\, x\in A: \varphi\left(x\right)=\min\left(B\backslash\varphi\left(\left\{ a\in A\,:\, a<_{1}x\right\} \right)\right)$$ Showing the base of the induction is no problem and the induction hypothesis would be that $$\forall\, y<_{1}x\,:\,\varphi\left(y\right)=\min\left(B\backslash\varphi\left(\left\{ a\in A\,:\, a<_{1}y\right\} \right)\right)$$ My problem is that I can't seem to manage to use the hypothesis in order to prove the step. I've found a couple of ways to show this definition of the mapping is indeed necessary but none of those used the induction hypothesis. My plan was to mark $$c_{0}=\min\left(B\backslash\varphi\left(\left\{ a\in A\,:\, a<_{1}x\right\} \right)\right)$$ Using the fact $\varphi$ is surjective take $y\in A$ such that $\varphi\left(y\right)=c_{0}$ and show that it can't be that $y<_{1}x$ or $x<_{1}y$ and thus necessarily $y=x$. If someone could give me a way to show either one of these are false using the induction hypothesis it would solve my problem.
Thanks a lot!
share|cite|improve this question
2 Answers 2
up vote 7 down vote accepted
What you want to show is that if $f\colon A\to B$ is an isomorphism of the given well-orders then $f=\varphi$.
Suppose that for $x\in A$ we have that $f\upharpoonright\{a\in A\mid a<_1 x\}=\varphi\upharpoonright\{a\in A\mid a<_1 x\}$. If $f(x)=\varphi(x)$ then we may continue the induction; otherwise $\varphi(x)